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uFdo&.w>uGJ;xXzSd.wz. tbh. (5)

Though Our Ancestors are Gone


Teacher Story Writing Competition 5
yrSHRyyS>wz.vJRylRuGHmb.q.
uFdo&.w>uGJ;xXzSd.wz. tbh. (5)
Though Our Ancestors are Gone
Teacher Story Writing Competition 5

Drum Publication Group


P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand
drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org

November 2006

ISBN- 974-94605-6-1

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8
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9
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10
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11
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tHRt*h>oh{gI/

12
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xD.ycD.cgqlunDzdusgud;*R’J;wuh>rD.I

13
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xd;rJteD.0HRtD.oud;tDoud;0JySJR'D;w>ol.zSHo;nDM.vDRI 'fM.tod;

14
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