ySRrHR[lo.zsgvX[D.cd.csXwz.

FAMOUS PEOPLE IN THE WORLD

ySRrHR[lo.zsgvX[D.cd.csXwz.
Famous People In the World

Drum Publication Group

P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand

drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org

April 2008

ii
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vgr>±S; 2008 eH.

vii
 tH.uF;H (yf) w>Clw>zd;ty>
rl.[.rJ;tJef0>tJvfp’J;
(Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat)

zJ 1918 eH.M.rl.[.rJ;tJef0>tJvfp’J; ( Muhammad Anwar el-

) td.zs.J xD.0J’.vXuD>tH.uF‹;(yf) zJtu
Sadat J vH;ySRrRvJ>tD.uD>td.
’H;tqXuwD>’D;b.w>yXtDRvXuD>xX.uh.tpDRyR (Sultan) M.vDRI
b.q.rk>td.0J’.weHRvXp’J;uuJxD.b.uD>tH.uF‹;(yf)tuD>cd.M.
vDRI

p’J;rRw>vXok;rk>tylRzJ[.D cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsDwbsDM.vDRI 0HRtvD>cH<

t0JvRJ EkmrRw>'D;w>u&Xu&dwzkvXurRvDRyS>D uGmH ySRuD>tH.uF‹;(yf)zd
pDRyRtw>yXw>jy;'D;eD.[;xD.uGHmySRtJuvH;zdwz.M.vDRI w>u&X
u&dtHRb.w>wDcd.&d.rJtDRvXugrhvftJbf’JvfegpX. (Gamal Abdel
Nasser) M.vDRI zJ 1952 eH.M.egpX.tu±l>rReXRw>tCd< tH.uF‹;(yf)
xHuD>M>uhRw>obs›M.vDRI egpX.uJxD.uD>cd.tqduwX>w*R’D;p’J;
rRw>‘ftrh>uD>cd.cX.p;zJw>yXw>jy;cHpdRM.vDRI zJ 1970 eH.M.egpX.
pl;uGHmto;’D; p’J;uJxD.b.0JuD>cd.M.vDRI

uD>tH.uF‹;(yf)w>vD>vXttd.vXuD>tH.uF‹;(yf)’D;uD>tH.p&hvt f uql;
b.vDRuGHmvXtH.p&hvftw>yXtzDvmzJt‘k;w>,Rw>’D;tH.p&hvfzJ
1967 eH.M.vDRI zJM.tvD>cH< xHu>D cHb.h uJx.D ’k.’gM.vDRI vXCke.H

2
twD>ylRp’J;[h.vDRw>uvk>vXtH.uF‹;(yf)ok;rk>wz.vXu’k;M>u’g
uhRw>vD>tHRM.vDRI tH.p&hvef XRw>’k;toDwbsDu’D;M.vDRI b.q.
p’J;tw>[l;w>*JRtHRrRrHR[lo.zsgxD.tDRvXuD>tH.uF;h (yf)'D;tg&;(bf)
(Arab) xHuD>t*Rwz.tusgvDRI

w>’k;0HRtvD>cHv>HG eH.< p’J;ChrRw>Clw>zd;vXtH.p&hvuf >D M.vDRI p’J;

vJRtd.oud;tH.p&hvv f XueDRvDR0Jtw>Clw>zd;w>&J.w>usRJ t*D>vDRI
w>M.0HRtvD>cH< t0JxH.vdmuwdRoud;w>Clw>zd;’D;tH.p&hvfudwdm
cd.usX>rHe.cFg(rf)bH.uh (Menachem Begin) zJu>D trJ&uRtylRM.vDRI
rh>vXt0Joh.tw>xJ;*H>xJ;bgtCdp’J;’D;bH.uhcH*RvXm’d;M>b.
edbX.vfw>Clw>zd;cd.z;zJ 1978 eH.M.vDRI

vXcHweH.uD>tH.uF‹;(yf)’D;tH.p&hvq f ;J vDRrHRvXw>Clw>zd;vHmCH;Cm
’D;rh>ph>uD;tH.p&hvfqJ;vDRrHR’D;tg&;(bf) (Arab) xHuD>tqduwX>w
bh.vDRI p’J;w>[l;w>*JRtHRb.w>pH;xD.y-wXRtDRvX[D.cd.’Dbh.ng
M.vDRI b.q.ySRtH.uF‹;(yf)zdtg*R’D;tg&;(bf)xHuD>t*Rwz.xD’g
vHmCH;CmtHRM.vDRI zJ 1981 eH.M.p’J;b.w>rRoHumHG tDRvXw>bl.
w>bgcd.e>wcDwXRwz.zJok;rk>w>*JRvdtrl;tqXuwD>tcgM.vDRI

3
 uD>,y.bDrk>pDRyR
rH;cF.H ed;rH,.[H;&d.[H;wd;
(Michinomiya Hirohito)

rHtbD;rcF>kH.pDedRyRvD Michinomiya Hirohito

;rH,.[H;&d.[H;wd; ( ) rh>0JuD>,y.
>vHRtpdRtuwX>w*RvXuD>,y.tylRvDRI t0Jt.d zs.J
xD.zJ 1901 eH.’D;t0Jrh>pDRyRzdcGgvX[;qS.xHqS.uD>qlwcDbDrk>tqd
uwX>w*RM.vDRI

zJ[H;&d.[H;wd;ty>pl;uGHmo;tvD>cH< t0JuJxD.uD>,y.bDrk>pDRyRzJ
vg’H.pJbX. 25 oD 1926 eH.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>< ,y.ok;rk>yXb.
,y.y’d.’D;updmEkmuD>,y.qlw>’k;z;’d.vXuD>th±SX.tylRvDRI vXcH
uwX>,y.cD*mypH;yH; (Pacific) ’D;’k;M>[.0g,X. (Hawaii) ‘D;uD>
zH;vH;yH; (Philippines) tCdtrJ&uRb.EkmvDRq w l >’k;z;’d.cHbswD bsD
M.vDRI ySRuG;J w>pH.pdRwJpRd wz.wtX.vDRwl>vdm’H;0J’.vXrh>bDr>k pDRyR
o;vD’k;w>’D;uD>trJ&uRteD>uD>ph>uD;{g rhwrh> t0J}wD’D;ywkmok;cd.
ok;e>wz.wM>b.{gM.vDRI

vX 1945 eH.M.uD>,y.bl;xD.vXw>urReXRuGmH tDRtCd[;H &d.[H;wd;

to;ql.vXurRywkmuGHmw>’k;w>,RM.vDRI zJvgtDuX;(pf) 15 oD
1945 eH.M.t0Jbd;b.&RvDRvXuGJRvhvdRtylRvXtxHtuD>wl>C.

4
to;vXw>’k;ylRvHvRD I wbst
D RH rh>ySR,y.zdwz.e>[lb.tbDr>k pDRyR
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bDrk>pDRyRwz.pH;ym0J’.vXt0Joh.M.[JvDRpXRvDRoGJ.vXup>,GRw
z.vDRI tcJtHR[H;&d.[H;wd;qduwD>uGHmw>pH;ymoh.wz.tHRvDRI w>
od.w>oDw>bsXtvD>vHRwz.[h.pd[.h urDRbDr>k pDRyRtxDuwX>M.vDRI
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ttd.vDRI

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*h>’D;t[H.zdCDzdt*h>wz.vDRI zJ 1959 eH.M.t0J[h.tcGJ;vXtzdcGg<
pDRyRzdcgG tcH[;H wd; (Akihito) vXu’d;wh’;d zst
D o;’D;ySRrk>qh.rk>*DR’D;w>
tHRrh>w>xD’gz;’d.vX,y.vkv>xloEltylRM.vDRI [H;&d.[H;wd;
rRpXRuD>,y.vXuol.xD.w>&hvmd rkmvdm’D;xHu>D ud;bh.’J;vX[D.cd.
’Dbh.M.vDRI

’f[H;&d.[H;wd;to;yS>xD.tod;tw>td.ql.td.cs›w*hRb.I tCd
t0Jpl;uGHmto;zJ vg,ElRtg&HR 7 oD 1989 eH.M.vDRI

5
 w±l;uD>tySR'd.pd'.d urDR
rD.pH.wd (Mao Zedong)

rD.uDpH.>pJwd.((
Mao Zedong) td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1893 eH. vXw±l;uD>[le.
Hunan) tylRvDRI rD.pH.wdty>rh>ySRrRpHmrR0JRzdtzDS.
t,mw*Rb.q.t0Jxl;wDRxD.’ftrh>ySRrRpHmzdvXul.vJRrRuRw>
vXbk{dR[k{dRM.vDRI zJrD.pH.wd’d.xD.tcgrh>vX’d;M>b.w>ul.b.
ul.ohxw J >ymyeD.tDRtCdt0Jb.[;xD.uGmH uF’d ;D vJRrRw>vXt’l.zd
xXzdw>rR0JRtvD>zJto;td. 13 eH.tcgM.vDRI vXcHM.t0JC>h zsd;uGmH
’fo;d uvJRxD.rRvdw>ql0>h cd.tylRzJt0JCx
k .H M>w>xH.toDwz.vX
w±l;’D;ySRuD>rk>Ekmqdurd.w>wz.ttd.M.vDRI

rD.pH.wdrRw>zk.udmvXok;rk>tylRzJw±l;w>yX>qX 1911=12 tcgM.

vDRI w>ylx.D tHRrRvDRyS>D uGmH ySRyXw>rJcLF .pDRyRtpXRtoG.J (Manchu
dynasty) ‘D;qDwvJuGHmw±l;uD>qlxHzdup>uD> (republic) vDRI zJM.
tvD>cHylRuGHmw>’k;w>,Rtd.xD.vXuvkm’l.wz.tbX.pXRrh>vXt
tJ.’d;yXb.w±l;uD>tCdvRD I w>qXuwD>zJM.< b.w>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>
?ok;uD>up>< ok;yXw>tuwD> (Warlord period) M.vDRI

zJw>’k;0HRtvD>cHrD.pH.wduhRxD.u’guhRuFd’D;rRuwX>uGHmtw>ul.
b.ul.ohzJyH.uhzF.pdrdR’D;zJtrRvdw>tcgrRph>uD;w>vXvHm&d’X;M.

6
vDRI zJM.t0JrRCkmrRoud;w>’D;vgrhRvGH>oDw>[l;w>*JRzJ 1919 eH.
M.vDRI w>qXuwD>tHRrh>w>qXuwD>vXw±l;uD>qDwvJuGHmto;ql
cDrFLeH;oElM.vDRI cDrFLeH;oEltylRw>xl;w>wDRM.xHuD>’D;ySRw0Xwz.
yXb.tDR’D;ySRxHzu d >D zdu;d *R’J;td.’D;tw>M>ogvX’Duvkmtw>xl;w>
wDRtylRvDRI

zJ 1920 eH.tylR< rD.pH.wd’k;td.xD.w±l;cDrFLeH;y.wH. (Chinese

communist Party (CCP) vDRI t0Jp;xD.cDrLF eH;w>yX>qXvXySRrRpHmrR
0JRzdwz.tusgvXttd.vXcdcd.wuyRvDRI CCP rh>w>u&Xu&dwzk
vXtxk;z;uGmH to;vX’Duvkmy.wH. (The Nationalist Party) M.vDRI
‘Duvkmy.wH.qdurd.0JvXw±l;xHzu d >D zd-uX;qXwJmtw>td.rlcgqlng
b.q.t0Joh.xD’g0J’.cDrFLeH;oElM.vDRI ok;rk>*DR (Red Army) vX
trh>rD.pH.wdtok;rk>’d.p;xD.’k;w>’D;’Duvkmy.wH.’D;ymzSd.xD.t*H>
tbgM>zJ 1920 eH.tvD>cHM.vDRI

vXcHuwX>rD.pH.wdyXb.w±l;uD>’Db.h ngzJ 1949 eH.’D;t0Jux J .D b.

d p>w±l;uD> (People’s Republic of China) tySRyXRvD>qh.
ySRursX>xHzu
eDRtqduwX>w*RM.vDRI zJr.D pH.wdyXw>tzDvm< ySRursX>xHzu d >D zdvX
tzSD.t,mtg*Rtw>td.rl*hRxD.b.q.ySRtd.’H;0Jtg*RvXb.zSD.
b.e;’D;oHuGHm0J’.zJt0JxJ;*H>xJ;bgvXurR*hRxD.’D;rR’d.xD.uhRt
w>yXw>jy;tcgM.vDRI rD.pH.wdp;l uGmH to;zJvgpJ;ywhbX. 9 oD 1976
eH.M.vDRI

7
 [D.cd.'Dbh.tySRrRClrRzd;w>zd
tlo; (U Thant)

ySw>vXw>ub.uG
RrRClrRzd;w>zd>w>’fM.ub.rh >ySRvXwuG>rJmw>b.M.vDRI t0JtRH rh>
o;d od;’D;wuG>w>wcDwXRb.I tlo;rh>ySRrRCl
rRzd;w>twDtvdRw*RvDRI t0Jrh>bDrk>pXzSd.u&XteJ.±GJ.cd.usX>zJ
1961 ‘D; 1971 eH.tbX.pXR’D;trlt’grh>ySRrRClrRzd;w>vXxHuD>vX
t’k;t,Rvdmo;wz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI

tlo;td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1909 eH.vXuD>y,DRtylR (tcJtHRw>ud;tDRvX

rF.r. (Myanmar) M.vDRI ?tl/ M.wrh>ySRtrHRb.< b.q.rh>
w>uwdR,l;,D.ymuJvXt’fod;’D;udRvR0gtw>uwdR ?rH;pxX.
(Mister)/ M.vDRI o;(ef) tcDynDrh>0J ?uqDS/M.vDRI tlo;zsdxD.zJ
0h>wul.zF.pdrdRM.vDRI w>vD>tHRrh>w>vD>vXtlo;xH.vdmto;’D;
och.El;< vXcHw>ud;vXtlEl;M.vDRI tlEl;uJxD.uD>y,DRudwdmcd.usX>
zJ[D.cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsDwbsD0HRtvD>cHM.vDRI

tlEl;ymyeD.tlo;tw>ohw>b.tCdt0J[h.vDRtlo;rl’gvXtrh>ySR
vXuwdRM>cJ;w>vXy’d.t*D>M.vDRI vXcHtlo;uJxD.xHuD>w>&hvdm
rkmvdmtcX.p;zJt0Jb.w>[h.tDRrl’gvXtrh>y,DRcX.p;urH;wHmzd
w*RqlbDrk>pXzSd.u&X (UN) M.vDRI zJ 1957 eH.t0JuJxD.xHuD>

8
tcX.p;xDbdw*RvX UN ‘D;vXcHt0JrRw>’frh>[D.cd.bDrk>pXzSd.u&X
w>td.zS.d z;’d. (UN General Assembly) tySRyXRvD>qh.eDRcH*Rw*RM.
vDRI

zJ UN tcd.e>eJ.±GJ.cd.usX>oHuGHmzJ 1961 eH.M.uD>trJ&uR’D;

qdbH,X;,le,X. (Soviet Union) wz.tw>b.ol.b.o;wvDR
yvdm'H;vXuwD.xD.cd.e>toDvXu&Xrd>yS>t*D>’H;b.I b.q.oem
uht0Jo.h tw>CkxXvDRqDuwX>wtd.b.tCdt0Jo.h ym*X>ymusXR
’D;wl>vdm0Jtlo;vXuuJxD.b. UN teJ.±GJ.cd.usX>M.vDRI

‘ftlo;rh>eJ.±GJ.cd.usX>w*Rtod;t0JrRw>Clw>zd;vX[D.cd.csX’Dbh.
ngM.vDRI zJ 1962 eH.M.t0JrRpXR0J’fod;w>uok;uGHmqdbH,X;usdcsH
rsdmo. (Soviet Missiles)vXuD>c,lb> (Cuba) tylRM.vDRI t0JrR
uwX>uGmH xHv>D uD>ylRw>’k;w>,RvXcD.udm (Congo) tylR’D;’k;td.xD.
ySRrRClrRzd;w>wz.tok;rk>vXpgjz;pfuD> (Cyprus) vXttd.vX
rJ;’HxX.&he,X.yD.vJ. (Mediterranean Sea) wuyRM.vDRI zJ 1965
eH.th’,.’D;y.uH.pwX. (Pakistan) w>’k;w>,RuJx.D M.tlo;vJR
,lR’D;ubD,Rl qlt’h ,.’D;rR0Jw>wX.yD.wX.yDoud;w>vXuqduwD>
uGHmw>’k;w>,RvXth’,.’D;y.uH.pwX.uD>wz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI

9
 bDrk>pDRyR'D;w>td.rlvXusJtb.
t±Sd.c. (Ashoka)

vX yl R uG H m eH . 2200 C.C.bD r k > pD R yRyXuD > th ’ ,.M.vD R I

‘fySRyXw>vXysXRwz.tod; t0JrRvJ>xD.txHtuD>’D;tbDtrk>cDzsd
‘k;eXRw>vD>toDtoDoh.wz.M.vDRI b.q.t±Sd.c. (Ashoka) w
vDR*m’fod;ySRyXw>t*Rwz.b.I t±Sd.c.owl>uvmCm’lcsXuGHmt
o;vXw>’k;w>,R’D;p;xD.yXw>vXwtd.’D;w>pkq.l cD.wu;’fb;l ’;w>
bl.w>bgtw>pl>w>emtd.0Jtod;vDRI

w>pH;0J’.vXt±Sd.c.uJxD.bl;’;zJtxH.b.w>vDRysHRvDRzk;cDzsdw>’k;
w>,RtylRzJt0JvJR’k;w>’D;yXqSXw>’k;tcgM.vDRI w>M.0HRtvD>cH<
t0JqXwJmvDRto;vXurRpXRySR*h>0Dw>zH;w>rRvXw>’k;w>,RtvD>
M.vDRI t0Jud;0JvX ?w>rReXRw>vX,GRuvk>uxg (Conquest by
dharma)/ M.vDRI vXuD>th’,.tylR‘r; (dharma) tcDynDrh>0J
?w>td.rlvXusJtb./ ‘D; ?w>rh>w>wDvXtb.cJvXm/ M.vDRI
w>t0JtHRymCkm’D; w>wDw>vdR< w>rh>w>wD ‘D;w>ol.*hRo;0gM.vDRI
t0JtHRtcDynDrh>ph>uD;w>o;unDR< w>ol.vJ>o;vJ>’D;ySJR’D;w>qdu
rd.qdur;vXtxDoh.wz.M.vDRI

10
bDr>k pDRyRteD>up>’.0JnED >k vJR0hR0DRqlccd .d w>vD>’D;pH.wJRwJvRD ‘r;,GR
uvk>uxgqlySRursX>xHzduD>zdoh.wz.ttd.M.vDRI t±Sd.c.CkxX
xD. ?w>bl.w>bgcd.e>/ wz.’fo;d urRpXR’D;rRrkmxD.uhRySRvXtwl>
b.cD.b.w>e;w>zS.D wz.M.vDRI w>bl.w>bgcd.e>wz.b.w>[h.
vDRtDRrl’gvXuuG>xGJydmrk.’D;ySRursX>xHzduD>zdwz.vXttd.qd;vX
w>bl.w>bgtw0XylRtw>vd.b.vDRqDwz.M.vDRI

t±Sd.c.’k;td.xD.w>bsXoJp;wz.vXw>u’Do’Xw>olq.zduD>zdvX
w>rRtXrRe;tDRwz.’D;bSDxD.w>qg[H.vXySRxHzduD>zd’D;q.zduD>zd
oh.wz.t*D>M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.w>whxD.bSDxD.w>rRwdmusJRwz.
’fod;’D;ySRxHzduD>zdud;*R’J;tw>td.w>qd;u*hRxD.0Jt*D>M.vDRI oh.
xl.wz.b.w>ol.vDRtDRvXusJuydmuyR< w>cl.vDRxHylRwz.’D;
xHrk>bdwz.‘D;w>bSDxD. w>td.bSH;td.ogt[H.wz.vDRI

w>*h>xJwrHRvXt±Sd.c.b.o;ySRud;*Ruoh.eD.xD.uhRtDRM.rh>0Jt
w>yXw>vXxluvk>,GRuxgvDRI ‘fo;d uymrlt0Jtw>xH.w>qdurd.
t*D>t0Jpd;ysRwh>0Jtw>od.vdoh.wz.vXvX>tvdR’D;w>txl.oh.
wz.tvdR (wX.txl.wz.) vXySRursX>td.0JtvD>wz.M.vDRI
w>vXtb.w>’k;td.pJxDwCmw>oh.wz.tHRw>ud;tDRvXvX>bh.
b.vHm’D;vX>xl.vHmwz.vDRI vX>xl.vHm (ausmufpm) vXtrHR[lo.
zsguwX>wcgM.rh>0Jch,k>vX>xl.vXtb.w>CkxH.M>tDRvXp>e;
(Sarnath) ‘D;w>tHRuJxD.0J’.ySRth’,.zdwz.tw>rReD.rRCgwkR
vXrk>rqgweHRtHRM.vDRI

11
 tH.uF‹;(yf)teD>yRrk.
cvH.td.zJ;-x. (Cleopatra)

eD>yRrk.cvH.td.zJ;-x. (Cleopatra) uwdRusdmb.cGHusdm< rh>ph>uD;

ySRul.b.ul.ohw>*H>w>’G;’D;t0Jtcd.Elm*hRvXw>ul.vJRrRuRw>w
z.vDRI t0Jpl;ug0Jtw>ul.b.ul.oh’D;tw>CHw>vRcHcgvXmvXu
zD.usXRCmtw>pdw>urDRM.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHR cvH.td.zJ;-x. 7
*Rw*R (Cleopatra VII) vXtrh> uD>tH.uF‹;(yf)tySRul.b.ul.ohvX
w>qdurd.qdur; (tawG;tac:ynm±Si)f M.rh>0JyRS trHR[lo.zsgwh>vX
w>pH.pdRwJpdRtylRwkRrk>rqgweHRtHRvDRI

cvH.td.zJ;-x.rh>0J pDRyRzH;xdvrf .H wqHc*H Rw*R (King Ptolemy XII)

tzdrk.cH*Rw*RM.vDRI zJcsIcIe (BC) 51 eH.ty>pl;uGHmto;tcg
cvH.td.zJ;-x.vXto;td. 18 eH.ub.yXuD>tH.uF‹;(yf)Ckm’D;tyk>
ydmcGg 15 eH. vXtrh>zH;xdvfrH.wqHoX*Rw*R (Ptolemy XIII) vDRI
pSReH.twD>ylRySRvXtqD.xGrJ RpXRt’Dy>k 0J>cGgwz.rXql.cvHt.d zJ;-x.
vXu[;xD.uGHmvXw>pdw>urDRtylRvDRI b.q.tvD>cH&drhRtcd.e>
uFLvH,X;pfppH > (Julius Caesar) rRpXRcvH.td.zJ;-x.vXuM>b.uhR
tvD>ypdmM.vDRI w,Hmb.’D;w>’k;w>,Rz;’d.td.xD.0JvXuD>
tH.uF‹;(yf)tylRM.vDRI zJcsIcIe 47 M.cvH.td.zJ;-x.t’Dyk>0J>cGg
zH;xdvfrH.wqHoX*Rw*R‘D;ySRyXw>wz.vDRuGHmvXw>’k;M.vDRI

12
‘foJp;td.0Jtod;cvH.td.zJ;-x.yXw>xJw*R{dRwohb.tCdt0J’d;
wh’d;zsDto;’D;t’Dyk>0J>cGgvXto;td. 11 eH.w*RvDRI

cvH.td.zJ;-x.uhRu’guhRql&rd Rh uD>’D;td.qd;0J’;D pHp>’D;qH;p>M>tzdcgG

’D;,k>M>0JtrHR vX pHp>&H,X. (Caesarion) vDRI b.q.zJ csIcIe 44
M.pHp>b.w>rRoHuGHmtDRtCdySRrRpXRqD.xGJcvH.td.zJ;-x.vXt*H>
bgql.uwX>vDRr>uGHm0JvDRI vXcHt0J[JuhRu’guhR0J‘.qluD>
tH.uF‹;(yf) M.vDRI pHp>pl;uGmH to;0HRtvD>cHyRS vXt’d.pd’.d urDRwz.
rh>0Jt;D (uf)x.0H>,X> (Octavian) ‘D;r;&f(cf)tJ.xde.H (Mark Antony)
vDRI zJt.J xde.H b.to;vXuvJR’k;zJ±.S (Persia) M.t0JucJG vH.td.
zJ;-x.vXuvJRxH.vdmtd.oud;vdmto;’D;tDRM.vDRI

tJ.xdeH.tJ.b.cvH.td.zJ;-x.cs›o’H;’D;t0J’d;wh’d;zsDto;’D;
cvH.td.zJ;-x.vDRI t0J’;d wh’;d zspD >h uD;to;’D;tD;(uf)x.0H>,X>t’Dy>k
0J>rk.vDRI zJt;D (uf)x.0H>,X>e>[lw>upD.tHRto;’d.xD.’d.r;’D;t0J
bd;b.&RvDRvXu’k;xD’gtJ.xde.H ’D;tuwX>tD;(uf)x.0H>,X>rReXR
uGmH tJ.xde.H vDRI tJ.xde.H pl;uGmH to;zJcvH.td.zJ;-x.tpk’.k wDRvdR
M.vDRI

cvH.td.zJ;-x.wtJ.’d;td.rlr>h vXtJ.xde.H wtd.vXRb.I w>pH;0J’.

vXcvH.td.zJ;-x.td.’D;*k>vXtd.’D;tpk.tXwuvkmvX w>ud;tDRvX
Asp (*k>wuvkmtHRtd.0J’.vXuD>tH.uF‹;(yf)’D;vh.yFguD>tbX.pXR)
‘D;t0JrXySR[Jpdm*k>wbdM.qlttd.’D;*k>tHRzs;oHuGHmtDRM.vDRI zJM.
tcgcvH.td.zJ;-x.to;td. 39 eH.M.vDRI ySRtH.uF‹;(yf)zdwz.w>pl>
w>emtd.0J’.vXerh>oHczD s*d >k tHRzs;oHeRM.eutd.rlvRD pdRvDRxDM.vDRI
cvH.td.zJ;-x.wtd.rlb.vDRpdRvDRxDb.< b.q.t0Jtw>pH.pdR
wJpdRM.td.*X>usXR0J’.tgM>teH. 2000 C.C.vHM.vDRI
13
 ySRvXtqDwvJu>D c,lb>
zH.’Jvcf ;p}xd. (Fidel Castro)

zJ1950yX0JeH.’M.ok;cd.usX>’d.pdzv
l u ( Fulgencio
f eJF pf .H td.bJ;xH;px.
batista) .c&hb,guD;wz. ( Carribbean island ) vXuD>c,lb>
tylRM.vDRI t0Jtw>yXw>jy;rh>w>vXtql.tud>’D;rRtXrRe;w>’d.
r;< ‘D;trJ&uRcDyeHmweDRxl;wDRxD.zJySRc,lb>zdwz.b.zSD.b.e;0J
’.M.vDRI zH.’Jvcf ;p}xd. (Fidel Castro) rh>yD>&Do;p>w*RvXtw>pl>
w>emtd.0JvXbJ;xH;px.tw>yXqSXw>M.wxJod;wkRod;vdmto;
b.’D;w>CkxXtrl; (election) obsv › XuD>c,lb>tylRM.wtd.b.t
Cdc.p}xd.u&Xu&dxD.ok;rk>wz.vXurRvDRySD>uGHmbJ;xH;px.t
y’d.M.vDRI

c.p}xd.ySR› 0J’.usdcrH sdmo.’D;pku0JRwz.vXteD>up>’.0Jtph’;D ’k;w>

’D;bJ;xH;px.tok;rk>zJ 1953 eH.tylRvDRI b.q.c.p}xd.’k;w>C.0J
e;e;usmH usmH ’D;b.vDRvXCdmylRcHe.H 0HRtvD>cHt0JvRJ qlu>D rJ;upH.ud.
(Mexico) ‘fod;urRw>&J.w>usJRtoDvXu’k;vDRySD>uGHmbJ;xH;px.
ty’d.M.vDRI w,Hmb.c.p}xd.’D;ySRylx.D w>t*R 80 C.C.vJREkm
qlu>D c,lb>’D;t0Jo.h td.clo.l vXupX>usg’D;’k;w>’k;w>,RpJ;_y;J < ol0J
w>’k;pJ;_yJ;Ch>c;Ch>c;0JM.vDRI vXcHuwX>bJ;xH;px.Ch>ylRzJs;uGHm
to;vXuD>c,lb>zJ 1959 eH.M.vDRI

14
c.p}xd.uJxD.uD>c,lb>cd.e>’D;’k;td.xD.cDrFLeH;y’d.‘fod;uyX0JySR
c,lb>zdwz.tw>td.rlud;uyR’J;M.vDRI w,Hmb.ySRxHzduD>zdtcGJ;
t,mp;xD.vDRr>0J’o f ;d zJb;J xH;px.yXw>tcg’D;c,lb>uD>w>ul.vJR
rRuRw>wz.ph>uD;w’d.xD.xDx.D ’D;wxl;wDRxD.b.I ySRc,lb>zdtg
’Htg*Rb.ymwh>uGHmt[H.tCD’D;*kmusJ;pX;vJRCkzH;CkrRw>vXw>vD>
t*RvDRI b.q.oemuhc.p}xd.rh>ySRtcd.w*RvXtrR’d.xD.xD
xD.’D;rRtgxD.w>M>bsK;wz.tgr;vXySRc,lb>zdt*D>vDRI w>ul.b.
ul.oh’;D ql.cs›rRpXRw>uG>xGv J >D oh.wz.wvd.[h.tySR› ’D;ySRursX>xH
zduD>zdud;*R’J;td.’D;w>tk.uDRo;vXurRM>w>zH;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI

trJ&uRvXtrh>uD>c,lb>xHuD>bl;wH>orXxD’g0J’.c.p}xd.ty’d.
ql.ql.ud>ud>M.vDRI t0Joh.wz.*kmusJ;pX;vXurRvDRySD>uGHm
c.p}xd.y’d.vX 1961 eH.tylRvDRI zJ 1962 eH. c,lb>td.0J’.vX
trJ&uR’D;qdb, H ;J ,le,X. (Soviet Union) w>’k;w>,Rz;’d.tuql;
M.vDRI c.p}xd.[h.tcG;J vX Soviet uqDvRD e,lcsH,gpku0JRzJc,lb>
uD>tylRM.vDRI

rk>rqgweHRtHRuD>c,lb>rh>ph>uD;cDrFLeH;xHuD>wbh.vXttd.wh>0JvX
[D.cd.’Db.h tylR’H;M.vDRI zJ,Rzd.S eH. 20 tuwX>M.w>obH.obk.
td.xD.0J’.vXySRc,lb>zdu’Ju’Jwz.tusgtCd< c.p}xd.}wL>uGmH
tw>od.w>oDvXtCH;tphRweDRM.vDRI ylRuGHmteH. 40 b.q.<
c.p}xd.rh>ySRvXtrHR’d.o.’d.'D;vXySRJ ’D;w>pdw>urDRw*RvXuD>c,lb>
ylR’H;M.vDRI b.q.zJ 2008 eH.M.cDzst d w>td.ql.td.csw
› *hRtCd[;
xD.uGmH vXuD>cd.tvD>'D;[h.vDRuhRtvD>tvRqltyk>ydmcGg&.tlc;p}wd
td.vDRI

15
 &drRh tok;cd.z;'d.'D;txHtuD>cd.e>
uFLvH,X;pfppH > (Julius Caesar)

uF LvH,X;pfppH > ( Julius Caesar)

rh>ok;cd.usX>vXtzs;d pdw*R’D;td.
’D;wRv.vXw>uGJ;vHmwuyRM.vDRI t0Jrh>ph>uD;ySRtug’d.uwX>
w*RvXtrRpXRqD.xGJ’D;bSDxD.&drhRtbDrk>M.vDRI

zJppH >p;xD.rRw>M.ymzS.d vdmto;’D;ySR’d.pd’.d urDRcH*RvXtrh>ySRxl;

ySRwDR_cJ;pJ;pf (Crassus) ‘D;ok;cd.usX>zd.zh. (Pompey)M.vDRI zJcsIcIe
59 M.t0Joh.CkxXxD.pHp>’ftrh> aumifppf0ef (Consuls)< cH*Rtusg
w*RvXtrh>y’d.vD>vRvXtxDuwX>vDRI zJtuJxD. aumifppf0ef w
eH.tvD>cHpHp>[;xD.vX0h>&drhRtylR’D;yXw>vXuDvf (Gaul) (rk>rqg
weHRtHRrh>jz.ph.uD>) M.vDRI zJM.b.w>oh.ngymuJtDR’fok;rk>’d.cd.
e>w*RvDRI t0JqduwD>uGHmw>ylxD.w>’D;w>xD.’k;w>wz.’D;t0JvJR
wkR’.vJmqlu>D }bH;wh. (Britain) vDRI t0Ju;JG eD.uG;J Cgb.C;w>’k;w>
,RvXtb.vJRcDzsd0Jt*h>vXmcX;wz.M.vDRI

zJpHp>td.vXuDvftcg< _cJ;pX;pfb.w>ul.rRoHuGHmtDRvXok;cd.usX>
zd.zh.M.vDRI ‘D;zd.zh.uJx.D ySRyXw>vX0h>&drRh ’D;xD’guhRpHp>vDRI zd.zh.
bd;b.&RvDRvXpHp>rh>ySRwl>uG>D ’D;[h.vDRw>uvk>vXw>urR[;*DRuGmH

16
pHp>tok;rk>M.vDRI b.q.pHp>wcDbd;b.&RvDRw>’k;w>,RvXu’k;
w>’D;zd.zh.tCdpHp>’D;tok;rk>vJR’k;,Rw>’D;zd.zh.vX0h>&drhRtylR‘D;
zd.zh.b.Ch>zsd;uGHmql}uH;(pf)uD> (Greece) M.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD> 0h>&drRh b.w>yXtDRvXbs.D ’d.x; (w>pdurDR’d.uD.u;)

vDRI pHp>wl>b.0J’.vX0h>&drhRy’d.wz.tHRrh>ySRtD.ubsH;ubs.w>
tCdqdurd.0J’.vX&drhRzdwz.vd.b.cd.e>vXtcX.weX.w*RvDRI
zJcsIcIe 49 eH.M.t0Jbd;b.&RvDRteD>up>to;vXtrh>rDRpd&dR
(Dictator) ’D;vX,J>eH.twD>ylRt0J’;k xD’gzd.zh.’fo;d tw>yXw>jy;u*X>
usXR0Jt*D>vDRI 0h>&drRh tySRul.vdmw>weDRol.ud>o;*DRvXpHp>tpdurDR
u’d.xD.wvXtCdt0Joh.rRoHuGHmpHp>vXbsD.’d.x;tw>’gzDcd.zJ
vgr;±S; 15 oD csIcIe 44 M.vDRI

pHp>yXb.w>vX0h>&drRh vXqXuwD>pSRudmtylRb.q.t0Jux J .D xHu>D

cd.e>w*RvXtrHR[lo.zsgz;’d.w*RvDRI cDzsdt0JrRw>qDwvJtCdrR
pXR0J’fod;w>uol.xD.teH. 500 &drhR bDrk>M.vDRI t0Jpl;uGHmto;ylR
uGHmteH. 2000 b.q.< [D.cd.’Dbh.cd.e>weDRpl;ugrHRymzsg
?Caesar/ (‘ftrh> ?cgpX> (Kaiser)/ vXuD>uFXreH. (Germany) tylR’D;
?pH.p> (czar)/ vXuD>&X±S.tylRM.vDR)I

17
 ySRvXt[l;*JRw>vX
w>cG;J w>,mt*D>
eJvfpX.rh’Jv. (Nelson Mandela)

u vHRxH;tR_zHRuRcd.e> eJvfpX. rh’Jv. ( Nelson Mandela) rh>ySR

[l;*JRw>zdw*RM.vDRI t0Jr>h ySRvXt[l;*JRxD’gtJ;zoh. ( Apartheid)
M.vDRI tJ;zoh.rh>0JuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRy’d.usJoEltzd;oJp;vXrRvDR
z;ySRxHzduD>zdursX>wz.’ftpXRtoGJ.uvkm’l.[J0Jtod;’D;zH;n.t
vG>J td.0Jtod;vDRI

zJ[.D cd.w>’k;z;’d.cHbsw
D bsMD .< rh’v
J .rRoud;w>’D;tR_zRH uR’Duvkm
cDu&J; (Africa National Congress (ANC)) ‘D;vXcHt0Jux J .D b.cd.e>
w*RvX ANC tylRvDRI w>u&Xu&dtRH td.’D;w>ymyeD.wrHRvXtrh>0J
u‘k;w>vXySRolz;H zdvXttd.vXuD>tR_zRH uRwz.tw>obst › *D>vDRI

rh’Jv.wtJ.’d;olw>pkql.cD.wu;vX ANC tw>’k;xD’gy’d.tylR

b.I b.q.oemuhrh’Jv.qDwvJuGHmw>qdurd.zJyXRuD>wz.rRoH
ySRtR_zHRuRzdvXwtd.’D;tpku0JRb.wz.M.vDRI tCd< t0Joq.
xD.0JvXuolw>rR[;*DRw>vXuxD’gy’d.t*D>vDRI w>t0JtHRrh> w>
rRclol.w>vXurR[;*DRclol.w>’D;rRvDRySD>uGHmtR_zHRuRy’d.M.vDRI
wuwD>CDzMJ .< tR_zHRuRy’d.ymyeD. ANC w>u&Xu&dvXtrh>ySRrR
ur.xHuD>w>bsXoJp;wz.vDRI zJ 1962 eH.M.y’d.qXwJmvXrh’Jv.

18
rh>ySRrRur.w>od.w>oDvXtylx.D xD’gy’d.tCd< t0Jb.w>pH.nD.
tDRvXuvDRb.vXCdmylR 5 eH.vDRI weH.ylRuGHmtvD>cH< y’d.Cktg
xD.tw>ur.’D;‘XEkmtDRqlCdmylRwpdRto;M.vDRI

zJ 1980 eH.tvD>cH< ySRe>[l’D;oh.ngtgxD.b.C;rh’Jv.tw>rk>v>

vXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuRt*D>vDRI ySRvXte>[lw>*h>oh.wz.tHR< p;xD.
[l;*JRw>vXrh’Jv.uxl.zsJ;xD.vXCdmylRt*D>vDRI xHuD>’D;w>u&X
u&dwz.ud;zk’;J vXttd.vX [D.cd.’Db.h [h.tDRw>rRpXRqD.xGt J Cd<
zJ 1990 eH.oDoDM.uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRtuD>cd. tJzfI’bsL‘H>cvJ;
(F.W. de Klerk) [h.vDRw>uvk>vX w>uys>uGmH rh’vJ .M.vDRI uD>cd.
‘H>cvJ;‘D;rh’v
J .rRoud;w>’fo;d od;vXuqDwvJumHG xHu>D ’D;[h.w>cG;J
w>,mwkRod;xJod;ql ySRud;uvkm’J;vXttd.vXuvHRxH;tR_zHRuR
tylRvDRI

uvHRxH;tR_zHRuRrRw>CkxXtrl;vXttd;xD.M>w>obs›vXySRud;
J .’D; ANC rReXRw>CkxXtrl;’D;
uvkm’J;t*D>zJ 1994 eH.M.vDRI rh’v
rh’Jv.uJxD.ySRolzH;zduD>cd.tqduwX>w*RM.vDRI

19
 uD>,l&yRty>
cFgvH.rJ;M. (Charlemagne)

zJw>pdeHw.tcX.o;
(AD 500 = 1500 eH.C.C.) ,l&yRpDRyRvXtySRJ ’D;
(Charlemagne)
>urDRtusgw*Rrh>0JcgF vH.rJ;M. M.vDRI cFgvH.rJ;
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vkmvXttd.qd;vXjz.ph.uD>’D;uFXreH.uD>tbX.pXRM.vDRI zJt0JuJ
xD.pDRyRw*RvXtyXw>vX_zJ;(cf) zJ AD 771 eH.twD>ylRM.cFgvH.rJ;
M.tJ.’d;rR’d.xD.vJ>xD.’D;rRql.xD.tbDtrk>vDRI t0Jb.to;ph>
uD;vXurRvJ>xD.c&Hmzdtw>bl.w>bg’D;’Do’X&drJcJ;ovh;w>bg,GR
o&dmM.vDRI

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w>’D;ySRpJ;(uf)pD.zd (Saxons) vXtrh>uFXreH.uvkm’l.t*RwzkvX
teH. 30 twD>ylRvDRI vXw>’k;w>,Rwz.tHRtylR< cFgvH.rJ;M.yXb.
uvHRxH; ,l&yRxHuD>tgbh.vXtymCkm0J‘.’D;jz.ph.uD> (France)<
qGH;pvJ.(ef) (Switzerland)< bXvfuFH,grf (Belgium)< eX.ovJ.(ef)
(Netherlands) xHuD>wz.’D;tH.wvH. (Italy) w0m’D;uD>uFXreH.
(Germany) w0mwz.vDRI

20
zJ 800 eH.M.< yRyR (Pope) [h.vR[h.uyDRcFgvH.rJ;M.vX&drhRwz.
tbDr>k pDRyRM.vDRI ,l&yRpDRyRwz.vXtyXwh>b.&drRh bDr>k wkRvDRvX
1806 eH.tusg< cFgvH.rJ;M.rh>bDrk>pDRyRvXtrHR[lo.zsguwX>w*R
M.vDRI t0Ju&Xu&dxD.y’d.yyS>wz.vXtbDrk>t*D>’D;t0JrRw>‘D;
w>bg,GRuFdcd.e>wz.’fod;urRuG>0JvXrh>t0Jtw>od.w>oDwz.
M.w>’due.tDRph>uD;{gM.vDRI

cFgvH.rJ;M.rR*hRxD.w>tgr;vXtbDtrk>ylRvDRI t0Jqv D RD us.d phtusRd

tust J oD’;D t0Jbb
DS .rR*hRxD.uhRpH.nD>uG>D tbs.D ’d.wz.vDRI t0JbDS
xD.pH.nD>uGD>vHm&d’X;z;vJ>’D;ol.xD.uFdvXtEl>ylRw>vD>vDR[dwwDR
M.vDRI t0Jb.,d.b.bDS0J’.vX ySRrk>qh.rk>*DRwz.tw>rRvdrR’d;
t*D>’D;rR*hRxD.w>rRvdrR’d;vXySRvk>w>t’d.wz. (Priests) t*D>vDRI
t0Jr>k v>vXw>ul.b.ul.ohM.urR*hRxD.ySRursX>xHzu d >D zdwz.vX
uuJxD.ySRc&HmzdvXt*hRw*RvDRI

cFgvH.rJ;M.pl;uGHmto;zJ 814 eH.M.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHRcFgvH.rJ;M.

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*RvXySRyXw>tusgvX,l&yRzdwz.tw>pH.pdRwJpRd tylRvDRI wbsDbsD
ySRud;cFgvH.rJ;M.vX,l&yRwz.ty>M.vDRI

21
 eD>yRrk.vXul.oh';D td.'D;w>ol.'lo;'l
tJv;H pbJ; 1 (Elizabeth I)

zJ*RqdtuvJ rd;H pbJ.vXt0J

;1(
Elizabeth I ) uJx.D uD>thuvJ.(ef)teD>yRrk.M.ySRpSR
urh>ySRvXuyXb.w>,Hm,HmM.vDRI tJvH;pbJ; 1
M.wrh>vXtyXb.uD>thuvJ.(ef) xJ,RzS.d eHRw0mC.C.b.< t0J
rh>ph>uD;uD>thuvJ.(ef)ySRyXw>vXtrHR[lo.zsgw*RM.vDRI

tJv;H pbJ;rh>0JteJ .H bdv(H ef) (Anne Boleyn)< ‘D;pDRyR[Je&H.Cd;*Rw*R

(King Henry VIII) trgcH*Rw*Rtzdr.k vDRI [Je&H.td.ph>uD;’D;tzdr.k
rJ&.h (Mary) vXtrh>trgtqduwX> w*Rtzdr.k ’D;tzdcgG tJ;(‘f)0;(‘f)
(Edward) vXtrh>trgoX*Rw*RtzdM.vDRI zJ[Je&H.oH0HRtvD>cH
tJ;(‘f)0;(‘f)yXb.w>qXuwD>pSRudmwkRvXtoHwpkvDRI rJ&h.yXb.
w>oXeH.0HRpl;uGHmto;vDRI zJ 1558 eH.M.< tJvH;pbJ;uJxD.b.0J’.
uD>thuvJ.(ef)teD>yRrk.zJto;td. 25 eH.M.vDRI

zJM.tqXuwD>M.uD>thuvJ.(ef)zS.D ,m0Jt*H>bgp>’D;w>obH.obk.
td.vXu±l>tgzktusgtCdxHuD>wrkmwck.b.I ySRxHzduD>zdoh.wz.
rk>v>0J’.vXeD>yRrk.tJv;H pbJ;u’d;wh’;d zst
D o;’D;ySRydmcGg*H>bgql.w*R
vXu[H;pkeJ.usJRtDRM.vDRI b.q.tJvH;pbJ;wqX’D;rk>v>vXueDR
vDRtw>M>pdM>urDRqlySR*Rttd.b.I t0JymvDRto;usXRrkq+vXu

22
uJxD.eD>yRrk.vXtvXtySJRw*RvDRI tCdt0JymzSd.ySRul.b.ul.oh
vXtw>vJRcDzsdtg’D;temM>0Jwz.vDRI tJv;H pbJ;teD>up>’.0Jt.d ’D;
w>ul.b.ul.ohvXt’d.txD’D;rh>ySRvXtzsd;pd’D;ySJR’D;w>ol.’lo;’l
M.vDRI

eD>yRrk.[h.*H>[h.bgtJuvH;tySRubDzdvXtul.vJRrRuRw>wz.
vX uvJR0hR0DRw> vX[D.cd.csX’Db.h ngM.vDRI ubDc.d _zJ;pH;(pf)_’h;(cf)
(Francis Drake) rRxl;xD.wDRxD.uhRuD>thuvJ.(ef)’D;CkM>w>ul.
vJRrRuRtusdRtusJtoDqluD>trJ&uR< uD>th±SX.wz.’D;tR_zHRuR
xHu>D wz.tylRvDRI ‘fw>ul.vJRrRuR’D;uD>t*R’d.xD.vJRxDtod;uD>
thuvJ.(ef) ph>uD; xl;xD.wDRxD.0JM.vDRI tJvH;pbJ;w>yXtzDvm
ySRtJuvH;vHm{dRvJ>{dR’D;’Gv
J Rw>ohw>b.wz.ph>uD;[J’.d xD.vJ>xD.
0J (rh) ?td.zsJ.xD.uhR/ wbsDu’D;M.vDRI zJpRd 0JM.tcgySRuG;J vHmrHR[l
o.zsgweDRrh>0J0hv,X.±S›;(cf)pyH,X. (William Shakespeare)<
c&H;pwd.zX.rg(&f)vd0H (Christopher Marlowe)< _zJ;pH;(pf) bhcD.
(Francis Bacon)< tJ;’rX. pyJ(ef)pX. (Edmund Spenser) ‘D; uFD(ef)
‘DeH (John Donne) wz.vDRI

zJtvJ ;H pbJ;pl;uGmH to;zJ 1603 eH.tcg uD>thuvJ.(ef)xl;wDRxD.0J’;D

*H>ql.bgql.xD.0J‘.M.vDRI tJvH;pbJ;yXw>vX 45 eH.twD>ylRt0J
b.w>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>tJv;H pbJ;trk>eHRrk>oDwz. (Elizabethan Ages)
vDRI

23
24
25
 ySRvXtwhx.D bSx
D .D
w>vDRu[kunD>
tgtdryh .J (Ieoh Ming Pei)

tg tdryh .J (Ieoh Ming Pei)

rh>ySRrHR[lo.zsgtug’d.tusgw*RvX
twhx.D bSxD .D w>ol.xD.z;’d.vDRu[kunD>vXchcgcJtRH wz.vDRI t
0Jrh>ySRvXtbSDxD.wh>w>ol.xD.z;’d.wz.vX[D.cd.csX’Dwbh.ngvH
M.vDRI t0JtpkvD>tuh>t*DR (style) ‘D;tw>qdurd.oh.wz.tpd
turDRtd.0JvXySRwhx.D bSxD .D w>t*Roh.wz.tvdRtgr;ph>uD;vDRI
t0Jrh>ySRw*RvXb.whxD.wX;z;xDvX0h>z;’d.wz.tylRvDRI

tgtJryf .J (I.M.Pei) td.zs.J xD.vX0h>cJew

f eJ f (Canton), w±l;uD>zJ 1917
eH.tylRvDRI t0JvJRrRvdw>vXuD>trJ&uR< b.q.[D.cd.w>’k;z;
’d.cHbsDwbsDux J .D tCdt0J[u J Rh u’guhRqlw±l;uD>wohb.I tCdt
0Jtw>rRtg’.wuh>vDRb.0J’.vXuvHRpd;trJ&uR’D;,l&yRwu
yRM.vDRI

zJ 1940 eH.M.yJ.p;xD.rRw>’ftrh>ySRwhxD.bSDxD.w>w*RwkRvDRwDR
vDRM.vDRI t0J ol.xD.bSxD .D w>rRwdmusJRtug’d.wz.’ftrh> Mile
High Center vXttd.vX0h>’J(ef)bJ> (Denver)< cd.vd.&g’d.uD>pJ.
(Colorado) tylRM.vDRI

26
zJ 1955 eH.t0JrRtd.xD.teD>up>’.0Jw>zH;w>rRvXtrh>0JtgtJryf .J
’D;ySRrRCkmrRoud;w> ( I.M. Pei & Associates) M.vDRI w>zH;w>rR
tqd u wX>vXyJ . rR0J t usgymCk m ’D ; w>ol . xD . w>uG > uD t vD >
(museum) zJp. J &c,lpf (Syracuse) vXttd.vX 0h>e,l,;D (New York)
tylR’D;w>ol.xD.tHRrh>w>ol.xD. 4 zsX.vXqJ;vdmto;’D;wdRwz.
M.vDRI t0J‘;k td.xD.’D;whM>wdmz;xDvXtzD.*X>ubD,Rl ysD’;D ubD,Rl
tw>vJRw>uhR tuh>t*DRtoDvX ySRoltDRtgtg*D>*D>ph>uD;vDRI

yJ.tw>ol.xD.wz.M. xD0J< td.’D;rJmxHuvRwz.’D;x;w’h(pwH)

wz.M.vDRI w> ol.xD.wz.tHRvDR*m’ftuh>t*DR,d,dzd< vDRqD’.
w>vG>H oeX. (rectangles) ‘D;oXeX. (triangle) oh.wz.M.vDRI

b.q.yJ.tw>ol.xD.wz.M.wrh>w>,d,zd w d z.b.I euxH.b.

vXw>ol.xD.t’gwz.’D;w>ol.xD.tyD;tvDo.h wz.M.uJu’guhR
w>ol.xD.tw>u,Xu,JM.vDRI ‘ftu D wJtbh.wz.< rJmxHuvR’D;
x;w’ho.h wz.wl>&J.vdmto;wylRCDM.rh>w>vXtxk;M>ySR*Rto;
ohM.vDRI w>olp>h uD;rJmxHuvRqJ;uyDRu’gvDRqDo.h wz.vXw>rR
wdmusJRtylRph>uD;vDRI nDE>k t0JCgCkmw>tuh>t*DRvXtvDRqDvmd t
o;’D;w>tuh>t*DRoh.wz.bDS0J’frlxH; (rd;k ukypf uf0ikd ;f )tod;M.vDRI

yJ.tw>ol.xD.vXtrHR[lo.zsgweDRymCkm0Jp>h uD;’D; John Hancock

w>ol.xD.vXbD;pwX.uD>pJ. (Boston)< xHuD>tw>uG>uDt’GJvRw>
ohw>b.tvD> (National Gallery of Art) vXtd.vX0.±S.› wX.‘H>pH.
trk>xD.‘D;rJmxHuvRyH;&rH; (Pyramid) vXttd.vX Louve w>uG>uD
vD>zJ0h>zJ&H;pf (Paris) tylRwz.M.vDRI

27
 ySRuG;J vHmzdvXtqDwvJw>td.rl
cFgvfp’f ;H uJef (Charles Dicken)

ySwh>0JRtuGeH;J .vHwu,RbsJ Charles Dicken

mudRvR0grHR[lo.zsgcFgvfp’f ;H uJef ( ) td.rl
.bsJ.M.vDRI w>wJv J Xt0Jtw>uG;J oh.wz.b.
C;’D;zdo.tw>td.rltd.*JRuDcJ0J’fvJ.t*h>M.vDRI cDzsdvXt0JtvHm
uGJ;tCdw>qDwvJoh.wz.rRwh>0Jto;tgr;vDRI

‘H;uJeftw>uGJ;weDRwJb.C;zdo.oh.wz.b.w>uG>xGJtDRvXuFd<
[H.‘D;w>rRvD>oh.wz.w*hRb.’fv.J t*h>vDRI zJt0Jt.d uFt d cg< o&.
wD>tDRvX*h>’k.bdrh>vXt0JeHRoD.z;’d.tCdvDRI ‘H;uJefb.[;xD.uGHm
uFdvXto;td.’.xJqHqJ.eH.zdtcg’D;b.vJRrRw>vXw>vD>t*RvX
tpDRpkR,HRvdmo;’D;t[H.’d.r;M.vDRI ‘H;uJet f y>rh>ySRw*RvXtolph
tgr;’D;vD;uhR0JwM>b.I ‘H;uJepf ;l ugteD>up>w>vJRcDzsdo.h wz.zJt
uGJ;vHm ?’hbh; cdzX.zH(vf) (David Copperfield)/ tcgM.vDRI

ySRweDRvXtz;b.0J’;H uJet f vHmtqduwX>wbsDM.to;xD.0J’.d ’d.

uvJm’D;weDReDRtrJmqS;vDR0J’.to;M.vDRI w>uGJ;wz.’ftrh>
?tD.vHbX.xG‹;(pf)(Oliver Twist)/ ‘k;td.xD.t0Joh.wz.tw>qd
urd.vXt’d.t,dmM.vDRI ySRoh.wz.tHRe>yX>xD.0J’.vXzdo.w
z.w>-uX;uG>xGt
J RD *hR*hRb.b.‘D;-uX;td.’D;w>ol.zSo
H ;nD’zf o
d .zdw

28
z.b.rRvdw>uDuDcJcJ0JvHM.vDRI zdo.oh.wz.w>w-uX;rRtDRwkR
vXub.[;xD.uGmH uF’d ;D b.[;rRw>vXtol.bD.o;p>tcgb.I

‘H;uJeftw>uGJ;vXySRoh.ngtDR’D;trHR[lo.zsgwz.tusgw,k>rh>0J
?c&Hmtd.zsJ.w>o;0H. (A Christmas Carol)/ M.vDRI vHmtHRuGJ;b.
C;ySRuJ’.d uJy>S p-uL;cFf (Scrooge) vXwb.o;c&Hmtd.zs.J eDwpJ;b.
w*Rt*h>M.vDRI p-uL;cFftw>b.o;td.0J’.xJuCk0JphwcgM.vDRI
w>t*RM.t0Jwb.o;eDwrHRb.I vXw>uGJ;tylR Scrooge rRvdM>
0J’.vXt0Jtw>td.rl*hRxD.b.xD.zJt0JrRpXRb.0JySRvXtcd.t
CXR’D;olw>qXuwD>’D;ol.zSHo;nDvXt0Joh.wz.tusgM.vDRI

ySRtg*Rb.o;z;’H;0J’.‘H;uJet f vHmuG;J oh.wz.M.wrh>xJvXtuCk

oh.ng0J’.b.C;w>td.rlvXylRuGHmteH.wu,Roh.wz.b.I b.
q.rh>vXw>uGJ;wz.tHRwJw>vXtvDRqDvDRv;oh.wz.M.vDRI
‘H;uJeftvHmuGJ;ylRweDReDR’ftrh> ? zH;(uf)0H;(cf) zhzX. (Pickwick
Papers)/ M.rh>w>vXtvDReHR< weDReDRrh>0J[. H zdCzD t
d w>wJo.h wz.
’ftrh> ‘hb;h cdzX.zH(vf) (David Copperfield) ‘D; Great Expectations
oh.wz.’D;vHmweDReDRrh>0Jw>pH.pdRwJpdRoh.wz.’ftrh> ? A Tale of
Two Cities / M.vDRI

29
 w>Ckoh.ng'D;ySRcJ.w>*DRzd
z;(bf)vdz;H c.pd. (Pablo Picasso)

w>pH;0J’.vXySRcJ.w>*DRzd z;(bf)vdz;H c.pd. (Pablo Picasso) p;

xD.w>whc.J w>wcsK;‘H;vXtwJvw d >M.vDRI w>tHRuJx.D to;oh
xJvXw>wJrk>e>b.q.oemuhvXzH;c.pd.t*D>rh>w>*h>wcgvXt
[h.ul.[h.z;tDRvXw>pkow h >rRM.rh>w>tug’d.xJv.J M.vDRI

zH;c.pd.td.zs.J xD.vXuD>pyh.tylRzJ 1881 eH. b.q.tw>td.rl’D

wuwD>ngtylRtgwuh>t0Jtd.qd;0J’.vXuD>jz.ph.tylRM.vDRI
t0Jr>h ySR’k;td.xD.w>toD’;D ySRCkx.H oh.ngw>M.vDRI t0Jwrh>ySR
w*RvXtCkx.H oh.ng’D;bSx D .D pJ;zDu[.’D;w>vD>vXtvDRqDvRD
v;oh.wz.b.I t0Jr>h ySRvXtCkx.H oh.ng’D;‘k;td.xD.’Gv J Rw>
ul.ohvRD I t0Jc.J w>’D;tpkr>k wz.< wh0’J .’D;tpkr.h b.tX’D;rR0J
us>D rHRtcd.’D;pkz.D ’D;vh.,D>tvD>qh.eDR’.vJmM.vDRI zH;c.pd.rRw>
vXw>vD>ud;ylR’J;’D; w>qXuwD>vXrk>qg*hRrk>eR*hRohM.vDRI

30
t0Jtw>rRw>*DRpd;ysRtvD>< ‘X;z;’d.M.vDR*m’fy>S tody>S vXw>cJ.
tDR’D;x;0g’Xoh.wz.< td.0J’;D b&;±Swf z.< [D.cd.0g< wX>oyXR<
pX>bdc.J w>tvG>J wz.’D;[D.cd.0gtvG>J trdrF t
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M.vDRI p;cdw.D ’D;w>uH;nmxlwvH;wz.< w>*DRtwuG.D oh.wz.
‘D;pD>eDRcd.vXymvDRw>*DRwz.’D;w>zdw>vHRvXt’D.wJmw>*DRtuh>
t*DRwz.vXttd.vXvX>oh.b.z;wD.tzDc.d vDRrk>_yjH yg’D;vDR*m’f
w>urSRH ’Xtod;vDRI b.q.vXzH;c.pd.t*D>w>cJvXmrh>w>vDRvdR
vDRv;vXtvDRol.yd>o;0;;M.vDRI

t0Jc.J pyh.tus>D rHR’D;ySRunDuedvmd o;t*DR< w>jyXuoh.’D;ySRrR

vDReHRw>wz.t*DRM.vDRI t0Jc.J M>w>*DRvXto;zSo H .h wz.’D;w>
tvG>J p>oh.wz. (‘ftrh>tvG>J *DRp>) ‘D;rhr>h vXw>ol.tk;o;tk;< w>
o,k>ondt*DRM.cJ.0J’;D w>tvG>J ck.ck. (‘ftrh>tvG>J vgol) oh.w
z.M.vDRI b.wbsb D sw
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oh.wz.rh>w>tod;M.vDRI b.q.< nDE>k t0Jw0h v J Xtw>qdurd.
rSw
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w>ohcJ.w>wuvkmvXzH;c.pd.’D;tySRrRoud;w>ySRcJ.w>*DRzd
uF;D (&S)f b&D;cf (Georges Braque) ‘k;td.xD.oh.wz.tHRw>ud;tDRvX
?vG>H bDuscD .J w>*DRtusJ (Cubism) vDRI t0Jo.h cJ.ySRunD’;D w>zdw>
vHRt*DRM.euxH.b.tDRud;cDu;d uyR’J;wbsDCMD .vDRI ySRwhw>
cJ.w>zdvXtwhw>vXusJ’t f RH oh.wz.nDE>k whw>*DRwz.vXt,d
,dz‘d tf rh>eX.b.vG>H uElRCl rhwrh> vG>H bDustD uh>t*DRoh.wz.M.
vDRI

31
 uF;pf (Jazz) w>'hw>tltpDRyR
0hv,X.bpHR (William Basie)

o; p>0hv,X.bpHR (William Basie)

p;xD.rRvdw>’hw>tl’;D trd>M.
vDRI 0HRtvD>cHt0JrRvdM>u’D;w>’hwe>tDuXm (Organ)
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[lo.zsgvXuF;pfw>’hw>tlw*RM.vDRI

bpHRp;xD.tw>td.rl’;D w>’hwe>yD>pkvX bD>’H>bHvyf s>J pDRcd. (Vaudeville

stage) tzDc.
d M.vDRI bD>’H>bHvyf s>J pDRcd.rh>w>’k;eJ.w>’dw>wJmtvD>wcg
vXuD>trJ&uRtylRzJ,RzS.d eH. 19 ‘D; 20 tbX.pXRM.vDRI bD>’H>bHvf
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w>ol.0H.o;qXw>< w>rRvDReHRvDRthw>’D;w>rRu’grJmw>’dw>wJm
oh.wz.M.vDRI

zJbpHRto;td. 23 eH.M. t0JvJR0J’.ql 0h> cJefpX; (Kansas), rH;pd&H.

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tltqduwX>wzkM.vDRI bpHRtw>’hw>tlyD;vDtuvkm 9 uvkmM.
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‘D;bpHRtwe>ySD>pkrh>0Jw>’hw>tlt&h’d.vXuF;pfw>’hw>tlt*D>M.vDRI

32
wbDsbpHR’hw>h oDw>l z;’d.vXtup>’.0J’;D t0J’;k td.xD.w>’htcD;vG>H bD
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t*D>M.vDRI

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33
 w>td.rlvXtySRJ 'D;w>ol.0H.o;qX
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w>o;0H.ed;vDRI

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o;0H.oh.wz.M.vDRI t0Jtw>o;0H.oh.wz.M.wbsDzsgol.zSo H ;nD

34
’D;weDRvDRo;tk;M.vDRI b.q.rkmud;,k>’J;vDRI rdRp;ol0yJ RS ’hw>tlw>
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vDRI

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vXw>o;0H.tDy&m (opera) t*D>M.vDRI t0JuGJ;w>o;0H.ohtuvkm
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t’hw>tcgM.vDRI

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o;0H.tDy&m The Marriage of Figaro< Don Giovanni ‘D; The Magic
Flute ‘D; symphony ?Jupiter/ oh.wz.M.vDRI

35
 ySRcJ.w>*DRzdvXpDRyR'D;ySRursX>wz.t*D>
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wz.tw>*DRvDRI zJ 1786 eH.M.< udR,>uJxD.0J’. ?ySRcJ.w>*DRvX
uD>pyh.pDRyRt*D>/M.vDRI

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ySRwl>’d.uD>’d.oh.wz.tw>*DR’D;pDRyRt’l.zdxXzdoh.wz.tw>*DR
M.vDRI pyh.tySRxHzduD>zdoh.wz.M.tgwuh>zSD.,m’D;wl>b.0Jw>
o.0HRvDR’dM.vDRI w>’k;w>,RrR[;*DRt0Joh.wz.tw>td.rlvDRI
udR,>tJ.’d;cJ.0J’.w>vXtuJxD.to;vX[D.cd.csXweHRb.weHR
tCd< t0Jp;xD.wh’D;cJ.M>pyh.ySRzSD.zd,mzd’D;ySRvXtb.zH;b.rRw>
e;e;uvJmoh.wz.t*DRM.vDRI

36
zJuRd ,>whw>*DRtcg< wwh*Rh ’d.xD.0Jymd cGg’D;ydmrk.oh.wz.tuh>t*DR
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ul;’D;ulo;d qhuRvXtusm’D;vD>vHRzDC;oh.wz.M.vDRI w>whw>cJ.
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tDRvX ? w>ymzsgw>rh>w>wDoEl (realism)/ M.vDRI

udR,>tw>cJ.w>*DRw>ynd.oh.wz.wb.ol.b.o;pDRyRto;’D;
ySR’d.wl>cd.e>oh.wz.vXttd.vXEl>ylRpDRylRwz.b.I t0Joh.wz.
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wz.t*DRvDRI

udR,>tw>*DRwz.vXt’k;eJ.zsgxD. /w>’k;w>,Rtw>rR[;*DR
(Disasters of War) M.vDR*m’D;w>teD>uD>’D;ySJR’D;w>oGH.w>pDRM.vDRI
vXw>M.tCd< udR,>oH0HRtvD>cH 35 eH.r;w>’k;eJ.w>*DRpH&HtHRM.
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w>rh>w>wDoh.wz.td.pJxD’D;rlwh>vXySRuG>w>oh.wz.tusgwkRrk>
rqgweHRtHRM.vDRI

37
 ySRuG;J vHmzd';D rH;pH;pyHxu
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rh>0JuD>trJ&uR
tySRuG;J vHmrHR[lo.zsgz;’d.tusgw*RM.vDRI t0JtvHmuG;J wz.’ft
rh> Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn ‘D; Life on Mississippi M.tvD>xD.
vXtrJ&uRvHmrHR[lo.zsgwz.tp&DtylRtxDuwX>M.vDRI

r;&fcf xG‹trHRtd.zsJ.rh>0J pJr,X. vJ.[DeH cvHrJ (Samuel Langhorne

Clemens) ‘D;t0Jtd.zsJ.xD.zJ 1835 eH.M.vDRI t0J’d.xD.vX
[geH.bDvf< rH;pd.&H.uD>pJ.zJrH;pH;pyHxHusduX>eHRtzDcd.M.vDRI t0Jym
zSd.w>*h>w>usdRwz.vXt0Jtw>uGJ;rHR[lo.zsgwz.t*D>zJxHusduX>
cd.< t0h>cd.M.vDRI r;&fcfxG‹tw>uGJ;rHR[lo.zsgw,k>vXtrh> Young
Tom Sawyer rh>w>uG;J vXtymzS. d xD.o;p>ydmcGgzdwz.t*h>tusRd Ckm’D;
teD>up>’.0Jt*h>tusdRM.vDRI

vXr;&fcxf ‹Gtw>td.rltylR< t0JrRw>rRvXu’k;uJx.D w>*h>w>usRd vX

tw>uG;J t*D>M.vDRI t0JrRw>’ftrh>ubDc.d w*Rtod;’D;t0Jp;l ug0Jt
w>vJRcDzstd RH ’D;uG;J 0J ?Life on the Mississippi/ M.vDRI zJt0Jp;xD.rR
w>vXtrh>ySRuGJ;w>upD.vXw>y&XtylR‘D;t0Jp;xD.ol0Jtxd.’H;bd

38
trHRvXr;&fcx f ‹G M.vDRI r;&fcx
f ‹G tcDynDr>h 0Jxu
H sdvXxHt,dmtd.0JccH sH<
rhwrh> 12 cD.,D>< xHt,dmvXwtd.’D;w>ylRzsJ;vXcsH’D;ubDwz.t*D>
b.vDRI

r;&fcxf ‹G tw>uG;J tusgw,k>’ftrh> ? The Celebrated Jumping Frog

of Calaveras County/ b.w>pJus;H xk;xD.tDRvXw>y&Xoh.wz.tylR
’D;w>uGJ;w,k>tHRtrHR[lo.zsg0J’d.r;M.vDRI r;&fcfxG‹vJRw>uhRw>
’fySRuGJ;w>upD.vJR0hR0DRw>w*Rtod;‘D;[;0hR0DR[h.w>od.vdM.vDRI
t0JvJRuhRw>0HRtvD>cH< t0JuGJ; “The Innocents Abroad” ‘D;vXw>
uG;J w,k>tHRtCd< t0JtrHR[lo.zsgxD.0J’.M.vDRI

xG‹b.w>oh.ngtDR’ftrh>ySRuGJ;w>vDReHRw*RM.vDRI b.q.vXw>
vDReHRtrJmu;tvD>cH< td.’D;w>td.rlvXud>*DRuDc0J MJ .vDRI t0Jt.d ’D;
w>ol.tk;o;tk;rh>vXtw>td.rlz.DS ,m< ty>oHo’.uGmH tDRvXtqd’;D
vXcHt0J>cGg[Je&H. (Henry) ‘D;tzdrk.zdpl;uGHmto;tCdvDRI r;&fcfxG‹
tw>uG;J trHR[lo.zsgt*Rw,k>’ftrh> ?Huckleberry Finn/ M.wbsD
bsDw>qdurd.tDR’ftrh>zdo.tvHmM.vDRI b.q.vHmwbh.tHRtylR
w>o;b.’db.xH;’D;w>ul.w>q;wz.M. ySR’d.wkmcd.ySRJ oh.wz.ym
vk>ymySR› tDRt’d.uwX>M.vDRI w>uGJ;rHR[lo.zsgt*Rwbh.vXtrh>
?Tom Sawyer/M.rh>ySRo;p>wz.t*D>’D;ySR’d.wkmcd.ySRJ oh.wz.ph>uD;
z;0JvXw>ol.td.o;td.tylRM.vDRI

39
 w>od.vdyRS unDvXuqdurd.w>
pd.c&hwH (Socrate)

pdvXttd
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(Socrate) .ohvXtqdurd.w>’D;rh>o&.
Athens ) uD>}uH;(pf) (
Greece ) tylRvXtylR
uGHmteH. 2500 C.C.vHM.vDRI pd.c&hwHoh.ngySRrHR[lo.zsg’D;cd.
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trHR[lo.zsg’D;uJ’.d uJy>S b.I t0Jt.J ’d;qdurd.’.xJw>’D;wJb.C;
tw>xH.oh.wz.t*h>M.vDRI

pd.c&hwHw[h.w>od.vd’D;wJySRunDoh.wz.vXuqdurd.w>b.I
b.q.t0Jr>h ySRvXtoHu>G w>oHu>G wz.vDRI t0Jqud rd.0J’.vXw>
vXt&h’.d uwX>M.rh> ?w>oh.ngvDReD>up>to;/< ‘D;rRvd’uf uJx.D
ySRt*hRw*R’D;utd.rl’D;w>td.rlvXt*hR’fvJ.M.vDRI pd.c&hwHpH;u
wdRw>’D;ySRoh.wz.vXtqdurd.vXtoh.ngw>rEkRvXt*hR’D;w>
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vXw>oHuG>wz.M.vDRI

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pd.c&hwHuqXxX.vXw>vD>wwDR’D;qdurd.w>vXtge.&H.twD>ylR

40
vXwok;0hRok;0DRto;’D;wuwdRw>eDwzsX.b.I pd.c&hww
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[Jqlngwz.t*D>vDRI

41
 w>'dw>wJmvXwvD>vHReDwbsD
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(William Shakespeare)

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William Shakespeare
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tDRvXtySRz;w>zd’D;tySRuG>w>zdoh.wz.vDRI t0JtouJmy0;’D;

42
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oh.wz.wJ’;d ±S;› cfpyH,X.tw>uwdRvXtrHR[lo.zsgvXtJuvH;usdm
(to be rhwrh> not to be) ‘D;eHRb.0J’;D [D.xG0
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ymo;oh.wz.M.vDRI ±S;› cfpyH,X.tw>*JR’doh.wz.trHR[lo.zsg’H;
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wz.M.vDRI w>*JR’dt*RweDR’ftrh> A Midsummer Night Dream M.
td.’D;w>vHusv d uH sm’D;w>ul.clo.l oh.wz.’D;uwX>0JvXw>ol.zSo H ;
nDtylRM.w>ud;tDRvX ?w>vDReHRvDRth/tw>uG;J vDRI w>*JR’dt*Rw
eDR’ftrh> Julius Caesar ‘D; Henry V wz.M.oMRxD.to;vXw>td.rl
vXtuJx.D o;teD>uD>’D;w>*JR’d‘t f RH oh.wz.w>ud;tDRvX ?w>pH.pdR
wJpdR/ tw>uGJ;vDRI ‘D;w>*JR’dt*RweDR’ftrh> Romeo ‘D; Juliet M.
w>ud;rHR’J;y.Ckm0J’.wpJ;pJ;vXtrh>w>tJ.w>uG<H w>vDReHR‘D;w>ol.
tk;o;tk;oh.wz.cJvXmM.vDRI

43
44
45
 zdo.ydmrk.'D;tvHmuG;J eD.w>
tJ(ef)z&J;(cf) (Anne Frank)

zJusJ;pX;rR[;*D
w>’k;cHbsDwbsDvXuD>,l&yRtylRM.e.pH>vXuD>uFXreH.ylRwz.*km
(Jewish)
R0JyRS ,l‘R uvkm’D;tw>qJ;w>vRwz.M.vDRI
e.pH>wz.M.yXb.0JxHuD>wbsK;bh.’D;vXtusgy.Ckm’D;eJovJ(ef)
rhwrh> [D.vJ(ef)M.vDRI zJ0>h tJrpf xJ’X(rf)tylRM.e.pH>ok;wz.vlRzD.
ql.ySR,l’Rzdwz.vDRI vXw>M.tCdydmrk.zdtJ(ef)z&J;(cf) (Anne
Frank) ’D;t[H.zdCDzdwz.b.Ch>td.clol.e.pH>tok;yXRuD>wz. 2
eH.ngvDRI vXw>td.clol.tvD>ydmrk.zdtJ(ef)uGJ;0J’.tvHmuGJ;eD.zd
’D;vXcHuhRM.vHmwbh.tHRuJxD.vHmvXtrHR[lo.zsgwbh.vDRI

zJw>’k;w>,Rvdmo;vDRw0mvHtcge.pH>wz.p;xD.qSXySR,l’Rzdqw l >
’k;CmtvD>wz.M.vDRI tCdzJ 1942 eH.vg,lRvHtylR< tJ(ef) tySR
[H.zdCDzdvJRtd.clol.zJty>w>rRvD>tvD>cH’D;rh>ph>uD;w>vD>zJtJ(ef)
tygymzSd.tw>zdw>vHRtvD>M.vDRI ySR,l’Rzdt*RvGH>*Rph>uD;td.cl
ol.’D;t0Jo.h zJw>vD>qH;qH;zdtylR’D;toud;vXwrh>ySRySR,l’Rzdwz.
[Jpdmclol.M>0Jw>tD.w>tD’D;w>olw>pGJt*Rwz.M.vDRI

zJt(J ef)Ch>td.clo.l tcgto;td.’.xJ 13 eH.M.vDRI vXtvHmw>uG;J

eD.zdtylRt0JymzsgxD.0Jtw>td.rlweHRb.weHRvX’X;clol.zdtylRM.

46
vDRI t0JuGJ;ph>uD;0Jtw>rHrD>< w>ynd.wz.’D;tw>wl>b.wz.zJtd.
clol.tcgM.vDRI

zJtd.clol.vXcHeH.twD>ylRt0Joh.t[H.zdCDzdw[;xD.vXw>csXeDw
bsbD .I b.q.zJvgtDuX;pf 1944 eH.twD>ylRe.pH>tySRok;zdwz.xH.
M>tDR’D;zD.uGmH t0Jo.h M.vDRI 0HRtvD>cH< w>qSXt0Jo.h tySR[H.zdCzD d
wz.zJw>zD.ymzS.d ySRtvD>zJt;D (±S)f 0H; (Auschwitz) vXttd.vXzdv(J ef)
uD>M.vDRI tJ(ef)trd>oHzJw>vD>0JM. zJ 1945 eH.M.vDRI tJ(ef)’D;t
yk>ydmrk.zdw*Rw>qSXu’D;tDRql’Ju0DRtoDwzsX.vXw>ud;tDRvX
bXuJ(ef)< bJvfpX. (Bergen=Belsen) ‘D;t0Joh.cH*RvXmM>b.w>
vdRud>ySmH nd;w>qg’D;pl;uGmH to;cH*RvXmM.vDRI [H.zdCzD cd v
J Xmtusg
ySRtd.rlw>D uhRxJw*R{dRvXtrh>tJ(ef)ty>vXtrh>tD;wd.z&J;(cf) (Otto
Frank) M.vDRI

cDzstd oud;t*Rwz.xH.M>tzdr.k tw>uG;J eD.zdvXw>clo.l tvD>tCd

[h.uhR0Jty>zJ w>’k;w>,R0HRtvD>cH’;D ty>teD>up>pJus;H uhRvHmtHRzJ
1947 eH.M.vDRI p;xD.zJM.tJ(ef)tw>ol.’lo;’l’D;tw>rk>v>tw>
uG;J wz.< [h.*H>[h.bgu’guhR ySRz;vHmzdvXtu,Rwz.vDRI rk>rqg
weHRtHRw>vD>zJz&J;(cf)t[H.zdCzD t
d .d clo.l tvD>M.w>ymtDR’fw>ym
uDRw>uG>uDtvD>wcgM.vDRI

47
 ydmrk.vXtySJR'D;w>ol.'lo;'l
[JvX.cJvX. (Helen Keller)

ydcswH mxHrk..w>’Dzdo;.w*RvXtrH Helen Keller

Rrh>0J [JvX.cJvX. ( ) M.trJm
te>wtXzJttd.zs.J vHRvHRM.vDRI b.q.t0J*mk us;J pX;
0J’fod;uGJ;vHmz;vHmub.’D;uwdRw>uoht*D>M.vDRI

[JvX.td.zsJ.xD.zJ tJvfbgrg< uD>trJ&uRzJ 1880 eH.twD>ylRvDRI

zJto;td. 19 vgtcgt0Jt.d wql.b.’D;b.0Jw>vdRud>wrHRvXw>
ud;tDRvX eDjref;zsm;a&m*g (Scarlet fever) vDRI vXcHt0Jtd.ql.xD.
b.q.trJmcst H w>xH.’D;e>tw>[lvRD r>uGmH 0J’.vDRI p;xD.zJM.t0J
we>[lySRt*Rwz.uwdRw>’D;wrRvduwdRw>vXRb.I

zJ[JvX.to;td.CkeH.M.b.w>rRuG>tDRvXuoH.o&.z;’d.
tvJ;pJ_’gºuh[J(rf) bJvf (Alexander Graham Bell)vDRI t0Jrh>
uoH.o&.b.C;w>bSb D .uhRySRuwdRw>wohwz.’D;rh>ph>uD;ySRvX
t’k;td.xD.vDwJpdM.vDRI bJvfqSXM>0J[JvX.vXo&.rk.w*RvXt
rHRrh>0Jt(J ef)pl.vH0. (Anne Sullivan) vXutd.’D;tDR’D;uG>xGt
J RD t*D>
M.vDRI

48
tJ(ef)plvH0.M. rh>ySRvXtzFJ;w*RvDRI t0Jto;plR’d.r;’D;od.vd0J
[JvX.vX w>cJvXmtd.’D;trHRM.vDRI t0Jod.vd[JvX.’fod;uz;’D;
u’d;vHm’D;tpkzw
d z.vDRI tJ(ef)uG;J vDR0J vHmrJmzsX.wz.vX[JvX.tpk
v.ylRrRpXR0J’fod;[JvX.ue>yX>w>zdw>vHRvXtzD.0Jb.wz.trHR
M.vDRI

[JvX.rRvdw>ql.r;’D;w,Hmb.t0JrRvdvHmrd>yS>M>cJvXm’D;tpkrk>zd
wz.M.vDRI t0Jp;xD.rRvdvHmcDzsdyvX>uG>0JvHmrJmzsX.vXw>rRuzd
J mH }bgvH. (Braille) vX
xD.tDRwz.’D;tpkr>k zdM.vDRI vXcHt0JrRvd0v
trh>vHmvXySRrJmbsD.wz.ol0JM.vDRI o&.rk.t*Rw*RvXtrHRrh>0J
pR&gzlvX. (Sarah Fuller) w*Rod.vdtRD vXuuwdRw>cDzsdw>zD.uG>
ySR*Rtx;cd.zH;’D;tudm,l>bdzJt0Joh.wJw>tcgM.vDRI

[JvX.cJvX.trJmcsrH >h wxH.w>oemuh< uG;J wh>0JvmH wbsK;bh.vXtym

Ckm’D; ?The Story of My life/ ‘D; Helen Keller’s Journal M.vDRI zJ
tzdo.td.’D;o&.rk.tJ(ef)pl.vH0.tcgw>’k;uJx.D tDRvXw>’k;eJ.’D;
w>*DRrlvXw>ud;tDRvX ?The Miracle Workers/ ySRrRvdw>zdvXtvDR
v;w*RM.vDRI

[JvX.cJvX.oH0JzJto;td. 88 eH.’D;b.w>oh.eD.tDR’fydmrk.vXt
vXySJR‘D;w>ol.’lo;’l’D;w>ul.ohul.b.w*RM.vDRI

49
 cd.e>[l;*JRw>vXxHzu
d >D zdc;JG ,mt*D>
rgwh.vloX.chuF‹>t.(&f)
(Martin Luther King Jr)

zJrD;udv.g’Hr.&H.pJb.<X.xDtgvbgrguD
. 1 oD 1955 eH.vXuD>trJ&uRw>vD>wwDRvXtrh>
>pJ.tylRySRolzH;rk.vXtrHRrh>&dp.z;(cf) w
*R (Rosa Parks) b.w>zD.pXCmtDRvDRI w>*h>wcDrh>0Jt0J’d;odvh.
bX;pf’;D wysMJ >0JyRS 0gzH;zdw*RtvD>qh.eDRb.tCdM.vDRI zJw>qXuwD>
0JM.w>od.w>oDtylRuGJ;ympXR0JvXySRolzH;zdwz.ub.qh.eDRvX
odvh.< vh.rh.tlylRw>vD>xJweDR{dR’D;pl;ugvDRqDw>[;vD>wz.‘D;xH
tD’.vJmub.tDvDRqD0JM.vDRI &dp.z;(cf)tw>rRtHRxd.[l;xd.*JR
xD.ySRolzH;zdwz.vXttd.vX0h>ylRM.vDRI ‘D;w>CkxXxD.rgwh.
vloX.chu‹F >t.(&f) (Martin Luther King Jr) vXuwDc.d &d.rJw>ylx.D
w>wcgtHRM.vDRI

chrh>0Jw>td.zSd.o&.w*R’D;rh>ph>uD;uD>th’,.tcd.rd.[;r;u>’H>t
ysJ>vDRI t0Jem0JvXw>ylxD.w>vXwtd.’D;w>pkql.cD.wu;rh>0JusJvX
t*H>ql.uwX>wbdvXySRursX>wz.uymzsgxD.tw>b.ol.b.o;
M.vDRI w>tHRtcDynDr>h 0Jw>Chx.D w>tcG;J t,m’D;olusv
J Xtrkmtck.
’ftrh>w>ymzsgxD.w>b.o; rhwrh> w>ylx.D w>vXwtd.’D;w>olw>pk
u0JRtw>[l;w>*JRwz.M.vDRI w>ymzsgxD.w>b.o;wcgtHRvXcH
b.w>oh.ngtDRvXrD.ud.rg&H.odvh.bX;(pf)tw>ylxD.w>M.vDRI

50
zJw>ymzsgxD.w>b.o;0HRtvD>cHweH.M.< w>qDwvJumHG w>od.w>oD
M.vDRI

‘fvJ.*hR< ySRolzH;zdwz.wrRM>’H;w>cGJ;w>,m’D;w>bsK;w>zSd.vDRqD’f
ySR0gzH;zdwz.tod;b.I zJ 1963 eH.M.rgwh.vloX.ch’D;ySRvXtqD.
xGJtDRwz.w>’k;vDRtDRqlw>‘k;CmylRcDzsdtxD’g0Jw>yJmz;eDRz;wz.
tCdvDRI zJw>ys>vDRtDRwpkM.rgwh.vloX.ch’D;xHzduD>zdcGJ;,m*h>0DySR
[l;*JRw>tcd.te>wz.&J.usJRoud;0JvXuvJR’k;eJ.xD.tw>b.o;
’D; (csDwuf) vJRoud;0Jql0g±S.› wX.‘H>pH.vXtrh>trJ&uRt0h>cd.M.
vDRI zJM.< rgwh.vloX.chuwdRvDRw>qlySR*DRrk>vXtuxdtuv;w
z.’D;wJ0J ?,td.’D;w>rHrD>wcgvDRI/ ‘D;tw> rHrD>rh>0J< weHRM.ySRud;
*R’J;tw>cGJ;w>,mutd.xJod;wkRod;vdmo;’f‘Dyk>0J>wz.tod;vDRI

vXt0Jtw>rRb.C;ySRxHzu d >D zd*>h 0Dc;JG ,mtCdb.w>[h.rRvRuyDR

tDRvXed.bX.vfw>rkmw>ck.tw>vRuyDRzJ 1964 eH.M.vDRI vXrgwh.
vloX.chtw>[l;w>*JR‘Dwu wD>tylRol0JxJw>rkmw>ck.tusJM.vDRI
b.q.zJvgthjz.h 1968 eH.M.b.w>c;oHumHG tDRzJrzJ ;H (pf) (Memphis)<
xJepH. (Tennessee) uD>&h.vXySRw*RvXw>ud;trHRvXuF‹(rf)tg&h
(James Earl Ray) M.vDRI

51
 ySRxlzsX.xlp.J eDR
tJ;pH.t.&.wh’de.pH.rJ;xd.
(Edson Arantes do Nascimento)

ySRbDydvmcGtf grHySR[lRw0XM.vD
o.zsg*JRzsX.xlpJ.eDRw*RM.rRrHR[lo.zsgxD.0Jw>xl
Pele
RI ydmcGg0JM.trHRrh>yH.vH. vDRI yH.vH.t
rHReD>uD>rh> Edson Arantes do Nascimento tJ;pH.t.&.wh’ed .pH.rJ;xd.
'D;td.zsJ.xD.0JzJ 1940 vXuD>-b.phvftylRM.vDRI

yH.vH.trHR[lo.zsgxD.zJt*JRvdmuGJ’D;p.wd.zsX.xlcs;(bf) (Santo
Football Club) vX 1956 eH.tylRvDRI zJyH.vH.*JR’D;tDRtcgtzsX.xl
u&XrRM>0JuvHRxH;trJ&uRw>vRuyDRcd.z; (South American Cup)
wbsK;zsX.ngM.vDRI zJ 1962 eH.M.zsX.xlu&XrRM>0J[.D cd.’Db.h zsX.
xlw>vRuyDR (urBmzh vm;) tqduwX>wbsDvDRI yH.vH.*JRph>uD;vX
-b.phvfxHuD>zsX. xlu&XtylR’D; rRpXR0J’fod;u&XtHRurRM>[D.cd.
’Dbh.zsX.xlw>vRuyDRcd.z; ( urBmzh vm;zJ 1958< 1962 ‘D; 1970)
wz.M.vDRI

yH.vH.rh>ySRxlb(D vf)pJ.eDRzdw*RvXtCh>cs’› ;D uXRto;M>vXw>*JRvdm

uGJtylRvDRI t0J w,m0J ySR*JRvdmuGJw>t*Rwz.tw>ok;xD.ok;vDR
o;’D;zD.*X>ph>uD;zsX.xlM>*hR*hRvDRI tgM>tM.t0JxlzsX.xlvXtcD.
rhwrh> xH;zsX.xlvXtcd.vXto[D.ql.ql.’D;rREkm0JqlwX.zsdt
ylRvdRvdRM.vDRI
52
vXyH.vH.tw>*JRvdmuGJzsX.xl’DwuwD>tylR*JRvdmuGJ0J 1<363 yGJ’D;
xlEkm0JzsX.xlvXwX.zsdylR 1<281 udvf’D;xJweH.twD>ylRxlEkm0Judvf
139 zsX.vDRI t0JxEl mk tudvf 1<000 zsX.wzsX.vX 1969 eH.tylRvDRI
cDzsdyH.vH.uJySRxlzsX.xlpJ.eDRw*RtCduJxD.0JuD>-b.phvftySR’lySR
CdRw*RvDRI ySRvXtuG>uDzsX.xl’;D tJ.tDRwz.ud;tDRvXzJ&v d .eHu.
Perola Negra vXtcDynDrh>0J ?csd.vhRol/ vDRI

yH.vH.td.bSH;zJ 1947 eH.vXtw>xlzsX.xl’D;vXcHweH.t0J*JRvdmuGJ

u’guhR’D; trJ&uRzsX.xlu&XvXttd.vXe,l,D;u&XvXtrHRrh>0J
cD;pfrD;(pf) (Cosmos) M.vDRI yH.vH.wJ0J‘.vXt0J[JuhR*JRu’guhRw>
wbsDtHR‘fod;urRrHR[lo.zsgxD.w>*JRzsX.xlvXuD>trJ&uRtylR’D;
t0JrReXRw>’D;uJx.D ph>uD;ySRxlzsX.xlrRH [lo.zsgvXuD>trJ&uRtylR
vDRI

yH.vH.tw>ohw>b.wtd.xJw>*JRvdmuGw J cgb.I t0Ju;JG ph>uD;0JvmH

vXtb.C;’D;ySRt*h>wz.’D;w>qgtDRM>tgtg*D>*D>< ‘dp>h uD;w>*DRrlw
bsK;yl’;D uG;J ph>uD;w>o;0H.vXw>*DRrlvXw>’db.C;t0Jto;orlt*h>
wz.vDRI zJ 1977 eH.M.uGJ;’k;td.xD.w>o;0H.vXw>uoltDRvX
yH.vH.to;orltw>*DRrltylRt*D>vDRI

53
 ySRvXttd.vX[D.cd.zsX.tw'Dpd
xJp.h eD*Rh (Tenzing Norgay)
tJ;’rX.[hv&H. (Edmund Hillary)

zJ‘D;tJv;’rX.[h
grhR 29 oD 1953 eH. *DRcD 11;30 M. xJp.h eD*Rh (
Tenzing Norgay )
(Edmund Hillary)
v&H. cH*RxD.b;0Jqu l pX>txDuwX>
vX[D.cd.csXwz.vXtrh>0JupX>tJb&X;pftcd.pd;vDRI

xJph.eD*hR td.zsJ.xD.zJ 1914 eH.vXuD>xHbJ; (vXcJtHRuJxD.w±l;uD>

w>yX) tylRvDRI vXcHt0Jok;CDRto;qluD>eH.yDvf’D;td.qd;oud;0J’D;
ySR±Sgz. (Sherpa) zdwz.vDRI ySR±Sgz.zdwz.M.td.[JvXxHbJ;’D;Ekm
vDRqlu>D eH.yDvv f XtylRuGmH teH.vXtu,Rwz.’D;td.vXupX>z;xD
wz.tvdRvXteH.tu,Rwz.tu,RM.vDRI

zJw,HRwbl;’D;xJph.to0DvXttd.0JwzsX.M.td.0J’D;upX>z;xDvDR
bDvRD rk>vXtrh>0JupX>tJb&X;pfM.vDRI upX>tHRrh>0JupX>vXttd.vX
[h.rgv,X;pfupX>wl>tusgwzsX.’D;td.vXeH.yDvf’D;uD>xHbJ;uD>qX
tbX.pXRM.vDRI zJySR,l&yRzdwz.vJRqluD>eHyDvf’fod;uxD.upX>
tcgt0Jo.h ’d;ig0JyRS ±Sgz.zdwz.vXu,d;M>tw>zdw>vHRt*D>vDRI cDzsd
ySR±Sgz.zdwz.td.vXupX>z;xDtvdR’D;td.’D;tw>vJRcDzsdtgr;tCd
rh>ySReJ.usJt*hRwz.M.vDRI

54
zJxJph.to;td. 18 eH.M.t0Jok;tvD>ql’guFHvh.vXttd.vX
uD>th’,.M.vDRI t0JymvDRto;’fo;d urRw>’fyRS ,d;w>zdvXtydmySR
Ckoh.ngw>wz.tcHM.vDRI oXeH.0HRtvD>cH< t0JvJR,d;M>ySRCkoh.
ngw>zdvXtvJRxD.qlupX>tJb&X;pfwz.t*D>M.vDRI vXcHpSReH.t
wD> ylR< t0Jx.D upX>tJb&X;pf’;D Cko.h ngw>tbst
D gM>’H;ySRt*RcJvXm
vDRI

cDzsdt0Jb.rRoud;w>’D;ySRtguvkmtCdt0JwJb.w>tusdmEGHusdm
ngvDRI vXcHuJxD.b.0JySRvXttd.vXt&J.usJRySR0Hw>zdvXuxD.
upX>t*D>vDRI b.q.t0Jq;J 0H‘;H ’.w>’fyRS xD.upX>tJb&X;pfw*Rt
od;’D;b.w>tJ.tDR’D;oh.ngymuJtRD vXySRxD.upX>t*Rwz.M.vDRI

zJ 1953 eH.t0JxD.upX>tJb&X;pf’D;pX.tJ;’rX.[hv&H.tcg<
pX.tJ;’rX.[hv&H.tcD.vDRwvHm’D;bl;uoHb.to;vDRI b.q.
xJph.wysHRw>b.I t0JzD.*X>Cm0Jw>xD.upX>tysHR< bs;xD.ympXRt
uGgvXrlc.d zDusgCH;CH;’D;rRpXRuhR0J[v
h &H.to;orlvRD I vXcHt0J wJ0J
,d,dzdvX ?ySRxD.upX>wz.xDbdub.rRpXRvdmo;w*R’D;w*RM.
vDRI/

cDzsdt0Jtw>ol.’lo;’l’D;uJySR’lySRCdRw*RvXxD.upX>tJb&X;pfM>
tqduwX>w*RtCdxpJ .h M.b.w>[h.vRuyDRtDRvXuD>thuvJ.(ef)
George Cross ‘D; The Star of Nepal (uD>eH.yDvt
f q.) tw>vRuyDR
wz.vDRI

55
 ySRvXtvJRw&H;[D.cd.'Db.h
zJ.’H.e.rJ;uhv(J ef) (Ferdinand Magellan)

eH’lw.z.vJtu,Rwz.tu,Ryl RuGHmM.xJySRydmcGgvXtd.’D;w>ol.’lo;
Rw>uhRw>vXyD.vJ.ylRvXuCkx.H M>w>vD>wz.vXySRwvJR
wkR’H;b.’D;wxH.’H;eDwbsb D .M.vDRI zJ.’H.e.rJ;uhv(J ef) (Ferdinand
Magellan) rh>0JyRS ydmcGgw*RvXtvJRw&H;[D.cd.’Db. h ngM.vDRI

zJ 1480 eH.C.C.rJ;uhv(J ef) rh>0JyRS w*RvXttd.zs.J xD.vXySRwl>’d.

uD>’d.t’l.zdxXzdvXttd.vXuD>yD.wl.uH. (Portugal) tylRvDRI
zJrJ;vJ(ef) to;td. 25 eH.M.t0JEkmvDRrRw>vXyD.wluH.ubDok;rk>
’D;cDzsv
d Xt’k;,Rb.w>tgr;tCdt0Jx.H M>w>vD>toDwz.tgr;vDRI
t0JrRw>ylRuGmH teH.wqHtvD>cHoemuhy.D wl.uH.pDRyRw[h.tgxD.
tDRw>rRtbl;tvJtCdt0JvRJ EkmrRoud;w>'D;pyh.uD>tpDRyRM.vDRI

zJM.tcgyD.wl.uH.yX0J’.yD.vJ.tusdRvXtR_zHRuRwkRvDRqlt’h ,.
yD.vJ.rd>yS>’fod;urRM>b.uD;wz.vXttd.’D;w>zDtD.whRtD.tw>
eXrleXqSDoh.wz.td.0Jtgr;tvD> (tcJtHRud;0JvXrk>xD.th’H East
Indies) M.vDRI rJ;uhv(J ef)qXwJmvDRto;vXuvJRw>qlr>k EkmwuyR
‘fo;d uCkx.H M>w>vJRw>uhRtusRd toDqu l ;D wz.tylRvDRI t0Jp;xD.
tw>vJRtHRzJ 1519 eH.‘D;t0JvJRcD*m0J’.tJ;wvJ;wh;’D;wkRvDR0J’.

56
qluvHRxH;trJ&uRyD.vJ.eHRM.vDRI t0JqXrk>v>vXuCkxH.M>usJ
vXuvJRcD*m0Jqu l vHRxH;trJ&uRyD.vJ.trJmng’H;vDRI t0Jx.H M>0J
’D;,k>0JtrHRvXrJ;uhv(J ef)yD.vJ.’hpRh (a&vuf=um;)M.vDRI yD.vJ.b;cD
wuyRM.zsgtd.bS.› td.bS.D ’D;rkmck.0JM.vDRI rJ;uhv(J ef)ud;M>w>vD>tHR
vXypH;yH; (Pacific) vXtrh>vJ;wh.tw>uwdRvXtcDynDrh>0J ?w>rkm
w>ck./ M.vDRI

ylRuGmH 99 oDtvD>cH< rJ;uhv(J ef)tubDwRk 0Jqu l ;D vXtcJtRH ySRoh.ng

tDR’ftrh>uGgrf (Guam) ‘D;uD;vXw>vD>ylRwz.tHRyud;tDRvXzH;vH;yH;
(the Philippines) M.vDRI rJ;uhv(J ef)’D; tchtySRwz.’k;,Rw>’D;ySRuD;
zdwz.zJM.vDRI rJ;uhvJ(ef) b.w>rRoHuGHmtDRvXw>vD>0JM.zJ 27 oD
vgthjzh. 1521 eH.tylRvDRI

ySRubDzu d LF tJepf ;J bfpwh ‘H>tJvcf .ed. (Juan Sebstian de Elcano) uJ

xD.uhRySRtcd.vXrJ;uhvJ(ef)tvD>vDRI ySRubDzdvXtd.wD>oh.wz.
vJR0J’.qluD;vXtd.’D;w>zDw>whRw>eXrleXqSDwz.’D;[JuhRpdm0Jw>eX
rleXqDw
S z.tgtg*D>*D>’D; [JuRh u’guhRqlpyh.uD>M.vDRI w>vJRw>uhR
wbsDtHR< w>qXuwD>,Hm0JoXeH.’D;t0Joh.wz.uJxD.0J’.ySRtqd
uwX>wzkvXtvJRw&H;[D.cd.’Db.h M.vDRI b.q.vXtw>vJRw>uhR
ylRySRoHuGHm0J’.t*RcHu,R*RM.vDRI

57
 tHo.'D;ySRyXxHt.D uD>
r;[;’r;u.’H> (Mahatma Gandhi)

zJvJRvw>vJgr>±SR;z;xD1930qlytylD.vJRyS.RwcDth’M,.o;yS>vXto;td. 61 eH.w*Rp;xD.
.vDRI zJySRoHuG>tDReuvJRzJvJ.tcg<
zkr;[;’r;u.’H> (Mahatma Gandhi) pH;qXuhR0J ?,uvJRqly.D vJ.
ylR’D;vJR[H;M>tHo.weDRvDRI/ 0HRtvD>cH< ySRtuxdwz.tuxdydm
xD.tcH‘D;t0Joh.[;0J’fM.’Dvg’D;b.w>oh.ngtDRvX ?tHo.tw>
ylxD.w>/vDRI

r;[;’;r;u.’H>rh>0JySRth’,.zdvXtbg[H.’l>w>bg’D;t0JvJRrRvd
oJp;vX0h>vd‘.d wcDM.vDRI uD>th’,.M.b.w>yXtDRvXuD>}bH;wh.’D;
zJu.’H>[JuhRqltxHtuD>tcgt0Jto;xD.cDzsdtxH.b.0JvXtxH
uD>td.vXw>zS.D w>,m’D;w>xJo;d wkRod;wtd.b.tCdM.vDRI tCd<
vXw>uxD’guhRySR}bH;wh.zdwz.vXus’d ;D rh.yd>wz.tvD>M.u.’H>em
0JusJvX w>orX vXuvlRydmw>od.w>oDvXtwwDb.wz.M.vDRI
tCd< t0J[h.oq.xD.ySRth‘,.zdwz.vXuxgod;tw>ulw>od;
’.0J’of ;d tokwySR› vXRw>ulw>od;vXySR}bH;xH;(±S)f zdttd.w*RM.vDRI
ySR[H.’l>zdwz.ud;u.’H>vX ?r[;r;/ vXtcDynDrh>0J ?o;orlvX
tvk>ySR› ‘d./ M.vDRI

58
ySRth’,.zdtg*RyS›RtD.0J}bH;xH;(±Sf)tHo.vXtyS›R’d.wz.wM>b.I
b.q.t0Joh.uxk;xD.tup>’.0JttHo.ph>uD;w>w[h.tDRtcGJ;
b.vDRI vXw>M.tCd< u.’H>[;trHRvm (300) vXuvJRqlyD.vJ.
ylR’D;uzDtHo. vXyD.vJ.xHt*D>M.vDRI zJ ?tHo.tw>[;ylxD./
w>0HRtvD>cH< vgr>±S;twD>ylRM.}bH;xH;(±Sf)y’d.xXEkmvDRtDRqlCdmylR
M.vDRI w>tHRwrh>tw>vJREkmqlCmd ylRtqduwX>wbs’D ;D tvD>cHuwX>
wbscD zD st
d rRw>ylx.D w>vXwtd.’D;w>pkq.l cD.wu;tCdb.M.vDRI
u.’H>vJREkmqlCmd ylRvXw>ol.zSo
H ;nDtylRvDRI zJt0J[;xD.vXCdmylR
’D;t0Jod.vdySRth’,.zdwz.vXurR0J’fod;u[H;M>uhRtxHuD>’.0J
tw>yXqSXtusJvXw>rkmw>ck.tylRvXusJ’fvJ.M.vDRI vXcHuwX><
uD>th’,.rRM>uhRw>obs›vX }bH;wh.ttd.zJ 1947 eH.twD>ylRvDRI

zJt’h ,.’d;M>w>obs0› RH tvD>cH< w>pkq.l cD.wu;td.xD.vXySR[H.’l>

’D;rl;pvh.zdwz.tbX.pXRvDRI zJu.’H>wcsK;pl;uGmH to;tvD>cHuwX>
weH.’.vJmu.’H>rRwh>w>vXuol.xD.w>rkmw>ck.vXySRxHzu d >D zdvX
th’,.uD>ylRu’Ju’Jwz.tbX.pXRM.vDRI

59
 ySRzS.D zd,mzd';D ySRbl;uoHwz.trd>
rd>’d.}xHp. (Mother Theresa)

zJunDrJ d>R’do;unD
.}xHp.tw>td.rl’DwpdRtylRw>oh.ngymuJtDRcDzsdtw>ol.
R’D;tw>rRbsK;rRzSd.wz.tCdvDRI

rd>’d.}xHp.td.zsJ.xD.vXuD> (t.vfbeh , H g = cJtRH r.pH.’de,

H g) t0h>
Agnes Cionxha Bojaxhiu tylRzJ 1910 eH.tylRvDRI zJt0Jo;td.
18 eH.M.ymvDRto;vXuuJxD.&drJcJovH;tzH0gM.vDRI vXcH< t0J
vJRqlu>D tJ,gvJ(ef)’D;vJRxD.0J Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary
tuFMd .vDRI t0JtX.vDRto;vXutd.rl,, d zd <d wzst
D o;’D;uJx.D 0Jp;h
pxX.}xHp.vDRI

w>u&Xu&dtHRtrH;±SX.w>rRtd.vXuD>th’,.tCd< w,Hmb.
ph;pxX.}xHp.vJRqluD>th’,.’D;rRw>’fuFdo&.rk.w*Rtod;vDRI zJ
17 eH.twD>ylRt0Jod.vdw>vXuD>th’,.tuFdcHzsX.tylR’D;wzsX.M.
td.vX0h>u.v;uwgtylRvDRI zJM.t0JxH.b. w>zSD.w>,m’D;ySR*D>
rk>wz.tw>wl>b.cD.b.tuvkmuvkmM.vDRI t0JnED >k wJ0x J b
D v
d X
b.ymvDR0Jw>qXwJmvXt&h’d.cHrHRvXtw>td.rltylRM.vDRI w>qX
wJmtcD.xH;wcgrh>0JuuJ0JzH0g’D;t*RwcgzJ 1946 M.rh>0Ju[h.vDR
to;orlvXurRpXRySRql;ySRqg‘D;ySRzSD.ySR,mwz.M.vDRI

60
zJt0JrRvdyRS uG>ySRqgtw>rRvd0RH vHwpkt0Jp;xD.rRw>’D;ySRzS.D zd,m
zdvXttd.vXu.v;uwgySRzSD.zd,mzdwz.td.w>tvD>M.vDRI t0J
uJxD.ph>uD;0JySRth’,.txHzduD>zdM.vDRI vXcH< zJt0Jol.xD.
Missionaries of Charity tcgM.t0JuJxD.0Jrd>’d.}xHp. (Mother
Teresa) vDRI w>tHRrh>0Jc;J ovh;tzH0gvXtJ.’d;rRpXRySRvXtql;tqg
wz.vDRqD‘.w>ySRvXbl;uoH’D;ySRvXtuh>t*DRw*hRb.wz.M.
vDRI

vXrd>’d.}xHp.tw>yXtzDvmw>td;xD. ?Missionaries of Charity/

tw>[h.o;unDRu&Xwz.vX[D.cd.’Dbh.vDRI zJw>vD>wz.tHRw>
utH;xGu J >G xGyJ RS ud;*R’J;vXwtd.’D;w>yJmz;eDRz;tw>bl.w>bgtqX
b.vDRI zJ 1979 eH.M.w>[h.rRvRuyDRrd>’d.}xHp.vXed.bXvfw>Cl
w>rkmtcd.z;vDRI zJt0Jpl;uGHmto;vX 1997 eH.tvD>cH< &drJcJ;ovh;
w>bgo&dmwz.p;xD.0Jw>tusRd tusv J XuymyeD.tDR’fyRS pDqHS (saint)
w*Rtod;vDRI

61
 xHu>D wz.tySR'lyRS CdR
pJrX.bd.vHb. (Simon Bolivar)

zJbJeH.1800 eH.tcD.xH;wz.tylR< zJw>vD>td.wwDRvXcJtHRuJxD.

pGJvgM.< ySRydmcGgtd.w*RvXtd.’D;tw>rk>v>z;’d.M.vDRI t0J
tJ.’d;0JvXxHuD>vXttd.vXuvHRpd;trJ&uRwz.uobs›xD.vX
pyh.tw>yXzDvm’D;ymzSd.xD.to;’fxHuD>z;’d.wbh.tod;vDRI

ydmcGgtHRw>ud;trHRvXpJrX.bd.vHb. (Simon Bolivar) vDRI ‘fo;d urR

vXySRJ xD.w>ynd.tHRt*D>t0Jp;xD.’k;0Jpyh.ySRyXxHt.D uD>wz.wbsK;
eH.’D;ySRvXxHuD>tgbh.[J’k;pXRtDRw>M.vDRI ySRweDRtd.[JvXuD>
,l&yR’D;[JCktDRvXuvHRpd;trJ&uR’Dwbh.tylRvDRI

bd.vHb.pl;uGHmto;zJ 1783 eH.M.vDRI t0J’k;w>’D;rRylRzsJ;uGHm0J

uD>e,lu.’> (New Ganda) vXtcJtHRrh>0Jcd.v.bH,g< tH.cG‹’D‘D;
xHuD>t*Rwz.tCdw>tHRrh>w>vXtvDRol.’lo;’lvXw>’k;tw>pH.
pdRwJpdRtylRM.vDRI zJ 1819 eH.w>ud>xD.oDtuwD>M.t0JymzSd.xD.
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rlc.d zDwz.’D;usu
J u
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o;phRto;’D;vXcHuwX>[JwRk vDR0Jql Boyaca (bG, J c.)< vXtbl;’D;
bdudx. (Bogota) vXtrh>0Je,lu.’>t0h>cd.M.vDRI w>tHR‘k;urX

62
ur.pyh.tok;rk>’d.r;vDRI t0Joh.’k;w>vXw>ol.’lo;’ltylR’D;vXcH
rReXRuGmH 0Jpyh.tok;rk>’D;rRobs›x.D uGmH 0Je,lu.’>vXpyh.tok;tpk
ylRM.vDRI

bd.vHbH,g’k;w>’k;wbsK;bsDvXurRobs›xD.uhRxHuD>wz.vX
uvHRpd;trJ&uR’D;vXtymCkm’D;tup>’.0JtxHuD>vXtrh>0JbJeH.
pGJvgM.vDRI vXcHuwX>< t0Jtw>rHrD>tod;t0JrRylRzsJ;b.uvHRpd;
trJ&uRtxHtuD>wz.M.vDRI t0JymzS.d xHu>D cJvXm‘fxu H >D wbh.CD
rh>wM>b.q.t0JuJxD.0JySR’lySRCdRvXxHuD>tgbh.t*D>M.vDRI uD>
bd.vHb,H gvXttd.vXuvHRpd;wbh.trHRM.rh>0Jw>[H;M>uhRt0Jt
rHRvXw>ym’d.ymuJtDRM.vDRI

63
64
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f X;tJpwJ(ef) (Albert Einstein)
tJvb

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(Albert Einstein) >qH;’H;tcgt0JrRvdw>vX
t0Jto&.qdurd.
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tpH;qX0Jwohb.tCdvDRI

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ymvDRto;vXuCkoh.ng’D;pH;qXw>qdurd.b.C;rlysDz;vJ>t
*h>M.vDRI

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ylRCDM.vJ.I

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66
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y,DRusdmud;0JvX ?qufpyfr±_ odS nfeh ,
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tHRvXtrh>uGJR[lzsg (TV) wz.M.vDRI

67
 uoH.o&.rk.tqduwX>w*R
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(Elizabeth Blackwell)

tJ Elizabeth Blackwell
vH;pbJ;bsJ;(cf)0Jvf ( ) td.zsJ.xD.0J’.vX
uD>thuvJ.(ef)zJ 1821 eH.M.vDRI b.q. bsJ;(cf)0Jvfok;uGHmtvD>
tusJqluD>trJ&uR’D;tySR[H.zdCDzdzJto;td. 11 eH.tcgM.vDRI
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xD.uoH.o&.M.wrh>w>trh>twDb.I b.q.vXcHuwX>bsJ;(cf)
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*R{dRvXrRvduoH.w>rRvdM.vDRI

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vDRI t0Joh.wz.wJtXwJoDbsJ;(cf)0Jvf< *h>vdm0J’.vXupH;uwdR
w>’D;orXtDRvXurRoud;w>zJuoH.w>’k;eJ. (vufawG‹) vXwDRylR

68
tcgvDRI b.q.oemuh< cHeH.ylRuGHmtvD>cH< bsJ;(cf) 0Jvfrh>ySRrR
vdw>zdtzsd;pduwX>vXwDRuFdtylRvDRI zJ 1849 eH.M.t0JuJxD.
uoH.o&.rk.tqduwX>w*RvXuD>trJ&uRtylRM.vDRI

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wrRM>0JvX0h>ylReDwzsX.b.I tCd< t0Jt;d xD.teD>up>’.0Jtw>qg
[H.vXtrh>e,l,;D w>qg[H.vXySRydmrk.’D;zdo.wz.t*D> (New York
Infirmary for Women and Children) zJw>vD>vXySRzSD.zd,mzdwz.
td.qd;w>tvD>M.vDRI zJ 1861 eH.M.< xHv>D uD>ylRw>’k;w>,RuJx.D
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ok;zdo.H zdvXtb.’db.xH;wz.t*D>M.vDRI t0JrRw>CkxX’D;[h.w>
od.vdqo l &.rk.zdvXtH;uG>ySRql;ySRqgwz. (nurses) vXw>’k;w>,R
t*D>vDRI

bsJ;(cf)0Jvf’k;td.xD.uoH.w>rRvduFdvXySRydmrk.wz.t*D>‘fod;ySR
ydmrk.t*Rwz.uuJxD.b.0J’.uoH.o&.rk.wz.vDRI zJ 1868
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vXuD>trJ&uRtylRtqduwX>M.vDRI

69
 ydmrk.vXttd.qd;Ckm'D;cF‹.y.pH.wRtk;
uF‹(ef)ul;’Dvf

zJtd.1940 eH.tylRySRtJuvH;rk.zdu‹F(ef)ul;’Dvt
f .d ’D;tw>rHr>D vXuvJR
b.’D;q.zdu>D zdvXttd.vXtR_zHRuRtyS>ylRvXtz;b.0JvXvHm
wz.tylRM.vDRI zJt0Jto;yS>xD.’D;t0JrRvXySJRtw>rHrD>tHRvDRI

zJ 1957 eH.< zJt0Jto;td. 23 eH.M.twHRoud;vXuFdw*RuGJrkm0J

ul;’DvfvXuvJRqlcJ.,. (Kenya) tR_zHRuRM.vDRI zJt0Jtd.vX
tR_zHRuRtcgt0JxH.vdmto;’D;ySRpJth.zdrHR[lo.zsgvXtrHRrh>
‘D;uxX.vl0;H (pf) vH;uH. (Dr Louis Leakey) vDRI qXuwD>tcgzJM.
‘D;uxX.tHRrRvd0b J .C;cF‹.y.pH.wRtk;t*h>’fo;d uCko.h ng0JyRS u
nDtw>[JvDRpXRvDRoGJ.t*D>vDRI zJt0JxH.b.ul;’Dvftw>o;pJb.
C;q.zduD>zdt*h>’D;[h.*H>[h.bgtDRvXurRvdb.C;cF‹.y.pH.t*h>
vXw.pgeH,gvDRI

ySRweDRqdurd.0JvXul;’Dvftw>vJRtd.vXq.zduD>zdrHRzdwz.tusg
vXyS>ylRM.wcD.tgM>pSRvgb.vDRI b.q.ul;’DvfrRyF;0JvXt0Joh.
tw>xH.ur.’D;td.0JvXw.pgeH,gtyS>ylR 15 eH.ngM.vDRI zJtqX
uwD>0JM.< cFH.y.pH.wz.nDEk>xD.0J’D;ul;’Dvf’D;vXcHysJ0Jul;’DvfuvJR
qh.eDRvXt0Joh.tuydmuyRvXpSRe.&H.twD>ylRvDRI

70
cDzsu
d ;l ’Dvv
f RJ td.b.bl;bl;wH>wH>’D;cF‹.y.pH.wz.tCd< t0JCo
k .h ng
tgxD.b.0Jw>tgrHRvXySRt*Rwz.woh.ng0Jb.M.vDRI

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xD.zD.tD.0Jytl;’D;wX>wz.vXt0HylRM.vDRI ul;’DvfxH.0JwRtk;
cF‹.y.pH.wz.w’k’D;w’ktw>ouJmy0;’D;tMqX.vDR*mvdmto;
’fySRunDwz.tod;vDRI

zJuF‹(ef)ul;’DvfteD>qH;’H;tcgt0Jz;b.0Jw>rHRvmwz.t*h>vDRI b.
q.zJteD>‘d.xD.wcD< teD>up>’.0JuGJ;vHmwbsK;bh.M.vDRI zJtvHm
uGJ;wz.tylR< t0JuGJ;0Jph>uD;tw>vJRcDzsd 15 eH.vXttd.’D;wRtk;
cF‹.y.pH.vXtR_zHRuRtyS>ylRt*h>M.vDRI

71
 w>Ckx.H M>pJt.h toDwuvkm
r&Hc,l&H (Marie Curie)

jz.tqd
ph.tpJt.h ySRul.b.ul.ohr&Hc,l&MH . (Marie Curie)
rh>ydmrk.
uwX>w*RvXtrRM>ed.bX.vfcd.z;vXtrh>cd.z;rHRvR
o.uyDRt*hRuwX>vX[D.cd.csXM.vDRI tgM.tM.< t0Jrh>ph>uD;ySR
tqduwX>w*RvXtrRM>cd.z;tHRcHbsDM.vDRI

r&Hc,l&Htd.zsJ.xD.zJzdvJ(ef)M.vDRI vXcH< t0JvJRqljz.ph.’D;vJRrR

vdw>vXzF.pdrdRtrHR[lo.zsgt’d.uwX>wzsX.vXw>ud;tDRvX
pD.bD(ef) (Sorbonne) M.vDRI t0Jrh>ySRuFdzdvXtzFJ;uwX>tusgw*R
vDRI t0JrRvdw>ql.ql.’D;b.weReRM.t0JrRvdw>wkRrk>eRw>cH;’D;
wbsDbsDtD.0J’.xJud.yD.rl;< xDy;’D;v.z;xHxJwpJ;{dRM.vDRI

zJt0JrRvdw>0HR< rRM>’H>u&H.vXpJth.’D;w>’G;0HRtvD>cHt0JzsDto;’D;
zH&H.c,l&H (Pierre Curie) M.vDRI zH&H.rh>ph>uD;ySRpJth.zdw*Rph>tCd<
t0Jo.h rRoud;w>M.vDRI zJM.tqXuwD>ySRpJt.h zdt*Rw*RvXtrHR
rh>[Je&H.bJ;cG&J .J (vf) (Henri Becquerel) M.Ckx.H qdympXR0JvXw>yD;
w>vDud;rHR’J; xk;xD.0Jt*H>o[D.qH;qH;zdwz.xDbdM.vDRI r&Hc,l&H
ud;w>rRto;tHRvX ?radio- activity/ (a&'D,"kd gwºf uo G wW)d vDRI Radio
activity tuhtcDzw d z.tHRuDvXw>uxH.M>tDRb.q.w>’dM>t*DRoh

72
upD’v D RD I r&Hc,l&rH RvdM>0J radioactivity ‘D;xH.M>0Jw>trd>vHRrd>yS>td.
cHrHRvXtd.’D; a&'D,"kd gwºf uGowWd ‘D;w>oh.wz.rh>0J zd.vdeH,X.(rf)
(polonium) ‘D;&h.’H,X.(rf) radium wz.vDRI

vXpSReH.twD>ylR< r&Hc,l&C k .H M>0JvX radioactivity M.t&h’.d 0JvX

H x
usJtbdbdM.vDRI Radioactivity M.rRpXRuoH.o&.wz.‘fod;uCk
oh.ngw>qg’D;,gbsgw>qgt*D>vDRI w>ol.xD.ph>uD;w>[h.vDrh.tl
pJ;zDu[.vXw>qSXxD.tDRcDzsdElcvH,X.*H>o[D.wz.’D;zJw>’k;td.
xD.tDRwz.M.w>ol radio activity tuspJ >h uD;vDRI vXw>rRvdo.h ng
b.C;[D.cd.t*h>wcDw>oltRD zJw>Cko.h ngvX>vXysXRwz.to;eH.
tcgvDRI

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t*D>vDRI t0Jtd.wql.’D;oHuGHmu,Du,Drh>vXtrRw>bl;wvX’D;
a&'D,"kd gwºf uGowWdtCdM.vDRI t0Joh.ngb.C;w>*h>wz.tHRb.
q. w>rRwcgtHRt&h’.d wvXvXuywkmuGmH 0Jt*D>vDRI r&Hc,l&rH RM>
ed.bX.vfw>vRuyDRzJ 1903 eH.cDzsdtw>rRw>vX radio activity ‘D;
1911 rRM>u’D;0JwbsDrh>vXtCkxH.M>0J&h.’H,X.(rf)tCdvDRI

73
 zDo.wzsX.< w>qdurd.wrHR
pX.tgpJ;e,lwX. (Sir Issac Newton)

zJb.rEkeuGRHmw>zsX.ovX.wzsX.tH
xD.w>zsX.ovX.vXuvHRusgtcg< rh>eqdurd.wbsDbsDvX
Rb.[JuhRvDRwJmM.wbsDbsD{gI b.r
EkRw>zsX.ovX.wzsX.wvJRxD.qlw>zDcd.b.vJ.I ySRw*RtHRqdu
rd. 0J0HRwtd.*X>0Jb.I Ckoh.ng0Jw>tpXvDRI t0JtrHRrh>pX.tgpJ;
e,lwX. (Sir Issac Newton) vDRI

w>wJ0JvXe,lwX.qh.eDRvXzDo.wxl.tzDvm’D;zDo.wzsX.vDRwJm
’D;tcd.vDRI t0Jqdurd.b.rEkRtCdzDo.b.vDRwJmvJ.I b.rEkRt
CdwuhRxD.qlw>zDc.d b.wcDv.J I rh>w>*H>w>bgvXySRxH.M>tDRwoh
td.wrHRrHRvXtxk;vDRzDo.ql[D.cd.vdRwcD{gI

eD>eD>M.rh>vXe,lwX.tw>rRvdb.rlzsX.wz.tw>[l;w>*JR’D;xH.M>
rRvdM>0Jw>*h>t&h’.d z;’d.wrHRvXtrh>[D.cd.w>xk;CXtw>od.w>oD
wcgtHRvDRI ?MqX.tw>od.w>oD (Nature Law)/ zdwcgtHRrRpXRtDR
’fo;d u’k;e>yX>tDRvXb.rEkR[D.cd.< vg’D;rlzsX.wz.wb.xH;vdmt
o;b.vJ.M.vDRI w>tHR’k;e>yX>tDRph>uD;vXb.rEkRw>yD;w>vDwz.
weDRCX rhwrh> weDRzSH’D;b.[JvDRwJmql[D.cd.vdRvJ.vDRI

74
w>vXe,lwX.qXwJm0JM.rh>0J w>ud;rHRM.td.’D;tw>xk;CXvDRI ‘D;w>
yD;w>vDu;d rHR‘J;tw>xk;CXM.xk;ph>uD;w>yD;w>vDt*RvXttd.vXt
uydmuyRwz.vDRI w>yD;w>vDvXtCXwz.xk;w>ql.M>’H;tzSw H z.
vDRI e,lwX.Cko.h ngw>*h>w>usRd t*Rtuvkmuvkmph>uD;M.vDRI rh>
eoh.ngwbsDbsDvXw>uyDRt0gM.b.w>’k;td.xD.tDRvXw>tvG>J EGH
rHRM.{gI w>tvGJ>oh.wz.tHRrh>w>tvGJ>vXt’k;td.xD.wXRuGJRM.
vDRI e,lwX.Ckoh.ngw>*h>tHRvDRI t0JysJw>tvGJ>wz.vJRcDzsdw>
oXeX. (oH;k ajr‡mufyHk = prism) ‘D; xH.b.0JvXw>EGHvGJ>[JzsgxD.wvGJ>
b.wvGJ>vDRqDvdmto;vDRI t0JysJw>tvGJ>EGHvGJ>tHRvJRcD*mu’D;0J
(oH;k ajrm‡ ufykH = prism) ‘D;w>tvG>J wz.tHRymzS.d xD.uhRto;’fw>tvG>J
0gtod;vDRI

e,lwX.tw>Ckx.H oh.ngtHRqSXCDRtDR’fo;d u’k;td.xD.0Jxv J pH ud;

rJmxHuvRuG>w>,HRtqduwX>wcgvXtolrJmxHuvRwz.’fod;u
ymzS.d w>tvG>J ‘fo;d urR*hRxD.xJvpH ud;tw>rRt*D>M.vDRI t0JtxJ
vHpud;tuh>t*DRM.b.w>[H;M>t’d’;D oltRD ’H;vXySRbSx D .D xJvpH ud;
t*Rwz.vDRI

tgpJ;e,lwX.rh>0JySRpJth.zdtrHR[lo.zsgt’d.uwX>w*RvDRI t0Jpl;
uGmH to;zJ 1727 eH.’D;b.w>cl.vDRtDRvX West Minister Abbey vX
0h>vd’.d < uD>thuvJ.(ef)tylRvDRI t0Jr>h ySRpJt.h zdtcD.xH;uwX>w*R
vXw>rRvRuyDRtDRvXusJ’ftHRvDRI

75
 w>qDwvJt.d xD.o;
wqDb.wqDtoH.td.&H.
cFgvfp’f >0h (Charles Darwin)

ySM.vDRRuvk mud;uvkm’J;td.’D;tw>wJrkme>b.C;[D.cd.uJxD.t*h>
I vk>v>xloEl’;D w>bl.w>bgweDRwcDw0J v
J X[D.cd.tHRb.w>
whtDRM.vDRI b.q.vXpJth.tw>xH.wcDwJ0J‘fvJ.I ySRpJth.zdw*R
vXtrHRrh>0JcgF vfp’f >0h (Charles Darwin) w*Rtd.’D;tw>xH.w>qdu
rd.vDRqDb.C;’D;ySRunD’D;w>b.wht*Rwz.[JzJvJ.M.vDRI

zJ’>0hto;td. (22) eH.vX 1831 eH.twD>ylRM.t0J[;xD.vXuD>

thuvJ(ef) tylRvXuvJRpJt.h trl;vXuD>csXt*D>vDRI t0J’;d xD.0JubD
wbh.vXtrHRrh>0JbJuJvf (Beagle)vDRI t0J‘d;ubD’D;vJRqltrJ&uR
uvHRpd;yD.vJ.eHR’D;ypH;zH;tuD;wz.vXtymCkm’D;uv.b.cd;(pf)
(Galapagos) M.vDRI

vXw>vJRusJ’DwbdtylR‘>0hrRvdM>b.C;w>rJw>rg‘D;q.zduD>zdt
uvkmuvkm’D; rhwrh> tu±l>wz.M.vDRI t0JrRvdph>uD;vX>vd.’d<
vX>vXttd.’D;w>rJw>rg’D;q.zduD>zdwz.t*DR (ausmufjzpf±yk ºf uGi;f )
wz.t*h>M.vDRI vX>vd.’dwz.ymzsgxD.0JvXq.zduD>zd’D;w>rJw>rg
vXttd.vXysXRwz.M.vDRqDvmd to;’D;q.zdu>D zd’;D w>rk>w>bdvXt
td.vXrk>rqgweHRtHR wz.vDRI ‘>0hqdurd.0JvXb.rEkRw>tuvkm

76
vXttd.ympXRvXngwz.b.[gr>uGmH ’D;b.rEkRtCdw>uvkmtoD
wz.b.td.xD.vJ.M.vDRI

zJ’>0hqdurd.0HRqdurd.uhRw>tbsDbsD0HRtvD>cH< t0JqXwJm0Jtw>pH;
qX’ftHRvDRI w>vXto;orltd.wz.ub.rRw>ql.ql.vXurRM>
w>tD.w>tD’D;w>td.u’kvD>wz.M.vDRI vXw>M.tCdxJ’.ySRvX
tzFJ;oh.wz.utd.rltd.*JRtd.uXtd.cd;0JM.vDRI q.zduD>zdwrHRrHR
rh>td.‘D;w>*H>w>bgvXrh>’d. rhwrh> rh>csM› >ySRt*RM.urh>w>t&h’.d wrHR
vXtw>td.uXtd.cd;t*D>vDRI w>*H>w>bgwz.tHRw>updmqSXtDRw
qDb.wqDM.vDRI w>vDRqDvdmo;vXtuJbsK;wz.ymzSd.xD.to;
vXtqXuwD>’.0J‘fod;uqDwvJw>tuvkmwz. rhwrh> w>qDwvJ
utd.xD.to;t*D>M.vDRI

w>tHRrh>’>0htoH.td.&H.b.C;w>qDwvJx.D vXtrHR[lo.zsg evolution

M.vDRI t0Jemph>uD;0JvXcDzsdw>qXuwD>qDwvJto;tod;w>rlw>*JR
vXt’fod;vdmto;b.q.cDzsdvXtd.w>vD>vDRqDtCduqDwvJuGHm
to;qlw>tuvkmt*RcHrHRohph>uD;vDRI

‘>0huGJ;vDRtw>qdurd.oH.td.&H.wz.qltvHmvXtrh>w>tuvkm
wz.tcD.xH;cD.bd on the origin of species ‘D;ySRunDtw>[JvRD pXR
vDRoGJ. The Descent of Man M.vDRI t0JwJzsg0JvXw>vXto;orl
td.ud;cgvXymCkm’D;ySRunDM.[Jv.d xD.z;xD.vXw>uvkmvXttd.
ympXRwcgttd.vDRI ySRtd.0Jtg*RvXwwl>vdm0J’>0htoH.td.&H.b.
vDRI b.q.’fvJ.*hR< oH.td.&H.tHRrh>’H;’.oH.td.&H.vXw>wl>vdm
tDR’d.’d.vJ>vJ>vXpJth.wuyRvDRI

77
 ySRvXtCkx.H M>rlysD
uJ>vHv.h td. u>vHv.h (Galileo Galilei)

uJ >vHv.h td. u>vHv.h (Galileo Galilei)

M. td.zs.J xD.zJ0>h zHp.<
uD>tH;wvH.zJ 1964 eH.M.vDRI ‘fydmcGgo;p>w*Rtod; t0Jto;pJvX
urRvdw>’G;’D; astronomy yDngM.vDRI t0JtJ.’d;rRuG>w>toDwz.
vDRI

w>wJ0JwbsDvXuJ>vHvh.td.vJRxD.vXzHp.twdmvXtrHR[lo.zsg
tzDc.d ‘D;uGmH vDRuG>0Jw>zdw>vHRvXtw,X>tCXtzSw H cg0HRwcgqlw>
zDvmM.vDRI t0Jt.J ’d;‘k;eJ.0JvXw>yD;w>vDzrHS >h *hR< CXrh>*hRM.vDRwJm0J
vXto[D.xJo;d vdmto;M.vDRI b.q.uJ>vHv.h td.tw>qdurd.
weDRrRo;xD.ySRpJt.h zdt*Rwz.tCdt0J[;xD.uGmH vX0h>zHp.’D;vJR
0Jql0h>z’DM.vDRI

uJ>vHv.h td. od.vdvmH w>’G;vXy’DtcDv.h uFd ( University of Padau)

vDRI b.q.zJ 1609 eH.M.< t0JqDwvJuGHmtw>zH;w>rRM.vDRI
uJ>vHvh.td.e>[lb.C;rJmxHuvRyDR (telescope) vXw>uG>pdw>yD;
w>vDvXb.’k;td.zsgxD.vXySR’;(cFf)zdt*h>M.vDRI uJ>vHvh.td.uG>0J
rh>w>wcgtHRw>urRtDR’fvJ.’D;t0Jol0Jvgeg (lenses) vXySRbSDrJmxH
uvR’D;bSxD .D 0JteD>up>’.0JtxJvpH ud;wcgvDRI uJ>vHv.h td.txJ

78
vHpud;M.*hRM>’H;xJvpH ud;t*Rwz.’D;exH.w>’d.M>’H;xJvpH ud;t*R
wz.tq; 2 p;M.vDRI

uJ>vHvh.td.p;xD.uG>rlz;zDvXrk>eRcDtqXuwD>vDRI zJ 1609 eH.

vg’H.pJbX.M.< cDzsdtolteD>up>’.0JtxJvHpud;’D;xH.b.0JvX
vgtrJmzH;cd.M.CD;CJ;’D;wbs›wqSDb.M.vDRI wvg0HRtvD>cH< t0J
xH.b.0JvXvgvG>H bh.M.w&H;0JuLF zHxX.rlzsX.M.vDRI zJu>J vHv.h td.
uG>p;xX.rlzsX.tcgph>uD;xH.b.0JvXp;xX.M.tuh>t*DRwz.rRvd
b.0JvXrlzsX.tHRtuh>t*DRvDRqDrh>vXtd.’D;tuGDRz;’d.wz.tCd
vDRI

uJ>vHv.h td.pl;ug0JtxJvpH ud;’D;rRpXR0J’o

f ;d uqDwvJyRS [D.cd.zdt
w>uG>rlysDt*D>M.vDRI rk>rqgweHRtHRw>rRvd (physic) M.’d;oMRxD.
to;vXt0Jtw>xH.tzDc.d ’D;vDRqD’.w> w>tuh>t*DRvXtvDRqD
vdmo;wz.[l;*JR’fv.J ’D;w>rRuG>pJt.h tw>xH.w>qdurd.cDzsdw>rR
uG>wz.uJbsK;uJzSd.’fvJ.t*h>vDRI

79
 ydmcGgvXtrReXRw>qg
z;px&X. (Pasteur)

zJtd.eD1800 eH.wz.twD>ylRxGH.ysK>rh>th.b.ySRw*R*RM.w>rRpXRw
wrHR’D;td.’.ySRw*R0JM.ub.oH0J’.vDRI zJ 1885 eH.M.xGH.
ysK>w’kth.b.ydmcGgzdw*RvXw>ud;trHRvXuFdpJ;rHpxX. (Joseph
Meister) tCd< trd>to;b.zSD.’d.r;vDRI vXw>M.tCdt0JvJRqlySR
w*Rttd.vXt0Jqdurd.0JvXuulpg,gbsgtzdohtCdM.vDRI

z;px&X. (Pasteur) xH.M>0J’.vXxGH.ysK>w>qgM.td.xD.cDzsdw>

qgC> (virus) wuvkmvXttd.vXq.zduD>zdtylRM.vDRI w>qgC>
wcgtHRqH;tCd< euG>tDRtDRvXrJmcsHwohb.’D;euG>tDRvXrJ;_cd.pud;
tzDvm’.vJmewxH.tDRb.I t0J*mk usJ;pX;’D;CkusJvXurRoHx.HG ysK>
w>qgvXq.zduD>zdtylRM>vHM.vDRI b.q.t0Jwulpgbsgb.0JySR
unDew
D bsD’;H b.I z;pxX.,gbsguFpd ;J ’D;uFpd ;J rh>ySRtqduwX>w*RvX
tb.w>,gbsgtDRvXxGH.ysK>w>qgM.vDRI

z;px&X.[h.vDRto;orlvXuCh.vDRw>*h>uDvXttd.xD.b.C;pJ;
zDu[.< w>ol.w>zs;’D;uoH.uoDwz.M.vDRI t0Jx.H 0JvXw>txH
’fod;w>Ek>xHM.erh>rRud>xD.tDRpSRrH;eH;wkRtuvmxD.M.w>pH;0JvX
eymtDRM>,HmxD.wpJ;vDRI w>rh>w’drwH >Ek>xH’t
f RH M.w>C>qH;qH;zdvX

80
w>ud;tDRvXbJ;xH&,H gwz.urR[;*DRw>Ek>xHvRD I w>C>bJ;xH&, H gzd
wz.tHRuoHumHG 0JzwJ >’du>d oG;xD. (Pasteurization) tDRtcgvDRI

z;px&X.CkxH.0Jph>uD;vXw>qgwz.td.xD.cDzsdw>qgC>vXw>csX
wz.t[JEkmvDRvX ySRunDtrd>yS>ylRM.vDRI zJ 1877 eH.M.t0J*km
usJ;pX;CkusJvXurRoH0J axmifo h ef;em (anthrax) vXtrh>w>qgvX
trRb.’dyod.’D;rRoHusD> rhwrh> *DRzH;wz.vDRI z;px&X.’k;td.xD.
w>’Do’Xw>qgC>M.vDRI w>’Do’Xw>qgC>M.rh>0Jw>qJ;EkmvDRw>
qgC>vXt*H>p>qlyrd>yS>ylR‘fo;d yrd>yS>u’k;zsd;uGmH 0Jt*D>vDRI tM.wpk<
yrd>yS>uoh.ng’k;qXu’guhRw>qgvXtutd.xD.eD>uD> wz.M.vDRI

81
 ySRrRvdrlcd.t*h>
eHcd.v;pfcd.zX.eHc;(pf)
(Nicolaus Copernicus)

eH.[Dtu,Rwz.tu,Ryl RuGHmM.ySRunDtg*Rqdurd.0J’.vX
.cd.zsX.M.td.vXtvD>‘D;rk>vJR0;w&H;tDRM.vDRI vXcHuhRySR
ydmcGgtrHRvXeHcd.v;pfcd.zX.eHc;(pf) (Nicolaus Copernicus) pH;0J’.
vXrk>M.td.0J’.zJtvD>’D;[D.cd.zsX.M.vJRw&H;tDRM.vDRI t0JpH;w>
M.tgw uh>rh>0JwD0JvDRI

cd.zX.eHc;(pf)td.zsJ.xD.0J’.vX vgzhR-bLRtg*&HR 19 oD 1473 vX

uD>zd.vJ. (Poland) M.vDRI t0Jty>oHo’.uGHmtDRzJtd.zsJ.pSReH.0HR
tvD>cH‘;D t0JtzgwH>vXxl;wDRw*RM.vk>’d.xD.uhRtDRM.vDRI tzgwH>
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