AJY Vol 33 1931 1932

The American Jewish
Year Book
5692
September 12, 1931, to September 30, 1932
Volume 33
Edited by
HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN
for the
AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE
PHILADELPHIA
T H E JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA
1931
COPYRIGHT, 1931 BY
T H E JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Printed at
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY'S PRESS
Philadelphia, Penna., U.S.A.
PREFACE
IN JANUARY, within five days of one another, but separated by the

entire width of a continent, two men, who had made philanthropy their
life work, passed away. One was Nathan Straus of New York, who
died on January 11, and the other, Ben Selling of Portland, Oregon,
who died four days later. The fame of the former was world-wide, but
the other's, though more localized, was based on the same nobility of
character and elevation of spirit. Because of the profound impress they
made upon their generation, and because it is believed that their lives
will inspire future generations to live nobly, in consonance with the
most exalted teachings of Judaism, brief sketches of the careers of these
two men are presented in this volume. The authors knew the subjects
of these biographies closely, and were thus able to present the facts in
a manner which succeeds admirably in rendering these sketches warm
and sympathetic and, at the same time, vivid portrayals.
The important work in Jewish community life being done by organiza-
tions of Jewish women is not generally recognized because its scope and
effectiveness have not, recently at least, been adequately presented.
An article describing the genesis, and enumerating the principal services,
of the leading national Jewish Women's Organizations in the United
States, will, it is believed, enable the interested reader to appraise the
debt of the Jewish community, here and abroad, to the unselfish and
devoted Mothers and Daughters in Israel who have banded themselves
together in these organizations. We are fortunate to have been able to
secure as the writer of this article, Mrs. Rebekah Kohut, one of the
outstanding leaders among Jewish women in America, whose numerous
services to Judaism are universally acclaimed, and whose high qualities
of devotion as well as leadership were recognized in her election as
President of the World Congress of Jewish Women, organized in 1923,
a position which she still holds.
In the winter of 1929, a great deal of discussion of criminality among
Jews in the United States was brought on by the remarks of an earnest
Jew,—remarks which indicated that a compilation of the facts on this
subject would be of great value. The Statistical Department of the
American Jewish Committee, with a great deal of effort, has pains-
takingly gathered these facts insofar as they are reflected in the statistics
of the population of State prisons and reformatories in the United States,
and the results of this study are presented in this volume by Dr. H. S.
Linfield, Director of the Department.
Besides these special features, we present several interesting lists—
Jews who have served or are serving as Governors of States, as Judges
of United States and State Courts, and as Ambassadors and Ministers
of the United States in foreign lands; we present also a complete list of
Jews who have won the Nobel Prize, in view of additions to their number
since the article on that subject appeared in Volume 25.
IV PREFACE
The article on Statistics of Jews contains several interesting supple-

ments on the Jews of Russia, Luxembourg, New Zealand, Turkey,
Union of South Africa, and Venezuela. These statistics have been
abstracted with considerable effort from voluminous reports of official
censuses taken within recent years. This article was prepared by the
Statistical Department of the American Jewish Committee, which also
prepared the Directory of National Jewish Organizations and lists of
Jewish periodicals and federations.
The editor is again indebted to Dr. Linfield for his wholehearted
cooperation, and to Dr. Cyrus Adler and Dr. Julius Grodinsky, Secre-
tary of the Jewish Publication Society, for valuable suggestions in
connection with the contents of this issue.
HARRY SCJTNEIDERMAN
July 16, 1931.
SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PRECIOUS ISSUES OF THE
AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up
to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in sub-
sequent issues.
THE HUNDRED BEST AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON JEWISH SUB-
JECTS, 5665, pp. 309-317; 5686, pp. 260-273.
ONE HUNDRED AVAILABLE BOOKS IN ENGLISH ON PALESTINE, 5666, pp.
153-162.
A LIST OF AVAILABLE STORIES OF JEWISH INTEREST IN ENGLISH, 5667,
pp. 130-142.
A CLASSIFIED LIST OF STANDARD BOOKS ON JEWISH SUBJECTS, 5684,
pp. 204-255.
BIOGRAPHY
URIAH P. LEVY, 5663, pp. 42-45.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF RABBIS AND CANTORS OFFICIATING IN THE
UNITED STATES, 5664, pp. 40-108; 5665, pp. 214-225; 5666, pp.
119-125.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWS PROMINENT IN THE PROFESSIONS,
ETC., IN THE UNITED STATES, 5665, pp. 52-213.
GERSHOM MENDEZ SEIXAS, 5665, pp. 40-51.
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF JEWISH COMMUNAL WORKERS IN THE
UNITED STATES, 5666, pp. 32-118
PENINA MOISE, 5666, pp. 17-31.
SOLOMON SCHECHTER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5677, pp. 25-67.
JOSEPH JACOBS, 5677, pp. 68-75.
MOSES JACOB EZEKIEL, 5678, pp. 227-132
JACOB HENRY SCHIFF. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 21-64.
ISRAEL FRIEDLAENDER. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH, 5682, pp. 65-79.
ABRAM S. ISAACS, 5682, pp. 80-83
JEWS OF PROMINENCE IN THE UNITED STATES, 5683, pp. 109-218.
JEWS WHO HAVE RECEIVED THE NOBEL PRIZE, 5684, pp. 195-203.
MAYER SULZBERGER, 5685, pp. 373-403
SIMON WOLF, 5685, pp. 404-419.
JOSEPH KRAUSKOPF, 5685, pp. 420-447.
HENRY BERKOWITZ, 5685, pp. 448-458.
BENZION HALPER, 5685, pp. 459-471.
EMIL GUSTAVE HIRSCH, 5685, pp. 230-237.
JULIUS KAHN, 5686, pp. 238-245.
MARTIN ABRAHAM MEYER, 5686, pp. 246-259.
ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, 5687, pp. 219-234.
KAUFMANN KOHLER, 5687, pp. 285-260.
HENRY B. MALTER, 5687, pp. 261-272.
v
VI AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
EIMIRAIM LEDERER, 5687, pp. 273-285.

ISRAEL ZANGWILL, 5688, pp. 121-14.1.
OSCAR SOLOMON STRAUS, 5688, pp. 145-155.
AHAD HA-AM, 5689, pp. 87-99.
Louis MARSHALLA Biographical Sketch, 5691, pp. 21-55.
COMMUNAL ACTIVITY
THE ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UKIVERSELLE, 5661, pp. 45-65.
THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF NEW YORK CITY, 5670, pp. 44-54.
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY, 5674, pp. 19-187.
JEWISH EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 90-127
THE FEDERATION MOVEMENT IN AMERICAN JEWISH PHILANTHROPY,
5676, pp. 159-198.
JEWISH WAR RELIEF WORK, 5678, pp. 161-193.
FEDERATION FOR THE SUPPORT OF JEWISH PHILANTHROPIC SOCIETIES
OF NEW YORK CITY, 5679, pp. 103-146.
THE JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, 5679, pp. 88-102.
JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES, 5681, pp. 31-52.
DIRECTORIES
A LIST OF JEWISH PERIODICALS IN THE UNITED STATES (published up
to 1900), 5660, pp. 271-282; current periodicals are listed in sub-
sequent issues.
A DIRECTORY OF NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS appears in every
issue.
DIRECTORIES OF LOCAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS, 5660, pp. 105-270;
5661, pp. 185-495; 5668, pp. 123-430 (supplementary lists appear
in all succeeding issues up to and including 5678); 5680, pp. 330-
583; supplementary lists, 5681, pp. 322-339; 5682, pp. 247-265;
5683, pp. 264-285; 5684, pp. 301-311, 5685, pp. 522-545, 5686, pp.
327-349, 5687, pp. 343-363, and 5688, pp. 191-214.
A LIST OF JEWISH FEDERATED CHARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, 5679,
pp. 326-327; and subsequent issues.
LIST OF RABBIS AND INSTRUCTORS IN JEWISH COLLEGES IN THE UNITED
STATES, 5678, pp. 367-305.
HISTORY
PRELIMINART LIST OF JEWISH SOLDIERS AND SAILORS WHO SERVED IN
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 5661, pp. 525-622.
THE AMERICAN PASSPORT IN RUSSIA, 5665, pp. 283-305.
A SYLLABUS OF JEWISH HISTORY, 5666. pp. 163-170
FROM KISHINEFF TO BIALYSTOK. A TABLE OF POGROMS FROM 1903
to 1906, 5667, pp. 34-89.
THE PASSPORT QUESTION IN CONGRESS, 5670, pp. 21—13.
THE PASSPORT QUESTION, 5672, pp. 19-128.
THE BEILIS AFFAIR, 5675, pp. 19-89.
JEWISH RIGHTS AT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES, 5678. pp. 106-160.
THE PARTICIPATION OF THE JEWS OF FRANCE IN THE GREAT WAR 5680
pp. 31-97.
THE STORY OF BRITISH JEWRY IN THE WAR, 5680, pp. 98-119.
SPECIAL ARTICLES VII
T H E JEWISH BATTALIONS AND THE PALESTINE CAMPAIGN, 5680, pp.

120-140.
THE PEACE CONFERENCE AND RIGHTS OF MINORITIES, 5680, pp. 156-
168; 5681, pp. 101-130.
THE JEWS OF ALSACE-LORRAINE (1870-1920) 5681, pp. 53-79
THE JEWS OF AMERICA (1654-1787), 5687, pp. 193-218.
JEWISH LIFE IN OTHER COUNTRIES
THE JEWS OF ROUMANIA (two articles), 5662, pp. 25-87.
RECENT JEWISH PROGRESS IN PALESTINE, 5676, pp. 24-558.
THE JEWS OF LATIN AMERICA, 5678, pp. 35-105
THE JEWS OF SERBIA, 5679, pp. 75-87.
THE FALASHAS, 5681, pp. 80-100.
THE JEWS OF CANADA, 5685, pp. 154-229.
STATISTICS
STATISTICAL SUMMARY BY STATES (Jewish Organizations in the United
States), 5662, pp. 126-156.
THE JEWISH POPULATION OF MARYLAND, 5663, pp. 46-62.
JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5675, pp. 339-378.
TEWS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY (1915-1916), 5677, pp.
76-79.
TABLE SHOWING RNROLLMENT OF JEWISH STUDENTS IN AMERICAN COL-
LEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN 1915-1916, 5678, pp. 407-408.
THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 5679, pp. 31-74.
THE COLLECTION OF JEWISH WAR STATISTICS, 5679, pp. 141-155.
AMERICAN JEWS IN THE WORLD WAR, 5680, pp. 141-155
PROFESSIONAL TENDENCIES AMONG JEWISH STUDENTS IN COLLEGES,
UNIVERSITIES AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, 5681, pp. 383-393.
THE JEWISH POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, 1927, 5689, pp.
101-198.
JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1927, 5689, pp.
199-201.
THE COMMUNAL PRGANIZATION OF THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES,
1927, 5690, pp. 99-254.
MISCELLANEOUS
SUNDAY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND JUDICIAL DECISIONS HAVING
REFERENCE TO JEWS, 5669, pp. 152-189.
IN DEFENCE OF THE IMMIGRANT, 5671, pp. 19-98.
THE JEW AND AGRICULTURE, 5673, pp. 21-115.
THE NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE, 5678, pp. 161-193.
JEWISH AMERICANIZATION AGENCIES, 5682, pp. 84-111.
PORTRAITS OF EARLY AMERICAN JEWS, 5684, pp. 147-162.
JEWISH METHOD OF SLAYING ANIMALS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF
HUMANITY, 5684, pp. 163-179.
KOL NIDRE, 5684, pp. 180-194.
T H E YIDDISH PRESS, 5685, pp. 165-372.
T H E ARCHITECTURE OF THE SYNAGOGUE, 5687, pp. 155-192.
CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE 111
SPECIAL ARTICLES IN PREVIOUS ISSUES V
CALENDARS:
Abridged Calendars for 5691-5696 2
Calendar for 5692 by Months 4
Time of Sunrise and Sunset in Six Northern Latitudes 20
SPECIAL ARTICLES:
Review of the Year 5691. By Harry Schneiderman 23
APPENDICES:
I. Anniversaries and Celebrations During 5691 110
II. Appointments, Honors and Elections Ill
III. Special Bequests and Gifts 121
IV. Necrology 125
Nathan Straus. By David de Sola Pool 135
Ben Selling. By Henry J. Berkowitz 155
Jewish Women's Organizations. By Rebekah Kohut 165
Jewish Inmates of State Prisons. By H. S. Linfield 203
DIRECTORIES AND LISTS:
Jewish National Organizations in the United States 213
Federations for Philanthropic Work in the United States 253
Jewish Periodicals Appearing in the United States 256
Jewish Members of the Congress of the United States 261
Jewish Ambassadors and Ministers of the United States 263
Jewish Judges of the United States and State Courts 264
Jewish Governors 267
Jews Who Have Won the Nobel Prize 268
STATISTICS OF JEWS:
A. The Jews of the United States 271
B. Jewish Population of the World 281
C. Jewish Immigration to the United States 288
D. Jewish Immigration to Other American Countries 295
E. Jewish Immigration to Palestine 299
SUPPLEMENTS:
A. The Jews of Russia (U.S.S.R.), 1926 305
B. 1. The Jews of Luxemburg, 1927 323
2. The Jews of New Zealand, 1926 325
3. The Jews of Turkey, 1927 329
4. The Jews of the Union of South Africa, 1926 333
5. The Jews of Venezuela, 1926 338
TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN JEWISH COM-
MITTEE, 1930 339
REPORT OF THE FORTY-THIRD YEAR OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION
SOCIBTY OF AMERICA, 1930-1931 403
CALENDARS
ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5691-5693
Jewish
Festivals, etc N'X'tn— 5691 3"Sin—5692
Month and Date 1932-1933
1930-1931 1931-1932
Tishri 1 New Year Sept. 23 T Sept. 12 Sa Oct. 1 Sa

3 Fast of Gedaliah Sept. 25 Th Sept. 14 M Oct. 3 M
10 Day of Atonement Oct. 2 Th Sept. 21 M Oct. 10 M
15 Tabernacles Oct. 7 T Sept. 26 Sa Oct. 15 Sa
22 Eighth Day of the Feast Oct. 14 T Oct. 3 Sa Oct. 22 Sa
23 Rojoioing of the Law Oct. 15 W Oct. 4 S Oct. 23 S
Heshvan 1 New Moon •Oct. 23 Th •Oct. 12 M •Oct 31 M
Killer 1 New Moon Nov. 21 F •NOT. 11 W •NOT. 30 W
25 Hanukkah Dec. 15 M Dec. 5 Sa Dee. 24 Sa
Tebet 1 New Moon •Dec. 21 S •Dec. 11 F •Deo. 30 F

1933
10 Fast of Tebet Deo. 30 T Dec. 20 S Jan. 8 S
1931 1932
Shebat 1 New Moon Jan. 19 M Jan. 9 Sa Jan. 28 Ss
Adar 1 New Moon •Feb. 18 W •Feb. 8 M •Feb. 27 M
Adar 8heni 1 New Moon •Mar. 9 W

13 Fast of Esther Mar. 2 M Mar. 21 M ••Mar. 11 Sa
14 Purim Mar. 3 T Mar. 22 T Mar. 12 S
Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 19 Th Apr. 7 Th Mar. 28 T

15 Passover Apr. 2 Th Apr. 21 Th Apr. 11 T
Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 18 Sa •May 7 Sa •Apr. 27 Th

18 Thirty-third Day of 'Omer May 5 T May 24 T May 14 S
Sivan 1 New Moon May 17 S June 5 S May 26 F

6 Feast of Weeks May 22 F June 10 F May 31 W
Tammus 1 New Moon •June 16 T •July 5 T •June 25 S

17 Fast of Tammut July 2 Th July 21 Th July 11 T
Ab 1 New Moon July 15 W Aug. 3 W July 24 M

9 Fast of Ab July 23 Th Aug. 11 Th Aug. 1 T
Elul 1 New Moon •Aug. 14 F •Sept. 2 F •Aug. 23 W
•Second day of New Moon.

"Fast observed on previous Thursday.
ABRIDGED CALENDARS FOR 5694-5696
Jewish
nro
Festivals, etc. Y3£"W—bt»4 rTxin—5695 l"2£"in—5696
Month and Date
1933—1934 1934-1935 1935-1936
Tishri 1 New Year Sept. 21 Th Sept. 10 M Sept. 28 Sa

3 Fast of Gedaliah tSept.23 Sa Sept. 12 W Sept. 30 M
10 Day of Atonement Sept 30 Sa Sept. 19 W Oct. 7 M
15 Tabernacles Oat. 5 Th Sept. 24 M Oct. 12 Sa
22 Eighth Day of the Feast Oct. 12 Th Oct. 1 M Oct. 19 Sa
23 Rejoicing of the Law Oct. 18 F Oct. 2 T Oct. 20 S
Heshyan 1 New Moon •Oct. 21 Sa •Oct. 10 W •Oct. 28 M
Kisler 1 New Moon NOT. 19 S Nov. 8 Th •Nov. 27 W
25 Hanukkah Dec. 13 W Dec. 2 S Dec. 21 Sa
Tebet 1 New Moon •Deo. 19 T Dec. 7 F •Dec. 27 F

1936
10 Fast of Tebet Dec. 28 Th Dec. 16 S Jan. 5 S
1934 1935
Shebat 1 New Moon Jan. 17 W Jan. 5 Sa Jan. 25 Sa
Adar 1 New Moon •Feb. 16 F •Feb. 4 M •Feb. 24 M
Adsr Sheni 1 New Moon •Mar. 6 W

13 Fast of Esther Feb. 28 W Mar. 18 M " M a r . 7 Sa
14 Purim Mar. 1 Th Mar. 19 T Mar. 8 S
Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 17 Ea Apr. 4 Th Mar. 24 T

15 Passover Mar. 31 Ba Apr. 18 Th Apr. 7 T
Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 16 M •May 4 Sa •Apr. 23 Th

18 Thirty-third Day of 'Omer May 3 Th May 21 T May 10 S
Bivan 1 New Moon May 15 T June 2 S May 22 F

6 Feast of Weeks May 20 8 June 7 F May 28 W
Tammui 1 New Moon •June 14 Th •July 2 T •June 21 s

17 Fast of Tammui tJune 30 Sa July 17 Th July 7 T
Ab 1 New Moon July 13 F July 31 W July 20 M

9 Fast of Ab tJuly 21 S* Aug. 8 Th July 28 T
Elul 1 New Moon •Aug. 12 8 •Aug. 30 F •Aug. 19 W
•Second day of New Moon.

tFast observed on following Sunday.
" F a s t observed as previous Thursday
5692
is called 692 (a'x-tfi) according to the short system (p'sb).
It is a complete Leap Year of 13 months, 55 Sabbaths, 384
days, beginning on Saturday, the seventh day of the week,
and having the first day of Passover on Thursday, the fifth
day of the week; therefore, its sign is n»r, r for the seventh,
v for complete (no^0) and n for the fifth. It is the eleventh
year of the 300th lunar cycle of 19 years, and the eighth year
of the 204th solar cycle of 28 years, since Creation.
1931, Sept. 12—Oct. 11] TISHRI 30 DAYS m t W l 5692
Civil ofDay PENTATEUGHAL PROPHETICAL

the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
Month Week Month VALS, FASTS
nvens nntaen
Sept. Tishri
12 s 1 /Gen. 21
New Year r « n tWIT '« \Num. 29: 1-6 I Sam. 1: 1-2: 10
13 s 2 New Year rWH 0NTT '3 (Gen. 22
I Num. 29: 1-6 J er. 31:2-20
14 M 3 Fast of Gedaliah
Ex. 32:11-14; 34:1-10 Is. 55: 6-56: 8
1
Seph. nont
15 T 4
16 W 5
17 Th 6 Hos. 14:2-10; Joel 2:
18 F 7 15-17 or 27; Stph.
HOB. 14: 2-10; Mlcah
19 S 8 raw rut? irrsn Deut. 32 7: 18-20
20 S 9
21 M 10 TI£O DV
Day of Atonement
[Lev. 16
JNum. 29: 7-11
fls. 57: 14-58: M
1 Afternoon: Jonah
22 T 11 [Afternoon: Lev. 16 ]Stph.add Mlcah7: 18
[-20
23 W 12
24 Th 13
25 F 14 /Lev. 22:26-23:44
26 S 15 Tabernacles 1TDDT 'N \Num. 29:12-16 Zech. 14
27 S 16 Tabernacles niSDT '3 Lev. 22: 26-23: 44

Num. 29: 12-16 I Kings 8: 2-21
28 M 17 Num. 29: 17-25
Seph. 29: 17-22
29 T 18 Num. 29: 20-28
Seph. 29: 20-25
30 W 19 I -Tjnon ?in Num. 29: 23-31
Seph. 29: 23-28 <i
Oct. Num. 29: 26-34
1 Th 20 Seph. 29: 26-31
Num. 29: 26-34 :• O
21 j Km wytsnn
2 F r m y TOP
Seph. 29: 29-34
Deut. 15: 19-16: 17
i •„•.
3 S 22 Eighth Day of the Feast'

Num. 29: 35-30: 1 I Kings 8 : 54-66
4 s 23 min nno»
Rejoicing of the Law
fDeut. 33: 1-34: 12
4Gen. 1: 1-2: 3 /Josh. 1
\Siph. 1:1-9
5 M 24 I Num. 29: 35-30: 1
6 T 25
7 W 26
8 Th 27
9 F 28 an TIDN
| I Sam. 20: 18-42
\ Seph. add Is. 61: 10;
10 S 29 Gen. 1: 1-6: 8
62:5
Num. 28: 1-15
11 S 30 New Moon WIT] PNTT 'N
[ ' n*nThe
'3D]Book of Ecclesiastes
,rvB>Nn3 is read.
5
1932, Oct . 12—Nov. 11] HESHVAN 30 DAYS []WH 5692
PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL
CivU of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
rmno nncasn
Oct. H«hv.
12 M 1 New Moon Bnn 'TT '3 Num. 28: 1-15

13 T 2
14 W 3
15 Th 4
16 F 5 /Is. 54: 1-55: 5
17 S 6 ra Gen. 6: 9-11-32 \Seph. 54: 1-10
18 s 7
19 M 8
20 T 9 '•< • > . •'.'.'
21 W 10 i
22 Th 11
23 F 12
24 S 13 Gen. 12: 1-17: 27
Is. 40: 27-41: 16
25 S 14
26 M 15
27 T 16
28 W 17
29 Th 18
30 F 19 f II Kings 4: 1-37
31 S 20 Gen. 18: 1-22: 24 \Seph. 4: 1-23
Nov.
1 S 21
2 M 22
3 T 23
4 W 24
5 Th 25
6 F 26
7 S 27 [ 'nn 'aoi ,m» "n Gen. 23: 1-25: 18 I Kings 1: 1-31
8 S 28
9 M 29 pp TISD DV
10 T 30 New Moon ttHn 'TT 'N Num. 28: 1-15
1931, Nov. 11—Dec. 10] KISLEV 30 DAYS n"?D3 5692
Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

Month week Month PORTIONS PORTIONS
VALS, FASTS
riVEHS
Nov. Kislev
11 w 1 New Moon CHIl "VI '3 Num. 28: 1-1S

12 Th 2
13 F 3
14 S 4 rn'nn Gen. 25: 19-28: 9 Mai. 1: 1-2: 7
15 S 5
16 M 6
17 T 7
18 W 8
19 Th 9
Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or
20 F 10 11: 7-12: 12; or 11:
7-14: 10
21 S 11 Gen. 28: 10-32: 3 Seph.11:7-12:12
22 S 12
23 M 13
24 T 14
25 W 15
26 Th 16 (Hos. 12: 13-14: 10; or
27 F 17 1 11: 7-12: 12; or
Obad. 1: 1-21
28 S 18 Gen. 33: 4-36: 43 [Seph. Obad. 1: 1-21
29 s 19
30
Deo.
M 20
1 T 21
2 W 22
3 Th 23
4 F 24
X
f [ 'nn 'aoi .sen
Manukkah, TCSWi /Gen. 37: 1-40: 23
Feast of Dedication \Num. 7: 1-17 Zech. 2: 14-4: 7
5 S 25
6 s 26 Num. 7: 18-29
Seph. 7: 18-23
Num. 7: 24-35
7 M 27 Seph. 7: 24-29
Num. 7: 30-41
8 T 28 Seph. 7: 30-35
Num. 7: 36-47
9 W 29 Seph. 7: 36-41
Num. 28: 1-15
10 Th 30 New Moon EHf! 'TT 'N Num. 7:42-47
1931, Dec. 11-1932, Jan. 8] TEBET 29 DAYS [HDD 5692
Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

Civil of t i e Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
nvms nntasn
Deo. Tebet New Moon VTir\ 'YT ' 3 /Num. 28: 1-15
11 F 1 \Num. 7: 48-53
/Gen. 41: 1-44: 17
12 S 2 \(EighthHanukkab
Day of ,VDO
'' \Num. 7: 54-8: 4 I Kings 7: 40-50
13 s 3
14 M 4
15 T 5
16 W 6
17 Th 7
18 F 8
19 S 9 tori Gen. 44: 18-47: 27 Ezek. 37: 15-28
20 S 10 / naoa mtt>y mx Ex.32:ll-14:34:l-10 /la. 55:6-56:8
21 M 11 \ Fast of Tebet \SepH. none
22 T 12
23 W 13
24 Th 14
25 F 15
26 S 16 Gen. 47:28-50:26 I Kings 2: 1-12
27 S 17
28 M 18
29 T 19
30 W 20
31 Th 21
Jan.
1932
1 F 22 (Is. 27: 6-28: 13; 29:
22. 23
2 S 23 t'nn 'aaj n w Ex. 1: 1-6: 1 (Seph. Jer. 1: 1-2: 3
3 s 24
4 M 25
5 T 26
6 W 27
7 Th 28 [DnpiO] ]Dp "USD DV
8 F 29
1932, Jan. 9—Feb. 7] SHEBAT 30 DAYS [DntC 5692
Day PENTATEUCH AL PROPHETICAL

Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI-
Month Week Month PORTIONS PORTIONS
VAL, FASTS
nVBHS nntasn
Jan. Shobat
9 s 1 / tnn twn ,«-INI /Ex. 6: 2-9: 35
\Num. 28: 9-15 Is. 66
10 s 2
\New Moon
11 M 3
12 T 4
13 W 5
14 Th 6
15 F 7
16 S 8 N3 Ex. 10: 1-13: 16 Jer. 46: 13-28
17 s 9
18 M 10
19 T 11
20 W 12
21 Th 13
22 F 14 r ,nTts> na» ,rbw2
(Judges 4: 4-5: 11
23 S 15 ^New Year for Trees Ex. 13: 17-17: 16 \Seph. S: 1-31
24 S 16
25 M 17
26 T 18
27 W 19
28 Th 20
29 F 21
/Is. 6: 1-7: 6; 9:5, 6
30 S 22 •nn' Ex. 18: 1-20: 23 \Seph. 6: 1-13
31 S 23
Feb.
1 M 24
2 T 25
3 W 26
4 Th 27 [OTIpMi] pp TIS3 QV
5 F 28
6 S 29 ,[ 'nn '3D] .D'tsstra Ex. 21: 1-24: 18 I. Sara. 20: 18-42
7 S 30 New Moon BTin "VI 'K Num. 28: 1-15

1932, Feb. 8—Mar. 8]] ADAR RISHON 30 DAYS [Jitffcn TIN 5691
Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS
Month Week Month PORTIONS
VALS, FASTS
nvana nntssn
Feb. Adar
Rishon
8 M 1 New Moon Win 'TJ '3 Num. 28: 1-15
9 T 2
10 W 3
11 Th 4
12 F 5
13 S 6 noun Ex. 25:1-27: 19 I Kings 5: 26-6: 13
14 s 7
15 M 8
16 T 9
17 W 10
18 Th 11
19 F 12
20 S 13 mxn Ex. 27: 20-30: 10 Ezek.43: 10-27
21 S 14
22 M 15
23 T 16
24 W 17
25 Th 18
26 F 19 /I Kings 18:1 (or 20)-39
27 S 20 Ntpn '3 Ex. 30: 11-34: 35 \Seph 18: 20-39
28 S 21
29 M 22
Mar.
1 T 23
2 W 24
3 Th 25
4 F 26 ,[ 'nn '3D] ,?np'i|
5 S 27 a<bpv ' B | /Ex. 35: 1-38 : 20
\Ex. 30: 11-16
/II Kings 12: 1-17
\Seph. 11: 17-12: 17
6 S 28
7 M 29 ]t3p 1133 DV
8 T 30 New Moon BHn fTT 'N Num. 28: 1-15
10
1932, Mar. 9—Apr. 6] ADAR SHENI 29 DAYS pjp "ON 5692
D«y PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL
Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
nvtns nnDsn
Mar. Adar
Sheni
9 w 1 New Moon BHn 'TT '3 Num. 28: 1-15
10 Th 2
11 F 3 /I Kings 7:51-8: 21
12 S 4 'TIpB Ex. 38: 21-40: 38 \Seph. 7:40-50
13 s 5
14 M 6
15 T 7
16 W 8
17 Th 9
18 F 10 /Lev. 1:1-5:26 /I Sam. 15:2-34
19 S 11 •nari'D ,«"ip'i \Deut. 25: 17-19 \Seph. 15: 1-34
20 S 12 -inDN myn Ex. 32: 11-14; 34: fis. 55: 6-56: 8

21 M 13 Fast of Esther
D'-ns
1-10
Ex. 17: 8-16 \Seph. none
22 T 14 Purlm, Feast of Esther*
DH1B ]WVD
23 W 15 Shushan Purlm
24 Th 16
25 F 17 /Lev. 6:1-8: 36
26 S 18 (Num. 19
/Ezek. 36: 16-38
\Seph. 36: 16-36
27" S 19
28 M 20
29 T 21
30 W 22
31 Th 23
Apr.
1 F 24 ,[ 'nn 'noi ,TOIP /Lev. 9: 1-11:47 /Ezek. 45: 16-46: 18
2 S 25 ttann s \Ex. 12: 1-20 \Seph. 45: 18-46: 15
3 S 26
4 M 27
5 T 28
6 W 29
*The Book of Esther is read.

11
1932, Apr. 7—May 6] NISAN 30 DAYS []D'J 5692

nvens rmcjsn
Apr. Nisan
7 Th 1 New Moon W]fl CNT Num. 28: 1-15
8 F 2
9 S 3 ,y-irn Lev. 12: 1-13:59 II Kings 7: 42-5: 19
10 S 4
11 M 5
12 T 6
13 W 7
14 Th 8
15 F 9 fMai. 3: 4-24; or Jer. 7:
16 S 10 Lev. 14 :1-15: 33 \ 21-8:3;9:22.23
\Seph. Mai. 3: 4-24
17 S 11
18 M 12
19 T 13
20 W 14 Fast of the First-Bom
21 Th 15 Passover flDST 'N Ex. 12: 21-51
Num. 28: 16-25
/Josh. 3: 5-7; 5: 2-6: 27
\Seph. 5: 2-6: 2
22 F 16 Passover PIDDT '3 Lev. 22: 26-23: 44
Num. 28: 16-25
[II Kings 23: 1 (or 4)-
\ 9; 21-25
23 S 17 1*
Ex. 33: 12-34: 26
Num. 28: 19-25
/Ezek. 36: 37-37: 14
\Seph. 37: 1-14
24 S 18 | lyion inn
Ex. 13: 1-16
Num. 28: 19-25
25 M 19 Ex. 22: 24-23: 19
Num. 28: 19-25
26 T 20 Num. 9: 1-14
Num. 28: 19-25
27 W 21 Passover PIDST 'F Ex. 13: 17-15: 26
Num. 28: 19-25 II Sam. 22
28 Th 22 Passover FIDST Tl Deut. 15: 19-16: 17
Num. 28: 19-25 Is. 10: 32-12: 6
29 F 23 an noN
30 S 24 i 'nn 'am ,rriD n n « Lev. 16: 1-18: 30 Ezek. 22: 1-19: (or 16):
or Amos 9: 7-15
May
1 S 25
2 M 26
3 T 27
4 W 28
5 Th 29
6 F 30 New Moon BHri 'T7 '« Num. 28: 1-15
T h e Song of Songt is read.

12
1932 , May 7—June 4] IYAR 29 DAYS [-p'N 5692
Day
Civil of the Jewish
PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL
SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
nvens nntssn
May Iyar tnn "n 'a ,D'Knp
rr
7 s -i
1 New Moon
/Lev. 19: 1-20: 27
(Num. 28: 9-15 Is. 66
8 s 2
9 M 3
10 T 4
11 W 5
12 Th 6
13 F 7
14 S 8 "IDN Lev. 21: 1-24:23 Ezek. 44: 15-31
15 S 9
16 M 10
17 T 11
18 W 12
19 Th 13
20 14 '3» nDS
F
21 S 15 Lev.25: 1-26:2 Jer. 32: 6-27
22 s 16
23 M 17
[33d Day I D j n i"7
24 T 18 \ of 'Omer
25 W 19
26 Th 20
27 F 21
Jer. 16: 19-17: 14
28 S 22 Lev. 26: 3-27: 34
29 S 23
30 M 24
31 T 25
June
1 W 26
2 Th27 [ Q-ipini pp lisa DV
3 F 28
[ 'nn 'am ,13103 Num. 1: 1-4:20 I Sam. 20: 18-42
4 S 29
13
1931, June 5—July 4] SIVAN 30 DAYS [|VD 5692

Civil oftha Jewiah SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS PORTIONS
DVBHS nncaen
June Sivan
5 s 1 New Moon BHn PtO Num. 28: 1-15
6 M 2
T T 3
8 W 4
9 Th 5 mjroBn'« (Ex. 19: 1-20: 23 Erek. 1: 1-28; 3: 12
10 F 6 Feast of Weeks
INum. 28: 26-31
(Deut. 14: 22-16: 17 /Hab. 3: 1-19
11 S 7 myaBH 'a \Nurn. 28: 26-31 \Sefih. 2: 20-3: 19
12 s 8 Feast of Weeks*
13 M 9
14 T 10
15 W 11
16 Th 12
17 F 13
18 S 14 Num. 4: 21-7: 89 Judges 13: 2-25
19 S 15
20 M 16
21 T 17
22 W 18
23 Th 19
24 F 20
25 S 21 Num. 8: 1-12: 16 Zech. 2: 14-4: 7
26 S 22
27 M 23
28 T 24
29 W 25
30 Th 26
July
1 F 27
2 S 28 i 'nn '3D] .i1? rhw Num. 13: 1-15: 41 Josh. 2
3 s 29 ]Hp "1133 DV
4 M 30 New Moon tPintPN-n 'N Num. 28: 1-15
•The Book of Ruth is read.

14
1932, July 5—Aug. 2] TAM MUZ 29 DAYS [ n a n 5692
nvens rrntJBn
July Tam.
5 T 1 New Moon BHn 'TT '3 Num. 28: 1-15
6 W 2
7 Th 3
8 F 4
9 S 5 mp Num. 16: 1-18: 32 I Sam. 11: 14-12: 22
10 IS 6
11 M 7
12 T 8
13 W 9
14 Th 10
15 F 11
16 S 12 P^3 ,npn Num. 19: 1-25:9 Micah 5: 6-6: 8
17 S 13
18 M 14
19 T 15
20 W 16
21 Th 17 /norn ntpy njnp mx Ex.32:11-14; 34:1-10 /Is. 55: 6-56: 8
\ Fast of Tammuz \Seph. noiu
22 F 18
23 S 19 Dra'B Num. 25: 10-30: 1 Jer. 1: 1-2: 3
24 S 20
25 M 21
26 T 22
27 W 23
28 Th 24
29 F 25
30 S 26 Num. 30: 2-36: 13
/Jer. 2: 4-28; 3: 4
\Seph. 2: 4-28; 4: 12
31 S 27
Aug.
M 28
2 T 29 ]tap -ns3 DV
15
1932, Aug 3—Sept. 1 AB 30 DAYS p a 5692
nnusn
Aug. Ab
3 1 w New Moon Win 0N"l Num. 28: 1-15
4 Th 2
5 F 3
6 S 4 yirn rat? ,D'~m Deut. 1: 1-3: 22 Is. 1: 1-27
7 s 5
8 M 6
Morning:
9 T 7 [Deut. 4: 25-40 Jer. 8: 13-9: 23
10 W 8 1 Afternoon:
lEx. 32: 11-14;
Afternoon:
Is. 55: 6—56: 8
3 t a nytwi DEC
11 Th 9 Fast of Ab*
[ 34: 1-10 Seph. Hosea 14: 2-10;
Micah 7:18-20
12 J.F 10
13 S 11 mm TOO .inriNi Deut. 3: 23-7: 11 Is. 40: 1-26
14 s 12
15 M 13
16 T 14
17 W 15
18 Th 16
19 F 17
20 S 18 npy Deut. 7: 12-11: 25 Is. 49: 14-51: 3
21 s 19
22 M 20
23 T 21
24 W 22
25 Th 23
26 F 24
27 S 25 t 'nn 'am ,™n Deut. 11: 26-16: 17 Is. 54: 11-55: 5
28 s 26
29 M 27
30 T 28
31 W 29 ]Qp TIB3 DV
Sept.
i—l
Th 30 New Moon BHn t W m '« Num. 28: 1-15
*The Book of Lamentations is read.

16
1932 , Sepit. 2-30] ELUL 29 DAYS [ ^ N 5692
Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PORTIONS
Month Week Month VALS, FASTS PORTIONS
flVBHB nntjsn
Sept. Elul
ttnn B>NTI '3 Num. 28: 1-15
2 F 1 New Moon*
3 S 2 Deut. 16: 18-21: 9 Is. 51: 12-52: 12
4 S 3
5 M 4
6 T 5
7 W 6
8 Th 7
9 F 8
10 S 9 NSn '3 Deut. 21: 10-25: 19 Is. 54: 1-10
11 S 10
12 M 11
13 T 12
14 W 13
15 Th 14
16 F 15
17 S 16 Deut. 26: 1-29: 8 Is. 60
18 s 17
19 M 18
20 T 19
21 W 20
22 Th 21
23 F 22
/Is. 61: 10-63: 9; or
24 S 23 Deut. 29: 9-31: 30 \ 55:6-56:8
25 s 24 rtw?o'7 O'DOCD
Selihot*
26 M 25
27 T 26
28 W 27
29 Th 28
30 F 29
*The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul.

17
TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET
IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES
TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN Six NORTHERN LATITUDES*
Lat. 44° North Lat. 40° North

Lat. 42° North (For Southern New York,
(For Maine, Nova Scotia, (For Massachusetts, New
Northern New York, Michi- Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Hampshire, Vermont, Cen- Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, tral New York, Southern
North and South Dakota, Northern Ohio, Indiana, Il-
Michigan, Wisconsin, North- linois, Southern Iowa, Ne-
Montana, Washington, ern Iowa, Wyoming, South-
Northern Oregon, Northern braska. Northern Colorado,
Day of ern Idaho, Southern Oregon) Utah, Nevada. California)
Idaho)
Month Portland, Me. Boston.Mass. New York City
Chicago, III.
S-§ i§
5'Si
HpQ Si t* I I*
B
=)
CO 1
Jan. 1 6.52 7.37 4.31 6.16 5.48 7.30 4.38 6.20 5.46 7.25 4.43 6.22
10 5.51 7.36 4.40 6.25 5.48 7.29 4.46 6.28 5.46 7.25 4.51 6.20
20 5.47 7.30 4.53 6.35 5.48 7.24 4.58 6.36 5.45 7.19 5.03 6.38
Feb. 1 5.39 7.19 5.09 6.49 5.38 7.14 5.14 6.50 5.37 7.10 5.18 6.51
10 5.29 7.07 5.22 7.01 5.29 7.04 5.26 6.59 5.29 7.01 5.29 7.00
20 5.15 6.52 5.36 7.12 5.17 6.50 5.38 7.12 5.17 6.48 5.40 7.12
Mcb. 1 5.01 6.37 5.48 7.24 5.02 6.35 6.50 7.23 5.03 6.35 5.51 7.22
10 4.43 6.21 6.00 7.37 4.48 6.21 6.01 7.34 4.49 6.21 6.01 7.32
20 4.26 6.03 6.12 7.49 4.30 6.03 6.12 7.46 4.33 6.04 6.11 7.44
Apl. 1 4.00 6.40 6.27 8.07 4.08 5.43 6.26 8.01 4.12 5.45 6.24 7.58
10 3.41 5.24 6.39 8.21 3.49 5.27 6.35 8.13 3.54 5.28 6.33 8.08
20 3.19 5.07 6.61 8.39 3.29 5.11 6.45 8.28 3.36 5.13 6.43 8.21
May 1 2.52 4.49 7.05 9.01 3.07 4.54 6.59 8.47 3.16 4.59 6.55 8.32
10 2.36 4.37 7.15 9.14 2.53 4.44 7.08 9.02 3.02 4.50 7.04 8.45
20 2.16 4.26 7.26 9.37 2.35 4.36 7.18 9.18 2.46 4.39 7.14 9.00
June 1 1.55 4.17 7.38 10.00 2.17 4.25 7.29 9.37 2.32 4.31 7.24 9.23
10 1.47 4.14 7.44 10.12 2.11 4.22 7.35 9.47 2.27 4.28 7.29 9.32
20 1.44 4.14 7.49 10.18 2.08 4.23 7.39 9.53 2.25 4.29 7.34 9.3S
July 1 1.55 4.18 7.49 10.10 2.12 4.26 7.40 9.54 2.28 4.31 7.35 9.37
10 2.12 4.24 7.46 9.58 2.23 4.32 7.38 9.44 2.38 4.37 7.33 9.31
20 2.27 4.32 7.39 9.44 2.37 4.40 7.32 9.35 2.50 4.44 7.27 9.21
Aug. 1 2.46 4.46 7.26 9.25 2.55 4.52 7.20 9.17 3.06 4.56 7.16 9.06
10 3.06 4.57 7.14 9.03 3.12 5.01 7.09 8.59 3.19 5.05 7.06 8.50
20 3.23 5.07 6.58 8.41 3.27 5.11 6.55 8.39 3.34 5.15 6.53 8.33
Sept. 1 3.40 5.22 6.37 8.20 3.44 5.24 6.36 8.16 3.50 5.27 6.33 8.10
10 3.55 6.33 6.20 7.59 3.55 5.34 6.21 7.59 4.00 5.36 6.19 7.54
20 4.07 5.45 6.01 7.39 4.07 5.44 6.04 7.38 4.12 5.45 6.02 7.36
Oct. 1 4.22 5.5S 5.41 7.16 4.23 5.56 5.43 7.17 4.25 5.56 5.43 7.16
10 4.35 6.09 5.25 6.59 4.33 6.06 5.29 7.00 4.35 6.05 5.31 6.58
20 4.45 6.22 5.07 6.43 4.44 6.18 5.13 6.45 4.45 6.15 5.16 6.43
Nov. 1 5.00 6.38 4.49 6.28 4.58 6.33 4.55 6.30 4.57 6.29 4.59 6.31
10 5.10 6.51 4.38 6.18 5.07 6.44 4.44 6.21 5.09 6.40 4.49 6.21
20 5.20 7.04 4.28 6.12 5.18 6.57 4.35 6.14 5.17 6.53 4.39 6.15
Deo. 1 5.32 7.17 4.21 6.07 5.29 7.10 4.29 6.09 5.27 7.05 4.34 6.11 ;
10 5.39 7.27 4.20 6.08 5.37 7.19 4.28 6.08 5.35 7.14 4.33 6.11 :
20 5.45 7.34 4.23 6.09 6.43 7.26 4.30 6.11 5.41 7.20 4.36 6.14"'
•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI
20
TIME OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN SIX NORTHERN LATITUDES*
Lat. 38°-36° North

(For Distriot of Columbia.
Delaware, Maryland, Vir- Lat. 34°-32° North
ginia. West V rginia. South- (For Siouth Carolina, North- Lat. 30°-28° North
ern Ohio, Southern Indian*, ern Georgia. Alabama Mia- (For Florida, Southern Geor
Southern Illinois, Northern sisaippl, Louisiana. Tcxas, gia, Alabama , MississinDi
Missouri, Kansas. Central Southern New Mcxicc , Ari- Louisiana, Tei as)
Colorado, Central Utah, zona, California) Pensacola, Fla.
Day of Central Nebraska, Central Savannah, Ga. New Orleans, La
California) Charleston. S. C
Month
Washington. D. C
Norfolk, Va.
I i-s g.I is 1a
1 1a I* ai 1
*
&$
03 TO eg CO 1
Jan. 1 5.43 7.19 4.49 6.25 5.35 7.03 5.05 6.33 5.30 6.57 5.11 6.38
10 5.45 7.19 4.57 6.31 5.37 7.03 5.13 6.39 5.33 6.58 5.18 6.42
20 5.43 7.14 5.08 6.39 5.37 7.01 5.20 6.47 5.32 6.56 5.25 6.51
Feb. 1 5.36 7.06 5.22 6.52 5.31 6.56 5.32 6.57 5.29 6.51 5.37 6.56
10 5.27 6.57 5.31 7.02 5.25 6.48 5.41 7.04 5.22 6.43 5.45 7.05
20 5.16 6.46 5.42 7.11 5.16 6.38 5.50 7.11 5.15 6.35 5.52 7.12
Mch. 1 5.04 6.33 5.52 7.21 5.07 6.28 5.57 7.19 5.07 6.26 5.59 7.19
10 4.50 6.20 6.01 7.31 4.55 6.19 6.04 7.26 4.56 6.16 6.05 7.25
20 4.35 6.05 6.11 7.41 4.41 6.05 6.11 7.35 4.43 6.05 6.12 7.33
Apl. 1 4.15 5.46 6.22 7.53 4.25 5.49 6.20 7.43 4.29 5.50 6.19 7.39
10 3.58 5.31 6.30 8.05 4.13 5.37 6.26 7.50 4.18 5.39 6.24 7.45
20 3.40 5.17 6.40 8.16 3.57 5.25 6.33 8.00 4.04 5.29 6.30 7.54
May 1 3.22 5.02 6.52 8.32 3.43 5.13 6.41 8.11 3.51 5.17 6.37 8.02
10 3.08 4.53 7.00 8.45 3.32 5.05 6.48 8.20 3.41 5.11 6.44 8.13
20 2.54 4.44 7.09 9.00 3.22 4.59 6,54 8.31 3.33 5.05 6.50 8.22
June 1 2.41 4.36 7.18 9.13 3.13 4.53 7.01 8.41 3.24 5.00 6.55 8.31
10 2.36 4.34 7.23 9.21 3.11 4.52 7.05 8.47 3.22 4.59 6.59 8.37
20 2.35 4.34 7.28 9.26 3.10 4.52 7.10 8.52 3.22 4.59 7.04 8.40
July 1 2.39 4.37 7.19 9.27 3.13 4.55 7.11 8.53 3.25 5.01 7.05 8.41
10 2.47 4.43 7.27 9.22 3.19 5.00 7.10 8.51 3.30 5.05 7.03 8.38
20 2.58 4.51 7.21 9.12 3.27 5.05 7.07 8.45 3.38 5.11 7.00 8.33
Aug. 1 3.14 5.00 7.12 8.58 3.39 5.13 6.58 8.33 3.48 5.19 6.53 8.24
10 3.26 5.08 7.02 8.44 3.47 5.19 6.49 8.22 3.56 5.24 6.45 8.13
20 3.40 5.18 6.49 8.28 3.57 5.26 6.39 8.08 4.04 5.29 6.36 8.00
Sept. 1 3.54 5.29 6.31 8.06 4.08 5.35 6.25 7.52 4.14 5.37 6.23 7.46
10 4.01 5.37 6.18 7.51 4.15 5.40 6.14 7.39 4.19 5.42 6.12 7.35
20 4.16 ' 5.45 6.02 7.32 4.23 5.47 6.01 7.23 4.27 5.47 6.01 7.22
Oct. 1 4.27 5.56 5.43 7.13 4.32 5.54 5.45 7.08 4.34 5.53 5.46 7.06
10 4.36 6.04 5.31 6.58 4.37 6.00 5.35 6.57 4.39 5.59 5.36 6.55
20 4.46 6.14 5.16 6.45 4.45 6.07 5.23 6.45 4.44 6.00 5.25 6.46
Nov. 1 4.57 6.29 5.01 6.31 4.54 6.16 5.11 6.34 4.53 6.14 5.14 6.35
10 5.05 6.40 4.52 6.23 5.01 6.25 5.03 6.27 5.00 6.21 5.08 6.30
20 5.14 6.53 4.44 6.18 5.09 6.35 4.57 6.23 5.06 6.29 5.01 6.26
Dec. 1 5.25 C.59 4.40 6.13 5.17 6.44 4.55 6.21 5.13 6.38 5.00 6.25
10 5.33 7.08 4.38 6.14 5.23 6.51 4.55 6.24 5.21 6.46 5.01 6.27
20 5.38 7.14 4.40 6.17 5.S9 6.57 4.58 6.28 5.26 6.52 5.04 6.29
•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI

REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691*
BY HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN
I.
T H E UNITED STATES
While continuing to give much attention to events
affecting their brethren in foreign lands, the Jews of the
United States, did not, during the past year, watch the
situation of their overseas co-religionists with the same
concentration as in the preceding twelve-month. This
recession in the interest of American Jewry in foreign affairs
was owing chiefly to two factors, namely first, to the world-
wide depression, which reached a very low level, insofar as
the United States is concerned, during the past year and
lay a heavy restraining hand on all communal effort; and,
second, to the fact that the past year was not as full, as
was its precursor, of highly significant events abroad.
Nevertheless, the scope of the interest of the American
community was extensive, embracing, as it did, many
countries.
As in the preceding year, Palestine stands first among
these lands. It will be recalled that, in May 1930, just
before the beginning of the period under review, when the
temporary suspension of the immigration into Palestine of
certain categories of persons was announced by the British
Government, much indignation was aroused in the United
States, as in other countries. It was in this mood that, in
a number of communities, the first anniversary of the Arab
outbreaks of 1929 was celebrated during August.
A more optimistic feeling followed the publication of the
report of the Permanent Mandates Commission of the
League of Nations, which was somewhat critical of Great
Britain's discharge of her duties as mandatory, and this
•The period covered by this review is from July 1, 1930 to June 30, 1931. It is based
chiefly on the dispatches of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency; the Jewish and general
press and reports of many organizations have also been used as source material.
23
24 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK
feeling grew when, at the meeting of the Council of the

League of Nations, in September, the rapporteur on the
Commission's report upheld its criticism, and the British
representatives, who had previously protested against the
findings, accepted the rapporteur's conclusions, which were
thereupon adopted by the Council.
This turn of affairs gave ground for the hope that the
report of the inquiry into Palestine immigration and devel-
opment possibilities, which had been conducted by Sir John
Hope Simpson, and the declaration of British policy which
was to be based on the report, would be favorable from a
Jewish standpoint. The more profound, therefore, was the
disappointment, and the more violent the protest which
greeted the publication on October 20, of the Simpson
Report and the accompanying White Paper in which the
British Government, pointing out that the Mandate imposed
upon it the duty not only of facilitating the establishment
of a National Home for the Jewish people, but also of pro-
tecting the rights of the existing population, outlined a
land and immigration policy which was, in the opinion of
many, calculated to paralyze any substantial effort by Jews
for the development of Palestine.
Immediately following the publication of the White Paper,
Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the Jewish Agency for
Palestine, announced his resignation from that office, and
Felix M. Warburg, Chairman of the Administrative Com-
mittee of the Jewish Agency and Lord Melchett, chairman
of the Council announced their resignation from those
offices. In the announcement of his withdrawal, Mr.
Warburg, revealed the fact that at a private conference
on August 22, 1930, with Lord Passfield, Colonial Secretary,
the latter had authorized him to make certain statements
to the Administrative Committee of the Jewish Agency
which was then about to meet. Continuing his statement,
Mr. Warburg said: "With deep regret, I must resign as
Chairman of the Administrative Committee. I had the
right to place complete reliance upon the statements made
by Lord Passfield on behalf of the Government; and through
me the Jewish people were misled. Further relations such
as chairmanship of the Administrative Committee entails
are no longer possible." The statement concluded with a
REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691 25
pledge of a continuance of his efforts to support the work,

and an expression of confidence in "the inherent fairness of
the British people and enlightened public opinion through-
out the world, to enable us to overcome the obstacles which
now confront us."
The American Jewish Congress, which was holding a
convention in Washington, D. C , when the preliminary
digest of the White Paper was published, at once adopted
a resolution, calling upon the United States Government,
as one of the Powers having an interest in the Palestine
Mandate, to intervene. Two days later, on October 22, a
huge massmeeting was held in New York City under the
auspices of the Zionist Organization of America, at which
the policy of the White Paper was bitterly criticized by
many speakers, and a resolution was adopted denouncing
the policy outlined in the paper.
On the following day, the meeting of the American
members of the Administrative Committee of the Jewish
Agency, which had been called by its retiring chairman
Mr. Warburg, issued a statement protesting against "the
future policy in Palestine just announced by the British
Government, which, if acted upon, will constitute a flag-
rant violation of the Mandate and a repudiation by the
British Government of its covenant with the Jewish people
and its obligations to the League of Nations." Pointing
out that the new policy "was formulated in camera and
without discussion with the Jewish Agency, as provided
In the Mandate," the statement declared that "the proposed
policy threatens the whole Jewish effort in Palestine," and
concluded with a call to "all Jews to press forward with
renewed vigor the work of rehabilitating the Holy Land in
full confidence that the attempted repudiation of Jewish
rights of immigration and settlement in Palestine will not
be tolerated by the spirit of fair play of the British people
and enlightened opinion of mankind."
These sentiments were re-echoed by Jewish leaders and
by organizations and massmeetings held in many parts
of the country. Such meetings were held in Akron, O.,
Baltimore, Md., Boston, Mass., Cincinnati, O., Cleve-
land, O., Detroit, Mich., Jersey City, N. J., Louisville,
Ky., Newark, N. J., New Haven, Conn., New Orleans, La.,
New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., St. Louis, Mo., and

South Bend, Ind. In New York City a huge massmeeting
took place in the vast auditorium of Madison Square Garden
on November 2, the thirteenth anniversary of the issuance
of the Balfour Declaration. The Mizrachi, the Orthodox
wing of the Zionist movement at its annual convention on
October 27, in Baltimore adopted a resolution urging the
United States to take cognizance of the newly announced
policy of the British Government. A protest resolution was
also adopted by the American Jewish Committee1 at its
twenty-fourth Annual Meeting on November 9. In a
telegram to Sir Ronald Lindsay, Ambassador of Great
Britain at Washington, Alfred M. Cohen, president of the
B'nai B'rith, protested on behalf of the organization against
the White Paper and urged careful consideration of the
subject by the British Government.
In the meantime, the American members of the Admin-
istrative Committee on the Jewish Agency had established
an emergency committee which decided to set up a provi-
sional committee, under the chairmanship of Dr. Cyrus
Adler, to dispose of all emergent matters and to maintain
formal contact between the American members of the
Administrative Committee and the offices of the Jewish
Agency in England.
The matter was called to the attention of the Congress
of the United States in a speech delivered in the House of
Representatives on January 9, 1931, by Representative
Samuel Dickstein of New York, in which he called upon the
Government of the United States "to bring all its power
to bear for a correction of the situation."
The United States Government had in the meantime made no
public pronouncement regarding the matter. On November
7, 1930, however, it was unofficially stated that the admin-
istration had reached the decision to await debates in the
British Parliament on the new policy before it considers
making representations on account of any American
interests that might possibly be affected. This attitude, it
was said, implied no lack of sympathy on the part of the
American Government with the Zionist movement.
1
For the full text of this resolution see the twenty-fourth Anual Report of the
American Jewish Committee, pp. 368-369 post.
In order "to acquaint the public with the true facts in

Palestine, and to counteract the untruths which have
emerged from the British Colonial office," as Rabbi Stephen
S. Wise put it, the Zionist Organization solicited contribu-
tions to a special fund of $100,000. A step in this direction
was the publication early in December of "The Great
Betrayal," a book written jointly by Dr. Wise and Jacob
de Haas. While Zionist leaders were somewhat encouraged
by the announcement that the British Government had
invited representatives of the Jewish Agency, to confer on
the Government's Palestine policy, the explanations of the
British Government in the debates in Parliament a few
days after the middle of November were declared to have
"failed to remove the inherent injustices of the White
Paper," in a resolution adopted by the National Executive
Committee of the Zionist Organization of America, which
reiterated the demand "that the White Paper be eliminated
and annulled."
Nor was the letter of Premier Ramsay MacDonald to
Dr. Weizmann, made public in February 1931, which, in
explaining the White Paper, softened some of its harshest
provisions, greeted with much enthusiasm by American
Zionists. While Louis Lipsky, former president of the Zionist
Organization of America, hailed the letter "as the first step
toward rectifying what had become an impossible situation,"
and the New York Zionist Region adopted a resolution ex-
pressing satisfaction with the document, the Administrative
Committee of the Zionist Organization of America issued a
statement expressing the view that while the document "is
an improvement over the Passfield White Paper in tone,
in appraisal of Jewish achievement in Palestine, and in
recognition of trie relation of the entire Jewish people to
Palestine," it "omits much that should be made explicit,
and inadequately formulates that which it seems to have
accepted . . . " Referring to the fact that Dr. Weizmann
had publicly expressed satisfaction with the MacDonald
letter, the statement says that "it should be pointed out
that acceptance or rejection of the results of the conferences
—between the British Government and representatives of
the Jewish Agency—is exclusively a matter for the Zionist
Congress and the Council of the Jewish Agency.
The interest of American Jewry in Palestine matters was

kept alive also by the visit to this country in December, of
M. M. Ussishkin, head of the Jewish National Fund, the
land-purchasing Agency of the Zionist Movement, in
connection with an intensive campaign in behalf of the
Fund, and by the arrival, in March, of Dr. J. L. Magnes,
Chancellor of the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, who
came for the purpose of arousing increased interest in that
institution. Mr. Ussishkin toured the country in an effort
to secure pledges for contributions to the Jewish National
Fund, over a period of five years, sufficient for the purchase
of 200,000 dunams (46,140 acres) of land in Palestine—
this tract to be divided into sections to bear the name of
each community which subscribes. At a national conference,
held in Washington, D. C , on February 9, a new instru-
mentality, called the Keren Kayemeth League, was created
to promote the project. According to a statement issued
by the Jewish National Fund of America, early in June
1931, communities in thirty-two states of the Union, exclu-
sive of New York City, had subscribed a total of $1,350,000
for the acquisition and reclamation of 53,631 dunams
(12,273 acres). Plans formulated by the New York City com-
mittee called for subscriptions totaling $800,000, to cover
the cost of 40,000 dunams (9,228 acres).
Dr. Magnes also succeeded in arousing much enthusiasm.
He announced plans for the organization of an international
Society of Friends of the Hebrew University, with Chapters
in many cities in all parts of the world, the organization to
serve two purposes,—first, to stabilize the income of the
University; and second, to provide the institution with a
means for keeping the outside world informed of its activi-
ties. Dr. Magnes also suggested that special chapters could
be organized by persons interested in a particular depart-
ment of learning, to co-operate with the corresponding
faculty of the University. Several chapters were established
during Dr. Magnes's visit. During the past year, also, a
number of Jewish collegiate fraternities and youth organiza-
tions raised scholarship funds for the support of needy
students of the University.
Another distinguished visitor from Palestine was Miss
Henrietta Szold, founder of Hadassah, the American
Women's Zionist organization. In the fall, a delegation of

representatives of Histadruth, the Palestine Federation of
labor, and of the agricultural labor organization, and one
of the leaders of the Halutzoth, Women Pioneers in Palestine,
visited the United States. They were enthusiastically
greeted by Jewish labor organizations here, which during
the summer of 1930 had sent their representatives to visit
Palestine. The Palestinians were welcomed at a well-
attended convention of the National Labor Committee for
the Organized Jewish Workers in Palestine, held in New
York City on November 28-29, at which the challenge of
the Passfield White Paper was met by a resolution for a cam-
paign to raise among Jewish workingmen here a fund of
$500,000 for Palestine reconstruction, and it was announced
that, during the preceding year, a total of $174,845, and
during the preceding six years $760,614 had been raised
for this purpose.
In this connection it is interesting to note that, according
to a report made public in August 1930, by David A.
Brown, Chairman of the Palestine Emergency Fund which
was set up, one year before, for the aid of victims of the
Arab outbreaks in August 1929, a total of $2,083,818 had
been contributed to that fund in the United States, besides
$150,000 which had been sent direct by several individuals;
the fund had been increased by some $30,000 interest. At
the same time it was reported by Dr. Maurice B. Hexter,
one of the members of the special Committee appointed to
disburse these funds, that a total of $2,945,000 had been
received by the Committee from the United States and
England, and that the funds had been employed to rebuild
ruined communities, to establish new colonies, to construct
roads, to make loans for rehabilitative purposes, to purchase
land, and to care for widows and orphans.
Fund raising for Palestine assumed a new aspect during
the past year. It will be recalled that, at a conference, on
January 17, 1930, between representatives of the Joint
Distribution Committee and the American Members of the
Jewish Agency for Palestine, an agreement was reached for
conducting an Allied Jewish Campaign, to terminate on
December 31, 1930, for $6,000,000, of which $3,500,000 was
to be used by the Joint Distribution Committee, and
$2,500,000 was to constitute the American share of the

1930 budget of the Jewish Agency. The termination of the
joint effort at the close of 1930 and the launching of two
separate drives was announced, late in December, by Felix
M. Warburg and Doctor Cyrus Adler, on behalf of the
Joint Distribution Committee, and the Jewish Agency,
respectively. The announcement declared that while the
joint drive had resulted in the creation of important com-
munal values and the laying of the foundation, in many
communities, for enduring co-operation on behalf of Jewish
causes, yet "the inceasingly pressing need for immediate
funds for the achievements of both organizations, the differ-
ing budgetary requirements, and the advisability of
permitting as much freedom of choice and support as
possible during the present trying economic period, have
made it desirable... to separate their fund-raising activities.''
The statement also contained the information that during
the nine months since the Allied Jewish Campaign began,
more than 230 cities and towns had held local drives, and
that, in spite of the large sums raised by the Palestine
Emergency Fund and the unfavorable economic conditions,
the Campaign had succeeded in securing pledges in the
amount of $2,500,000 of which almost $1,500,000 had been,
at the date of the announcement, paid into the Campaign's
treasury. A final important point of the announcement was
that "every endeavor would be made by both organizations
so to conduct their campaigns as to keep intact the harmony,
the mutual goodwill and co-operation which have been such
important by-products of the Allied Jewish Campaign,"
and that, to promote this harmonious relationship, a
Committee on Campaign relations had been established.
Following this agreement, the American Palestine Cam-
paign of the Jewish Agency for Palestine was inaugurated
on January 25, 1931, at a conference in New York City
of delegates from many communities, a fund of $2,500,000
being set as the objective; the campaign committee appointed
was made up of both Zionist and non-Zionist members of
the Jewish Agency. By the end of April, local campaigns
had been launched in forty cities. Up to the time this is
being written, no announcement has been made regarding
the amount realized, but press reports indicated that many
communities had succeeded in raising the quotas assigned

to them, and that a spirit of harmony and co-operation was
prevalent.
That this was so was owing to a great extent to the fact
that the realignment of Zionist forces brought about at the
convention of the Zionist Organization of America in July
1930, had resulted in increased harmony within the Organi-
zation. The new administrative committee under the
chairmanship of Robert Szold, showed a determination to
intensify organizational activities in many directions. One
of its first steps was the appointment of committees entrusted
with the prosecution of definite tasks. The first meeting
of the Executive Committee, in September 1930, indicated
that the new leadership intended to emphasize the economic
methods for reconstruction in Palestine in order to accelerate
the pace of immigration.
The organization and its various affiliates, especially
Hadassah, the women's organization, Young Judaea, the
youth group, and Avakah, the collegiate Zionists, were very
active in efforts to consolidate their forces and to meet the
committments they had made in various directions.
As these lines are being written the eyes of many American
Jews are turned toward Basle, where at its seventeenth
Congress, the World Zionist Organization is endeavoring
to find solutions for the many acute problems now facing
the movement as a result of the events of the past two years.
While Palestine affairs absorbed much of the attention
directed to overseas events by the American Jewish com-
munity, it did not remain aloof from Jews in other countries,
although its interest in this direction was not nearly as
keen as during the preceding year, because the situation in
Russia as respects the persecution of religion had become
quiescent, and, except for a few montns of the review period,
anti-Jewish outbreaks in Roumania had virtually ceased.
Hope for improvement in the Roumanian situation was
reawakened with the return of Prince Carol, and his
accession to the throne, in June 1930. Pronouncements by
him and Mr. Maniu, who, after a brief retirement, returned
to the post of Premier, indicated a strong desire to suppress
anti-Jewish violence. But on the heels of these benevolent
declarations, a violent agitation began in the southern

districts of Bukowina, attacks occurred in many places, and,
for a long time, a state of terror existed among the Jews of
the district; the situation reached its climax in a conflagra-
tion, undoubtedly of incendiary origin, in the large village
of Borsa, which rendered fifteen hundred Jews homeless.
T h e American Jewish Committee had, in the meantime,
directed Morris D . Waldman, its Secretary, who had gone
abroad to examine at first hand some of the major problems
concerning European Jewry with which the Committee is
dealing, to proceed at once to Roumania. After two visits
to t h a t country, in the course of which he interviewed
many Jewish leaders and the chief government officials, and
visited the scenes of the recent outrages, Mr. Waldman gave
out, a t Geneva, a statement to the Jewish Telegraphic
Agency in which he asserted t h a t the press reports of the
outrages had not been exaggerated; t h a t they had been
unquestionably instigated and organized by anti-Semitic
agitators, who, because of the economic depression, found
the peasantry, normally friendly to their Jewish neighbors,
fertile soil for their propaganda; and t h a t these excesses
"would not have occurred had it not been for the government's
support of students' organizations and so-called patriotic
congresses, and the government's reluctance to suppress
illegal anti-Semitic propaganda, out of a mistaken emphasis
upon the liberty of the press and assembly." T h e correct-
ness of Mr. Waldman's observations was confirmed by
representatives of the American Jewish Congress who
visited the country later. 1 Representatives of the latter
organization also called in New York upon Charles A.
Davila, the Roumanian Minister to the United States and
requested him to urge his government to make immediate
and vigorous efforts to suppress the anti-Jewish agitation.
A report on the situation was submitted by Dr. Salo Baron,
at the convention of the American Jewish Congress in
October.
Early in January, the American community welcomed
reports from Roumania t h a t vigorous steps were being
taken by the government to suppress anti-Jewish agitation,
1
See Mr. Waldman's complete report to the American Jewish Commmittee, Twenty-
Fourth Annual Report, pages, 382-399 post.
that the headquarters of anti-Semitic organizations had

been raided, some of their leaders, arrested, and that the
government had decided to prosecute such agitators as
rebels. In the middle of the same month, Mr. Davila, the
Roumanian Minister, delivered an address before the
convention of the United Roumanian Jews of America, in
the course of which he ascribed much of the unrest in
Roumania to economic conditions and expressed the hope
that, because of recent changes in the attitude of international
financial circles toward Roumania, and the new policies of
the government of that country as respects investments of
foreign capital, Roumania had passed its most difficult
period. This convention of the United Roumanian Jews if
America was unusual in that, under leadership of Leo
Wolfson, its president, its discussions were devoted to means
of helping the economic development of Roumania, rather
than to the formulation of resolutions of protest, as at so
many previous conventions.
Although reports, early in July 1930, of anti-Jewish
outbreaks at Kovel and Zdunska-Vola, Poland, caused some
apprehension in America, the Jewish community here was
more concerned over the very bad economic situation of the
Jews in that country. In September, the Federation of
Polish Jews submitted a memorandum to the Polish Embassy
in Washington requesting the Ambassador to urge his
government to abolish such Tsaristic anti-Jewish laws as
were then still in force. In December, representatives of
the American Jewish Committee held a conference with
Dr. Titus Filipowicz, the Polish Ambassador, in the course
of which the economic situation of Poland in general, and
of the Jewish population in particular, was discussed. The
Committee's representatives pointed out that changes which
are rapidly taking place in the economy of Poland, have
resulted in the wide displacement of middlemen, a displace-
ment which has had a disastrous effect especially upon the
Jews, who, because of an historical development, happen
to be, to an overwhelming extent, middlemen, and that their
suffering has been aggravated by restrictions and by
unfavorable discrimination. A plea was made for the
repeal of the Tsaristic laws, for the opening up of state
monopolies and state-owned enterprises to Jews, and for a
change in the taxation system which now imposes a dis-

proportionate burden upon city-dwellers.
The Committee's representatives pointed out that it is
a moral obligation of the Polish Government as well as to
its interests, "to offset the hardships suffered by Jews in
their dislodgment owing to newly-created State monopolies,"
by seeing to it that "the Jewish employes are not discharged
from their employment in these industries, and, to provide
for the large number of Jewish merchants and artisans
deprived of a livelihood by the new industrial development
in Poland, the Government should encourage new industries
in which the Jews might find opportunity for employment."
According to the official report of the interviewed, "the
Ambassador stated that he understands that the Tsaristic
restrictions will be abolished in the near future; he admitted
that the percentage of Jewish workers in some monopolies
and other state-owned enterprises is often very small,
adding that the Government intends to increase it to a just
proportion, wherever possible, and the Government will
lend its good offices to influence municipalities and other
enterprises which are not under Government control, to
adopt the same policy; he recognized that the present
taxation system is detrimental to the city-dwellers and
therefore to the Jews, and indicated that his Government
intends to bring about a revision of the taxes, diminishing
taxes on commerce, especially the turn-over tax."
The Ambassador also indicated that "an inquiry is being
made into the question of utilizing waste lands in Polesie
and that the Government is favorably disposed to settlement
of Jews on these lands."
Discussions along the same lines took place in March, at
a farewell reception in New York in honor of Dr. Titus
Zbszewski, former Polish consul in Jerusalem, before his
departure for Chicago to take a similar post there. The
reception, arranged by the Kolo Polskie, a Polish cultural
society, was attended by a number of Jews, affiliated with
the American Jewish Congress and the Federation of Polish
Jews in America. In June, at its twenty-third annual
convention, the Federation adopted a resolution deploring
the failure of the Polish Government to act toward the
improvement of the condition of the Polish Jews.
The phenomenal gain of the National Socialist Party

(Fascisti) in the German Reichstag election in the middle of
September 1930, and the anti-Jewish riots which occurred
on the day the new Reichstag assembled, violently drew
the attention of American Jewry to the situation of their
German brethren, because the program of this Party,
which is led by Adolph Hitler, bristles with threats against
the Jews of Germany. While several Jewish organizations
in the United States were deeply stirred by the results of
the German elections, they took no action, knowing that
the sister community in Central Europe is well able to deal
with the situation, and feeling confident that the sober
judgment of the mass of the German people would not
permit German honor to be stained by a recrudenscence of
medieval persecution.
Considerable interest and some misgiving were aroused,
however, by the disclosure of the fact that active Hitlerite
cells exist in the United States, engaged in preaching the
philosophy, and defending the policy, of the German Fascist
movement. Such groups were found in a number of cities,
including New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and
Milwaukee. During the year, also, National Socialist
newspapers in Germany frequently devoted space to attacks
against American Jews,—attacks which were generally
absurd and fantastic. In November, for example, the
Voelkische Beobachter, the leading organ of the Nazis,
published an article entitled "Chicago, the City Without
a Soul," asserting that all places of amusement and a
majority of the business houses in Chicago are in Jewish
hands, and that eighty percent of its judges are Jews and
"sell their services mostly to Chicago criminal elements."
A count made by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency showed
that only thirteen of the one hundred judges in the courts
located in Chicago were Jews.
The announcement, in June, by President Hoover of the
willingness of the United States to suspend for one year
payments on account of debts due the United States
treasury by foreign governments, provided they suspend
payments on similar debts due them, was looked upon by
the American Jewish community, because of the benefits
which Germany would derive from such a moratorium, as a
serious setback to the National Socialist movement, which,

as Albert Einstein so aptly said, "feeds on the empty stom-
ach of the German people."
In May, American Jewry was compelled to turn its eyes
to a foreign country much nearer home than Germany.
Beginning in November 1930, somewhat disquieting reports
had been coming from the neighbor republic Mexico,
indicating that an anti-foreign agitation was afoot in that
country, with the small Jewish trader as its chief target.
On April 30, came reports that the municipal authorities of
Mexico City had forcibly expelled several hundred of these
traders from one of the markets. On the basis of these
reports, Alfred M. Cohen, President of the B'nai B'rith
addressed a telegram to the United States Department of
State, requesting our government to protest to Mexico
against the action of the municipal authorities of the
Mexican capital. The Department requested the American
Ambassador to report on the situation, with the view to
determing if any American citizens had been involved,
indicating that unless this was the case it could not make
such representations as requested by Alfred M. Cohen,
President of the B'nai B'rith.
In this connection it is interesting to recall that in 1925
the B'nai B'rith had established in Mexico City a bureau
to aid refugee Jewish immigrants, for which work it had
received a substantial subsidy from the Emergency Com-
mittee for Jewish Refugees, which had been established in
1924, by a number of national Jewish organizations upon
the initiative of the American Jewish Committee, the
American Jewish Congress, and other bodies. The B'nai
B'rith had withdrawn its representative in Mexico, J. L.
Weinberger, only a short time before the anti-foreign out-
breaks. A week after these events Mr. Weinberger was
requested to return to Mexico to investigate the situation.
At the same time Mr. Cohen, the President of the B'nai
B'rith, stated that he had been informed by the State
Department that the investigation conducted by J. Reuben
Clark, Ambassador of the United States, indicated that the
incidents which had occurred in Mexico City were the
result of the economic depression, which manifested itself in
demonstrations against non-Mexican elements, including
REVIEW OF THE YEAR S691 37
Jews, but that there had been no violence. Early in June,

the American Jewish Congress also sent a representative
to investigate the Mexican situation.
While the American Jewish community was preoccupied
with these matters of political concern in various foreign
countries, it did not abate its efforts to ameliorate the
economic situation of other communities, although, because
of the business depression and the consequent difficulty of
raising adequate funds, work in this direction had to mark
time during the past year. In November, when Dr. Bernhard
Kahn, European director of the Joint Distribution Commit-
tee, came to the United States to confer with the leaders of
that organization, he stated that it had disbursed over one
million dollars during the preceding year for reconstructive
relief in Eastern Europe. He declared that European
Jewish leaders were well aware of the present economic
crisis in America, and that despite the great reduction in
funds from the United States and the fact that European
countries, too, are suffering from the same depression,they
are ready to carry on the reconstruction work; they wish
to be convinced, however, that the existing reduction in
America's financial help was only temporary.
During February, announcement was made of the reor-
ganization of the Joint Distribution Committee under a
charter which provided for a National Council of two hun-
dred and fifty, to form the general body, which would elect
a board of directors of forty-eight and an executive committee
of fifteen. On Saturday evening, March 21st, and Sunday,
March 22nd, the reorganized Joint Distribution Committee
held a national conference in New York City which inaug-
urated the campaign for two and a half million dollars for
the work of the Committee for 1931, with Rabbi Jonah B.
Wise of New York as national director; Albert Ottinger,
formerly attorney-general of the State of New York, was
selected chairman for New York City, which was assigned
a quota of one million dollars. The campaign was actually
launched in March, and the New York City drive was
started in May. Notwithstanding the agreement that had
been reached regarding separate campaigns for Palestine
and for relief work, joint drives were held in many com-
munities, because it was felt by the local leaders that such
campaigns were likely to be more successful than separate

efforts. Up to the time this is being written there has been
no announcement of the results of the J. D. C. campaign,
which is to be continued in the fall.
Together with a number of Landsmannschaften, the Ort, an
organization which seeks to stimulate the industrialization
of the Jews of Eastern Europe, held a national conference
on November 30th, at which it was agreed that efforts
would be concentrated to supply Jewish artisans in Eastern
Europe with tools and machinery, and with financial
assistance for the construction and operation of factories.
The Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society
( H I A S ) , another organization which works for the economic
recovery of Eastern European Jewry, found itself faced with
a deficit in October, and was compelled to make a special
appeal for funds. In December, Dr. Myron Kreinin,
president of the United Jewish Emigration Committees of
Europe (Emigdirekt), arrived in the United States to
consult with the officers of the H I A S regarding the further
prosecution of the emigration work which was being
conducted jointly by the two organizations and the Jewish
Colonization Association ( I C A ) . Dr. Kreinin stated that,
under the joint auspices of the three bodies, some fifteen
thousand Jews had been aided during the preceding year
to emigrate to South America, which at the present time
is the best immigration region. He pointed out that because
of the poorer financial condition of the emigrants who are
being aided, it is necessary for these societies to subsidize
them to a greater extent than before.
The H I A S which, at the close of the World War, had
prepared facilities for the physical care of a large number
of immigrants, was able during the past year to devote these
facilities, which were not being employed to the full capacity
because of the drastic reduction in immigration since 1924,
to relieving domestic distress resulting from the unemploy-
ment crisis at home. The work of H I A S in this direction, it
was said by Solomon C. Lowenstein, executive director of
New York Federation, who was chairman of the executive
committee of the Co-ordinating Committee on Unemploy-
ment of the New York Welfare Council, rendered breadlines
and soup kitchens for Jews unnecessary. In May, H I A S
announced that during the preceding four months its Shelter

Department had served 45,132 free meals and provided
6,129 nights of shelter at its headquarters; during the
Passover the same department had served 7,026 meals.
The situation of HIAS was typical of that which faced
every Jewish social service organization in the country,—
the facilities and services of all of them were in demand as
never before, and yet, at the same time, their resources
were drastically reduced. As a result, these institutions
found it necessary to adopt emergency measures. In
September, the Jewish Welfare Board called a conference of
executives of Y. M. H. A.'s and Jewish Centers, over which
Harry L. Glucksman, Executive Director of the Jewish
Welfare Board, presided, at which the standards that had
to be observed in the face of the depression, were agreed
upon and plans laid down for economies that were compat-
ible with the maintenance of such standards. Faced with
deficits, practically every local federation in the country
was compelled to reduce its budget. In January, the officers
of the Chicago Jewish Charities announced that, for the
first time in the history of that federation it had ended the
year with a deficit. In the same month a conference of
representatives of the leading federations was held in Cleve-
land at which plans were elaborated in two directions,
namely, first, to tap hitherto undeveloped sources of support,
and second, to introduce economies by such devices as would
not lower the efficiency or reduce the effectiveness of the
work of the agencies.
Several important Jewish institutions were seriously
affected by the business depression, especially those which
had recently shouldered obligations because of new buildings.
Partly as a result of the hard times, there were, during the
year, a number of mergers of Jewish social service agencies.
Two hospitals in Newark, New Jersey, three societies in
Omaha, Nebraska, and two institutions in Jersey City,
New Jersey, were among those which combined.
While the situation was somewhat gloomy, it was not
altogether black. The Jewish Federation of Boston, for
example, reported in May that the preceding year had been
the most successful in its history. At the convention, in
June, of the National Conference of Jewish Social Service
in Minneapolis, Miss Frances Taussig, executive director of

the Jewish Social Service Association of New York City
which engages largely in family relief work, reported that
the Association and other family relief agencies had suc-
ceeded in maintaining their standards in spite of the
depression; and at the Annual Convention of the National
Association of Jewish Center Executives held at Lake
George, New York, in June, its president, E. J. Londow,
reported that the Jewish Centers had been able to continue
functioning in a healthy manner.
While several new communal buildings were opened or
dedicated during the year, these were, in most cases, financed
by endowments, or by funds gathered during the period of
prosperity. In October, the Jewish Theological Seminary
in New York dedicated a group of new buildings, including
the Jacob H. Schiff Memorial Library, given by members
of the Schiff family; the Unterberg Memorial Building to
house the Teachers' Institute, the gift of Israel Unterberg
of New York in memory of his parents; and the Louis S.
Brush Memorial Dormitory Building, provided for in the
will of the late Louis S. Brush. In June, in connection with
the commencement exercises of the Hebrew Union College,
in Cincinnati, a new library building, erected at a cost of
$250,000, contributions toward which had been gathered
several years earlier, was dedicated. In April, the Pauline
Sterne Wolff Memorial Home for the aged and orphaned at
Houston, Texas, endowed by a bequest of Mrs. Wolff who
died in 1921, was opened1. In May, the cornerstone was laid
of a new building to house the Jewish Young Men's and
Young Women's Associations at Rochester, New York, for
which a building fund of over one million dollars had been
pledged in 1929. In the following month, the new building
of the Bialystoker Home for the Aged, which had cost
a half million dollars, was dedicated in New York City.
Among other events of interest in connection with Jewish
communal life, three are worthy of note. In October
announcement was made to the effect that the negotiations
for the merging of the two philanthropic federations in
1
This institution was omitted, by inadvertence, from the list of Jewish Homes
for Children in the United States, Vol. 32, pp. 204-205. Its Executive Director is
Aaron D. Faber, formerly Superintendent of the Foster Home for Hebrew Orphans,
Philadelphia, Pa.
New York City, the Federation for the Support of Jewish

Philanthropic Societies of New York City, which serves only
the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx, and the Brook-
lyn Federation of Jewish Charities, which serves that bor-
ough, had failed, although both bodies had voted in favor
of consolidation in December 1929. No explanation of the
failure of the negotiations was made public. A proposal
to establish a national union of local federations of organiza-
tions of Jewish women was also voted down at a conference
of representatives of national organizations of Jewish
women, which took place in New York City in May. On
the other hand, a conference of Jewish farmers held in
October decided to form a federation with the object of
co-ordinating the various Jewish co-operatives and other
farm associations, and to develop "a larger and more satis-
fying rural life, and to get the organizations to work
together to improve the material, social, and economic
conditions of the Jewish farmers in this country."
In this connection, it is interesting to record that, in the
thirty-first annual report of the Jewish Agricultural Society,
issued in February, the general manager, Gabriel Davidson,
expressed the view that while they were feeling the effects
of the general economic depression, the Jewish farmers
throughout the country were managing to maintain their
position.
Several special factors operated to increase the suffering
among some sections of American Jewry from the slump
in business. Chief of these were the failure of banks in which
a very larger proportion of the depositors and investors
were Jews, strikes in trades employing many Jews, and
discrimination as against Jews seeking employment. Not
only did Jews participate in all civic efforts to relieve suffer-
ing in general, but Jewish organizations also established
special agencies to help meet the crisis. The service of
HIAS in New York City in this direction has already been
described. In Detroit a kosher kitchen was opened; in
San Francisco, Congregation Emanu-El decided in Novem-
ber to transform its gymnasium, during the ensuing winter,
into a dormitory for jobless, homeless men, should the
emergency warrant; in Baltimore, the Jewish Educational
Alliance established an employment bureau to supplement
the placement work of the Jewish Social Service Bureau; in

New York, the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations
organized a series of massmeetings and concerts to raise
funds for the benefit of the unemployed, and the New York
Board of Jewish Ministers appointed a special committee to
organize the congregations of the city to aid the workless;
and in Los Angeles, a Jewish group decided to organize an
employment bureau along semi-commercial lines.
The subject of discrimination in employment was dis-
cussed at conferences held in New York in December 1930,
and January 1931, of representatives of national Jewish
organizations, called by the B'nai B'rith, which resulted in
the formation of a National Conference on Jewish Employ-
ment, of which Alfred M. Cohen, President of the B'nai
B'rith, and Dr. I. M. Rubinow, executive director of that
body, and Estelle M. Sternberger, executive Secretary of
the National Council of Jewish Women, were elected co-sec-
retaries. The participating organizations, besides the B'nai
B'rith, are: the American Jewish Congress, the Jewish
Welfare Board, the National Council of Jewish Women,
the Independent Order B'rith Abraham, and the United
Hebrew Trades.
One of the most tragic aspects of the business depression
was its effect upon some Jewish educational agencies. In
October, at the annual convention in New York City of the
Agudath Ha-Morim Ha-Ibrim (Hebrew Teachers Federa-
tion), the economic situation of many of its members was
represented as extremely unfavorable, and much dissatis-
faction was expressed with the reduction of salaries and
the drastic cutting of staffs. At the convention of the
Mizrachi, held the same month in Baltimore, an entire
session was devoted to a discussion of the state of Jewish
education in America, which was described as deplorable.
In December, a report submitted to the executive committee
of the National Committee for Jewish Education indicated
that the Hebrew schools in thirteen of the largest cities
had suffered a considerable fall in income, necessitating in
many cases the reduction of teaching staffs and the con-
solidation of classes. In the same month, Bernard Semel,
honorary secretary of the Jewish Education Association, in
New York City, published a statement to the effect that, in
282 Talmud Torahs and Jewish weekday religious schools

with an aggregate registration of 49,000 pupils, the number
of children on the free list had been increased by 2,500,
representing an additional burden on the community of
$125,000 a year. At the dinner celebrating the ninth
anniversary of the Association, Israel Unterberg, its
president, reported that, in spite of the depression, the
attendance at Jewish religious schools in New York City
had remained the same during 1930 as in the preceding year,
namely 71,462, besides some 30,000 who were receiving
private instruction. In May, announcement was made that
eight Jewish parochial schools in New York City in which
between five thousand and six thousand children were
receiving a secular and a Hebrew education, were in danger
of closing because of a dearth of funds. At a meeting of
persons interested in these schools, held in June, it was
reported that only $25,000 of the $250,000 required to
maintain these schools had been until then raised.
Early in April, it was reported that the Hebrew Theological
College in Chicago was in danger of suspending its activities
owing to a lack of funds. At the convention, in May, of the
Union of Orthodox Rabbis, the proposal was made that all
spiritually-minded orthodox Jews impose a voluntary tax of
five dollars a year on themselves for the preservation of
Orthodox Judaism, and it was declared that, unless the
yeshiboth are supported, disintegration threatens Ortho-
doxy. At the annual conference of the National Council for
Jewish Education held in Pittsburgh at the end of May, a
report of a study of Jewish education in fifteen cities with a
combined Jewish population of 3,000,000 was presented,
with the comment that the survey indicated that the
Jewish school is confronted with the problem of saving the
standards achieved over many years of effort and at the
cost of millions of dollars, and an urgent plea was made that
Federations of Jewish Charities and similar communal
agencies recognize their responsibilities toward Jewish
Education and meet them.
In connection with Jewish education it is interesting to
note also that, in October 1930, the Teachers Institute of
the Jewish Theological Seminary of America opened a model
school to afford pupils of the institute an opportunity to
obtain practical training while learning to teach in Jewish

schools; and that a survey made by Dr. Julius Mailer,
director of educational research of the Union of American
Hebrew Congregations, the results of which were published
in June, indicated that during the five preceding years
the number of children enrolled in Jewish Sunday schools
had increased by about 44 percent.
That religious institutions were not immune from the
effects of the business depression was indicated at the annual
convention, in July 1930, of the Rabbinical Association of
the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, composed
of graduates of that institution, when Rabbi Nachman H.
Ebin, its president, made a plea that Jewish communities
in the United States suspend for five years the building of
new synagogues, because "since the financial crash, com-
munities have been overtaxed by the building of new and
large synagogues." In May, 1931, Rabbi Abraham Schechter
of Houston, Texas, published in a local Jewish weekly a plea
for a two-year postponement of the graduation of rabbis
and Jewish teachers from theological schools and teachers'
seminaries.
While the record of the year was not altogether bare of
the building of new synagogues, it was notable rather for
mergers of existing congregations. The list of such mergers
includes two orthodox congregations in Galveston, Texas,
another two in Worcester, Mass., and two Reform congre-
gations in Cincinnati, O.
Besides those already referred to, two conventions of the
year in the field of religion are noteworthy. The first was
the 32nd Biennial Council of the Union of American
Hebrew Congregations, which took place in Philadelphia in
January, and where many communal and religious problems,
now confronting American Jewry, were discussed in a
symposium under the general title, "The Synagogue, its
Relation to Modern Thought and Life." Besides prominent
representatives of American communities, Miss Lily H.
Montagu of Lortdon, honorary secretary of the World
Union for Progressive Judaism, was a speaker.
The other convention was the 42nd annual meeting of the
Central Conference of American Rabbis, at Wawasee, Ind.,
in June, at which a revised hymnal, upon which acommittee

of the Conference had been at work for the past five years,
was adopted after a long debate as to the inclusion of
Kol Nidre and Hatikvah, the Zionist anthem, the outcome
of which was that it was decided to include the traditional
melody of Kol Nidre for "its sentimental value," but not
the words, and a motion to exclude Hatikvah was lost by
a vote of 54 to 42. As a result of revision of the Union Hymnal
which is used in 400 Reform congregations throughout the
country, 177 hymns by non-Jewish poets and composers
were deleted, and 200 hymns by Jewish poets set to music
by Jewish composers were introduced. The Conference
decided that its forthcoming Year Book be dedicated to
Professor George Foot Moore, who had died on May 16,
1931, as a tribute to that great non-Jewish Hebrew scholar
and sympathetic interpreter of Judaism. The Conference
also adopted a resolution expressing disfavor of "the agita-
tion on the part of Jews to have bills passed by state legis-
latures for the protection of kosher practices."
In connection with the subject of hymnology, it is inter-
esting to record the fact that, in October, announcement was
made that Ernest Bloch, the famous composer, was, and
had for some time been, at work on new musical settings
for synagogue services, having been commissioned to
undertake this task by Gerald F. Warburg of New York City.
A number of interesting events in connection with Jewish
ritual deserve to be recorded. In July, an orthodox congre-
gation in Seattle announced the abandonment of the
separate seating of men and women in its synagogue, and
in April, a Conservative Congregation in Detroit announced
that in its new synagogue, then under course of construction,
provision had been made for both mixed and separate
seating. In Boston, Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform
congregations joined in the celebration of Hanukah in
December. In March, the history, ceremonial, and songs of
the Passover Seder service were broadcast by radio in
Cleveland, under the auspices of the religious school of
one of the local congregations.
The subject of Kashruth gave rise to a number of disputes
during the year. A conflict between two factions over the
control of the Va'ad Ha-Kashruth of Paterson, N. J., which

began in July and threatened permanently to split orthodox
Jewry of that city, was not settled until December. A
similar dispute, which had been raging in St. Louis, Mo., for
over a year, was decided in August, 1930, while another
broke out in Newark, N. J., in February, 1931. In Spring-
field, Mass., the authority of a rabbi to order shohetim to
refrain from slaughtering cattle for a local dealer in kosher
meat, because the dealer had violated Jewish law, was
sustained, in May, by the courts, in a decision in a suit
in equity brought by the dealer. In Chicago, a similar
situation was handled by the local community without the
direct aid of civil authority. In December, the Orthodox
rabbinate declared a ban on poultry slaughtered by members
of the local union of shohetim until six officials of the union,
who were charged with racketeering and other unbecoming
conduct, were dismissed, and the union placed itself under
the control of the Rabbinate. The union retaliated by
declaring a strike, but after a lapse of only ten days
capitulated and acceded to all the demands of the rabbis.
In New York City, dissatisfaction with the Kashruth
situation became widespread during the year, the preval-
ence of bribery of enforcement officials by butchers not
complying with, and frequent and flagrant violation of, the
State law on the subject being charged. Late in May, after
a conference between Jewish representatives and Mayor
James J. Walker, the latter appointed a committee of 25
(later increased to 65) rabbis and laymen to draft recom-
mendations for the better enforcement of the law.
On the other hand, the Board of Jewish Ministers of
Northern California vigorously opposed a bill introduced in
the legislature making unlawful the misbranding of terefah
meat as kosher, on the ground that such legislation unneces-
sarily injects a religious issue into the laws, that the rabbis
are competent to handle the matter without such legislation,
and that the proposed law did not designate who was to
pass judgment on the food in question. The bill was passed
and it became law in June.
In connection also with Kashruth, it is interesting to
record that in May, at the annual conference of Chicago
Kehillah (Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations), a
resolution favoring the adoption of a tax on kosher meat

to provide funds to cover the budget of the Kehillah was
adopted.
A number of events of Jewish literary and cultural interest
deserve recording. In August, a National Jewish Book of the
Month Club was organized in Chicago, under private
sponsorship, and in October a Yiddish Book Club was
established as one of the activities of the Yiddish Kultur
Gesellschaft. In the same month the Yiddish Scientific
Institute held a conference in New York City, at which
some sixty societies were represented, and decided upon a
comprehensive study of all phases of Jewish life in America.
Another significant conference was that of representatives
of the Yiddish press in the United States and Canada, of the
Yiddish stage, and of various cultural societies, which was
held in the metropolis in April. Called by the Jewish Writers'
Club, the conference celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of
Jewish mass immigration from Eastern Europe, the discus-
sions taking the form of a survey of Yiddish cultural
development in the United States during that period, and
plans being laid for stimulating further progress.
Among the significant publications of the year were a
book on the Jewish community of Venice by Dr. Cecil Roth
of London, issued by the Jewish Publication Society; "A
History of the Jews in the United States," by Rabbi Lee
J. Levinger, issued by the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations; "Religion in a Changing World" by Rabbi
Abba Hillel Silver, which was selected as the January 1931
choice by the Religious Book Club, whose board of judges
is composed of leading Christian clergymen; a translation
of the monumental history of religious liberty "God in
Freedom" by Luigi Luzzatti, under the editorship of Max
J. Kohler; and the first volume of a two-volume history
of Jewish literature by Dr. Meyer Waxman.
Following the publication in October of "Haym Salomon
and the Revolution" by Charles Edward Russell, the move-
ment for the erection of a monument, initiated and fostered
by the Federation of Polish Jews, in honor of the Jewish
patriot, gained considerable momentum, but in April it
uffered a set-back following the publication by Max J.
Kohler, one of the leading scholars in the field of American

Jewish history, of a pamphlet entitled "Haym Salomon, the
Patriot Broker of the Revolution, His Real Achievements
and Their Exaggeration," in which Mr. Kohler declared that
recent research indicated that though he was "a true and
self-sacrificing patriotic citizen of the country, who rendered
it valuable and important services in 'the times that tried
men's souls,' " Haym Salomon neither lent nor claimed
lending to the nascent American Republic the large sums,
the alleged lending of which is the chief basis for Salomon's
fame. The claims, wrote Mr. Kohler, "rest on fabrications
of evidence, fraudulent concealment, and misrepresentations,
of which a son of the patriot or the son's agents were guilty,
between 1827 and 1864." Mr. Kohler's pamphlet aroused
a somewhat unpleasant controversy in the Jewish press,
but the Federation of Polish Jews declared its intention to
proceed with its plans for the monument, on the ground
that, Mr. Kohler's disclosures to the contrary notwith-
standing, the services of Salomon to the Republic were of
sufficient value and significance to justify this honor to his
memory.
It is also interesting to note in connection with literary
matters that, in April, there was organized the Jewish
Braille Institute of America, which, with the co-operation
of the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods and the
Synagogue Council of America, will publish a monthly
magazine, in Braille, for free distribution among the Jewish
blind throughout the English-speaking world, will establish
a Jewish Braille Library, adopt an international Braille
Hebrew code, make possible an adequate supply of He-
brew literature for the blind, and adapt the "Moon"
system for Yiddish for the benefit of the adult, Yiddish-
speaking blind, who lose their sight in later life and are
unable to learn the more complicated Braille system.
Financial difficulties in the main were responsible for the
suspension of the publication of The Jewish Tribune, a
weekly which had been founded in Portland, Oregon, in
1903, by the Rev. Dr. Nehemiah Mosessohn (1853-1926),
and had been published in New York City since 1918, by
his sons David N., who died during the past year, and
Moses D. Mosessohn. Depressed business conditions were
responsible also for labor troubles in connection with the

Yiddish theatrical season which opened in the fall of 1930.
The celebration of an annual "Hebrew Week" was inaug-
urated, in April, by the Histadruth Ivrith, which also issued,
in June, the first volume of a Sefer Ha-Shanah, a Hebrew
year book, under the joint editorship of Menahem Ribalow
and Zwi Scharfstein, containing poetical and prose contribu-
tions by some forty writers.
Hebrew gained further recognition as a subject of study
during the year. In July, the recommendation of Dr. Henry
I. Gerling, superintendent of schools of St. Louis, that
Hebrew be introduced as an accredited language in the high
schools was approved by the Board of Education. In
September, when the course was inaugurated, more than
100 pupils enrolled in two high schools, and Dr. Gerling
pronounced the experiment a success. In the same month
announcement was made that the College of Puget Sound,
Tacoma, Washington, would offer a course in Hebrew and
another on modern Palestine. In April, Frank Cody,
superintendent of schools in Detroit, announced the intro-
duction of a course in Hebrew in one of the high schools,
beginning in the fall. In Massachusetts, the University
Extension Division of the State Department of Education
again offered a course of lectures in Yiddish by Dr. A. A.
Roback, this time on Yiddish poetry and drama
There were a number of interesting developments in
connection with the perennial question of religion in the
public schools, during the period under review. In Water-
bury, Conn., the announcement of the educational authori-
ties, in July 1930 that beginning with the fall term, religious
instruction would be given for one hour each week in the
public schools to all children whose parents desire it, was
greeted with violent protest by the Jewish population, and
also by many Christians. The authorities ignored the
protest, whereupon Jewish leaders announced their intention
to seek an injunction in the courts. A similar proposal
made in San Antonio, Texas, was defeated as the result of
a protest movement led by Rabbi Ephraim Frisch. The
Board of Jewish Ministers of Northern California also voted
in December to oppose the passage in the Legislature of a bill
permitting the same practice. In this connection much

interest was aroused by the remarks of Dr. William John
Cooper, United States Commissioner of Education, in two
public addresses, in which he expressed opposition to the
teaching of religion, and also the reading of the Bible, in
public schools.
T h e question of Bible reading in public schools was
brought up in September in the State of Washington when
a group of parents and their children filed a petition with the
State Board of Education, to make reading and teaching
the Bible compulsory in the public schools, although the
question had been before the Supreme Court of the State
and the Attorney General many times, and both had held
that the use of the Bible in any way was unconstitutional.
After a public hearing on the petition, the Board of Educa-
tion adopted a resolution t h a t it had no jurisdiction to pass
upon it, as it involved a constitutional question. T h e
petitioners, thereupon, took the matter to the Supreme
Court of the State which decided adversely, but permitted
them to take the matter up to the Supreme Court of the
United States. Up to the time of writing, t h a t tribunal had
not published its decision. Agitation for Bible-reading was
carried on during the year in Tennessee and in Michigan;
in the latter state, a bill providing for Bible-reading in the
schools was opposed by the Board of Education of Detroit.
Considerable discussion was aroused in New York City,
in June, when announcement was made by the Interfaith
Committee, a group comprised of Catholics, of Protestants,
and of Jews, that plans had been made for giving in the fall,
instruction in the Bible to High School students after school
hours, and outside of the school premises, the Committee
having secured a ruling from the State Board of Regents to
the effect that "a course in Bible study given to High
School students outside the school hours, under the instruc-
tional conditions satisfactory to the Board of Education,
and following a course of instruction approved by the Board
of Education, may, on proper presentation to this Depart-
ment, through the local Superintendent of Schools, be
approved for credit." T h e announcement aroused many
protests. In the meantime, circulars, explaining the plan,
had been distributed among the 12,000 pupils of two high
schools, only 120 of whom returned the blanks signifying

their intention to take the course to be offered by the
Interfaith Committee in a synagogue and two churches,
near each of the schools.
A somewhat novel step in the direction of fostering a
better understanding of Jews on the part of Christian chil-
dren was taken, during July 1930, by the Ramsey County
Sunday School Association in St. Paul, which conducted, in
twelve church vacation schools, courses beginning with a
study of ancient Hebrew life as depicted in the Old Testa-
ment, running through present-day conditions, and con-
cluding with studies of the lives of outstanding Jewish
scientists, philanthropists, philosophers, and rabbis of
today. The children were also taken to a synagogue where
Jewish worship was described and Jewish symbolism and
ceremonial explained. Other efforts to promote good will
between Jews and Christians included study circles and
seminars, and steps on the part of school, college, and uni-
versity authorities to prevent embarrassment of Jewish
pupils and students desiring to observe Jewish holidays. In
New York City, the Board of Education agreed to begin the
Easter-week school vacation on Thursday, April 2, the first
day of Passover, instead of on the following day, Good
Friday, as was customary, upon the intervention of the
officers of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations;
the College of the City of New York and Hunter College,
both of which have a large proportion of Jewish students,
took similar steps. In Houston, Tex., final examinations in
the schools, which were scheduled for May 22, the first day
of Shebuoth, were postponed upon the request of Rabbi
Abraham I. Schechter.
A very serious case of conflict of dates arose in Maryland,
where it happened that all the four days fixed by the
Legislature for the registration of voters in Baltimore, for
the elections in November 1930 fell, on important Jewish
holy days,—the two days of Rosh Ha-Shanah and the first
two days of Sukkoth. In a petition to Governor Albert C.
Ritchie to change the dates, it was pointed out that unless
this was done the 15,000 Jewish voters of Baltimore would
be virtually disfranchised, by circumstances entirely be-
yond their control. Inasmuch as the Governor lacked the nec-

essary power, he at once convened a special one-day session
of the Legislature at a cost to the state of $9,000, in order
to have the dates changed, which was done in one hour
and a half.
Similar success did not attend efforts to bring about a
change in the date of the opening of the 1931 convention of
the American Legion, at Detroit, which was scheduled for
September 21, Yom Kippur. At its meeting at Indianapolis,
in May, the executive committee expressed regret at its
inability to change the date because of the extensive
preparations which had been made, but it decided that, out
of respect to Jewish legionaires, the convention would meet
only in the forenoon of the opening day.
Another example of goodwill was the formation in a
number of cities of "Pro-Palestine Good Will Committees"
to promote a better understanding of Zionism among non-
Jews and to enlist their aid for the rehabilitation of Palestine;
the formation of the first of such committees was announced
in January in Chicago, at a dinner given by the Zionists of
that city in honor of Judge Julian W. Mack, and similar
committees were formed in St. Louis, Milwaukee, Detroit,
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore,
Boston and Washington, D. C. Christian leaders also
publicly espoused the cause of Jewish charitable institutions
seeking contributions, and contributed to both the campaign
of the Jewish Agency for Palestine and that of the Joint
Distribution Committee. On the other hand there were not
a few examples of friendship toward the church on the part
of the synagogue.
Not all gestures of goodwill on the part of Christians
were wholeheartedly welcomed by the Jewish community.
Thus, when in December, the North American Home Mis-
sions Congress adopted a resolution expressing good will
and friendly feeling toward the Jewish population, deploring
the long record of injustice and ill-usage on the part of
professed Christians, and calling upon Christians to oppose
anti-Semitism in every form, Rabbi Israel Goldstein of New
York who had, three years earlier, addressed the same body
on the subject of the proselyting of Jews, expressed doubt
as to the sincerity of the pronouncement, and the view that
the motive of its suggestions was the hope that "an attitude
of goodwill and friendly feeling toward the Jew would be a
more effective means of winning him to Christianity."
Rabbi Goldstein's suspicions were apparently supported by
the fact that, at the convention, in January 1931, of the
Foreign Missions Council of North America, Dr. John R.
Mott, President of the International Missionary Council,
declared that its International Committee on Christian
Approach to the Jew "will foster deeper understanding and
mutually helpful fellowship between Christians and Jews,"
and that "missionary work among Jews was a duty in spite
of all protests." The latter statement evoked protests and
expressions of sorrow from leaders of a number of Jewish
religious organizations, and from the Rev. Everett R.
Clinchy, Secretary of the Committee on Good Will Between
Jews and Christians of the Federal Council of Churches of
Christ in America.
The production of the Passion Play by a road company
which toured the country during the year did much to
counteract the goodwill efforts of past years. In some cities
Jewish representatives succeeded in having the play banned,
by appeals to Christian leaders. This was the case in
Savannah, Ga., in September; in Washington, however,
although Rabbi Abram Simon succeeded in persuading the
Bible Class Association to withdraw its sponsorship, the
play was nevertheless produced. In Rochester, N. Y. where
a motion picture version of the play was shown, the protest
of Jewish rabbis and laymen was endorsed by Christian
clergymen, and the Committee on International Friendship
of the Federation of Churches issued a statement agreeing
with the Jewish position that "any such presentation which
attaches blame to the Jews of today for a crime committed
centuries ago is most reprehensible." A similar attitude was
adopted, in May, by a pastor in Syracuse whose church
cancelled arrangements for the presentation of the Passion
Play.
Goodwill was also responsible in great part for the success
attending many of the* efforts of the Anti-Defamation
League of the B'nai B'rith to bring about the cessation of
unfair and scurrilous references to Jews in books, news-
papers, and other publications. The semi-annual report
of the League, published in May, indicated that when

complaints were presented to editors, or to managers of
radio broadcasting stations, they were always found
willing to co-operate. As a result of correspondence of the
American Hebrew with the publishers of Roget's "Thesaurus
of English Words and Phrases," in which obnoxious conno-
tations of the word "Jew" had been given in all editions of
the work since it was first published in 1852, the publishers
agreed to eliminate these references. Another instance of
goodwill in practice was the action taken, in August, by the
Philadelphia Real Estate Board which condemned as
"un-American, prejudicial and opposed to the promotion
of the best feeling among all citizens toward each other"
the practice of the posting of signs on real estate for sale,
stating that it would be sold to Gentiles only.
While these incidents are encouraging there are a number
of ugly facts which must also be chronicled. The matter of
employment discrimination as against Jews has already
been referred to. The wide extent of this practice, as of
discrimination in the admission of Jews to colleges and
professional schools and in other fields, was brought home
with great force in the book "Gentiles Only" published in
March, in which Heywood Broun and George Britt, the
authors, analyzed these manifestations of anti-Jewish
prejudice both qualitatively and quantitatively, and pre-
sented an accumulation of facts which was impressive and
depressing at the same time.
The subject of discrimination in admission to medical
schools was much discussed in the Jewish press. In an
article published in August in The Jewish Tribune, New
York City, by Dr. A. I. Rongy, who had conducted a
nation-wide investigation for the National Conference of
Jews and Christians, following charges made by Rev. Dr.
Frank Gavin of the General Theological Seminary, Dr.
Rongy admitted that his inquiry indicated that only one
of every three Jewish applicants is admitted to the medical
schools, but, pointing out that th« enrollment of Jews is V/i
times their proportion of the population, and that the
Jewish physician's clientele is chiefly Jewish, he insisted
that the restriction on the admission of Jews is for their
own benefit, as otherwise an uneconomic condition would

exist which would be harmful to Jewish medical practition-
ers; he recommended that the Jewish population should
itself take steps to curtail the number of its young men
entering the medical profession. Some interesting figures
were given in an article on the same subject by Dr. Harold
Rypins, Secretary of the New York State Board of Medical
Examiners, himself a Jew, published in December, in the
American Hebrew. Dr. Rypins pointed out that there are
only 6,000 places for freshmen in all the medical schools
of the country, whereas the number of applicants is at least
12,000. Although he stated that in 1929, the medical schools
in New York City admitted only 524 students, of whom 226
or 43% were Jews, whereas Jews constituted 76% of the
applicants, Dr. Rypins pointed out that 17% of all the
students in medical schools are Jews, and insisted that the
apparent discrimination as against Jews is explained by the
paucity of accomodations and by geographical factors; he
agreed, however, that there is nevertheless "a very large
number of ambitious and capable Jewish students, who,
. . . are banned from the study of medicine," and that these
students present a special problem which must, and un-
doubtedly will, find a special solution.
Two cases of alleged discrimination by universities
aroused public discussion during the year. In September,
Cleveland Jews charged that Western Reserve University
was guilty of this practice, and a letter was produced from
the director of the nursery school maintained by the School
of Education of the University, stating that a quota had
been established for Jewish children. As the University is
maintained in part by the city, the School Board insisted
upon the immediate abrogation of the quota. The dean of
the school asserted that the form of the letter in question
was inaccurate, as "there is no policy which has been deter-
mined upon which would reflect upon any group who wished
to secure admission to the University School." The case
of Rutgers College in New Brunswick, N. J., was even
more flagrant. Here, the authorities admitted that they
were limiting the number of Jews "to equalize the propor-
tion" and to prevent the University from becoming "denom-
inational." The matter was taken in hand by a committee
of representatives of local and national Jewish organizations,

which, however, had not made public its activities up to
the time this is being written.
In November, The Jewish Tribune protested against the
contemplated construction, by the State of New York, of
a bobsled run at the Lake Placid Club, in connection with
the 1932 Olympic Games at Lake Placid, on the ground
that the Club is a "notoriously anti-Semitic vacation resort."
After considerable discussion, the Lake Placid Club an-
nounced that it would relinquish all claims upon the land
on which the bobsled run would be constructed, and that,
should the State fail to maintain the run after the Olympic
Games, the land would be turned over to the village.
As in previous years, the Jewish community watched with
lively interest the progress of immigration legislation in
Congress. Owing to public concern over the unemployment
situation, the proposal was made in the United States
Congress that immigration be suspended for two years
except for certain groups of aliens now exempt from the
quota. Subsequently, at the suggestion of the State Depart-
ment, this proposal was changed to one providing for a
horizontal cut of 90 per cent in the quotas, without any
exemptions. The measure aroused a great deal of protest
on the part of both Jewish and non-Jewish organizations
interested in bringing about changes in the present law
which would facilitate the reunion of members of families,
some of whom are in the United States while others are
still abroad. In spite of protests on the part of these organi-
zations, the ninety percentum reduction bill passed the
House of Representatives, but did not come up for a vote in
the Senate because of lack of time before adjournment.
In this connection the action taken by the American
Jewish Committee to bring about the elimination of the
classification by race of applicants for naturalization, is
interesting. On July 1, 1929, the Bureau of Naturalization
of the Department of Labor issued a new form of application
requiring persons seeking naturalization to state their
"race" as well as "nationality." The Committee protested
against the classification as illegal, and likely to cause
confusion and oppression, and filed a brief on the subject
with the Secretary of Labor, who, advised by the Solicitor

of the Department that the classification was not required
by law, ordered it discontinued. (See 24th Annual Report
of the American Jewish Committee pages 20, 21, and 75-86).
Considerable interest was also aroused by the passage in
the Legislature of the State of Michigan of a law providing
for the registration of all aliens in the state. The measure
included a number of provisions which,'it was believed,
would give rise to the oppression of aliens in the state,
especially of those who cannot prove that they had been
legally admitted to the country. Jewish citizens of the state
took an active part in protesting against the law, and suc-
ceeded in securing a temporary injunction; later, with the
co-operation of Max J. Kohler, of New York City, a member
of the Executive Committee of the American Jewish
Committee, the groups opposed to the law presented an
argument to the Supreme Court of the state, which, as this
is being written, still has the matter under advisement.
II
OTHER COUNTRIES*
A. WESTERN COUNTRIES
CANADA
It will be recalled that, early in 1930, the Quebec school
question had been placed on the path of settlement by the
appointment of a Jewish School Commission, with the
power to provide schooling for the Jewish children of
Montreal, either in Protestant schools, by arrangement with
the Protestant School Board, or in separate Jewish Schools.
(See Volume 32, page 84). About the further developments
of this episode, a number of events crowded during the
period under review. The new law, which had been spon-
sored by the Liberal Party of the Province, aroused the
anger of the Conservatives and the Catholics, the latter
•The leading events of Jewish interest in other countries than the United States,
will be classified, as in previous years, as follows: (A) Western Countries, (B) Eastern
Countries, and (C) Palestine. In a separate section (D) such matters of international
concern as have not been mentioned elsewhere will be briefly referred to.
denouncing the measure as an entering wedge toward the

secularization of the school system. The Protestant School
Board, while not opposing, in principle, the creation of a
separate Jewish school system, yet expressed disapproval
of it, the chairman of the Board saying: "We will deplore
it for we believe that the self-segregation of the Jews would
not be in the best interest of this province, of the country
as a whole, or of the Jews themselves."
The Party in opposition to the Government made the
separate school proposal the basis of an agitation against
the Liberal Party, and, although it had been in control of the
province for thirty years, so violent was the agitation that
the leaders of the latter party felt driven to announce their
intention to abrogate the provision of the law permitting
the creation of separate schools for Jewish children; in
doing this, they took advantage of the fact that the Jewish
School Commission had reached an agreement with the
Protestant School Board for the education of Jewish
children in the Protestant Schools. This agreement estab-
lishes the full equality of Jewish and Protestant children,
gives the former the right to attend any Protestant School
in the district in which they live, prohibits their segregation
from the Protestant children, recognizes thirteen Jewish
holidays when Jewish children may be absent without loss
of grades, concedes the right of Jewish children to be
excused from studying the New Testament, and pledges
the Protestant School Board not to discriminate against
Jews in the employment of teachers or their promotion.
The Protestant School Board also grants to the Jewish
community the right to use two schools in the Jewish
district, after school hours, for classes in Hebrew, Jewish
history and religion. On the other hand, complete control
of the schools will remain exclusively in the hands of the
Protestant School Board. The agreement is to be in force
for fifteen years, and, unless notice to the contrary is given
by either party two years before its expiration, it is to be
automatically renewed for another period of fifteen years.
While the agreement was profoundly disappointing to
those Jews who favored separate schools, it was said that
it satisfied the overwhelming majority of the Jews of
Montreal. In April, the Government offered a bill in the
REVIEW OF THE YEAR 5691 • 59
legislature embodying this agreement but repealing that

part of the law passed in 1930, which gave the Jewish School
Commission power, if necessary, to establish separate
schools for Jewish children. This action was prompted, it
was charged by Jewish members of the Legislature, chiefly
by political expediency; it caused profound dissatisfaction
among the entire Jewish community, and the Jewish School
Commission resigned in protest.
Meanwhile, several French Canadian newspapers carried
on a campaign of scurrility, slander and boycot, equal-
ling in virulence and shamefulness the worst output of
the German Hitlerites. So bitter was the animosity against
Jews in some Montreal circles that, when, in September,
the city authorities gave the customary permission to
Jewish shopkeepers to do business on the Sunday preceding
Rosh Ha-Shanah, there was a violent storm of protest. In
December, signs were posted on municipally-owned news-
paper kiosks in Montreal, urging the public to buy papers
from French-Canadians and not from Jews. The municipal
authorities disclaimed knowledge of these signs and ordered
them removed. In March, in course of a radio address on
Bolshevism, a Catholic priest accused the Jews of spreading
it, and insinuated that the discredited Protocols of Zion
are genuine.
The Jews of Toronto were also subjected to some unpleas-
ant and irritating indications of ill-will. In April, Fred
Singer, K. C , Member of the Provincial Parliament, raised
the question of the right of automobile insurance companies
to reject the applications of Jews, and the Superintendent
of Insurance was directed to make an inquiry. After a
conference with a small group of representative managers,
the Superintendent issued a letter to all the companies
operating in Toronto, asking them for a statement of their
policy in this regard. Referring to the conference, the letter
said: "It was conceded that whereas no company should
be required or compelled to provide insurance upon a risk
which inquiry dictated to be unsatisfactory, a serious
question of public policy arose when any insurance company
absolutely refused to entertain applications for insurance
from any class of citizens based solely upon their nationality
or religion." The results of the inquiry showed that 85%
of the companies consider all applications on their merits,

and do not discriminate against Jewish applicants.
In June, a "Gentiles Only" sign at a bathing resort on
the outskirts of Toronto, but in another municipality,
caused a flurry of excitement, and a resolution asking that
municipality to remove it was adopted by the Toronto City
Council. In the same month, the Board of Education
rejected the recommendation of its management committee
that the use of three volumes of "Bible Readings" in the
public schools of the city be discontinued.
Thanks to the efforts of Frederick Landsberg, chosen last
year by the Native Sons and Daughters of British Columbia
as "the man who maintains the highest ideals of citizenship"
in Victoria, the Christian ministers of that city agreed to
disapprove of the production of the Passion Play.
While the routine communal life of the Jews of Canada
went on functioning normally during the year, the economic
depression was an obstacle to any considerable progress.
The Montreal community succeeded in raising the $300,000
fund required for the budget of the Federation and $100,000
needed to complete the construction of the Hebrew Edu-
cational Center, which was dedicated on May 31, 1931, and
the cost of which was $200,000. In this connection, the
results of a survey conducted by Louis Hurwich, Super-
intendent of the Boston Bureau of Jewish Education, is
interesting. Mr. Hurwich found that of the 11,753 Jewish
children attending Montreal's elementary and high schools,
only 4,997, a little over two-fifths, are receiving any Jewish
training—3,084 in schools, and 1,913 from private tutors.
The United Palestine Appeal Campaign in Montreal failed
to collect even half of its $100,000 objective.
Canadian Jewry added its voice to the chorus of protest
which greeted the publication of the Simpson report on
Palestine and the White Paper which accompanied it, in a
statement issued by the National Council of the Canadian
Zionist Organization, which held an Emergency Meeting
on October 27. A month earlier at the sixth convention of
Hadassah, it was reported that the income for the preceding
year totaled $238,598. In November, a two-day Palestine
fair was held in Montreal, under the auspices of Hadassah,
for the benefit of several Palestine institutions in which the

organization is especially interested.
Largely as a result of Montreal Jewry's experience in
connection with the school question, and of the anti-Semitic
campaign which was waged around that question as a pre-
text, Canada acquired a new Jewish organization during
the year. In June, twenty-two national Jewish organizations
and synagogues met in Montreal and organized the Cana-
dian Jewish Board of Deputies, with objects similar to those
of the American Jewish Committee and the American
Jewish Congress in the United States. In the same month,
a conference of representatives of orthodox congregations,
also held in the Canadian metropolis, decided to form a
union of orthodox organizations, to regulate the organized
religious life of the Jews of Canada.
LATIN AMERICA
In October, a committee of Argentine Jews sent a protest
to the League of Nations against the Passfield White Paper.
In December, the HICEM (HIAS-ICA-EMIGDIREKT) issued a
warning against any bulk immigration to Argentine, because
of the unfavorable business and employment conditions
there. As a result of these conditions, many Jews in Buenos
Aires formed societies for the purpose of establishing them-
selves on the land. The celebration in December 1931, of
the centenary of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, founder and
financier of the agricultural settlement of Jews in the
Argentine, was planned by a congress of Jewish farmers
which met on May 22, at San Salvador.
A somewhat unexpected event was the organization
among German immigrants, in Buenos Aires, of a "cell"
of the Hitler or National Socialist Party; this phenomenon
was not taken seriously by the German population of the
city.
In Brazil, revolution and economic depression were
responsible for cutting the immigration of Jews in 1930
from 5610, the figure it attained in 1929, to 3,505. In
December, the government issued a special order which
drastically restricted immigration. Inasmuch as many Jews
in European countries, in preparation for immigrating to
Brazil, had sold their belongings and had taken all necessary
steps, and as a number of local Jews wished to send for their
relatives, Dr. I. Raffalovitch, director of HICEM in Brazil,
intervened with the government, which sent special instruc-
tion to Brazilian consuls in Europe to vise the passports
of all immigrants approved by the ICA.
A total of 1,374 Jewish immigrants entered Cuba in 1930

—1,060 from Poland, 154 from Roumania, 55 from Lithu-
ania, 28 from Palestine, and 77 from other countries—
according to a report of the Jewish Center in Havana which
is assisted in its work by HIA.S. The reduction of immigration
as a measure to improve economic conditions was resorted
to, in May, also by the Cuban Government, which estab-
lished the requirement that all applicants for admission
must have at least $200 cash in their possession, and must
be able to put up a bond of $100, guaranteed by a responsible
businessman. The Cuban community showed a sign of
stability when, in February, at a dinner in honor of Mr. and
Mrs. A. S. Freiman, Canadian Zionist leaders, a Cuban
Hadassah group was organized.
A hint that all was not well in the relations between Jews
and non-Jews in Mexico was given in the review of the year
5690. (See Volume 32, page 86). That the situation was
really serious was indicated by a dispatch to The New York
Times published in that paper on November 10, 1930,
stating that President Ortiz Rubio was expected to take
action in the next few weeks on proposals advocated by the
National League Against Chinese and Jewish Penetration,
calling for the suspension of iicenses of commercial houses
owned by Jews and Asiatics. A later report to the Jewish
Daily Bulletin stated that the National Chamber of Com-
merce in the Laguna district, State of Coahuila, representing
Mexico's leading cotton producing center, had begun an
intensive drive to enlist the support of all chambers of
commerce in Mexico in its protest against the admittance of
40,000 Jewish immigrants, falsely alleged to be on their
way to Mexico from Poland and other East European lands
In February, a delegation of Syrian-Jewish merchants called
upon the publishers of the newspaper Excelsior in Mexico
City, protesting against anti-Jewish propaganda that was

being published by another small local newspaper. In
April, Excelsior stated that one Miguel Angel Robles,
representing Mexican public market men, was soliciting
signatures of market concessionaires and operators of large
and small stores in Mexico City to a petition to be presented
to President Ortiz Rubio demanding the expulsion of all
foreign market men, especially Jewish market men, on the
ground that they are detrimental to Mexican commerce,
because they are able to sell cheaply as they deal in smuggled
goods and are aided financially by organizations of which
they are members.
The event which has aroused grave concern in the United
States took place on April 30 in Mexico City. On that day
a squad of policemen ousted the Jewish vendors from the
Laguinilla market, not giving them time to remove their
wares. The action of the police, it was first explained, was
based on a government decree, promulgated some weeks
ago, providing that no foreigner who came to Mexico as a
laborer, be permitted to engage in trade, and that all
foreigners admitted as traders, must register and have their
licenses renewed by April 28; it was alleged that the licenses
of the Jewish market men had not been renewed. In May, a
special correspondent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency to
Mexico stated that Jewish circles considered the Mexican
press responsible for the propaganda which had led to the
ousting of the Jewish peddlers, feared that the agitation
would not stop there but would spread to other Jewish
activities, and asserted that the government had taken no
action to suppress the dangerous propaganda, but that
open disorders were unlikely and would meet with stern
repression by the authorities; the propaganda is motivated
chiefly, and almost entirely, by economic competition, the
racial and religious elements being employed merely as
pretexts; the correspondent warned against regarding the
situation solely as an anti-Jewish demonstration because
Turks, Arabs, and Chinese, and other Oriental races, and
even Spaniards, are also the targets of denunciations. The
affair reached its climax on, and rapidly died down after,
June 1, 1931, when a large procession of from 15,000 to
20,000 persons paraded in Mexico City. Ostensibly the
procession was held as part of a celebration of the first

annual "Dia del Commercio," but many of the manifestants
carried banners and placards bearing expressions of anti-
foreign sentiment, some of them specifically directed against
Jews. The authorities had evidently feared outbreaks of
violence, for the paraders were surrounded by police;
despite repeated acceptances of invitations to witness the
parade, the president and cabinet officers were not present.
The paraders marched to the Municipal Palace, where they
were addressed by the Mayor and other municipal officials.
In his final dispatch before leaving Mexico, the special
correspondent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency expressed
the view that the agitation was not likely to extend and
may even gradually die out because, first, the government
has recently indicated its disapproval, and, second, the
agitation could not extend much further without involving
business and commercial interest of foreigners who are
nationals of Great Britain, the United States, and other
friendly countries.
GREAT BRITAIN
It will be recalled that, upon the recommendation of the
Shaw Commission, appointed to investigate the causes of
the Arab outbreaks of August 1929, the British Government,
on May 1, 1930, appointed Sir John Hope Simpson, a former
official in the Indian Civil Service, to investigate the
development and immigration possibilities of Palestine, and
that, in the meantime, the Government had suspended the
immigration of certain categories of Jewish immigrants to
Palestine. The latter step was the subject of vigorous
representations to Lord Passfield, Secretary of State for the
Colonies, by a delegation of the Board of Jewish Deputies,
early in July. Later in the same month, a conference of
representatives of communal organizations protested against
the immigration law, and urged the announcement by the
Government of a definite Palestine policy. The importance
of the announcement of a constructive program was also
stressed by Dr. Weizmann, President of the World Zionist
Organization and of the Jewish Agency, at a meeting in
August, of the Zionist Actions Committee in Berlin. At a
conference early in October, of the British Labor Party,
which took place at Llandudno, Wales, a resolution was

adopted expressing the opinion that the Government should
apply all the resources at its command to promote the
policy of the Mandate, by the development of the economic
possibilities of the whole of the mandated territory.
On October 20, the report of John Hope Simpson was
published, accompanied by a White Paper in which the
Government outlined a Palestine policy based upon the
report. Following closely Simpson's observations, the
White Paper declares that, in view of the duty of the
Mandatory to protect the rights and status of the non-
Jewish population, it is clear that, so long as there are
unemployed Arabs, the immigration of Jewish laborers
should not be permitted, and so long as Arabs are landless,
the further acquisition of land by Jews would be unfair;
inasmuch as the land now available is insufficient for the
Arabs, a program of intensive land development is required,
during the execution of which all transfers of land will
be under the control of the Government; in the meantime,
says the White Paper, the Jews can develop "the large
reserves of land in their possession." The White Paper
also criticized adversely some of the methods and policies
of the Zionist Organization and of the Jewish Labor Federa-
tion in Palestine.
Immediately upon the publication of the White Paper,
Dr. Weizmann announced his retirement from the presi-
dencies of both the World Zionist Organization and the
Jewish Agency, and Lord Melchett made public his resig-
nation as Chairman of the Council of the Agency. Several
days later, Stanley Baldwin, leader of the Conservative
Party and former Premier, Austen Chamberlain, former
Foreign Secretary, and Leopold I. Amery, former Colonial
Secretary, published a statement in which they charged
that the Government would not be doing its two-fold duty
under the Mandate by crystallizing the Jewish National
Home at the present state of development. On the same
day, General Jan Christian Smuts, former Premier of South
Africa, and, as a representative to the Peace Conference, a
collaborator in originating the Mandate system, cabled to
Lord Passfield, declaring that the new policy was an
attempt to alter the Mandate and that it could not be put
into effect without the consent of the participating Powers.

On the next day, David Lloyd George, Premier of Great
Britain when the Balfour Declaration was published, asso-
ciated himself with Baldwin, Chamberlain, and Amery, in
their protest against the new policy, and was joined the
next day by Winston Churchill, author of the famous
White Paper of 1922. In the Jewish camp, protest was
voiced by the Board of Deputies of British Jews, by the
Anglo-Jewish Association, and by a huge massmeeting
held on October 27.
The White Paper became a political issue in a by-election
campaign in Whitechapel, a district of London with an
overwhelmingly Jewish population, which since 1922, had
been represented by a Laborite, whose death necessitated
the election. The Liberals nominated a popular Zionist
leader. In spite of the injection of this issue in the campaign,
the Labor candidate won, although by a considerably
smaller plurality than at the preceding election, the Jewish
Liberal candidate coming out a very close second.
Upon the opening of Parliament on October 29, in reply
to the question of Stanley Baldwin, whether the White
Paper does or does not mark a departure in the policy of
the country in regard to the Palestine Mandate, Prime
Minister MacDonald answered in the negative, pointing
out that the Government is "holding strictly to the terms
of the Mandate in order to straighten out differences that
have arisen between contradictory parts of certain declara-
tions." The question was raised also in the House of Lords
by the Marquess of Reading. A real debate on the White
Paper did not take place in Parliament, however, until
November 17, when the Government was assailed by David
Lloyd George and Leopold Amery, while it was defended by
Premier MacDonald and by Dr. Drummond Shiels, Under-
secretary of State for the Colonies, who announced that the
Government was elaborating a vast development scheme
aimed at the settlement of about 10,000 families, involving
large construction projects including irrigation and drain-
age, all involving an expenditure of $12,000,000. The Prime
Minister asked that the Jews take the word of the Govern-
ment that the "pull-up" in the rate of the development of
Palestine which the White Paper suggests is "in no sense an

abandonment of the Mandate or a change of policy."
The next day, in a memorandum submitted to the
British Government, the Jewish Agency formally replied
to the White Paper, exhaustively analyzing that document
and showing that, (1) it misrepresents and misinterprets
the Mandate, (2) it lays down principles which, in vital
particulars, modify, to the disadvantage of the Jews, the
policy embodied in the White Paper of 1922, and are
incompatible with the normal development of the Jewish
National Home as contemplated in the Mandate, (3) it
gives a false impression of the findings of Sir John Hope
Simpson, emphasing those features of his report which are
disadvantageous to the Jews, and failing to bring out the
true nature of his constructive proposals, (4) it introduces
injurious, and, in many cases, irrelevant allegations which
cast discredit upon the Jewish Agency, disparage Jewish
achievement in Palestine, and are calculated to encourage
the ill-disposed elements of the Arab population, and (5) it
is conceived in a spirit "which is not that of a government
seriously interested in the establishment of the Jewish
National Home, and conscious of having, in this regard,
responsibilities implying, not merely a reluctant and grudg-
ing acquiescence, but active and positive co-operation."
In the meantime, the government had, about the middle
of November, invited representatives of the Jewish Agency
to confer with the cabinet in order to clear up doubts and
misunderstanding which had been raised by the White
Paper. At the conferences which followed, the agency was
represented by Dr. Weizmann, O. E. d'Avigdor Goldsmid,
President of the Board of Jewish Deputies, Dr. Selig Brodet-
sky, and M. Namier; Arthur Henderson, Foreign Secretary,
presided; the conferences began about November 18, 1930,
and continued, with interruptions and recesses, until about
the end of May 1931.
While these conferences were in progress, publicity was
given, on February 13, to a letter from Prime Minister
MacDonald to Dr. Weizmann, written with a view to
removing "certain misconceptions and misunderstandings
which have arisen as to the policy of His Majesty's Govern-
ment with regard to Palestine, as set forth in the White
Paper of October, 1930." The letter reaffirmed the intention

of the government to adhere to the Mandate, repudiated
any desire to crystallize Jewish development of Palestine
at its present stage, declared that Jewish immigration would
not depend on the employment conditions of the Arabs,
but uoon the absorptive capacity of the country, that by
"landless Arabs" the government understood only such
Arabs as can be shown to have been displaced as a conse-
quence of land purchases by Jews, and that such purchases
are not to be restricted, merely controlled by the govern-
ment; admitted the right of the Jewish Agency to employ
Jewish labor exclusively on enterprises financed by Jewish
capital; promised to consider the claims of Jewish labor
for due share of employment on public works; and denied
the intention of criticising adversely the labor policy of the
Jewish Labor Federation and the Jewish Agency.
The MacDonald letter was regarded with satisfaction in
London Zionist circles, and Dr. Weizmann declared that a
basis for co-operation with the Mandatory power had been
restored, but the Revisionists, the Zionist faction opposed
to Weizmann's leadership, expressed the view that it was
disappointing and highly prejudicial to the future of Zionism,
pointing out that the letter does not supersede the White
Paper. The convention, early in May, of the British Miz-
rachi, declared the organization opposed to accepting the
letter as an adequate withdrawal of the White Paper's
objectionable features, and instructed its delegates to the
forthcoming World Zionist Congress to press for a complete
reversal of all policies inimical to the constitution of the
Jewish National Home.
Two more important events connected with Palestine-
British affairs remain to be recorded. In February, the
government announced that it had sent another commission
to Palestine, this time to investigate revenue expenditures
and general administrative organization in both Palestine
and Transjordania. The commission, which consisted of
Sir Samuel O'Donnell, formerly a high official of the Indian
Government, and H. Brittain, Civil Servant in the Treasury,
arrived in Palestine on January 28, and remained until
May 18. On April 11, a dinner was given by the Jewish
Agency in honor.of David Lloyd George, in recognition of
his services to the cause of Palestine. In the course of the

dinner, which was seized upon as an occasion for discussion of
the new turn of affairs brought about by the changed attitude
of the government, a fund was opened for the establishment
of a colony in Palestine to be named in honor of the former
Prime Minister.
Aside from matters of Palestine concern, Jewish life in

Great Britain pursued a normal course, with but few
unusual events to record. In October, after the German
Reichstag elections, Viscount Rothermere, publisher of the
Daily Mail, wrote a scathing attack on the Jews of 1 Great
Britain, but at the same time, advising Hitler, whose party
Rothermere had praised in a previous article, to eliminate
anti-Semitism from the National Socialist program, saying
that "Jew-baiting is a stupid survival of medieval prejudice."
Besides representing the British community in Palestine
matters, the Board of Deputies interested itself in, and took
action with regard to questions of local concern, such as the
administration of the Alien Law, upon which it made repre-
sentations to the government, and the nationality regulations
for appointments to government service. The Board also
made arrangements for assisting Jews in filling out their
schedules in the census which was taken on April 26. The
Joint Foreign Committee of the Board and of the Anglo-
Jewish Association continued, as in the past, to maintain a
close watch over, and a lively interest in, the political and
civil rights of Jews in other European countries.
AUSTRALIA AND N E W ZEALAND

In the Australian Jewish community, the first important
event of the period under review was the third annual
Zionist Conference which took place in Melbourne near
the end of July 1930, and which was notable for bitter
speeches attacking the British policy in Palestine. When the
Simpson report and the Passfield White Paper were pub-
lished in October, the Federation cabled to James H. Scullin,
premier of the Dominion, who was then in London, asking
him to convey their protests to the British Government.
Jewish leaders of New Zealand cabled similarly to G. W.
Forbes, their Prime Minister, who was also then in London

in connection with the Imperial Conference.
Australia had Reform Jewish services, for the first time
in the history of the community, during the fall High
Holidays, when Rabbi Jerome Mark, a graduate of the
Hebrew Union College in the United States, officiated for a
newly-organized liberal congregation, formed with the
encouragement and support of the World Union for Progres-
sive Judaism. T h e services were crowded and were broad-
cast over the radio. Incidentally, Rabbi M a r k was not
welcomed by the rabbinate. With one exception, they
declined to participate in a conference on the religious
situation of the Jews of Australia. Rabbi M a r k ' s public
utterances and some of his actions evoked criticism from
the local rabbis.
Because of depressed conditions, which affected Jewish
business men with special severity, many congregations and
other communal organizations were compelled to reduce the
salaries of their rabbis and other officials, some of the smaller
congregations could not pay the salaries of their rabbis, and
several rabbis emigrated. Jewish agricultural settlers were
also in difficulties, and their situation was a source of grave
anxiety to the Australian Jewish Land Settlement Trust. At
the same time, the depression did not fail to bring to the
surface, in some quarters, latent anti-Jewish prejudice, and
irresponsible remarks about "European Jews bleeding this
young southern nation" were heard. In January, immigra-
tion was restricted to persons holding land permits, which
were to be issued only to close relatives of permanent settlers.
U N I O N O F SOUTH AFRICA
Reports of similar conditions came from the Union of
South Africa during the year. Discouragement and apathy
characterized the public attitude toward Jewish communal
effort, although the Jews continued to show some interest
in Palestine upbuilding. While a campaign of the Jewish
National Fund to raise sufficient money for the purchase of
15,000 dunams (3,460 acres) of land in the Sharon Valley
in Palestine, in the name of South African Jewry, was a
complete success, a plan for inaugurating a land settlement
project in the Dominion, which had been under consideration

for years, had to be temporarily laid aside, for lack of the
small fund required to execute it; the Employment Bureau
maintained by the Jewish Board of Deputies, which had
had notable success in placing both immigrant and native
Jews, was compelled to close. A similar fate overtook the
Hebrew high school in Johannesburg, an institution in
which both secular and religious subjects were taught, and
which received a subsidy from the government.
In the face of these conditions, the Jewish Board of
Deputies opened a campaign, in May, for an endownment
fund of $150,000, the income of which is to be used to stabil-
ize and expand the activities of the Board in safeguarding
Jewish interests. The work of the organization,it was pointed
out, is becoming increasingly important in view of recent
indications of anti-Jewish feeling, of which the passage of
the immigration restriction law of 1930 {See Volume 32,
pages 90-91) was the most significant.
The voice of South African Jewry also was raised in
protest against the Passfield White Paper. A statement on
the subject was made public by A. M. Abrahams, President
of the South African Zionist Federation, and a massmeeting
was convened by the Jews of Witwatersrand. At the same
time, a group of Moslems telegraphed to the Grand Mufti
in Jerusalem urging him and his followers to remain stead-
fast in their opposition to Zionism, and to the Colonial
Office in London "not to submit to Jewish propaganda
and to continue justice to the Arabs." General Jan Christian
Smuts, former Premier of the Dominion, sent a cablegram
of protest to Ramsay MacDonald, Premier of Great Britain.
{See p. 65 supra) In a message to the annual conference
of the Jewish federation, held in Cape Town, in January,
General Smuts declared that the real crisis in Palestine
politics is over, and that the policy of a national home for
the Jews is more firmly established than ever.
FRANCE
The increasing number of foreigners, especially Jews from
East European countries, entering French universities gave
rise to minor clashes in some of these institutions, during
the year. While it was not as great as that of other countries,

France's unemployment problem also caused some anti-alien
grumbling, which was aimed at foreign Jews as well as at
at other groups. There were also small riots staged by
Royalist partisans, whose press is continually agitating
against Jews. Feeling ran unusually high during the produc-
tion of a French version of a German drama based on the
Dreyfus case, and disorders at the theatre occurred at every
performance; after about a three weeks' run, the play was
withdrawn at the request of the police, but when its produc-
tion was resumed several weeks later, the disorders were
renewed.
In January, there was an impressive anti-Hitler meeting,
attended by 4,000, with former premier Edouard Herriot
heading the list of speakers; in June, an old Jewish cemetery,
at Rosenwiller, Alsace, was damaged by vandals.
French courts were called upon to deal with two interesting
matters involving Jews. The case of a Jewish butcher,
accused of selling terefah meat as kosher, raised the question
as to whether a ruling by the court would be a violation of
the principle of separation of Church and State, but after
mature deliberation, the court found the butcher guilty of
fraud. An old French law which permits parents to give
their children only certain names among which those taken
from the Bible are included, was invoked when the mayor of
one of the arrondisements of Paris refused to register a child
as "Rivka," insisting that this name does not occur in the
Bible. When the father of the child proved that "Rivka"
is the correct transliteration of "Rebekah," the court per-
mitted him to register his child as he wished.
In December, an anti-Jewish incident in Oran, Algeria,
prompted the discussion, in the Chamber of Deputies, of
the status of the Jews in that part of the French Republic;
at the same time, the difficulties which Jews suffer in French
Morocco, because of their legal position, was also referred to.
Much interest was aroused in the Palestine Pavilion at the
French International Colonial Exhibition, which opened in
May, and was made possible by co-operation between a
local committee and a Palestine group.
A few communal events remain to be recorded. In August,
the Alliance Israelite Universelle sent to the Roumanian
Government a letter protesting against the anti-Jewish

outrages which had been taking place in Bukowina. In
January, the Alliance made public a report in which it was
shown that during the decade 1920-30, the organization
had disbursed $300,000 for Jewish welfare work in Russia,
Poland, Roumania, and Palestine; one-third of this sum
had been allotted to rabbis and cultural organizations in
Russia; $75,000 had been appropriated for the relief of
sufferers from the Palestine riots in 1929; $65,000 had been
employed for the relief of Jewish students in various
countries; the remainder had been applied to orphan work
in Poland, material aid in Roumania, and the like. At the
same time, the Alliance had maintained its educational
work in the Orient.
In December, a group of emigres from Russia announced
the publication, beginning in January 1931, of a weekly in
the Russian language, which was to bear the name "Yev-
reskaya Zhizn" (Jewish Life), and was to be anti-Soviet in
its Russian policy, and anti-nationalist in its Jewish attitude.
In February, Israel Levi the Grand Rabbin of France, and
Sylvain Levi, president of the Alliance Israelite Universelle,
announced that an anonymous donor had made available
a fund of 325,000 francs ($16,000) for "the diffusion of
Jewish truths through the publication of works on the
Jewish religion." A committee was organized to carry out
the purpose of the giver.
SPAIN
After centuries of the sleep closely resembling death,
which followed the mass expulsion of 1492, Jewish life
began to stir in Spain, after the declaration of the new
republic on April 14, 1931. Early in May, members of the
new cabinet stated to a correspondent of the Jewish Tele-
graphic Agency that, within the economic possibilities of the
country, the new regime will make no restrictions of any
kind regarding the immigration of Jews to Spain. In a
statement issued by the Spanish consulate in Cairo, Egypt,
it was made clear that the republican government "has no
intention of encouraging mass immigration or the creation
of a new national home for the Jews, as the conditions in the
country would make this impossible."
Virtual recognition of the Jewish community was seen in

the dedication on May 1, of the first synagogue established
since the expulsion, although the synagogue had been
legally opened on December 24, 1930, owing to the efforts
of Ignacio Bauer, Madrid banker, who was chosen president
of the congregation; the municipality had also given a plot
for a cemetery. Jewish communities, composed chiefly of
Moroccan Jews, had also been in existence for some time in
Seville and Barcelona. Some members of the provisional
government eagerly expressed their benevolent intentions
toward the descendants of the exiles of 1492, pointed out
that there was no legal obstacle to their return, and an-
nounced that facilities would be created for their rapid
naturalization. Although some Spanish leaders held that the
edict of expulsion had been revoked with the adoption of
the constitution after the revolution of 1868, in which
Judaism was given limited toleration, the provisional presi-
dent, Alcala Zamora, is reported to have declared that the
Cortes (parliament), to meet after the adoption of the new
constitution, would be asked solemnly to repeat the edict.
In June, what was said to be the first public Jewish wedding
since the expulsion took place in Madrid.
ITALY
In October 1930, the Italian Cabinet ratified the new law
defining the rights, and regulating the functions, of the
Jewish communities of Italy, and, in January, the law was
published in the official gazette and thus came into effect.
In the opinion of Dr. Angelo Sacerdoti, chief rabbi of Rome,
the new organization of the Jewish community will prove
of great benefit to the Jews of Italy, as it would mean the
strengthening of Jewish life, the preservation of historic and
artistic treasures, the encouragement of culture, the main-
tenance of cultural and spiritual communication with
Jewish communities abroad, and, most important, the
unification of Italian Jewry. In May, a delegation of Jews
presented medals to the King, to Premier Mussolini, and to
Alfredo Rocco, Minister of Justice, in recognition of their
sponsorship of the new law.
In April, a considerable stir was created by a report

emanating from Prague, Czechoslovakia, that Naftali Fried,
a Jewish scholar, had been appointed librarian of the
Hebrew collection at the Vatican. The story, which was
adorned with many charming details, turned out, upon
investigation by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, to be based
on the simple fact that Fried, who is a student at the
Rabbinical Seminary of Frankfort, Germany, was assisting
Dr. Aaron Emanuel Freiman of that city, who had been
given permission to pursue research work among the Hebrew
manuscripts and books in the Vatican library.
GERMANY
Owing to the tremendous vote polled by the National
Socialists (Fascists) in the elections to the Reichstag, in
September, grave concern was felt by Jews all over the world
for the fate of the German Jewish community, because,
during the first shock over the Nazi victory, the belief was
widespread that there was great danger that the National
Socialists would obtain control of the Government. The
results of the elections caused a veritable panic among some
Jewish groups in Germany, and a number left the country;
the exodus from Bavaria was greatest. That there was no
reason for such hysteria was the view of Jewish leaders,
including Professor Albert Einstein, who pointed out that
the huge increase in the votes for the Nazis, did not indicate
a corresponding growth of anti-Semitism but was rather a
symptom of despair in the face of depressed economic
conditions and unemployment.
When the Reichstag opened on October 13, Berlin Jews
were attacked and the windows of shops owned by Jews
were broken, but the police were able to prevent looting.
These riots increased existing disquietude in Jewish circles,
because of the fear of similar occurrences in other cities, and
led to a resumption of the flight of Jews from Germany. This
outbreak, the responsibility for which the Hitlerites denied,
did much to cast discredit upon the party, which their
antics in the Reichstag, and, especially, their walking out
in body in protest against the passage of rules against
obstructionist tactics, went very far to increase.
Both before and after the Reichstag elections, Germany

witnessed the same exhibitions of anti-Semitic fury and
folly as have come to be universally associated with the
Hitler movement,—street attacks against Jews, molestation
of Jews in cafes and theatres, disturbance of religious
services in synagogues and of Jewish meetings of all kinds,
desecration of synagogues, and pollution of cemeteries.
Much ado was made by Nazis about the production of the
cinema version of "All Quiet on the Western Front" a novel
by a German, because the picture exposes the ugliness of
war and of chauvinism. The Nazis caused disturbances in
all theatres where the picture was shown, with the result
that it was finally forbidden by the police. In November,
Nazis surrounded a theatre in Wurzburg, in which the world
famous Hebrew acting troupe Habimah were staging a
performance, and did not allow any one to enter; the police
dispersed the mob and made several arrests.
The spirit of desperation which underlies the support of
the National Socialists is also prevalent among the students
of Germany, and there were clashes at several universities
between Fascist students and Jews, as well as demands for
a numerus clausus for Jewish students.
Although the success of the Nazis in the Reichstag elec-
tions was followed by victories in provincial and municipal
elections, which showed, in most cases, that the Party had
gained in popularity, the National Socialists suffered a bad
defeat in Thuringia, the only province in which the govern-
ment was partly under their control. Early in July, the
supreme court of Germany ruled that the "prayers of hate,"
directed against "all aliens who demoralize the German
people," which Dr. Wilhelm Frick, National Socialist Min-
ister of the Interior and of Education in Thuringia, had
introduced in the public schools, were unconstitutional and
must be withdrawn. In April, the Thuringian Landtag
voted no confidence in Dr. Frick, and the coalition which
had placed him in a position of power fell to pieces. In May,
the Landtag abolished the chair in Rassenkunde (racial
science) which had been established by Frick, and occupied
by Hans Guenther, a notorious charlatan race-theorist.
The Jews of Germany did not remain supine during the
campaign of hatred waged against them by the National
Socialists. Through the Central Verein Deutsche Staats-

buerger Juedischen Glaubens, the Jews carried on both a
defensive and a counter-offensive campaign. Inasmuch,
however, as economic suffering was the basic cause of that
state of mind which lays the German people open to the
influence of the anti-Jewish agitators, the lessening of anti-
Semitism could come only from measures which would bring
about improvement in the situation or, at least hope of
improvement to come. There are many who believe and
hope that the step taken by President Hoover of the
United States in declaring an inter-governmental debt
holiday, will lead to such measures.
Improvement in economic conditions in Germany will

not only go a long way in destroying the despair psychology
afflicting so many millions of Germans, and thus reduce the
influence of anti-Semitic agitators; it will also be a great
material boon to the Jews of Germany, who, along with the
rest of the population, have been all but impoverished.
Many Jewish bankers, merchants, and professional men,
formerly well-to-do and reliable supporters of communal
activities, have been reduced to the ranks of wage-earners,
and some of them driven to seeking aid from the very insti-
tutions which they formerly helped to maintain. During
the winter, Jewish schools and other communal buildings
were used as refuges from the cold by thousands of Jews
who could not afford to warm their own homes, and the
Berlin Kehillah was called upon to provide 3,000 children
and 500 adults with warm clothing. In the German Jewish
press, there were lively discussions on the question of the
need for the Jews to change their vocational habits, particu-
larly their tendency to engage in professional pursuits. In
April, at a conference of the Federation of Jewish Communi-
ties in Prussia, speakers expressed the view that, aside from
the world-wide economic crisis and its effects, the underlying
causes of the economic problem facing the Jews of Germany
are fundamentally the same as those which are affecting the
Jews of Poland,—the annihilation of the middlemen, the
concentration of capital, the formation of co-operatives, and
discrimination as against Jews in employment.
The changes in British policy toward Palestine which

were outlined in the Passfield White Paper met with the
same protest from the Zionists in Germany as the changes
evoked in other countries. German protests were formulated
at an emergency meeting held at the headquarters of the
Zionist Federation, and at two massmeetings. In Novem-
ber, the Executive Committee of the German Branch of the
Jewish Agency, under the chairmanship of Oscar Wasserman,
went on record as supporting the attitude of the British
Zionists against the White Paper, and expressed the hope
that the negotiations between the British government and
the Jewish Agency, then in progress, would lead to a
restoration of Jewish confidence in the Mandatory Power.
OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES

According to a report from a correspondent of the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency, almost sixty percent of all Jewish
marriages in DENMARK are mixed marriages, and the
children of the Jewish immigrants who came into the
country from Russia and Poland are fast assimilating its
language and customs. The German National Socialists
have begun to make inroads into Denmark. In December,
Dr. Joseph Goebbels, a leader of the Nazis, was invited by
a Fascist student organization in Copenhagen to deliver a
lecture, but, believing that it would lead to disorders, the
government banned the lecture. In February, nevertheless,
a branch of the party was organized and began the publica-
tion of Hagenkorset (Hakenkreuz, or Swastika) with the
avowed purpose of leading the fight of the "Nordic peoples
against international Jewry."
According to statistics published in January, 44% of all
Jewish marriages in HOLLAND, during 1930, were between
Jews and non-Jews; the percentages of mixed marriages in
large cities were: Utrecht, nearly 24%; The Hague, 21%,
and Amsterdam, 13.3%. The world-wide depression, which
has tremendously hurt the diamond trade in Amsterdam,
largely in Jewish hands, gave Holland Jewry a poor-relief
problem, for the first time since the World War. In Decem-
ber, the municipality of Amsterdam established Kosher
kitchens for the Jewish unemployed, where a meal was

served for a penny, and, in March, a committee was formed
to supply Passover food to impoverished Jews.
The slump in the diamond trade also had a bad effect upon
the situation of many Jews in Antwerp, BELGIUM, and
caused a noticeable exodus to other towns, and even emi-
gration. At the same time, owing to bad times, immigration
to Belgium was virtually suspended by a government
decree. Many Jews, formerly employed in the diamond
trade, turned to peddling and to selling goods in public
markets, with the result that clashes with the older vendors
took place; in Merxem and Elzern, seaport towns, the
municipalities expelled the Jews from the markets, but they
were permitted to return. In June, the government was
engaged in drafting a new law for the regulation of markets,
intended to prevent a recurrence of such episodes. In
January, when the municipality of Charleroi granted a
piece of land for a Jewish cemetery, the fact was brought
out that this is to be the first Jewish cemetery in Belgium;
the Jews of the country had been burying their dead in
Jewish cemeteries in Holland.
B. EASTERN COUNTRIES
AUSTRIA
During the past year, the same conditions affecting the
life of the Jews of Austria, as were enumerated in our review
of the preceding year, were in operation, but in a more
pronounced form, with the result that the Jews were much
more harrassed and badgered than ever before. During
the elections in November, the Jews were worried lest the
Heimwehr, the anti-Semitic military organization which is
the counterpart of the National Socialist Party in Germany,
should acquire control of the government. Their fear was
the greater because, with the fall of the government of
Johann Schober, the minority cabinet formed by Dr. Karl
Vaugoin included two Heimwehr leaders, Prince Ernst von
Stahremberg, said to be a close friend of Adolph Hitler, and
Dr. Franz Hueber. During the election campaign, the Jews
were attacked by the extremists at both ends of the political

alignment,—the radical Socialists and the Fascists. The
election resulted in a Parliament almost similar to the
former body, with no party having a majority, and with
Fascists winning only 5 of the 115 seats. During the
election campaign, the Fascists rejected anti-Semitic slogans
and made a bid for Jewish support against the "Marxists,"
and a few days before the elections, which took place on
November 1, a sensation was created by the announcement
that a Jewish unit of the Heimwehr had been formed. But
this did not prevent a clash between Jewish students of the
University of Vienna, who were electioneering for a Zionist
candidate, and a group of anti-Semitic students. In fact,
there were anti-Jewish outbreaks of students at that insti-
tution and in other schools, several times during the year.
In February, when the courts declared unconstitutional the
ruling of the former rector of Vienna University, requiring
the students to organize as national groups, with the
German group as supreme, the rioting was so severe that
the University had to be closed.
Anti-Jewish feeling was manifested also in boycott agita-
tion. In December, the office of the Archbishop of Vienna
endorsed an appeal to the public not to buy holiday goods
from Jews.
In a pamphlet issued in March by Dr. Franz Joseph Weiss
of Vienna, the author declares that Austrian Jewry is being
destroyed by an economic war of extermination. He pointed
out that 20,000 have taken to peddling, that many of the
newspaper advertisements for help specify that only
"Aryans" are wanted, that Jews are excluded from govern-
ment employment and from the teaching profession, that,
because of the growth of co-operative medical organizations,
Jewish physicians are losing their clients, while the practice
of Jewish lawyers is small, and finally, that few Jewish
engineers or other technicians are employed by industry.
HUNGARY
There was no change in the situation of the Jews of
Hungary during the period under review. A graphic state-
ment of the plight of the Jewish communal organizations of
Budapest was given in May in a report from the correspond-

ent of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. The number of
applicants for assistance is mounting steadily,—from 6,436
in 1928, to 17,572 in 1929, and 19,475 in 1930. The number
of inmates in the House for the Aged has increased from
100 to 500, with 1800 applicants rejected for lack of room;
the proportion of free burials has increased from between
40% and 50%, to 80%; other institutions have large deficits.
At the same time the income of the community is waning;
no fewer than 17,000 of the 26,000 members of the Hebra
Kadisha are in arrears in their dues. As a result, the
communal organizations have been compelled to make
drastic cuts in their budgets.
In July, at a meeting of the council of the Budapest
community, Baron Kohner, the president, appealed to the
government, which had expressed the intention of discon-
tinuing such subventions, to continue state support of
religious and cultural work of Jewish communities, as in
many places, these were on the verge of collapse. In August,
Hungarian Jewry celebrated the centenary of Emperor
Francis Joseph, whose memory is revered because of his
friendly attitude toward the Jews of the former Austro-
Hungarian Empire.
Anti-Jewish student attacks occured at the Universities
of Budapest, Pecs, and Szeged, during the year. The out-
break at Pecs was said to have been started when one of the
professors praised the industry of the Jewish students.
Great excitement was caused in November when, at the
dedication of banners of the Hungarian Order of Heroes
at Keckskemet, Minister of War Gomboes declared that he
would oppose the admission of Jewish war veterans into
this order. "In at least one institution in the country," he
said, "Hungarians are entitled to remain purely Hungarian."
While regretting Gomboes' remarks, Premier Bethlen
approved his position, in reply to an interpellation in
Parliament, on the ground of the disproportionate participa-
tion of Jews in the communist revolution of 1918-19.
A few miscellaneous items remain to be recorded. In
October, the Senate approved a law regulating the status
of "stateless" persons, many of them Jews, and placing
them under the protection of the state. In the same month,

it was reported that during the preceding ten years, 1107
Jews, who had been converted to Christianity, had returned
to the fold, chiefly as a result of the efforts of Rabbi Sigmund
Groszmann of Budapest. In March, representatives of
peasant organizations sent an appeal to Parliament urging
that they be permitted to sell land to Jews, as the prohibi-
tion of such sale has restricted the market and caused a fall
in prices of land. During Passover services in one of the
Budapest Synagogues, a deranged man broke in and fired a
revolver into the massed worshipers, wounding five and
causing a panic in which a number were injured; two of
those shot subsequently died. The episode caused a sen-
sation.
ROUMANIA
During a greater part of the period under review, the
outstanding fact in the life of the Jews of Roumania
appeared to be the almost daily attacks upon them in one
part of the country or another. The scene of the past
year's anti-Jewish outrages was chiefly in the agricultural
section of south Bukowina and Bessarabia, and, to a lesser
extent Transylvania. Taking advantage of the depressed
condition of the peasantry, agitators went among them and
incited them to do violence to Jews, to whom the agitators
pointed as the cause of the agrarian depression. As a result,
the Jews in the villages were subjected to a veritable reign
of terror, being in constant fear of attack, when not actually
subjected to assaults involving physical injury, demolition
of their homes and shops, and looting and pillage. The few
gendarmes constituting the police forces in these villages
could do but little to prevent these onslaughts or to quell
the disturbances, and the central Government, preoccupied
with political squabbles and harassed by financial difficulties,
appeared to regard these outbreaks as of minor importance,
and, when they were brought to its attention, issued reassur-
ing communiques, minimizing the occurrences and promis-
ing, always promising, to take energetic measures. Arrests
of anti-Semitic leaders were frequently made during the
year, but the government could not secure their conviction,
not even in the case of the student who in July 1930, shot
Dr. Constantin Anghelescu, then acting Minister of the

Interior, in an attempt to assassinate him because of his
efforts to suppress anti-Semitism.
A detailed recital of the numerous reports of anti-Jewish
attacks in Roumania during the past year vwuld be scarcely
enlightening as it would be virtually a nauseating repetition
of the accounts of almost every year since the World War.
Varna, Kimpolung, Suceava, Orgiev, Beltz, and a score of
other rural centers were the scene of the activities of Danila,
a notorious anti-Jewish agitator who would have church
bells rung to assemble the peasants, and, then lead them in
attacks upon the Jewish shopkeepers. The government
communique would wave such incidents contemptuously
aside as agitation directed "only against usurers." In the
meantime many terrified Jews had fled from their homes
and taken refuge in the forests, while those who remained,
barricaded themselves in their homes and shops. Out-
breaks were not confined to rural areas. In September, a
Bucharest newspaper reported that disorders had been
occurring in Galatz for five months, and that while 1,450
anti-Semitic incidents had been reported to the police during
that time, only thirty had been given any attention;
characteristically enough, the chief of police blamed the
Jews for the disturbances. And yet Dr. Alexander Vaida-
Voevod, the Minister of the Interior, declined to discipline
this official, considering him "useful for diverting the activi-
tiesoftheanti-Semitesinto safe channels." Even in Bucharest,
business property belonging to Jews was damaged in
December by student rioters, celebrating the eleventh
anniversary of the anti-Semitic student movement. Similar
"festivities" were held in Braila, Cluj (Klausenburg), and
in Cernauti (Czernowitz).
Reports of these outrages were uniformly accompanied
by statements that the government was "taking measures,"
but the measures always came too late, and besides, the
Minister of the Interior, it transpired, was a believer in the
efficacy of being on friendly terms with the anti-Semitic
leaders. Dr. Vaida Voevod explained, in an interview
published in the Roumanian press, that his anti-Semitic
connections were the result of his being a "conscientious
friend of the Jews," and had made it possible for him to
secure promises from the anti-Semites to behave themselves!

The Jews of Roumania heaved a sigh of relief when, in
October, a reorganization of the cabinet, under Gregory
Mironescu, led to the elimination of this "friend." The
new cabinet, however, was not any more effective in
maintaining order, than the old, until the beginning of
1931, when, after an unsuccessful attempt, by an eighteen-
year-old student, on the life of Emanuel Socor, editor of the
influential newspaper Adeverul (Truth), the government
made a sudden show of activity, and announced a new
series of measures, upon the urging, it was said, of the King.
Anti-Semitic societies, it was announced, were to be dis-
solved, anti-Semites to be classed with Communists, and
to be tried as rebels when accused of disorders; students
convicted of participating in anti-Jewish disturbances, were
to be expelled from the universities, and inflammatory
publications were to be liquidated. Raids were actually
made by the police on the headquarters in a number of
cities of the organizations known as Iron Guard and
Archangel Michael, where arms and ammunition were
found; and hundreds of high school students, found to be
members of a secret anti-Semitic society, were expelled
from the schools. In April, the Jorga Government, which
came to power as a result of the elections, announced its
intention to suppress all outbreaks against any section of
the population whatsoever. Since then, reports of outbreaks
have become less frequent.
The only specifically Jewish news from Roumania during
the past year related to the elections, just referred to. As
in the past, there was division among the Jews as to the
wisdom of organizing a Jewish Party. Dr. William Filder-
mann, President of the Union of Roumanian Jews, opposed
the suggestion but tried, at the same time, to reach an
agreement with the Liberal Party for a number of mandates
in return for the support of the Union. A National Jewish
Party was formed and, in spite of the hostility of the govern-
ment officials, succeeded in polling 65,000 votes and in
electing five deputies.
OTHER BALKAN COUNTRIES
The Jews of BULGARIA number 46,431, according to the
census of 1927, the results of which were published in
February 1931. A comparison with the 1920 census shows
both an absolute and a relative increase in the number of
Jews engaged in industry, and a corresponding decrease in
the number occupied with commerce; an increase in the
number of Jewish employees, as laborers and clerks, is also
marked. While the attitude of the government toward the
Jewish population is friendly, dissatisfaction was rife during
the year because of the failure of the government to grant
subsidies to the Jewish schools. Russian emigres and
Bulgarian students who have attended universities in
Germany, Austria, and Poland, were said to be responsible
for what slight anti-Jewish feeling exists in Bulgaria.
The struggle against anti-Semitism, the right of Gentiles
to be converted to Judaism, the issuance of Jewish prayer-
and text-books, and the establishment of a Jewish museum
were among the matters discussed at the fourth conference,
in December 1930, of the Federation of the Communal
Organizations in JUGO-SLAVIA, the official, government-
recognized, representative body of the Jews of the country.
In April, General Peter Zivkovitch, the prime minister, and
Dr. Voyislav Marinkovitch, foreign minister, were inscribed
in the Golden Book of the Jewish National Fund, for their
outstanding services to the Zionist cause, in a very impres-
sive special meeting in the new Jewish Home in Belgrade.
In March, representatives of communities from all over the
country met at Subotica and adopted resolutions protesting
against insinuations, coming from abroad, aspersing the
loyalty to Jugo-Slavia of the Jews living in those sections
which were formerly part of Hungary.
In July, Jewish circles in Salonica, GREECE, were pleased
at the announcement of the government that it was making
preparations to indemnify the owners, many of them Jews,
of land expropriated several years ago for the colonization of
Greek refugees from Asiatic Turkey. An opposite reaction,
however, greeted a drastic reduction in the subsidy granted
annually by the municipality for the religious and educational
work of the Jewish community. In place of $136,000 granted

the preceding year, the subsidy for 1930-1931 was fixed at
$89,310. The reduction necessitated a restriction of the
work of the Jewish institutions and the discharge of em-
ployes. In August, the Parliament adopted a law forbidding
children of Greek citizens from attending schools maintained
by foreign, chiefly missionary, organizations. In order to
create facilities for the 1600 Jewish children who had been
attending such schools, the government agreed to construct
five new schools in Salonica, the curriculum to allow at
least ten hours weekly for Jewish subjects to be taught by
teachers, appointed and supervised by the Jewish commun-
ity, but paid by the government.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The results of the census of nationalities, made in 1930,
in which Jews were permitted to register as members of the
Jewish nationality, whereas others were required to register
according to mother tongues, showed that the Jews of the
country number 400,000, indicating an increase since 1921
of 46,000 or 11%; a total of 35,463 reside in Prague. A drift
of Jews to the larger cities was indicated by the report, in
June, that, during the preceding twelve months, eleven
Jewish communities in Bohemia, and five in Slovakia had
been dissolved. On the other hand, it was reported in
September that 37 out of the 59 communities in Moravia
and Silesia are without rabbis. The reason assigned for this
situation was that, while the immigration of foreign rabbis
is forbidden, the Government does not aid in supporting the
rabbinical seminaries. According to the government statis-
tics, made public in September, one-third of the 4,137
foreign students in Czecho-Slovakian higher schools are
Jews.
In October, after the publication of the Passfield White
Paper, the Czecho-Slovakian branch of the Jewish Agency
adopted a resolution demanding the removal of the head-
quarters of the agency to non-British territory. In January,
the organization of one Jewish party for the whole of Czecho-
slovakia was effected at a conference of representatives of
existing parties, but it is significant that Ludwig Singer and
Julius Reich, the Jewish members of Parliament, are to

remain members of the Social Democratic Party.
Nationalistic agitation gave rise to clashes in which Jews
and Germans were the objects of attack. In September,
Czecho-Slovak nationalists demonstrated against the pro-
duction of German talking motion pictures, and in the
course of these demonstrations, Jews, especially those with
German names, were assailed. Mobs attacked theatres and
shops, and beat pedestrians. The disorders were soon
suppressed by the police, but the anti-German and anti-
Jewish agitation in the nationalist press continued.
In October, much excitement was aroused by the arrest
of a Jewish peddler charged with extracting blood, for
ritual purposes, from two school girls in the village of Nova-
simera in Carpatho-Russia. A correspondent of the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency who made an investigation, reported
that the alleged victims admitted that the charge was a
pure invention, their injuries having been caused, six
months earlier, by a broken window, and that they had
been urged to make the accusation by a Hungarian editor
and a school teacher. The bringing of the charge was
denounced in Parliament. Later, the teacher and the
editor, after inducing the children to withdraw the com-
plaint, were arrested for perjury, and the military Com-
mandant of the district instituted an action against the
judge who made the investigation and the colonel of the
district gendarmerie who had caused the arrest of the Jew.
In April, much dissatisfaction was aroused among the
Jews of Slovakia by the passage of a law providing for
complete Sunday closing in the province. As a consequence,
several Jewish merchants in Bratislava (Pressburg) began
to keep their shops open on Saturday. One of these shops
was attacked and almost wrecked by a Jewish mob, which
was dispersed by a detachment of mounted police.
Of special interest to American Jews is the fact that in
May, Abraham C. Ratshesky of Boston, Mass., the Amer-
ican Minister to Czecho-Slovakia, inspired the organization
of an American Institute in Prague, for the promotion of a
better understanding between the peoples of Czecho-Slovakia
and the United States.
POLAND
Although there was no perceptible improvement in the
material lot of the Polish Jews during the year, the results
of the elections in December which gave Marshal Pilsudski
and his party a working majority in the Sejm, aroused hope
for better times. T h a t these hopes have not been realized
is owing, probably, to the fact that, while the sad plight of
the Jews is traceable to the working out of the policy of
Etatism upon which Poland embarked a1 most immediately
after the restoration of the Republic, it was also, and to a
large degree, one aspect of the universal depression. During
the past year, the central Government did not take any
important step in the direction of State control of industry,
or the organization of state-aided co-operatives, with their
resulting dislocation of business, especially trade. A step
in this direction was contemplated, however, by the Govern-
ment of Warsaw; finding in November t h a t the municipal
bakeries it had established sometime ago, were not self-
supporting, the city decided to rent them to a private
German company; the National Democrats, however,
opposed this, but suggested instead the closing of a number
of privately-owned bakeries in order to compel consumers
to buy from the municipal shops. This step would have had
a disastrous effect on Jewish bakery proprietors and
employees; there is no record of its having been actually
taken.
According to government's statistics 325,900 out of the
total of 2,850,000 Jews were out of employment on January
1, 1931; Jewish leaders say this number is a gross under-
estimate and t h a t actually over 1,000.000 Jews are without
work. A survey in M a y of the timber industry in which the
breadwinners of 10,000 Jewish families are employed, and
of the grain trade, in various branches of which 100,000
Jews earn a livelihood, indicated that, owing to "dumping"
by Soviet Russia, of both timber and grain, these two groups
were in a very bad plight.
In March, a report from Lodz, once the greatest textile
center in Eastern Europe, indicated that the number of
licenses to trade taken out since the beginning of the year
was from 3 0 % to 4 0 % lower than for the same period of
1930; a total of 40,000 unemployed are registered, but the
actual number of jobless is believed to be far greater, while

not all those who are employed have steady work. As a
result, no fewer than 15,000 of the 40,000 families are on
the charity list of the Jewish community. In Warsaw,
5,000 families filed applications for free coal with the
Jewish community. In January, Beth Lehern, a Jewish
charity society in Warsaw, resorted to a measure used during
the war, that of sending wagons through the city, dispensing
bread and tea to the hungry. Before Passover, impoverished
Jews stood in long lines before the Kehillah offices in
Warsaw, Lodz, Wilna and other cities, where matzoth were
being dispensed; the number of these applicants in Warsaw
alone was 80,000, and at least 3,000 were compelled to go
without matzoth because the community funds were insuffi-
cient to supply all applicants.
In May, the Warsaw Committee of School Physicians
reported that at least 20,000 Jewish children were in urgent
need of summer vacations, but the Jewish community could
afford to extend this form of relief to, at most, six thousand
of these undernourished children. In the same month, it
was announced that, unless assistance arrived from Amer-
ica, the 48 Jewish hospitals in Poland, in which 50,000
patients are treated annually, would be compelled to close.
Evidently, the campaign launched jointly, in December, by
the ORT, the Toz, and the HIAS of Poland for 2,500,000
Zloty, in anticipation of the inability of American Jewry to
help the work of these organizations, had not been a success.
In the face of these conditions the Jews of Poland were
keenly interested in the efforts which were made by Jewish
organizations abroad, especially in the United States, to
influence the Polish Government to adopt measures that
would relieve the depressed situation of Polish Jewry. The
report of the conference held by representatives of the
American Jewish Committee and the Polish Ambassador
to the United States was eagerly studied by the Jewish
leaders in Poland. Though the first fragmentary dispatches,
which did not give a complete report, drew forth caustic
comments from some, the later, complete reports evoked
expressions of satisfaction, and of the hope that the relief
measures promised by the Ambassador would, in the not
too remote future, be put into effect. (See pages 33-34, supra.)
One of the grievances of Polish Jewry, touched upon at the

conference referred to, was the survival, in the region for-
merly known as Russian-Poland, of certain anti-Jewish
restrictions which were a vestige of Tsaristic rule. The
hope of the Ambassador, that these were to be shortly
abolished, was realized in April, when both houses of the
Sejm approved the necessary legislation, after an effort on
the part of Jewish representatives which began in June 1919.
Thanks to the enlightened attitude which has been main-
tained by the Polish Government since Marshal Pilsudski
took over the reins of Government in May 1926, the record
of Poland during the past year was sullied by very few of
those disgraceful incidents which were all too plentiful in
Roumania. Early in July, came the report of an anti-Jewish
riot in Kovel, in which 40 Jews were said to have been
injured; later, however, the local rabbi, in a statement to a
Warsaw newspaper, declared that the report was exagger-
ated, that the incident was not anti-Semitic, and that the
authorities did their duty. Later in the month, a street
attack occurred in Zdunsku-Vola. In June, as a result of
the spread of a false rumor, the Jewish quarter of Zloczew
was attacked by hooligans; police used tear bombs and
dispersed the mob. In the same month, a week after a ball
game in Radom, between Polish and Jewish teams, in the
course of which two Polish schoolboys were accidentally
injured, rowdies staged a riot, in the course of which a
number of Jews were injured and Jewish shops looted; the
police were unable to quell the disturbance until reinforce-
ment arrived. In all of these cases, investigations were
promptly made and arrests followed.
The few communal items of interest relate to Palestine.
After the publication of the Passfield White Paper, members
of He-Halutz, an organization of Zionist youth, demon-
strated on October 23, before the British consulate in
Warsaw; in the same afternoon, a second demonstration
was staged by Poale Zionists, and stones were thrown at
the building by the demonstrators, who were dispersed by
the police. Several days later, the Polish members of the
Jewish Agency held a meeting and adopted resolutions
associating themselves with the protest of Dr. Weizmann,
and suggesting that the Zionist Executive be replaced by

an Emergency Committee, in which the Revisionists should
be invited to participate. An impressive protest meeting
took place in Warsaw on October 28. Similar meetings took
place in other cities.
BALTIC COUNTRIES
Economic matters were in the foreground of Jewish life
in LITHUANIA during the past year, owing to natural causes,
but also, to some extent, to several measures proposed, or
actually put into effect by the government at Kovno, or by
municipalities. That the material situation of Lithuanian
Jewry is miserable is a well-known fact. Up to March
28, 1931, a total of 4,000 persons in Kovno alone had
applied for Passover relief. The crowds which gathered
daily before the .Ma/zo^-distributing depot, were so great,
that special deputies had to be assigned to keep the appli-
cants in line. During the Passover week, a fire destroyed
250 houses, besides communal buildings, in Plungjany,
rendering 2,000 Jews homeless and destitute.
In the meantime, the government had filled many Jews
with fear by the passage of the employment law of July 14,
1930, requiring all aliens desiring to do business or to obtain
work in Lithuania to secure permits from the Minister of
the Interior before January 1, 1932. The law was obviously
intended to give preference in the matter of employment to
Lithuanian citizens. Inasmuch as there are today in Lithu-
ania from 9,000 to 10,000 Jews who are Staatenlos, i. e., not
citizens of any country, there was a veritable panic among
those of them who were engaged in business or were em-
ployed by others. Not long after the passage of the law, the
police in Kovno began to circulate warnings to employers
to make sure to have only Lithuanian workers before
January 1, 1932, and to obtain from alien Jews signed
pledges not to seek the permits required by the law; it was
reported that non-Jewish aliens were not troubled in this
manner. Protest against the law became almost world-wide,
and in March, at a conference with a representative of the
Jewish Telegraphic Agency, the Minister of the Interior
issued a statement that the law would be enforced only with
reference to those aliens who entered Lithuania after July

1929, and that the pledges obtained from the workers by
the police would not be considered.
Great interest was attracted by the case of four Jewish
meat market workers who were sentenced in November
1930 to imprisonment for long terms for the alleged killing
of a meat inspector, who, a coroner's inquest had decided,
had died of a fall. Later, in response largely to public
clamor, the four Jews before whose establishment the body
was found, were charged with having killed him in a quarrel
when the veterinary had refused to stamp the meat in their
shop. The faith of the Jewish community in the innocence
of the men was strong, and when they were granted a new
trial before a higher court, they were acquitted of the
murder, and given short sentences on the alleged ground
that they had attempted to conceal the body. The outcome
of this case and, simultaneously, of the employment law
panic, did much to restore Jewish confidence in the Lithu-
anian government.
Jewish culture was aided by the government when, in
January, the Minister of Finance granted the Directorate
of the Hebrew Real-Gymnasium in Kovno a building loan
of $35,000 on a new gymnasium building, then in process
of construction, which is to be named after Edward M.
Chase, of Manchester, New Hampshire, who contributed
$25,000 for the construction of the building, and whose
Student Aid Foundation provides tuition, board, and
lodging for 62 poor Jewish students in Lithuania.
That the economic condition of the Jews of LATVIA also
is wretched was indicated by the long line of applicants for
free coal which was being distributed by the Riga community
during the past winter. In April, it was reported that, owing
to the depressed condition of those Latvian Jews who had
formerly contributed toward its work, the international
organization ORT may have to suspend its activities in
Latvia, where, in 1930, it had been giving 400 children
technical training and had spent SI00,000 for machinery
and tools. In June, it was reported that the work of the
Jewish co-operatives, of which nearly half of the 96,000
Jews of Latvia are members, was becoming more difficult.
The wretched situation of the Jews was brought about by

a number of factors, including government monopolization
of the flax industry, discrimination agains Jews in govern-
ment employ, the "dumping" of shoes from Czecho-Slovakia
and of lumber from Soviet Russia, and the revocation by the
government of loans extended some time ago to stimulate
the creation of national industry. Discrimination in
government employ, was the subject, in October, of a three
hour debate in Parliament.
In June, the Latvian Parliament passed a law abolishing
the numerus clausus on foreign students which had been
in force at the University of Latvia.
In March, a Latvian National Socialist Party, preaching
the doctrines of Hitler, was organized; its program calls
for the usual measures,—expulsion of Jews who came to
the country since 1917, confiscation of the property of Jews,
and the like.
The Hitler movement showed great strength in the
Free City of DANZIG; when, in the November 1930election
to the Volkstag, the National Socialist Party polled 34,394
votes, twenty-four times the 1,483 they had in the 1927
election campaign, there were street attacks upon Jews by
Hitlerites. Later, after they gained control of the Volkstag,
the attacks became more frequent. In protest against
these disorders and against the failure of the senate to
punish the perpetrators, Henry K. Strassburger, Polish
High Commissioner in Danzig, resigned.
RUSSIA
The past was a relatively quiet and uneventful year for
the Jews of Russia, with the letting-down of the anti-
religious drive, and the slowing-up of the collectivization
campaign. In the meantime, the continued struggle for the
adaptation of the Jews to the economic scheme of the
country was the fact that was uppermost in all the events
of the year. The edict of the preceding year, regarding
lishentzy or declassed, which was expected by some to bring
about a great improvement in the condition of those who
were neither peasants nor factory workers, does not appear
to have made a great deal of difference in the condition of
these former pariahs, but there is hope that with the

opening up of some of the large industrial plants, now in
course of construction under the famous Five Year Plan,
many of these former traders, agents, and professionals,
will be able to qualify as workers. The same is true of the
kustars, artisans who have been working individually in
their own homes, and of whom there are said to be 100,000
among the Jews. Legally, their lot has become easier, what
with the reduction of taxes and with certain forms of govern-
ment aid, but actual improvement in their condition has
until now been slow, although there are signs that, because
of the increasing need for industrial workers, the rate of
improvement will be accelerated.
Such a sign was the law promulgated in October, pro-
viding that government labor exchanges register for work
not only members of trade unions, but all persons applying,
even if they had never worked before. This new edict
opened up opportunities for the former declassed Jews, but
there are no figures available as to how many were actually
benefitted. The status of the artisan was elevated somewhat
by a decree in November, opening up to their children the
same educational rights as had until then been accorded
only to the children of factory workers, and giving to the
artisans equal treatment with those workers. In the same
month, another law offered further privileges to those
artisans who would organize artels or co-operatives of not
fewer than thirty individuals. Such artisans are to receive
the same food allowances, to pay the same low rents, and
to enjoy the same pension rights, as factory workers. A
further boon was given to these artisans, in May, when a
reduction of one-third in their taxes was decreed. An
article in Ernes, the Yiddish communist daily published in
Moscow, indicated that Jewish artisans had had experiences
with the carrying out of some of these laws, made for their
good, which had made many of them skeptical as to the
sincerity of the government.
In December, a "five year plan" for the economic trans-
formation of the Jewish artisans and former lishenlzy was
announced by the Comzet, the government agency for
settling Jews on land and for industrializing them. During
the next three years. 135,000 Jewish youths, in addition to
the 30,000 already being trained, will be absorbed in indus-

trial enterprises, while the 30,000 subsidized students will
be increased to 65,000; at the same time, 50,000 Jewish
artisans will be converted into factory workers and 10,000
Jewish professional men will be trained for productive labor.
Altogether 450,000 Jews are to be turned to industry, while
145,000 are to be absorbed in government employ, and
65,000 more are to be placed in agricultural collectives.
That a change has already taken place in the economic
life of the Jewish population of Russia was indicated in a
report presented to the All-Russian Central Executive
Committee by A. Merezhin, vice-president of the Comzet.
According to this report, the number of Jews in the metal
industries exceeds those in the needle trades, leather work-
ing, and other traditional Jewish occupations; of the total
Jewish proletariat, 43% are in heavy industries; 10,000
Jewish youths are employed in metal factories at Dneper-
trovsk, alone, and a large number of girls are going into
textile mills. That conditions in some factories where such
youths were employed were so bad as to induce some of
the young men to run away, was brought out in April. The
youths complained of poor housing conditions, being
compelled to work as common laborers instead of being
taught trades, and anti-Semitic incidents. The Central
Executive Committee took cognizance of these conditions
and ordered the Comzet to pay greater attention to the
physical comfort of the Jewish workers. That the problem
of the Jews settled in small towns is still unsolved to a
large extent was brought out at the All Russian Conference
in December of the Ozet, the society for settling Jews on
the land, which, it was reported in May, has 300,000
members, more than half of whom are non-Jews. It was
pointed out that while the five year industrialization plan
has somewhat relieved the economic pressure, only the sons
of artisans are admitted into the large factories, while the
declassed Jews and their children are still not provided for.
The situation of the Jews engaged in agriculture was
described in statistics made public in May. A total of
280,000 Jews are now working on the land in the various
parts of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. These
farmers are settled in four autonomous Jewish regions and
hundreds of little communities; eighty per cent of the

Jewish farmers are members of collectives. In the preceding
December, the Comzet planned to settle an additional
5,500 Jewish families on the land, chiefly in Crimea, and
in January it was announced that the government had set
aside 20,000,000 rubles for aiding the Jewish colonies during
1931. Settlement in Bira Bidjan, in the Far Eastern
Republic, was not popular among the Jews of Russia, and
the official in charge of the project was compelled to seek
recruits for it in Latvia, Lithuania, and even Argentine.
In February, it was reported that only 2,700 Jews are
settled in Bira-Bidjan. It is interesting to note, in connection
with the animal industry, that not a few Jews objected to
handling pigs. In May, the Jewish students of the Grain
Technicum in Borisov protested when the authorities
announced that it would be changed to an Institute for
Animal Industry, specializing in pig-raising. In a number
of other places in White Russia, some directors of Jewish
collectives threatened to resign when they were ordered to
turn from agriculture to pig-raising.
That the work of the Comzet in settling Jews on the land
is sometimes hurried and done without due preparation,
was indicated in April when the Agro-Joint, the American
Jewish society, was compelled to conduct widespread relief
activity among newly-arrived Jewish colonists in the
Crimea, a number of whom were found to be unsuited to
farming. Barracks were not ready to receive some of the
colonists, and there was a lack of transportation facilities.
Dr. Joseph Rosen, director of the Agro-Joint, at a press
conference in the Berlin office of the Joint Distribution
Committee, in May, outlined the necessity for maintaining
and strengthening the Jewish agricultural position in Russia
because of the possibility of a future movement to the land
by a number of the Jews who are now engaged in industry.
The Agro-Joint is not only aiding the colonists in developing
their farms, but is also assisting in maintaining the health
of the Jewish population by subsidizing local societies
engaged in this work. During the five years 1924-29, a total
of 4,846,000 rubles were expended by these societies, and an
annual average of 1,017,000 persons were assisted. The
need for this work is urgent, because government medical
assistance is extended only to members of trade unions,

government employes, and basic classes of the peasantry.
In July, after several weeks' negotiation, the government
rescinded its refusal, in the preceding February, to permit
the Federation of Jewish Relief Organizations of Great
Britain to enter Russia and carry on relief activities (See
Vol. 32, p. 88).
Along with the struggle for economic adaptation, went
desperate efforts for religious adjustment to the Soviet
milieu. At the Anti-Religious Jewish Congress, held in
Moscow at the end of March, some of the measures being
employed to save Judaism were referred to. The Jews of
Leningrad have decided to admit women to the choir and
to participation in the management of congregations, and
have abolished separate seating in the synagogues. In
smaller cities, free Hebrew schools have been established
and teachers are offering private tuition in Jewish subjects
free of charge. Itinerant preachers follow groups of colonists
and other migrating, and establish moveable congregations
for their use. All the rabbis in Russia are willing, it was
said, to reduce the number of ritual observances if they
can save the essence of Judaism. An example of this was
the approval given by the rabbi of Briansk for the baking
of Matzoth with rye flour, because of the scarcity of white
flour and the fear that many Jews would consequently
abandon the use of Matzoth at Passover.
The drive against religion continued during the year,
although not with the speed and vigor of the year before.
Reports to the Ernes, from a number of towns and villages,
indicated that many anti-religious societies in these places
had ceased functioning, leaving the field open for "an unhin-
dered revival of religious propaganda." In March, the first
athiest magazine in Yiddish began publication in Moscow,
promising to give battle both "to the Pope of Rome and the
Rabbi of Lubawitch," as well as Zionism. This magazine
and the rest of the Yiddish communist press agitated
violently against Jewish religious observances, particularly
at the time of the fall High Holidays and at the Passover
season, but there are no reports of any public burlesquing
of religion as in previous years; nor were there any reports
of the persecution of Hebrew teachers or of rabbis. Along

with so called counter-revolutionary suspects, some active
Zionists were arrested, and several exiled.
While there were not as many reports of anti-Semitic
incidents during the past year, as in preceding ones, such
as have appeared indicate that anti-Semitism is still a serious
problem, with which the government is endeavoring to cope.
In an interview, in January, with the correspondent of the
Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Joseph Stalin, de facto dictator
of Russia, characterized anti-Semitism as "the most danger-
ous survival of cannibalism," and declared that in the
Soviet Union it is rigidly prosecuted as a "phenomenon
profoundly hostile to the Soviet regime." As a matter of
fact, the Soviet authorities did look into many complaints
of anti-Jewish persecution, and meted out severe punishment
to persons found guilty.
A rather flagrant case was that of three factory workers
in the Izpolit factory near Minski who resented the fact
that a Jewish co-worker faithfully carried out orders and
did his work very industriously. After subjecting the Jew
to various indignities, the three non-Jews hanged him to a
beam, and, when he fainted, they cut him down only to
hang him again. One of the assailants was sentenced to
six years imprisonment at hard labor, and the remaining
two to eight years; all three were deprived of their citizen
ship for five years. In June, the entire city administration
of Derbent, Republic of Daghestan, were removed and a
number tried, because of anti-Jewish persecution.
In the same month, in a long article in Izvestia, Moscow
government organ, Maxim Gorky, commenting upon the
fact that a number of contemporary Russian writers have
shown anti-Semitic tendencies, declared that the shameful
stain of anti-Semitism must not find any place in the life or
literature of Soviet Russia, where the foundation was laid
for the brotherhood of all races and peoples. He recom-
mended that Russia should learn from England which
continually gains strength by infusing, into its political
and social order, the services of "wise and energetic Jews."
TURKEY
The situation of the Jews of Turkey did not improve
during the year. The policy of Ottomanization of the
country continued to be followed by the Kemalist govern-
ment, with the depressing effects on Jewish initiative and
progress which we described in our review last year. {See
Vol. 32, pp. 128-129). Those elements which support this
policy were greatly irritated and shocked during the fall
of 1930, when AH Tethi Bey, leader of the Liberal Repub-
lican party in the municipal elections in Istanbul, the first
opposition in seven years, invited the co-operation of
national minorities, and the Greeks, Armenians, and Jews
of the city, to the number of some 240,000 manifested their
eagerness to support that party, and put candidates in the
field, but while the Liberal Republicans succeeded in polling
25% of the votes cast, they were defeated by the Popular
(Kemalist) Party, with the result that animosity against
the minorities increased.
In November, one of the leading newspapers demanded
that the government take steps to prevent the further
exodus of Turkish Jews who "are distinguished for their
creative intelligence and productive activity." The decline
of the once flourishing Jewish community of Turkey became
more evident during the past year, with Jewish institutions
harder put to it than ever to support communal activities,
and especially with the falling off in the attendance of
Jewish children at community schools. After an interval
of eight years, the Council of Jewish Communities held a
meeting in May, and listened to a gloomy report of the
serious economic plight of the communities. A very signifi-
cant event was the organization, in April, of a Jewish society
in Smyrna which discussed plans to agitate among Jews to
abandon the Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) tongue and adopt the
Turkish language.
C. PALESTINE
The primary and almost all-absorbing interest of the
Jews of Palestine, during the period under review, was, of
course, the discussions surrounding the formulation of its
Palestine policy by the Mandatory Power, as outlined in
the Passfield White Paper, issued in October 1930. But
before t h a t document saw the light, Palestine Jewry was

deeply stirred by the report of the Permanent M a n d a t e
Commission to the League of Nations made public in
August, because t h a t document was, in some respects, a
counterbalance to the profoundly unsatisfactory report of
the Shaw Commission which had investigated the Arab
riots of August 1929. T h e M a n d a t e Commission found
t h a t two of the four general conclusions of the Shaw Com-
mission were open to question; t h a t the Palestine adminis-
tration had displayed a lack of insight on the eve of the
riots in spite of a number of premonitory symptoms; that
the Mandatory Power had reduced the protective forces
too rapidly, for a country situated as is Palestine; and that
it had also handled the Wailing Wall controversy in a
manner which was not calculated to improve relation be-
tween the two groups. Going back to more remote causes
of friction between Jews and Arabs, which lay in the failure
of the Mandatory to give satisfaction to the aspirations
of the two races, the Commission expresses "regret t h a t on
certain points the Mandatory Power has not succeeded in
giving full effect to all the provisions of the M a n d a t e . " The
Government's lack of firmness and consistency in applying
all its provisions "inevitably leave the extremists in both
camps to seek . . . to obtain what the M a n d a t e , loyally
interpreted and energetically carried out, could not give
them." While expressing approval of the Mandatory's
intention to restrict immigration in proportion to the
country's power of absorption, the Commission nevertheless
asks "whether the obligation to encourage close settlement
by Jews on the land, does not . . . imply the adoption of a
more active policy which would develop the country's
capacity to receive and absorb immigrants in larger numbers
without ill effects?" Such a policy has merely been outlined
in a small way; "it is quite clear, however, t h a t the Jewish
National Home, so far as it has been established, has in
practice been the work of the Jewish organization;" the
Mandatory has shown itself "unable to provide the essential
condition for the development of the Jewish National
Home,—security for persons and property."
T h e ill effects of the inaction of the Palestine Government
have not been restricted to Jews. " T h e Arab element . . .
might have found its interests safeguarded by the govern-

ment agricultural policy, including not only public works to
develop cultivable area, but also the organization of agri-
cultural credit, land credit, co-operative societies and an
educational campaign." Had such a policy been followed,
the fears of the Arabs, seeing the land passing into Jewish
hands, would have been largely allayed. The Mandatory
had also neglected to take any steps to bring the two sec-
tions into closer association, by setting up economic insti-
tutions open to both sections; the Mandatory left the
establishment of all such institutions entirely to the Jews.
The Commission warned that agitation against the Man-
date itself as well as efforts to distort its meaning are vain,
as all such demands must be refused "so long as the leaders
of the community persist in repudiating what is at once
the fundamental charter of the country and, so far as the
Mandatory Power is concerned, an international obligation
which cannot be set aside."
The British Government took sharp issue with these and
other points in the report of the Mandate Commission and
filed a long answer, to the tone of which the Commission
expressed objection. On September 8, however, when
Hjalmar Procope, rapporteur on Mandates for the Council
of the League of Nations, presented his report upholding
the views of the Commission, his observations and report
were unanimously adopted by the Council, after Arthur
Henderson, British Foreign Secretary, had made a brief
declaration, which was interpreted as an apology for
the asperity of Great Britain's answer to the Mandate's
Commission.
This development was greeted with satisfaction in Pales-
tine Jewish circles and raised high hopes in anticipation of
the anxiously awaited new statement of Great Britain's
policy. The consternation with which the Passfield White
Paper was received was the more profound. Not since the
riots of 1929 was the Jewish Community so aroused. The
resignation of Dr. Weizmann from his dual presidency of
the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency
was interpreted as a serious defeat of World Zionism. A
meeting of the Va'ad Leumi (National Jewish Council) was
called at once, and Pinhas Rutenberg, on behalf of the
Council, and Colonel Frederick Kisch, representing the

Jewish Agency, called on the High Commissioner and
expressed indignation at what Palestine Jewry regarded as
the complete extinction of the Balfour Declaration. At its
meeting on October 21, the Va'ad Leumi adopted a resolu-
tion rejecting the statement of policy, and refusing to take
any part in the formation of the legislative council proposed
in the White Paper. Feeling ran high in Tel Aviv, where
an anti-British street demonstration took place, and black
flags were hoisted in "mourning" for the Balfour Declaration.
The debates in Parliament on November 17, also keenly
disappointed Palestine Jewry, because of the speeches of
Premier MacDonald and Dr. Drummond Shiels, Under-
secretary of State for the Colonies, in which they sought to
defend the White Paper. The Va'ad Leumi held another
meeting on November 19, and adopted a resolution express-
ing its amazement at the Premier's confirmation of the
White Paper and calling on "Jewry throughout the World
to continue to fight against the repeated attacks of His
Majesty's Government." Jewish public opinion in Palestine
was more cheerful when Premier MacDonald's letter to
Dr. Weizmann was published. The Hebrew press took
the position that while a retraction of the White Paper was
still desirable, the letter did clear up a number of important
questions.
When, in June the report was published of the Commission
on the Wailing Wall, appointed by the British Government
with the approval of the League of Nations, the Jewish
community, though dissatisfied, accepted the Commission's
decisions. The Commission ruled that ownership of the
Wall is vested solely in the Moslem church, but that, subject
to certain restrictions, which were clearly set forth, Jews
have full access to the Wall at all times for the purpose of
devotion. The use of benches, chairs, curtains, screens, etc.,
is barred, as is also the blowing of the shofar, while the
Ark and a table to hold the Torah, while it is being read,
may be brought to the Wall only on stated occasions. The
Moslems, on the other hand, are forbidden to disturb
Jewish services and to make any structural additions to the
Wall which may interfere with its use by Jews. The area
before the Wall is not to be used for political rallies. The
Commission on the Wailing Wall had sat for several weeks

in July 1930 in Jerusalem and held public hearings, at which
Jewish and Arab witnesses were heard. These proceedings
were followed with the liveliest interest by both communities.
The Commission and the Palestine administration encour-
aged a series of conferences between Jews and Arabs, in the
hope that they could arrive at an agreement as to the rights
of the respective communities, but these conferences were
broken off, owing, it was said, to the intransigeance of the
Arab representatives.
The failure of the negotiations was only one symptom of
the continuing strained relations between the two communi-
ties during the entire year. On the one hand, the Jews had
not forgotten the riots of August 1929, and, on the other
hand, the Arab leaders would not abandon their demand
for the abrogation of the Balfour Declaration and the
Mandate. Arab bitterness was increased by the definite
and firm rejection by the Permanent Mandates Commission
of Arab demands in this direction; Jewish bitterness was
increased by the provisions of the White Paper. The Arabs
hailed this document, and, when the parleys between the
British Government and the Jewish Agency were taking
place and rumors of a possible retreat were rife, the Arab
leaders sent frantic messages to London, urging the Gov-
ernment not to weaken, and expressing the belief that
"explanations of any kind will cause general excitement
among the Arabs." They denounced the letter of Premier
MacDonald to Dr. Weizmann as restoring the Balfour
Declaration; in a memorial to the British High Commis-
sioner, the president of the Arab Executive stated that the
letter "has ruined hope of a policy of co-operation between
Arabs and Jews, if there existed such a hope, and has
rendered the possibility of understanding between the two
parties absolutely impossible;" he went on to state his
intention of proposing a boycott against all Jews in all
matters. In March, the Arab Executive published an appeal
to the Arabs for an anti-Jewish boycott. "Sell the Jews
everything except land and buy nothing from them," was
the slogan adopted. Finally, Arab bitterness was once more
increased with the publication of the report settling the
Wailing Wall controversy.
The year was full of symptoms of mutual hostility on the

part of both sections of the Palestine population. The
authorities took extra precautions to prevent disorders on
the anniversary of the outbreaks of August 1929. Pro-
cessions were forbidden, but synagogue services were
permitted. Relatives and friends of Jews who had been
killed made pilgrimages to their graves. In Tel Aviv all
places of amusement were closed. A few days before
Tisho b'Ab (August 3) the authorities announced unpre-
cedented restrictions for the observance of that fast before
the Wailing Wall.
The Arabs, on the other hand, commemorated the fortieth
day after the execution, on June 17, 1930, of the three
Arabs sentenced to death for their part in the 1929 riots,
and the leaders suggested that the anniversary of the riots
be marked by a strike, but the government forbade the
publication of the strike call. The Arab Executive called
a strike also in protest against the reprieve of Joseph
Mizrachi Urphali, the only Jew sentenced to death in
connection with the 1929 outbreak.
There were occasional attacks upon Jews, the most
sensational being that which occurred on April 5, near the
Arab village of Yadjur, in which three Jews were killed
and four seriously injured; there were also clashes between
Jews and Arabs; Jewish farmers were annoyed by Bedouins;
threshing floors belonging to Jews were burned; fruit trees
in orchards belonging to Jews were uprooted by vandals;
an Arab newspaper published a ritual murder accusation
against a Jew.
On the other hand, there were some efforts on both sides
to reach an understanding, as urged by Harry Snell, one
of the members of the Shaw Commission, who suggested the
establishment of bi-national committees in all towns and
villages where the two peoples live. In a letter to the Brith
Sholom Society, whose president is Dr. J. L. Magnes,
Chancellor of the Hebrew University, Mr. Snell made
forty-two concrete proposals for co-operation. When Mr.
Snell's letter was published, one of the Arab newspapers
said that the Arabs would agree to an entente on certain
conditions, including the abandonment by the Jews of their
"dream" of a National Home. Solemn peace pacts were
entered into between Jews and Arabs in a number of

places.
In the midst of all these preoccupations, often in spite
of them, normal life went on. The general economic situa-
tion was not as bad in Palestine as in many other countries.
Public revenues showed a surplus of $209,500 for the first
ten months of 1930. In that year, industry used almost fifty
per cent more electric current, supplied by the Rutenberg
plants, than in 1929. In November 1930, the drainage
project on lands of the Jewish National Fund in the Haifa
Bay section, which had cost $125,000, was completed and
the cornerstone was laid of a Workers Suburb of two
thousand cottages, to be constructed at a cost of over
$500,000, with the financial assistance of the Mortgage
Bank of the (American) Palestine Economic Corporation,
the Keren Hayesod. the Palestine Emergency Fund, and the
Hassneh Insurance Company. In the same month, prepa-
rations were well under way for the settlement of one
thousand Jewish families on small holdings in the orange-
growing zone along the coastal plain, on land belonging to
the Jewish National Fund. In January, the King David
Hotel, of nearly two hundred rooms, embodying all modern
hotel conveniences, was opened in Jerusalem. It had been
erected at a cost of close to $1,250,000, provided, in part,
by the London Economic Board for Palestine and the
Palestine Economic Corporation. In the same month, the
Polish Immigrants' Bank of Palestine was opened in Tel
Aviv, partly with capital subscribed by the Polish Govern-
ment, as the bank will function chiefly in the direction of
financing imports from Poland. In February, the corner-
stone was laid of the Citrus Experimental Laboratory at
Rehoboth, on land of the Jewish National Fund.
Several natural disasters caused damage to property,
In January, a terrific rain and wind storm struck Palestine,
destroying crops and damaging houses. It was estimated
that fifteen per cent of the orange crop was destroyed. In
February, the sudden overflowing of the Yarmuk River
damaged the Jordan power plant of the Rutenberg electric
project, and delayed for several months the opening of that
plant. In May, a swarm of locusts covered a large area of
the Jewish colony of Degania and caused considerable

damage to crops. Late in June 1930, a number of cases of
typhoid were reported in the Jewish settlements of the
Emek, and all the 40,000 colonists were inoculated against
the disease, the spread of which was promptly halted, thanks
to this and other measures.
One of the points stressed in Premier MacDonald's letter
to Dr. Weizmann was the claim of Jewish labor for a share
of employment on public works. This matter was much
discussed during the year. A census made by the Federation
of Jewish Labor, in July, showed that only 5.7 per cent of
those employed by the government Department of Public
Works were Jews. In February, a delegation of Jews called
upon the District Commissioner for Northern Palestine
and complained that only ten per cent of the Haifa Harbor
workers are Jews, and that, at the Athlit quarries, of the
790 workers, only 140 were Jews. In June, a delegation
waited upon the High Commissioner and complained of
the non-employment of Jews on municipal works, and the
High Commissioner at once issued orders for more Jews to
be employed.
A number of interesting communal events are deserving
of mention. In July, a society was organized to agitate for
autonomy for the Jewish community of Jerusalem; this
idea had been under discussion since March 1930, when
the three Jewish members of the municipal council resigned,
because, they alleged, the overwhelming majority being
Arabs, they had never had any voice in the affairs of the
Council. In August, a Jewish labor delegation from the
United States was welcomed in Palestine and received by
the High Commissioner who expressed appreciation of the
work of American Jews in behalf of Palestine. In the same
month, the Va'ad Leumi adopted a resolution recommending
that the control of the Jewish School system, now under
the Jewish Agency, be transferred to a joint board of the
Agency and the communities; but this proposal was con-
demned by the Hebrew Teachers Conference which was
then in session. In January, elections were held for delegates
to the Asefat Hanivcharim (Representative Assembly), to
be the publicly recognized organ of the Jewish community,
in accordance with the Religious Communities Ordinance

of 1926. The Assembly elects the Va'ad Leumi (National
Council). Considerable excitement marked the pre-
election campaign, the British policy, as outlined in the
Passfield White Paper, being the most discussed issue. Of
the 89,590 eligible voters, 54,402 (56 per cent) went to the
polls. Labor candidates won 32 of the 71 seats, while the
Revisionists acquired 16. At the first convention of the
Assembly in February, the Revisionists left the meeting,
when a motion, favored by them, that the question of the
community's participation in Dr. Weizmann's further
negotiations with the British government be referred to the
incoming Va'ad Leumi, was lost. In April, announcement
was made that the plans had been completed for the Jewish
agricultural school to be built with funds left by Sir Ellis
Kadoorie, of Bagdad; a similar school for Arabs will be
built with funds from the same source.
There were 230,000 catalogued volumes in the Hebrew
University Library when its collection was removed from
the city to the new Wolffsohn Building on Mount Scopus.
According to the report of the Department of Education,
409 books and pamphlets, of which 349 were in Hebrew,
were published during 1929. In January 1930, a group in
Tel Aviv founded a Museum of Jewish Art in that city,
Meyer Dizengoff, the Mayor, giving his home for the head-
quarters of the Museum. The Hebrew versus Yiddish
question arose in September in connection with the produc-
tion of a Yiddish talking picture. The education department
of the Jewish Agency, the Executive of the Jewish National
Council, and that of the Jewish Teachers Organization
issued an appeal to the Jewish population not to attend
the production. When the picture was shown in Tel Aviv,
several Hebrew partisans in the audience demonstrated
against it, and the exhibitor was compelled to cut out the
dialogue and the singing in order to be able to continue the
showing of the film.
The question of football playing on Saturday created a
great stir in the community when, on October 19, such a
game took place. The Agudath Israel and the Shomrei
Shabbos were incensed and rebuked the players, who pro-
tested that no tickets had been sold and no vehicles per-
mitted to approach the field, and contended that the game

itself was not a violation of the Sabbath. The controversy
was revived in May and June 1931, and the Va'ad Leumi
expressed the view that the sport should be permitted,
provided no tickets be sold on the Sabbath and there be no
smoking. The Agudath Israel, however, was not satisfied
with this decision and appealed to the High Commissioner
to promulgate an order forbidding games on Saturday.
Of the 6,433 immigrants to Palestine in 1930, a total of
4,944, more than three-fourths were Jews. Of the 2,911
emigrants, 1,636, more than half, were Jews, but only 581
of these were Palestine citizens. According to an estimate,
in April, of the United States Department of State there
were 1,800 American citizens then living in Palestine.
In its annual report submitted to the Permanent Man-
dates Commission, the Jewish Agency presents many of the
facts already cited. The following additional data will be
of interest. The report states that during the fiscal year
ending September 30, 1930, Jewish immigration was 3,436
as against 3,585 for the preceding fiscal year, and explains
that the decrease was due to the suspension of certificates
under the labor schedule, from May to October 1930, and
to the lack of confidence in the good will of the Mandatory
Power. The increase in unemployment from 334 in Decem-
ber 1929 to 1,950 in the same month of 1931 was due, said
the report, to the slackening of enterprise resulting from the
unsettled political situation. A total of S6,725,000, was
expended in Palestine by the Agency and its affiliated
organizations, including the Palestine Emergency Fund.
The total Jewish investment in building, in 1930, is estimated
at $3,750,000. The agricultural settlements established or
supported by the Keren Hayesod numbered 58, including
two experiment stations and five girls' training farms, with
a total population of 71,556, occupying 139,232 metric
dunams (34,808 acres). A total of 2,276 industrial enter-
prises with an aggregate capital of about 85,000,000,
employed 9,362 persons, these not including 12 enterprises
in so-called heavy industry—cement, oil, electric power,
etc.—with a capital of $11,315,000 employing 1200 persons;
about 10,562 persons were employed in Jewish urban
industries, in which $16,250,000 are invested. Work on the

Dead Sea mineral concession involving an expenditure of
$500,000 was begun in 1930. A total of $980,000 was
spent for health activities by the Hadassah and the Workers'
Sick Fund.
The number of children in the Jewish school system in
1930 was 22,533 as compared with 21,031 for the preceding
year; there are 258 schools and 897 teachers in the system;
the budget of the system was $702,360, of which $426,880
came from the Jewish Agency, $151,380 from fees, $98,875
from the government, and the remainder from miscellaneous
sources. The separate budget of the Hebrew University
was $255,000, and a total of 177 students and auditors
attended courses; chairs in medieval Jewish history and
rabbinic literature were established during the year.
D. INTERNATIONAL MATTERS
In connection with the question of minorities, it is
interesting to note that the establishment of a permanent
minorities commission in the League of Nations was sug-
gested at the convention, in September, in New York City,
of the International Law Association, attended by repre-
sentatives from twenty countries. Both Poland and
Roumania appointed special under-secretaries for minorities
in their governments. In the same month, the World
Congress of Palestine Workers took place in Berlin. In
April, there took place at Nijon, Switzerland, the second
international student conference on anti-Semitism in univer-
sities, sponsored by the International Student Service.
APPENDICES
I. ANNIVERSARIES AND CELEBRATIONS

UNITED STATES
July 15, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anniversary
of the birth of ABRAHAM CAHAN, labor leader, editor and author.
August 9, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-
versary of the birth of MORRIS WINCHEWSKI, author.
December 21, 1930. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anni-
versary of the birth of HENRIETTA SZOLD, Zionist and communal leader.
January 4, 1931. Detroit, Mich.: Celebration of eightieth anniversary
of founding of TEMPLE BETH EL.
January 14, 1931. New York City: Celebration of sixtieth anniversary
of the birth of FELIX M. WARBURG, banker, philanthropist, communal
and civic leader.
February 6, 1931. Washington, D. C : Celebration of seventy-fifth
anniversary of founding of WASHINGTON HEBREW CONGREGATION.
April 25, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventieth anniversary
of the birth of EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, economist.
April 26, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-
versary of the birth of HENRY MORGENTHAU, former ambassador to
Turkey, communal worker.
March 1, 1931. Brooklyn, N. Y.: Celebration of seventy-fifth anni-
sary of founding of CONGREGATION BETH ISRAEL ANSHE EMETH.
May 19, 1931. New York City: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniver-
sary of the birth of Z. H. MASLIANSKY, Zionist leader.
OTHER COUNTRIES
July 16, 1930. Milan, Italy: Celebration of one hundredth anniversary
of the birth of GRAZIADIO ISAIAH ASCOLI, philologist.
August 14, 1930. Tel Aviv, Palestine: Celebration of seventieth anni-
versary of the birth of I. H. RAVNITZKY, publisher, editor, author.
September 5, 1930. Konigsberg, Germany: Celebration of eightieth
anniversary of the birth of EUGEN GOLDSTEIN, physicist.
September 21, 1930. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of seventieth
anniversary of the birth of SIMON DUBNOW, historian.
October 9, 1930. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventieth
anniversary of the birth of SIR DANIEL RUFUS ISAACS (LORD READING),
former chief justice, viceroy of India, and ambassador to the United
States, statesman and communal leader.
November 15, 1930. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of eightieth anni-
versary of the birth of JACOB TEITEL, Russian communal leader.
December 14, 1930. Frankfurt a.M., Germany: Celebration of
no
seventieth anniversary of the birth of CAESAR SELIGMANN, teacher and

communal leader.
December 15, 1930. Riga, Latvia: Celebration of one hundred and
fiftieth anniversary of founding of ALT-NEU SYNAGOGUE.
December 20, 1930. Leningrad, Soviet Russia: Celebration of one
hundredth anniversary of the birth of JUDAH LEON GORDON, poet and
communal leader.
December, 1930. Paris, France: Celebration of seventieth anniversary
of the organization of the ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE.
January 10, 1931. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventieth
anniversary of the birth of NAHUM SOKOLOW, journalist, author, Zionist
leader.
January 15, 1931. Berlin, Germany: Celebration of the eightieth
anniversary of the birth of ALEXANDER MOSZKOWSKI, editor, author,
humorist.
February 1, 1931. Budapest, Hungary: Celebration of seventieth
anniversary of the birth of JOSEF RONA, sculptor.
March 15, 1931. Budapest, Hungary: Celebration of seventieth
anniversary of the birth of JULIUS FISCHER, Rabbi, professor at the
Jewish Rabbinical Seminary, translator, Zionist and communal worker.
March 23, 1931. London, Great Britain: Celebration of seventy-fifth
anniversary of founding of JEWS COLLEGE.
April 6, 1931. Tel Aviv, Palestine: Celebration of the seventieth
anniversary of the birth of MEYER DIZENGOFF, mayor, Zionist leader.
May 6, 1931. Vienna, Austria: Celebration of seventy-fifth anniver-
sary of the birth of SIGMUND FREUD, physician and psychoanalyist.
June 23, 1931. Oxford, Great Britain: Celebration of one hundredth
anniversary of the birth of ADOLF NEUBAUER, Orientalist and librarian
at the Bodleian.
II. APPOINTMENTS, HONORS AND ELECTIONS

UNITED STATES
AARON, CHARLES L., Milwaukee, Wis., re-elected Judge, Circuit Court,
April 7, 1931.
AARONSON, ISADOR, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
ABRAMSON, LEON, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
ACKERMAN, JOSEPH N., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Senate,
November 4, 1930.
ADELBERG, ABRAHAM A., Cedarhurst, L. I., elected Mayor, March
17, 1931.
ALBERT, HERMAN M., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
ALLEN, MAX, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Senate, November
4, 1930.
ALTERMAN, MEYER, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
ALT MAN, JOSEPH, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,

November 4, 1930.
BACHARACH, HARRY, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected Mayor, July
11, 1930.
BACHARACH, ISAAC, Atlantic City, N. J., re-elected to United States
House of Representatives, November 4, 1930.
BAER, HERMAN A., New Hyde Park, N. Y., elected Mayor, March,
1931.
BARNET, SAMUEL, New Bedford, Mass., appointed by Governor,
Judge, Bristol County District Court, November 19, 1930.
BEHRENDT, HENRY, Detroit, Mich., elected Sheriff of Wayne County,
November 4, 1930.
BENDER, ALBERT M., San Francisco, Cal., made Chevalier of the
Crown of Italy, November 24, 1930.
BENJAMIN, ROBERT, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
BERCOVICI, KONRAD, New York City, elected member, Academie
Francaise de Science Internationale, April 24, 1931.
BERG, JULIUS S., New York City, re-elected to State Senate, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
BERMAN, PAUL, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Senate, November
4, 1930.
BETTMAN, GILBERT, Cincinnati, Ohio, re-elected Attorney General,
November 4, 1930.
BILDERSEE, ADELE, Brooklyn, N. Y., appointed by Board of Educa-
tion, Dean of woman's branch of Brooklyn College, January 20, 1931.
BINDER, LOUIS, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Assembly, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
BINSTOCK, Louis, New Orleans, La., awarded by Hebrew Union
College, Cincinnati, Ohio, degree of Doctor of Divinity, May 31, 1931.
BLOOM, SOL, New York City, re-elected to United States House of
Representatives, November 4, 1930.
BLUM, MARTIN E., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
BLUMBERG, ARNOLD M., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legisla-
ture, November 4, 1930.
BOAS, FRANZ, New York City, elected President of American Associa-
tion for Advancement of Science, January 1, 1931.
BROWN, ELMER, Perth Amboy, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
BUNGARD, MAURICE Z., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-
BUTZEL, HENRY M., Detroit, Mich., re-elected Judge, State Supreme
Court, November 4, 1930.
CAPLAN, JACOB, New Haven, Conn., elected to State Senate, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., New York City, awarded by Governor,
Roosevelt Medal for Distinguished Service, June 23, 1931.
CASSON, ABRAHAM, Roxbury, Mass., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
CAYTON, NATHAN, Washington, D. C , appointed Judge, Municipal
Court, District of Columbia, February 14, 1931.
CELLER, EDWARD, New York City, re-elected to United States House

of Representatives, November 4, 1930.
COHEN, ALBERT M., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
CROUNSE, J., Omaha, Neb., elected to State Legislature, November
4, 1930.
DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL, New York City, re-elected to United States
EDELMAN, LEON, Chicago, 111., elected Judge, Municipal Court,
November 4, 1930.
EINSTEIN, MORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Senate, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
FALK, ALEX A., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
FEIGENBAUM, B. J., San Francisco, Cal., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
FELD, A. SPENCER, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
FERBER, EDNA, New York City, awarded honorary degree of Doctor
of Letters, Columbia University, June 2, 1931.
FINE, MELVIN L., Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
FINKELSTEIN, BERNARD, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legisla-
FLEISHER, MANUEL, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
FLEXNER, SIMON, New York City, elected corresponding member of
the French Academy of Sciences, division of medicine and surgery,
April 27, 1931.
FOREMAN, MILTON J., Chicago, III., appointed Lieutenant-general,
Illinois National Guard, April 18, 1931.
FRIEND, HUGO M., Chicago, 111., appointed by Illinois Supreme Court,
Judge, Appelate Court of Illinois, October 20, 1930.
FURTH, JACOB, Philadelphia, Pa., awarded by American Medical
Association, Gold Medal, Class I, for original investigations, June 11,
1931.
GARSON, MURRAY WM., Brooklyn, N. Y., appointed special Assistant
Secretary of Labor, February 26, 1931.
GETTLEMAN, BERNARD, Milwaukee, Wis., re-elected to State Senate,
November 4, 1930.
GIMBEL, RICHARD, Philadelphia, Pa., promoted Major, United States
Reserve Corps, March 26, 1931.
GOLDBERGER, LEO, Perth Amboy, N. J., appointed by Governor,
Judge, District Court, of Perth Amboy, January 14, 1931.
GOLDEN, BENJAMIN M., Philadelphia, Pa., re-elected to United States
GOLDSTEIN, JONAH J., New York City, appointed by Mayor, Judge,
Municipal Court, March 6, 1931.
GOODMAN, MOSES, Ann Harbor, Mich., elected President, American
Chemical Society, January 1, 1931.
GOODMAN, ALEXANDER, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
GORFINE, EMANUEL, Baltimore, Md., elected to State Legislature,

November 4, 1930.
GRADISON, WILLIS D., Cincinnati, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
GREENBERG, JOSEPH, Jersey City, N. J., re-elected to State Legisla-
GREENSTEIN, ARTHUR L., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legisla-
GREENSTEIN, SAMUEL, Woodbine, N. J., re-elected Mayor, November
4, 1930.
GROSSMAN, JOSEPH, Quincy, Mass., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
GUGGENHEIM, HARRY F., New York City, awarded by Georgia School
of Technology, Atlanta, Ga., honorary degree of Doctor of Science,
June 6, 1931.
HAHN, JEROME J., Providence, R. I., appointed by Governor, Judge,
State Supreme Court, February 28, 1931.
HARTMANN, MOSES, St. Louis, Mo., re-elected Judge, Circuit Court,
November 4, 1930.
HEYMAN, C. I., New York City, elected to State Legislature, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
HOFSTADTER, S. H., New York City, re-elected to State Senate,
November 4, 1930; appointed Chairman of Legislative Committee to
investigate administration of the City of New York, April 7, 1931.
HOLLZER, HARRY A., Los Angeles, Cal., appointed Judge, United
States District Court, Southern California, February 27, 1931.
HORNER, HENRY, Chicago, 111., re-elected Judge, Probate Court,
November 4, 1930.
HYMAN, SOL. A., New York City, elected to State Legislature, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
JAFFE, NATHANIEL E., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
KAHAN, HENRY 0., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
KAHN, MRS. FLORENCE PRAG, San Francisco, Cal., re-elected to
United States House of Representatives, November 4, 1930.
KAHN, LOUIS D., New York City, elected Judge, Municipal Court,
November 4, 1930.
KIRSTEIN, Louis E., Boston, Mass., elected President, Board of
Trustees of Boston Public Library, May 15, 1931.
KLEINFELD, PHILIP M., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Senate,
November 4, 1930.
KOHN, ROBERT D., New York City, re-elected President of American
Institute of Architects, April 22, 1931.
KRAMER, SAMUEL E., Cleveland, Ohio, re-elected Judge, Court of
Common Pleas, November 4, 1930.
LANDSTEINER, KARL, New York City, awarded Nobel Prize for medi-
cine, October 31, 1930.
LEBSON, ABRAM A., Englewood, N. J., appointed by Governor, Judge,
Bergen County Criminal Court, March 25, 1931.
LEHMAN, EUGENE H.,Tarrytown,N.Y., elected Mayor, March 17, 1931.
LEHMAN, HERBERT H., New York City, re-elected Lieutenant-Gov-

ernor of State, November 4, 1930; awarded Gottheil Medal, Zeta Beta
Tau Fraternity, May 4, 1931.
LEVEY, EDGAR, San Francisco, Cal., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
LEVINE, JACOB, Nashville, Tenn., re-elected Judge, County Court,
Davidson County, August, 1930.
LEVINE, MARCUS, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
LEVITAN, SOL, Madison, Wis., re-elected State Treasurer, November
4, 1930.
LEVY, SAMUEL, New York City, elected by Board of Alderman,
President of the Borough of Manhattan, January 16, 1931.
LEWIS, HARRY S., New York City, awarded by Jewish Institute of
Religion, honorary degree of Doctor of Jewish Theology, May 24, 1931.
LITWIN, DAVID M., Newark, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
LIVINGSTON, JACOB H., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-
LOEVINGER, GUSTAVUS, St. Paul, Minn., appointed by Governor,
Judge, Ramsey County District Court, March 13, 1931.
LYONS, HARRY, LOS Angeles, Cal., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
MACK, ALFRED, Cincinnati, Ohio, elected Judge, Court of Common
Pleas, November 4, 1930.
MACK, MRS. WALTER S. Jr., New York City, appointed by Mayor,
member, Board of Higher Education and trustee of Hunter College,
February 11, 1931.
MANDELBAUM, SAMUEL, New York City, re-elected to State Legisla-
MARINE, DAVID, New York City, awarded by New York Academy
of Medicine, gold medal, January 7, 1931.
MAYER, JOSEPH, Belmar, N. J., re-elected Mayor, May 19, 1931.
MAYER, MORRIS J., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor, Judge,
Municipal Court, December, 1930.
MEDALIE, GEORGE Z., New York City, present United States Attor-
ney, Southern District of New York, January 28, 1931.
MEIER, JULIUS L., Portland, Ore., elected Governor, November 4,
1930.
MELNIKER, AARON A., Bayonne, N. J., elected Judge, Hudson
County District Court, November 4, 1930.
MENDELSON, JOSEPH A., Washington, D. C , appointed Major,
December 9, 1930.
MEYER, EUGENE, New York City, appointed Governor, Federal
Reserve Board, September 5, 1930.
MEYER, HARRY, Butte, Mont., elected to State Legislature, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
MEYER, MAURICE J., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor,
Judge, Municipal Court, December, 1930.
MILLER, JULIUS, New York City, elected Judge, State Supreme
Court, November 4, 1930.
MITTLER, BENJAMIN B., New York City, re-elected to State Legis-

lature, November 4, 1930.
MORGENTHAU, HENRY, JR., New York City, appointed by Governor,
Commissioner of State Conservation, December 7, 1930.
MOSES, ISAAC, Providence, R. I., elected to State Senate, November
4, 1930.
NATHAN, LOUIS, Miami Shores, Fla., elected Mayor, December 8,
1930.
NATHANSON, JACOB P., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-
NEUSTEIN, IRVING D., New York City, elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
OKO, ADOLPH S., Cincinnati, Ohio, awarded by Hebrew Union College,
Cincinnati, Ohio, degree of Doctor of Hebrew Laws, May 30, 1931.
PACK, CARL, New York City, elected to State Legislature, November
4, 1930.
PARIS, DAVID, New York City, elected to State Legislature. November
4, 1930.
POSNER, Louis S., New York City, appointed by Mayor, member.
Board of Education of City of New York, February 21, 1931.
REICH, JULIUS, North Bergen, N. J., re-elected Mayor, May 19, 1931.
RITTENBERG, SAMUEL, Charleston, S. Car., re-elected to State Legisla-
ROEDER, JEHIEL, New York City, elected Judge, Municipal Court,
November 4, 1930.
ROOT, MORRIS J., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
ROSENSTEIN, FILBERT L., Paterson, N. J., appointed Judge, Second
District Court, April 15, 1931.
ROTH, BENJAMIN, Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded by Secretary of War,
soldiers' medal for heroism while serving as member of the 1928-1930
Byrd Antartic Expedition, July 9, 1930.
ROTH, LESTER W., LOS Angeles, Cal., appointed by Governor, Judge,
Superior Court, March 21, 1931.
RUBIN, BEN, Milwaukee, Wis., elected to State Legislature, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
RUBINER, CHARLES, Detroit, Mich., appointed by Governor, Judge,
Court of Common Pleas, June 24, 1931.
SABATH, ADOLPH, J., Chicago, III., re-elected to United States House of
Representatives, November 4, 1930.
SALUS, SAMUEL W., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Senate,
November 4, 1930.
SAMBERG, HARRY A., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
SCHACKNO, H. G., New York City, re-elected to State Senate, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
SCHANZER, ALBERT D., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legisla-
SCHEINMAN, BENJAMIN I., Los Angeles, Cal., appointed by Governor,
Judge, Municipal Court, January 27, 1931.
SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., New York City, elected President, National
Council Boy Scouts of America, May 6, 1931.
SCHILLER, JOSEPH, Chicago, 111., elected Judge, Municipal Court,

November 4, 1930.
SCHOENFELD, FRANK, Jersey City, N. J., re-elected to State Legisla-
SCHWARTZ, LOUIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
SCHWARTZ, WILLIAM, New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
SCHWARTZWALD, JACOB J., Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legis-
lature, November 4, 1930.
SCHWARZ, LEON, Mobile, Ala., elected by City Commission, Mayor
and President of City Commission, October 1, 1930.
SELIGMAN, ARTHUR, Santa Fe, N. Mex., elected Governor, November,
4, 1930.
SELIGMAN, EDWIN R. A., New York City, awarded by Roumanian
Government Order of the Crown of Roumania, February 12, 1931.
SEMAN, PHILIP L., Chicago, 111., appointed by Governor, Chairman,
Committee on Inspection of social service institutions, January 29, 1931.
SHIENTAG, BERNARD L., New York City, re-elected Judge, State
Supreme Court, November 4, 1930.
SHULMAN, MRS. SADIE LIPNER, Dorchester, Mass., appointed by
Governor, Judge, Municipal Court, December 11, 1930.
SILBERT, JOSEPH H., Cleveland, Ohio, elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
SINGER, JACOB, Chicago, 111., appointed lecturer in Liturgy and Music
of the Synagogue, Northwestern University, June 10, 1931.
SIROVICH, WILLIAM I., New York City, re-elected to United States
SOBEL, JULIUS, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
SOBELOFF, SIMON E., Baltimore, Md., appointed United States
Attorney, District of Maryland, January 28, 1931.
SOLOMON, ELIAS L., New York City, awarded by Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, degree of Doctor of Hebrew Letters, June 8, 1930.
SPANN, MAX J., Pittsburgh, Pa., elected to State Legislature, Novem-
ber 4, 1930.
SPEIER, HERMAN, New York City, awarded by Roumanian Govern-
ment, medal of the Order of the Roumanian Star, March 9, 1931.
STEIN, BENJAMIN, Paterson, N. J., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
STEINGUT, IRWIN, Brooklyn, N. Y., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
STEUER, ALFRED L., Cleveland, Ohio, appointed by Governor, Judge,
Municipal Court, December 24, 1930.
STRAUS, JESSE ISIDOR, New York City, awarded honorary degree of
Doctor of Laws, by University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., June 17, 1931.
STREIT, SAUL S., New York City, re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
STROOCK, MOSES J., New York City, re-elected Chairman, Board of
Higher Education of the City of New York, October, 1930.
STROOCK, SOLOMON M., New York City, awarded honorary degree

of Doctor of Hebrew Letters, Jewish Institute of Religion, Mary 24,
1931; awarded by Columbia University, university medal in recognition
of achievements since graduation, June 2, 1931.
SUGARMAN, GEORGE, Chicago, 111., appointed by Mayor, President,
Chicago Civil Service Commission, March 20, 1931.
SYKES, PHILIP L., Baltimore, Md., re-elected Judge, Orphans' Court,
November 4, 1930.
TAHL, HERMAN J., Philadelphia, Pa., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
TAUSSIG, FRANCES, New York City, elected President of the American
Association of Social Workers, June 12, 1930.
ULIN, MAX, Dorchester, Mass., elected to State Senate, November
4, 1930.
ULLMAN, JOSEPH H., New Haven, Conn., elected President, Board of
Fire Commissioners, February 4, 1931.
WALDMAN, HENRY J., Elizabeth, N. J., appointed by Governor, Judge,
Juvenile and Domestic Relations Court of Union County, April 15, 1931.
WARBURG, FELIX M., New York City, awarded Zeta Beta Tau
Fraternity Gottheil medal in recognition of greatest service to American
Judaism, May 10, 1930; elected President, American Association for
Adult Education, May 21, 1931.
WARBURG, PAUL M., New York City, awarded honorary degree of
Doctor of Laws, by Occidental College, Los Angeles, Cal., April 13,
1931.
WEINSTEIN, MAXWELL, Sergeant, Brooklyn, N. Y., awarded by
United States Congress, Medal for Valor, April 21, 1931.
WEISBERG, A. LESTER, New York City, awarded bronze medal by
Carnegie Hero Fund Commission, January 28, 1931.
WISE, R. S., Passaic, N. J , re-elected to State Assembly, November
4, 1930.
WITKIN, MARTIN, Philadelphia, Pa., re-elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
WOLF, MORRIS, Philadelphia, Pa., elected member, Board of Judges,
Court of Common Pleas, December 5, 1930.
WOLFF, ALVIN A., St. Louis, Mo., elected to State Legislature,
November 4, 1930.
WOLMAN, PAUL C , Baltimore, Md., elected Commander-in-Chief,
Veterans of Foreign Wars, September 5, 1930.
OTHER COUNTRIES
BICKART-SEE, Paris, France, appointed Commander of the Legion of
Honor, January 22, 1931.
BLUM, PAUL, Strasbourg, France, appointed Officer of the Legion of
Honor, January 22, 1931.
BLUMENTHAL, HERMAN, Berlin, Germany, awarded State Medal by
Academy of Arts, December 24, 1930.
BODENHEIMER, FRITZ, Jerusalem, Palestine, appointed Visiting Pro-
fessor, University of Minnesota, spring 1931, February 25, 1931.
BRILL, SAMUEL, Paris, France, awarded by Emperor of Abyssinia,
Order of Negus Negesti, December 11, 1930.
BROD, MAX, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, awarded by Government,

State Prize for novel "Reubeni," October 28, 1930.
BURTON, MONTAGUE, London, created Knight, on occasion of 66th
birthday of King, June 3, 1931.
CEPILLI, GIACAMO, Trieste, Italy, made Officer of Order of the Legion
of Honor, January 27, 1931.
CITROEN, ANDRE, Paris, France, made Officer of Legion of Honor,
January 30, 1931.
COHN, GEORG, Copenhagen, Denmark, chosen by United States and
Polish Governments, Joint Commissioner on the Treaty of Arbitration
and Conciliation between the United States and Poland, December 6,
1930.
CROLL, DAVID ARNOLD, Windsor, Canada, elected Mayor, December
2, 1930.
DA FANO, ALESSANDRO, Rome, Italy, awarded Order of the Grand
Officiale, June 17, 1931.
EICHELBAUM, SAMUEL, Buenos Aires, Argentine/awarded by munici-
pality, annual prize for play "Senorita," May 15, 1931.
EINSTEIN, ALBERT, Berlin, Germany, awarded by Oxford University,
London, honorary degree of Doctor of Science, May 23, 1931.
ENRIQUES, FEDERIGO, Rome, Italy, elected honorary member, Royal
Academy of Science, Stockholm, April 22, 1931.
FEIBUSCH, HANS, Berlin, Germany, awarded State Medal by Academy
of Arts, December 24, 1930.
FRANKFURTER, SOLOMON, Vienna, Austria, awarded by President,
silver medal of the Austrian Republic for achievements in education,
May 11, 1931.
FREUD, SIGMUND, Vienna, Austria, awarded by City of Frankfort
a. M., Germany, Goethe prize—1930, August 28, 1930.
GOLDSCHMIDT, ADOLPH, Berlin, Germany, awarded by Princeton
University, Princeton, N. J., honorary degree of Doctor of Letters,
June 16, 1931.
GONSENHEIMER, KURT, Berlin, Germany, awarded by King of Italy,
medal for bravery, June 11, 1931.
GOTTLIEB, JOSHUA, Warsaw, Poland, awarded by Government, deco-
ration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November 10,
1930.
HAAS, ROBERT, Paris, France, appointed by Council of League of
Nationa, Director of section communication and transit of the Secre-
tariat of the League of Nations, June 26, 1931.
HAIMOFF, JOSEPH, Dupnitza, Bulgaria, awarded by King, decoration
of Officer's Cross for achievements in social welfare, June 4, 1930.
HARTOGH, M. DE, Amsterdam, Netherlands, made by King of Bel-
gium, Officer of the Order of the Cross, February 16, 1931.
HOOFIEN, SIGFRIED, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded Order of the
British Empire by King on occasion of 66th birthday, June 3, 1931.
HOROWITZ, AARON, Cornwall, Canada, re-elected Mayor, December,
2, 1930.
HYAMSON, ALBERT, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded Order of the
British Empire by King on occasion of 66th birthday, June 3, 1931.
ISAACS, SIR ISAAC ALFRED, Melbourne, Australia, appointed Gover-
nor-General of Australia, December 2, 1930.
KLAFFERN, CECELIA, Lemberg, Poland, awarded by Government,

decoration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November
10, 1930.
KLOTZ, LTJCIEN, Paris, France, made commander of Legion of Honor,
June 4, 1931.
KRONFELD, ROBERT, Vienna, Austria, awarded by International
Aviation League, International Flier's Trophy, 1929, November 17,
1930.
LEVINSTEIN, HERBERT, London, awarded by Society of Chemical
Industry, medal for work in dye stuff, January 2, 1931.
LIMBURG, J., Amsterdam, Netherlands, made Grand Officer of the
Order of Nassau, April 27, 1931.
LOEWE, FRITZ, Berlin, Germany, elected leader, German Greenland
Expedition, June 7, 1931.
LUDWIG, EMIL, Berlin, Germany, awarded by Rutger's University,
New Brunswick, N. J v honorary degree of Doctor of Letters, June 5,1931.
MARK, JACOB, Cernauti, Roumania, awarded by King, Order of the
Roumanian Star, September 30, 1930.
MAY, PAUL, Brussels, Belgium, appointed Ambassador to the United
States, December 6, 1930.
MAYER, RENE, Paris, France, appointed Officer of the Legion of
Honor, June 12, 1931.
MEYER, LEON, Havre, France, appointed Under-Secretary of Com-
merce, December 13, 1930.
MINKOWSKY, Warsaw, Poland, elected President, State Export
Institute, July 10, 1930.
MOSCOVITSCH, LUCA, Sofia, Bulgaria, awarded by King, decoration
of Officer's Cross for achievements in social welfare, June 4, 1930.
MYERS, CHARLES S., London, elected Principal, Institute for Indus-
trial Psychology, December, 1930.
NAHUM, CHAIM, Cairo, Egypt, appointed by King, member of Senate,
June 13, 1931.
NATHAN, MANFRED, M., K. C , Johannesburg, Union of South Africa,
appointed Judge, Income Tax Court, February 13, 1931.
NUSSBAUM, THOMAS, Prague, Czecho-Slovakia, appointed to State
Supreme Court, May 29, 1931.
ORNSTEIN, LEONARD SALOMON, Amsterdam, Netherlands, elected
Rector, University of Utrecht, June 27, 1931.
OTTOLENGHI, CHIEF RABBI, Venice, Italy, made Commander, Order
of the Crown of Italy, January 5, 1931.
PONTREMOLI, M., Rome, Italy, appointed Admiral, January 28. 1931.
PUGLIESE, UMBERTO, Rome, Italy, appointed Chief of naval con-
struction and Commander of the Marine Corps, March 14, 1931.
RAVENNA, FELICE, Rome, Italy, appointed by Government, Royal
Commissioner of Italian Jewish communities, March 18, 1931.
ROSENBAUM, SAMSON, Jerusalem, Palestine, awarded by Lithuanian
Government, Order of Gedimin, September 16, 1930.
ROSMARIN, HENRY, Lemberg, Poland, elected Seim deputy, Novem-
ber 17, 1930.
ROTHSCHILD, BARON ROBERT DE, Paris, France, appointed Officer
of the Legion of Honor, January 30, 1931.
ROTHSTEIN, THEODOR, MOSCOW, Soviet Russia, appointed to State

Academy of Sciences, November 26, 1930.
SASSOON, SIEGFRIED, London, awarded by Royal Society of Litera-
ture, A. C. Benson medal, February 18, 1931.
SCHULSINGER, JOSEPH, Brussels, Belgium, awarded State prize for
literature—1931, for play Le Septenare, May 29, 1931.
SELIGMAN, CHARLES GABRIEL, London, awarded by Asiatic Society
of Bengal, the Annandale memorial medal for research in anthropology
of Asia, February 7, 1931.
SELIGMANN, CAESAR, Frankfurt, a.M., Germany, awarded by Hebrew
Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio, honorary degree of Doctor of Hebrew
Law, May 30, 1931.
SIMON, LEON, London, appointed Director, Department of Telegraph
and Telephone, January 1, 1931.
SOMERSTEIN, Lemberg, Poland, elected to Seim, November 17, 1930.
STARKENSTEIN, EMIL, Prague, Czecho-Slovalcia, elected rector, Ger-
man University at Prague, May 12, 1931.
STEINBERG, JOSEPH, Cracow, Poland, awarded by Government
decoration marking 12th anniversary of Polish independence, November
10, 1930.
STEINHAUS, HUGO, LWOW, Poland, appointed Dean, Department of
Mathematics, University of Lwow, June 25, 1931.
STEINKOPF, MAX, Winnipeg, Canada, awarded by Czecho-Slovakian
Government, Order of the White Lion, January 28, 1931.
STERN, JACQUES, Paris, France, appointed by Prime Minister, Under-
secretary of the Navy, December 24, 1930.
TAGLIACOZZO, PIO, Rome, Italy, appointed Commissioner for the
Jewish community of Rome, March 19, 1931.
THON, OSIAS, Cracow, Poland, re-elected to Sejm, November 17, 1930.
III. SPECIAL BEQUESTS AND GIFTS

UNITED STATES
COWEN, WILLIAM, New York City, bequeaths residuary estate esti-
mated at $100,000 to Jewish Theological Seminary of America, in
memory of parents, to be known as Newman and Rachel Cowen Memo-
rial Trust, January 29, 1931.
DAVIDOW, MYER, Scranton, Pa., don. $100,000 for erection of 'a
building to house Jewish charities of the city, March 10, 1931.
EPSTEIN, MRS. PAULINA, St. Louis, Mo., bequeaths $100,000 for
establishment of hospital or orphan asylum, to bear husband's name,
in which dietary laws shall be observed, August 8, 1930.
FALK, LEON and MRS. MARJORIE FALK LEVY, Pittsburgh, Pa., don.
$325,000 for Falk elementary school to be conducted in conjunction
with the University of Pittsburgh School of Education, June 24, 1931.
FEIST, LEO, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 for Leo Feist Chari-
ties Trust for prompt and temporary relief of needy persons, February
5, 1931.
FRANK,NATHAN,St. Louis, Mo., bequeaths $50,000 to Temple Shagare
Emeth for erection of a memorial chapel; $50,000 to Jewish Federation
6f Charities, and $25,000 to the St. Louis Community Fund, April 9,

1931.
FRIEDENBERG, MONE S., Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $100,000 to the
University of Pennsylvania and residue (conditionally) to Jewish Wel-
fare Society of Philadelphia for erection of a memorial to parents,
Samuel M. and Esther Fridenberg, April 9, 1931.
FRIEDENWALD, LEO W., Baltimore, Md., bequeaths $300,000 for
memorial fund for the support of Associated Jewish Charities, Sinai
Hospital, Jewish Children's Society, Jewish Educational Alliance,
Hebrew Free Burial Society, Jewish Home for Consumptives, Hebrew
Friendly Inn and Aged Home, Hebrew Home for Incurables, Hebrew
Educational Society, Baltimore Talmud Torah Society, and 6 other
Jewish and 3 non-Jewish societies, in memory of himself and wife,
August 30, 1930.
FRIEDMAN, MICHAEL, New York City, bequeaths $60,000 to Hebrew
Orphan Asylum, Montefiore Hospital, and Federation for the Support
of Jewish Philanthropic Societies, in equal parts; $10,000 to Temple
Emanu El; $80,000 to four non-Jewish charities; collection of paintings,
tapestries and other art objects to the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
and residue of estate to trustees for distribution among charitable
institutions, April 6, 1931.
FUCHS, EMIL, New York City, bequeaths $194,977 and collection of
works of art to Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, May 30, 1931.
GALLAND, JULIUS, Spokane, Wash., bequeaths $97,500 to Temple
Emanu El, $37,790 to Keneseth Israel Temple, $275 to two other Jewish
charities, and $96,463 to non-Jewish charities, October 25, 1930.
GUGGENHEIM, DANIEL, New York City, don. $100,000 to Clark
University, Worcester, Mass., for exploration of the atmosphere at high
altitudes, July 9, 1930; bequeaths $1,500,000 to the Daniel and Florence
Guggenheim Foundation and $475,000 to the Daniel Guggenheim Fund
for the Promotion of Aeronautics, October 4, 1930.
HALLGARTEN, ALBERT N., New York City, bequeaths $10,000 to
Mt. Sinai Hospital, $50,000 to establish Albert N. Hallgarten Corpora-
tion for free musical education for needy persons, and $110,000 to non-
Jewish charities, January 26, 1931.
HART, HARRY, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $130,000 to charity, February
25, 1931.
HAYMAN.MINNIE, New York City, bequeaths $721,956 to Montefiore
Home, New York City, North Woods Sanitarium, Saranac, N. Y., and
Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York City, in equal parts; $20,000
to Ethical Culture School for scholarships, and $15,000 to Mt. Sinai
Hospital, New York City, October 17, 1930.
HEINSHEIMER, ALFRED M., New York City, bequeaths $5,113,573 to
New York Foundation, $1,000,000 to Hospital for Joint Diseases,
$500,000 for its convalescent home and $142,000 to other charities,
February 2, 1931.
HENDRICKS, HARMON W., New York City, bequeaths $250,000 to the
Museum of the American Indian, $60,000 to the United Hebrew Chari-
ties, Hebrew Orphan Asylum, Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews,
Mt. Sinai Hospital, Hebrew Sheltering and Guardian Society, and Con-
gregation Shearith Israel, June 29, 1931.
KIRSTEIN, Louis E., Boston, Mass., don. to City of Boston, Edward
E. Kirstein branch library, valued at $200,000, in memory of father,

February 3, 1931.
KUPPENHEIMER, ALBERT, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $50,000 to Jewish
Charities of Chicago, $20,000 to Chicago Home for Jewish Orphans,
$5,000 to National Jewish Consumptive Hospital at Denver, Colo.,
$5,000 to Jewish Consumptives' Relief Society, Los Angeles, Cal.,
$50,000 to Visiting Nurses' Association of Chicago, $60,000 to other
non-Jewish charities, and residue to the University of Chicago endow-
ment fund for medical research ($1,500,000) and to the Michael Reese
Hospital ($750,000), June 23, 1931.
LEBLANG, JOSEPH, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Federation
for the Support of Jewish Philanthropic Societies in New York City;
$50,000 to establish Joe Leblang Fund for twenty years, income to be
distributed among charities; $25,000 to Jewish Education Association,
for loan fund; $25,000 to Lebanon Hospital, $5000 to the Jewish Theatri-
cal Guild, and $40,000 to non-Jewish charities, April 24, 1931.
LEFFMAN, HENRY, Philadelphia, Pa., bequeaths $200,000 to charity,
January 9, 1930.
LEITH, ARTHUR B., New York City, bequeaths (conditionally)
$100,000 to Federation for the Support of Jewish Philanthropies of New
York City, January, 1931.
LITTMAN, HERMAN, New York City, bequeaths (conditionally) estate
of $360,296 to 12 Jewish and 5 non-Jewish organizations, August 12,
1930.
MEINHARD, MORTON H., New York City, bequeaths $125,000 to
Hebrew Orphan Asylum, $10,000 to Hebrew Technical Institute for
Boys, $500,000 to the Henry Meinhard Memorial Settlement, $350,000
to Rosa Meinhard Home, and $24,000 to 15 other organizations, April
24, 1931.
MEISELMAN, MORRIS, Brooklyn, N. Y., bequeaths $179,000 to Jewish
charities, September 17, 1930.
PAM, MAX, Chicago, 111., bequeaths $150,000 to Michael Reese
Hospital for Max Pam Metabolic Unit to investigate diseases of meta-
bolism, July 26, 1930.
ROSENBACH, A. S. W., Philadelphia, Pa., two gifts, collection of
5,500 American Jewish historical books, pamphlets, and documents
valued at $150,000 to the American Jewish Historical Society of America,
in memory of mother, Isabella H. Rosenbach, October 19, 1930—and
$20,000 to the University of Pennsylvania, to establish Fellowships in
Bibliography, November 9, 1930.
ROSENBERG, MAX L., San Francisco, Cal., bequeaths $1,000,000 to
establish the Rosenberg Foundation for charitable and educational
purposes, June 19, 1931.
ROSENWALD (JULIUS) FOUNDATION, Chicago, 111., donates $105,000
to Mental Hygiene Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadel-
phia, Pa., for 6 years; $15,000 to the Interstate Bureau; $15,000 to
Survey Graphic for 3 years; and $7,500 to New York State Department
of Labor for experiments in public employment agency work, October
1, 1930.
ROSENWALD, M R . AND M R S . LESSING J., Philadelphia, Pa., give
$100,000 to Committee for unemployment relief of Philadelphia, cam-
paign for $5,000,000, February 12, 1931.
SACHS, MRS. ALICE GOLDSCHMIDT, New York City, bequeaths

$100,000 for charitable purposes, to be designated by executors, April
17, 1930.
SALOMON, WILLIAM and HELEN N., New York City, bequeath
$75,000 to the Educational Alliance, New York City, $25,000 to the
United Hebrew Charities, $10,000 to Mt. Sinai Hospital, and $10,00 to
the Hebrew Orphan Asylum.
SAVADA, ABRAHAM, New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Jewish
charities, December 29, 1930.
SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., New York City, bequeaths $500,000 to Federa-
tion for for the Support of Jewish Philanthropies of New York City;
$100,000 to Henry Street Settlement, Jewish Welfare Board, Library of
the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, Solomon and Betty Loeb
Memorial Home for Convalescents; $20,000 to Hebrew Free Loan
Society; $100,000 to Boy Scouts of America; $100,000 to Amherst
College and to the New York Zoological Society; and $165,000 to other
non-Jewish organizations, June 14, 1931.
SCHWAB, SIDNEY, New York City, bequeaths $925,476 to Sidney
Schwab Estate Foundation for charitable purposes, June 17, 1931.
SELLING, BEN, Portland, Ore., bequeaths $100,000 to establish Ben
Selling Perpetual Scholarship Loan Fund for loans to needy students
at college, university or normal school in the State of Oregon, or at any
rabbinical college in the United States, January 22, 1931.
STONE, NAT, Milwaukee, Wis., bequeaths (conditionally) $250,000 to
establish, ten years after his death, a foundation for charitable and
educational purposes, January 28, 1931.
STRAUS, SIMON W., New York City, bequeaths $100,000 to Jewish
charities to be designated by widow, September 22, 1930.
WARBURG, FELIX M., New York City, gives $50,000 to the American
Palestine Campaign, March 19, 1931, and $50,000 to American Jewish
Joint Distribution Committee, May 8, 1931.
WINBURN, JESSE, New York City, bequeaths $25,000 to the Brother-
hood of Temple Emanu El, and $165,000 to non-Jewish organizations,
June 24, 1931.
OTHER COUNTRIES
ABRAHAMS, MRS. FANNIE, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £7,080
to Jewish charity, October 3, 1930.
BERG, MRS. CAROLINE, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £2,600 to
Jewish charities, £1,900 to non-Jewish charities, and £350 (condition-
ally) to Jewish and non-Jewish charities, May 15, 1931.
BLANK, ARISTIDE, Bucharest, Roumania, presents palace to Rou-
manian Government for the reception of foreign representatives in
memory of father, Mauricius Blank, December 27, 1930.
BROUDE, ISAAC, Johannesburg, Union of South Africa, establishes
fund of £5,000 for local Jewish charities, £500 for non-Jewish local
charities; £1,000 to Zionist institutions in Palestine, and to Jewish
charities in Lithuania, June 5, 1931.
MEURTHE, SUZANNE DEUTSCH DE LA, Paris, France, gives 2,500,000
francs ($100,000) and a house to Maison des Cieles (Hospital), June 4,
1931.
HAFFKINE, WALDEMAR MORDECAI WOLFF, Paris, France, bequeaths

estate of 1,500,000 Swiss francs ($290,000) to establish Haffkine Foun-
dation for the Support of Yeshiboth, foundation to be administered
jointly by Bank Vadoise, Lausanne, and the Hilfsverein der deutschen
Juden, Berlin, December 10, 1930.
LUCAS, FREDERICK LOUIS, London, Great Britain, bequeaths £2,200
to Jewish charities, £25,000 and home for Heen Lucas hostel for gentle-,
men, £11,250 to other charities and residue to University of Cambridge
British Museum, and museums of art, February 27, 1931.
MESSA, SELIM MENAHEM, Aden, gives 50,000 Rupees to the Selim
School for girls, for a new building, January 9, 1931.
IV. NECROLOGY
UNITED STATES
ALEXANDER, JACOB, pioneer settler in Texas, Civil War veteran,
Laredo, Texas, aged 92, August 26, 1930.
AUERBACH, ISAAC, dramatist, New York City, aged 68, January, 1931.
BEHAR, NISSIM A., social worker, communal leader, Brooklyn, N. Y.,
aged 83, January 1, 1931.
BELASCO, DAVID, playwright and theatrical producer, New York
City, aged 76, May 15, 1931.
BERKOWITZ, SAMUEL, merchant, organizer of Independent Order Brith
Sholom, former grand master, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,
aged 68, November 5, 1930.
BERMAN, BENJAMIN N., former grand master of Independent Order
Brith Sholom, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 63, October
20, 1930.
BLOCH, MAX, tenor, Metropolitan Opera, New York City, at Dussel-
dorf, Germany, aged 40, August 19, 1930.
BRICKNER, WALTER M., surgeon, author, former editor American
Journal of Surgery, New York City, aged 54, July 22, 1930.
COHEN, AARON, retired grain merchant, former president Federation
of Jewish Philanthropy, civic and communal worker, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
aged 70, April 1, 1931.
COLE, LOUIS M., communal and civic worker, Los Angeles, Cal.,
aged 60, September 28, 1930.
COWEN, EDWARD DAVID, editor, Seattle Press, Seattle, Wash., aged
73, December 7, 1930.
DAVIS, MRS. LEAH H., founder of Gold Star Mothers' Association,
San Francisco, Cal., aged 50, October 9, 1930.
DINKELSPIEL, HENRY G. W., attorney, former member, State Legis-
lature, civic and communal leader, San Francisco, Cal., aged 64, April
20, 1931.
DOLITZKI, MENAHEM MENDEL, teacher, poet, novelist, Los Angeles,
Cal., aged 78, February 22, 1931.
ECKMANN, MAX, former member of State Assembly and communal
worker, New York City, aged 80, June 22, 1931.
ELLSBERG, SAMUEL, physician, communal leader, New York City,

aged 59, May 20, 1931.
ELSAS, LOUIS J., manufacturer, captain, World War, communal
worker, Atlanta, Ga., aged 51, March 23, 1931.
ESKOLSKY, JACOB, rabbi, author, New York City, aged 55, February
7, 1931.
EZEKIEL, HENRY CLAY, merchant, Civil War veteran, Cincinnati,
Ohio, aged 85, September 18, 1930.
FARBER, RUDOLPH, rabbi, Chicago, 111., aged 65, August 11, 1930.
FATMAN, MORRIS, manufacturer, communal worker, New York City,
at Atlantic City, N. J., aged 73, September 26, 1930.
FINE, ISRAEL, merchant and Hebrew poet, Baltimore, Md., aged 83,
November 23, 1930.
FLEISCHMANN, SIMON, attorney, former chairman, City Council,
Buffalo, N. Y., aged 71, August 31, 1930.
FRACHTENBERG, LEO J., social worker, former assistant United
States Commissioner of Immigration, lieutenant-colonel, World War,
Chicago, 111., at Waterloo, Iowa, aged 47, November 25, 1930.
FRANK, ISAAC W., engineer, manufacturer, communal worker, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., aged 76, December 2, 1930.
FRANK, NATHAN, lawyer, founder and former owner of St. Louis Star,
former member of Congress, civic and communal leader, St. Louis, Mo.,
aged 79, April 5, 1931.
FRANKEL, MORDECAI DAVID (Rabbi of Promishlian), hasidic Rabbi,
New York City, at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., aged 58, August 17, 1930.
FRIEDSAM, MICHAEL, merchant, art collector, civic and communal
worker, New York City, April 7, 1931.
FURTH, EMANUEL, lawyer, former member State Legislature, author,
Philadelphia, Pa., aged 74, March 17, 1931.
GIMBEL, ISAAC, pioneer merchant and communal worker, Port
Chester, N. Y., aged 74, April 11, 1931.
GOLDENSON, ABRAHAM BEHR, rabbi and author, St. Louis, Mo., aged
60, February 7, 1931.
GREENBAUM, SAMUEL, former judge, State Supreme Court, and com-
munal worker, New York City, at Larchmont, X. Y., aged 76, August
26, 1930.
GUGGENHEIM, DANIEL, industrialist, founder of Daniel and Florence
Guggenheim Foundation, communal worker, New York City, aged 74,
September 28, 1930.
HARRIS, CHARLES K., song writer and music publisher, New York
City, aged 65, December 22, 1930.
ISAACS, MARTIN J., Judge, Cook County Superior Court, communal
worker, Chicago, III., aged 59, January 5, 1931.
JACHES, PHILIP, communal worker, New York City, aged 80, August
26, 1930.
JACOBY, MORRIS, real estate operator, former member State Legisla-
ture, civic and communal worker, New York City, aged 73, August 24,
1930.
JAFFA, JOSEPH S., attorney, instructor, Colorado School of Mines,
Denver, Colo., aged 60, September 13, 1930.
JAFFA, MYER EDWARD, professor emeritus, University of California,
erkeley, Cal., aged 73, June 29, 1931.
KITSEE, ISIDOR, inventor, Philadelphia, Pa., aged 87, April 26, 1931.
KOPALD, Louis J., rabbi, communal leader, Chicago, 111., at Baltimore,
Md., aged 45, January 4, 1931.
LEBLANG, JOSEPH, theatrical producer and communal worker, New
York City, aged 57, April 17, 1931.
LEVY, ISAIAH, rabbi, New York City, aged 50, October 28, 1930.
LIEBMAN, WALTER H., lawyer and former member, State Assembly,
New York City, aged 56, January 2, 1931.
LIPP, SAMUEL I., attorney, former member of State Legislature, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, aged 37, August'21, 1930.
LISSNER, MEYER, lawyer and civic worker, Los Angeles, Cal., aged 59,
July 28, 1930.
LOWENSTEIN, J., major, newspaper man, communal worker, St. Louis,
Mo., at Terre Haute, Ind., aged 69, March 20, 1931.
MAIMON, ABRAHAM, rabbi, Seattle, Wash., aged 57, January 29, 1931.
MANN, LOUIS, playwright, actor, New York City, aged 65, February
15, 1931.
MARCUS, JOSEPH, member, State Legislature, Pittsburgh, Pa., aged
47, October 25, 1930.
MEARS, OTTO, contractor, Civil War veteran, Indian Commissioner,
member of first State Legislature, Denver, Colo., aged 91, June 25, 1931.
MEINHARD, MORTON H., manufacturer, communal worker and philan-
thropist, New York City, at sea, aged 58, April 15, 1931.
MEYER, EDWIN F., lawyer, financier, and communal worker, Chicago,
111., aged 65, January 12, 1931.
MICHELSON, ALBERT A., former professor at the University of Chi-
cago, Nobel prize winner, Pasadena, Cal., aged 79, May 9, 1931.
MINTZ, MOSES, physician, publisher, communal worker, New York
City, aged 71, September 3, 1930.
MOSES, LIONEL, architect, former assistant general manager of United
States Housing Corporation, New York City, aged 61, February 19,
1931.
MOSESSOHN, DAVID N., chairman of Associated Dress Industries,
editor, Jewish Tribune, New York City, aged 48, December 16, 1930.
Moss, MICHAEL L., dentist, professor of oral surgery at New York
University, New York City, aged 72, March 15, 1931.
PINES, JOSEPH, retired manufacturer and banker, communal worker,
Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 57, September 20, 1930.
RAYEVSKY, CHARLES, physician, labor leader, Liberty, N. Y., aged
64, December 22, 1930.
REIS, JACOB, former member, State Senate, Kingston, N. Y., aged 83,
July 28, 1930.
REVITCH, CHAIM LIPMAN, rabbi, Wilmington, Del., aged 65, Septem-
ber 1, 1930.
ROSENAU, MRS. MYRA FRANK, civic and communal worker, Boston,
Mass., aged 53, November 6, 1930.
ROSENBAUM, MORRIS, banker, communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,
aged 82, February 9, 1931.
ROSENFELD, SYDNEY, dramatist and author, New York City, aged 75,
June 13, 1931.
ROSENKRANZ, ELIAS V., Judge, Superior Court, communal worker,
Los Angeles, Cal., aged 42, November 17, 1930.
ROSENTRETTER, ADOLPH, rabbi, St. Louis, Mo., aged 71, April 16,
1930.
SANDLER, JACOB KOPPEL, musician, composer, New York City, aged
78, February 23, 1931.
SCHIFF, MORTIMER L., banker, philanthropist, civic and communal
leader, New York City, aged 54, June 4, 1931.
SCHILDKRAUT, RUDOLPH, actor, Hollywood, Cal., aged 65, July 15,
1930.
SCHINASI, LEON, manufacturer, communal worker, New York City,
at Juan lies Pins, France, aged 40, August 19, 1930.
SCHWARTZ, EMANUEL A., retired broker, former assemblyman, White
Plains, N. Y., aged 83, January 21, 1931.
SCHWARZ, JOSEPH, physician, former professor, University of Ala-
bama, captain, World War, Mobile, Ala., aged 52, March 13, 1931.
SELDNER, RUDOLPH, manufacturer, founder (together with sisters) of
Amalie Seldner Home for Jewish Girls, communal worker, Brooklyn,
N. Y., aged 58, May 11, 1930.
SELLING, BENJAMIN, Portland, Ore., aged 78, January 15, 1931 (see
pp. 155-163).
SILVERMAN, JOSEPH, rabbi, communal leader, former president, Cen-
tral Conference of American Rabbis, New York City, aged 70, July
26, 1930.
STIEFEL, HERMAN, lawyer, former Grand Master Independent Order
Free Sons of Israel, civic worker, New York City, aged 80, July 3, 1930.
STONE, NAT, merchant, communal and civic leader, Milwaukee, Wis.,
STRAUS, NATHAN, retired merchant, philanthropist and communal
and Zionist leader, New York City, aged 83, January 12, 1931. (See pp.
135-154.)
STRAUS, S. W., banker, communal worker, New York City, aged 64,
September 7, 1930.
SUFRIN, SOLOMON, former assemblyman, communal leader, Brooklyn,
N. Y., aged 49, April 2, 1931.
SULZBERGER, JOSEPH E., retired manufacturer, communal worker,
Philadelphia, Pa., aged 89, January 5, 1931.
SWIG, LOUIS, former judge, District Court, civic and communal
worker, Taunton, Mass., aged 49, May 13, 1931.
VOORSANGER, ABRAHAM W., founder, editor, and publisher of Emanu-El,
San Francisco, Cal., aged 70, November 19, 1930.
WEINSTEIN, L. J., Professor of Metallurgy, Northwestern University,
Evanston, 111., in New York City, aged 49, May 14, 1930.
WEISSBERGER, CHARLES H., physician, author, New York City, aged
71, February 16, 1931.
WISE, NATHAN, painter and inventor, Mt. Vernon, N. Y., aged 52,
August 19, 1930.
WOLF, ALBERT, banker and communal worker, Philadelphia, Pa.,
WOLFF, LOTTA V., research associate, Institute of Child Welfare,
University of California, San Francisco, Cal., June 25, 1931,
ZAMETKIN, MRS. ADELLA KEAN, journalist, labor leader, New York
City, aged 68, May 19, 1931.
ZEISLER, SIGMUND, lawyer, former lecturer at Northwestern Univer-

sity, civic worker, Chicago, 111., aged 71, June 4, 1931.
ZEITLIN, LEO, musician, composer of Jewish folk songs, Brooklyn,
N. Y., aged 38, July 8, 1930.
OTHER COUNTRIES
ABRAMSON, ISAAC MENDEL, rabbi, author, London, December 27,
1930.
APPELBAUM, MORRIS, painter, theatrical decorator, Katovitz, Poland,
AUERBACH, MENAHEM N., rabbi, Jerusalem, Palestine, aged 71,
August 30, 1930.
BAERWALD, ALEX, architect, instructor at Jewish Technical Institute,
Haifa, at Jerusalem, Palestine, aged 53, October 27, 1930.
BANETH, EDUARD, professor, College for the Science of Judaism,
Berlin, Germany, aged 75, August 8, 1930.
BARMAN, SIMON (SAMUEL ZIRINSKY), banker, communal worker,
Brussels, Belgium, aged 48, December 20, 1930.
BAUMINGER, ISAAC, former senator, communal leader, Crakau,
Poland, aged 63, December 5, 1930.
BEDJARANO, CHAIM, Chief Rabbi, author, Istanbul, Turkey, aged 85,
March 23, 1931.
BERNHEIM, LOUIS, Lt. General, inspector general of infantry, Com-
mander first army corps during World War, Brussels, Belgium, in Paris,
France, aged 70, February 13, 1931.
BOGOSAVSKI, M., engineer, professor at Institute for Communica-
tions, Leningrad, Soviet Russia, aged 71, October 8, 1930.
BRAUN, SAMUEL SOLOMON (Rabbi of Lukov), rabbi, author, Warsaw,
Poland, aged 65, December 15, 1930.
BRESLER, ALTER, translator, writer, Warsaw, Poland, aged 64, June
25, 1930.
CANTER, LOUIS, minister, Brighton, England, aged 83, January
8, 1931.
CARNIOL, DAVID, engineer and communal leader,. Bucharest, Rou-
mania, February 26, 1931.
CASPARY, EUGEN, communal leader, Berlin, Germany, aged 67,
February 8, 1931.
COHEN, SOLOMON, Chief Rabbi, Nimes, France, aged 77, January 11,
1931.
DIAMOND, HERMAN, lawyer, member in Seim, labor leader, Lemberg,
Poland, aged 71, February 25, 1931.
DESSAU, HERMAN, Professor of Ancient History, University of Berlin,
editor, author and communal worker, Berlin, Germany, aged 75, April
15, 1931.
DREYFUSS, ROBERT, physician, professor, University of Strassbourg,
communal worker, Frankfort, a. M., Germany, aged 65, May 13, 1931.
EISENBERG, W., printer, founder of Yiddishe Zeitung, communal
worker, Clara, Entre Rios, Argentine, aged 72, September 26, 1930. •
EISENSTEIN, KARL, former member of Seim, communal leader, War-
saw, Poland, aged 56, December 1, 1930.
EULENBERG, SALOMON, lawyer, communal leader, Budapest, Hun-

gary, aged 78, August 17, 1930.
FANO, GIULIO, physiologist, former member of Senate, and communal
worker, Mantua, Italy, aged 59, October 1, 1930.
FEIFERT, ISRAEL MORDECAI, merchant, journalist, author, communal
and Zionist worker, Capetown, Union of South Africa, aged 80, February
1, 1931.
FINKEL, LUDWIG, professor, University of Lemberg, Lemberg, Poland,
aged 72, October 27, 1930.
FRANCO, MEYER, rabbi, Hebron, Palestine, aged 65, October 19, 1930.
FUCHS, ERNEST, oculist, professor at University of Vienna, author,
Vienna, Austria, aged 78, November 21, 1930.
GEFEN, W. HIRSH, physician and communal worker, Kowno, Lithu-
ania, aged 44, October 6, 1930.
GOLDSTEIN, EUGEN, director, Astro-physical department, Potsdam
Observatory, author, Berlin, Germany, aged 80, December 29, 1930.
GOLLANCZ, SIR HERMAN, rabbi, professor of Hebrew, University of
London, author, London, aged 77, October 16, 1930.
GUGGENHEIM, CAMILLE, Judge, Federal Supreme Court, Berne,
Switzerland, aged 36, September 30, 1930.
HAAS, LUDWIG, member of Reichstag, captain, World War, statesman,
Karlsruhe, Germany, aged 55, August 2, 1930.
HAFFKINE, WALDEMAR MORDECAI WOLFF, former Assistant Professor
of Physiology at University of Geneva, bacteriologist, discoverer of
inoculation for cholera, author, Paris, France, at Lausanne, Switzerland,
HAMBURSKI, EMANUEL, editor, Lodzer Togblat, communal worker,
Lodz, Poland, aged 60, June 13, 1931.
HOLLANDER, FELIX, playwright, journalist, novelist, Berlin, Germany,
aged 63, May 30, 1931.
HOROVITZ, JOSEPH, Professor of Semitics, University of Frankfort,
author, Frankfort a. M., Germany, aged 57, February 6, 1931.
HULDSCHINER, RICHARD, physician, author, Innsbruck, Austria, aged
61, May 29, 1931.
JACOBSOHN, MOSES, rabbi, Hamburg, Germany, aged 77, November
17, 1930.
JESSEL, SOLOMON, Crimean War veteran, London, Great Britain,
aged 98, April 5, 1931.
JOEL, SOLOMON BARNATO, lieutenant-colonel, financier, communal
worker, London, aged 65, May 22, 1931.
KANTOROVITZ, SAMUEL S., author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 62, Janu-
ary 18, 1931.
KATZENELLENBOGEN, DAVID TUBIAH, rabbi, communal leader, author,
Leningrad, Soviet Russia, aged 81, December 30, 1930.
KATZENELSON, JACOB BENJAMIN (pseud. Ben-Yemini), Hebrew and
Yiddish writer, Lodz, Poland, aged 75, November 26, 1930.
KELLER, HERMANN, physician, author, Rheinfelden, Switzerland, aged
72, June 30, 1930.
KIRSCHBRAUN, ELIJAH, jewelry dealer, former member of Sejm,
communal leader, Warasw, Poland, aged 49, February 22, 1931.
KLOTZ, LOUIS LUCIEN, former Minister of Finance, Paris, France,
aged 62, June 15, 1930.
REVIEW OF THE YEAR(5£91 131
KORNFELD, NICOLAI, lawyer, author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 75,

February 6, 1931.
KRASNOSIELSKI, CHAIM, dentist, journalist, author, Vilna, Poland,
KRAUSZ, JACOB, journalist and editor, communal worker, Vienna,
Austria, aged 64, September 1, 1930.
KRAUT, A., minister, Newcastle-on-Tyne, aged 54, February20, 1931.
KREISER, DAVID, rabbi and dean of talmudic school at Kletzk,
Poland, in New York City, aged 48, January 5, 1931.
KROLL, LEON, lawyer, former professor of law, University of Harbin,
associated with Kerensky government of Russia, Paris, France, aged 68,
January 4, 1931.
KROSHKIN, VLADIMIR YOACHIMOVITCH, rabbi, civic and communal
leader, Cetatea Alba, Roumania, aged 93, June 12, 1929.
LACHS, ISAAC, dramatist and journalist, Paris, France, aged 40,
September 8, 1930.
LAMBERT, MAYER, professor, Ecole Rabbinique de France, author,
communal worker, Paris, France, aged 67, October 30, 1930.
LOEWY, JOSEF, engineer, communal leader, Vienna, Austria, March
25, 1931.
LOURIE, ASHER GERSHON, rabbi, Ripin, Poland, aged 82, May 3,
1931.
MAZLIAH, NISSIM, lawyer, former member of Parliament, Istanbul,
Turkey, at Beyrout, Syria, aged 53, March 26, 1931.
MENKES, HERMANN, editor Neue Wiener Journal, author, Vienna,
Austria, age 62, June 11, 1931.
MEYERSON, ARIAH LEIB, rabbi, Liskowo, Poland, January 29, 1931.
MINKOWSKI, MORITZ, painter, Buenos Aires, Argentine, aged 49,
November 22, 1930.
MINKOWSKI, OSCAR, Professor of Medicine, University of Breslau,
author, in Berlin, Germany, aged 73, June 18, 1931.
MEYER, SIR MANASSAH, K.B.E., and G.O.M., importer, civic and
communal leader, Singapore, Strait Settlements, aged 84, July 1, 1930.
MOND, ALFRED MORITZ (Lord Melchett), industrialist, financier,
former Minister of Health, civic, communal and Zionist leader, London,
aged 63, December 27, 1930.
MUTNIK, ABRAHAM (pseud. Glieb), labor leader, Berlin, Germany,
aged 62, September 10, 1930.
NOERDLINGER, KARL, lawyer and communal leader, Stuttgart, Ger-
many, aged 63, March 15, 1931.
NORSA, DRONIGIO, journalist, editor, Illustrazione Italiana, author,
Milan, Italy, aged 83, April 2, 1931.
NOZIERE, FERNAND (Weil), dramatist and journalist, Passy, France,
aged 57, March 25, 1931.
PASCIN, JULES (JULIUS PINCAS), painter, Paris, France, aged 45, June
5, 1930.
PASMANIK, DANIEL, physician, writer, Zionist leader, Paris, France,
aged 61, July 5, 1930.
PISTINER, JACOB, physician, member of Parliament, labor leader,
writer, Czernowitz, Roumania, aged 49, August 24, 1930.
POLLAK, ILLES, lawyer, former president, National Bar Association,
author, Budapest, Hungary, aged 78, October 3, 1930.
PORTO-RICHE, GEORGES DE, author, dramatist, Paris, France, aged

83, September5, 1930.
PRUSZANSKI, CHAIM, publisher of Yiddish daily Moment, communal
worker, Warasw, Poland, aged 61, October 19, 1930.
RABBINOVITCH, FISHEL, rabbi, Kreizburg, Latvia, November 28, 1930.
RABINOWITZ, HAYIM, rabbi, dean rabbinical college at Telz, Telz,
at Kono, Lithuania, aged 70, October 30, 1930.
ROSENBAUM, THERESA, teacher, communal worker, Warsaw, Poland,
aged 61, March 22, 1931.
ROSENBERG, MARC, former professor, technical high school, author,
Karlsruhe, at Baden-Baden, Germany, aged 80, September 10, 1930.
ROTHSCHILD, THERESE JAMES DE, baroness, communal worker, Paris,
France, aged 91, April 9, 1931.
RUBENSTEIN, Louis, alderman, communal worker, Montreal, Canada,
SANTILLANA, DAVID DIAZ DE, professor of Moslem Law, University of
Rome, Rome, Italy, aged 75, March, 1931.
SCHWARZ, ADOLF, rabbi, rector, Jewish Theological Seminary, author,
Vienna, Austria, aged 84, February 13, 1931.
SEGAL, BENJAMIN WOLF, physician, author, Vienna, Austria, at
Pistyan, aged 64, March 13, 1931.
SHAPIRO, ISAAC, journalist, tran slator, author, Warsaw, Poland, aged
67, February 15, 1931.
SILBERSTEIN, JOSHUA, rabbi, author, Vasz, Czecho-Slovakia, aged 73,
August 8, 1930.
SIMCHOWITZ, SASCHA, dramatist, editor, Berlin, Germany, at Cologne,
SIMON, GERSON, merchants and communal leader, Berlin, Germany,
aged 72, February 6, 1931. T
SLIOSBERG, ISAAC, musician, composer, W arsaw, Poland, aged 53,
November 5, 1930.
SOKOLOWSKI, MOSCHE, dean, Talmudical school of Brest Litovsk,
author, Brest Litovsk, Poland, aged 65, January 8, 1931.
SOLOMON, HAROLD J., O.B.E., M.C., Lieutenant-Colonel, Zionist
leader, former Director Commerce and Industry in Palestine, London,
England, at Valmont, Switzerland, aged 44, August, 1930.
TIKFINSKY, ABRAHAM, former Dean of Talmudical College at Mir,
Minsk, Russia, aged 76, January 8, 1931.
TWERSKI, JACOB JOSEPH (Rabbi of Stanislau) hasidic rabbi, Vienna,
Austria, aged 58, May 1, 1931.
UJVARI, PETER, journalist and author, Budapest, Hungary, aged 61,
January 15, 1931.
VILLIERS, SIR JOHN ABRAHAM JACOB DE, cartographer, author, civic
and communal worker, London, England, aged 67, April 2, 1931.
WAGENAAR, LION, rabbi, principal, Jewish Rabbinical Seminary,
communal worker, Amsterdam, Netherlands, aged 74, June 13, 1930.
WEISBROD, DAVID, Zionist worker, author, Tel Aviv, Palestine, aged
60, September 9, 1930.
WEISL, FRANZ VON, lawyer, author, Vienna, Austria, aged 74, June
24, 1931.
WEISSELBERGER, SALO VON, lawyer, former Mayor of Czernowitz,

former member of Parliament, Czernowitz, in Vienna, Austria, aged 64,
March 20, 1931.
WIMBORN, MARK LEIB, rabbi, London, England, aged 71, October 6,
1930.
WOLF, LUCIEN, communal leader, author, London, England, aged 73,
August 24, 1930.
ZAGORODSKY, ISRAEL CHAIM, journalist, former co-editor of Hazefirah,
author, Warsaw, Poland, aged 67, February 5, 1931.
ZITRON, SAMUEL JUDAH, journalist, author, Wilno, Poland, aged 70
November 8, 1930.
ZWICK, SUSSIE, rabbi Ung. Hradiste, Czecho-Slova.ia, aged 59,
August 8, 1930.
NATHAN STRAUS
By DAVID DE SOLA POOL
SEVENTY years ago, a growing lad in Georgia was dream-

ing how wonderful it would be if he could save a human life.
That lad, Nathan Straus, grew up to be a man to whom
untold multitudes of men and women living today owe
their lives. He was an immigrant boy who had been born
in Otterberg, Rhenish Palatinate, on January 31, 1848.
His great grandfather, Jacob Lazar Straus was a man of
high ability, a leading member of the Sanhedrin convened
by Napoleon in 1806. His grandfather, Jacob Straus, died
young. In the political reaction after 1848, his father,
Lazarus Straus, a landowner and dealer in grain, found his
native Bavaria unsympathetic to his democratic views, and
in 1852, like many another aggressive and independent
spirit in the Germany of those days, he made his way west-
ward to the freedom of America. After spending some time
as an itinerant vendor of general merchandise on the plan-
tations of Georgia, he settled in 1853 in that State, at Tal-
botton, as the keeper of a general store. A year later he
was in a position to bring his family from Germany, and
in September, he was joined by his wife, Sara (who was also
his first cousin, the daughter of his father's youngest brother
Salamon) and his children, Isidor, a lad of nine, Hermina, a
year and a half younger, Nathan a boy of six, and Oscar, a
baby of three and a half years.
A charming picture of those early days has been drawn
by Oscar Straus in his volume of memoirs "Under Four
Administrations." We catch glimpses of the boy, Nathan,
attending the local Baptist Bible School for two years, but
at the same time being trained in Judaism by his father, a
Hebraist of parts and a lover of the traditions of Jewish
life. In a little log cabin, and later, at the Collingsworth
Institute, the young Nathan obtained his primary educa-
tion. Then came the Civil War, and the older boys, Isidor
135
and Nathan, took a hand in the running of the store. Even

in those early days the young Nathan showed his originality
and business acumen. When, for example, the Civil War
made it very difficult to obtain face powder, he took a lump
of talcum and cut it into small balls which he sold in place
of face powder. Similarly as a lad of fifteen, when hemp had
become very scarce in the South on account of the war, he
collected or bought up odd pieces of hemp rope and sold
them at a handsome profit. The future owner of splendid
speedy horses was foreshadowed in the lad who used that
profit for the purchase of a pony.
During the Civil War, the Straus family moved to Colum-
bus, Ga. The end of the war left the family ruined, its
wealth in cotton burned, its savings swept away. Thirteen
years after Lazarus Straus had laid the foundation of his
American home, he found himself, at the age of fifty-six,
again virtually at the bottom of the ladder. But, this time
he had at his side his three rarely-gifted sons. Moving to
New York in 1865, he first paid off his creditors every dollar
that he owed them, and then established the firm of Lazarus
Straus & Son, importers of pottery and glassware. The
"& Son" meant Isidor, for Nathan was then only seventeen.
But after completing a course in Packard's Business College,
Nathan joined the firm next year, 1866, as a salesman. On
March 17, 1874, he called on the firm of R. H. Macy with
two porcelain plates under his arm. The clever salesman
interested Mr. Macy so successfully that he arranged for the
firm of Lazarus Straus & Son to rent the basement of the
Macy store for a crockery department. In the same year,
when Nathan was twenty-six, he and his brother Isidor
became partners in the Macy firm, and in 1887, they were
the sole owners of the business. The romance of the brilliant
and phenomenal growth of this enterprise is due to a com-
bination of the executive ability of Isidor and the originality
and daring vision of Nathan Straus. On one occasion, when
Isidor was worried because the firm needed more cash,
Nathan solved the problem by originating the idea of the
Depositors' Account, which brought into the business an
abundance of ready cash. On another occasion, one of the
saleswomen fainted. It was learned that she had been vir-
tually starving herself in order to be able to look after an
NATHAN STRAUS 137
invalid mother. The future prince of philanthropists is seen

in the reply which Nathan Straus gave to the challenge of
this situation. He did not content himself with giving
financial aid to the girl's family, but he originated the
system, which has since been widely adopted, of installing a
lunchroom in the store, where the employees could get good
meals at nominal cost. In the same way, he originated the
provision of rest rooms and medical care for the employees
of the store. The legal and diplomatic career of the youngest
brother, Oscar took him here and there, but Nathan and
Isidor Straus lived and worked in the closest association
until the death of the latter. The loss of the thoughtful,
gentle brother Isidor in the sinking of the "Titanic" in 1912
affected Nathan deeply. Shortly thereafter, he retired from
the firm of Macy's, and in 1914 he retired from active con-
cern with business, some years later severing his relations
also with the firm of Abraham & Straus of Brooklyn, which
the two brothers had entered in 1888 in exactly the same
way as they had entered the firm of R. H. Macy & Co.
An incident in his early business career led to a perfect
fife-long romance. In 1877 he went to Europe on a business
trip, and, in Mannheim, he made a call on a friend of his
father's. Between him and the daughter of the house, Lina
Gutherz, there was love at first sight, and with that char-
acteristic impetuousness which sometimes amounted to
second sight, Nathan Straus laid such ardent siege to the
lady's heart that the next day they were engaged. In April
they were married, and, for fifty-three years Lina Gutherz
Straus, a saintly woman of rare culture of mind, tenderness
of heart, and nobility and purity of spirit, worked with him
in his benefactions and public service, adored by him and
loved by all who were privileged to know her.
While Nathan Straus was becoming a merchant prince,
other sides of his richly endowed personality were also
maturing. He was quick to grasp a public cause, and he had
an instinct for dramatizing a situation so as to focus public
attention upon it. But he was always too frankly and
forcibly outspoken in his opinion of men and causes to
qualify him for the type of public service his brother Oscar
gave. Yet the great popularity of his warmhearted, generous
nature, and his ardent desire to do the greatest good in the
most direct way carried him to some extent into public life.
From 1889 to 1893 he was Park Commissioner of New York
City, and in 1893 a member of the New York Forest Pre-
serve Board. In the following year he received the honor of
being the nominee of the Democratic Party for Mayor of the
city, a nomination which he declined. He knew he had
neither the patience to deal with the infinite detail of that
office, nor the suave political indirection it imposed. But in
1898, when working for the adoption of compulsory pasteur-
ization of milk, he accepted the office of president of the
Board of Health of the City. One other occasion on which
he let himself be drawn into public life was in 1917, when,
charges having been made that improper conditions existed
on the U. S. Hospital Ship "Solace," Josephus Daniels,
Secretary of the Navy, appointed him as one of an impartial
committee of three to investigate the charges.
Although Nathan Straus did not seek public office, it was
impossible to keep him out of the public eye. There was a
dash, an originality and a picturesqueness about his person-
ality that could not be obscured and that inevitably made
him both a widely known and a popular figure.
One of his interests which helped keep him in the forefront
of popularity was his love of animals. He would not sit
down to eat at his country home unless the birds in the gar-
den had been fed. Of all animals, those he loved best were
fast horses. He was fond of telling how, as a young man, not
being able to afford a trotting horse for himself alone, he
bought one in partnership with a friend. Each would drive
the horse on alternate days. When he married, he felt he
could not afford to keep both a wife and his half of the horse,
and he sold his share in the horse to his partner. But he
felt the sacrifice of his pet so keenly that he could not sleep
that night, and, early the next morning, he bought back his
share of the animal.
In those days, Seventh Avenue was the far from satis-
factory speedway of the city, and it was in a large measure
due to the initiative and renown of Nathan Straus as a
driver of fast trotting horses that the Speedway was built
along the Harlem River. When Robert Bonner, Commodore
Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, E. H. Harriman, H. B.
Claflin, and other notables were daily to be seen driving
NATHAN STRAUS 139
their fleet handsome horses, Nathan Straus was the recog-

nized king of the Speedway. While men like Bonner were
spending fortunes to own fast trotting horses, with an almost
uncanny instinct, Nathan Straus purchased for nominal
amounts historic horses such as Denver 2:14>£, never beaten
in a race, and the undisputed champion of the speedway
for five years, or Majolica 2:17, or Cobwebs, the favorite of
all of the trotting horses which he drove, the unbeaten
record holder of the Speedway with the mile in 2 minutes 12
seconds. Oldtime sportsmen declared that it was the superb
horsemanship of the man who drove him and who could
make the spirited animal respond instantly to the sound of
his master's voice which made Cobwebs the fastest and
most perfect harness horse ever seen on the Speedway of
New York.
His interest in sport was not limited to swift horses,
although they were his first love. Himself of spare and
athletic build and ready to fight when need be, he was an
ardent advocate of all clean and manly sports. His was the
enthusiasm of a college student when in 1926, though
rapidly approaching his eighties, he gave the kick-off at the
first New York game played by the Champion Hakoah
Soccer Team of Vienna. He took a lasting and warm per-
sonal interest in the achievements of Benny Leonard, the
world champion lightweight pugilist. In his later years,
after he had sold his yacht, he could be seen daily on the
golf links. It was his delight to give financial and personal
encouragement to the sports meets arranged by such organ-
izations as Young Judaea, for he was an enthusiastic advo-
cate of robust, upstanding physical development especially
for Jews, warped by long harsh centuries of urbanization and
intellectualization.
Exactly when Nathan Straus began his outstanding
career as a philanthropist he could not recall. Probably his
first large gift was that of a building which he presented to
the Trudeau Tuberculosis Sanitarium at Saranac in the
Adirondacks. But he leapt into the heart of the public
during the winter of 1892-3. With a vision which saw the
need long before others realized it, and with his character-
istic directness of action which translated his vision into
simple reality while others were still discussing symptoms
and methods of t r e a t m e n t , he built up a system of emergency

relief by establishing a chain of depots for the distribution of
food and coal to any of New York's poor who would apply
and pay 5 cents for it. This cutting of red tape was criticized
by the advocates of a more discriminating and investigating
relief. Nathan Straus answered "Supposing I am victimized
to some extent. By making those mistakes I am not likely
to miss any of the deserving cases t h a t come to my station.
And do not the organized charities make mistakes too with
all their investigating? When a poor woman comes down to
take away coal in a baby carriage, she is investigated enough
for me." During t h a t winter he distributed no less than
1,500,000 buckets of coal, and incidentally pointed the way
to a development of public service by obtaining the use of
city piers for his coal depots.
The next winter, 1893-4, was again a panic winter of
depression and unemployment. Then again, a t his own
expense, he opened and maintained four lodging houses
which gave bed and breakfast for five cents to 64,409 cases
of New York City's unemployed, hungry and homeless.
Those who had not even the five cents were given a chance
t o earn it by work done around the lodging house. During
t h a t winter he issued over 2,000,000 five cent tickets entitling
t h e bearer to coal, or bread, or groceries, or lodging and
breakfast. On this occasion, and it was the only one when
he accepted aid from others in his work, he received a con-
tribution of $50,000 from J. Pierpont Morgan towards carry-
ing on these works of mercy. In the hard winter of 1914-15,
which followed the outbreak of the World War, he served in
his milk stations in New York, 1,135,731 one cent meals,
consisting of coffee or milk, and roll and butter or a cheese
sandwich.
I t would be vain to a t t e m p t even to list his philanthropies.
They include such varied undertakings as the donation of
an ice plant for the soldiers suffering in Santiago, Cuba, in
1898 during the Spanish-American War, aid in building a
Roman Catholic Church in Lakewood, N . J., the gift of
food, clothing and medical supplies for the victims of the
Messina earthquake in 1909, a cottage presented to the
Jewish Consumptive Sanitarium in Duarte, Cal. (1916), the
gift to the Government in 1918 of the use of land in Lake-
NATHAN STRAUS 141
wood, N. J. for the erection of Red Cross and of army

hospital buildings, a model dairy presented to the National
Farm School in Doylestown, Pa., and free distribution of
pasteurized milk to soldiers and sailors in 1918.
There were other benefactions which demanded no
money, but only imagination and heart. It was originally
the idea of Nathan Straus that waterside piers should be
used as recreation centers for the crowded city. Though his
suggestion was rejected by the Dock Department, he kept
hammering away until the city finally adopted it, and
opened recreation centers on its piers. But when money
was called for, he always managed to find it. He frequently
said, "The opportunity to make money will always be here,
this opportunity to do good will be gone forever if I let it
pass. I can wait to make more money. I cannot wait to
give."
It has been said that Nathan Straus came to his most
enduring piece of world philanthrophy through the accident
of hearing a cow cough. But when he was asked in later
years where he got the idea of pasteurizing milk, he pointed
to his head and said "here," and to his heart and said
"here." What set him on the path of his undertakings was
never so much an incident as it was intuition, and it was
this intuitive vision which carried his campaign for pure
milk to world-wide triumph.
The incident of the cow that coughed is characteristic of
the directness of methods and the unswerving eagerness
with which he followed out his intuitions. A cow on his
farm sickened and died. Questioning why the beautiful
looking animal should have died prematurely notwithstand-
ing the superb care it had always received, he ordered
an autopsy to be made. This revealed tubercular destruc-
tion of lung tissue as the cause of the animal's death.
Nathan Straus believed that the milk of a tubercular cow
might transmit the disease to human beings, unless the
milk were treated in some way that would kill the germs of
the disease. In 1892, after taking counsel with some
physicians, he launched his campaign for the pasteurization
of milk as the best means of bringing within the reach of
everyone, especially the children of the poor, milk which
would be free of disease germs and which would have i
paired palatibility, digestibility and nutritive qualities. At

his own cost, he established in New York City a laboratory
for furnishing milk that had been properly modified and
pasteurized for infant feeding. In 1894, the laboratory was
enlarged, and the six distributing stations he had then
established gave out, at nominal cost, over 2500 bottles
a day.
In 1897, when he was Health Commissioner of the City,
he erected a pasteurization plant on Randall's Island. He
knew the dreadful fact that at that time many of the city's
waifs died. Without any other change in the dietary of the
institution except that from raw to pasteurized milk, the
death rate among the children on Randall's Island fell from
41.81 per hundred for the years 1895-7 to an average of
21.75 for the next seven years. In 1891, before Nathan
Straus began his work, out of every thousand babies born
in New York City, more than 241,—almost one out of
every four—would die before they reached their first birth-
day. During four years, of 20,111 babies who had the benefit
of pasteurized milk from his stations only six died. In
Mamaroneck, where Mr. and Mrs. Straus had their summer
home, a model health center with a milk pasteurization
plant reduced the death rate among children under five
years of age from 85 per thousand to the phenomenally low
figure of 17 a thousand.
Such irrefutable figures made of him a tireless campaigner
for compulsory pasteurization of milk. Deep sorrow in his
life gave the sense of consecration to his devotion to this
cause. The death of a little daughter, a babe of two years,
on board ship during a European trip might have been pre-
vented, both Mr. and Mrs, Straus thought, had good milk
been available for her. Some years later he went on a tour
of inspection of his milk stations with his son Jerome, a
youth about to enter Cornell University. A few days later,
the lad developed pneumonia. As he lay on his sick bed he
said to his father "Father, you should sell your horses so
that you can go on with your milk stations." That night,
the boy died, and Nathan Straus carried with him to the
day of his death the sacred charge of those words.
He kept opening additional milk depots, until there were
eighteen, covering every district in Manhattan, all of them
NATHAN STRAUS 143
maintained entirely at his personal cost. He used to say,

with a twinkling smile, that he had milk on the brain.
Entrenched against him were public ignorance and indiffer-
ence, professional prejudice, and commercial greed. But
even when the attack on him was maliciously personal, he
would say "Abuse won't kill, but raw milk will," and the
incredulity, derision and bitter opposition which he encount-
ered only strengthened his purpose to force on the medical
profession and public health officers a general application
of the discoveries of Pasteur. Once when he tried to intro-
duce pasteurization of milk into a city of Germany he met
opposition and the rejection of his plan. Tears of disappoint-
ment welled up into the eyes of Mrs. Straus. "Never mind,
my dear" he said "don't cry. Now we have something to
fight for." Ever a good fighter, he met every attack with an
offensive by opening up some new milk depot or some new
pasteurizing plant, until in 1920 he had 297 milk stations
distributed in 36 cities. The opposition of dairymen, milk
distributors, a number of politicians and some physicians
persisted. Once his opponents caused him to be arrested
and haled before the Court of Special Sessions, on the
charge of having watered milk,—a charge based on the fact
that at some of his stations the milk had been modified for
infant feeding.
The battle continued for years, but the facts, the majority
of the medical profession led by Dr. Jacobi, and a constantly
growing public opinion, were with him. He was tireless in
propaganda, reading papers on the prevention of infant
mortality before State Legislatures, at medical, social and
other conferences and congresses in the United States and
various countries of Europe, and contributing forceful
letters to the press, and to mayors and municipal health
officers. In 1909, Public Health Service of the United
States Treasury Department issued an elaborate volume on
milk, in which were recorded such facts as that pasteurized
milk was first made available for infants in general in New
York City in 1893 when Nathan Straus dispensed 34,400
bottles of milk from one depot, and that in 1906, seventeen
milk stations served 3,142,252 bottles and 1,078,405 glasses
of pasteurized milk. The Treasury Department's report
recorded further that the general death rate of children
under five had been halved largely as a result of the pasteur-

ization of milk, the average death rate in the months of
June, July, and August having fallen from 136.4 per thou-
sand to 62.7 per thousand. Such bodies as the American
Medical Association, in 1911, and the International Health
Commission of the Rockefeller Foundation, in 1917, added
their testimony, and finally, in 1914, after an epidemic of
milk-borne typhoid fever, the year before, had taught its
disastrous lesson, New York City officially introduced the
compulsory pasteurization of all milk, other than that pro-
duced and handled under exceptional conditions.
In 1920, when the battle was over, Mr. Straus presented
his pasteurizing laboratory to the city. But in the mean-
while he had been carrying far and wide his campaign against
what is called "The White Peril" of raw milk. He gave
pasteurizing installations to various cities both in the
United States and abroad. In Europe, he began his work by
establishing a pasteurization plant at Heidelberg in 1907,
and thereafter he carried it on in Sandhausen, Karlsruhe,
Eberswalde, and elsewhere. In recognition of his brilliant
service to childhood, and of the untold thousands of little
ones who owed their lives to his insight, single-minded
tenacity of purpose, and single-handed generosity, President
Taft, in 1911, appointed him to the Berlin International
congress for the protection of infants, as the sole delegate
from the United States. The next year, he was a delegate
to the Tuberculosis Congress in Rome. The first inter-
national Child Welfare Congress held under the auspices of
the League of Nations in August, 1925, put on record its
praise of his pioneer life-saving work. Ever more widely in
countries and communities the world over, has the pasteur-
ization of milk been made obligatory, and from all over the
world wherever pasteurized milk was introduced there came
to Nathan Straus the unvarying story of reduced infant
mortality, and the moving joy and precious reward of the
blessings of grateful mothers. Wherever pasteurization of
milk is conscientiously carried out, the death rate from milk-
borne germs of typhoid fever, streptococcus sore throat,
scarlet fever, diphtheria and diarrhoeal diseases has been
cut to nothing. Layman though he was, and without any
pretense to medical knowledge, Nathan Straus lives ki the
NATHAN STRAUS 145
annals of medicine as one of the pioneers in public health,

and as the man who saved untold thousands, and eventually
millions of little children, fiom premature death. What he
began with his private means, is every day being more
generally adopted as a public obligation.
One word must be added to complete the story of this
outstanding achievement of his life. In all the vast labor and
unwearying struggle of propaganda, as well as in the organ-
ization of the infinite detail of the establishment and main-
tenance of the Straus laboratories and milk stations in the
United States and abroad, Mrs. Straus worked day and night
at his side. It was she who, in 1917, compiled the volume
"Diseases in Milk—The Remedy Pasteurization." Her
extraordinary patience and marvelous care for detail assured
the carrying through of those quick intuitive decisions of her
husband that were as brilliant and illuminating as a flash
of lightning.
Another pioneering undertaking in public health that
grew out of his passionate interest in combatting tuberculo-
sis by cleansing the milk supply, was his institution in 1909,
of a tuberculosis preventorium for children. He had come
to the conclusion that the inception of many cases of tuber-
culosis in adults was to be looked for in a childhood spent
in contact with a case of the disease. He reasoned that these
children could be saved from becoming victims of the disease
if they were taken from such homes and cared for in a health
ful environment. In this way, he evolved the idea of
preventorium rather than a remedial sanitarium for children,
thereby not only coining a new word for the English lan-
guage, but also giving practical validity to what had there-
tofore been only a theoretically recognized idea. He housed
his preventorium at first in "The Little White House," a
cottage in Lakewood, N. J. which he had often placed at the
disposal of President Cleveland, and later at Farmingdale,
N. J., on a piece of land presented by Arthur Brisbane. This
pioneer preventorium has become the model for similar
institutions in many lands.
As the years went on, philanthropy in the broadest sense
of the term became the ruling passion of Nathan Straus.
He regarded his wealth, never near as great as popularly
estimated, as a trusteeship, not an ownership. He did not

count his benefactions. In fact, he could never tell how much
he had spent on them, though he knew he was deliberately
and materially reducing his fortune. His motto was "Give
while you live." He would ask "Why should people profit
more by your death than by your life?" In later years, he
loved to castigate those rich men who, he believed, were not
giving to public causes in accordance with their means. In
season and out of season, in private homes, at public gather-
ings or by letter, he would give strong and sometimes drastic
expression to his doctrine of the blessedness of giving during
one's life time. Stringent and stinging as sometimes were his
words, he was able to express himself in this way because
everyone knew that, in proportion to his means, he was giving
more than were others. He would try to make more contract-
ed hearts understand the rejuvenating joy and life-giving
happiness which he derived from seeing in his lifetime the
fruits of his philanthropy. On his seventy-fifth birthday he
declared, "I feel ten years younger than I did ten years
ago, because I have given so much of my money to those
who needed it worse than I did, and I intend giving it away
until I die."
The colossal suffering caused by the World War inspired
him to heights of generosity which matched his magnificent
campaign for pure milk. The experiences of life, so far from
bringing any hardening to his nature, made his heart
increasingly more tender and responsive to human suffering.
The tears would come to his eyes as he would hear or read
of the woes of the men in uniform, or the tragedy of the
non-combatants, and in response to appeals for their relief
he gave lavishly of his means and of himself. His was the
gift with the giver, and munificent as were his financial con-
tributions, his gift of himself was of even higher value. It
was he who suggested the slogan for one of the campaigns for
relief of sufferers from the war "Give until it hurts," but he
later revised this to "Give until it feels good." His winged
words of personal appeal, ringing out from a heart exquisitely
attuned to every emotion of pity and love, moved men from
coast to coast. He was always the first to give, and his
princely donations set a high standard and a contagious
example. In 1917, he opened the Jewish War Relief Fund
NATHAN STRAUS 147
with a gift of $100,000, the largest single contribution of its

kind, given by an individual, up to that time. In 1916, he
sold his luxurious steam yacht to obtain funds which were
used for the aid of war orphans in Palestine. He tried to sell
his beautiful home on West 72nd Street, setting up a large
notice over the front door announcing that the proceeds of
the sale would be devoted to the relief of sufferers from the
War. Not succeeding in finding a ready purchaser, he set a
fair price on the house and sold securities to realize that
amount for War Relief, though he had to take a loss in a
depressed market. Besides giving lavishly to alleviate some
of the hideous sufferings of the War, septugenarian though
he was, he wrote hundreds of personal letters, traveled to
various centers, and attended innumerable meetings. The
close of the War left him an ardent lover of peace, and
thereafter the cause of world peace found an enthusiastic
advocate in him who had always embraced humanity in one
brotherhood, transcending creed or nationality. Never did
he give a truer revelation of this side of his character than
when he penned the beautiful words "In the Titanic tragedy
all creeds were united in the brotherhood of death. If one
could only hope for a brotherhood of life! Why wait for
death to teach us the lesson of human fraternity?"
This sense of human brotherhood strengthened his loyalty
to the Jewish people, the people of sorrows among the
nations of the world. Moreover the Jewish strain in Nathan
Straus was vigorous and proud. The strong Jewish tra-
ditionalsim of his father's home, as well as his wife's tenderly
emotional Judaism, were potent religious influences in his
life. Though brought up in a community where, except for
his own family, there were no Jews, he was a synagogue Jew
by choice, becoming affiliated with Reform Judaism on
moving to New York. Yet, in his later years he felt that
Reform Judaism of those days had abolished more than was
healthy for the survival of Judaism. Addressing a conven-
tion of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of
America a few years before his death, he roundly declared
that Orthodox Jews had the right stand, because in Reform
circles the younger generation had gone too far from Jewish
traditions.
He was sensitive and quick to defend the honor of the
Jewish name. When some members of the Straus family,

desiring to go t o Lakewood for a period of convalescence,
were refused admission to one of t h e hotels because they
were Jews, the characteristically vigorous reply of N a t h a n
Straus was to get potential control of the situation by pur-
chasing land in the immediate vicinity of several of the
leading hotels, and building the Lakewood Hotel with no
other policy t h a n to throw it open to all, whether Jew or
Gentile. President and Mrs. Cleveland, his warm friends,
showed their appreciation of his stand and their disapproval
of prejudice by becoming guests a t the hotel. Its construc-
tion and management proved to be a costly undertaking in
which Mr. Straus in the end lost a large sum of money. But
he always said t h a t he would have been willing to spend or
lose much more if necessary, in defense of Jewish honor. His
generous contribution towards building a Catholic Church
a t Lakewood was another expression of his detestation of
the religious prejudice suffered a t t h a t time in Lakewood by
Catholics as well as by Jews.
He had m a n y a tilt with James Gordon Bennett because of
anti-Semitic tendencies shown by t h a t distinguished editor.
In later years when the campaign against Jews sponsored by
H e n r y Ford was a t its height, N a t h a n Straus issued a public
challenge to Mr. Ford to submit the egregious Protocols of
the Elders of Zion to any impartial jury, and he, Nathan
Straus, would undertake to refute them. T h e nation-wide
publicity given to this challenge by the best loved and most
trusted Jew of the land, together with the Sapiro and Bern-
stein trials, focused public attention upon the issue, and it is
believed, helped materially to bring about M r . Ford's full
and frank recantation. Whenever N a t h a n Straus rose to
fight prejudice against the Jew, he did so because, as he said,
" T h e Jews have a work to do in the world not merely in
fighting for toleration of their own race, but in defending the
cause of religious freedom throughout the world."
When Ignace Paderewski denied t h a t there had been po-
groms against the Jews of Poland during the time that he
was prime minister, N a t h a n Straus entered the lists against
h i m as Chairman of the Committee for the Defense of the
J ews in Poland, and challenged his statement by citations of
excesses which had undeniably occurred. He expressed his
NATHAN STRAUS 149
fighting Jewish spirit through his interest in movements and

organizations for the defense of Jewish rights, associating
himself actively with the first American Jewish Congress of
which he was elected Chairman in 1916, and also with the
present organization of which he was Chairman in 1920,
President in 1922, and Honorary President in 1918 and 1925.
He was as emphatic in his appreciation of accomplishment
by Jews as he was sensitive to slights put upon the good name
of the Jew. The thrill of Jewish pride which he felt when he
read of the extraordinary exploit of Abraham Krotoshinsky,
the World War hero of the Lost Battalion, moved him to
settle Krotoshinsky as a farmer on the soil of Palestine.
In his devotion to the cause of Palestine, the Jewish soul of
Nathan Straus came to its fullest, most vigorous and most
organic expression. The place which his campaign for pasteur-
ized milk had taken in his life at the turn of the nineteenth
century was filled in the last two decades of his life by
Zionism. It was in 1904 while on a Mediterranean tour that
Mr. and Mrs. Straus first visited Palestine. Even then, pre-
war Paletine with all its discomforts and discouragement for
the tourist, made so deep an impression on them that they
changed their plan of proceeding to Damascus in order to
stay longer in the Holy City. It was not until 1912, when
they visited Palestine a second time together with Dr. J. L.
Magnes, that the full magic of the ancient Jewish homeland
entered into and possessed their souls. It was then that Mr.
Straus attempted to raise the economic standards of Haluka-
ridden Jewry by establishing a domestic science school for
girls, and a factory for making buttons and souvenirs out of
mother of pearl. Instinctively sensing the importance of the
land problem, he bought land outside of Bethlehem opposite
the Tomb of Rachel, and another piece of land which is now
the center of Talpioth, a Jewish suburb of Jerusalem, which
he planned originally to be the site of the Hebrew University
or of the home which he hoped to build for himself in the
Holy City. To cope with the pitiful problem of poverty, he
opened a soup kitchen in the Old City. This began by dis-
pensing 300 free meals to the destitute. Now, twenty years
later, the two Straus soup kitchens, one in the Old City
and one outside the Walls, filling in some measure the func-
tions of old age and widows' pensions and insurance for the
disabled and unemployed, are giving an average of nearly

3,000 free meals daily. So deeply did this imperatively
needed philanthropy appeal to Mr. Straus that a decade
before his death he established a foundation to insure the
continuance of these kitchens so long as poverty should
exist in Jerusalem.
It was during the 1912 visit, that he laid the foundation of
that work for public health in Palestine with which his name
is preeminently and lastingly associated there, by founding a
Health Department to cope in some measure with the
malaria, trachoma and other ills of insanitation which
scourged the pitifully neglected Holy Land. In the mean-
while, the Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of
America had been founded by Henrietta Szold. But its
growth not being rapid enough to suit Nathan Straus, bring-
ing back to America as he did his vivid impression of the
deplorable health conditions in Palestine, he assumed the
expense of one of the two nurses through whom Hadassah
began its work, and in January, 1913, less than a year after
their previous visit, he and Mrs. Straus sailed again for
Palestine, taking with them Hadassah's two nurses, settling
them in Jerusalem, and thereby beginning Hadassah's
pioneer work in the Land of Israel. At that time also,
Nathan Straus established a Pasteur Institute in Palestine,
which, together with his Health Department, played an
important part in controlling epidemics during the War.
When the problem of a Jewish Palestine became one of
immediacy through the British conquest of the Holy Land,
Zionism became and remained the dominant interest in the
life of both Nathan and Lina Straus. It would be hopeless
to attempt to list the superlatively munificent gifts with
which he led and responded to every appeal to Palestine,
beginning with his supplying half of the cargo of $100,000'
worth of provisions sent from America to Palestine in 1915,
on the U. S. collier Vulcan. It was a significant, though for
them but a minor incident when Mrs. Straus gave to
Hadassah all the jewels which a lifetime of love had showered
on her. It was the crowning of a lifelong interest, when
Nathan Straus founded and equipped Hadassah's Child
Health Welfare Stations. The fruit of a fourth visit to
Palestine, in 1923-1924, was the establishment of the monu-
NATHAN STRAUS 151
mental Nathan and Lina Straus Health Center in Jerusalem,

and later a similar Health Center in Tel Aviv. On these two
magnificent institutions, Mr. Straus expended $325,000. In
1927, when almost an octogenarian, he sailed again for
Palestine, and, in the laying of the cornerstone of his
Jerusalem Health Center, saw the pledge of his dream's
realization.
The inscription which he caused to be set up at the
entrance to the Health Centers, declaring in English, Arabic
and Hebrew that they are for the benefit of all inhabitants
of the land, Christian, Moslem and Jew, was characteristic
of all his humanitarian work in Palestine as well as elsewhere.
When, in July 1927, an earthquake shook Palestine, while
others, fascinated with fear, were still reading the news, he
took the swift and finely-inspired action of cabling $25,000
to Jerusalem, stipulating that it was to used for all the suffer-
ers from the disaster without distinction of race, creed or
nationality. Though in 1922 he had given $1,000 to a
Moslem orphanage in Jerusalem, and the next year again
$1,000 for the poor Arabs of Jaffa, and on other occasions
substantial sums for aiding the Arab poor, he declared that
nothing he had ever done before gave him quite the same joy
as came to him from receiving the enthusiastic praise and
expressions of appreciation from the Arabs of Palestine,
almost the sole beneficiaries of his gift for the sufferers from
the earthquake.
For the last fifteen years of their lives both Mr. and Mrs.
Straus lived ardently for Palestine. Nathan Straus spoke
the simple truth when he said "Others may be better able
than I to talk about Zionism, but none can feel it more
deeply than I." A naive story illustrates how the love of
Zion dominated Nathan Straus, occupying his thoughts
night and day, and giving color to his whole life. A guest
who had been living in Palestine for some time arrived at the
Straus home one evening. His first question, with character-
istic directness was "How is Palestine?" To such a compre-
hensive question, especially when asked by an elderly man
whose heart bled for every story of trouble, there could be no
discussion of difficulties, but only one answer, and that
almost casual answer was given: "Palestine is splendid."
The next morning, Straus opened the conversation by saying
to his guest, "You do not know what you did for me by

telling me yesterday evening that things are fine in Palestine.
For months I have not slept as well as I did last night."
Zionism was so intense a passion in his life that when, in
1923, Israel Zangwill made his famous speech in Carnegie
Hall trenchantly criticizing the policy of the Zionist move-
ment, Mr. Straus could not restrain himself from publicly
denouncing him, and Zangwill, who until then had been a
guest in the Straus home, found it necessary to find other
quarters. In the last two decades of his life Nathan Straus
gave nearly two-thirds of his whole fortune to Palestine.
His known gifts to Zion total more than $2,000,000.
It can be readily imagined what pain was his when the
dispute broke out about the Wailing Wall. In a public
letter he appealed to the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem to end
the strife. The bloody outbreak by the Arabs in August
1929, which was the culmination of their agitation, almost
broke his heart. It robbed both Mr. and Mrs. Straus of the
joy of life. That cowardly blow against the peaceful Jews
of the Holy Land broke the spirit and hastened the death
of Lina Gutherz Straus. For many weeks after the murder-
ous Arab riots, Mr. and Mrs. Straus entered into mourning,
refusing themselves to all but their dearest friends. But to
the end of his days, Nathan Straus retained his conviction
that the cause of Zionism would triumph. When, on account
of growing weakness, he could no longer attend Zionist
conferences and meetings, he would, from his retirement
issue clarion words of sturdy hope and encouragement.
Ever since the nineties when his vivid personality and the
heart which he put into his public benefactions singled him
out as one of America's greatest philanthropists, he had been
a popular and beloved figure among all classes. But when
the fervor of Zion took possession of his soul, he became the
darling of the Jewish masses. Forgotten were all the asper-
ities that had been stirred up during his long battle for pure
milk. Forgiven were his forcible criticism of those who
differed from him. As President Taft expressed it "Dear old
Nathan Straus is a great Jew and the greatest Christian of
us all." He was everywhere accepted as the Grand Old Man
of American Jewry. The last twenty years of his life were a
continuous personal triumph. In the year 1923, on the
NATHAN STRAUS 153
occasion of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the creation of

greater New York, Nathan Straus was chosen by popular
vote as the citizen who had, during that quarter of a century,
done the most for public welfare in the empire city. His
seventieth, seventy-fifth and especially his eightieth birth-
days were the signal for popular celebration led by the press
of the whole country, and hundreds of letters of admiration
and congratulations poured in on him from leaders in every
sphere of life, from the Old World as well as the New. In the
early summer of 1930, the National Institute of Social
Sciences awarded him a gold medal in recognition of his
"distinguished and widespread social service rendered in
behalf of humanity." His every appearance at a public
gathering was the signal for an outburst of applause and
cheering, and his rugged, forceful, direct and racily uncon-
ventional words of courageous hope, or challenge stirred his
audiences to enthusiasm, far greater than that which
polished orators could evoke. But the death on May 4, 1930,
of his life's companion, the sweet and rare-souled Lina
Gutherz Straus, left him a lonely and a broken man. They
had always agreed that the one who survived would carry
on the work to which they had unitedly devoted themselves
with such perfect understanding and complementary gifts of
character. But brave as was his spirit, without her by his
side, he could no longer capture the joy and the thrill of
their life's work, and on January 11, 1931, shortly before his
eighty-third birthday, he passed gently into that sleep of
peace for which his tired frame and bereaved soul were long-
ing. And all that he held in his cold, dead hand was what he
had given away.
The death of the Grand Old Man of American Jewry
called forth tributes from high and low, from far and near.
At his funeral two days later, thousands of men and women,
most of them from the humbler walks of life, gathered to pay
tribute to the one whose heart had always beat with all
humanity, and to express the love that they bore for one who
had not been a remote philanthropist but who had ever been
as one of themselves. Some 3,500 men and women crowded
into Temple Emanu-El, and perhaps twice as many more
stood outside and around the Temple in a solemn silence to
pay their tribute of reverent respect to the best-loved leader
of the Jewish people and one of the great benefactors of

mankind.
Few words are needed to complete the picture, for the life
story of Nathan Straus here limned was consistent through-
out with his personality. The distinctiveness and originality
of his character, that made it possible to force him into any
mold and that differentiated him from any type or class,
may be traced to his extraordinary combination of both
mental and emotional gifts. He achieved the impossible in
responding equally and at the same time to the keen, sound
judgments of his vigorous mind, and to the undisciplined
spontaneity and impulsiveness of his great and tender heart.
One may list a combination of his fine qualities, as in the
pregnant words with which Adolph S. Ochs described him:—
"A model husband; indulgent father; an inspiring example of
filial love; an upright and sagacious businessman; a civic
leader in progressive and far-seeing enterprises; a man of
exalted spirituality, and firm convictions of righteousness in
public and private affairs; a world-famed philanthropist with
a heart overflowing with human sympathy and understand-
ing, and, withal, a patriot of the highest order." Add to this
succinct characterization that he was an harmonious combi-
nation of opposites, a practical visionary, a fighting philan-
thropist, a belligerent pacifist, a lover of all men, yet capable
of strong dislikes, an idealist, yet a hearty lover of the good
things of life, a democrat in every fibre of his being, yet one
of God's noblemen. Though he, foreign born, was a passion-
ate lover and servant of America, he was no less devotedly a
lover and servant of Palestine. Though his was a humanity
which transcended creed and race, he was a deeply feeling,
loyal Jew, who loved and who led his Jewish people by the
inspiration of that unique personality which was Nathan
Straus.
BEN SELLING
By HENRY J. BERKOWITZ
ON THE 15th of January, 1931, the flags that fly over the
city of Portland, Oregon, hung at half mast. The sad tidings
had been announced that Ben Selling, Oregon's "first
citizen," had been called to his reward. The Legislature,
sitting at Salem, immediately adjourned. The crowds in the
downtown streets went about with troubled faces. Portland
was plunged into mourning.
It was said by the oldest inhabitants that in their memo-
ries no death had ever brought such consternation as that of
Ben Selling. It was a genuine catastrophe to thousands of
people, for they knew that such a man happens only once
in a generation and that he could never be replaced. His
funeral was held in the Temple Beth Israel on Sunday,
January 18th, at noon, and throngs filled the aisles, crowded
about the doors, and stood about in solid masses on the
spacious lawns. Men of all creeds and races came and wept
over the loss of their beloved friend, and all the eulogistic
outpourings were inadequate to express the sorrow which
filled the hearts of these silent thousands—high and low,
great and obscure, captains of industry and the outcasts of
society.
To understand why this unique man had won such uni-
versal affection, it is necessary to go back into the early
history of Portland when it was a frontier town of about
5000 people. A pioneer city settled by New Englanders and
middle-western emigrants, Portland was incorporated in
1851. Among the earliest Jewish settlers was Philip Selling,
who in 1862, came with his family from San Francisco,
where his son, Ben, had been born on April 29, 1852. Hence,
when the family came to Portland and set up in business,
the young Selling was a boy of ten years, and the city itself
was but one year older. Thus the major portion of the life
of Ben Selling ran parallel with the history of Portland. He
155
saw it grow to more than 300,000 inhabitants in the span

of his lifetime, and in that progress he played so conspicuous
a part that when, in 1928, he was named as its first citizen
by the Portland Realty Board, there was universal approval
of the choice.
Upon his arrival, Ben Selling's father operated a general
merchandise store at First and Yamhill Streets. The boy
attended the Beth Israel Religious School, and later Port-
land Academy; he was not graduated from the latter,
because his father needed him in the store. In 1880, when
he was twenty-eight years of age, he went to San Francisco,
where he was married to Tillie Hess, on March 14 of that
year.
The year following his marriage, Selling left the employ
of his father and established a wholesale boot and shoe
business under the firm name of Akin-Selling Company.
This venture was continued until 1893, when he became
interested in the Moyer Clothing Company. Three years
later, a second store was established under his own name at
the corner of Fourth and Morrison Streets, and for a period
of over thirty years that corner was a landmark in the life
of Portland. The sign outside read: "Ben Selling, Clothier."
Though named Benjamin by his parents, he was always
known as Ben, that listing being found in the city directory
as far back as 1881. He always enjoyed the fact that he was
known, not as "Selling" or "Mr. Selling," but as plain "Ben
Selling." With the passing of the years his abbreviated
given name came to have all the significance of that of a
Talmudic sage. The Orthodox Jews, who adored him,
thought of ben Zoma, ben Zakkai and ben Selling as
equals.
Selling was intensely loyal to Portland and Oregon, and
from the time he began his career as a newsboy in the last
days of the Civil War, he was active in the promotion of city
and state welfare. He became interested in Republican
politics, and served as a member of the State Senate for
eight years, including a term as President. For a short time
he was acting governor. He also served as a member of the
House of Representatives and as its Speaker. He was a
candidate for the United States Senate in 1912, and, as a
Republican nomination in Oregon was tantamount to an
BEN SELLING 157
election, he would have been swept into office, except for the
unexpected appearance of an independent candidate who
broke t h e Republican lines and thus made possible t h e
election of a Democrat. Despite this fact Selling was
defeated by fewer t h a n eight hundred votes.
I t was not for these activities, however, t h a t his n a m e
became a s y n o n y m for all t h a t is noble and generous. His
international reputation came as a result of a lifetime of
unrivaled generosity in every conceivable field. His store
was a mecca for indigent students, b a n k r u p t business men,
itinerant beggars, traveling institutional solicitors, cam-
paign directors, Old World rabbis, and representatives of
numerous other categories. H e had no office, only a desk
tucked away in a tiny corner of the balcony. T h e r e was only
room for Selling and for one extra chair, and t h a t chair was
always occupied by some suppliant. T h e clothing business
was of secondary importance and, from all appearances, was
maintained merely in order t h a t the great philanthropist
might have a h e a d q u a r t e r s for his charitable activities, for
he gave up the major portion of his time to his manifold
philanthropic interests. His huge correspondence with
persons in all p a r t s of the world was carried on entirely in
long-hand, for Selling was old-fashioned enough to cling to
the pen-and-ink method of letter writing. His desk revealed
the character of the man. Simple and plain, it was stuffed
with records of old campaigns which he had personally
conducted. H e had every subscription list for Jewish
" d r i v e s " t h a t had ever been conducted in the city, all of
which he led and whose records he kept himself. H e had
intimate personal letters from every great Jew of our time.
He loved to indulge in reminiscences of m a n y a well-won
struggle to raise money, and he could relate countless
anecdotes of battles he had waged to teach his people how
to give generously. As a money-raiser he was a recognized
expert. One of the reasons for his success was his own
extraordinary munificence. Few people refused him, first
because he was held in such affection, and second because he
himself set a noble example. Besides, m a n y to whom he
went for contributions were indebted to him for their own
prosperity. An astonishing n u m b e r of Jewish merchants in
Portland owe their s t a r t to Ben Selling's personal assistance,
and it was his pride that he had often assisted his immediate
competitors in their financial difficulties.
It is almost impossible to name all the institutions and
organizations which he fostered and served. The scope of
his charitable interests overleaped the bounds of creed and
race, state and nation. Organizer and President of the
Portland Remedial Loan Association, President of the Fed-
erated Jewish Societies, President of the first Hebrew Benev-
olent Association, President of the B'nai B'rith, Director of
the Community Chest, patron of the Symphony Orchestra,
promoter of the Waverly Baby Home, Chairman of the
Armenian Relief Campaign, supporter of the Big Brother
farm at Lebanon, are only a few of the positions he held in
local societies.
In matters of foreign relief he set many a record. It was
as a result of his efforts that more money per capita was
raised in Portland than in any other city in the United
States, for East European Jewry. He gathered thousands
for sufferers from floods in China and earthquakes in Japan,
and for the Near East Relief. During the war, he personally
purchased $400,000 worth of liberty bonds and circulated
them by selling them to citizens of modest means at the
rate of a dollar down and a dollar a week. In 1914, when
depression threatened, he set up the Working Men's Club
where 450,000 meals were served for five cents apiece, and
as a result of his generosity many were helped to live
through that trying period.
His interest in education won him the undying gratitude
of hundreds of students. A few years before his death the
great Oregon State College at Corvallis conferred upon him
an honorary Doctor's degree. Upon his death, the colleges
and normal schools of Oregon were at a loss to know how
they would continue their loan funds. President Arnold
Bennett Hall, of the University of Oregon, testified to this
fact in the following statement:
"In the death of Mr. Ben Selling the state has lost
one of its great men and one of its most distinguished
citizens. His citizenship reflected itself in many
forms of intelligent and generous philanthropy.
There is not a school or community in the state
where boys and girls have not found through his
BEN SELLING 159
sympathetic generosity an opportunity for the edu-

cation that they desired.
"Perhaps the rarest and most distinguished char-
acteristic as a citizen was his high minded and intelli-
gent conception of public service. It was my privilege
only recently to discuss with him a scientific program
for the social development of Oregon. I found him
profound in wisdom, keen in his understanding of
social problems, broad in human understanding, and
farsighted in his vision. I came away from the con-
ference with the conviction that there was a man
who combined in a rare degree the technical under-
standing of the trained mind, the human compassion
of a great soul, and the desire to serve of a great
altruist."
It will probably never be known how many boys and girls
were put through college by this great benefactor. Those so
assisted have taken degrees in all parts of the United States.
Monmouth Normal College alone is said to have educated
close to five hundred teachers who were aided by the student
loan funds supplied by Mr. Selling. Upon his death he
provided in his will for the continuation of this work, by
leaving a hundred thousand dollars in trust.
As a Jewish leader he played a prominent part in organ-
ized efforts of every kind. He was a member of the Board of
Governors of the Hebrew Union College, and won inter-
national fame by his gifts to the library of that institution,
which made it possible for the library to acquire some of the
rarest oriental Jewish manuscripts and books. He launched
the campaign for a new library building by giving the first
contribution and raising the rest through a series of personal
letters to Jewish philanthropists in the east. In the councils
of the Joint Distribution Committee he belonged to the
Rosenwald-Warburg group, and was in constant touch with
these stalwarts. He served on the American Jewish Com-
mittee since the organization of that body; was the only
non-Zionist representative, west of Chicago on the Jewish
Agency; and was an honorary member of the Board of the
Union of American Hebrew Congregations. He was at or
near the top of the subscription lists of these and practically
every other Jewish cultural and philanthropic institution in
the country. He gave annually the largest single contribu-

tion to Palestine of any Jew in Portland, despite the fact he
did not class himself as a Zionist.
All of Mr. Selling's giving was of the most intelligent sort.
He understood the technique of scientific philanthropy, and
through years of experience developed a philosophy which
he followed consistently to the end. He never gave indis-
criminately, b u t always with a clearly defined social
objective. He did not believe in pauperizing the people who
came to him. Where there was actual disability he would
give outright, but when it was a case in which constructive
charity was necessary he "loaned" the money, permitting
the recipient to refund the debt on his own terms. Mr.
Selling's gifts to institutions were never based on what
others gave. He determined what he believed to be his just
share and gave it, and as a result he stood at the top of
m a n y a list. It was his firm conviction t h a t giving should be
done during a man's lifetime, when he could administer the
money himself. Over the period of many decades in which
Ben Selling distributed his wealth, he managed to give
away several fortunes, and he had the joy of witnessing the
great good t h a t this money wrought. T h e most remarkable
fact about all these activities was t h a t his income was
comparatively limited. Ben Selling was not a rich man, as
wealth is measured in our time, but he was willing to give
away practically his entire income very year. His own
needs were exceedingly modest. He was simple in his
tastes to the point of austerity. He used to joke about his
two suits a year, taken out of his own stock, and his plain
little black bow tie.
When Ben Selling walked on the streets of Portland,
every face greeted him with a smile. H a t s were raised in
salute. His progress was constantly arrested by people who
wished to greet him. Crippled newsboys, elevator men,
clerks and policemen counted him as an intimate friend. In
his home he was a devoted father and husband. His children
are Dr. Laurence Selling, a distinguished physician in Port-
land, and Mrs. A. C. U. Berry.
Those who knew Ben Selling best in his lifetime speak of
two important characteristics of the man t h a t were not
apparent to the casual acquaintance. One of these was his
BEN SELLING 161
gracious hospitality to high and low alike, and the other was
his willingness to admit when he was wrong and to accept
the other man's point of view.
His hospitality was noteworthy. Few men were his equal
as perfect host. One who has had the pleasure of being his
guest can testify to the joy Ben Selling took in lavishing his
bounty upon his friends. But what was more remarkable
was his ability to offer the same hospitality to entire
strangers. He entertained scores of men and women who
passed through Portland, on one mission or another, at
various times. If nobody else knew them or would have
them, Ben Selling made it his business to give them a
luncheon or a dinner. It became a tradition. If the indi-
vidual was engaged in some humanitarian work, the
luncheon was a large affair. His invitations were seldom
refused. They came on a plain postcard, often written out
in long-hand by Ben Selling himself. He sat at the head of
such a table with unusual grace and charm.
The second characteristic known to those closest to him
was that yielding quality of his nature which became mani-
fest after he became convinced of the Tightness of an
opponent's point of view. Ben Selling was a man of decided
opinions and absolutely unafraid to express them. When he
thought he was right he took a firm stand. But he was a
just man with it all. Many a time he would lock horns with
his co-workers on a matter of policy in some communal
project, but after expressing his opinion he was always
ready to listen to the other side. On many an occasion he
spoke those beautiful words, "I am wrong and you are
right."
Ben Selling was an excellent public speaker, though he
was extremely modest about that particular attainment.
He made an imposing appearance when he stood up to
address a meeting. He would often apologize for rising to
talk, but would always deliver an address that was cogent,
straightforward and interesting. He could achieve genuine
eloquence when he was stirred. When engaged in his favo-
rite pursuit of raising money for philanthropic purposes he
was at his best. He would lash out at the niggardly givers
with prophetic wrath.
Another of his outstanding characteristics was the mili-
tancy of his Judaism. This quality became intensified with

the years. It was his pride to stand forth openly and
articulately as a Jew. In public meetings and civic gather-
ings, he invariably made reference to his Jewish origin and
allegiance. In every case of discrimination or prejudice he
fought rigorously for the rights of Jews. As a result, he won
that high respect which is inevitably gained by a Jew who
respects himself.
Every visiting rabbi or Jewish leader coming to Portland
for the first time made a pilgrimage to meet Ben Selling. It
was one of the outstanding purposes that brought them to
the city. When the famous librarian of the Hebrew Union
College, Adolph S. Oko, came to Portland personally to
thank Ben Selling for his benefactions to the great library,
he arrived when Mr. Selling was out of the city. A number
of years passed, and Mr. Selling's benefactions continued,
until finally Mr. Oko made a special trip across the conti-
nent, as he said, "just to look at Ben Selling to see if he
were a man or a myth." Their meeting was typical of hun-
dreds of such interviews, and as Oko looked at Selling and
their hands clasped, the book-man said in his characteristic
way, "When I look at you my heart actually melts."
Time and again Mr. Selling was beseeched to come east
to participate in momentous deliberations in Washington,
New York and Chicago. His associates in many activities
wished to have the privilege of meeting and knowing him,
and of paying him tribute; but it was the fear of adulation
that kept him away. When the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations met as near as San Francisco, Mr. Selling's
modesty kept him from going. He was human enough to
enjoy the appreciation of his fellows, but his modesty was
deep-seated.
Mr. Selling's personal habits were extremely regular. He
arose very early every morning, walked to his store and was
at his desk before any of his employees arrived. He worked
steadily until noon, went back to his hotel for lunch, took a
rest, and then returned to work until six. He often said that
this brief sleep after lunch, which he took regularly for
twenty-five years, helped to preserve his splendid vigor and
youthful appearance. In the evenings, he went to bed
regularly at ten o'clock, except when he attended concerts.
BEN SELLING 163
He and Mrs. Selling were always devotees of good music.

His only other recreation was a weekly card game at his
club. Family celebrations were many and frequent, the
family ties being strong and close.
The surviving widow is honored and beloved by all, as a
woman of saintly character and charming personality;
throughout her husband's significant career she played an
important role.
When Ben Selling was seventy years of age, in 1922, the
entire city paid him homage at a great banquet presided
over by Rabbi Jonah B. Wise. Tributes were national and
international. He was overwhelmed with the affectionate
praise of his countless admirers. Ben Selling was acclaimed
the leading Jew of the Pacific Coast, and his well-deserved
reputation grew to such proportions that his name became a
synonym for Portland, Oregon. When he passed away, the
editorial columns of the secular and Jewish press poured
forth their meed of praise. His own state mourned with
universal grief, and in the person of this noble Jew and great
American there were recognized those qualities that yield
the truest immortality. At his funeral, it was truthfully
said:
"In our day the divine arbiter of Israel's destiny has
vouchsafed unto us many a steadfast leader, and among the
greatest of these there stood the man Ben Selling. In him
the ideal of social righteousness found concrete embodiment.
Ben Selling loved his neighbor better than himself. He was
an Eved Adonoy, a servant of the Most High. His memory
will be written across the years as one who loved mankind
and died in possession of life's chiefest treasure, a noble
name."
JEWISH WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION
IN THE UNITED STATES
By REBEKAH KOHUT
I
The exemption of the woman from the performance of all
legal and ceremonial obligations imposed by Jewish law on
the male has placed her in an anomalous position where she
appears virtually ignored, whereas, morally, she is an object
of exaltation. However, from time immemorial, we see her
combating this supposedly inferior social status, and today
we see that she has successfully assumed a place of leader-
ship in the community, and has applied to this task all the
inherent wisdom and beauty of spirit which have become
proverbial of the Jewess.
As a matter of fact, time and tradition have always
linked the ingenuity of the Jewess with the desire to do
good. In Proverbs we find it said of the ideal woman: "She
may open her mouth to wisdom, but her tongue must know
the law of kindness." For thousands of years, the Jewish
woman has applied her surplus energies to the law of kind-
ness, or as society has come to call it, "charity." The con-
ception of charity is also not a vague quantity which the
Jew had to discover and formulate for himself. In Deuter-
onomy, we find the term amply explained and its elements
adequately stressed to make it endure through the ages.
In simple and graphic style, charity is described thus:
"When thou cuttest down thy harvest in thy field, thou
shalt not go again to fetch it; it shall be for the stranger, for
the fatherless, for the widow."
"When thou beatest thy olive tree thou shalt not go over
the bow again; it shall be for the stranger, for the fatherless,
for the widow."
"When thou gatherest the grapes for the vineyard, thou
shalt not glean it afterwards; it shall be for the stranger, the
fatherless, and the widow."
165
The field, the olive tree and the grapes have evolved
through the centuries as symbols of the past. Then we had
strange continents, ghetto streets and small shops. Now a
new world—America. Larger ghettos and bigger shops.
But the stranger, the fatherless and the widow are ever
present.
The first implied reference to organized Jewish charity in
America is found in the letter of the Dutch West India
Company to Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Amster-
dam (as New York was called by its Dutch founders), dated
April 26th, 1655, which says in part: "After many consulta-
tions, we have decided and resolved upon a certain petition
made by the Portuguese Jews, [the first Jewish newcomers]
that they shall have permission to sail and trade in New
Netherland, and to live and remain there, provided that the
poor among them shall not become a burden to the company or
to the community, but be supported by their own nation."
In other words, the first settlement of the Jew in America
depended upon the execution of the above promise. It
appears to have been comparatively easy for these first
settlers to vindicate themselves in the eyes of Mr. Stuy-
vesant, for they were a group of sturdy industrious men,
who quickly found means of self-support in the new land,
and the ensuing trickle of immigrants was also made up of
self-reliant people. Jewish womanhood was present at this
pact in the first era of Jewish life here, in the person of
Ricka Nounes, and was present in every succeeding period,
where such pacts were undertaken or understood without
any word from the neighbors.
From this point on, as Jews settled in Rhode Island,
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and points south, we do not hear
of the woman stepping outside of her restricted communal
pale, and her name was not sounded outside the confines of
the hearth until about 150 years later. At the end of the
eighteenth century, after the Revolutionary War, when the
Jewish population of the states was about 2,000, and there
were substantial Jewish congregations in Philadelphia, New
York, Richmond, Newport, Charlestown, and Savannah,
women were undoubtedly admitted to services on the Sab-
bath and High Holy Days, in a separate section of the syna-
gogue, but certainly they were not given any voice in the
JEWISH WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION 167
issues of these growing communities. There is no doubt,

however, that with the piety and simplicity with which they
carried out the other precepts of the Prayer Book, they also
did "Zedakah," by helping the stranger, the fatherless, and
the widow.
In the beginning of the nineteenth century, a new tide of
immigration swept the shores of the recently formed United
States; Jews formed a small but significant part of this
influx. Unlike their immigrant predecessors who hailed from
Spain, Portugal and Holland, these Jews came from Eng-
land, Germany, and Poland, which had been swept by
political and religious oppression after the fall of Napoleon.
Fortunately, the thriving Jewish communities here were
able and willing to absorb the incoming streams of immi-
grants. And it is interesting, most interesting, that no
sooner do we have a large colorful, polylingual and hetero-
geneous Jewish community, with all its healthy "ailments,"
we behold woman coming to the fore to do good. Such a
community first came to life and maturity in Philadelphia.
By 1815, Philadelphia already boasted of a number of
synagogues built by German and Polish Jews, and some
fraternal and benevolent organizations.
It was in this city that in 1819, the first step in organized
woman's endeavor was taken. The story of this first
woman's organization in America, known as "The Female
Hebrew Benevolent Society," reads like a romantic chapter
of pioneer life. Henry Solomon Morais in his "History of the
Jews of Philadelphia" tells us that it was a stormy day in the
month of October, and apparently a good many poor Jews
were without adequate shelter. This state of affairs "came
to the attention of two Jewish ladies, Mrs. Aaron Levy and
Miss Hannah Levy and, sensible to the suffering, they
decided to canvass some of the Jewish homes and enlist the
women in their effort to aid the needy of their community."
In this way, we are told, these ladies formed the Female
Hebrew Benevolent Society, and we are further told that
the Secretary of the Society was Miss Rebecca Gratz. This
Rebecca Gratz is well known in American history. Jews
and non-Jews are still inspired by her ineffable beauty and
glamorous wit. And all of us are prompted to selflessness
and sacrifice by the unbounded devotion that Rebecca

Gratz extended to her people. A woman of rare culture, a
member of one of the most distinguished and beloved Jewish
families in the New World, a person of great charm and wit,
Rebecca Gratz was not satisfied with being the "Salon
Dame," the hostess of an intellectual milieu. So she turned
her head and her eyes to those outside of her drawing room,
for she felt that there, among the less fortunate, was her
calling.
I am elaborating somewhat on this first organization be-
cause its coming into being and the circumstances surround-
ing it are so very interesting to me as a woman and as a
worker. I have before my eyes a picture of these very
comely, sheltered, well-mannered, soft-spoken women,
dressed in yards and yards of rich velvets, with beautiful
plumage on their large hats; their dark eyes shining from
under these hats with a full, warm glow. I also see them
huddling their little hands into muffs as they enter the
carriages which will take them to the house of Mrs. Levy
for the first meeting. I am veritably charmed by the pre-
amble which they wrote to their Constitution, which is as
characteristic of the particular time and purpose, as the
cause is eternal.
"In all communities, the means of alleviating the suffer-
ings of the poor are considered of high importance by the
benevolent and the humane. The subscribers, members of
the Hebrew congregation (Mikveh Israel) of Philadelphia,
and citizens of the United States and of the State of Penn-
sylvania, sensible to the calls of their small society and
desirous of rendering themselves useful to their indigent
sisters of the House of Israel, have associated themselves
together for the purpose of charity, and in order to make the
benefit permanent, have adopted this Constitution."
Thus, the first Constitution was composed by the first
woman's organization in America, which incidentally is
still in existence, functioning along the same lines as origin-
ally designated, and conducted largely by the descendants
of its founders. The work of the Society was thoroughly
systemized. The city was divided into districts, each in
charge of a manager. Among these managers, we find such
names as Sim'ha Peixotto, Ellen Phillips, Esther Hart,
Richea Hays, Phila Pesoa; many of these names are as

prominent today as they were five generations ago.
Some years later, Miss Gratz spurred a group of these
women to organize the first Hebrew Sunday School as a
branch of the Society. It was resolved that: "Teachers be
appointed among the young ladies of the Congregation."
This school, which was formally opened on March 4, 1838,
was the first Hebrew Sunday School in America. Then Miss
Gratz started the Jewish Foster Home, the Fuel Society,
and the Sewing Society, enlisting as many members of a
family as possible, and delegating to them various duties, as
she saw fit, thus helping to organize one of the most pros-
perous and exemplary Jewish communities of the New
World.
II
By 1840, there were 15,000 Jews in the United States, and
what was to be one of the most significant waves of Jewish
mass immigration took place in the next ten years. For by
1850, we have 50,000 Jews in this country. The reasons for
this are well known: The failure of the revolutions of 1848,
and the Gold Rush in America. And as these masses were
pouring into the port of New York, most of them realized
immediately the opportunities west and south of New
York. They were small tradesmen, and they picked up the
peddler's pack with the same agility as they formerly
handled the wanderer's stick. They scattered all over the
country, settling in Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wiscon-
sin. The great bulk of the newcomers were Germans.
It was during this period of immigration, that the first
woman's organization of national scope, the first effort on
the part of Jewish women to effect a nationwide movement,
was initiated by German Jewesses. This organization, "The
United Order of True Sisters" was organized April 21, 1846,
by a group of women who prayed at the Temple Im-Manuel
(now known as Emanu-El), the most distinguished congre-
gation in the city. The women originally took the name of
"Unabhangiger Orden Treue Schwestern." The guiding
spirit of this organization was Henrietta Bruckman, who
inspired the women "to unite in sisterly affection and
esteem; to give moral and material aid to their dependents;

to render philanthropic, civic and other services to commun-
ities in which the lodges are located." The medium of
communication of the society was originally German, but
after five years, the English language was adopted and The
Treue Schwestern became the Grand Lodge United Order
of True Sisters.
The U. O. T. S. has the distinction of being the first
national as well as the first fraternal Jewish women's organ-
ization in the United States. Today, the Order consists of
the Grand Lodge in New York City, and 34 subordinate
lodges throughout the country, with a total membership of
12,000. Each lodge is engaged in its own special philan-
thropic and charitable work, besides co-operating in the
general work of the central organization. Besides affording
to its members the usual medical and financial aid extended
by benevolent organizations, the latter provides a Widow's
Endowment Fund, and maintains an Emergency Fund for
aiding victims of national disasters.
There are eight lodges in Manhattan. These have formed
jointly the New York Philanthropic League In Aid Of
Crippled Children, founded by Mrs. Rose Baran. This
League whose President is Mrs. Carrie Hollander, does
incalculable good for unfortunate crippled children in New
York City.
It is interesting to note that the U. O. T. S. is the first
fraternal woman's organization in the country to erect its
own club house, which not only serves as the National
Headquarters but also as the meeting place for the Man-
hattan lodges, as well as the headquarters for the National
Convention held in December. A great deal of the beauty
dwelling within and without this house is a result of the
continued efforts of its founder, Mrs. Emma Schlesinger,
who is it chairman. The Order also issues a monthly organ,
called "The Echo," which is edited by Mrs. Esther Davis.
Although the membership of the U. O. T. S. is entirely
Jewish, it does not function as a sectarian body. All its
activities and benevolent work is extended to all the needy
and suffering, regardless of sex or creed. Among the well
known names identified with the Order are Mina Schotten-
fels, Amelia Oppenheimer, Clara Sommerich, besides those
mentioned above.*
Reform Judaism was taking a strong hold of the Jews in
Germany and also making its way into the New World. This
movement affected the social status of the Jewess in the
circles of Reform Judaism, which introduced a great many
modifications which spelled her emancipation.
One of the noted reformers of that period, Abraham
Geiger, in his essay "The Position of the Woman of our
Time," which found an echo in every part of the world, and
gave rise to a great deal of controversy in Jewish communal
circles, said: "Let there be from now on no distinction
between duties for men and women unless flowing from the
natural laws governing the sexes, no assumption of the
spiritual minority of women as though she were incapable
of grasping the deep things in religion."
The protagonist of Reform Judaism in this country was
the venerable scholar, Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise, who
arrived here in 1846, and, for a half a century, wielded great
power in the spiritual life of American Jewry. It was Rabbi
Wise who introduced the family pew, and later the partici-
pation of women in the choir. This innovation was followed
by the inclusion of women in Minyan, the quorum of adults
necessary for conducting a service. These changes and
reforms served as an impetus to many of the women in the
Reform Congregations to organize, but it brought out
strong opposition in the more conservative groups, where
the answer was also in a union of forces.
During the two decades after the Civil War, women's
clubs and welfare organizations were springing up every-
where, both as auxiliaries of existing societies and as inde-
pendent bodies. But each was an isolated organism. Let
me mention but a few of these organizations which came to
life during the early part of the second half of the nineteenth
century: The Israelitische Frauen Verein, or the Hebrew
Ladies' Benevolent Association, founded in San Francisco
in 1855; The Hebrew Free Sewing Society, Baltimore, Mary-
land, 1861; The Ladies' Hebrew Widow and Orphan Society,
•The president of the Grand Lodge ia Henriette N. Prinstein, with Hermine Breiten-
feld as Treasurer, Fanny M. Marx—Recording and Corresponding Secretary, and
Julia Levy—Financial Secretary.
Denver, Colorado, 1864; The Hebrew Ladies' Benevolent

Society, Charleston, South Carolina, 1869; and dozens of
similar ones throughout the states.
Ill
Then a new era of immigration dawned. German Jews
were beginning to enjoy greater freedom at home, and were
no more lured to the States. And as German Jewish immi-
gration was slowing down, the German Jews here were
growing more prosperous and more influential from day to
day. "The German Jews in America gain in influence daily,
being rich, intelligent, and educated, or at least seeking
education," wrote a German American in 1869.
However, there was no lull in Jewish immigration. In
unprecedented numbers, Jews began to migrate from the
Slavic countries, and this tide of East-European immigra-
tion lasted for about two generations and formed a goodly
part of the four million Jews now living in the land of
freedom.
The first substantial evidences of the presence of the new
polyglot throngs were the welfare organizations created by.
the older and affluent citizens here, most of these being
brought to life by men. In 1871, we have the establishment
of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, and two years
later, the Union of American Congregations. In 1874, New
York Jewry consolidated its charitable forces in the United
Hebrew Charities. The Mount Sinai Hospital was erected
at about the same time. About five years later, we have the
Hebrew Sheltering Guardian Society and many other kin-
dred organizations. This sequence of establishing Jewish
centers was followed out by the Jews of Philadelphia,
Chicago, and the other large Jewish communities, not to
mention the innumerable synagogues, temples, fraternal
organizations, social clubs, etc., that came into existence
during that period.
However, no indication of any specific Jewish women's
undertaking on a large scale was as yet evident. We know of
women's auxiliaries to these institutions, and we know of
dozens of small organizations founded and maintained by
women for the traditional social duties, such as aiding poor
maternity cases, providing dowries for poor girls of mar-

riageable age, arranging weddings for poor brides, and caring
for the needy and the sick. These societies were usually
organized as Landsmannschaften, being composed of groups
coming from the same city or the same districts or country
"back home." These groups usually were found in the
ghettos, and functioned within the dimensions of the
district.
And the ghettos were growing in number and scope. We
remember 1881 and the pogroms in Southern Russia,
which were followed by another mass immigration to these
shores. I should like to recall that this catastrophe brought
to the fore Emma Lazarus, one of the most gifted of the
women of her generation, who with her lyrical pen, tried to
arouse the world to protest against the injustice which was
being done to the Jews. And it was Emma Lazarus who,
giving up the warmth of her study chamber and the
geniality of her world of dreams, stood in the grim structure
known as Castle Garden and was the first to smile and
extend a warm hand to the weary and battered Jews, "the
huddled masses yearning to breathe free," who came to seek
new life here.
Those were the years of the sweat-shop, those were the
years of hopes and aspirations, those were the years when
the children of pushcart peddlers studied to become states-
men, and those were the years when children of rabbis and
scholars became gangsters and thieves. The Melting Pot, a
subject for romance for many an imaginative mind, was
hard and inhuman to many of these Jews. Their needs,
social and moral, were growing by the hour, as the process
of their adaptation to the new environment was taking
place. Here were seething masses, hurtled from their
sources, trying to transplant the roots. Here were strangers
trying to find their way.
To help the masses out of this maze, to guide somewhat
the bewildered throngs, came the National Council of
Jewish Women, the first women's philanthropic organiza-
tion of national scope. It may be said that the women who
formed the Council came to put the House of Israel in order.
Its formation is a chapter of the history of the Jews in
America which will always be underscored with the grati-

tude of the immigrant masses.
It was in 1893 that the Parliament of Religions was to
take place in Chicago simultaneously with the World's
Fair or the Columbian Exposition. To this Parliament of
Religions the Jews were also invited by a communication to
the Jewish communal and spiritual leaders. This was a
most gratifying missive to the new Jewish world here,
especially after the disheartening occurrences in other
countries at about that time. In the American Hebrew
of June 16, 1893, we read a letter signed by the Union of
American Hebrew Congregations, the Central Conference
of American Rabbis, and the Local Committee on Jewish
Church Congregations, calling the attention of the entire
Jewry to the auspicious event and in conclusion, saying:
"Since the existence of our religion, no such opportunity as
this has ever been extended to the Jew to set himself right
before the whole world."
Some of the most prominent Jews and Jewesses rallied to
this gathering. The Parliament of Religions was held under
the auspices of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the Expo-
sition, and among the women who presented papers were
Minnie D. Louis on "Mission Work Among the Unenlight-
ened Jews," Josephine Lazarus, sister of Emma, on "The
Outlook of Judaism," and Henrietta Szold, of whom we
shall hear more later, on "What Judaism Has Done For
Woman."
But these singular instances do not constitute the entire
function of the Jewish women at that Congress. For a group
of Chicago women headed by Mrs. Henry Solomon decided
to use this rare historic moment of universal importance, to
conceive and give life to what was destined to become one of
the greatest women's organizations in the world. Mrs.
Solomon invited women from surrounding states to repre-
sent their respective communities at this momentous
gathering. Ninety-three delegates, representing twenty-
nine cities came to Chicago. I shall again resort to the
American Hebrew in order to describe that first gathering, so
that we may visualize it in the spirit which pervaded the
entire event, for we must not forget that we are speaking
of something which happened almost four decades ago, and
it is interesting to feel the spirit of the time, if only as trans-

mitted through the written word. In the issue of September
15, 1893, we read the report: "Lack of space prevents our
doing justice to the gathering of Jewish women in Chicago
last week. . . The Congress was opened by Mrs. Charles
Ehnrotten, Vice-President of The World's Congress, who
introduced Mrs. Henry Solomon as the Chairman of the
meetings. Mrs. Solomon, before delivering her address of
welcome, called upon Miss Ray Frank, of Oakland, Cali-
fornia, a student at the Hebrew Union College, to offer a
prayer.
"Mrs. Louise Mannheimer of Cincinnati read a paper on
'Jewish Women Prior to the Sixteenth Century,' and was
followed by Mrs. Helen Kahan Weil, of Kansas City, in a
companion paper on 'Jewish Women From That Time To
The Present.'
"On Tuesday, Miss Julia Richman, of New York, gave an
address on 'Women As Wage-Earners' with special reference
to directing immigrants."
Perhaps some of my readers remember Julia Richman.
Perhaps some of them knew her. Her untimely death
robbed the immigrant Jews of one of their staunchest
friends and sympathizers. It was Julia Richman who for-
mulated the Constitution and read it at the final session of
the gathering. The chief purpose was stated thus: "Re-
solved, that the Congress become a permanent organization
to teach all Jewish women their obligations to the Jewish
religion." The name was adopted as the National Council
of Jewish Women, and its objects outlined as follows: "It
shall seek to unite in closer relation women interested in the
work of religion, philanthropy, and education, and shall
consider practical means of solving problems in these fields.
It shall organize and encourage the study of the underlying
principles of Judaism. It shall apply knowledge gained in
this study to the improvement of the Sabbath school and
the work of social reform. It shall secure the interest and
aid of influential persons in arousing the general sentiment
against religious persecutions whenever and by whomever
shown, and in finding means to prevent such persecution."
Mrs. Hannah G. Solomon (Mrs. Henry) was elected presi-
dent, and Miss Sadie American, Corresponding Secretary.
Thus, the Council of Jewish Women came into being in

the Middle West, some thirty seven years ago, soon to be-
come a household word to Jews the world over. Thus, was
started one of the finest philanthropic organizations in
America to serve as a source of joy and pride to American
Jewry, and a source of mercy and Jewishness for all the
Jews.
It is not easy to enumerate the achievements of the
Council, not because the world has not kept record of them,
but because they have been so extensive and intensive and
have been marked by so much glorious undertaking and
fulfillment t h a t an outline would prove inadequate. But I
will mention some of the outstanding accomplishments.
First of all, the National Council of Jewish Women is the
first and only national organization in the history of Amer-
ican Jewish womanhood that enables all groups of Jewry to
meet on a common platform. Then, it deserves unstinted
praise for its immigration work which took on worldwide
proportions and which gained worldwide recognition for the
expert program evolved for the protection of the Jewish
immigrant particularly the Jewish immigrant woman and
girl traveling to America.
This program provides for the immigrant aid a t Ellis
Island and at other ports of entry as well as in the local
communities, and includes the education and Americaniza-
tion of the foreigner.
W h a t the Council did for the Jews of Europe after the
World War marks one of its most noted chapters. The
echoes of those piercing cries from the devastated Jewish
settlements all over the continent will probably never cease
to remind us of that dark period in the history of the Jews.
'In the spring of 1920,' I have noted in " M y Portion," my
book of memoirs, 'the president of the Council, the late
Rose Brenner, appointed me chairman of the Reconstruc-
tion Committee and ordered me to go abroad and make a
study of the conditions of the various countries and deter-
mine what aid was needed.
'So I left for Europe with my personal secretary. We
visited London, Paris, Antwerp, T h e Hague, Rotterdam,
Berlin, Kattowicz, Vienna, Budapest and Frankfort.
'If my tears could have left an indelible imprint, they

would have made a line along the streets of Europe. . .
'Everywhere one met little children who had been lost in
the shuffle; mothers looking into the eyes of the lost ones in
the hope of finding their own children, who had strayed from
them, when city after city and village after village had been
evacuated. . .
'Amid this chaos, anti-Semitism was rampant. As was
usual, the classes who had made the war sought a scapegoat
to divert attention from themselves; and the Jew—already
bowed and broken from his sufferings—proved a convenient
one.
'Jews are massacred in the Ukraine, harassed in Poland,
driven in refugee bands from place to place—a starving,
footsore, weary-eyed army. The Asyl of Paris was filled
with refugees; yet the misery was mild compared with the
tented colonies in Belgium, and the overcrowded quarters
in the German and Austrian cities. . . Twenty thousand
refugees were living in tents at The Hague, besides the
number who were quartered in the Montefiore Home in
Rotterdam . . . "
We organized classes in English so that the people who
were waiting for their turn to migrate would lose no time in
learning the language of their new country. Council groups
were organized at Riga, Libau, Rotterdam, Danzig, and
Antwerp for constructive service to the Jewish emigrants
through their ports.
In the autumn of 1920, a reconstruction unit headed by
Celia Strakosch was dispatched to Europe to follow out
some of the work which I outlined in my report. Another
unit was sent in 1921, consisting of social service experts,
and still another unit in the spring of 1922, headed by Mrs.
Elinore Sachs-Barr and Doris Maddow, and one year later,
Clara Greenhut and Dr. Margaret Paukner headed still
another unit.
The vital part that the Council played in the reconstruc-
tion and rehabilitation of the Jewish war refugee can prob-
ably never be fully estimated. If I may use a concrete form
of symbolism I might say that thousands upon thousands of
Jewish lives were saved at that time through the efforts of
the Council of Jewish Women.
W e must not, however, forget t h a t these above-mentioned

activities are comparatively recent, and b u t few of all those
pursued in the history of the Council. W e must remember
t h a t for more than twenty-five years before this reconstruc-
tion work, the Council carried on philanthropic and com-
munal tasks all through the states and t h a t it always lived
up to its m o t t o " F a i t h and H u m a n i t y " to its fullest extent
and in its most consumate sense. We must also remember
t h a t the membership and, with it, the efficiency of the
Council grew enormously from year to year. T h e Council
started with a membership of ninety-three. In 1896, three
years later, the reports reveal 50 sections with a membership
of 3,370. In 1914, when the Council was twenty years old, it
had 56 sections in 24 states. In 1920, it had 164 sections, in
40 states, with a membership of 28,000. Of these sections
five were in Canada, one in Cuba, and 41 were junior
sections. In 1925, it reached a total membership of 52,000.
Along the lines of its usual activities, the Council has
formed close to 100 study circles in religion and philan-
thropy throughout its chapters. Fourteen religious schools
have been opened by individual sections. T h e Council
sponsors two Vacation Societies caring for hundreds of
children. Sewing schools, Jewish libraries, S a b b a t h schools,
etc., have been formed in m a n y parts of the country. But
these activities, I take it for granted, are understood to be
within the normal functions of an organization of this type.
I shall therefore give a cursory review of some of the other
activities and turn again to the work which the Council has
done, I may say, on an international scale.
T h e Council provides m a n y communities with their first
volunteer workers in the field of Jewish philanthropy.
Through its social welfare program, it has stimulated the
establishment of m a n y neighborhood houses, homes for girls,
clinics, recreational centers, and vacation camps. It has
also developed work among the blind and the deaf. I t has
aroused nation-wide interest in the movement to provide
scholarship funds for deserving students, under the auspices
of Council sections. I t has established a D e p a r t m e n t of
F a r m and Rural Work, to keep the lonely Jewish women in
the scattered rural communities of several of our most
popular states, in touch with the Jewish world outside. It
has interested the Jewish woman in the progress and welfare

of t h e child in the public schools, through its "School
F r i e n d " System.
Among its publications is " T h e Jewish W o m a n " the first
periodical devoted entirely to the interest of Jewish woman-
hood; and " T h e I m m i g r a n t , " a monthly bulletin on immi-
gration questions published by the Council's D e p a r t m e n t
of I m m i g r a n t Aid. Holiday calendars are also issued by the
Council to schools, colleges, universities, and institutions,
where t h e Jewish holidays are noted. Besides it boasts of an
imposing list of publications of Jewish interest which are
made easily accessible to all its Sections and members.
N o t the least significant of the Council's achievements
was its summoning of the World Congress for Jewish
Women, which is the first international body of its kind in
Jewish history. I t was in 1923 t h a t the Council acted as
hostess to a group of representative women of the various
Jewish centers of Europe, who were called together in
Vienna. I t was m y great pleasure to be there and to see the
World Congress of Jewish Women come into being,
drawing its breath from some of the greatest Jewesses of
our present generation. There were among us then Berta
Popenheim and Paula Ollendorf of Germany, Anita Muller-
Cohen of Vienna, women of magnificent cultural stature and
women who embodied all the b o u n t y of kindness and
devotion to their race. W e banded together to discuss the
various problems which were facing the Jews of Europe
after the war. W h a t was to be done with the hundreds of
thousands of orphans? W h a t about the refugees? And w h a t
an appalling situation the homeless girl presented with
white-slave traffic spreading its net! These and more stark
questions faced us, and the Council, representing the most
prosperous Jewish community in the world, of course,
assumed most of the material burden of this international
body. I a m proud to say t h a t I have served as its president
since its inception and t h a t a t its last conference in H a m -
burg, in the spring of 1929, the Council was again very well
represented and M r s . Estelle M . Sternberger, who has
served as Executive Secretary of the Council for the last
few years, was elected Secretary of the World Congress.
Although the problems t h a t confront the World Congress
naturally undergo certain modifications as time goes on, yet

the work is always of vital importance in its fundamental
Jewish aspects, and I would set this World Congress down
as one of the glowing jewels in the crown of achievement of
the Council of Jewish Women.
I should also like to mention that the Council participated
in an exhibit of a general nature at Paris in 1905, also partici-
pated in the same year in the Jamestown Exposition, and in
1915, gave an exhibit of its work at the Panama-Pacific
International Exposition. In each instance, it carried off a
gold medal in recognition of its excellent work.
In the many years of my association with the Council and
in the various offices that I occupied, I have had the good
fortune to meet most of the outstanding workers and its
guiding lights. I shall mention only a few of them: Hannah
G. Solomon, Marion L. Misch, Bertha F. Rauh, and the
beloved Rose Brenner who departed from us all too soon.
As for the splendid personality heading the Council now,
Mrs. Joseph E. Friend, and the very brilliant service ren-
dered by the Executive Secretary, Mrs. Sternberger, I feel
certain that all of my readers know of them.
IV
The vast scope of the Council of Jewish Women absorbed
the finest elements of Jewish womanhood in America. And
the work of the Council spread like a powerful river down
the valley of Jewish life; the valley with the numerous hills
and rocks, with the endless rows of weeds. This mighty
river sent its many branches far and wide,—all coming from
the clear springs of charity, all going to the deep sea of
welfare. For the extent of the Council work is all-pre-
vailing and all-embracing.
Soon, however, another great woman's organization came
to life, a peer we might call it, both in integrity of purpose
and in its blessed vision. For the Council of Jewish Women
and Hadassah are today among the most important Jewish
national bodies in the country, and among the most forceful
women's organizations in the world. Although the scope of
the younger organization is more limited, yet Hadassah in
its comparatively short existence, has managed to attract
the attention of the world to its unique type of welfare
work.
I should like to outline briefly the premises upon which
the Hadassah structure was founded. We are now passing
from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century. The
Jews were facing the new century with mortification and
renewed horror. For a good many years to come, they were
not able to shake off the abominable effects of the Dreyfus
case. Jews and non-Jews alike were shaken by this incident
where the Jewish army officer was accused of the most dis-
graceful crime, and the world was shocked because it
occurred in France, the religious and political haven of the
modern world.
And if France could become anti-Semitic, what hope was
there for the Jew in the notoriously anti-Semitic countries?
This was the state of mind of the Jews of the world. And
out of this came a strong Zionist tide. Orthodox as well as
assimilated Jew saw after the Dreyfus Affair that Zion was
the only answer. And when Theodor Herzl came to the
fore with his political program, and the first Zionist Con-
gress, the response throughout the world was overwhelming.
Very soon, it reverberated in America. When the Federa-
tion of Zionist Societies of Greater New York and vicinity
was organized in 1897, and one year later became known as
the Federation of American Zionists, it boasted as members
some of the best known names in American Jewish history.
Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil became its president, with
Dr. Stephen S. Wise, as secretary, and with Henrietta Szold,
by this time a writer of note, and Judah L. Magnes, on the
Governing Board. Soon the Federation had 25 societies
throughout the states, and took its place among the active
Zionist groups of the world.
The Zionist ranks were also recruited from the immigrant
masses who were coming to America in large numbers at
that time.
American Jews, those of adequate means of course, were
heard of taking their annual vacation in Palestine rather
than any of the other famous resorts. Jewish tourists
wended their way to the hills of Judaea. Women were also
among them. In 1911, a group of these women made a tour
through the Holy Land, and returned with the light of Zion
gleaming in their eyes, and the work for Zion throbbing in

their pulse. Henrietta Szold, who was then occupying the
important post of Secretary of the Jewish Publication
Society, was motivating this woman's expedition, and upon
their return, Miss Szold realized the golden moment to
organize the American women into a Zionist body.
Henrietta Szold arranged for a meeting, at which the
women who returned were the speakers, and their stirring
and moving accounts of "the Jewish pioneers there whose
task was even more difficult than that of our pioneers here
in the West", swept the small assembly of women, and right
there and then, they organized into the Women's Zionist
Organization of America. They chose the name "Hadassah,"
which was the Hebrew name of Queen Esther, and as their
motto and inspiration "the healing of the daughter of my
people," from the very beautiful and sad verse of Jeremiah:
"Behold the voice of the cry of the daughter of
my people
From a land far off:
'Is it not the Lord in Zion?
Is not the King in her?'
Is there no balm in Gilead?
Is there no physician there?
Why then is not the
Healing of the daughter of my people recovered?"
(Jeremiah 8:19-22)
Thus, Hadassah was born in 1912.
Before I tell about Hadassah's program and its adherence
to the motto "the healing of the daughter of my people," I
must stop for a moment and say something about the great
need for Hadassah in Palestine. Let me first quote from a
journalist's description of the country at that time: "Here
was no paternal government giving homesteads to worthy
men, but here were people buying back from Arab land-
owners at high prices, land that had been abused by genera-
tions of bad farming, that had to be carefully nursed back
into fertility. Here, too, was constant danger from bands of
marauding Arabs, intensely hostile to these people, trying
to settle again in this land.
"Hardships were numerous. Physicians and nurses were

too expensive, too difficult to be even thought of. Swamps
abounded and mosquitoes were numerous—is it to be won-
dered that malarial fever was a common occurrence? Water
was scarce, and the idea of biological protection never had a
hearing. As a result, typhoid fever claimed far too many
victims. The climate differed from that of Eastern Europe,
whence came most of the colonists, but who was to instruct
these people in the necessary change of diet?
"There was no provision for caring for maternity cases,
except a missionary hospital to which mothers might be
admitted only if their children were to be baptized into the
Christian church. The Jewish mothers naturally refrained
from using these facilities. The resulting infant death rate
was frightful among the entire population."
Hadassah was going to heal. Hadassah was going to turn
death into life. Hadassah was going to bring Western
scientific culture into the land.
Technically speaking, Hadassah was founded with the
dual program: to foster Zionist ideals in America and to
establish a system of medical and social service in Palestine.
Of course, every Hadassah member is automatically a mem-
ber of the Zionist Organization of America, which has
developed out of the Federation of American Zionists. This
not only means paying the annual Shekel but also annual
contributions to the Keren Kayemeth, or the National
Fund, which is the land-buying agency and to which all
Zionist factions contribute alike.
Now if Henrietta Szold gave to Hadassah life and pur-
pose, then it may be said that Nathan and Lina Straus gave
to Hadassah its first practical move in life. No sooner was
Hadassah founded, than the Strauses financed the trip of
two American Jewish nurses to do district nursing in Pal-
estine. In 1913, Miss Rachael Landy and Miss Rose Kaplan
left for the Holy Land to start Hadassah's task which was
soon to gain recognition from the entire civilized world.
But the kind and magnanimous Strauses were not satis-
fied with representatives alone. So the aged couple took the
trip themselves and saw the beginnings of Hadassah work.
They watched the modern scientific methods of district
nursing being introduced into Palestine. Under the super-

vision of the Hadassah nurses and with the assistance of
experienced midwives, maternity nursing in the home was
established. But how inadequate these few agents of health
seemed in the face of all the vast numbers who needed them!
So the Strauses provided the funds for a small Nurses
Settlement which was opened at the home of the two
American nurses in Jerusalem. Here, a class of girls were
trained and instructed in the elements of nursing, first aid,
and hygiene.
But just as Hadassah was getting its hopeful roots into
the desolate soil of Palestine, the World War broke out and
suspended all activities. For two years, all Hadassah work
practically ceased, as did that of all other foreign welfare
agencies. However, in 1916, when the Actions Committee
of the World Zionist Organization appealed to the Zionists
in America to send a medical unit to the disease-ridden
territories of Palestine, the Zionist Organization here en-
trusted to Hadassah the task of organizing such a unit.
With the aid of the Joint Distribution Committee and the
World Zionist Organization, Hadassah organized a unit of
forty-four physicians, dentists, nurses, and sanitary engin-
eers, and in 1918, the unit reached Palestine and immedi-
ately plunged into the arduous task. The various hospitals,
dispensaries, and health stations that were established were
of course staffed and financed by Jews, but their ministra-
tions were by no means confined to Jewish patients. We
can easily imagine the pestilence and disease raging in the
country at that time after the battles and skirmishes there.
Hadassah threw its doors open to Jew and Arab alike, con-
ducting inspection and waging anti-malarial campaigns.
In that same year, the first training school for nurses was
opened with headquarters at the Rothschild Hospital in
Jerusalem. This training school served a twofold purpose:
it established a self-perpetuating group of nurses for the
country, and it also gave Palestinian young women an
avenue of employment. The three-year training course
(given entirely in the Hebrew language) offers here the
equivalent of any nurses' training course given in America,
and the diploma is recognized the world over.
While all this intensive health work was going on in

Palestine, Hadassah began, in the United States, a huge
campaign for hospital apparel and linens. The Palestine
Supply Department was formed under the leadership of
Mrs. A. H. Fromenson with numerous Hadassah chapters
turning out linens and hospital supplies through its sewing
circles and linen "showers." At the same time, a program
of Zionist cultural work was outlined here, and carried out
by all the chapters.
In 1920, Hadassah here saw its first-born brought to
light. Junior Hadassah, comprising the daughters and
young sisters of the older Hadassah-members organized
with the specific purpose of caring for the children of Pal-
estine. This young group, which numbers more than 10,000
members, in 260 chapters throughout the country, founded
and maintains Meier Shfeyah, a rural school for children, and
a Nurses' Training School, besides, of course, supporting
general Zionist efforts.
To date, senior and junior Hadassah have a joint mem-
bership of 50,000. And here is some of the monumental
work Hadassah has done and is doing: There are four
Hadassah hospitals and five dispensaries in Palestine, and
provisions for medical service in fifty rural districts. There
are 21 infant welfare stations, 18 pre-natal clinics, besides
special clinics for obstetric and pediatric service, and a
mental hygiene clinic. Hadassah is also soon to realize a
dental clinic made possible through the assistance of a New
York dentist, who is endowing the clinic in the memory of
his wife, Clara Wachtel, whose name the clinic will bear.
Hadassah conducts regular medical inspection of 24,000
school children and a system of penny luncheons prepared
by expert dieticians in 14 schools and 15 kindergartens.
Continuous campaigns are waged against tuberculosis, small
pox, trachoma, typhoid and malaria.
A million dollar fund is being sponsored by both junior
and senior Hadassah jointly to help found a hospital in
connection with the Hebrew University. Senior Hadassah
also has a fund for scholarships for graduates of the nurses'
training school in Palestine to come and study in America.
There is also a fund for the publication in Hebrew of text-
books for the nurses. Again with junior Hadassah, $70,000

has been raised for the Jewish National Fund for the re-
demption of the Haifa Bay land.
I must not forget to mention the special hospitals which
have been erected for the benefit of the Halutzim who are
engaged in agricultural work in the remote sections of the
country, and also the X-ray Institute which is now operating
as part of the Hadassah Hospital of Jerusalem.
Two years ago, the names of the late beloved Lina and
Nathan Straus, bigger and brighter than ever, came up again
in the annals of Hadassah. The crowning glory of Hadassah,
the Straus Health Centers in Palestine, became a reality.
These Straus Health Centers, of which one is in Jerusalem
and the other in Tel-Aviv, will unite all the public health
activities in one institution. The keynote of these centers
will be guarding health rather than treating illness. The
first contribution of the Strauses toward the Health Centers
was $50,000, but the late Lina Straus' devotion to Hadassah
exceeded all financial bounds, and, about two years before
her death, she gathered all the jewels which her family had
presented to her up to that time, and gave these to Hadassah
to go towards a Reserve Fund for these Centers. The jewels
brought a great deal of money and were returned by the
chapters to Hadassah, which, in turn, presented them to
Lady Samuel, formerly the First Lady of Palestine.
In the past ten years, Hadassah has raised $3,500,000
towards its medical work, which requires about $600,000 a
year. Again I wish to stress the point that all Hadassah
work is extended to the non-Jews as well.
Before closing the story of Hadassah, one of the most
magnificent chapters of Jewish womanhood in history, I
wish to make reference to the immense growth in the Jewish
population of Palestine to show the great needs that Hadas-
sah had to fill. In 1916, Palestine had 85,000 Jews; after
Balfour issued the historic Declaration, the population
jumped by leaps and bounds, and in 1929, it was 157,800.
And Hadassah is there, ready to serve these incoming
masses, and to help make their dream of Zion come true.
I have already mentioned Henrietta Szold, whose name is
synonymous with Hadassah. After her term of presidency
which began with the first day of Hadassah and terminated
eight years later, many another loyal and devoted Jewess

came to the fore and carried on the magnificent work of
Hadassah. Among them are Lotta Levensohn, Alice Seligs-
berg, Mrs. Edward Jacobs, who was elected president at the
last convention in Buffalo after many years of devotion and
service to Hadassah, Mrs. Irma Lindheim, who served as
president for three years, and Mrs. Robert Szold who had
added glory to the name Szold, during her long association
with Hadassah.
Thirteen years after Hadassah was instituted, the second
National women's organization to espouse the cause of
rebuilding Zion came into existence. It called itself Women's
Organization for the Pioneer Women of Palestine. It grew
out of the ranks of the Poale-Zion (Socialist Zionist Party),
that faction of modern Zionism which speaks for the prole-
tariat. In America, the Poale-Zionist Party was organized
about twenty-seven years ago and has found great response
among the Jewish workers, who are imbued with the spirit
of Zionism. The women who are responsible for the Pioneer
Women's Organization were and still are members of the
Poale-Zion Party, or the National Jewish Worker's Alliance
of America, its outstanding fraternal Order. Among these
women are Mrs. Meyer Brown, Sophie A. Udin, Mrs.
Louis Siegel, and Mrs. Baruch Zuckerman.
These women made the welfare of the worker in Palestine,
particularly the working woman, their objective. In other
words, they not only help foster in Palestine the usual wel-
fare work with which liberal women are identified, but they
also take steps to strengthen the position of the working
woman there, in order to improve her social and economic
status, and also to enable her to participate more fully in the
upbuilding of the Jewish National Homeland. The Hista-
druth, as the Federation of Labor in Palestine is called, com-
prises 30,000 workers, including 12,000 women. It is with
this group and the groups of young Halutzoth, the women
Pioneers working on the land, that the organization con-
cerns itself.
Immediately upon its inception, information was dis-
seminated among the Jewish working women here, telling
them of the life and the needs of the Jewish working women
in Palestine, the important part she plays in the moral and

economic growth of the country, the heroism she has shown
in overcoming the difficulties under which she had to rear
her family while doing her work, etc., etc. As a result, the
Pioneer Women's Organization in the five years of its
existence has enlisted 5,000 women throughout the country
and Canada, in 60 different clubs. In this short time, it has
become the buttress of spirit and substance of the working
woman in Palestine, so that the latter uses her new freedom
to the best advantage in doing her share, if not more than an
equal share with the man, in improving the living conditions
of the worker. Those who have visited Palestine in the past
few years speak with utmost admiration of the Halutzah,
who with face uplifted toward the Eastern sun, her shoulders
straightened by the new freedom, with her hands eagerly
mothers the neglected soil which she loves so dearly. And
the lot of this Halutzah has been greatly improved thanks to
the efforts of the Pioneer Women's Organization.
The Pioneer Women's Organization has raised already
$175,000 for the girls' Kvutzoth, or the agricultural settle-
ments where the Halutzoth live and work, enabling the girl
groups to acquire land for co-operative farms in Rechvia,
Schechunath Borochov, Tiberias and Petach-Tikvah. Pro-
vision has also been made for other girls' settlements in
Tel-Aviv, Jerusalem, and Haifa, the larger centers where
they are employed. Funds have been given to them for the
purpose of erecting farm structures, for the purchase of
cattle and farm implements, and the development of dairies,
bee-raising, and tree nurseries. Several agricultural training
schools have been founded for these Halutzoth, which have
already sent out a number of expert agriculturists who are
now, in turn, directing the training in the newer girls'
settlements.
Some of these settlements have already proven to be not
only self-supporting, but profitable. So successful have they
been in their dairy produce, honey culture, and, particularly,
tree-raising that they have been able to dispose of all their
excess quantity at a good price, and many of these girls have
been invited by their Jewish and non-Jewish neighboring
farmers to take care of their trees. There are ten such girls'
settlements, or Kvutzoth, sponsored by the Pioneer Wo-
men's Organization, where 600 girls are housed and trained

for agricultural and other work.
To provide the means for maintaining the agricultural
training schools the organization carries on an independent
campaign annually. In 1929 a total of $55,000 was raised.
The money is remitted to the Women's Council of the
Histadruth. The organization also maintains three kinder-
gartens and day nurseries where children of working mothers
are looked after during the day.
The National Fund, being the one institution which is a
basic part of all Zionist factions, occupies an important place
in the program of the Pioneer Women, which provides for
participation in the general drive as well as special cam-
paigns. In its immediate affiliation, it supports all the more
general undertakings of the Poale-Zion Party.
In order to keep the members well informed of its activi-
ties in Palestine the organization publishes the "Pioneer
Woman" a bi-monthly bulletin, employing both Yiddish and
English. It also distributes the literature pertaining to or
emanating from the working classes of Palestine. They
have, however, found an even more effective method of
arousing interest in their work by inviting leaders of the
working women to come to America.
Another recent publication is a Hebrew one called "Divrei
Poaleth" (What The Working Women Have To Say). This
is a compilation of fifty-seven essays, written by as many
women workers telling their experiences as toilers on the
land. This work is indeed an interesting document in the
history of the new woman and I do hope it will be translated
into the European languages so that it will be accessible to
the women outside of Palestine.
Instead of a president, the Pioneer Women's Organization
is lead by an Executive Committee, which consists of Mrs.
L. Siegel, B. Caller, and Mrs. Dr. I. Applebaum.
V
At the third convention of the Reform Rabbis held in
Cincinnati, in June 1871, the idea of the Hebrew Union Col-
lege was born, and with it, the idea of organizing all the
Reform Congregations into the Union of American Hebrew
Congregations. About the Hebrew Union College and the

great spirits that dwelt therein as well as the men it has sent
forth to "Torah, Hohmah, Ma'asim Tovim," I cannot stop
to speak here. We will pass over forty-one years of the
existence of the Union, whose chief objects are the main-
tenance of the College and the promotion of religious
instruction, and come to the creation of the counterpart of
the Union, the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods.
It was in December, 1912, that the President of the
Union, Mr. J. Walter Freiberg, issued a "call to all ladies'
organizations belonging to the Union to appoint or elect
delegates for a meeting to be held in Cincinnati, during
January 20-23, 1913. This meeting is for the purpose of
organizing a Federation of Temple Sisterhoods."
Representatives of fifty Sisterhoods from almost as many
cities attended this conference. Some of these women are no
more with us, but their memory always serves to inspire the
cause of this organization. The sessions were attended by
huge throngs, and prominent speakers, men and women,
addressed them. In summing up his remarks, Rabbi David
Philipson of Cincinnati said to the women: "Your organiza-
tion when formed will become the counterpart of the Union
of American Hebrew Congregations. The two organizations
will be the obverse and reverse of the same shield, the con-
gregation as the basis of Jewish representation."
With the object of bringing the various Sisterhoods of the
country into closer co-operation and association with one
another, of quickening the religious consciousness of the
Jew by strengthening spiritual and educational activity, and
of working with and for the Hebrew Union College, the
National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods took its place as
the first national congregational organization in the country.
After thirteen years, the Federation numbers now 56,000
members divided among 340 Sisterhoods in the United
States and Canada, and one Sisterhood in England. The
numerous activities are carried on through National Stand-
ing Committees on Religion, Religious Schools, Hebrew
Union College Scholarships and Dormitory Maintenance,
Isaac M. Wise Sisterhood Memorial Fund, Union Museum,
Uniongrams, Sisterhood Extension, Federation of Young
Folks' Temple Leagues, Student Activities, Programs, Peace,

Jewish Literature for the Sightless, State Federations,
Co-operation.
Recognition for much of the growth and increased influ-
ence of the National Federation of Temple Sisterhood
should go first of all to its former presidents, Mrs. Abram
Simon, Mrs. Joseph Wiesenfeld, and Mrs. J. Walter Frei-
berg, and to Mrs. Maurice Steinfeld, its present president.
Among the other women who have gained distinction in
their efforts in the name of the Federation are the late Mrs.
Sally Kubie Glauber, Miss Edna Goldsmith, Mrs. Albert J.
May, (a daughter of Rabbi Isaac M. Wise), Mrs. David
Goldfarb, Mrs. Joseph Stolz, Mrs. Jacob Wertheim, and
Mrs. Adolph Rosenberg.
Mention should also be made here of Miss Elsa Weihl,
Mrs. Miriam Dreyfuss, and Miss Helen Straus, who have
rendered invaluable service to the Federation, and thereby
also to the Jewish community, in the capacity of Executive
Secretary.
Just as the spirit and message of Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise
permeates the existence of the Hebrew Union College, and
consequently the other institutions born of the inspiration
glowing from the College, namely, the Union of American
Hebrew Congregations and the National Federation of
Temple Sisterhoods, so the spirit of Professor Solomon
Schechter dwells in the midst of the Jewish Theological
Seminary and the two organizations created to promote its
teachings and principles—the United Synagogue of Amer-
ica, and the more recently established Women's League of
the United Synagogue.
The former organizations foster Reform Judaism; the
latter, conservative or traditional Judaism.
The Jewish Theological Seminary was established in
1886. It was not until 1902, when Doctor Solomon Schechter
assumed the presidency, that the need for a united congre-
gational body to work with the seminary was realized.
However, it was not until February, 1913, that Doctor
Schechter succeeded in bringing the United Synagogue of
America into being. The establishment of a women's league
was forecast at the organization meeting of the United Syna-
gogue, when Doctor Schechter said: "I would even suggest
that the United Synagogue assign a certain portion of its

work to women, and give them a regular share in its activi-
ties. They can become more than an auxiliary to us; indeed,
helpful in many respects where, as conditions are in this
country, their influence is more far reaching than that of
their husbands."
However, five years elapsed before these wives of the
United Synagogue members formed the Women's League.
And as Solomon Schechter gave the impetus to the organiza-
tion of the United Synagogue, Mrs. Schechter inspired the
Women's League. This was in January, 1918, when the
broader objects of the newly-formed organization had to be
set aside to make room for an immediate program of work
in connection with the War.
With the characteristic devotion and zeal manifested by
the Jewish woman in those days, the Women's League
immediately launched a special drive for funds to provide
extra provisions, and other necessities for the Jewish soldiers
stationed in nearby training camps. Of course, the chief
concern was that the food should be kosher and served, as
far as possible, in conformity with the Jewish dietary laws.
The very first substantial achievement of the new group
was the Jewish Students' House near Columbia University,
which was originally intended as a canteen for the Students'
Army Training Corps of the Jewish Welfare Board. This
Students' House served as a cozy corner for the Jewish
student soldier. After the Armistice, this House remained a
gathering and study place for Jewish students and scholars
connected with Columbia, the Jewish Theological Seminary
nearby, and other schools. Soon, this example of The Jewish
Student House was followed by the Philadelphia Sister-
hoods, under the leadership of Mrs. Cyrus Adler, who
erected one near Dropsie College. Today we also have
similar institutions in Denver and Detroit. In all of these,
hundreds of Jewish students living away from home are
able to find a truly Jewish atmosphere and all that goes
with it.
In speaking of the war activities of the Women's League,
I wish to mention the substantial remittances of money and
shipments of clothes made to the Jews of Palestine during
the months of abysmal suffering in that country. And I
will also not omit the shipments of matzoth made by the

Sisterhoods to the Jewish soldiers at their various camping
points at that time.
It is very interesting and significant that at its second
annual convention in 1919, a little more than a year after
its inception, the League already numbered 57 Sisterhoods
throughout the country with a total membership of 6,000.
Though still revolving around its axis, the tenets of con-
servative Judaism, the work of the Women's League has
radiated diverse activities. Each Sisterhood conducts study
circles on Jewish subjects, chiefly Jewish history. The
observance of the Sabbath is always stressed and the adher-
ence to Kashruth always emphasized. These measures are
not only taken up by the Sisterhoods for their own imme-
diate families, but each unit endeavors to see to it that the
laws of Kashruth are observed in local Jewish institutions,
such as hospitals, orphan asylums, and day nurseries. Sim-
ilar effort is made in the cause of Sabbath observance. The
Sisterhoods enlist individuals as well as groups to keep the
Sabbath in more Jewish spirit, and to persuade institutions
and business houses not to make their workers break the
Sabbath.
The Women's League also publishes pamphlets on Jewish
subjects which are distributed among the members and
among the children in the Sabbath schools, which are the
League's strongholds.
For a good many years now, the League has been award-
ing annual scholarships to students of the Seminary, and
also doing a great deal of Jewish cultural work among the
Jewish students at women's colleges. Prominent among the
League's personalities, besides the late Mrs. Solomon
Schechter and Mrs. Cyrus Adler, already mentioned, are
Miss Emily Solis-Cohen of New York, Miss Sarah Kussy,
Newark, Mrs. Moses Hyamson, New York; Mrs. Charles
I. Hoffman, Newark; Mrs. Israel Unterberg, New York;
Mrs. Samuel Spiegel, New York, who is now president;
Miss Deborah Kallen, Boston; and Mrs. A. H. Vixman,
New York.
What the Union of American Hebrew Congregations is to
the Hebrew Union College, and the United Synagogue of
America to the Jewish Theological Seminary, the Union of
Orthodox Jewish Congregations is to the Rabbi Isaac

Elchanan Yeshivah.
The Orthodox Congregations united in 1898 "to advance
the interests of positive Biblical, Rabbinical and historical
Judaism," and the Women's Branch, which came in 1924,
many years later, naturally grew out of the same principles.
As in the case of the parent organization, the Women's
Branch is aiming to further and intensify Orthodox Judaism
in the home, in the religious school, and among students and
in institutions of higher learning. The activities of the
Women's Branch are divided into ten departments, each
one concerning itself with a different phase of the work,
all the phases converging toward the central point, the
preservation and intensification of Orthodox Judaism.
It may be said that the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshivah
is the apple of the eye both of the older organization as well
as the Women's Branch. This Yeshivah, whose locale has
been transformed from humble ramshackle quarters on the
East Side of New York, to its present magnificent edifice
uptown, owes a good deal of its present beauty and glory to
the efforts of the Women's Branch. More than $300,000 was
raised by the women for the dormitory adjoining the Yeshi-
vah. The Women's Branch also awards annual scholarships
to needy students.
These Yeshivah students may be the pets of the Women's
Branch, but they are by no means monopolizing the atten-
tion and devotion of the women. The Collegiate Branch of
the organization holds large gatherings in celebration of
each of the Jewish holidays, at which young students from
all the schools are invited and are given an opportunity to
enjoy the holiday in its true Jewish spirit. Furthermore,
arrangements are made for members of the Women's
Branch to invite out-of-town students as their guests for
Sabbaths and holidays.
There is also an Educational Committee, which dis-
tributes appropriate literature in advance of each holiday,
giving a resum6 of the significance and observance of the
festival. This literature is also circulated among its con-
stituent Sisterhoods and individual members for their infor-
mation and guidance.
The subject of Kashruth is one of the most important

concerns of the Women's Branch. Not only are the women
exhorted to observe scrupulously the Jewish dietary laws in
their own homes, but as an organization, they have under-
taken to investigate the Kashruth of manufactured food
products. This is done by Rabbis, who are appointed by the
Ritual Commission of the Union, and employed by the
Women's Branch. Furthermore, they endeavor, wherever
possible to persuade manufacturers to substitute kosher for
non-kosher ingredients. Thus far, the Women's Branch has
won the approval of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congre-
gations of America for seven kinds of kosher crackers manu-
factured by a large baking company, for a butter product
in wide use, for many of the canned and bottled goods of a
national manufacturer, and for bread and cakes of another
baking company. The Kashruth Committee also answers
questions coming from housewives pertaining to certain
household matters, after consultation with authorities.
Another important agency of the Women's Branch is the
Family Purity Committee which has as its task to bring
home once more the value and importance of the old laws of
Taharath Hamispacha, under its supervision, efforts are
being made to modernize the existing ritual baths.
But the crowning glory of the Women's Branch lies in its
most recent achievement—the establishment of an institu-
tion of which organizations of much longer standing might
well be proud. For in spite of its short existence, the
Women's Branch is reaping glory and satisfaction from the
Teachers' Training School for Girls. This school, which has
already been in existence three years, trains young Jewish
girls to become competent Hebrew and religious teachers,
employing the most modern pedagogic methods combined
with a genuinely religious spirit. This past year, ninety-five
girls from all parts of New York and New Jersey enrolled in
the school. The curriculum here compares favorably with
that of any Hebrew Teachers' College in Palestine or in
Europe, offering courses in the Hebrew language, history,
religion, Mishnah, Agadah, pedagogy, and other kindred
subjects. The language of instruction throughout is
Hebrew.
VI
The idea of fraternal college societies is indeed a cheerful
one. This American scholastic institution is associated with
youth and the campus, and all the social amenities that
make up college life. The idea of the Jewish fraternal col-
lege society, however, has a somewhat sad phase in it. Why
should these Jewish boys and girls form their own fraterni-
ties and sororities, unless they were not made to feel wel-
come in the organization of their non-Jewish college mates?
Nevertheless, this negative point has practically disap-
peared, with the rise of dozens of Greek letter societies of
Jewish students who are motivated by constructive and
nationalistic aims and views.
The first college fraternity in the United States was
formed in 1776 at the William and Mary College in Virginia.
There being very few Jewish families in the South in those
days, it is not strange that no Jewish names are associated
with the foundation of the famous Phi Beta Kappa frater-
nity. The fraternities which followed were either sectarian
Christian or, if non-sectarian, set drastic limitations upon
the admission of Jews. In the early days, when the Jewish
population was small and there were comparatively few
Jewish college students, the number affected by this exclu-
sion from fraternities was too small for any thought of the
organization of Jewish fraternities, whether as a defensive
measure, or for frankly Jewish fraternal advantages. With
the growth in the number of Jews attending our colleges the
problem became increasingly acute, and eventually led to
the organization of fraternities by Jews. This does not mean
that all so-called Jewish fraternities were formed merely to
provide a refuge for Jewish students who yearned for he
kind of fellowship afforded by existing societies but were
excluded from their membership, for a considerable propor-
tion of the fraternities of Jews are at the same time Jewish
fraternities. Such was the first of these societies: the Zeta
Beta Tau, which came to life at the Jewish Theological
Seminary in 1898. The purpose of this first Jewish college
fraternity was: "so that a socially congenial group of Jewish
college men banded together to demonstrate by their every
word and deed in public and in private the best of which
Jewish manhood is capable, and the inherent excellence of

the Jewish character."
The Jewish sorority was the result of a similar evolution,
and the first Jewish sorority was also Jewish in a positive
way. It was Iota Alpha Pi and was formed in 1903 at
Hunter College, "to promote opportunities for social con-
tact among Jewish college women." In the beginning, the
meetings were devoted to extensive study of women char-
acters in the Bible, and also contemporary Jewish literature.
Soon they plunged into social and welfare work, doing
settlement case work on the East Side of New York, and
helping individual cases of consumptives through the Den-
ver Consumptive League.
At first, the Iota Alpha Pi was known as the J. A. P., and
thus existed at Hunter as a local Sorority, until 1913. With
the adoption of the Greek Letters, and with the addition of
many new members, the original organizers grouped them-
selves into the Alpha Chapter, and the succeeding group
became the Beta Chapter, which was in time inducted into
the Hunter Pan-Hellenic Council.
In speaking of the original group the following names of
the organizers should be mentioned: Hannah Finkelstein,
now Mrs. Swick, Mrs. Olga Edelstein Ecker, Mrs. Sadie
April Glotzer, Mrs. Rose Posner Bernstein, Mrs. Rose Del-
son Hirschman, Mrs. May Finkelstein Spiegel, Mrs. Frances
Zellermayer Delson.
Expansion at first extended to chapters in the vicinity of
New York City, with Delta Chapter at New York Univer-
sity, Gamma at the Brooklyn Law School, and Epsilon at
the New Jersey Law School.
In 1924, a Rotation Scholarship Fund was instituted,
with money to be loaned to worthy students on the expecta-
tion of it being repaid to the Sorority. This fund is well
known to the Deans of the various colleges at which Iota
Alpha Chapters are found, and they co-operate with the
Society in the selection of students worthy of help.
In 1925, this Sorority began to issue its own bulletin, a
dignified semi-annual booklet.
Among the women who have been very active in Iota
Alpha Pi, beside those mentioned above, are: Professor
Vera Loeb, New York City, Miss Bertha Weinlander, New

York City, Mrs. Beatrice Rosenthal Reuss, New York City,
Mrs. Hilda Meyer Podoloff, New Haven, Connecticut, Miss
Charlotte Sternberg, New York City, Mrs. Sadie Hayman
Leiss, Brooklyn, Mrs. Meriam Wilson Futterman, New
York City, Mrs. Ethel Isaacs Reisman, New York City, Dr.
Leoni Newmann Claman, New York City, Meriam Perl-
stein Cane, New York City, Amelie Spiegel Rothschild, New
York City, Daisy Cohen Shapiro, New York City, Hannah
F. Sokobin, Newark, New Jersey.
Four years ago, Iota Alpha Pi celebrated a quarter of a
century of existence. Members came from all over the
country to celebrate the Silver Jubilee, many of them
married and mothers of grown children, others shining in
careers of their own. For Iota Alpha Pi boasts of many
successful lawyers, politicians, musicians, and teachers. But
doing its splendid bit of work for needy students, it is among
the finest of American fraternal societies.
Seven years after Iota Alpha Pi was organized, Alpha
Epsilon Phi, the next Jewish sorority was founded at Barn-
ard College on October 24, 1909 by Ida Beck, Helen Phillips,
Rose Salmowitz, Stella Straus, Rose Gerstein, Tina Hess,
and Bertha Stenbuck, with the object of fostering close
friendship between the members, of stimulating their intel-
lectual, social and spiritual life, and counting as a force
through service rendered to others.
The program of the Society is carried out in the usual
fraternal way, every chapter doing local philanthropic work,
with the national body of the Sorority giving scholarships
for academic training as well as social service.
The total membership of Alpha Epsilon Phi is 1,900 of
which number 1,400 are in the Alumni Group, and the
remainder active members now attending college. They are
divided into 24 chapters in various colleges throughout the
United States and Canada.
The Sorority is governed by a National Council consisting
of 9 members elected at each convention. Among its publi-
cations are "The Quarterly," collections of Jewish songs,
and national directories of the Society.
Among those whose work has been especially influential
are some of the past and present officers: Mrs. Samuel
Greene, Montclair, N. J.; Mrs. Nathan H. Feitel, New-

Orleans, La.; Mrs. Mitchell Edelson, Chicago, 111.; Mrs.
Ellis Slatoff, Newark, N. J.; Mrs. Nat Bloom, New York
City; Mrs. Aaron Schaffer, Austin, Texas; Miss Harriet
Moses, New York City, and Miss Elizabeth Eldridge, San
Antonio, Texas.
Alpha Epsilon Phi has five national honorary members,—
Mrs. Joseph Friend, New Orleans, La., now president of the
National Council of Jewish Women, Mrs. Edward Lazan-
sky, New York City, Mrs. Enoch Rauh, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
Mrs. Israel Unterberg, New York City, and Congresswoman
Florence P. Kahn, San Francisco, Calif.
A very long and influential list of matrons have affili-
ated with the various chapters as honorary members or
patronesses.
It was quite natural that Hunter College, being the only
free college for women in New York City, and having as a
result a preponderance of Jewish students, should have more
than one Jewish Sorority, and in 1913, Phi Sigma Sigma
was organized with the purpose "of working charitable good
without regard to creed or sect."
Among the founders of the Society were Fay Chertkoff,
Ethel Gordon Krauss, Estelle Melnick Cole, Claire Wunder
McArdle, Gwen Zaliels Snyder, Josephine Ellison, Shirley
Cohen Goldstein, Rose Scherr Seidman and Jeanette
Lipka.
The growth of this Sorority is quite extraordinary. In
1918, the Beta chapter was chartered at Tufts College, and
the Gamma chapter at New York University. In 1920, came
Delta at the University of Buffalo, and Epsilon at the
Adelphi College, Brooklyn, N. Y. Then came in rapid
succession Zeta at the University of California; Eta, at the
University of Michigan; Theta, at the University of Illinois;
Iota, at the University of Pittsburgh; Kappa, at the George
Washington University; Lambda, at the University of Cin-
cinnati; Mu, at the University of California; Nu, at the
University of Pennsylvania; Xi, at Temple University;
Omicron, Louisiana State University; Pi, Syracuse Univer-
sity; Rho, Ohio State University; Sigma, Long Island
University; Tau, University of Texas; and Upsilon, at the
University of Manitoba. The total membership of the 20

chapters is 1,105.
Among the activities and the achievements of Phi Sigma
Sigma, are scholarships, the maintenance of Camp Rainbow,
at Croton-on-the-Hudson, and the United Charities Camp
for undernourished children. In commemoration of its
tenth birthday, the Society endowed in perpetuity a bed in
the Beth David Hospital in New York. The following year,
the Zeta Chapter presented and equipped to the Duarte
Sanitarium of California a model barber shop. In 1926, the
Society financed the addition of a Children's Section to the
National Library of Jerusalem.
The official publication of the Sorority is "The Sphinx"
which is issued quarterly.
Sigma Delta Tau, the fourth Jewish sorority was founded
in March of 1917, at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
with the pursuit of culture, scholarship, and charity, as its
object. The founders of this Society were Regene Robinson
Freund, Dora Bloom, Inez Dane Ross, Marion Gerber,
Leonore Rubinow, and Pirie Miller Harris.
The total membership of Sigma Delta Tau is 700. Its
chapters are found all through the states, and each active
chapter undertakes some special worthy charitable activity
within the city of its establishment. The National Organ-
ization has also a system of endowment funds for aiding girls
through college, and the Scholarship Cup which is awarded
annually to the chapter with highest scholastic standards.
Its official organ is "The Torch."
The present national officers are: President, Mrs. Miriam
Simon Levy; Vice-President, Alice Loeb; Secretary, Mrs.
Mildred Elkes Wallens; Treasurer, Mrs. Olga Strashun
Weil.
We have noted only the national Jewish women's organi-

zations. Obviously the reasons for so doing is because to
mention others, of which the number is legion, even a book
would not suffice. However, it must be mentioned that just
forty years ago, there was organized in New York City
by that vivid personality Hannah B. Einstein, then Presi-
dent of the Emanuel Sisterhood for Personal Service,
Federation of Jewish Women's Organizations which should

act as a clearing house for all organizations conducted by
Jewish women in New York City. Under the brilliant
leadership of Mrs. David Goldfarb the Federation to-day
counts more than one hundred organizations in its member-
ship. Realizing the value of such a federation as an educa-
tional and practical factor in human and humane endeavor,
about thirty cities have followed New York's example.
The National Organizations, such as the Council, Sister-
hoods and Temple Leagues, also have organized themselves
into a Conference which acts as a clearing house for their
activities, and helps to bring about better understanding
among the Jewish women's organizations everywhere.
Just as the women of the Bible were noted for their
remarkable outstanding traits which earned for them that
poetic title, Mothers in Israel, and called forth the Psalmists
most hallowed songs, so down the ages, Jewish womanhood
has been conscious of her privileges and responsibilities, and
has given good account of herself.
The forward march of women in general has found
Jewish women keeping step, and while opportunities in
education, politics, and professions have offered Jewish
women great enrichment in their lives, they have, through
the possession of these opportunities, integrated their efforts
into Jewish life and Judaism, and have everywhere been a
factor for good always.
The World War, the machine age, the recognized changes
in the standards of life and living have necessarily called
forth new effort, and greater need for services. But the
pledge given by our pioneer Jewish American mothers is
still kept by us, and we can hope and expect that the
generations that will follow will remember and reverence it.
JEWISH INMATES OF THE STATE PRISONS
OF THE UNITED STATES
1920-1929
BY H. S. LINFIELD
Director, Department Statistics,
of the
American Jewish Committee
NOTE—The following article presents only the results of a comprehensive

study of the number of Jewish inmates of state prisons and reformatories in the
United States, together with summary tables, all based on official statistics.
The basic detail table, as well as notes of a technical nature, will be presented
in a reprint of this article to be published, in due course, by the Statistical
Department of the American Jewish Committee.
During the ten years 1920-1929, a total of 394,080

prisoners were received from the courts1, at the receiving
prisons and reformatories of the states of the Union. This
number included 6,846 Jews, or 1.74%. During the same
period, the average percentage of Jews to the total popula-
tion of the United States was 3.43%.2 The number of Jews
in the prisons of the country was thus 49.27% smaller than
the percentage of Jews to the total population of the
country. In other words, Jews furnished a little over half
of their numerical quota to the population of the prisons.
1
By the term "prisoners received from the courts" is meant, here as elsewhere in
this article, sentenced prisoners (felons) committed by the courts. In other words, the
term excludes persons received at the prisons for safe-keeping, as well as all those
received from sources other than the courts, such as those transferred from other
institutions, escaped prisoners who had returned or been recaptured, violators of
parole,
2
etc.
The percentage of Jews of the total population at the end of 1917 was 3.27, and at
the end of 1927, 3.58. See the writer's Jews in the United Slates, New York, American
Jewish Committee, 1929.
203
TABLE I
JEWISH PRISONERS RECEIVED 1 AT THE STATE PRISONS AND
REFORMATORIES, 1920-1929
(BY STATES)
Number Percentage Percentage ol

State Jewish Jews to Total
Prisoners Population
Total Jews (Average)
2
UNITED STATES 394,080 6,846 1.74 3.43
8,213 8 0.10 0.49
Arizona.... 2,510 13 0.52 0.35
9,471 7 0.07 0.37
16,937 337 1.99 2.44
Colorado 7,245 119 1.64 1.68
Connecticut 3,950 119 3.01 5.44
Delaware . 1 957 30 1.53 1.98
6.817 6 0.09 0.84
Georgia 10,490 9 0.09 0.75
Idaho 1,329 5 0.37 0.23
Illinois 17,114 281 1.64 4.35
12,709 47 0.38 0.89
Iowa 6,799 25 0.37 0.69
12,141 21 0.17 0.55
Kentucky 11,504 10 0.09 0.67
Louisiana . . 7,596 0.09 0.77
2,133 13 0.61 1.01
Maryland 18,071 282 1.56 4.50
Massachusetts 6,673 265 3.97 5.16
Michigan 19,092 248 1.30 2.02
Minnesota . . . . . 6,455 94 1.46 1 49
6,074 3 0.05 0.26
13,583 138 1.02 2.33
Montana 2,546 6 0.24 0.38
Nebraska 3,790 16 0.42 1.04
Nevada . ... 920 14 1.52 0 40
545 • 3 0.55 0.67
11,141 379 3.40 5.49
1,900 8 0.42 0.24
New York. . 32,440 3,337 10.291 16 00
North Carolina . . 5,107 6 0.1 0 24
North Dakota 1,820 9 0.49 0.31
Ohio 27,971 450 1.61 2.89
Oklahoma. 14,410 9 0.06 0 28
Oregon 2,571 15 0.58 1.30
Pennsylvania . . . 16,175 295 1.82 3.94
Rhode Island 2,322 53 2.28 3.42
South Carolina 2,972 8 0.27 0.33
South Dakota 1,929 4 0 21 0 21
Tennessee. . 7,088 10 0 14 0 76
Texas 13 771 14 0 10 0 86
Utah 1,574 5 0.32 0.70
3,295 4 0.12 0.60
Virginia... 8,982 8 0.09 0.85
Washington 6,990 40 0.57 0.76
West Virginia . . 7,127 / 0.10 0.40
Wisconsin 6,520 51 0.78 1 18
Wyoming.. 1,311 S 0.61 0.41
1
Sentenced prisoners received from the courts. See footnote 1 to p. 203.
1
Exclusive of the District of Columbia which, of course, has no state prison.
JEWISH INMATES OF THE STATE PRISONS 205
Not only in the country as a whole, but als© in every

geographical division of the country, the number of Jews in
the prisons is proportionately small. But the percentage of
Jews in the prisons differs due to variable factors such as, for
example, the age and sex distribution of the Jewish popu-
lation, family structure (ratio of unmarried to married),
communal organization. The percentage of 1 Jews in the
prisons is lowest in the Division of the South and highest
in the division of the West. But even in the latter the
percentage of Jews in the prisons is proportionately small.
In the state prisons in the South, the percentage of Jews
is but 16% of the quota, had the Jews of the South contrib-
ted to the prison population of the division in proportion to
their number among the total population; in the North, the
percentage is 53% of the quota; and in the West, 86%.
Within the divisions, the number of Jews in the prisons of
New York is 64.3% of the quota, but only 46.2% of the
quota in Pennsylvania, and as high as 98% in the state of
Minnesota of less than 50,000 Jews. In the South, the
percentage ranges from 50% in the state of North Carolina
to 10.7% in the state of Florida. But in the West, in the
state of Colorado (20,321 Jews), the Jews have 97.6% of
their quota in the prisons, and in the other Mountain
States with a combined Jewish population of 9,666, the
percentage reaches 129% of the quota; while the State 2of
California, 81.5%, Washington 75%, and Oregon 44.6%.
1
In the South, the negro population shows a high ratio of inmates in the prisons, and
thea percentage for the Jews is thus abnormally small.
The number of Jews in the prisons is less than the percentage of Jews of the total
population, in every state of the Union except the following, all but one of which are
in the Mountain Division and which have a combined population of 7,980: Arizona,
Idaho Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, and Wyoming.
TABLE II
JEWISH PRISONERS RECEIVED AT THE STATE PRISONS, 1920-1929
(BY STATES AND DIVISIONS)
P. C. of
Fewish Po- Prisoners Jews of P. C.
pulation P. C. Total po- of
1927 pulation Quota
Total Jews (Average)
UNITED STATES 4,228,029 394,080 6,846 1.74 3.43 50.73
North 3,821,045 228,625 6,164 2.70 5.07 53.25
South 225,940 119,622 112 0.09 0.57 15.79
West 181,044 45,833 570 1.24 1.44 86.11
NORTH 1
Massachusetts 225,634 6,673 265 3.97 5.16 76.94

25 003 2,322 53 2.28 3.42 66.67
91,538 3,950 119 3.01 5.44 55.33
New York 1,903,890 32,440 3 337 10.29 16.00 64.31
225 306 11,141 379 3 40 5.49 61.93
404,979 16,175 295 1.82 3.94 46.19
70,871 18,071 282 1.56 4.50 34.67
Ohio 173,976 27,971 450 1.61 2.89 55.71
89,462 19,092 248 1.30 2.02 64.36
35,935 6,520 51 0.78 1.18 66.10
Illinois 345,980 17,114 281 1.64 4.35 37.70
27,244 12,709 47 0.37 0.89 41.57
43 197 6,455 1 94 1.46 1.49 97.99
16,404 6,799 25 0.37 0.69 53.62
80,687 13,583 138 1.02 2.33 43.78
14 209 3,790 16 0.42 1.04 40.38
Other States2 30,730 23,820 84 0.35 0.62 53.03
SOUTH'
25 656 8,982 8 0.09 0.85 10.59

8,252 5,107 6 0.12 0.24 50.00
23,179 10,490 9 0.09 0.75 12.00
Florida 13 402 6,817 6 0.09 0.84 10.71
19,533 11,504 10 0.09 0.67 13.43
Tennessee 22,532 7,088 10 0.14 0.76 18.42
12,891 8,213 8 0.10 0.49 20.41
8,850 9,471 7 0.07 0.37 18.92
16 432 7,596 7 0.09 0.77 11 69
Texas 46,648 13,771 14 0.10 0.86 11.63
Other States' 28,565 30,583 27 0.09 0.32 28.13
WEST
20,321 7,245 119 1.64 1.68 97.62

14,698 6,990 40 0.57 0 76 75.00
13,075 2,571 15 0.58 1 30 44 62
123,284 16,937 337 1.99 2.44 81.56
Other States* 9,666 12,090 59 0.49 0.38 128.95
1
Including the States of Maryland and Delaware.
* Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota and
Kansas.
1
West Virginia, South Carolina, Mississippi and Oklahoma.
*1 Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico.
Excluding the States of Maryland and Delaware.
The number of women received at the state penal insti-

tutions is small. During 1920-1929, the state prisons of
New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio and seven other
states, for which data is available, received from the courts
4,618 prisoners directly described as Jews, and these in-
cluded 466 women. The Jewish prisoners constituted 3.4%
of the total (compared with average of 6.5% Jews of total
population), and similarly was the percentage of Jewish
female prisoners of the total number of female prisoners,
3.43%.'
'The slightly greater percentage of Jewish" emale prisoners is due probably to the
larger percentage of Jewish women of the total number of women in the country.
TABLE III
JEWISH WOMEN RECEIVED 1 AT STATE PRISONS AND
REFORMATORIES, 1920-1929
Number P. C. of Jews
State Total Jews
Both Both Total Women
Sexes Women Sexes Women
ALL STATES 135,413 13,603 4,618 466 3.41 3.43
Colorado 7,245 280 118 3 1.63 1.07
Illinois 17,114 252 279 1 1.63 0.40
Indiana 12,709 327 46 0 0.36 0
Iowa 6.799 428 24 1 0.35 0.23
Kansas 12,141 3,430 20 0 0.16 0
Massachusetts. . . 6,673 1,325 262 45 3.93 3.40
Minnesota 6,455 295 91 5 1.41 1.70
New York 32,440 3,500 3,314 397 10.22 11.34
Ohio 27,971 3,345 447 14 1.60 0.42
Oregon 2,571 52 14 0 0.54 0
Vermont 3,295 369 3 0 0.09 0
See footnote 1 to p. 203.

Of the total number of Jewish prisoners received at the

state prisons in New York during the ten years, 11.83%
were committed during 1920, and the percentage reached
18.71% in 1922. The number committed the following year
was much lower (7.88%), and the number committed
increased during 1924-1925 (8.18% and 8.99% respectively).
The following year, 1926, witnessed again a drop in the
number of Jewish prisoners committed (7.69%) and the
number decreased slightly during the years that followed.
Of the total number of prisoners, 10.13% were committed
during 1920 and the numbers, as in the case of the Jews,
increased during the following two years, reaching 14.55%
in 1922. The percentage then dropped to 7.08% in 1923, and
the number committed increased during the following years
until they reached 10.48% in 1926, 9.32% in 1927, 8.66%
in 1928, and 9.40% in 1929, compared with 7.64%, 7.39%,
7.66% and 7.12% for the Jewish prisoners during the
reported four years.
TABLE IV
MOVEMENT OF JEWISH PRISONERS IN THE STATE PRISONS
OF N E W YORK, 1920-1929
Number Distribution
Year
Total Jews Total Jews
1920-1929 32,440 3,314 100.00 100.00
1920 3,287 392 10.13 11.83
1921 3,848 482 11.86 14.55
1922 4,720 620 14.55 18.71
1923 2,297 261 7.08 7.88
1924 2,863 271 8.83 8.18
1925 3,145 298 9.69 8.99
1926 ; 3,401 255 10.48 7.69
1927 3,022 245 9.32 7.39
1928 2,807 254 8.66 7.66
1929 3,050 236 9.40 7.12
SUPPLEMENT
JEWISH PRISONERS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Also in foreign countries the ratio of Jewish prisoners to
the total Jewish population appears smaller than that of the
total number of prisoners to the total population. The
following paragraphs deal with Poland, Roumania, and
Latvia. These countries represent 25.51% of the total Jewish
population of the world (and together with the Jewish
community of the United States 53.61% of the total).
In Poland, during 1923-1926, a total of 558,224 prisoners
were sentenced by the courts1, including 22,307 Jews,
4.8% of the total; whereas the Jews constituted 10.49% of
the total population of the country in 1921.
In Roumania, during 1923-1927, a total of 158,229 sen-
tenced prisoners were committed to the prisons, including
5,403 Jews or 3.41% of the total, whereas 5.5% of the total
population in 1925 were Jews.
Finally, in Latvia, during 1925-1929 a total of 47,728
prisoners were sentenced by the civil courts and the courts
martial, including 1,634 Jews or 3.41%; whereas the Jews
were 5.2% of the total population in 1925 and 5% in 1930.
As in the case of the United States, the number of Jewish
women prisoners in these three foreign countries is small. In
Poland during the years 1924-1926, for which years statis-
tics are available, the Jewish women sentenced by the
courts, constituted 4.43% of the total number of women
sentenced by the courts, (compared with 10% that Jews
constitute of the total population), and in Roumania,
the Jewish women, committed to the prisons, during 1923-
1927, formed but 2.36% of the total number of sentenced
women, (compared with 5.5% Jews of the total population).
On the other hand, in Latvia, the number of Jewish women
sentenced by the courts, 3.84% of the total number of
women, was slightly in excess of the percentage of Jews
sentenced by the courts (3.42% of the total sentenced). But
even in the latter country the percentage of Jewish women
in the prisons, 3.84% was less than the2 percentage of Jews
of the total population, 5.18% in 1925.
1
The number excludes sentenced prisoners, whose appeals to higher courts were
pending.
2
See "American Jewish Year Book," Vol. 32, p. 271.
TABLE V
POLAND
PRISONERS SENTENCED BY COURTS DURING 1923-1926
Year Total Jews
1923—1926 689,418 125,870 34,479 5.00
1924—1926 558,224 100,055 26,740 4,433 4.79 4.43
1923 131,994 25,815 7,739 5.86
1924 184.391 34,013 9,023 1,504 4.89 4.42
1925 184,964 32,539 8,422 1,402 4.55 4.31
1926 . . . 188.869 33.503 9,295 1,527 4.92 4.56
TABLE VI
ROUMANIA
SENTENCED PRISONERS COMMITTED TO THE PRISONS, 1923-1927
Year Total Jews
1923—1927 158.229 14,801 5,403 349 3.41 2.36
192311 73,841 4,754 2,554 124 3.46 2.61
1924 21,138 2,699 690 52 3.26 1.93
19251 20,208 2,485 707 58 3.50 2.33
19261 . . 19,395 2,138 684 46 3.53 2.15
1927 23,647 2,725 768 69 3.25 2.53
TABLE VII
LATVIA
PRISONERS SENTENCED BY CIVIL COURTS AND BY MARTIAL
COURTS, 1925-1929
Year Total Jews
1925—1929 47,728 9,893 1,634 380 3.42 3.84
1925 7,344 1,674 226 56 3.08 3.35
1926 8,772 1,879 349 88 3.98 4.68
1927 9,062 1,806 317 67 3.50 3.71
1928 10,315 2,062 316 75 3.06 3.64
1929 12,235 2,472 426 94 3.48 3.80
Of the total number of prisoners sentenced by the courts

in Latvia, during 1927-1929, a total of 9,098 were recidivists.
Of these only 3.23% were Jews, compared with 5% for the
percentage of Jews of the total population of the country,
the number of women recidivists was small, both for the
total population and for the Jews; and the percentage of
Jewish women recidivists of the total number of women
recidivists was 5.1% similar to the percentage of Jewish
women of the total number of women in the country.1
TABLE VIII
LATVIA
RECIDIVISTS SENTENCED BY COURTS DURING 1927-1929
Year Total Jews

1927—1929 9,098 1,430 294 73 3.23 5.10

1927 2 312 367 74 18 3.20 4.90
1928 .. 2 811 442 86 19 3.06 4.30
1929 3,975 621 134 36 3.37 5.80
See footnote 2 page 209.

JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES
1
National Organizations organized after April 1, 1930, are not included in this list.
ALEPH ZADIK ALEPH OF THE B'NAI B'RITH

Org. 1924. OFFICE: 650 Omaha National Bank Bldg., Omaha, Neb.
Seventh Annual International Convention, July 12-14, 1930, Oak-
land, Cal.
Chapters 140. Members, 5,000.
PURPOSE: Mental, moral and physical development of Jewish youth.
Inculcation of Jewish ideals.
SUPREME ADVISORY COUNCIL: Pres., Sam Beber, Omaha, Neb.; First
Vice-Pres., Jacob J. Lieberman, Los Angeles, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres.,
Julius J. Cohn, Chattanooga, Tenn.; Third Vice-Pres., Joseph Herbach,
Philadelphia, Pa., Treas., Harry Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.; Sec, I. F.
Goodman, Omaha, Neb.; Ex. Sec, Philip M. Klutznick, Omaha, Neb.;
Asst. Exec. Sec, Julius Bisno, Omaha, Neb.; Alfred M. Cohen, Cincin-
nati, O.; Wilfred B. Feiga, Worcester, Mass.; Hyman M. Goldstein,
Washington, D. C.; Leo Kaminsky, Indianapolis, Ind.; Joseph Karesh,
San Francisco, Cal.; Henry Monsky, Omaha, Neb.; I. M. Rubinow,
Cincinnati, O.; Aaron Tollin, Chester, Pa.; Isadore Weiss, Oakland, Cal.
ALEXANDER KOHUT MEMORIAL FOUNDATION

Org. 1926. OFFICE: 1185 Park Avenue, New York City.
Annual Meeting, March 27, 1930, New York City.
Number of Branch Societies, 5.
PURPOSE: TO promote original research and to publish works bearing
upon Jewish literature and related subjects.
OFFICERS: Pres., Hon. Julian W. Mack; Vice-Pres., Alexander Marx;
Sec, Julius Bewer; Treas., Albert Tallmer; Exec. Dir., George A. Kohut;
Exec. Sec. for America, Benjamin Barondess; Exec. Sec. for Europe, Dr.
Emil Damask.
ALPHA EPSILON PHI WOMEN'S FRATERNITY
Org. 1909. OFFICE: 2026 Broadway, New Orleans, La.
Biennial Convention, July 26th—30th, 1929. Mackinac Island, Mich.
Next Biennial Convention, July 6-10, 1931, Asheville, N. C.
Members, 2,160.
PURPOSE: TO foster close friendship between members, to stimulate
the intellectual, social and spiritual life of the members, and to count
as a force through service to others.
OFFICERS: Dean, Bertha Wolbrette Feitel; Scribe, Aline Lazard
Roos, New Orleans, La.; Field Sec, Elizabeth Eldridge, San Antonio,
213
Texas; Exec. Sec, Louise W. Wolf, New Orleans, La.; Sub-Dean,

Gertrude Friedlander Markel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., Irma Loeb
Cohen, Cleveland, O.; Ritualist, Lucy Cooper; Historian, Beatrice
Feingold, N. Y. C.; Editor, Viola Land Rusnak, Chicago, 111.; Alumnae
Sec, Martha Kaplan Freedman, Brooklyn, N. Y.
ALPHA EPSILON PI FRATERNITY
Org. 1913. OFFICE: Woolworth Bldg., New York City.
Eighteenth Annual Convention, Dec. 26-29, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.
Chapters, 21. Alumni Clubs, 12. Members, 1,940.
PURPOSE: An intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity, maintaining an
educational and social service.
OFFICERS: Supreme Master, Max S. Schrieber; Supreme Lieutenant
Master, Lester Harwood Block; Supreme Scribe, J. George Greenberg;
Supreme Exchequer, Alexander L. Grossman; Supreme Historian, Alvin
Appel; Exec. Sec, Lester Harwood Block, 233 B'way, N. Y. C.
ALPHA MU SIGMA FRATERNITY
Org. 1914. OFFICE: 327 W. 84th, New York City.
Annual Convention, Dec. 24-28, 1930, New Haven, Conn.
Members, 850.
PURPOSE: TO foster and perpetuate the fraternal spirit among its
personnel, to cultivate and promote an ideal social relationship among
them, to voluntarily give aid to fraters in distress and to perpetuate the
ideals which gave origin to its existence.
OFFICERS: Hon. Grand Prior, Irving H. Fisher, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Grand Prior, Morton M. Grossman; Grand Vice-Prior, Lawrence
Levitas; Grand Chancellor of the Exchequer, Milton S. Abramson, N.
Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Leon S. Imrey, 124 Remington, New Rochelle, N.
Y.; Grand Historian, David Miller, Portsmouth, N. H.; Chairman Bd.
of Trustees, Abba A. Orlinger, Brooklyn, N. Y.
ALPHA OMEGA FRATERNITY
Org. 1907, Inc., 1909. OFFICE: Secretary, 419 Boylston, Boston, Mass.
Twenty-fourth Annual Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1931, Buffalo, N. Y
Chapters, 25. Alumni Clubs, 9. Members, 2,500.
PURPOSE: TO uphold the highest standards of the dental profession,
further the causes of Judaism and to promote fraternalism.
OFFICERS: Chancellor, Henry Brown, N. Y. C.; Vice-Chancellors,
Edward Pressman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Max Rabinovich, San Francisco,
Cal.; Leonard Sidlow, Detroit, Mich.; Supreme Scribe, A. M. Flaschner,
419 Boylston, Boston, Mass.; Quaestor, J. W. Malkinson, Hartford,
Conn.; Editor, Joseph Gruber, Detroit, Mich.; Historian, Max Soifer,
Hartford, Conn.; Marshall, M. D. Wolfsohn, Buffalo, N. Y.; Macer,
H. H. Goldberg, Buffalo, N. Y.
ALPHA ZETA GAMMA DENTAL FRATERNITY

Org. 1910. OFFICE: 55 E. Washington, Chicago, 111.
Annual Convention, Feb. 2, 1931, Chicago, 111.
Members, 1684. Chapters, 12.
JEWISH NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 215
PURPOSE: For professional and social betterment of members.

OFFICERS: Supreme Grand Master, M. Schneider; Supreme Grand
Treas., B. Krohn; Supreme Grand Scribe, A. D. Newberger; Supreme
Grand Fin. Scribe, R. Friedman.
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF DROPSIE COLLEGE
Org. 1924. OFFICE: Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa.
Annual Meeting, March 8, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.
Members, 41.
PURPOSE: TO advance the interests of the Dropsie College and further
spirit of friendship among its graduates.
OFFICERS: Pres., Solomon Grayzel, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres.,
William Chomsky, Philadelphia, Pa.; Sec.-Treas., Joseph Reider, Broad
and York, Philadelphia, Pa.
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE
Org. 1889. Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, O.
Annual Meeting, June 17, 1931, Wauwausee, Ind.
Members, 200.
PURPOSE: TO promote welfare of the Hebrew Union College and to
strengthen fraternal feeling among graduates of the college.
OFFICERS: Pres., Emil Leipziger, New Orleans, La.; Vice-Pres.,
Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, la.; Sec, Ira E. Sanders, Capitol Hill
Apts., Little Rock, Ark.; Treas., Solomon Bazell, Louisville, Ky.;
Historian, Julian B. Feibelman, Philadelphia, Pa.
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE JEWISH INSTITUTE
OF RELIGION
Annual Meeting, March 17, 1931, New York City.
OFFICERS: Pres., J. X. Cohen, N. Y. C.; Vice-Pres., Maurice A.
Hirshberg, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Baruch Braunstein, N. Y. C.; Sec,
Morton M. Berman, N. Y. C.
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE TRAINING SCHOOL
FOR JEWISH SOCIAL WORK
Org. 1927. OFFICE: 71 West 47th, New York City.
Annual Meeting, Oct. 12, 1930, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO maintain friendly relationships among the members; to
maintain cordial relations with the Training School; to support its aims
and aid its development; to aid in the maintenance and development
of professional standards.
OFFICERS: Pres., Herman Jacobs; Eastern Vice-Pres., Elsie Lakoff;
Mid-Western Vice-Pres., Sam'l Levine; Eva Sackeroff; Western Vice-
Pres., Charles Schottland; Treasurer, Moses Beckelman; Sec, Esther
Davison.
AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH
Org. 1920, Inc., Dec. 20, 1929. OFFICE: Philadelphia, Pa.
Members, 285; Honorary members, 5.
PURPOSE: The furtherance of Jewish learning through periodical

meetings at which learned papers shall be presented and discussed; the
formulation and carrying into effect of scholarly undertakings of a
co-operative character; the issuance of publications; the promotion of
relations of fellowship and co-operation between scholars and learned
organizations in America and those in other countries; furnishing
opinions upon scholarly projects submitted to the Academy; and
through such other means as may, from time to time, be determined
by the Academy.
OFFICERS: Pres., Louis Ginzberg, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Alexander
Marx, N. Y. C ; Treas., Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Cincinnati, O.; Corr. Sec,
David S. Blondheim, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Rec.
Sec, Leo Jung.
AMERICAN COMMITTEE OF HEBREW TEACHERS COLLEGE
OF JERUSALEM
Org. May, 1925. OFFICE: 50 E. 58th, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO secure contributions for Hebrew Teachers College of
Jerusalem and to advance its purpose in America.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Treas.,
Israel Unterberg; Sec, David de Sola Pool; Exec. Sec, J. Max Weis,
N. Y. C ; and Alfred M. Cohen, Alexander M. Dushkin, Harry P.
Fierst, Israel Goldstein, George A. Kohut, Arthur M. Lamport, Louis
Lipsky, Solomon Lowenstein, Julian W. Mack, Henrietta Szold,
Stephen S. Wise.
AMERICAN FRIENDS OF THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY,
JERUSALEM, PALESTINE
PURPOSE: TO disseminate information about the Hebrew University,
and to promote interest in and support of its activities.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Yice-Chairman, Julian W,
Mack, Walter E. Meyer; Treas., Maurice Wertheim; Sec, Elisha M.
Friedman; Chairman Office Comra., Solomon Lowenstein; Director.
David Tannenbaum.
Org. Nov. 11, 1906; Inc., March 16, 1911. OFFICE: 171 Madison Ave.,
New York City
For report, see p. 339.
AMERICAN JEWISH CONGRESS
Org. 1920. OFFICE: 33 West 42nd, New York City.
Eighth Session, Oct. 19-20, 1930, Washington, D. C.
Delegates, 400.
PURPOSE: TO further and promote the full rights of Jews; to safeguard
and defend such rights wherever and whenever they are either threat-
ened or violated; to deal generally with all matters relating to and
affecting specific Jewish interests.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Dr. Stephen S. Wise; Pres., Bernard S.

Deutsch; Vice-Pres., Wm. M. Lewis, Nathan D. Perlman, Carl Sherman,
Mrs. Archibald Silverman, Robt. Szold, Baruch Zuckerman; Chairman
Administrative Committee, Nathan D. Perlman; Chairman Executive
Committee, Joseph Tenenbaum; Treas., Jacob Leichtman, Ex. Dir.,
B. G. Richards, 33 W. 42nd St., N. Y. C.
AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY

Org. 1892. OFFICE: N. E. Cor. Broadway & 122d, New York City.
Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting, Nov. 14-15, 1931, New York City.
Members, 450.
Has issued thirty-two volumes of publications and an index to publica-
tions 1-20. Maintains a collection of books, manuscripts, and historical
objects in its rooms in the building of the Jewish Theological Seminary,
Jacob H. Schiff Memorial Library, N. E. Cor. Broadway and 122d,
N. Y. C.
OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham S. W. Rosenbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-
Pres., Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, N. Y.; David Philipson, Cincinnati,
O.; Richard J. H. Gottheil, Max J. Kohler, N. Taylor Phillips, N. Y. C ;
Treas., Henry S. Hendricks; Librarian, Edw. D. Coleman; Curator,
Leon Huhner; Cor. Sec, Albert M. Friedenberg, 116 Nassau Street,
N. Y. C ; Rec. Sec, Abraham A. Neuman, Philadelphia, Pa.
AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT AGRICULTURAL CORPORATION

Org. July, 1924. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO assist and give material aid to Jews to engage in agri-
cultural pursuits and to settle upon the land in Russia, and to act as the
operative agency in Russia of the American Society for Jewish Farm
Settlements in Russia, Inc., and to render other constructive aid to
Jews in Russia.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS: Pres., Joseph A. Rosen; Vice-Pres., E. A.
Grower; and S. E. Lubarsky, Bernard Kahn, D. J. Schweitzer.
AMERICAN JEWISH JOINT DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE

Org. Nov. 24, 1914. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.
PURPOSE: Distribution of funds for the relief and rehabilitation of
Jews overseas.
MAJOR ACTIVITIES: Economic reconstruction directly and in co-opera-
tion with the American Joint Reconstruction Foundation; child care,
medical, cultural-religious, vocational training, etc.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Felix M. Warburg; Vice-Chairman, Herbert
H. Lehman, James N. Rosenberg; Treas., Paul Baerwald; Assoc. Treas.,
Geo. W. Naumburg; Comptroller, Mrs. Jonah J. Goldstein; Sec, Jos.
C. Hyman.
AMERICAN MEMBERS OF COUNCIL OF THE AMERICAN JOINT RECON-
STRUCTION FOUNDATION: Felix M. Warburg, Herbert H. Lehman,
Bernard Flexner, Peter Wiernik, Meyer Gillis, Leonard G. Robinson;
Sec, Jos. C. Hyman.
DIRECTOR FOR EASTERN AND CENTRAL EUROPE: Dr. Bernhard Kahn.

DIRECTOR FOR RUSSIA: Dr. Joseph A. Rosen.
AMERICAN JEWISH PHYSICIANS' COMMITTEE

Org. May 24, 1921. OFFICE: 106 E. 85th, New York City.
Tenth Annual Meeting, May 12, 1930, New York City.
Members, about 1,000.
PURPOSE: TO build a medical college and hospital in connection with
the Hebrew University in Palestine.
OFFICERS: Pres., Nathan Ratnoff; Vice-Pres., Meyer R. Robinson
and Albert A. Epstein; Treas., Harry E. Isaacs; Sec, Israel S. Wechsler,
N. Y. C ; Chairman, Exec. Comm., Emanuel Libman, N. Y. C.
AMERICAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE WORLD UNION
FOR PRESERVING HEALTH OF JEWS
Org. May 10, 1929. OFFICE: 1919 Madison Ave., New York City.
Annual Convention, Jan, 11, 1931, New York City.
Members, 28.
PURPOSE: TO promote health, hygiene and sanitation among East
European Jews.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Milton J. Rosenau; Vice-Chairman, Emanuel
Libman; Sec.-Treas., J. J. Golub.
THE AMERICAN ORT
Org. 1922. OFFICE: 220 Fifth Ave., New York City.
PURPOSE: Promotion of technical trades and agriculture among the
Jews in Eastern and Central Europe.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Murray Levine; Chairman Exec. Com., Henry
Moskowitz; Vice-Chairmen, Edward Lazansky, Joseph Baskin, Louis B.
Boudin, Samuel Ellsberg, Gustave Hartman, B. C. Vladeck; Treas.,
Morris Berman; Hon. Sec, Herman Bernstein; Exec. Sec, Ezekiel
Rabinowitz.
AMERICAN PRO-FALASHA COMMITTEE
Org. Aug. 1922; Inc., 1923. OFFICE: 305 Broadway, New York City.
PURPOSE: The educational and religious rehabilitation of the Falasha
Jews of Abyssinia.
OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Chair-
man, Norman Salit; Vice-Chairmen, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Nathan
Stern, Peter Wiernik; Treas., S. Herbert Golden; Hon. Sec, Isaac
Landmann, Elias L. Solomon, N. Y. C.; Executive Director, Jacques
Faitlovitch.
WOMEN'S DIVISION OF THE AMERICAN PRO-FALASHA COMMITTEE
Org. February 1, 1930.
OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman. Mrs. Rebekah Kohut; Chairman, Mrs.
Nathaniel Levy; Vice-Chairman, Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein, Mrs.
Samuel Spiegel; Treas., Mrs. Eva Levy; Fin. Sec, Mrs. Max J. Branden-
burger; Rec Sec, Mrs. David Kass.
AMERICAN RELIEF SOCIETY FOR THE YEMENITE TEWS OF

JERUSALEM, PALESTINE, INC.
Org. Feb. 3, 1928. OFFICE: 196 Henry, New York City.
Members, 1,000.
PURPOSE: TO extend assistance to Yemenite Jewish poor and to
Yemenite Jewish institutions in Jerusalem, Palestine.
OFFICERS: Treas., David Freiberger; Sec, A. Gabli. Committee:
Reuben Arbib, G. Bublick, Mordecai Danzis, Samson Erdberg, Jacob
Fischman, David Freiberger, Harry Friedenwald, Jacob Goell, Jos.
Solomon Houred, Maximilian Hurwitz, Leo Jung, Max N. Koven,
Solomon Lamport, Israel Levinthal, Wm. Levy, Jos. Lookstein, David
de Sola Pool, Israel Rosenberg, Michael Salit, Norman Salit, Juda
Seltzer, Elias L. Solomon, Peter Wiernick, Stephen S. Wise.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR JEWISH FARM SETTLEMENTS
IN RUSSIA, INC.
Org. Nov. 13, 1928. OFFICE: 7 Hanover, New York City.
Operative Agency in Russia: American Jewish Joint Agricultural
Corporation (Agro-Joint). Dir., Joseph A. Rosen.
PURPOSE: TO encourage, aid. and facilitate the creation, development
and increase of farm settlements among the Jews in Russia.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Julius Rosenwald and Felix M. Warburg;
Pres., James N. Rosenberg; Treas., Paul Baerwald; Associate Treas.,
Lewis L. Strauss; Sec, Joseph C. Hyman.
AMERICAN ZION COMMONWEALTH
Org. 1914. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Av., New York City.
Last Annual Convention, June, 1930.
Members, 6,000.
PURPOSE: Acquisition and sale of Palestinian land and securities.
OFFICERS: Pres., David Freiberger; Vice-Pres., Louis Germain; Treas.,
Morris Weinberg; Sec, S. Kobak, N. Y. C.
AVUKAH, AMERICAN STUDENT ZIONIST FEDERATION
Org. June, 1925. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.
Fifth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-28, 1930, Boston, Mass.
Members, 1,200. Chapters, 34.
PURPOSE: TO conduct Zionist educational activity in American
universities and colleges.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Max Rhoade, Washington, D. C ; Pres., Sam-
uel M. Blumenfield, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Pres., Mitchell S. Fisher, N. Y.
C ; Sidney Jacobi, N. Y. C ; Maurice B. Pekarsky, N. Y. C ; Hon.
Treas., Charles Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., R. Lewin-Epstein,
N. Y. C ; Hon. Sec, James Waterman Wise, N. Y. C ; Exec. Sec, Geo.
M. Hyman.
BARON DE HIRSCH FUND
Org. Feb. 9, 1891; Inc., 1891. OFFICE: 233 Broadway, New York City.
Fortieth Annual Meeting, Feb. 1, 1931, New York City.
PURPOSE: Endowed by Baron and Baroness de Hirsch in sum of

$3,800,000. Americanization and assimilation of Jewish immigrants,
their instruction in trades and agriculture and promotion of agriculture
among them.
ACTIVITIES: 1. Aid to agriculture through the Jewish Agricultural
Society, N. Y. C , and the granting of scholarships to agricultural
schools. 2. Baron de Hirsch Trade School, N. Y. C , which offers free
trade instruction. 3. Immigration aid port work through subsidized
societies. 4. The town of Woodbine, N. J., which was founded by it
in 1891.
OFFICERS: Pres., S. G. Rosenbaum; Vice-Pres., Arthur H. Sulzberger;
Treas., Simon F. Rothschild; Hon. Sec, Max J. Kohler, 25 W. 43d.,
N. Y. C.
B'NAI B'RITH
Org. Nov. 1, 1843. OFFICE: 9 W. 4th, Cincinnati, O.
Thirteenth Quinquennial Convention, April 27—May 1, 1930, Cin-
cinnati, O.
Members, 75,000.
Lodges, 602 (399 in North America, 203 in Europe, Asia, and Africa).
Districts, 15 (7 in the United States).
Institutions founded by the Order in the United States: HEBREW
ORPHANS' HOME, Atlanta, Ga.; B'NAI B'RITH CEMETERY, Chicago, 111.;
FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Chicago 111.; JEWISH WIDOWS' AND OR-
PHANS' HOME, New Orleans, La.; TOURO INFIRMARY, New Orleans, La.;
HOME FOR AGED AND INFIRM, Yonkers, N. Y.; JEWISH ORPHANS' HOME,
Cleveland, O.; B'NAI B'RITH FREE EMPLOYMENT BUREAU, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; RELIEF COMMITTEE, Hot Springs, Ark.; B'NAI B'RITH CLUB, San
Francisco, Cal.; HOME FOR JEWISH ORPHANS, LOS Angeles, Cal.; IMMI-
GRANT SCHOOLS at Kalamazoo, Mich., and Memphis, Tenn.; SABBATH
SCHOOLS, at Houghton, Mich.; Trenton, N. J.; Sharon, Pa.; and Madi-
son, Wis.; B'NAI B'RITH ORPHANAGE, at Erie, Pa.; L E O N. LEVI HOS-
PITAL, Hot Springs, Ark.; BOY'S VACATION CAMP, Chicago, 111.; SOCIAL
SERVICE BOYS SUMMER CAMP, Minneapolis, Minn.; B'NAI B'RITH
HILLEL FOUNDATIONS at Universities of Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio,
Michigan, California, West Virginia, Texas, and Cornell University;
NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL FOR CONSUMPTIVES, Denver, Colo.;
MEXICO IMMIGRATION BUREAU; and numerous other institutions.
OFFICERS: Pres., Alfred M. Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; First Vice-Pres.,
Lucius L. Solomons, San Francisco, Cal.; Second Vice-Pres., Archibald
A. Marx, New Orleans, La.; Treas., Jacob Singer, Phila., Pa.; Sec,
I. M. Rubinow, Cincinnati, 0 .
B'NAI B'RITH HILLEL FOUNDATION COMMISSION
Org. 1923, OFFICE: Electric Building, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Foundations, 8.
PURPOSE: The maintenance of foundations devoted to social and
religious work among students at the university.
ADMINISTRATORS: Acting Dir., Louis Mann, 4600 S. Parkway, Chi-
cago, 111.; Fred Bernstein, Alfred M. Cohen, A. B. Freyer, Solomon
Goldman, James G. Heller, Edward L. Israel, Nathan Krass, Joseph L.

Kun, Edgar C. Levey, Joseph Rosenzweig, I. M. Rubinow, E. J.
Schanfarber, Philip L. Seman, Abba Hillel Silver, Morris D. Waldman.
BUREAU OF JEWISH SOCIAL RESEARCH, INC.

Org. April, 1919. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.
Merger of Bureau of Philanthropic Research of New York City, and
Field Bureau of the National Conference of Jewish Charities, and sup-
ported by funds provided by the New York Foundation, Hofheimer
Foundation, Federations of Jewish Philanthropies throughout the
country, private contributions, and fees for seryice.
PURPOSE: Research into problems of Jewish social and communal
work in the United States and in other centers of Jewry throughout
the world, with a view to improving their programs of social work and
to integrating them with general social work activities.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Adolph Lewisohn; Pres., David M. Heyman;
Vice-Pres., Lee K. Frankel, Felix M. Warburg; Treas., Walter N.
Rothschild; Sec, Solomon Lowenstein; Ex. Dir., H. L. Lurie.
CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS
Org. July 9, 1899. OFFICE: Cincinnati, O.
Forty-second Annual Convention, June 17-21, 1931 Lake Wawasee,
Ind.
Members, 268.
Has issued thirty-nine volumes of its Year Book; and besides, the
Union Prayer Book; the Union Hymnal; the Union Haggadah; Prayers
for Private Devotion; Army Ritual for Soldiers of the Jewish Faith
(1916); and various other publications.
OFFICERS 1930-1931: Pres., Morris Newfield, Birmingham, Ala.;
Vice-Pres., Samuel H. Goldenson, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Treas., Felix A.
Levy, Chicago, 111.; Rec. Sec, Isaac E. Marcuson, Macon, Ga.; Cor.
Sec, Harry S. Margolis, St. Paul, Minn.
COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL

SYNAGOGUE ORGANIZATIONS
Org. 1912. OFFICE: 120 Wall, New York City.
Annual Convention, June 19-22, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.
Members, 8,000.
PURPOSE: TO promote traditional Judaism and to further the religious
and cultural development of the American Jewish youth.
OFFICERS: Pres., Edward S. Silver; Vice-Pres., J. David Delman;
Esther Garfunkel; Treas., Chas. Levine; Fin. Sec, David Lowenkron;
Rec. Sec, Sadie Wachtelkenig; Ex. Dir., Harry Bluestone.
COUNCIL ON AMERICAN JEWISH STUDENT AFFAIRS

Org. 1925. OFFICE: New York City.
PURPOSE: Advisory body for discussion of problems of interest to
Jewish students at American colleges and universities, and presentation
of such recommendations as the Council shall deem wise, proper and

constructive, educational and otherwise.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Harold Riegelman, N. Y. C ; Sec.-Treas.,
Aaron E. Stein, 22 W. 77th St., N. Y. C.
DROPSIE COLLEGE FOR HEBREW AND COGNATE

LEARNING
Org. 1905. Inc. May 20, 1907. Broad and York, Philadelphia, Pa.
Incorporated in State of Pennsylvania.
Invested funds about $900,000.
LIBRARY: Volumes and pamphlets, 39,250.
OFFICERS: Pres., Cyrus Adler; Vice-Pres., Horace Stern; Treas., D.
Hays Solis-Cohen; Sec, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Phila., Pa.
BOARD OF GOVERNORS: The Officers, and Arthur Bloch, Philadelphia,
Pa.; Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md.; Isaac Gerstley, Louis Gerst-
ley, Howard S. Levy, Simon Miller, A. S. W. Rosenbach, Edwin Wolf,
Philadelphia, Pa.
FACULTY: Pres., Cyrus Adler (M. A., Pennsylvania; Ph. D., Johns
Hopkins; D. H. L. Hebrew Union College; D. Litt., Pennsylvania);
Professor in charge of the Biblical Department, Max L. Margolis (M. A.,
Ph. D., Columbia); Professor in charge of the Rabbinical Department,
Solomon Zeitlin (Th. D., Ecole Rabbinique; Ph. D., Dropsie); Associate
Professor Historical Department, Abraham A. Neuman (M. A., Colum-
bia; H. L. D., Jewish Theological Seminary of America); Associate
Professor Department of Egyptology, Nathaniel J. Reich, (Ph. D.,
Vienna); Instructor Biblical Department and Librarian, Joseph Reider
(B. A., College of the City of New York; Ph. D., Dropsie); Instructor in
Arabic, Solomon L. Skoss (M. A., Denver; Ph. D., Dropsie).
THE EX-PATIENTS' TUBERCULAR HOME

OF DENVER, COLO.
Org. 1908. OFFICE: 505 Interstate Trust Building, Denver, Colo.
Home located at 8000 E. Montview Blvd., Denver, Colo.
Members, 55,000. Auxiliaries, 4.
PURPOSE: TO care for patients who have been discharged from a
Tubercular Sanatorium or Hospital, who are in need of further treat-
ment, and to rehabilitate these patients so that they will again become
self-respecting and self-supporting citizens.
OFFICERS: Pres., Max Bronstine; Vice-Pres., Harry Stern; Sec, A. M.
Blumberg, P. O. Box 1768; Treas., Morris Binstock.
FEDERATION OF AMERICAN JEWS OF

LITHUANIAN DESCENT
Org. Nov., 1928. OFFICE: 63 Fifth Ave., New York City.
PURPOSE: TO extend co-operation to the Jews of Lithuania.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres.j Wm. M. Lewis; Pres., Henry Hurwitz; Vice-
Pres., (United States); A. B. Cohen, Edward M. Chase, Alexander
Isserman, Meyer Kreeger, Israel Matz, Herman L. Winer; Vice-Pres.,
(Canada); Lyon Cohen, A. B. Freiman, S. Kronick; Treas., Levi

Rokeach; Sec, Mordecai Katz.
FEDERATION OF HUNGARIAN JEWS IN AMERICA
Org. Nov. 1 1909. OFFICE: 145 Nassau, New York City.
Tenth Convention, May 25-26, 1930, New York City.
Members, 36,000. Societies, 107.
PURPOSE: TO promote the political, educational, social and religious
interests of the Hungarian Jews here and in Hungary.
OFFICERS: Pres., Samuel Buchler; Vice-Pres., Bernard Price; Treas.,
Alexander Altman; Acting Sec, Dorothy Buck, N. Y. C.
FEDERATION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF AMERICA, INC.
Org. 1926. OFFICE: 252 E. Broadway, New York City.
PURPOSE: To promote Judaism in America and to help the "Agunoth"
in Europe.
ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE: L. Oartenhaus, S. L. Hurwitz, I.
Maierovich, J. Peimer, B. S. Trainin; Exec. Sec, Aaron Dym.
FEDERATION OF PALESTINE JEWS
Org. July, 1929. OFFICE: 38 Park Row (Room 501) New York City.
Annual Convention, July 6, 1930, New York City.
Members, 1,000. Branches, 15.
PURPOSE: TO extend assistance to Palestinian Jews in America and
Canada, and to promote the upbuilding of Palestine.
OFFICERS: Pres., J. M. Charlop; Treas., U. Felshin; Sec, Jacob L.
Moinester, 38 Park Row, New York City.
FEDERATION OF POLISH JEWS IN AMERICA
Org. 1908. OFFICE: 32 Union Square, New York City.
Twenty-third Annual Convention, June 6-7, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.
Members, 15,000.
PURPOSE: TO cultivate and maintain friendly relations and co-opera-
tion among the Landsmannschaften in America; To extend assistance to
the Jews of Poland; To promote cultural activities among affiliated
societies; To extend medical assistance to members.
Publishes a bi-monthly, in Yiddish and English, Der Verband.
OFFICERS: Pres., Benjamin Winter; Hon. Vice-Pres., Jacob Glad-
stone, Chas. Green; Vice-Pres., M. Halpern, A. Harris, Herman B.
Oberman, Sol Rosenfeld, Alfred Rosenstein, J. Stofsky; Treas., Jacob
Leichtman; Sec, David Trautman; Exec. Dir., Z. Tygel.
HADASSAH
THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST ORGANIZATION
Sixteenth Annual Convention, Oct. 26-28, 1930, Buffalo, N. Y.
Chapters, 304. Sewing Circles, 900.
Junior Hadassah Groups, 220.
PURPOSE: TO promote Jewish institutions and enterprises in Pales-
tine, and to foster Zionist ideals in America.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Henrietta Szold; Pres., Mrs. Edward Jacobs,

N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Pearl Franklin, Chicago, III., Mrs. Samuel Halprin,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Mrs. Henry Harris, San Francisco, Cal., Mrs. Robert
Szold, Pelham, N. Y.; Treas., Mrs. S. J. Rosensohn; Sec, Mrs.
Moses P. Epstein, N. Y. C.
HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY
OF AMERICA
OFFICE: 425 Lafayette, New York City.
An amalgamation of the Hebrew Sheltering House Association,
organized Nov., 1888, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, organized
1901.
Twenty-second Annual Meeting, March 1, 1931, New York City.
Contributors, over 100,000.
PURPOSE: TO facilitate the lawful entry of Jewish immigrants at the
various ports in the United States, to provide them with temporary
assistance, to prevent them from becoming public charges, to discourage
their settling in congested cities, to prevent ineligibles from immigrating
to the United States, to foster American ideals, and to instil in them a
knowledge of American history and institutions, and to make better
known the advantages of desirable immigration and, in conjunction
with other organizations, to maintain offices in European countries for
the purpose of advising Jewish emigrants concerning conditions in lands
of immigration, and to prepare them for life in these new countries;
and, in the lands of immigration other than the United States, to meet
them upon arrival, shelter them and enable them to become self-
supporting therein.
OFFICERS: Pres., Abraham Herman, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Adolph
Copeland, Chicago, III.; Harris Poorvu, Boston, Mass.; Aaron Benjamin,
N. Y. C ; H. H. Cohen, Phila., Pa.; Max Meyerson, Newark, N. J.;
Jacob Massel, N. Y. C ; Israel Silberstein, Baltimore, Md.; Nathan
Schoenfeld, N. Y. C ; Harry K. Wolff, San Francisco, Cal.; Treas.,
Harry Fischel, N. Y. C ; Hon. Sec, James Bernstein; General Manager,
Isaac L. Asofsky, N. Y. C.
HEBREW THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE
Org. 1921. OFFICE: 3448 Douglas Blvd., Chicago, 111.
Ninth Annual Meeting, Jan. 13, 1931, Chicago, 111.
Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 1928, 12.
Whole number of Graduates, Rabbinical Course, 31.
Graduates, Teachers' Course, in 1928, 4.
Whole number of Graduates, Teachers' Course, 20.
PURPOSE: An Institution for Higher Jewish Learning, and the pro-
motion and perpetuation of Traditional Judaism in America, giving its
students the opportunity to become well prepared Rabbis, Teachers,
and Leaders of American Israel.
OFFICERS: Pres., Saul Silber; Vice-Pres., A. I. Cardon, Mrs. William
Lavin, Samuel Levin; Treas., Louis Bomash; Rec Sec, M. Perlstein;
Fin. Sec, J. L. Rubin; Exec Sec, Samuel S. Siegel.
FACULTY OF THE COLLEGE: Pres., Rabbi Saul Silber, President of the
Faculty and Lecturer in Homiletics; Professor in Talmud and Codes,
Rabbi Chaim Yitzok Korb, Professor in Bible Jewish History and

Philosophy, Meyer Waxman; Instructors in Talmud: Rabbi Ch.
Regensberg, Rabbi Ch. Rubinstein, Rabbi Z. Starr; for Codes, Rabbi A.
Soladar; for Bible, Hebrew Grammar and History, Rabbi A. Shulman;
Hebrew Grammar and Literature, A. Soladar; for Public Speaking, J. R.
Tysen; Teachers' Institute: Bible, Hebrew Literature and History, A.
Soladar; Hebrew Grammar, Composition and Pedagogy, S. Soladar;
Preparatory Dept.; Instructor in Talmud, Rabbi N. Bar, Rabbi N.
Kaplan; Bible and Talmud, Rabbi N. Sax, Rabbi Soladar; Bible Jewish
History and Talmud, Rabbi M. Schultz; Elementary Hebrew and
Grammar, S. Soladar; Hebrew and Jewish History, A Braude; Dean and
Librarian Rabbi Jacob Greenberg.
HEBREW UNION COLLEGE

Org. 1875, Inc., Cincinnati, 0.
Maintained by the UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONS
(q. v.) until 1926.
Chartered separately under the laws of the State of Ohio, with the
Union of American Hebrew Congregations recognized as a patronizing
body.
LIBRARY: Printed volumes, about 86,000; manuscripts, over 2,000.
Fifty-sixth Commencement, May 30, 1931, graduates Rabbinical
Course in 1931, 15; whole number of graduates, 331.
School for Teachers in New York City, established 1923. Graduates
1931, 15; whole number of graduates, 146.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Board of Governors, Alfred M. Cohen,
Cincinnati, O.; Vice-Chairman, Maurice J. Freiberg, Cincinnati, O.;
Treas., Carl E. Pritz; Sec, Benj. Mielziner, Cincinnati, O.
FACULTY: Julian Morgenstern, Ph.D. (Heidelberg), President,
Professor of Bible and Semitic Languages; Moses Buttenwieser, Ph.D.
(Heidelberg), D.H.L. (Hebrew Union College), Professor of Biblical
Exegesis; Jacob Z. Lauterbach, Ph.D., Professor of Talmud; Henry
Englander, Ph.D., Professor of Mediaeval Jewish Exegesis; Israel
Bettan, D.D., (Hebrew Union College), Professor of Homiletics and
Midrash; Abraham Cronbach, D.D. (Hebrew Union College), Professor
of Jewish Social Studies; Jacob Mann, M.A., Litt. D. (London), Pro-
fessor of Jewish History and Literature; Samuel S. Cohon, Rabbi
(Hebrew Union College), Professor of Jewish Theology; Abraham Z.
Idelsohn, Professor of Jewish Music and Liturgy; Z. Diesendruck, Ph.D.
(Vienna), Professor of Jewish Philosophy; Jacob R. Marcus, Ph.D.
(Berlin), Associate Professor of Jewish History; Sol. B. Finesinger,
Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins), Instructor in Rabbinics; Sheldon H. Blank,
Ph.D. (Jena), Instructor in Hebrew Language and Bible; Nelson
Glueck, Ph.D. (Jena), Instructor in Hebrew Language and Bible;
Abraham N. Franzblau, M.A., Instructor in Jewish Education; Shalom
B. Maximon, Registrar; Lawrence E. B. Kahn, M.A. Rabbi (Hebrew
Union College), Heinsheimer Fellow; Adolph S. Oko, Librarian; Special
Instructors, David Philipson, D.D. (Hebrew Union College), LL.D.
(Cincinnati), D.H.L. (Hebrew Union College), Lecturer on the History
of the Reform Movement; Jacob S. Golub, Ph.D. (New York Univer-
sity), Lecturer on Jewish Education; Cora Kahn, B.A., Instructor in
Elocution; Clarence C. Abrams, B.S. (Cincinnati), Physical Director;

Corresponding Members of the Faculty: Aaron Hahn (1887); David
Davidson (1892).
HISTADRUTH IVRITH
Org. 1916. Re-org. 1922. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.
Convention, June 29—July 1, 1930, Cleveland, O.
Societies, 103. Members, 3,130.
PURPOSE: Development of Hebrew culture and Hebrew language.
OFFICERS: Chairman Exec. Comm., Ab. Goldberg; Chairman Adm.
Comm., A. Spicehandler; Treas., Boris Margolin; Sec, S. K. Mirsky.
INDEPENDENT ORDER B'RITH ABRAHAM
Org. Feb. 7, 1887. OFFICE: 37-7th, New York City.
Forty-fifth Annual Convention, June 7-9, 1930, Saratoga Springs,
N. Y.
Members, 100,000. Lodges, 505.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, Nathan D. Perlman; First Deputy Grand
Master, Isidore Apfel; Second Deputy Grand Master, Wm. Bluestein;.
Grand Sec, Max L. Hollander, Grand Treas., I. Frankel.
INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOM

Org. Feb. 23, 1905. OFFICE: 506-508 Pine, Philadelphia, Pa.
Twenty-sixth Annual Convention, June 14-16, 1931, Atlantic City,
N. J.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, Hon. William M. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Vice-Grand Master, Moses N. Helfgott, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Sec,
Martin O. Levy; Asst. Grand Sec, Adolph Rosenbaum; Grand Treas.,
Jacob Edelstein, Philadelphia, Pa.
INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAEL

Org. Jan. 18, 1849. OFFICE: 257 W. 93d., New York City.
Triennial Convention, May 30, 1930, Atlantic City, N. J.
Districts, 2. Lodges, 62. Members, 8,564.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, Samuel Sturtz; First Deputy Grand
Master, Simon M. Goldsmith; Second Deputy Grand Master, Sol Kahn;
Third Deputy Grand Master, Isaac G. Simon; Grand Treas., Leo
Benjamin; Grand Sec, Henry J. Hyman; Controller, David H. M.
Weynberg; Counsel, Maurice B. Blumenthal; Medical Director, Israel
L. Feinberg.
INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDER

Org. Feb. 13, 1894. OFFICE: 1127 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, 111.
Last Annual Convention, June 22, 1930, Chicago, 111.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, H. Waiss, Detroit, Mich.; Grand Sec, I.
Shapiro, 1127 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, 111.
INDEPENDENT WORKMEN'S CIRCLE OF AMERICA, INC.

Org. Dec. 28, 1906. OFFICE: 86 Leverett, Boston, Mass.
Twenty-first Annual Convention, May 29—June 1, 1931, Boston,
Mass.
Members, 5,933. Number of Branches, 85.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Louis J. Hyson, Roxbury, Mass.; Vice-Chair-
man, Abraham Trucktman, Revere, Mass.; Treas., Samuel Wilcon,
Brookline, Mass.; Rec. Sec, William Rivkin, Dorchester, Mass.; Gen.
Sec, Morris H. Tubiash, Dorchester, Mass.
IOTA ALPHA PI SORORITY
Org. 1902. OFFICE: Chalfonte Hotel, New York City.
Convention, Dec. 20-25, 1930, New York City.
Chapters in United States and Canada, 700.
PURPOSE: TO establish and maintain a Society among women who
are members of colleges or universities, and to maintain a scholarship
fund for needy students at the various universities.
OFFICERS: Dean, Amelie Spiegel Rothschild; Treas., Elva W. Slate,
N. Y. C.; Sec, Lucie Schumer.
JEWISH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.
Org. Feb. 12, 1900. OFFICE: 301 E. 14th, New York City.
Thirty-first Annual Meeting, Feb. 10, 1931, New York City.
BRANCH OFFICES: Chicago, 111.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Ellenville, N. Y.
PURPOSE: The encouragement of farming among Jews in the United
States.
OFFICERS: Pres., Lewis L. Strauss; Vice-Pres., Eugene S. Benjamin;
Treas., Francis F. Rosenbaum; Sec, Reuben Arkush, N. Y. C ; General
Manager, Gabriel Davidson.
JEWISH CHAUTAUQUA SOCIETY
Org. April 29, 1893. OFFICE: 1305 Stephen Girard Bldg., 21 S. 12th,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Forty-second Assembly, Dec. 25-29, 1929, Buffalo, N. Y.
Members, 4,000.
OFFICERS: Chancellor, Louis Wolsey, Phila., Pa.; Vice-Chancellors
Harry W. Ettelson, Memphis, Tenn.; Louis Mann, Chicago, 111.; Hon
Pres., Abram I. Elkus, N. Y. C ; Pres., Arthur A. Fleisher, Phila., Pa.
Vice-Pres., Joseph J. Greenberg, Phila., Pa.; Marvin Nathan, Phila.
Pa.; Treas., Emil Selig, Phila., Pa.; Sec, Jeannette Miriam Goldberg.
JEWISH CONSUMPTIVE, AND EX-PATIENTS RELIEF
ASSOCIATION OF CALIFORNIA
Org. Sept. 28, 1912. OFFICE: 411 Lincoln Bldg., 742 South Hill, Los
Angeles, Cal.
Sanatorium at Duarte, Cal., and Ex-Patients Home at Belvedere, Cal.
Auxiliary Societies, 32. Members, 75,000.
PURPOSE: TO maintain a sanatorium of 150 beds for treatment of
pulmonary tuberculosis, and Ex-Patients Home of 60 beds, providing
after-care for those discharged from the Sanatorium as "quiescent."
OFFICERS: Pres., Moses I. De Vorkin; Vice-Pres., AbrahamHor-

witz, Joseph A. Rosenkranz, Harry Sherr; Fin. Sec, Samuel Tierman;
Treas., Irving H. Hellman; Exec. Dir., Abr. Shohan, Los Angeles, Cal.
JEWISH CONSUMPTIVES' RELIEF SOCIETY OF DENVER
Org. Jan. 2, 1904. Inc. June 25, 1904. Denver, Colo.
Contributors, 100,000. Capacity, sanatorium, 300 beds.
Auxiliary Societies, 11.
Publishes: The Hatikvah; and J.C.R.S. Bulletin.
OFFICERS: Pres., Philip Hillkowitz. 236 Metropolitan Bldg.; Vice-
Pres., I. Rude; H. J. Schwartz; Jos. Durst; Treas., Louis Stern; Sec,
Lewis I. Miller; Asst. Sec, Ben Friedland, P. O. Box 537.
JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION

Org. Oct. 1, 1922. OFFICE: 40 West 68th, New York City.
PURPOSE: A school of training for the Jewish Ministry, Research
and Community Service. Graduate School and Department of Ad-
vanced Studies.
Incorporated in the State of New York—invested funds, $500,000.
Library—35,000 volumes; 6,500 pamphlets.
Sixth Commencement, May 24, 1931; Graduates, 5; total number of
graduates, 47.
Students, 63.
OFFICERS: Pres., Stephen S. Wise; Chairman Bd. of Trustees, Julian
W. Mack; Treas., H. M. Kaufman; Asst. Treas., Frederick L. Guggen-
heimer; Hon. Sec, Nathan Straus, Jr.; Sec, Gertrude Adelstein;
Bursar, J. X. Cohen.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES: Julian W. Mack, Abram I. Elkus, Mrs. Norman
S. Goetz, Sidney E. Goldstein, Richard Gottheil, N. Y. C ; M. E.
Greenebaum, Chicago, 111.; Albert M. Greenfield, Phila., Pa.; Frederick
L. Guggenheimer, N. Y. C; Joseph Hagedorn, Phila., Pa.; Walter S.
Hilborn, N. Y. C ; Edmund I. Kaufmann, Washington, D. C ; H. M.
Kaufmann, N. Y. C ; Louis Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Geo. A. Kohut,
Leon Lauterstein, N. Y. C.; Gerson B. Levi, Chicago, 111.; Joseph M.
Levine, Louis I. Newman, N. Y. C ; Mrs. Sol. Rosenbloom, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Nathan Straus, Jr., Joseph Stroock, Israel N. Thurman, Albert
Valensi, Samuel Wasserman, Stephen S. Wise, N. Y. C.
FACULTY: President and Professor of Practical Theology and Hom-
iletics, Stephen S. Wise, Ph.D., LL.D. (Columbia); Professor of Ethics
and Philosophy of Religion, Henry Slonimsky, Ph.D. (Marburg); Dean
and Asst. Professor of Hebrew, Harry S. Lewis, M.A. (Cambridge
University); Professor of Bible and Semitic Philosophy, Julian J.
Obermann, Ph.D. (University of Vienna); Professor of Talmud, Chaim
Tchernowitz, Ph.D. (Wurzburg); Professor in Social Service, Sidney E.
Goldstein, B.A. (University of Cincinnati); Professor of Hebrew and
Literature, Nisson Touroff, Ph.D. (Lausanne); Professor of History,
Salo Baron, Ph.D. (University of Vienna); Assoc. Professor in Hebrew
Language and Literature and Acting Librarian, Shalom Spiegel, Ph.D.
(Vienna); Asst. Professor in Bible and Hellenistic Literature, Ralph
Marcus, Ph.D (Columbia).
INSTRUCTORS: Instructor in Music, Abraham W. Binder; Instructor

in Public Speaking, Windsor P. Daggett, Ph.D.; Honorary Instructor in
Talmud, Moses Marcus.
LECTURERS: Samson Benderly, B.A. (American University of Beirut);
Isaac B. Berkson, M.A., Ph.D. (Columbia); Homiletics, Nathan Krass,
B. H. L., Litt. D.; Louis I. Newman, Ph.D. (Columbia); Jewish Liter-
ature and Philosophy, Harry A. Wolfson, Ph.D. (Harvard).
LIBRARY STAFF: Acting Librarian, Shalom Spiegel; Asst. Librarian,
Isaac Kiev; Clerk, Mary Nover Kiev.
DIRECTOR OF FIELD ACTIVITIES: Morton M. Berman.
SECRETARY: Gertrude Adelstein.
JEWISH MENTAL HEALTH SOCIETY

Org. 1925. OFFICE: 9 E. 40th, New York City.
Members, 700.
PURPOSE: TO establish and maintain a hospital (Hastings Hillside
Hospital) to be devoted to the medical or surgical care and treatment
of persons suffering from incipient and curable mental and nervous
disorders, and the prevention of insanity.
OFFICERS: Pres., Israel Strauss; Vice-Pres., Irving Blumenthal;
Treas., Arthur Frankenstein; Sec, Mrs. Marcus Loewenstein.
JEWISH MINISTERS CANTORS' ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA
Org. June 1, 1900. OFFICE: 945 Fox, New York City.
Members, 400.
PURPOSE: TO uplift the profession and give aid to cantors in need
and to their families.
OFFICERS: Pres., Jacob Rapaport; Vice-Pres., Maurice Erstling;
Sec, Louis D. Wein; Treas., M. Aranoff, N. Y. C.
JEWISH NATIONAL WORKERS' ALLIANCE OF AMERICA

Org. 1912. OFFICE: 189 Second Ave., New York City.
Twelfth Biennial Convention, May 17-21, 1930, Montreal, Can.
Branches, 139. Members, 7,615.
PURPOSE: Fraternal, Social, Beneficial, and Educational Order.
OFFICERS: Pres., Meyer L. Brown; Vice-Pres., I. Applebaum; Treas.,
Nathan Zvirin; Sec, Louis Segal, N. Y. C.
JEWISH PALESTINE EXPLORATION SOCIETY

(American Committee)
Members, 306.
PURPOSE: Conducts extensive excavations in special localities in
Palestine under the joint supervision of the Jewish Palestine Exploration
Society and the Hebrew University.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Elisha M. Friedman, N. Y. C ; Vice-Chairman,
Rabbi D. de Sola Pool; Treas., Arthur L. Malkenson; Sec, J. Max
Weis, N. Y. C.
JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA

Org. June, 1888. OFFICE: S. E. Cor. Broad and Spring Garden,
Philadelphia, Pa.
For the Report of the Forty-third Year of The Jewish Publication
Society of America, see p. 403.
JEWISH SABBATH ALLIANCE OF AMERICA, INC.

Twenty-fifth Anniversary Meeting, May 18, 1930, New York City,
PURPOSE: TO promote the observance of the Seventh Day Sabbath
in every possible way and manner. To secure employment for Seventh,
Day Observers where they need not desecrate the Sabbath. To protect
and defend the Seventh Day observing storekeepers against the strict
Sunday Laws, always working to secure proper exemption for them
under such laws.
OFFICERS: Pres., Bernard Drachman; Vice-Pres., Isser Reznik;
Treas., R. L. Savitzky; Exec. Sec, Wm. Rosenberg, 302 E. 14th,
N. Y. C.
JEWISH SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY POALE ZION OF UNITED

STATES AND CANADA
Org. 1905. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.
Seventeenth Convention, Oct. 23-27, 1929, Buffalo, N. Y.
Members, 5,000.
PURPOSE: TO rebuild Palestine as a Jewish Homeland on socialistic
bases, to participate in the labor movement in America, and to maintain
educational institutions for Jewish youth in America.
OFFICERS: General Sec, B. Locker; Treas., S. Siegel, N. Y. C.
JEWISH THEATRICAL GUILD OF AMERICA, INC.

Members, 2,000.
PURPOSE: Perpetuating Judaism in the theatre; to aid sick and unfor-
tunate; to build memorial hall.
OFFICERS: Pres., William Morris, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Eddie Cantor,
Hollywood, Cal.; George Jessel, S. Silverman, N. Y. C.; Treas., Hugo
Riesenfeld; Sec, Harry Cooper; Fin. Sec, Fred Block; Field Sec, L.
Haskell, 200 W. 90th St., N. Y. C.
JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA

Org. 1886. NEW BUILDINGS: Broadway to 122d and 123d; OFFICE
AND RABBINICAL DEPARTMENT: 531 VV. 123rd, New York City.
Incorporated in State of New York. Invested Funds for Seminary,
$4,078,167.35 inclusive of Brush Foundation and New Building Funds
for Teachers' Institute, $310,276.90; for Library, $544,048.07. Library:
Printed volumes, 105,000; Manuscripts, 6,000.'
Thirty-seventh Commencement, June 7, 1931.
Graduates, Seminary, 23. Total number of graduates, Seminary,

254. Graduates, Teachers' Institute, Teachers' Training Course, in
1931, 34. - s -
Extension Course, in 1931, 2.
Whole number of graduates, Teachers Institute, Teachers' Training
Course, 440, Teachers' Institute, Extension Course, 62.
OFFICERS OF THE BOARD: Chairman Board of Directors, Sol. M.
Stroock; Hon. Sec, Henry S. Hendricks; Treas., Arthur Oppenheimer;
Assoc. Treas., Lewis L. Strauss, N. Y. C.
DIRECTORS (for life): Adolph Lewisohn, Felix M. Warburg, Sol. M.
Stroock, Irving Lehman, Israel Unterberg, N. Y. C.; Philip S. Henry,
Asheville, N. C.; Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Henry A. Dix, N. Y.
C ; (Term expiring 1932): Max Drob, William Fischman, Lewis L.
Strauss, N. Y. C.; Harry Friedenwald, Baltimore, Md. (Term expiring
1933): William Prager, N. Y. C ; William Gerstley, Philadelphia, Pa.;
(Term expiring 1934): Arthur Oppenheimer, Jacob Kohn, Henry S.
Hendricks, N. Y. C.; J. Solis-Cohen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Isidor S. Morri-
son, Milton Rubin, N. Y. C.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE: Sol. M. Stroock, Chairman; Cyrus Adler,
Felix M. Warburg.
FACULTY: President, Cyrus Adler, Ph.D. (Johns Hopkins); Professor
of Talmud, Louis Ginzberg, Ph.D. (Heidelberg); Professor of History,
Alexander Marx, Ph.D. (Koenigsberg); Professor of Homiletics, Mor-
decai M. Kaplan, M.A. (Columbia); William Prager, Professor of
Mediaeval Hebrew Literature, Israel Davidson, Ph.D. (Columbia);
Professor of Codes, Moses Hyamson, B.A., LL.D. (University of
London); Sabato Morais Professor of Biblical Literature and Exegesis,
Jacob Hoschander, Ph.D. (Marburg); Associate Professor of Hebrew,
Morris D. Levine, M.A. (Columbia); Associate Professor of Theology
(Solomon Schechter Foundation), Louis Finkelstein, Ph.D. (Columbia);
Instructor, Boaz Cohen, Ph.D. (Columbia); Instructor in Hazanuth,
Israel Goldfarb, B.S. (Columbia); Hazan, M. Jacobson; Instructor in
Public Speaking, Walter O. Robinson.
REGISTRAR: Israel Davidson.
SECRETARY: JosejJIh B. Abrahams.
LIBRARY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF AMERICA, Incor-
porated in State of New York, 1924.
OFFICERS OF THE LIBRARY BOARD: Pres., [Vacant]; Vice-Pres.,
Cyrus Adler; Hon. Sec, Sol. M. Stroock; Treas., Arthur Oppenheimer;
Assoc. Treas., Lewis L. Strauss.
DIRECTORS OF LIBRARY: Cyrus Adler, Philadelphia, Pa.; Louis
Bamberger, Newark, N. J.; William Gerstley, Philadelphia, Pa.; Irving
Lehman, Mortimer L. Schiff, Felix M. Warburg, Sol. M. Stroock,
N. Y. C ; A. S. W. Rosenbach, Philadelphia, Pa.; Max Drob, N. Y. C.
LIBRARY STAFF: Librarian, Alexander Marx; Assistant Librarian,
Boaz Cohen; Cataloguers, Israel Shapiro, Saul Gittelsohn, Isaac Riv-
kind; Assistants in Library, Michael Shapiro, Abraham Duker; Loan
Department, Mary Fried; Secretary to Librarian, Anna Kleban.
TEACHERS INSTITUTE: Dean, Mordecai M. Kaplan. Instructors:
Morris D. Levine, Joseph Bragin, Paul Chertoff, Zevi Scharfstein,
Joshua Ovsay, I. S. Chipkin, Hillel Bavli, Benjamin Silk, S. E. Gold-
farb, Samuel Dinin, Morris Schussheim, Robert Gordis, David W.

Pearlman, S. Pollack, Isaac Silberschlag, K. W. Whiteman, Ari A. Kutai,
Reuben Leaf, Judith Kaplan, Simha Rubinstein, Max Slavin, Anna
Grossman, Joshua H. Neumann, Miriam Ephraim.
COMMITTEE ON TEACHERS INSTITUTE: Chairman, Sol. M. Stroock,
Cyrus Adler, Mordecai M. Kaplan, Irving Lehman, Israel Unterberg,
Felix M. Warburg.
JEWISH VALOR LEGION
Org. Feb. 1921. OFFICE: 1775 Broadway, New York City.
Members, 638.
PURPOSE: Welfare of the Ex-Service men of Jewish faith; compilation
of records of Jewish soldiers in American army in World War.
OFFICERS: Commander, Sydney G. Gumpertz; Sr. Vice-Commander,
Benjamin Kaufman; Jr. Vice-Commander, Herman Bush; Adjutant,
Nat. P. Ruditsky, N. Y. C.
JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE UNITED STATES
Org. 1894, Inc. 1920. OFFICE: 18 Tremont, Boston, Mass.
Annual Convention, July 3-6, 1930, Providence, R. I.
Next Annual Convention, July 2-5, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.
Posts, 31. Members, 20,000.
PURPOSE: TO maintain allegiance to the United States of America;
To uphold the fair name of the Jew; To foster comradeship; To aid
needy comrades and their families; To preserve the records of patriotic
service of Jews; To honor the memory and shield from neglect the graves
of our heroic dead.
OFFICERS: Past Commanders-in-Chief, Maurice Simmons, N. Y. C ;
Morris J. Mendelsohn, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Julius S. Berg, N. Y. C ;
Cammander-in-Chief, Harold Seidenberg, Boston, Mass.; Senior Vice-
Commander-in-Chief, Herman M. Davis, Providence, R. I.; Junior
Vice-Commander-in-Chief, David M. Goldberg, Cleveland, Ohio;
Judge Advocate General, Saul Adelman, N. Y. C.; Surgeon General,
Herman J. Ballen, N. Y. C ; Adjutant General, William Berman,
Boston, Mass.; Quartermaster General, Jacob Reitzfeld, N. Y. C ;
Chaplain-in-Chief, Rabbi Abraham Nowak, Cleveland, Ohio; Honorary
Chaplain-in-Chief, Rabbi Edward Lissman, N. Y. C.; Chief of Staff,
Maxwell Cohen, Boston, Mass.; National Liaison Officer, Edward M.
Rodin, N. Y. C ; Editor-in-Chief, Abraham Millen, Boston, Mass.
JEWISH WELFARE BOARD

Amalgamated with Council of Young Men's Hebrew and Kindred
Associations, July 1, 1921.
Affiliated National Organizations, 15. State and Regional Organiza-
tions, 6. Constituent Societies, 254.
PURPOSE: TO stimulate the organization and to assist in the activities
of Jewish Community Centers, including Young Men's Hebrew Asso-
ciations, Young Women's Hebrew Associations, and kindred organiza-
tions, and to co-operate with similar bodies in the development of
Judaism and good citizenship. To promote the welfare of soldiers, sailors

and marines in the service of the United States and disabled veterans
and especially to provide for men of the Jewish faith in the Army and
Navy adequate opportunity for religious worship and hospitality of
Jewish communities adjacent to military and naval posts.
OFFICERS: Pres., Irving Lehman, N. Y. C : Vice-Pres., Felix M.
Warburg, N. Y. C ; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Jacob K. Newman,
N. Y. C ; M. C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Sec, Joseph Rosenzweig,
N. Y. C ; Treas., Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, N. Y. C.; Exec. Dir.,Harry
L. Glucksman.
KAPPA NU FRATERNITY
Org. June 12, 1911. OFFICE: 33 Tyler, Rochester, N. Y.
Fourteenth Annual Convention, Dec, 1930—Jan. 2, 1931, Boston,
Mass.
Chapters, 15. Members, 1,500.
PURPOSE: A Greek-letter brotherhood for college men of Jewish
consciousness.
OFFICERS: Pres., Garson Meyer, Rochester, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Milton
Greenebaum, Saginaw, Mich.; Treas., Goodman Sarachan, Rochester,
N. Y.; Sec, Harry K. Herschman, Washington, D. C.
LAMBDA DELTA BETA FRATERNITY

OFFICE: 1215 Swetland Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio.
OFFICERS: Chancellor, A. L. Glaser; Vice-Chancellor,F. H. Feingold;
Bursar, Benjamin Kasner; Master of Scrolls, H. Bluffstone; Bailiff, H.
C. Wedren.
LEAGUE FOR SAFEGUARDING THE FIXITY OF THE

SABBATH AGAINST POSSIBLE ENCROACHMENT
BY CALENDAR REFORM
Org. 1929. OFFICE: 1459 Lexington Ave., New York City.
Constituent Organizations, 55.
OFFICERS: Pres., Moses Hyamson; Vice-Pres., Sol. Bloom, Bernard
Drachman, M. S. Margolies, Albert Ottinger, Abram Simon, Stephen
S. Wise; Chairm. of Executive Committee, William Lieberman; Treas.,
Harry Schneiderman; Sec, Isaac Rosengarten.
LEO N. LEVI MEMORIAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION

Org. 1911. OFFICE: Hot Springs, Ark.
Maintains the Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital.
Members, 1,500.
OFFICERS: Pres., A. B. Frey, St. Louis, Mo.; Hon. Vice-Pres., Dan
Daniel, Shreveport, La.; Vice-Pres., J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex.; Treas.,
D. Burgauer, Hot Springs, Ark.; Sec, A. B. Rhine, Hot Springs, Ark.;
Chairman, Bd. of Managers, M. Klyman, Hot Springs, Ark.
THE MENORAH ASSOCIATION, INC.

Org. Dec. 29, 1929. OFFICE: 63 Fifth Ave., New York City.
PURPOSE: The study and advancement of Jewish culture and ideals.
BOARD OF GOVERNORS: Honorary: Judge Irving Lehman; Chairman
of the Board, Frederick F. Greenman; Treas., S. W. Straus; Chancellor,
Henry Hurwitz; Sec, Harry Starr, N. Y. C.
INTERCOLLEGIATE MENORAH ASSOCIATION
Org. January 2, 1913.
Societies, 51.
PURPOSE: The study and advancement of Jewish culture and ideals
in the colleges and universities of the United States and Canada.
OFFICERS: Chancellor, Henry Hurwitz; Pres., Theodore H. Gordon;
Vice-Pres., L. E. Abremovich, Dorothy C. Adelson, Herzl Friedlaender,
Lewis H. Weinstein; Sec.-Treas., Bernard J. Reis; Corr. Sec, Frances
Grossel.
MENORAH EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE
Org. Dec. 29, 1918, and composed of University teachers.
PURPOSE: TO foster and guide Menorah education in American col-
leges and universities and among university graduates and other men
and women in the general community interested in Jewish culture and
ideals.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Prof. Nathan Isaacs, Harvard University,
School of Business; Vice-Chairman, Prof. Wm. Popper, University of
California; Sec.-Treas., Adolph S. Oko, Hebrew Union College Library.
THE MIZRACHI ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA
Org. June 5, 1912. CENTRAL BUREAU: 31 Union Sq., New York City.
Convention, Oct. 26-28, 1930, Baltimore, Md.
Members, 20,000. Organizations, 298.
PURPOSE: Rehabilitation of Palestine in the spirit of Jewish Torah
and Traditions. Fundamental principle: The land of Israel, for the
people of Israel, in the spirit of the Law of Israel.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Gedalia Bublick; Vice-
Pres., E. Inselbuch, Wolf Gold; Treas., Max Nadler.
MIZRACHI YOUTH OF AMERICA (MIZRACHI HATZOIR)
Org. May, 1920. OFFICE: 31 Union Sq., New York City.
Tenth Annual Convention, May 30—June 1, 1931, New York City.
Members, 3,500.
PURPOSE: TO organize groups of the Jewish youth, both senior and
junior, to spread Judaism and a love for Jewish knowledge, to acquaint
the Jewish youth with the national aspirations of the Jews, and to
strive for the rehabilitation of Palestine in accordance with Jewish
traditions on the basis of Torah V'avodah, Torah and Labor.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Meyer Berlin; Pres., Isidore Epstein; Vice-
Pres., Eva Aronson, Max Hagler, Harry Karp; Treas., Benj. L. Hillson;
Sec, Jennie Kottler.
MU SIGMA FRATERNITY
Org. 1906, Inc., 1925. OFFICE: 300 Riverside Drive, New York City.
Twenty-fourth Annual Convention, Dec. 24-26,1930, New York City.
Twenty-fifth Annual Convention, Dec. 26-27, 1931, New York City.
OFFICERS: Grand Lumen, Jerome S. Lippe, N. Y. C ; Grand Filium,
Herbert Pick, Newark, N. J.; Grand Fiscus, Samuel Peckerman, N. Y.
C ; Grand Scriba, Michael Kaplan, N. Y. C ; Grand Ossa, Norman
Herzig, N. Y. C ; Grand Ora, Lester Lasker, Jersey City, N. J.; Grand
Co-ordinator, Daniel Schonfeld, Jamaica, L. I.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF JEWISH COMMUNITY
CENTER SECRETARIES
Twelfth Annual Convention, June 4-7, 1930, Boston, Mass.
Thirteenth Annual Convention, June 7-10, 1931, Camp Scopus, Lake
George, N. Y.
Members, 150.
PURPOSE: TO foster and develop an interest in Jewish Center work
and to promote friendly and helpful relations among Jewish Community
Center workers.
OFFICERS: Pres., E. J. Londow, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Maurice
Bisgyer, Washington, D. C.; M. H. Chaseman, Albany, N. Y.; Wm.
Pinsker, Savannah, Ga.; Rose Sugarman, Columbus, Ohio; Sec.-Treas.,
Wm. Cohen, 4910 14th Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
NATIONAL CANTORS AND MINISTERS LEAGUE
Org. 1928. OFFICE: 104 2nd Ave., New York City.
Annual Convention, July 20, 1929, New York City.
Members, 175.
PURPOSE: TO organize all cantors, to open first Cantors Seminary.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Zeidel Rovner; Director, Asher Chassin; Sec,
Isadore Schoen; Chairman Board of Directors, A. Ch. Landman.
NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE
Org. 1899 as National Conference of Jewish Charities in the United
States. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.
Thirty-second Annual Conference, June 13-15, 1931, Minneapolis,
Minn.
Members, 250. Societies, 500 individuals.
PURPOSE: TO discuss the problems of Jewish social work, to promote
reforms in its administration and to provide uniformity of action and
co-operation in all matters pertaining to the development of Jewish
philanthropic and communal activities, without, however, interfering
with the local work of any constituent society.
OFFICERS: Pres., Philip L. Seman, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Pres., Mary E.
Boretz, N. Y. C.; Hyman Kaplan, San Francisco, Cal.; Dudley D.
Sicher, N. Y. C ; Sec, George W. Rabinoff, N. Y. C ; Treas., Ferdinand
S. Bach, St. Louis, Mo.
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR JEWISH EDUCATION

OFFICE: Room 407, 330 S. 9th, Philadelphia, Pa.
PURPOSE: TO further the creation of a profession of Jewish education,
to improve the quality of Jewish instruction, and to develop professional
standards in Jewish education.
OFFICERS: Pres., Alexander M. Dushkin, Chicago, 111.; Treas., B.
Isaacs, Detroit, Mich.; Sec, Mordecai Soltes, N. Y. C ; Executive Com-
mittee: I. Abrams, Pittsburgh, Pa.; S, Benderly; I. S. Chipkin, N. Y. C ;
B. Edidin, Buffalo, N. Y.; A. H. Friedland, Cleveland, Ohio; E. Gam-
oran; Jacob S. Golub, Cincinnati, Ohio; L. L. Honor, Chicago, 111.;
L. Hurwich, Boston, Mass.; M. M. Kaplan; J. B. Pollak, N. Y. C ; B.
Rosen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Z. H. Scharfstein; A. P. Schoolman, N. Y. C ;
Publishes Jewish Education.
NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN

Org. Sept. 1893. OFFICE: 625 Madison Ave., New York City.
Twelfth Triennial Convention, Jan., 1930, Los Angeles, Cal.
Sections, 232, Junior Auxiliaries, 84.
The Council and its Sections are engaged in Religious, Social Welfare,
Civic and Educational Work. Its activities are promoted through
Departments of Civics and Community Co-operation, Education,
Extension and Field Service, Farm and Rural Work, Finance and Bud-
get, Service for Foreign-Born, Junior Auxiliaries, Legislation, Peace,
Religion and Religious Education, Social Service, and Vocational Guid-
ance and Employment. Official publication, "The Jewish Woman,"
issued quarterly, Estelle M. Sternberger, Editor-in-Chief.
OFFICERS: (1929-1932) Pres., Mrs. Joseph E. Friend, 1807 Palmer
Ave., New Orleans, La.; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. Alvin L. Bauman, St.
Louis, Mo.; Second Vice-Pres., Mrs. Arthur Brin, Minneapolis, Minn.;
Third Vice-Pres., Mrs. Sydney M. Cone, Pikesville, Md.; Treas., Mrs.
Nathan Eisenmann, New Orleans, La.; Rec. Sec, Mrs. I. K. E. Prager,
Boston, Mass.; Exec. Sec, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger, 625 Madison
Ave., N. Y. C.
NATIONAL FARM SCHOOL

Inc. April 10, 1896. SCHOOL AND FARMS: Farm School, Bucks Co., Pa.
OFFICE: 1701 Walnut, Philadelphia, Pa.
Thirty-third Annual Meeting, Oct. 12, 1930, Farm School, Bucks
Co., Pa.
Thirty-first Annual Graduation, March 22, 1931.
PURPOSE: TO train Jewish Youth in practical and scientific agricul-
ture, and agricultural callings.
OFFICERS: Chairman Board of Trustees, Hart Blumenthal; Pres.,
Herbert D. Allman; Vice-Pres., Jos. H. Hagedorn; Treas., Isaac H.
Silverman; Sec, Miss E. M. Bellefield, 1701 Walnut, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Dean, C. L. Goodling, Farm School, Pa.
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE BROTHERHOODS

Org. 1923. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, O.
Fourth Biennial Convention, Jan. 18-21, 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.
Societies, 123.
PURPOSE: TO stimulate interest in Jewish worship, Jewish studies,
social service and other kindred activities. To co-operate with Union
of American Hebrew Congregations in its national plans.
OFFICERS: Pres., Charles P. Kramer, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Joseph L.
Kun, Philadelphia, Pa.; Wilford M. Newman, Chicago, 111.; Treas.,
Albert C. Weihl, Cincinnati, Ohio; Exec. Sec, George Zepin, Cincinnati,
Ohio; Asst. Exec. Sec, Louis I. Egelson, Cincinnati, Ohio: Arthur L.
Reinhart, Cincinnati, Ohio.
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE SISTERHOODS

Org. Jan. 1913. OFFICE: Merchants' Bldg., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Ninth Biennial Assembly, Jan., 1931, Philadelphia, Pa.
Societies, 342.
PURPOSE: Closer co-operation between the various Sisterhoods.
The work of the Federation is conducted under the following Commit-
tees: Co-operation, Religion, Religious Schools, Propaganda, Scholar-
ships, Union Museum, Uniongrams, and State or District Federations,
Student Activities, Peace, Literature for Jewish Sightless and Young
Folk's Temple Leagues, I. M. Wise Memorial Programs.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Abram Simon, Washington, D. C ; Pres.,
Mrs. Maurice Steinfeld, St. Louis, Mo.; First Vice-Pres., Mrs. Henry
Nathan, Buffalo, N. Y.; Second Vice-Pres., Mrs. Adolph Rosenberg,
Cincinnati, O.; Third Vice-Pres., Mrs. Albert J. May, N. Y. C ;
Fourth Vice-Pres., Mrs. David Lefkowitz, Dallas, Texas; Rec. Sec,
Mrs. Joseph Stolz, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Mrs. Jos. M. Herman, Boston,
Mass.; Parliamentarian, Mrs. Ben Loewenstein; Exec. Sec, Helen L.
Strauss, Cincinnati, O.
NATIONAL HOME FOR JEWISH CHILDREN AT DENVER

Org. June 12, 1907. OFFICE: West 19th Ave., at Julian St.,
Denver, Colo.
Annual Convention, May 3, 1931, Denver, Colo.
Members, 85,000.
Auxiliary Societies, 15.
PURPOSE: TO shelter children of tuberculous parents, who come to
Denver seeking restoration of health.
OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. J. N. Lorber; Vice-Pres., Mrs. B. Willens, Mrs.
S. Francis, Mrs. M. Lifshutz; Fin. Sec, Louis Stern; Treas., Samuel
Isaacson; all of Denver, Colo.; National Exec. Dir., Wm. R. Blumen-
thal, 907 Flatiron Bldg., N. Y. C.
NATIONAL JEWISH HOSPITAL AT DENVER

Org. Dec. 10, 1899. OFFICE: 3800 E. Colfax Ave., Denver, Colo.
Thirtieth Annual Meeting, June 14, 1931, Portland, Ore.
Contributors, 125,000 Individuals; 75 Federations; 200 Lodges

and Societies. Capacity, 350; buildings, 16. Collected (1929-1930)
$402,037.53.
Patients treated to July 1, 1930, 6,500.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Louis D. Beaumont, N. Y. C.; Pres., Wm. S.
Friedman, Denver, Colo.; Vice-Pres., Harry H. Lapidus, Omaha, Neb.;
Morton May, St. Louis, Mo.; B. Flesher, Denver, Colo.; Herman Wile,
Buffalo, N. Y.; Harmon August, N. Y. C.; E. J. Schanfarber, Columbus,
O.; Treas., Ben. Altheimer; Asst. Treas., Paul Felix Warburg, N. Y. C ;
Sec, Mrs. C. Pisko, 3800 E. Colfax Ave., Denver, Colo.; National
Supervisor, Samuel Schaefer, Denver, Colo.
NATIONAL LEGAL FRATERNITY LAMBDA ALPHA PHI

Org. 1919. OFFICE: 1000 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Newark, N. J.
Annual Convention, August, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.
Members, 400.
PURPOSE: TO inculcate in Jewish members of the Bar the highest
principles of legal ethics in order to maintain the respect of the Bench,
Bar and Public.
OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, Sidney L. Jacobi, N. Y. C.; Supreme
Vice-Chancellor, Allan Farber, Newark, N. J.; Morris Rifkin, Denver,
Colo.; Supreme Keeper of the Exchequer, David M. Engelson, N. Y. C ;
Supreme Archon, Michael G. Alenick, Newark, N. J.; Supreme Histor-
ian, Nathan Herbsman, N. Y. C.
NU BETA EPSILON FRATERNITY

Org. 1919. OFFICE: 1701 W. Madison, Chicago, 111.
Convention, May 13, 1930, Chicago, 111.
Next Convention, Dec. 26-28, 1931, Chicago, 111.
Members, 350.
PURPOSE: Greek Letter Fraternity for Jewish students at credited
Law Schools.
OFFICERS: Founder and Hon. Grand Chancellor, Barnet Hodes;
Grand Chancellor, Reginald A. Barnett; Vice-Grand Chancellor, Robt.
R. Scher; Grand Scribe, Harvey Cousens; Grand Master of Rolls, Allen
Wolf; Grand Master of Exchequer, Wm. J. Robinson; Grand Marshall,
Geo. Kaplan.
OMICRON ALPHA TAU FRATERNITY

Org. 1912. OFFICE: 535 High, Newark, New Jersey.
Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, New Brunswick, N. j .
Next Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1931, New York City.
PURPOSE: Greek-letter college fraternity for Jewish students.
OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Joseph Rubinstein, Buffalo, N. Y.;
Vice-Grand Chancellor, Seymour Bernstein, Chicago, 111.; J. J. Rosen-
berg, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Sidney C. Heyman, Newark, N. J.; Grand
Bursar, Nathan Perselay, Newark, N. J.
ORDER KNIGHTS OF JOSEPH

Org. Feb. 14, 1896. OFFICE: 1122 Standard Trust Bldg.,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Twenty-seventh Convention, Aug. 22, 1926, Buffalo, N. Y.
OFFICERS: Supreme Commander, H. A. Rocker, Cleveland, O.; First
Supreme Vice-Commander, A. Fishman, Chicago, 111.; Second Supreme
Vice-Commander, L. Gottlieb, Buffalo, N. Y.; Third Supreme Vice-
Commander, Max Lazaer, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Sec, D. J. Zinner,
Cleveland, 0.; Supreme Treas., Jos. C. Bloch, Cleveland, O.; Endow-
ment Treas., A. Silberman, Cleveland, O.
ORDER SONS OF ZION

Org. April 19, 1908. OFFICE: 1133 Broadway, New York City.
Twenty-second Annual Convention, June 20-22, 1931, Long Branch,
N. J.
Camps, 55. Members, 3,206.
PURPOSE: Fraternal and Zionistic.
OFFICERS: Nasi, Isaac Allen; Segan Rishon, Jacob I. Steinberg;
Segan Sheni, Bernard Hollander; Gisbor, David Podolsky; Maskir,
Louis Weiss; Counsel, Alazar Kushner; Chief Medical Examiner,
Solomon Neumann.
ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS

Org. Nov. 15, 1915. OFFICE: 5 Columbus Circle, New York City.
Quinquennial Convention, October, 1930, New York City.
Members, 5,000.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, Meyer Greenberg, 5 Columbus Circle;
Vice-Grand Master, Samuel Hirsh; First Deputy Grand Master, Alb.
Halle; Grand Sec, Kallman Flus, N. Y. C.
ORT RECONSTRUCTION FUND

Organized 1924, and affiliated with the American Ort.
OFFICE: 220 5th Ave., New York City.
PURPOSE: TO reconstruct the lives of the Jews of Eastern Europe in
co-operation with the various national governments, by extending long
term credit to the Jews for the purchase of machines and tools of trade:
by extending similar credits to relatives in America and elsewhere who
wish to help their kin in Eastern Europe by purchasing machines for
them; by opening and conducting trade schools for Jews, both young
and adult, and helping to place the graduates in permanent positions;
and by helping to establish Jewish families on farms and furnishing
them, on credit, with the necessary farm machinery and seeds.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Adolph Lewisohn; Pres., Howard S. Cullman;
Treas., Paul Felix Warburg; Hon. Sec, Herman Bernstein; Chairman
Exec. Com., Henry Moskowitz.
PHI ALPHA FRATERNITY, INC.

Org. 1914. OFFICE: 110 E. Lexington, Baltimore, Md.
Sixteenth Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1930—Jan. 1, 1931, Boston,
Mass.
PURPOSE: Jewish student fraternal relationships in certain American
Colleges and Universities where established.
OFFICERS: Pres., Maurice Levitan, Washington, D. C ; Vice-Pres.,
Herbert Robinson, Cambridge, Mass.; Deputy Vice-Pres., Percy Car-
mel, Hampton, Va.; Milton Klein, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Joseph Leyinson,
Chicago, 111.; Isidore A. Lobel, Brookline, Mass.; Manuel M. Steinberg,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Alfred L. Tuvin, Baltimore, Md.; Sec, Alexander
Goodman, Baltimore, Md.; Asst. Sec, Milford F. Schwartz, Washing-
ton, D. C ; Treas., Sigmund Danzansky, Washington, D. C ; Sergeant
at Arms, Ellis L. Arenson, Baltimore, Md.; Editor, Emanuel Emroch,
Richmond, Va.
PHI BETA DELTA FRATERNITY

Convention, Dec. 26-28, 1930, Atlantic City, N. J.
Members, 2,100. Chapters, 28; Alumni Clubs, 10.
OFFICERS: Pres., Isaac Marks, Jr., N. Y. C ; Eastern Vice-Pres.,
Isadore S. Wachs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Western Yice-Pres., Graham
Susman, Denver, Colo.; Sec, Harold Baer, N. Y. C.; Treas., David
Baumgarten, N. Y. C ; Historian, Harry Kalker, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Delegates; Aurel Rosin, Arcadia, Fla.; Samuel V. Goldfarb, Los Angeles,
Cal.; Louis Winer, Hammond, Ind.; Leonard Jacobs, N. Y. C ; Norman
Bierman, St. Louis, Mo.
*THE PHI BETA FRATERNITY

Org. 1920. OFFICE: 111-11 Liberty Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I.
Tenth Annual Convention, Aug. 25-29, 1929, Hartford, Conn.
PURPOSE: A national Jewish fraternity with chapters located in High
and Preparatory Schools, for boys meeting for educational, social and
fraternal purposes.
OFFICERS: Hon. Grand Superior, Louis L. Shapiro, Lancaster, Pa.;
Grand Superior, Harry Perlmutter, Newark, N. J.; 1st Grand Vice-
Superior, Frank Weiner, Chicago, 111.; 2nd Grand Vice-Superior, Marty
Gosch, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Secretary, Herman Cipnic, 111-11
Liberty Ave., Richmond Hill, L. I.; Grand Bursar, Edward Olderman,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Editor, Morris, J. Eschay, X. Y. C ; Grand
Marshal, David Rice, Newark, N. J.
PHI DELTA MU FRATERNITY, INC.

Org. 1920. OFFICE: 11 Park Place, New York City.
Annual Convention, Dec. 28, 1930, New York City.
Members, 300.
PURPOSE: TO promote the intellectual, social and spiritual status of

Jewish students at colleges in the United States and Canada.
OFFICERS: Chancellor, Harry Kisver; Vice-Chancellor, Jack Sperling;
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Robert C. Grossman; Historian, Ralph T.
Heymsfeld; Keeper of the Scrolls, Harold Boxer;Sec, Benjamin Levine,
1911 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
PHI EPSILON PI FRATERNITY

Org. 1904. OFFICE: 520 Lewis Tower, Philadelphia, Pa.
Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Members, 3,000.
OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Louis M. Fushan, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Grand
Vice-Superior, Jesse Acker, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Grand Treas., Emanuel
W. Wirkman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Secretary, Charles H. Fleish-
man, Philadelphia, Pa.; Members of Grand Council, Edward Davis,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Eugene G. Zacharias, Atlanta, Ga.
PHI LAMBDA KAPPA MEDICAL FRATERNITY

Org. 1907. OFFICE: 1941 S. 9th, Philadelphia, Pa.
Next Convention, Dec. 25-27, 1931, Cleveland, O.
Members, 1,600.
OFFICERS: Grand Superior, J. Allen Yager, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe,
Wm. Steinberg, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand Guardian Exchequer, I. Wm.
Gash, Philadelphia, Pa.
PHI SIGMA DELTA FRATERNITY

Annual Convention, Dec. 22-25, 1929, New York City.
Members, 2,000.
PURPOSE: Promote brotherhood, friendship, good-fellowship, and
good character.
OFFICERS: Pres., Benjamin A. Etler; Vice-Pres., Joseph Kruger,
Treas., Melvin L. Levi; Sec, Benjamin Potar.
PHI SIGMA SIGMA SORORITY

Org. 1913. OFFICE: 1528 Pratt Blvd., Chicago, 111.
Biennial Convention, 1930, Cincinnati, Ohio.
PURPOSE: TO create a spirit of sisterhood among its members; to
promote close friendships; to develop character; to advance justice and
to be philanthropic.
OFFICERS: Grand Archon, Belle F. Quitman, Philadelphia, Pa.; Grand
Vice-Archon, Natalie Kahn, Cincinnati, Ohio; National Tribune, Rose J.
Lidschin, Chicago, 111.; National Bursar, Gertrude A. Berson, Syracuse,
N. Y.
PI TAU PI FRATERNITY
Org. November, 1909.
Annual Conclave, Dec. 26-30, 1930. Birmingham, Ala.
Members, 600. Chapters. 30.
PURPOSE: TO bring into closer relation and promote sociability among
the Jewish young men of the country and to aid the less fortunate.
OFFICERS: Pres., Mervin A. Blach, Birmingham, Ala.; Vice-Pres.,
Edw. F. Stern, Seattle, Wash.; Treas., Gilmore G. Kahnweiler, Chicago,
111.; Sec, Rudolph M. Singer, Jr., 5400 Harper Ave., Chicago, 111.;
Editor, Roy G. Rosenthal, Seattle, Wash.; Historian, Yale S. Kroloff,
Omaha, Neb.; Chaplain, Philip D. Bookstaber, Harrisburg, Pa.; Senior
Counsellor, Irvin M. Shlenker, Monroe La.; Junior Counsellor, Moe
Tonkon, Portland, Ore.; Past Pres., Theo. M. Rotschild, Evansville,
Ind.
PROBUS CLUB NATIONAL
Org. 1926. OFFICE: Worcester, Mass.
Members, 500.
PURPOSE: TO promote and participate in communal and civic activi-
ties; to foster social and intellectual ideals; to encourage friendship
among its members in local clubs and other clubs of the organization.
OFFICERS: Pres., Allen E. Price, Worcester, Mass.; Vice-Pres., Jacob
Caplan, New Haven, Conn.; M. J. Josolowitz, Springfield, Mass.; Harry
Schwartz, Hartford, Conn.; Treas., Nathan Gruber, Hartford, Conn.;
Sec, Harry L. Shapiro, 390 Main, Worcester, Mass.
PROGRESSIVE ORDER OF THE WEST
Org. Feb. 13, 1896. OFFICE: 406-7-8 Frisco Bldg., 9th and Olive,
St. Louis, Mo.
Convention, July 21-23, 1929, Philadelphia, Pa.
Members, 10,347.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, Joseph Schiller, Chicago, 111.; Vice-Grand
Master, I. D. Goldberg, St. Louis, Mo.; Endowment Treas., Win, H.
Goldman, St. Louis, Mo.; Grand Counsellor, Louis Joffie, Chicago, 111.;
Grand Sec, Morris Shapiro, St. Louis, Mo.
RABBI ISAAC ELCHANAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY AND
YESHIVA COLLEGE
Org. 1896. Charter amended 1928, to permit the organization of the
Yeshiva College, authorized by the Regents of the University of the
State of New York to give courses leading to the degrees of B. A. and
B. S. OFFICE: 186th St. and Amsterdam Ave., New York City.
Incorporated in State of New York. Invested funds about $2,400,000.
LIBRARY: Printed volumes, 24,000, manuscripts, small collection.
Entire number of graduates, Rabbinical course, 136, Teachers'
Institute, 107.
PURPOSE: TO disseminate Jewish knowledge; to train rabbis and
teachers; to present in a Jewish atmosphere general courses leading to
degrees of B. A. and B. S.
OFFICERS: Pres., M. S. Margolies; Treas., M. Gottesman; Chairman,

Yeshiva College Council, Samuel Levy.
FACULTY: Seminary: Pres. and Professor of Codes, B. Revel, Ph.D.;
Professor of Talmud, M. Soloveitchik; Professor of Bible, Chaim Heller;
Instructors of Talmud; B. Aronowitz; A. Burack; J. Kaplan, M.A.; L.
Levin; R. Mirski; S. Olshevsky; M. Poleyeff; S. Rackovsky; J. Weill;
Prof, of Homiletics, Herbert S. Goldstein, M.A.; Asst. Prof, of Homil-
etics, Joseph H. Lookstein; Instructor of Bible, N. Klotz, Ph.D.; Asst.
Prof, of Hebrew, P. Churgin, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Jewish History,
Solomon Zeitlin, Ph.D.
LIBRARY STAFF: Librarian, S. Gandz, Ph.D.; Assistant, R. Grossman,
B.A.
REGISTRAR: Samuel L. Sar.
FACULTY: Yeshiva College: Pres., B. Revel, Ph.D.; Dean and Prof,
of Biology, S. R. Safir, Ph.D.; Instructor in German, B. Drachman,
Ph.D.; Librarian, S. Gandz, Ph.D.; Asst. Prof, of Mathematics, J.
Ginsberg, M.A.; Instructor in Physical Education, A. B. Hurwitz,
M.A.; Instructor in Chemistry, M. L. Isaacs, Ph.D.; Prof, of Jewish
Ethics, Leo Jung, Ph.D.; Lecturer in Physiology, R. Kurzrok, M.D.,
Ph.D.; Professor of Public Speaking, Erastus Palmer, M.A.; Instructor
in Psychology, B. L. Rosenbloom, M.A.; Instructor in Physics, J. R.
Silverman, Ph.D.
ASSOCIATED FACULTY: Henry E. Garrett, Ph.D., Asst. Prof, of Psy-
chology, Columbia Univ.; I. Husik, Professor of Philosophy, U. of P.;
C. F. Horne, Ph.D., Prof, of English, C. C. N. Y.; S. Liptzin, Ph.D.,
Instructor in German; Louis W. Max, Ph.D., Asst. Prof, of Psychology,
N. Y. U.; N. P. Mead, Ph.D.; Professor of History, C. C. N. Y.; J.
Pearl, Ph.D., Asst. Professor of Latin, Brooklyn, C. C. N. Y.; S. A.
Rhodes, Ph.D., Instructor in French, C. C. N. Y.; Joseph T. Shipley,
Ph.D., Instructor of English, School of Education, C. C. N. Y.
RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY OF AMERICA
Org. July 4, 1901.
Annual Convention, July 7-9, 1930, Tannersville, N. Y.
Members, 201.
OFFICERS: Pres., Israel H. Levinthal, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres.,
Jacob Kohn, N. Y. C.; Rec. Sec., Leon Lang, Newark, N. J.; Cor. Sec,
Simon Greenberg, Philadelphia, Pa.; Treas., Benj. H. Birnbaum,
Chicago, 111.
RABBINICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE HEBREW
THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE
Org. 1925. OFFICE: 3448 Douglas Blvd., Chicago, 111.
Annual Convention, Aug. 24-27, 1930, Chicago, 111.
Members, 42.
OFFICERS: Pres., Wm. Miller, 532 S. 5th, Terre Haute, Ind.; Vice-
Pres., Oscar Z. Fassman, Tulsa, Okla.; Treas., David Rosenblum, South
Haven, Mich.; Sec, Leonard C. Mishkin, New Orleans, La.
RABBINICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE YESHIVA

Org. 1921. OFFICE: 186th and Amsterdam Ave., New York City.
Annual Convention, July 8-9, 1930, New York City.
Members, 110.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Bernard Revel; Pres., Nachman H. Ebin,
Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Shepard Baum, Albany, N. Y.; A. D.
Burrack, Brooklyn, N. Y.; J. M. Charlop, N. Y. C ; Sec.-Treas., Solo-
mon Reichman, 571 E. 170th, N. Y. C ; Chairman Exec. Comm., Ben
Zion L. Rosenbloom, N. Y. C.
SEPHARDIC BROTHERHOOD OF AMERICA, INC.
Re-org. 1921. OFFICE: 20 W. 114th, New York City.
Annual Convention, April, 1931.
Members, 900. Branches, 5.
PURPOSE: TO promote the industrial, social, educational and religious
welfare of its members and to engage in philanthropic endeavors for
the welfare of Sephardic immigrants.
OFFICERS: Pres., Henry J. Perahia; Vice-Pres., Marius Pilo; Treas.,
Albert Y. Nathan; Fin. Sec, Bension Grottas; Sec, Hyman M. Nadjari.
SIGMA ALPHA MU FRATERNITY
Org. Nov. 26, 1909. OFFICE: 120 W. 44th, New York City.
Twenty-first Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1930, New York City.
Twenty-second Annual Convention, Dec. 29-31, 1931, New Orleans,
La.
Chapters: Undergraduates, 37; Alumni Clubs, 30.
Members, 3,300.
PURPOSE: Greek-letter College Fraternity for Jewish Students.
OFFICERS: Pres., Franklin A. Alter; Vice-Pres., Samuel Rabin;
Treas., Bernard W. Cohen; Sec, James C. Hammerstein; Consuls,
Harry S. Dasch, Nathan R. Feldman, Adolph M. Friedman, Allen E.
Rivkin.
SIGMA DELTA TAU SORORITY
Org. 1917. OFFICE: 25 Delham Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
Next Convention, Dec. 1932.
Chapters, 13. Members, 700.
OFFICERS: Pres., Miriam S. Levy, Philadelphia, Pa.; Vice-Pres.,
Leah A. Kartman, Chicago, 111.; Treas., Helen \Y. Morris, Columbus,
Ohio; Sec, Mildred E. Wallens, Buffalo, N. Y.
SIGMA EPSILON DELTA FRATERNITY
Org. 1901. OFFICE: 294 New York Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Convention, Dec 26-28, 1930, New York City.
Members, 700.
PURPOSE: TO promote the highest excellence in the science and art
of dentistry and its collateral branches; to bring about a closer ac-
quaintance among the student body and graduates through fraternal
co-operation.
OFFICERS: Grand Master, D. M. Arkin, N. Y. C ; Grand Chaplain,

Saul Goodman, Nutley, N. j . ; Grand Scribe, Jerome A. Boley, Brook-
lyn, N. Y.; Grand Treas., M. A. Heckler, N. Y. C ; Grand Historian,
Benj. Jacobs, Newark, N. J.
SIGMA OMEGA PSI FRATERNITY
Org. 1916. OFFICE: 2 Lafayette (Room 1013), New York City.
Chapters, 20.
Members, 1,725.
PURPOSE: Greek letter college fraternity for Jewish students and to
foster the spirit of true friendship, love and self-sacrifice and assistance to
each other.
OFFICERS: Grand Superior, Henry W. Holzman, N. Y. C ; Grand
Vice-Superior, Philip Cowin, Boston, Mass.; Grand Scribe and Comp-
troller, Frederick Katz, 2 Lafayette, N. Y. C ; Grand Conclave Rep.,
Sidney Korn, N. Y. C.
SIGMA TAU EPSILON FRATERNITY
Org. 1923. OFFICE: 1320 Park Ave., New York City.
Annual Convention, January, 1931, New York City.
Members, 450.
Chapters, 8.
PURPOSE: TO instill and inculcate the learnings of the Torah and
Jewish ideals amongst men of the Jewish faith in American colleges and
universities.
OFFICERS: Grand Chancellor, Chauncey Ingram; Grand Vice-Chan-
cellor, William H. Weiss; Grand Exchequer, Philip H. Kirschenbaum;
Grand Scribe, Robert Sokol.
SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF AMERICA
Org. 1925. OFFICE: 11 W. 42d, New York City.
Members, 36.
PURPOSE: TO take council together for the sacred purpose of preserv-
ing and fostering Judaism; composed of representatives of national,
congregational and rabbinical organizations of America for the purpose
of speaking and acting unitedly and furthering such religious interests
as the constituent organizations and the Council have in mind.
CONSTITTENT ORGANIZATIONS: The Union of Orthodox Jewish Con-
gregations of America, The Rabbinical Council of the Union of Orthodox
Jewish Congregations of America, Union of American Hebrew Congrega-
tions, Central Conference of American Rabbis, United Synagogue of
America, and Rabbinical Assembly of the Jewish Theological Seminary.
OFFICERS: Chairman, Elias L. Solomon; Vice-Chairman, Albert D.
Wald, Samuel Schulman; Treas., Ben. Altheimer; Sec, Israel Goldstein,
Sec. to the Board, J. B. Pollak, N. Y. C.
TAU DELTA PHI FRATERNITY

OFFICERS: Grand Consul, M. H. Blinken, Yonkers, N. Y.; Grand
Quaestor, Irving Brown, N. Y. C.; Grand Counsellor, Herman L.
Baskin, N. Y. C ; Grand Scribe, Irving H. Jurow, N. Y. C ; Editor of
Pyramid, Herbert F. Simons, Chicago, 111.
TAU EPSILON PHI FRATERNITY

Org. Oct. 19, 1910, Inc., 1917. OFFICE: 618 W. 113th, New York City.
Convention, Dec. 28, 1930—Jan. 1, 1931, Boston, Mass.
Chapters, 31 Undergraduate; 10 Alumni Clubs, Members, 2,800.
PURPOSE: TO foster the spirit of true brotherly love and self-sacrifice.
OFFICERS: Consul, Julius M. Breitenbach; Vice-Consuls, Wm. S.
Lipman, Henry Semans, Herbert T. Singer; Quaestor, Irving Golembe;
Tribune, Alfred J. Kleinberger; Asst. Tribune, Nathaniel W. Gold;
Editor, Geo. H. Bernstein; National Auditor, Howard Simon.
TAU EPSILON RHO FRATERNITY

Org. 1919. OFFICE: 322 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
Undergraduate Chapters, 11; Graduate Chapters, 4.
Members, 500.
PURPOSE: Legal fraternity with undergraduate chapters in accredited
day law schools and graduate chapters in cities.
OFFICERS: Supreme Chancellor, Manuel Levine, Cleveland, 0.;
Supreme Exec. Chancellor, Jerome W. Moss, Cleveland, O.; Supreme
Vice-Chancellor, Solomon Eisen, Toronto, Canada; Supreme Master of
the Rolls, Baruch A. Feldman, Cleveland, O.; Supreme Bursar and
Pledgor, George Slesinger, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Supreme Historian, Elwood
Englander, Philadelphia, Pa.; Supreme Scribe, Allan Greenberg, Bos-
ton, Mass.; Members of Supreme Council: George Slesinger, Pittsburgh,
Pa.; Manuel Levine, Cleveland, O.; Jerome W. Moss, Cleveland, 0.;
Baruch A. Feldman, Cleveland, O.; Jack A. Persky, Cleveland, 0.;
Benjamin Marcus, Detroit, Mich.; Solomon Eisen, Toronto, Canada;
Harry Rubenstein, Wilmington, Del.
TRAINING SCHOOL FOR JEWISH SOCIAL WORK

Org. Mar. 26, 1925. OFFICE: 71 W. 47th, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO provide facilities for the initial training of Jewish
Social workers by offering a course of graduate study lasting two
academic years, to provide facilities for the further training and prepara-
tion of such workers as are already in the field of Jewish Social Work,
and to build up a literature on Jewish communal life.
COURSE OF STUDY: TWO academic years.
ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS: A college degree.
LIBRARY: 3,000 volumes.
FIFTH COMMENCEMENT, June 10, 1931.
GRADUATES, 14. Total number of graduates to date, 74.
TOTAL NUMBER OF REGULAR AND SPECIAL STUDENTS TO DATE, 350.
NUMBER OF STUDENTS NOW ENROLLED—44.
FACULTY: 15 permanent members, and 20 special lecturers.
OFFICERS: Pres., Louis E. Kirstein, Boston, Mass.; Vice-Pres., Lee

K. Frankel, N. Y. C ; Fred M. Butzel, Detroit, Mich.; Treas., I. Edwin
Goldwasser; Chairman Exec. Com., Felix M. Warburg; Dir., M. J.
Karpf; Asst. Dir., Frances N. Harrison, N. Y. C.
UNION OF AMERICAN HEBREW CONGREGATIONS

Org. 1873. OFFICE: Cincinnati, O.
Thirty-second Council, January, 1931, Phila., Pa.
Thirty-third Council, 1933, Savannah, Ga.
Members, 286 congregations.
PURPOSE: TO maintain the Hebrew Union College of Cincinnati, O.,
an institution for educating rabbis; to promote religious instruction
and encourage the study of the tenets and history of Judaism.
Four Departments: I. Executive and Financial: Chairman of Exec.
Bd., Ludwig Vogelstein, N. Y. C ; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincin-
nati, O.; II. Board of Finance: Chairman, David A. Brown, N. Y. C ;
III. Hebrew Union College: Chairman, Board of Governors, Alfred M.
Cohen, Cincinnati, O.; Julian Morgenstern, President, Cincinnati, O.;
IV. Board of Managers of Synagogue and School Extension: Chairman,
Julius W. Freiberg; Dir., George Zepin, Cincinnati, O.
EXECUTIVE BOARD FOR 1931: Chairman of Exec. Bd., Ludwig Vogel-
stein, N. Y. C.; Hon. Pres., Charles Shohl, Cincinnati, O.; Vice-Pres.,
Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, 111.; Marcus Rauh, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Maurice
D. Rosenwald, Washington, D. C ; Jacob W. Mack, Cincinnati, O.; Sec,
George Zepin; Asst. Sec, Jacob D. Schwarz, Merchants Bldg., Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
UNION OF ORTHODOX JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF

AMERICA
Org. June 8, 1898. OFFICE: 50 W. 77th, New York City.
Twenty-ninth Convention, March 16-18, 1929, New York City.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Bernard Drachman: Julius J. Dukas; M. S.
Margolies; H. Pereira Mendes; Pres., Herbert S. Goldstein; Vice-Pres.,
C. Joshua Epstein, Harry Roggen, N. Y. C.; Samuel Feuerstein,
Maiden, Mass.; Israel S. Gomborov, Baltimore, Md.; Rabbinical Vice-
Pres., Leo Jung; Treas., Arthur I. Levine; Recording Sec, Albert Wald;
Financial Sec, Morris Engelman; Corr. Sec, Harry G. Fromberg,
N. Y. C .
UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF UNITED STATES

AND CANADA
Org. Tammuz 24, 5662 (1902). OFFICE: 214 E. Broadway,
New York City.
Twenty-eighth Annual Convention, May 11-13, 1931, Belmar, N. J.
Members, 375.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., I. Rosenberg; M. S. Margolies, N. Y. C ;
B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, Pa.; B. Revel, N. Y. C ; Pres., L. Silver,
Springfield, Mass.; Vice-Pres., J. Konvitz, Newark, N. J.; Ch. I. Bloch,
Jersey City, N. J.; I. Siegel, Jersey City, N. J.; Joseph Rosen, Passaic,
N. J.; R. Katz, Bayonne, N. J.; Treas., Ch. B. Notelovitz, Harrisburg,

Pa.; Sec, L. Seltzer; Chairman Ex. Com., J. Levinson, Brooklyn, N. Y.;
Chairman Ex. Com. for Western States, Ch. F. Epstein, St. Louis, Mo.
UNION OF SEPHARDIC CONGREGATIONS

Org. March 3, 1929. OFFICE: 99 Central Park West, New York City.
PURPOSE: The promotion of the religious interests of Sephardic Jews.
OFFICERS: Pres., David de Sola Pool, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Solomon
Solis-Cohen, Philadelphia, Pa.; Capt. William Sebag-Montefiore,
Montreal, Canada; Samuel Coen, N. Y. C ; Treas., Mathew J. Levy,
N. Y. C ; Sec, Simon S. Nessim.
UNITED ORDER "TRUE SISTERS"

Org. April, 1846, as Independent Order of True Sisters.
OFFICE: 150 W. 85th, New York City.
Eightieth Annual Convention of the Grand Lodge, Dec. 1-3, 1930,
New York City.
Lodges, 34. Members, 12,000.
Publishes a monthly, The Echo, editor, Mrs. Esther Davis.
OFFICERS: (For December, 1929, to December, 1931) Grand Mon-
itress, Mrs. Amelia Oppenheimer; Grand Pres., Mrs. Henriette N. Prin-
stein; Grand Vice-Pres., Mrs. Rose Deutschberger, Mrs. Martha Gould;
Grand Sec, Mrs. Fanny M. Marx; Grand Financial Sec, Mrs. Julia
Levy; Grand Treas., Mrs. Hermine Breitenfeld; Grand Mentor, Mrs.
Bertha Grad; Grand Warden, Mrs. Bertha Levis.
UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA

OFFICE: 799 Broadway, New York City.
Twenty-second Annual Convention, Jan. 18, 1931, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO further, defend and protect the interests of the Jews
in Roumania, to work for their civic and political emancipation and for
their economic reconstruction and rehabilitation; and to represent and
further the interests of the Roumanian Jews in the United States and
Canada.
OFFICERS: PrC3., Leo Wolfson; Vice-Pres., Peter Ferester, Bruno
Berk, Abraham Hirsh, Samuel Kanter, Aaron D. Braham, Jacques
Weiss, Julius Klepper; Treas., H. Haimowitz; Sec, Herman Speier.
UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA

Org. Feb. 23, 1913. OFFICE: 531 W. 123rd, New York City.
Nineteenth Annual Convention, April 26-28, 1931, Atlantic City,
N. J.
PURPOSE: The promotion of traditional Judaism in America.
FOUNDER: Solomon Schechter.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Elias L. Solomon, N. Y. C ; Pres., Louis J.
Moss, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres., Louis Ginzberg; H. J. Reit; Jacob
Kohn, N. Y. C ; H. P. Kopplemann, Hartford, Conn.; Rec. Sec, Sol.
Mutterperl, N. Y. C ; Cor. Sec, Chas. I. Hoffman, 624 High, Newark,
N. J.; Treas., Israel Silberman, N. Y. C ; Executive Director, Samuel

M. Cohen, N. Y. C.
UPSILON LAMBDA PHI FRATERNITY
Org. 1916; Inc. 1917. OFFICE: C/O Samuel A. Feir, 500 Fifth Ave.,
New York City.
Thirteenth Annual Convention, Aug. 30—Sept. 2, 1930, Montreal,
Canada.
Fourteenth Annual Convention, August 4-7, 1931, Asbury Park, N. J.
PURPOSE: An International Fraternity open to male students of the
Jewish faith, in attendance at the high and preparatory schools, with
the steadfast purpose of uniting the brothers, spiritually, socially and
fraternally, by means of a better understanding of the cardinal principles
of Judaism.
OFFICERS: Master Ulp, Samuel A. Feir, 201 W. 89th, N. Y. C ;
Deputy Ulp, Joseph M. Feinberg, Elizabeth, N. J.; Financial Ulp,
Edward S. Basch, N. Y. C.; Secretarial Ulp, Leon Podolsky, Philadel-
phia, Pa.; Executive Board Members: Augustus S. Dreier, Lester
Miller, Elliot H. Robinson.
WOMEN'S BRANCH OF THE UNION OF ORTHODOX
JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA
(Affiliated with the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America)
Org. April 19, 1924. OFFICE: 186th and Amsterdam Ave.,
New York City.
PURPOSE: The uniting of all the Orthodox women and organizations
of the country into one strong body; the intensification and furtherance
of Orthodox Judaism in the home, the religious school, amongst students
in institutions of higher learning; the dedication of a dormitory for the
spreading of knowledge necessary for the understanding and practice of
Orthodox Judaism through the circulation of religious and cultural
literature; assistance in the organization of Sisterhoods and in the
solution of their problems; providing scholarships for needy students of
the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Yeshiva of America; maintaining a Hebrew
Teachers' Training School for Girls.
OFFICERS: Pres., Mrs. Herbert S. Goldstein; Hon. Vice-Pres., Mrs.
Joseph Mayer Asher, Mrs. Moses Hyamson, Mrs. N. Taylor Phillips,
Vice-Pres., Mrs. Isidore Freedman, Mrs. Leo Jung, Mrs. Harry Fischel,
Mrs. Bernard Revel, Mrs. Abraham Levitan; Treas., Mrs. Adolph
Schwarcz; Cor. Sec, Mrs. Edwin Kaufman; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Ralph
Harte.
WOMEN'S LEAGUE FOR PALESTINE
Annual Meeting, May 6, 1931, New York City.
Members, 1,000.
Branches, 9.
PURPOSE: TO assist the working woman and girls in Palestine by
providing them with YWHA's and in other ways.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Richard Gottheil; Pres., Mrs. Rose

Blumenthal; Vice-Pres., Mrs. A. P. Kaplan, Mrs. D. L. Isaacs, Mrs.
Wm. Prince; Ch. Ex.Bd., Mrs. Charles Hyman; Fin. Sec, Mrs. Leo
Kaplan; Exec. Sec, Mrs. I. S. Danziger; Treas., Mrs. Isaac Tumpowsky.
WOMEN'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE

OF AMERICA
Org. Jan. 21, 1918. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City.
Fourteenth Annual Convention, April 26-28, 1931, New York City.
PURPOSE: TO advance traditional Judaism by furthering Jewish
education among women and children by creating and fostering Jewish
sentiment in the home, by promoting the observance of Jewish dietary
laws and home ceremonials, Sabbath and Festivals, and by generally
strengthening the religious institutions of the home.
FOUNDER: Mrs. Solomon Schechter.
OFFICERS: Hon. Pres., Mrs. Chas. I. Hoffman, Newark, N. J.; Pres.,
Mrs. Samuel Spiegel, N. Y. C ; Vice-Pres., Mrs. Cyrus Adler, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Mrs. Israel Davidson, N. Y. C ; Mrs. Benj. Davis, Chicago,
111.; Mrs. Joseph Herzog, N. Y. C ; Sarah Kussy, Newark, N. J.; Mrs.
Morris Lurie, Mrs. Alexander Marx, N. Y. C ; Treas., Mrs. Philip Gold-
berg, N. Y. C ; Rec. Sec, Mrs. Jacob Minkin, N. Y. C.
WOMEN'S ORGANIZATION FOR THE PIONEER WOMEN

OF PALESTINE
Org. 1926. OFFICE: Room 1023, 1133 Broadway, New York City.
Third Convention, Oct. 16-19, 1930, Detroit, Mich.
Members, 3,000.
PURPOSE: TO help pioneer women's co-operatives in Palestine; to
train women to participate fully in all phases of social and economic
life; to do cultural work among its groups; to help to maintain the
Jewish schools.
OFFICERS: Treas., Mrs. R. Siegel; Sec, Mrs. N. B. Zuckerman, 1133
Broadway.
THE WORKMEN'S CIRCLE

Org. Sept. 4, 1900. OFFICE: 175 East Broadway, New York City.
Thirty-first Convention, May 3-9, 1931, Washington, D. C.
Members, 75,000.
PURPOSE: Fraternal insurance and mutual aid.
OFFICERS: Pres., N. Chanin; Treas., B. Wolff; Sec, Joseph Baskin.
YOUNG JUDAEA
Twenty-third Annual Convention, June, 1931, Long Branch, N. J.
Number of Circles, 600.
PURPOSE: TO advance the cause of Zionism; to further the mental,
moral and physical development of the Jewish youth; and to promote
Jewish culture and ideals.
OFFICERS: Pres., Israel Goldstein; Vice-Pres., Mrs. Archibald Silver-

man; Treas., Louis P. Rocker; Exec. Dir., Mrs. A. H. Vixman.
YOUNG PEOPLE'S LEAGUE OF THE UNITED SYNAGOGUE
OF AMERICA
Org. 1921. OFFICE: 531 W. 123d, New York City.
Next Convention, Nov. 27-30, 1931, New York City.
Members, 15,000. Societies, 130.
PURPOSE: TO bring the Jewish youth nearer to traditional Judaism
and to the Synagogue.
OFFICERS: Pres., Harry J. Goebel, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Vice-Pres.,
Edward I. Aronoff, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Leon S. Lang, Newark, N. J.;
Maxwell J. Mangold, N. Y. C ; David I. Siegel, Toronto, Ont.; Harry
Silverstein, Boston, Mass.; E. Chas. Sydney, Freeport, L. I., Treas.,
Samuel Rabin, Jamaica, L. I., Sec, Wilma Shenker, Jamaica, L. I.
YOUNG POALE ZION
Eighth Annual Convention, Sept. 1929, Washington, D. C.
Members, 1,500. Branches, 45.
PURPOSE: Junior Socialist and Zionist education and activities.
OFFICER: Sec, M. Cohen.
ZETA BETA TAU FRATERNITY

Org. 1898; Inc. 1907. OFFICE: 551 Fifth Ave., New York City.
Thirty-second Annual Convention, Dec. 29, 1929—Jan. 1, 1930, St.
Louis, Mo.
Next Annual Convention, Dec. 28-31, 1931, Boston, Mass.
Members, 4,600.
Ranking as an intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity with chapters
in thirty-four universities and colleges, and graduate clubs in thirty-
three of the principal cities of the United States.
OFFICERS: Sup. Pres., Wm. S. Evans, N. Y. C ; Sup. Vice-Pres.,
Rollin G. Osterweis, New Haven, Conn.; Sup. Sec, B. J. Scheinman,
Los Angeles, Cal.; Sup. Treas., Herbert E. Steiner, N. Y. C ; Sup.
Historian, Jack I. Wagenheim; General Sec, Leon D. Dover, 551 Fifth
Ave., N. Y. C.
ZIONIST LABOR PARTY "HITACHDUT ZEIRE ZION"
OF AMERICA
Annual Convention, Dec. 7-11, 1930, Cleveland, O.
Members, 2,000.
PURPOSE: TO help in creating a Jewish free working community
in Palestine and to renew the life of the Jewish people in the Diaspora
on the basis of work and Hebrew culture.
OFFICERS: Exec. Sec, Abraham Spierer; and A. Brener, L. Glantz,
Hayim Greenberg, D. Rebelsky, L. Rubinstein, D. Wertheim.
ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA

Org. 1897; Re-org. 1918. OFFICE: 111 Fifth Ave., New York City.
Thirty-third Annual Convention, June 29—July 1, 1930, Cleveland,
Ohio.
Members, 65,000.
PURPOSE: TO stimulate interest in the rebuilding of Palestine as the
Jewish National Home, and to foster interest in the Jewish renaissance.
Constituent Organizations: Hadassah, Order Sons of Zion.
Affiliated Organizations: Young Judaea, Avukah, Junior Hadassah.
PUBLICATIONS: The New Palestine, a weekly for members, in English.
OFFICERS: Hon. Chairman, Julian W. Mack, N. Y. C.; Hon. Vice-
Chairman, Louis Lipsky, N. Y. C ; Chairman, Robert Szold, N. Y. C ;
Vice-Chairman, Abba Hillel Silver, Cleveland, O.; Members of the
Administration: Israel B. Brodie, Abraham Goldberg, Jacob de Haas,
N. Y. C ; James G. Heller, Cincinnati, O.; Mrs. Edward Jacobs, N. Y.
C.;Wm, M. Lewis, Philadelphia, Pa.; Louis Lipsky, Julian W. Mack.
Emanuel Neumann, Louis I. Newman, Nathan Ratnoff, Samuel J.
Rosensohn, Morris Rothenberg, Nelson Ruttenberg, N. Y. C ; Abba
Hillel Silver, Cleveland, O.; Robert Szold, Abraham Tulin, Stephen
S. Wise, N. Y. C ; Treas., Morris Weinberg, N. Y. C ; Assoc. Treas.,
Harry P. Fierst. Mt. Vernon, N. Y.
LIST OF FEDERATIONS FOR PHILANTHROPIC
WORK, 1930
In 1930, a total of 54 communities reported the existence

of 55 city federations for the support of philanthropic work;1
New York City has two such bodies, one for the Boroughs
of Manhattan and the Bronx, and the other for Brooklyn.
Of the 55 federations, 36, or two-thirds, are members of com-
munity chests, while the remaining 19 obtain their revenues
directly from the Jewish public.
During 1930, the 55 federations disbursed a total of
$16,205,685. Of this amount $12,008,136 (74%) was dis-
bursed by the 19 independent federations, and $4,197,549
by the 36 which are members of community chests. In 1930,
the 55 federations had a total of 466 constituent societies.
In the following table the independent federations are
indicated by an asterisk (*).
1
For a definition of "federation" as employed in this table, and for further details
regarding this type of organization, the reader is referred to The Communal Organisa-
tion of the Jews in the United States, 1927, by H. S. Linfield, American Jewish Committee,
1930, 122-125, 183.
253
is a I N-tw)00'0"l?-|^7 rOtoOl-— [ O I
, *+ -"I <*•! 00 O
(jay
a »^22i E^'gf
:u . «J
*c •* c* -
:J : : :
S's.S :$ «_s| :
:
: i ill so
o « 2 t-a
:.|o«
5s
m *" i
0 5e«
PJSJ3J
•Co! a* S c
llllili
53
•o 0
S
C/3
'0 1§2
LIST OF FEDERATIONS FOR YEAR 1929 255
OtN I ^
HI
oS.S
(J3O
3
<J
ZBQw
: :-z : J : : : • & £ : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; ,
• • « • Xi -M
Si •JS'o -"2 • • • • •
:^-i I iz
' 3i $ la ij
i-s
a) |23iS =
^ ^ aj (ti aj L-
O
©OO
i oo oo o\ oo OsoO
g
.a"EE in l—l
• u
o 3 ^
1
a
w •s
bio C
1
w
a) -a
a
o >
I O n)
pub
U
Ml
§!
° i
a>
14
QQ 02 u< ^"^ j j O K O O J,»_, X H
w
*~ — "—' —' ^ ^ • — "** ^ ^ ^ N ^ ^ ^ ^ ~ ^^_~ ^^h~
mm oapacQPQUUUUQQQ
O -^ v> NO r-» es <-H i
(M cs ~H CM ON CM es ON «N ON W
ON ON ON ON 00 ON ON 00 ON 00 ON
00 O* * W)OO)*O«*»
I
-H —I CO TT £'£'S£ S f ^
•S
2
a
£
•o
e
.o -8 o
1
I 5 Mj.-j^jsoa^
I s
S2§'lli m o
SI
2
NOICUOH
w w w w w w w u u u w w cd w u: w w w w w M
^— Ô«Nf0f0f*5NINNMr0CSMM
" ON ON ON ON ON ON (^ ^ ^ O N O N O N ^ ^ ^ ^ O N
N3 S2g2
* * 4> 4>
§§§ o
a.
U
iS
w 3
ni
Q
m.Ui v
îSl^^1>;i
-••" . • - t> U N . t T3oj
-.-riw 5 a
COL" K
Sb8 PS
S u w »; ^
inmcoininminSgBlHO o o- Dc/) Q (d H
n
3.
3 >>
c 15 c s c c c
•533 o So • o oo
o
i^\,« W ^ i—i v - g ^ • r* r-ri nS * ^ ! P
• •v
• T3
Q . •
Q& pj ^
O (d {>
H 8w
I
MIlil
H M
JEWISH MEMBERS OF THE CONGRESS OF THE
UNITED STATES
PAST
ANSORGE, MARTIN C , 1882- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922.
BENJAMIN, JUDAH PHILIP, 1812-1884. Sen. from La., 1853-1861.
BERGER, VICTOR, 1860-1929. Rep. from Wis., 1911-1913, 1923-1929.
CANTOR, JACOB A., 1854-1920. Rep. from N. Y., 1913-1915.
COHEN, WILLIAM W., 1874- . Rep. from N. Y., 1927-1929.
EINSTEIN, EDWIN, 1842-1906. Rep. from N. Y., 1879-1881.
EMERICH, MARTIN, 1847-1922. Rep. from 111., 1903-1907.
FISCHER, ISRAEL F., 1858- . Rep. from N. Y., 1895-1899.
FRANK, NATHAN, 1852-1930. Rep. from Mo., 1889-1891.
GOLDFOGLE, HENRY M., 1856-1929. Rep. from N. Y., 1901-1915,1919-
1921.
GOLDZIER, JULIUS, 1854-1925. Rep. from 111., 1893-1895.
GUGGENHEIM, SIMON, 1867- . Sen. from Colo., 1907-1913.
HART, EMANUEL B., 1809-1897. Rep. from N. Y., 1851-1853.
HOUSEMAN, JULIUS, 1832-1891. Rep. from Mich., 1883-1885.
JACOBSTEIN, MEYER, 1880- . Rep. from N. Y., 1923-1929.
JONAS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1834-1911. Sen. from La., 1879-1885.
KAHN, JULIUS, 1861-1924. Rep. from Cal., 1889-1902, 1905-1924.
KRAUSS, MILTON, 1866- . Rep. from 111., 1917-1922.
LESSLER, MONTAGUE, 1869- . Rep. from N. Y., 1902-1903.
LEVIN, LEWIS CHARLES, 1808-1860. Rep. from Pa., 1845-1851.
LEVY, DAVID. See YULEE, DAVID LEVY.
LEVY, JEFFERSON MONROE, 1852-1924. Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901,
1911-1915.
LITTAUER, Lucius NATHAN, 1859- . Rep. from N. Y., 1897-1907.
LONDON, MEYER, 1871-1926. Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1917, 1921-1923.
*MARX, SAMUEL, 1867-1922. Rep. from N. Y., 1922.
MAY, MITCHELL, 1871- . Rep. from N. Y., 1899-1901.
MEYER, ADOLPH, 1842-1908. Rep. from La., 1891-1908.
MORSE, LEOPOLD, 1831-1892. Rep. from Mass., 1877-1885, 1887-1889.
PERLMAN, NATHAN D., 1887- . Rep. from N. Y., 1920-1927.
*Died before taking his seat.

261
PHILLIPS, HENRY MYER, 1811-1884. Rep. from Pa., 1857-1859.

PHILLIPS, PHILIP, 1807-1884. Rep. from Ala., 1853-1855.
PULITZER, JOSEPH, 1847-1911. Rep. from N. Y., 1885-1886.
RAYNER, ISADOR, 1850-1912. Rep. from Md., 1887-1895. Sen. from
M d , 1905-1912.
ROSENBLOOM, B. L., 1880- . Rep. from Wheeling, W. Va., 1921.
ROSSDALE, ALBERT B., 1878- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1922.
SIEGEL, ISAAC, 1880- . Rep. from N. Y., 1915-1922.
SIMON, JOSEPH, 1851- . Sen. from Ore., 1897-1903.
STRAUS, ISIDOR, 1845-1912. Rep. from N. Y., 1894-1895.
STROUSE, MYER, 1825-1878. Rep. from Pa., 1863-1867.
VOLK, LESTER DAVID, 1884- . Rep. from N. Y., 1921-1923.
WOLF, HARRY B., 1880- . Rep. from Md., 1907-1909.
YULEE, DAVID LEVY, 1811-1886. Del. from Fla., 1841-1845. Sen. from
Fla., 1845-1851, 1855-1861.
PRESENT
(MEMBERS OF THE SEVENTY-FIRST CONGRESS)
BACHARACH, ISAAC, Republican, Representative, Atlantic City, 1915-

BLOOM, SOL., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923—
CELLER, EMANUEL, Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923-
DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL, Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1923-
GOLDER, BENJAMIN M., Republican, Representative, Philadelphia, 1924-
KAHN, FLORENCE PRAG (MRS. JULIUS), Republican, Representative,
San Francisco, 1925-
SABATH, ADOLPH J., Democrat, Representative, Chicago, 1907-
SIROVICH, W M . I., Democrat, Representative, New York City, 1926-
JEWISH AMBASSADORS AND MINISTERS
OF THE UNITED STATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES
The following is a list of Jews who have served as ministers or ambas-

sadors of the United States to foreign countries. It does not include
persons who have served, or are now serving, as consuls, except when
consuls were clothed with diplomatic power, as in the cases of Mordecai
M. Noah, Benjamin F. Peixotto and Simon Wolf. In the compilation
of this list, the Jewish Encyclopedia, the American Jewish Year Book,
and the Register of the Department of State for 1930 were consulted.
BELMONT, AUGUST, (1816-1890), New York, Charge d'Affaires in the
Netherlands, May 24, 1853; Minister Resident, June 29, 1854.
BERNSTEIN, HERMAN, (1876- ), New York City, Minister to Al-
bania, 1929-
EINSTEIN, LEWIS, (1877- ), New York City, Minister to Costa
Rica, July 6, 1913 to June 1921; Minister to Czecho-Slovakia,
October 8, 1921-
ELKUS, ABRAM I., (1867- ), New York City, Ambassador to Turkey,
July 21, 1916 to 1917
GUGGENHEIM, HARRY F., (1890- ), New York City, Ambassador
to Cuba, October 10, 1929-
HIRSCH, SOLOMON, (1839-1902), Portland, Oregon, Minister to Turkey
May 16, 1889 to 1892.
KAUFMAN, DAVID E., (1883- ), Philadelphia, Pa., Minister to Bolivia,
March 7, 1928-January 9, 1930; Minister to Siam, June 12, 1930-
KORNFELD, JOSEPH S., (1876- ), Toledo, Ohio, Minister to Persia,
November 9, 1921 to September 1, 1924.
MORGENTHAU, HENRY, (1856- ), New York City, Ambassador to
Turkey, September 4, 1913 to July, 1916.
MORRIS, IRA NELSON, (1875- ), Chicago, 111., Minister to Sweden,
July 13, 1914 to April 15, 1923.
NOAH, MORDECAI MANUEL, (1785-1851), New York City, Consul to
Tunis, 1813-1816.
OTTERBOURG, MARCUS, (1827-1893), Milwaukee, Wis., Consul to
Mexico City, August 1861 to July 1, 1867; Minister to Mexico,
July 1-21, 1867.
PEIXOTTO, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, (1834-1890), San Francisco, Cal.,
Consul General to Roumania, 1870 to 1876.
RATSHESKY, A. C , (1864- ), Boston, Mass., Minister to Czecho-
slovakia, January 1930-
STRAUS, OSCAR S., (1850-1926), New York City, Minister to Turkey,
March 24, 1887 to 1888; June 3, 1898 to 1900: Ambassador to
Turkey, May 17, 1909 to December 11, 1920.
WOLF SIMON, (1836-1923), Washington, D. C , Agent and Consul Gen-
eral to Egypt, June 30, 1881- , 1882.
263
JEWISH JUDGES
OF UNITED STATES AND STATE COURTS
Following is a list of Jews who have served, or are now serving, as

judges in the courts of the United States, or of the various states. This
does not include persons who have been, or are, judges of county, city,
or municipal courts. In the compilation of this list, such authorities as
the Jewish Encyclopedia, Publications of the American Jewish Historical
Society, the American Jewish Year Book, and Who's Who in American
Jewry were consulted. The list was compiled by Mr. Bernard Postal
of New York City.
A. UNITED STATES COURTS
Supreme Court
BRANDEIS, LOUIS D. (1856- ), Boston, Mass., appointed 1916.
Circuit Courts
ALTSCHULER, SAMUEL J. (1859- ), Chicago, 111., appointed 1915.
MACK, JULIAN W. (1866- ), Chicago, 111., appointed 1910.
MAYER, JULIUS M. (1865-1925), New York City, appointed 1912.
District Courts
ADLER, SIMON (1867- ), Rochester, N. Y., appointed 1927.
BONDY, WILLIAM (1871- ), New York City, appointed 1923.
GALSTON, CLARENCE G. (1876- ), New York City, appointed 1929.
HOLLZER, HARRY A. (1880- ), Los Angeles, Cal., appointed 1931.
MOSCOWITZ, GROVER M. (1886- ), New York City, appointed 1925.
SIMONS, CHARLES C. (1876- ), Detroit, Mich., appointed 1923.
SULZBACHER, Louis (1842-1915), Kansas City, Mo., appointed Judge
of Supreme Court of Porto Rico 1900, U. S. District Court Indian
Territory 1904, resigned 1909.
TRIEBER, JACOB (1853-1927), Little Rock, Ark., appointed 1900, reap-
pointed 1903.
WOLF, ADOLF GRANT (1869- ), Washington, D. C , associate Justice
of Supreme Court of Porto Rico, appointed 1904.
B. STATE COURTS
A rkansas
FRAUENTHAL, SAMUEL, (1864- ) , Supreme Court,
appointed 1909-1913.
264
JEWISH JUDGES 265
California
LYONS, HENRY A., (1810-1872) San Francisco, Supreme Court, elected
1849-1852, Chief Justice 1852.
HEYDENFELDT, SOLOMON, (1816-1890), San Francisco, Supreme Court,
1852-1857.
SLOSS, MARCUS C , (1869- ), San Francisco, Supreme Court, ap-
pointed and elected 1906, reelected 1910, resigned 1919
Illinois
FRIEND, HUGO M. (1882- ), Chicago. Appellate Court, appointed
iy5u
MACK, JULIAN W., (1866- ), Chicago, Appellate Court, appointed
1909-1911.
STEIN, PHILIP, (1844-1922), Chicago, Appellate Court, appointed 1903-
1905, Chief Justice 1905-1922.
Iowa
SALINGER, BEN. I., (1861-1931), Carroll, Supreme Court, 1915-1921.
Louisiana
MOISE, EDWIN WARREN, (1811-1868), New Orleans, appointed Judge
Confederate State Court 1861-1865.
DINKELSPIEL, MAX, (1844-1927), Court of Appeals,
appointed 1913-1922.
Massachusetts
LOURIE, DAVID A., (1878-1930), Boston, Superior Court, appointed
1924-1930.
PINANSKI, ABRAHAM, (1887- ), Boston, Superior Court, appointed
1930-
Michigan
BUTZEL, HENRY M.( (1871- ), Detroit, Supreme Court, appointed
1929 Chief Justice 1930, reelected 1931.
New Jersey
KALISCH, SAMUEL, (1851-1930), Newark, Supreme Court, appointed
1911 reelected 1918 and 1925-1930.
New York
Court of Appeals
CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., (1870- ), New York City, appointed Acting
Judge Court of Appeals 1914, appointed Judge, 1917, elected 1917,
elected Chief Justice 1926.
ELKUS, ABRAM I., (1867- ), New York City, appointed 1929,
resigned 1920.
LEHMAN, IRVING, (1876- ), New York City, elected 1924.
Supreme Court
BIJUR, NATHAN, (1862-1930), New York City, 1909-1930.
CARDOZO, BENJAMIN N., (1870- ), New York City, 1913-1914.
COHN, ALBERT, (1885- ), New York City, 1929-
ERLANGER, MITCHELL L., (1857- ), New York City, 1906-1927,
retired
FRANKENTHALER, ALFRED, (1881- ), New York City, 1926-
GIBBS, Louis D., (1880-1929), New York City, 1924-1929.
GOLDSMITH, IRVING I., (1881- ), Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 1927-
1930 resigned
GREENBAUM, SAMUEL, (1854-1930), New York City, 1914- , Ap-
pellate Division, appointed 1920, resigned 1923.
HARRIS, SAMUEL J., (1877- ), New York City, 1924-
HIRSCHBERG, MICHAEL HENRY, (1847- ) Newburgh, 1896-1917,
presiding justice 1904-1917, retired.
LAZANSKY, EDWARD, (1872- ), New York City, 1917-
LEHMAN, IRVING, (1876- ), New York City, 1908-1922.
LEVENTRITT, DAVID, (1845-1926), New York City, 1898-1908.
LEVY, AARON J., (1881- ), New York City, 1923-
LEWIS, HARRY E., (1880- ), New York City, 1922-
MAY, MITCHELL, (1870- % ), New York City, 1922-
MILLER, Julius, (1880- * ), New York City, 1930-
PLATZEK, M. WARLEY, (1854- ), New York City, 1907-1924, retired
PROSKAUER, JOSEPH M., (1877- ), New York City, 1923-1930,
resigned.
SHIENTAG, BERNHARD, (1887- ), New York City, 1929-
SHERMAN, HENRY L., (1870- ), New York City, 1927-
UNTERMEYER, IRWIN, (1886- ), New York City, 1929-
WASSERVOGEL, ISIDOR, (1875- ), New York City, 1920-
Rhode Island
HAHN, J. JEROME, (1868- ), Providence, Supreme Court, 1931-
JEWISH GOVERNORS
PAST
ALEXANDER, MOSES, 1853- , Governor of Idaho, two terms, 1915—
1919.
BAMBERGER, SIMON, 1847-1926, Governor of Utah, 1917-1921. (First
non-Mormon Governor of Utah.)
EMANUEL, DAVID, 1744-1808, Governor of Georgia, 1801.'
SOLOMON, EDWARD S., 1836-1913, Governor of Washington Territory,
1870-1874.
PRESENT
MEIER, JULIUS L., 1874- , elected Governor of Oregon, 1930.
SELIGMAN, ARTHUR, 1873- , elected Governor of New Mexico, 1930.
1
Authorities differ as to whether Emanuel was elected, or, by virtue of his being
President of the Senate, became Governor "in the interim before a new election took
place.'' (See' 'First Jew to Hold the Office of Governor'' by Leon Hilhner in Publications
of the Amercan Jewish Historical Society, Vol. 17, pp. 192, 193.
267
JEWS WHO HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE
ASSER, TOBIAS MICHAEL CAREL, born, April 28, 1838, Amsterdam,

Netherlands; died, July 29, 1913, The Hague; awarded prize in
1911 for peace propaganda of long standing.
BARANY, ROBERT, born, April 22, 1876, Vienna, Austria; awarded prize
in medicine, 1914, for researches on physiology and pathology of
the auditory canal.
BERGSON, HENRI, born, October 18, 1859, Paris, France; awarded prize
in literature in 1928, for philosophical writings.
BRAUN, KARL FERDINAND, born, June 6, 1850, Fulda, Germany; died
April 20, 1918, New York; awarded prize in physics, 1909, for
researches in wireless telegraphy.
EHRLICH, PAUL, born, May 14, 1854, Strehlen, Silesia, Germany; died,
August 20, 1925, Homburg (v. d. H.), awarded prize in medicine,
1908, for researches in trypan-red for sterilization.
EINSTEIN, ALBERT, born, May 14, 1879, Ulm, Wuerttemberg, Germany;
awarded prize in physics in 1921, for researches in astro-physics.
FRANCE, JAMES, born August 26, 1882, Hamburg, Germany; awarded
prize in physics, 1925; for researches in theories of atoms.
FRIED, ALFRED H., born, November 11, 1864, Vienna, Austria; died
May 5, 1921, Vienna; awarded prize in 1911, for comprehensive
peace propaganda.
HABER, FRITZ, born, December 9, 1868, Breslau, Germany; awarded
prize in Chemistry, 1918, for researches on the synthesis of ammonia.
HERTZ, GUSTAV, born July 22, 1887, Hamburg, Germany; awarded
prize in physics, 1925, for researches in theories of electrons.
LANDSTEINER, KARL, born, June 14, 1868, Vienna, Austria; awarded
prize in medicine, 1930, for discoveries in classifying different types
of human blood.
LIPPMANN, GABRIEL, born, August 16, 1845, Hallerich, Luxemburg;
died, July 13, 1921; awarded prize in physics, 1908, for researches
in color photography.
MEYERHOFF, OTTO, born, April 12, 1884, Hannover, Germany; awarded
prize in medicine, 1922, for researches in the transformation of
energy in the muscles.
MICHELSON, ALBERT ABRAHAM, born, December 19, 1852, Strelno,
Prussia; died, May 9, 1931, Pasadena, Cal.; awarded prize in
physics, 1907, for researches with spectroscopy and interferometer.
268
JEWS WHO HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE 269
WALLACH, OTTO, born, March 27, 1847, Koenigsberg, East Prussia,

Germany; awarded prize in chemistry, 1910, for researches in
essential oils and terpenes.
WILI.STAETTER, RICHARD, born, August 13, 1872, Carlsruhe, Baden;
awarded prize in chemistry, 1915, for researches in alkaloids
(atropin and cocaine), aniline dyes and vegetable coloring matters
ZSIGISMONDO, RICHARD, born, April 1, 1865, Vienna, Austria; died,
September 23, 1929, Goettingen, Germany; awarded prize in
chemistry, 1925, for researches in Colloid chemistry.
S T A T I S T I C S OF JEWS
B Y H. S. L I N F I E L D , P H . D .
Director, Statistical Department
of the
American Jewish Committee
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The present article on Statistics of Jews, like those in

former years, deals with Jewish population statistics and
Jewish immigration statistics, and a supplement to the
article gives abstracts of recent official censuses of Jews.
Statistics of the Jews in the United States are given in detail,
chiefly on the basis of the writer's study published in 19291;
and those of other parts of the world are given by continents,
regions and countries. The pages dealing with Jewish immi-
gration include statistics of Jewish immigration to the United
States, Palestine, Canada, Brazil, Argentine; and for the
first time a table is given of Jewish immigration to Uru-
guay, and the number of Jews that immigrated to Cuba is
likewise given for the first time.
In the supplement, the reader will find detailed abstracts
of the statistical data of Jews, as brought out in recent official
census of Russia, and of the following countries: Luxemburg,
New Zealand, Union of South Africa, and Veuezuela.
On page 286 the reader will find a list giving the number of
Jews of each country in the world, arranged in alphabetical
order of country; on pages 279-280, a list of cities in the
United States having 1000 Jews or more, and on page 287
a list of principal Jewish communities of the world.
1
H. S. Linfield, The Jews in the United States, A Study of Their Number and Distribu-
tion, American Jewish Committee, New York, 1929.
271
LIST OF TABLES
A, The Jews of the United Stales
TABLE PAGE
I: JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES 276

II: JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION,
BY SIZE OF PLACES 277
III: PRINCIPAL JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SUBORDI-
NATE COMMUNITIES, BY SIZE OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES 277
IV: JEWS OF THE CITY OF N E W YORK, BY BOROUGHS . . .278
V: JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1877-1927 278
VI: LIST OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES, HAVING 1,000
JEWS OR MORE 279
B. The Jewish Population of the World
VII: JEWS OF AMERICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND

COUNTRIES 282
VIII: JEWS OF EUROPE, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND
COUNTRIES 283
IX: JEWS OF AFRICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND
COUNTRIES 284
X: JEWS OF ASIA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND
COUNTRIES 285
X I : JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA, BY COUNTRIES 285
X I I : LIST OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATIONS .286
XIII: LIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPU-
LATION 287
C. Jewish Immigration to the United States
XIV: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, DEPARTED, DEBARRED,

AND DEPORTED, 1930 290
XV: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, BY SEX, AGE, CONJU-
GAL CONDITION, ETC., 1930 291
XVI: DISTRIBUTION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ON THE BASIS
OF THEIR DESTINATION, 1930 292
XVII: PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF LAST RESIDENCE OF JEWISH
IMMIGRANTS, 1930 292
XVIII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED
STATES, 1881-1930 293
X I X : SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED
STATES, 1908-1930 294
XX: JEWISH IMMIGRANTS DEBARRED AND DEPORTED, 1899-
1930 295
STATISTICS OF JEWS 273
D. Jewish Immigration to Other American Countries

TABLE P A G B
X X I : JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1930 297

XXII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1901-
1930 297
XXIII: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO BRAZIL, 1925—
1929 298
XXIV: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO URUGUAY, 1927—
1929 298
XXV: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO ARGENTINE, 1913-
1929 298
E. Jewish Immigration to Palestine
XXVI: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1929-1930 . . . .301
XXVII: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, BY MONTHS, 1930.301
XXVIII: JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, BY CATEGORIES,
1930 302
XXIX: SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1917—
1930 304
SUPPLEMENTS
SUPPLEMENT A
The Jews of Russia (USSR)—Census of 1926
XXX: JEWS OF WHITE RUSSIA BY AREAS AND GOVERNMENTS,
1926 306
XXXI: JEWS OF UKRAINE BY DIVISIONS AND AREAS, 1926 308
XXXII: JEWS OF RUSSIA (RSFSR) BY AREAS AND GOVERN-
MENTS, 1926 310
X X X I I I : JEWS OF THE STATES IN ASIA BY GOVERNMENTS, 1926. 312
XXXIV: JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) IN URBAN AND IN RURAL
TERRITORY, BY STATES AND BY AREAS, 1926 315
XXXV: JEWS OF THE AREAS OF HIGHEST DENSITY BY SIZE OF
PLACES, 1926 318
XXXVI: JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) BY SEX, 1926 319
XXXVII: JEWISH URBAN COMMUNITIES OF 100 JEWS OR OVER,
BY STATES AND AREAS, 1926 321
XXXVIII: LIST OF COMMUNITIES OF 20,000 JEWS OR OVER, 1926. 322
SUPPLEMENT B
1. The Jews of Luxemburg—Census of 1927
XXXIX: JEWS OF LUXEMBERG BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL D I S -
TRIBUTION, 1927 323
XL: JEWS OF LUXEMBURG, 1871-1927 324
2. The Jews of New Zealand—Census of 1926

TABLE PAGE
XLI: JEWS OF N E W ZEALAND BY SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CON-
DITION, AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1 9 2 6 . . . 327
XLI I: JEWS OF N E W ZEALAND BY OCCUPATION, 1926 328
XLIII: JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, 1851-1926 328
3. The Jews of Turkey—Census of 1927
XLIV: JEWS OF TURKEY BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRI-
BUTION, 1927 331
XLV; JEWISH COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY OF 500 JEWS OR
OVER, 1927 332
4. The Jews of the Union of South Africa—Census of 1926
XLVI: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY SEX, AGE,
AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926 335
XLVII: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA BY AGE, 1926.. 336
XLVIII: JEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF THE UNION OF
SOUTH AFRICA, 1926 337
XLIX: JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1904-1926 337
5. The Jews of Venezuela—Census of 1926
LX: JEWS OF VENEZUELA BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL D I S -
TRIBUTION, 1926 338
A. THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES

A total of 4,228,000 Jews reside in the United States
according to the estimate" prepared at the end of 1927.1 The
Jewish inhabitants live in every state of the Union and are
widely distributed, within the states. Of the total number
of Jews, 4,077,000 live in 871 primary communities, each
one having 1 congregation or more, and the remaining
151,000 Jews reside in places without forming permanent
congregations. These subordinate communities are found
in as many as 1,691 urban places and in 7,235 rural incor-
porated places and rural unincorporated districts. Of the
871 primary communities, 85 are rural.
The proportion of Jews to the total population varies
between 16.67% in the state of New York and 0.21% in
the state of Idaho. As for the communities, the Jews con-
stitute 11.11% of the total population of the cities of 100,000
or over in the country; 3.11% of the total population of the
cities of 100,000 to 25,000; and between 1.61% and 0.71%
of the total population of the other classes of urban places;
and the percentage of Jews of the total rural population is
very small, being 0.48% of those in rural incorporated and
0.15% of those in rural unincorporated places. However,
in the 3950 rural incorporated places having Jews, the latter
constitute 1.37% of the total population of those places and
1.76% of the total population of the unincorporated areas
having Jews.
The number of Jews in the Outl|ring Possessions of the
United States is very small.2
In 1917, the number of Jews in the country was estimated
at 3,389,000, and in 1877, at 229,000. The earliest esti-
mate of the number of Jews in the country is said to be that
of Mordecai M. Noah in 1818, who claimed that there were
at that time 3,000 Jews in the country. In 1848, M. A.
Berk estimated the number of Jews as 50,000.
1
For a detailed analysis, see the author's The Jews in the United States, 1927, New
York, 1929.
«500 in Alaska (1917), 75 in Hawaii (1926); 25 in Panama Canal Zone (1926);
500 in Philippine Islands (1927); 200 in Porto Rico (1917). and 70 in Virgin Islands
(1923).
TABLE I
THE JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, BY STATES
P. C. of Jews
State Total Jews of Total Distribution
1930 1927 in 1927 of Jews*.
UNITED STATES 122,775,046 4.228,029 3.58 100.00

Alabama 2,646,248 12,891 0.50 .30
Arizona 435,573 1,455 0.32 .03
1,854,482 8,850 0.46 .21
California 5,677,251 123,284 2.78 2.91
Colorado 1.035,791 20,321 1.89 .48
Connecticut 1,606,903 91,538 5.59 2.16
238,380 5.310 2.18 .12
District of Columbia 486,869 16.000 2.96 .38
Florida 1,468,211 13,402 0.98 .32
Georgia 2,908,506 23,179 0.73 .55
Idaho . . . 445,032 1,141 0.21 .03
7,630.654 345,980 4.74 8.18
3,238,503 27,244 0.86 .64
Iowa 2.470,939 16,404 0.68 .39
Kansas 1,880,999 7,792 0.59 .18
2,614.589 19,533 0.77 .46
2,101,593 16,432 0.85 .39
Maine 797,423 8,480 1.07 .20
Maryland 1,631,526 70,871 4.44 1.67
Massachusetts 4,249,614 225,634 5.32 5.33
Michigan 4,842,325 89,462 1.99 2.11
Minnesota 2,563,953 43,197 1.61 1.02
Mississippi 2,009,821 6,420 0.36 .15
Missouri 3,629,367 80.687 2.30 1.91
Montana 537,606 1,578 0.22 0.37
Nebraska 1,377,963 14,209 1.02 .33
Nevada . 91,058 264 0.34 .01
465,293 2,779 0.61 .06
New Jersey 4,041,334 225,306 6.01 5.33
423,317 1,052 0.27 .02
New York 12,588,066 1,903.890 16.67 45.03
North Carolina 3,170,276 8,252 0.28 .20
North Dakota 680,845 2,749 0.43 .06
Ohio t 6,646,697 173,976 2.59 4.11
Oklahoma 2,396,040 7.823 0.33 .18
Oregon 953,786 13.075 1.47 .31
Pennsylvania 9,631,350 404,979 4.16 9.58
Rhode Island 687,497 25.003 3.56 .60
South Carolina 1.738,765 6.851 0.37 .16
South Dakota 692,849 1.584 0.23 .03
Tennessee 2,616,556 22,532 0.91 .53
Texas 5,824,715 46.648 0.86 1.10
Utah 507,847 2,857 0.55 .06
359,611 2,036 0.58 .05
Virginia 2,421,851 25,656 1.01 .60
Washington 1,563,396 14.698 0.94 .35
West Virginia 1,720,205 7,471 0.44 .17
Wisconsin 2,939.006 35,935 1.23 .85
Wyoming 225,565 1,319 0.55 .03
TABLE II
JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION
BY SIZE OF PLACES, 1927
P. C. of P. C. of
places Jews to
Number having P. C. of total
of Jews to Number Jews to popu la-
places total of total
having number Jews popula- places
Jews of tion having
places Jews
Urban places of 100,000 or over 68 100.00 3,553,600 11.11 11.11

Urban places of 100,000—25,000 219 100.00 378,862 3.11 3.11
Urban places of 25,000—10,000 433 93.93 111,742 1.61 1.82
Urban places of 10,000—5,000 636 88.22 41,855 0.84 0.95
Urban places of 5,000—2,500 1,121 84.86 32,370 0.71 0.82
Rural Incorporated places of 2,500 or
less . . 3,943 30.55 43 513 0.48 1.37
Rural Unincorporated Areas 3,292 7.39 66,087 0.15 1.76
TABLE III
PRINCIPAL JEWISH COMMUNITIES AND THEIR SUBORDINATE
COMMUNITIES, BY SIZE OF JEWISH COMMUNITIES, 1927
Number nf Number Distribution of

Communities of Jews Communities
United States 9,712 4.228.029 100.00

Principal Communities 871 4,077,042 9.00
Subordinate Communities 8,841 150.987 91.00
Average Number of Subordinate
Communities for one Principal
Community 10
Principal Urban Communities 786 4,058,365 90.00
Principal Rural Communities 85 18,677 10.00
500,000 Jews or over 1 1.765,000 1.00
500,000—100,000 2 595,000 1.00
100,000— 50.000 8 551,000 1.00
50.000— 20.000 12 282,800 1.00
20,000— 8,000 33 362.410 3.00
8.000— 2,000 72 265,810 8.00
2,000— 500 165 153,410 19.00
500— 100 330 72,552 3S.O0
Less than 100 Jews 163 10,383 18.00
277
TABLE IV
JEWS OF THE CITY OF N E W YORK, BY BOROUGHS
Total Per Cent of Distribution

Borough Population Jews 1927 Jews to total of Jews,
1930 in 1927 1927
Bronx 1,266,732 420,000 45.28 23.80

Brooklyn 2,596,154 797,000 35.02 45.15
Manhattan 1,856,588 465,000 25.71 26.35
Queens 1,078,357 75,800 9.33 4.29
Richmond 157.253 7,200 4.90 .41
Total 6,955,084 l,765,000> 29.56 100.00
1
In 1917, the total number of Jews was estimated at 1,503,000. and in 1920, 1,643,012,
distributed as follows: Bronx—211,000 in 1917 and 278,169 in 1920; Brooklyn—568,000
in 1917 and 604,380 in 1920; Manhattan—696,000 in 1917 and 657,101 in 1920; Queens
—23,000 in 1917 and 86,194 in 1920; Richmond—5,000 in 1917 and 17,168 in 1920;
total—1,503,000 in 1917 and 1,643.012 in 1920.
TABLE V
JEWS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1877-1927
Increase
Year Total Jews P. C.
Population Inter- Total Jews
P. C.
Number P. C. Number
1877... 43,661.968 229,087 0.52

1897. . . 72.106.120 937,800 1.31 20 yrs. 28,444,152 65.15 708,713 309.36
1907. . . 88,787,058 1,776,885 2. 10 yrs. 16,680.938 23.13 839,085 89.47
1917... 103,690,473 3,388,951 3.27 10 yrs. 14,853.415 16.73 1.612,066 90.72
1927. . . 118.140,645 4.228,029 3.58 10 yrs. 14.500,172 13.99 839,078 24.76
TABLE VI
A LIST OF CITIES IN THE UNITED STATES HAVING 1,000 JEWS OR MORE
Total Total
City Popula- Jews* City Popula- Jews*
tion 1930 tion 1930
Akron, Ohio 255,040 7,500 Galveston, Texas 51,939 1,100"
Albany, N. Y 127,412 9,000 Gary, I n d . . 100 426 2 500*
Allentown, Pa 92,052 1,960 Gloversville, N . Y . . . 22,842 1,500
Altoona, Pa 81,503 1.500 Grand Rapids, Mich. 168,234 1,780
Asbury Park, N. J... 14,981 1.387 1
Atlanta, Ga 353,722" 12.000 H a m m o n d , Ind 64,560 1,200
Atlantic City, N . J . . . 65,748 12,160 Harrisburg, Pa 80,284 5,000
Hartford, Conn 161,224 27,000
Baltimore, Md 804,874 68,000 Haverhill, M a s s 48,687 3,385
Bangor, Maine 28.701 1,500 Hazleton, Pa 39,078 1,000
Bayonne, N. J 85,822 12,150 Highland Park,
Beaumont, Texas. . . 57,483 1,150 Mich. 52 817 1 765
Bethlehem, Pa 58,257 1,500 Hoboken, N . J 56,523 2,780
Beverly, Mass 24,985 1,000 Holyoke, M a s s 56,555 2.000
Binghamton, N. Y... 76,601 2,500 Homestead, Pa 20,141 1,100
Birmingham, Ala.. . . 257,657 4,500* Houston, T e x a s 289,438 12,000'
Bloomfield, N. J 37,245 1,400 Huntington, W . V a . . 75,575 1,200*
Boston, Mass 781,188 90,000*
Braddock, Pa 19.301 2,000 Indianapolis, I n d . . . . 362,527 10,000
Bridgeport, Conn.... 147,206 13,000 Irvington, N . J 56,110 2,000'
Brockton, Mass 63,695 4,000
Brookline, Mass 47,437 7,7OO» Jacksonville, Fla 129.682 3,7OO>
Buffalo, N. Y 572,217 20,000 Jersey City, N . J.. . . 316,914 18,000
Johnstown, P a 66,886 1,000
Cambridge, Mass.... 113,650 5,200»
Camden, N. J 117,172 7,700 < Kansas City, Kans... 122,327 2,500
Canton, Ohio 105,524 3,800' Kansas City, M o . . . . 399,746 22,000
Charleston, S. C 62,123 2,500' Kingston, N . Y 28,186 1,750
J
Charleston, W. Va... 60,411 l,25O
Chattanooga, Tenn. 119,539 3,385 Lancaster, Pa 60,596 1.750'
Chelsea, Mass 44,827 20,000* Lawrence, Mass 84,949 3,775
Chester, Pa 58.350 2.125 Lincoln, Nebr 75,919 1,050
6
Chicago, 111 3,376,438 305.000' Linden, N . J 21,111 1,800
Cincinnati, O h i o . . . . 449,331 23.500 Little Rock, Ark 81,624 3,000
Cleveland, Ohio 901.482 85,000 Long Beach, Calif.. . 141,390 1,750
Cleveland Heights Long Branch, N . J... 18,399 3,000
Ohio 50,123 8,000 Los Angeles, Calif.. . 1,238,048 70,000'
Columbus, Ohio 289.056 8,500 Louisville, K y 307,808 10.000 2
Lowell, Mass 100,050 2,700
Dallas, Texas 260,397 8.000* Lynbrook, N . Y 11,971 1,000
Dayton, Ohio 200,225 4,900 Lynn, Mass 102,327 9,000
Denver, Colo 287,644 17,000
Des Moines, Iowa.. 142.46C> 4,500* McKeesport, P a 54,443 5,000
Detroit, Mich 1,568,662 75.OOO2 Madison, Wis 57,815 1,000
Duluth, Minn 101.231 4.000' Maiden. Mass 58,483 10,000"
East Orange, N. J . . . 67,344 2,000 Mason City, I o w a . . . 23,703 1,501
Easton, Pa 34,382 1,500 Memphis. Tenn 252,049 10,000
East St. Louis, 111.... 74,024 2,750 Meriden, Conn 38,452 1,750
Elizabeth, N. J 114,551 9,500' Miami, Fla 110,025 2,650«
Elmira, N. Y 47,381 1,500 Milwaukee, Wis 578,249 25,000
El Paso, Texas 101,975 2.400 Minneapolis, Minn... 462,611 22,000
Erie, Pa 115,875 1,586* Montgomery, A l a . . . . 65,801 1,250*
Evansville. Ind 103.151 1,800 Monticello, N . Y . . . . 3,447 1,200
Everett, Mass 40,120 2,350 s Mount Vernon, N . Y . 60,869 10,000'
Fall River, M a s s . . . . 114,348 5.500 153,866

Nashville, T e n n 2,800'
Fallsburg town, N . Y 4,716 1,060 N e w Bedford, Mass..
112,804 3,970
Flint, Mich 156,422 1,100 N e w Britain, C o n n . . .
67,843 3,000
Fort Wayne, I n d . . . . 115,121 1,800 N e w Brunswick, N.J.
34,273 6,500"
Fort Worth, Texas . . 160,892 2,100 New Haven, Conn...
162,650 22,500
* Unless otherwise indicated, the figure for the number of Jews is as of the end
of 1927.
TABLE VI (Cont.)
Total Total
City Popula- Jews City Popula- Jews
tion 1930 tion 1930
New London. Conn.. 27,827 1,8503 St. Paul, Minn 270,883 13.500
New Orleans, La 455,792 9,000 Salem, Mass 43,287 2,400
New Rochelle, N. Y.. 54.05S 5,5002 Salt Lake City, Utah 140,058 2,000
New York, N. Y.. . . 6,930,446 1,765,000 San Antonio, Texas.. 231,542 6,000s
Newark, N. J 439,506 65,000 San Diego, Cal 147,897 2,500»
Newburgh, N. Y. . . . 31,240 2,000' San Francisco, Cal... 634,394 38,000
Newport News, Va... 34,285 1.750 Savannah, Ga 87,714 3,800
Newton, Mass 46,054 l,300« Schenectady, N. Y... 95,692 3,800'
Niagara Falls, N. Y.. 75,306 1,000 Scranton, Pa 143,428 9,000"
Norfolk, Va 127,808 6,500' Seattle, Wash 363,134 12,000'
Norwalk, Conn 35,961 2,0002 Shreveport, La 76,659 2.000
Norwich, Conn 23,021 1.650 Sioux City, I o w a . . . . 79,031 3.150
Somerville, Mass.. .. 103,604 2,500»
Oak Park Village, 111. 63,819 1,600 South Bend, Ind 103,694 3,000
Oakland, Cal 284,213 6,000* South Orange, N. J.. 13,729 1.000
Oklahoma City, Okla. 182,845 l,500» Spokane, Wash 115.514 1,350
Omaha, Neb 214,175 ll,000» Springfield, Mass.... 149.861 12.100
Orange, N. J 34.958 1,000 Stamford, Conn 46,346 5,600
Stockton, Cal 47,690 1,150
Pasadena. Cal 75,875 1,400 Superior, Wis 36,087 1,050
Passaic, N. J 63,108 9,000 Syracuse, N. Y 207,007 14,000
Paterson, N. J 138,267 22,300
Peabody, Mass 21,244 1,400 Tacoma, Wash 106,837 1,000
Peekskill, N. Y 17,125 1,000 Terre Haute, I n d . . . . 62.543 1,000
Peoria, 111 104.788 1,500 Toledo, Ohio 290,787 12,000'
Perth Amboy, N. J.. 43,953 5,500' Trenton, N. J 122,610 11,000"
Philadelphia, Pa 1.950,961 270,000 Troy, N. Y 72,350 2,500
Pittsburgh, Pa 669,817 53,000" Tulsa. Okla 141,281 1,400'
Pittsfield, Mass 49,578 2,100
Plainfield, N. J 34,405 2,100» Union. N. J 58,659 4,000"
Portland, Me 70,452 3,500 Uniontown, Pa 19,368 1,100
Portland, Ore 301,815 11,000' Utica, N. Y 102,633 5,200>
Portsmouth, Va 45,353 2,180
Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 40,123 1,850 Waco. Texas 52.825 1,500
Providence, R. I 251,029 21,000 Washington, D. C . . . 485,716 16,000
Waterbury, Conn 99.902 5.300
Quincy, Mass 71,965 1,650 Waukegan. Ill 33,434 1.000
West New York.NJ. 36,941 2,410
Reading, Pa 110,289 2,500 White Plains, N. Y.. 35.604 1,700
Revere, Mass 35,680 8,000 Wilkes-Barre, Pa 86,507 5,500
Richmond, Va 182,883 8,000'» Wilmington, Del 104.941 5.O008
Rochester, N. Y 325,019 33,0002 Winthrop, Mass 16,968 2,4508
Rock Island, 111 39,245 1,675 Woodbine. N. J 2,164 1,100'
Worcester, Mass 196.395 13,000"
Sacramento, Cal 93,685 1,100
St. Joseph, Mo 79,226 3,500 Yonkers. N. Y. 13S 123 8,000'
St. Louis, Mo 821,960 50,000 Youngstown, Ohio... 170.004 8.500'
1
6
1929, local est. > 1930, local est. »1931, local est. «2,400 in 1930, local est.
5,000 in 1930. local est. • In 1929, Bureau8 of Jewish Social Research.
' 7,500 in 1930, Jewish Welfare Board. Bureau of Jewish Social Research:
Boston, 85,000 in 1930; Cambridge, 4000 in 1930; Chelsea, 16,600 in 1930; Maiden,
Welfare Board and Bureau of Jewish Social Research; 10,000 in 1930, local est.
« 3.200 in 1928. Jewish Welfare Board. " 14.000 in 1930, local est.; 9,500 in 1930,
Bureau of Jewish Social Research. '« 1930 local census, under supervision of Rabbi
Dr. Henry Cohen. « Greater Atlanta; 266,557 in Atlanta borough. l a " 1931, est. of
the Jewish Charities of Chicago. " 1927, Jewish Welfare Board. 45,000in 1931,
local est. >» 8.000 in 1929, local est. • 70.650 in 1929, loc. est.
B. JEWISH POPULATION OF THE WORLD
The total number of Jews in the world is here estimated
at 15,050,000. Of that number, 7,500,000 reside in a group
of adjacent countries located in the center of the continent
of Europe, which region may be designated as the "Jewish"
Central Europe. This region includes Poland, Danzig,
Lithuania, Latvia; Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary;
Roumania, Russia (Crimea, Ukraine, and White Russia).
In this region the Jews constitute over 6% of the total pop-
ulation. Over 4,380,000 live in North America and the West
Indies, where the Jews constitute nearly 3 % of the total
population. Over 300,000 Jews live in Palestine and the
surrounding countries of Arabia, Iraq, and Syria, constitut-
ing over 2% of the total population of that region. 400,000
Jews reside in the Arab-speaking countries of North Africa,
namely, Tangiers, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Libya, and
Egypt; in this region the Jews form nearly 1.5% of the total
population. In addition to these regions, the proportion
of Jews to the total population is considerable in Nether-
lands (2%) and in the southeastern portion of Europe,
namely, Greece and European Turkey (1.74%); in the
southernmost country of the continent of Africa, namely,
the Union of South Africa, where the Jews constitute nearly
1% of the total population and over 4% of the white popu-
lation in that country; and in the southernmost country of
the American continent, namely, Argentine, where the
Jews constitute nearly 2% of the total.
In all other regions the Jews constitute less than 1% of
the total population. Of the latter, over 1,500,000 reside
in western and southern Europe; 200,000, in northern and
eastern Europe (Russia and the Baltic countries); and nearly
25,000 reside in Australia and New Zealand, constituting
a little over 0.5% among the European peoples in Europe
and nearly 0.33% among the white countries of Australia.
Nearly 225,000 Jews reside among the peoples of Asia Minor,
and central and northern Asia; and only about 125,000
281
Jews reside among the peoples of eastern and southern Asia

(Japan, China, India and Nether India), in Central Africa,
Oceania, and Central and Southern America, exclusive of
the Argentine Republic; and the proportion of Jews to non-
Jews in those countries is very small. There are 50,000
Falashas, it is claimed, in Abyssinia.
Of the total number of 15,044,641 Jews in the world,
9,282,079 reside in Europe, 542,609 in Africa, 572,055 in
Asia, 24,783 in Australasia, and 4,623,115 in America. Thus,
61.70% live in Europe, 30.73% in America, 3.80% in Asia,
3.61% in Africa, and 0.16% in Australasia.
TABLE VII
JEWS OF AMERICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Gen. Vr.» Jewish Yr.« Per

Population Population* Cent
ALL COUNTRIES 225.277,372 4,623.115 2.05
North America and West Indies 158.444,517 4.381,241 2.77
United States (Continental)... 122,775,046 1930 4,228,029 1927
Alaska 59,278 1930 500 1917
Canada 9,786,800 1929 126.196c 1921
16.404,030 1930 16,000'2 1927 0.11
Cuba. 3,579,507 1928 8.2OO 1925
Curacao . . . 65.727 1929 566 1929 0.86
Dominican Republic 894,665 1920 55c 1920 0.01
Haiti 2,300,200 1927 150 1929
974,742 1929 1.250c 1921
Porto Rico 1,543.043 1930 200 1917
Virgin Islands 22,012 1930 70 1923
Panama Canal Zone 39,467 1930 25 1926
South and Central America.... 66,832,855 241,874 0.36
Argentina 10.646,814 1928 200,000 1924
Brazil 39,103,856 1928 30.000 1927
Chile 4,364,395 1929 2,000> 1924
Guiana (British) 307,784 1928 1.786 1925
442,522 1923 750 1926
836,360 1928 400< 1924
Peru. 6.147.000 1927 300 1927 0.01
Surinam 148,960 1929 756 1929 0.51
1,808.286 1929 5 000 1929 0.28
3,026.878 1926 882c 1926 0.03
• The letter "c" following a figure indicates that it is based on a census.

1
Including 10,000 Oriental Jews and 6,000 European Jews.
'1 Including 2,700 Sephardic and 5,500 Ashkenazic Jews.
Number of Jews residing at Santiago, Valparaiso, Conception and Temuco.
• Number of Jews residing at Villarrica, Borche, Cabaliero, Ipcarat, Caifunto an
Encarmasion.
• January 1, specifically in the case of estimates for 1930. 1929. 1928.
TABLE VIII
JEWS OF EUROPE, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Gen. Yr. Jewish Yr.' Per

Population Population Cent
ALL COUNTRIES 490,376,638 9,285,789 1.89
Central Europe 131,094,728 7,484,752 5.71
Austria 6,686,575 1928 250,000 1923
Crimes.' 713,823 1926 45,926c 1926 6.43
Czechoslovakia. . . . . 14 700 000a 1930 400,000s 1930 2 72
Danzig 383 995 1924 9,239c 1924 2 41
H unearv 8,603,922 1929 476,860 1928
Latvia 1,900,045 1930 94,388c«1 1930 4.97
Lithuania 2,340,038 1930 155,125c 1923
Northwest Russia10 13,450,533 1926 326,363c 1926 2.43
Poland 30 408 247 1929 2,845,364 s 1921
Rou mania 17,904,623 1929 900,000 1929
White Russia* 4,982,623 1926 407,059c 1926 8.17
Ukraine4 29,020,304 1926 1,574,428c 1926 5.43
Western and Southern Europe. 271,253,511 1,616,107 0.60
Belgium 7 995,558 1929 44,000 1921
Bulgaria . . 5 478 741 1929 43,209c 1926
Cyprus 310 715 1921 195c 1921 0.79
Denmark 3 434 555 1925 5,947 1921
Krance 40 743 851 1926 220,000c 1926 0.54
Germany 62 348 782 1925 564,379c s 1925 0.91
Gibraltar 16 931 1929 l,123c 1920
Great Britain and Northern
Ireland 45 754,000 1929 300,000 1929 0.66
Greece 6 204 684 1928 72,791c 1928 1.17
Irish Free State 2,971,992 1926 3,686c 1926 0.12
Italy 41 169,000 1929 50,000 1924
Luxemburg 237,191 1927 1,771 1927 0.75
Malta and Gozo 230,618 1929 35 1920
Ne therla nd s 7 730 577 1929 150,000' 1925
Portugal 6,032,991 1920 1,000 1921
Saax Basin 770,030 1927 4,038c 1927 0.52
Serb-Croat-Slovene State 12,017,323 1921 73,362c 1921 0.61
Spain 22 601,753 1929 4,000 1920
Switzerland 4 018,500 1928 20,979 1920
Turkey (Europe) 1,185,719 1927 55,592c 1927 4.69
Northern Europe. 88,028,399 184,930 0.21
Esthonia 1 116,553 1929 4,566c 1922
Finland.. . 3,611,791 1929 1,745 1928
Norwav 2 810 592 1929 1,457c 1920
Russia (R. S. F. S. R...exclusive
of Crimea and the Northwest)1 74,384,273 1926 170,693 1926 0.23
Sweden 6,105,190 1929 6,469c 1920
1
Exclusive of the number of Jews in the district of Memel of 141,274 inhabitants
on2 January 1, 1925.
Religious census of 1918 returned 9,696,714 as belonging to the Orthodox Church;
1,456,147, Greek Orthodox; 1,482,391, Roman Catholics; 1,344,970, Protestants;
44,087, Mohammedans; 17,586, Armenians; 834,344, Jews; total, 14,876,789, leaving
2,516,360 unaccounted for.
'4 Autonomous republic of Russia (R. S. F. S. R.).
Constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R.).
•8 The ecclesiastical returns of the four synagogues of the city.
The returns of the 1920 census give 121,167 Jews, exclusive of the possible number of
Jews among the 533,714 enumerated as of "no religion" and 1,010 as of "unknown
religion."
7 8
See footnote 5 to Table VII. Preliminary figure. • On basis of nationality.
10
The Governments of Leningrad, Pskov, Smolensk, Briansk, and Moscow
TABLE IX
JEWS OF AFRICA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Gen. Jewish Per

Population Yr.» Population Yr.« Cent.
ALL COUNTRIES 68,413,567 542.609 0.79
Northern Part (Arabic-

Speaking Countries) 29,075,568 418,550 1.44
6,063,496 1926 100,000 1926 1.65

Egypt 14,213,364 1927 63,550 1927 0.45
Libya" 765,000' 1921 43,000' 1921 5.62
Morocco (French) 4,894,000 1926 117.0002s 1926 2.39
Morocco (Spanish) 1,000,000 1929 15,000 1929 1.50
Tangier Zone 80,000 1929 15,000* 1929 23.08
Tunis 2,059,708 1926 65,000' 1926 3.10
Southern Part (Black Africa).. 39,337,999 124,059 0.32
Abyssinia 10,000,000 1929 50.000" 1922

8,7OO,0O0« 1929 177 1923
Kenya 2,891,691' 1928 100 1924
Northern Rhodesia.. .... 1,269,508" 1928 110 1921
Portuguese East Africa 3.514,612' 1927 100 1923
1,032,703"> 1929 1,546 1926
South-West Africa 258,905" 1926 200 1925
Tanganyika (German
East Africa) 4,742,000" 1928 10 1923
Union of South Africa 6,928,580" 1921 71.816" 1926
» 571,000 in Tripolitania in 1921 with 40,000 J e w s , and 195,000 in Cyrenaica in 1926

with 2,997 J e w s in the t o w n of Benghazi.
I
Including 107,512 native J e w s (census) and 10,000 European J e w s (estimate).
• T h e number of J e w s residing a t Alcazar, Arzila, Larache, and T e t u a n .
• O n l y those living in t h e c i t y of Tangier.
» T h e census of 1926 returned 54,243 n a t i v e J e w s .
• Including 23,276 w h i t e s in 1928.
7
Including 23,086 Europeans and Arabs.
• Including 7,536 Europeans in D e c e m b e r 1928.
9
Including 35,570 n o n - n a t i v e s .
10
Including 47,663 Europeans.
II
11
'» Including 1,676,660 Europeans in 1926.
» Falashas.
» See footnote 5 to Table VII.
•• 4.28% of the total white population.
TABLE X
JEWS OF ASIA, BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS AND COUNTRIES
Gen. Yr.» Jewish Yr.» Per

ALL COUNTRIES 932,735.710 572,055 0.06
Palestine and Neighboring
Countries 13,622,827 312,505 2.27
Palestine... . 939,400" 1930 161,270 1930 17.79
Arabia... ... 7,000,000 1929 25,000
Aden and Perim 54,923 1921 3,747c 1911
Iraq 2.849,282 1920 87,488c 1920 3.10
Syria and Lebanon 2,831,622 1929 35,000' 1922
Asia Minor, Central and
Northern Asia 60,256,459 222,919 0.37
Afghanistan 8,000,000 1929 5,000 1929 0.06
Persia 9.000.000 1929 40,000 1929 0.44
Russia (R. S. F. S. R.) in Asia* 18,845,621 1926 49,571c 1926 0.26
Transcaucasian3 Republic' 5,850,692 1926 62,194c 1926 1.06
Turkmenistan 827,400 1926 2,040c 1926 0.25
Turkey (in Asia) 12,462.551 1927 26,280c 1927 0.21
Uzbekistan' 5,270,195 1926 37,834c 1926 0.72
Eastern and Southern A s i a . . . . 858,856,424 36,631 0.004
British Malaya 3,358,054« 1921 703c 1921 0.02
China 451,842,000 1928 12,000' 1921
Hong Kong 1,075,690 1927 150 1921
India (States and Agencies) . . . 318,942,480 1921 21,778c 1921 0.01
Indo-China (French) 20,700,000 1926 l,000« 1924
62 938 200 1929 1 000 1922
1
The census of 1922 returned 16,145 Jews, exclusive of the possible number among
the 71,566 enumerated as "aliens," 50,000 "recent immigrants from Turkey," and
350,000
1
classed as "nomads."
Including the Far Eastern Region, Yakutsk Republic, Buriat-Mongul Republic,
Siberian Region, and the autonomous republic of Kirghizia.
»4 Constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R-).
' The number of Jews residing at Chang-Blung, Dairen (Baluy), Haitar, Harbin,
Kiarta Hankow, Shanghai, and Tientsin.
'7 The number of Jews residing at Haiphong, Hanoi, Saigon and Tourane.
A constituent republic of Russia (U. S. S. R.), and the republic includes Armenia,
Azerbajdjan,
8
and Georgia.
Including nomad Beduins estimated at 103,000 in 1922.
• See footnote 5 to Table VII.
TABLE XI
JEWS OF AUSTRALASIA, BY COUNTRIES
Countries Gen. Yr. Jewish Yr. Per

All Countries 19,951,188 24,783 0.12
Australia 6,373,219 1929 21,615c 1921
Hawaii. . 368,336 1930 77 1926
New Zealand 1,344,46') 1926 2,591c 1926 0.19
Philippine Islands 12,082,366 1929 500 1917
TABLE XII
A LIST OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATIONS
Name of Country Number of Jews1 Name of Country Number of Jews1
Abyssinia 50.000 Luxemburg 1,771

Aden and Perim 3,747 Malta 35
Afghanistan 5,000 Mexico 16,000
Alaska 500 Morocco (French) 117,000
Algeria 100,000 Morocco (Spanish) 15,000
Arabia 25,000 Netherlands 150,000
Argentina 200,000 New Zealand 2,591
Australia 21,615 Norway 1,457
Austria 250.000 Palestine 161,270
Belgium 44,000 Panama 750
Brazil 30,000 Panama Canal Zone 25
British Empire 720,540 Paraguay 400
British Malaya 703 Persia 40,000
Bulgaria 43,209 Peru 300
Canada 126,196 Philippine Islands 500
Chile 2,000 Poland 2,845,364
China 12,000 Porto Rico 200
Congo (Belgian) 177 Portugal 1,000
Crimea 45.926 Portuguese East Africa.. 100
Cuba 8,200 Rhodesia (Northern) . .. 110
Curacao 565 Rhodesia (Southern) 1,546
Cyprus 195 Roumania 900,000
Czecho-Slovakia 400,000 Russia (R. S. F. S. R.)
Danzig 9,239 in Asia 49,571
Denmark 5,947 Russia (R. S. F. S. R.)
Dominican Republic... 55 in Europe 539.272
Egypt 63,550 Russia (U. S. S. R.) 2,672,398
Esthonia 4,566 Saar Basin 4.038
Finland 1,745 Serb-Croat-Slovene
France 220.000 State 73.362
France and Possessions. 538,000 S. W.Africa 200
Germany 564,379 Spain 4,000
Gibraltar 1,123 Surinam (Dutch Guiana) 756
Great Britain and Syria and Lebanon 35,000
Northern Ireland 300.000 Sweden 6,469
Great Britain and Switzerland 20,979
Dominions 525,949 Tanganyika 10
Greece 72,791 Tangier Zone 15,000
Guiana (British) 1,786 Trans-Caucasian Rep... 62,194
Haiti 150 Tunisia 65,000
Hawaii 77 Turkmenistan 2,040
Hong Kong 150 Turkey in Asia 26,280
Hungary 476,860 Turkey in Europe 55,592
India 21,778 Ukraine 1,574,428
Indo-China (French). . 1,000 Union of South Africa.. 71,816
Iraq 87,488 United States (Contin'l). 4,228,029
Irish Free State 3,686 United States and
Italy 50,000 Possessions 4,229,401
Jamaica 1.250 Uruguay 5,000
Japan 1.000 Uzbekistan Republic.... 37,834
Kenya 100 Venezuela 882
Latvia 94,388 Virgin Islands 70
Libya 43,000 White Russia 407.059
Lithuania 155,125
> See footnote 1 to p. 287.

TABLE XIII
LIST OF IMPORTANT CITIES AND THEIR JEWISH POPULATION*
Gen. Jewish Per

Name Population Yr. Population1 Yr. Cent
Alexandria 450,000 1920 29,207 1920 6.5

Algiers 206,595 1921 15,943c. 1921 7.7
647,427 1920 67,249c. 1920 10.4
Antwerp 334,000 1921 22,000e. 1921 6.5
Bagdad 250,000 1920 50,000c. 1920 20.0
Berlin 4,024,165 1925 172,672c. 1925 4.29
Brussels 685,000 1921 20,000e. 1921 2.9
925,724 1920 217,545c. 1920 23.5
Cairo 795,000 1920 24,885 1920 3.1
Copenhagen 561,344 1921 5,875c. 1921 1.04
183,706 1921 45,192 1921 24 6
91,852 1919 43,555c. 1919 47 4
Haifa 24,469 1922 17,500 1928
Jerusalem 62,578 1922 53,500 1928
Johannesburg 288,131 1921 22,335c. 1921 7.75
Kharkov 417,342c 1926 81,139c 1926 19.44
Kovno 92,446 1923 25,044c. 1926 27.09
Lwow 219,388 1921 76,854 1921 35.
Leningrad 1,614,008 1926 84,503c 1926 5.24
Lodz 452,079 1921 155,860 1921 34.5
Minsk 131,528 1926 53,686c 1926 40.82
Montreal 618,506 1921 42,817 1921 6.9
Moscow 2,144,679 1926 131,747c 1926 6.14
Prague 848,081 1930 35,463c. 1930
Rabat 30,953 1921 3,004c. 1921 9.7
Riga 337,699 1925 39,459c. 1925 11.68
Rome 600,000 11,000 1922
Safed 8,760 1922 2,986c. 1922 34.1
Sofia 175,681 1926 20,895 1926 11.89
Tallinn (Revel) 127,000 1926 1,929c. 1922
Tel Aviv 38,500c. 1929
Toronto 521,893 1921 34,619 1921 6.6
Tripoli 64.759 1918 12,951c. 1918 20.0
Tunis . ... 79,175 1921 19,029c. 1921 24.0
1.856,780 1923 201,513c. 1923 10.8
Warsaw 936,046 1921 309,165c. 1921 33.
Winnipeg 191,198 1924 14,449 1921
• For cities in the United States, see pp. 223, 224.
1
It should be borne in mind that the figures for the number of Jews arrived at on
the basis of a religious or nationality census, are minima. This is partly due to the fact
that there is sometimes a tendency on the part of census enumerators to minimize the
number of persons of a minority religion or nationality, and partly because some Tews
report their nationality as that of the majority population, or decline to answe' the
question as to religion or nationality. For example, in the 1921 census of Czecho-
slovakia as many as 724,507 persons refused to give their religious affiliation. The
number of Jews for that country given in this article does not include the possible
number of Jews among those that refused to give their religious affiliation.
C. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED

STATES
During the year ended June 30, 1930, a total of 11,526
Jewish immigrants were admitted to the country, 953 less
than during the past year, and 4,020 Jews were admitted
during the 6 months ended December 31, 1930. The number
of Jews who departed was small: 299 during the year ended
June 30, 1930, and 159 during the following 6 months. The
net increase through immigration was thus 11,227 (5.88%
of the total) during the fiscal year of 1930, and 3,867 (8.67%
of the total) during the 6 months ended December 31, 1930.
Only 164 Jews were deported during the fiscal year of
1929-1930, and 75 during the 6 months that followed. That
is to say, compared with the net increase of Jewish immi-
grants, the number deported was only 1.46% during 1930
and 1.94% during the following 6 months, as against 8.71%
and 19.07% respectively for the total number of immigrants
deported. Also, the ratio of the number of Jews debarred
to those admitted was 2.39% in 1930 and 5.69% in the 6
months that followed, as against 3.41% and 6.67% respec-
tively for the total.
Of the 11,526 Jews admitted during the year ended June
30, 1930, a total of 7,486 (64.95%) came from a group
of adjacent countries in the center of Europe1, and 4,040
(35.05%) came from other countries, chiefly Canada,
Cuba, Great Britain, and Palestine. In 1929, 68.61% came
from the Jewish Central Europe1 and 31.39% from other
countries. In the case of the countries of the Jewish
Central Europe, the Jewish immigrants constituted 36.48%
of the total number of immigrants admitted from those
countries.
During the year ended June 30, 1930, the Jewish immi-
grants admitted were destined for every state in the Union,
chiefly New York, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New
Jersey, Massachusetts, Ohio, and California, in the order
given.
1
Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Austria, Czecho-Slovakia, Hungary, Roumania, Russia.
Of the total number of immigrants admitted during the

year ended June 30, 1930, 4,762 were males and 6,394 were
females (41.32% and 58.68%), over against 48.42% and
51.58% respectively for the total number of immigrants
admitted to the country. The Jewish immigrants differed
also in the matter of age distribution and conjugal condi-
tion. Of the total number of Jewish immigrants, 25.43%
were children under 16 years, 55.47% were persons between
16 and 44, and 19.10%, 45 years and over; as against
16,87%, 73.26%, and 9.87%, respectively, for the total
number of immigrants. Of the total number of Jewish
immigrants, 57.62% were single, 36.63% married, and
5.75% widowed and divorced; as against 64.47%, 32.09%,
and 3.44%, respectively for the total. The family character
of Jewish immigration to the United States is also evident
from the fact that, of the total number of Jewish immi-
grants, 95.55% came to join relatives, as against 82.68%
for the total number of immigrants. This family character
of Jewish immigration accounts for the variation from the
norm on the part of Jewish immigrants in the matter of the
amount of money shown by the immigrants upon landing.
In 1930, the sum of money shown by the Jewish immigrants
upon landing, amounted to 3.64% of the total sum shown.
Little is known statistically of the early waves of Jewish
immigration to the United States, the immigration of Por-
tuguese and Spanish Jews, and of German Jews. We are in
possession of statistics beginning with 1881, and the d a t a
we have bear on the following: (1) the number of Jews who
were admitted at the ports of the City of New York, Phil-
adelphia, and Baltimore, during 1881—1898; (2) the num-
ber of Jews who were admitted to the country at all ports
between 1899—1907; and (3) the number of Jews who were
admitted as well as those who departed from 1908 onwards.
Now, during 1908—1914, the percentage of Jewish
departures to Jewish admissions was 7.14%.' We may,
therefore, perhaps assume that the percentages were similar
during the period between 1899—1907. We may also per-
1
The percentage of Jewish departures during the entire period between 1908-1929 is
5.03% which percentage is close to the one of 7.14% for the seven years between
1908-1914 of "free" immigration. See table XIX.
haps assume that during 1881-1898 the Jewish departures

equalled the number of Jewish admissions through ports
other than New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. If
these assumptions be correct, then the number of Jewish
immigrants to the United States during 1881—1930 may
be estimated at 2,325,895.'
See Table XVIII.
TABLE XIV
JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, DEPARTED, DEBARRED, AND DEPORTED,
JULY 1, 1929—JUNE 30, 1930, AND JULY—DECEMBER, 1930
July 1, 1929—June 30,1930 July—December, 1930
Total Jews Per Cent Total Jews Per Cent
Admission1 241,700 11,526 4.77 75,521 4,026 5.33

Departure 50,661 2992 0.59 30,916 159» 0.51
Increase 191,039 11,227 5.88 44,605 3,867 8.67
Debarred 8,233 275 3.34 5,041 229 4.54
Deported 16,631 164 0.99 8,508 75 0.88
i In addition, 204,514 non-immigrants, including 3,699 Jews (1.81%) were admitted

during the year ended June 30, 1930, and 111,824, including 1,965 Jews, during July—
December, 1930.
• 54 to Canada, 10 to Czecho-Slovakia, 50 to Great Britain, 24 to Palestine, 65 to
Poland, 14 to Roumania, 12 to Russia, and 70 to other countries.
» 14 to Canada, 38 to Great Britain, 16 to Palestine. 38 to Poland, and 53 to other
countries.
TABLE XV
JEWISH IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, BY SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CONDITION,
FINANCIAL CONDITION, ETC., YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930
Number Distribution

Immigrants A d m i t t e d . . . . 241,700 11,526 100.00 100.00
AGE
U n d e r 16 40,777 2,931 16.87 25.43
16—44 177,059 6,394 73.26 55.47
45 and over 23,864 2,201 9.87 19.10
SEX
Males 117,026 4,762 48.42 41.32
Females 124,674 6,764 51.58 58.68
CONJUGAL CONDITION
Single . . 155,829 6,641 64.47 57.62
Male 85,149 3,245 54.64 48.86
Female 70 680 3,396 45.36 51.14
Married 77 560 4 222 32.09 36.63
Male 30,238 1,408 38.99 33.35
Female 47,322 2,814 61.01 66.65
Widowed 7,764 648 3.21 5.62
Male 1,513 107 19.49 16.51
Female 6 251 541 80.51 83.49
Divorced 547 15 0.23 0.13
Male 126 2 23.03 13.33
Female 421 13 76.97 86.67
FINANCIAL CONDITION
Amount of money shown.. $21,877,166 $796,409
Immigrants showing
$50 or over. 122,177 4,050 64.29 58.26
Immigrants showing
less than $50 67,872 2,902 35.71 41.74
PERSONS JOINED
Relatives 199,841 11,013 82.68 95.55
Friends 25,808 235 10.68 2.04
None .. 16,051 278 6.64 2.41
TABLE XVI
DESTINATION OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS, YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930
Distribution
States Total Jews Per Cent Total Jews
California. . . ... 15,600 283 1.82 6.45 2.46
Connecticut 5,476 144 2.63 2.27 1.25
Illinois 15,012 802 5.34 6.21 6.96
Massachusetts 18,127 371 2.05 7.50 3.22
Michigan 22,149 519 2.34 9.16 4.50
New Jersey 16,510 505 3.06 6.83 4.38
New York 84,734 7,248 8.55 35.06 62.88
Ohio 7,813 290 3.71 3.23 2.52
Pennsylvania 15,906 666 4.19 6.58 5.78
Other states 40,373 698' 1.73 16.71 6.05
Total 241,700 11,526 4.77 100.00 100.00
1
Alabama (2), Arizona (2), Arkansas (4), Colorado (25), Delaware (5), District of
Columbia (21), Florida (11), Georgia (4), Idaho (4), Indiana (37), Iowa (24), Kansas
(2), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (11), Maine (10). Maryland (99), Minnesota (53),
Mississippi (8), Missouri (86), Montana (1), Nebraska (19), Nevada (2). New Hamp-
shire (6), New Mexico (2), North Carolina (8), North Dakota (12), Oklahoma (5),
Oregon (9), Porto Rico (1), Rhode Island (30). South Carolina (1), South Dakota (5),
Tennessee (1), Texas (50), Utah (2), Vermont (5), Virginia (17), Washington (36),
West Virginia (6), Wisconsin (62), Wyoming (2).
TABLE XVII
PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF LAST RESIDENCE OF JEWISH IMMIGRANTS,
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1930
Distribution
States Total Jews Per Cent
Total Jews
CENTRAL EUROPE 20.S19 7,486 36.48 8.49 64.95

Austria ... 1,744 129 7.40 0.72 1.12
Czecho-Slovakia 4,438 233 5.25 1.84 2.02
Hungary 1,265 236 18.66 0.52 2.05
Latvia 370 255 60.81 0.15 2.21
Lithuania 612 279 45.59 0.25 2.42
Poland. 9,231 4.512 48.88 3.82 39.15
Ron mania 1,726 1,024 59.33 0.72 8.88
Russia 1,133 818 72.20 0.47 7.10
OTHER COUNTRIES 221,181 4,040 1.83 91.51 35.05
France. 3,713 100 2.69 1.54 0.87
Germany 26,569 167 0.63 10.99 1.45
Great Britain 36,489 723 1.98 15.10 6.27
Palestine 702 617 87.89 0.29 5.35
Canada . . 63,502 1,624 2.56 26.27 14.09
Cuba.. 3,132 207 6.61 1.30 1.80
Countries of less than
100 Jews1 87,074 602' 0.69 36.02 5.22
Grand Total 241,700 11,526 4.77 100.00 100.00
1
Armenia (1), Australia (4), Belgium (60), Brazil (15), Bulgaria (10), China (56),
Denmark (7), Egypt (32), Esthonia (7), Finland (16), Free City of Danzig (10),
Greece (12), India (5), Irish Free State (13). Italy (20), Japan (2), Jugo-Slavia (20),
Mexico (84), Netherlands (21), Newfoundland (4), New Zealand (1). Norway (5),
Other Africa (28), Other Asia (10), Other Central America (2). Other Europe (2),
Other South America (73), Other West Indies (2), Pacific Islands (1), Portugal (I),
Spain (1), Sweden (2), Switzerland (14), Syria (13), Turkey in Asia (5), Turkey in
Europe (43).
Xfl
Total
13.50
5.00
00 CN o. in
,47
nci
,29
,03
0
o oS
»-^ 1—? CO
o
r- CN
o
CN
o CN
*O o
CN
CN
00 CN
oo
7,0
CO
oo
CO JO
CO
C 2 00
issio
a>
:. to
CN
I
«;
w P CN a-
a
tal
m 00 e>
w
24.
CO in
s2 CO
55 CO
partuire
D
Io"
,294
,597
w
Pd tN
Q •—1 »o
X
W
_) o
3,57 4,974
m 1 73
2 3o
s
.2
I—I
n
otal
3.84
1.89
I CO
c
H
s
o ~| 00 00
XI. CN *o
$ CN
00
"g *o CN
00 8 CN
— zo CN
c/i o o ro 3 d 'o
o
por
00
o
law
74,4
67,5
73,8
56,6
otal
(N
d
-
^« "1
00*
o CN
^.
_
00
3 1o CO •2
s
a -s
g u.
I BI |
erio
CM 00
00
A
00
00
o
2 2^
CN 00
00
*d W D
P. C. Jews
Total
to
(M —, ^ — _ rs| ^ ^ t CN • * —
l,02i .381
»
Net I
»
— » « t~ co t- o> 2 >N ^m-*-*
8,403,865
Total
en
5.01
ews
<n
III
H oS
P. C. t
\dmissi<
< •—>
.33
a
w es
<*>
3
Depart ures
53,891
w
Jews
tu
X o
W 55
J o 00
H
in in* IN," m* i ^ oo" i»>" -W O>" O • • <^" 00 i - ' oo" —' o" CN « «)" r~" oT O
N
H
4,0
t»3 CS CN (N K) " ) f > CJ — " " "
P. C. Jews
tal
en es o~* ^ Ô ") ^0 ^* ^^ oo o ^ N ^ m f; ("O**oo ^*^*

t0
H -1 — - —-
00
Admissions
o
1,076,272
ssssassoS2S3oasssgas§35S
Jews
s
Total
12,419,2
S3 55SS" S 2 S § 8 2 5 S S S S § S S S B £ 5
- - -
Total.
Yea
oo^d ^ J - i J ^ o i d ^ ^ ^ J J . ^ J
TABLE XX
JEWISH IMMIGRANTS REJECTED ON APPLICATION FOR ADMISSION AND
THOSE DEPORTED FROM THE UNITED STATES AFTER
ADMISSION, 1899-1930
Debarred Deported
Year Number
Per Cent to Per Cent to
Admission Number Net Increase
Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews Total Jews
1899-1910 116,255 10,785 1.2 1.0 12,177 1,303
1911 22,349 1,999 2.5 2.1 2,788 209 .5 .2
1912 16,057 1,064 1.9 1.3 2,456 191 .4 .2
1913 19,938 1,224 1.6 1.2 3,461 253 .4 .2
1914 33,041 2,506 2.7 1.9 4,137 317 .4 .2
1915 24,111 1,398 7.3 5.2 2.670 68 2.1 .2
1916 . . 18,867 949 6.3 6.2 2,906 79 1.8 .5
1917 16,028 607 5.4 3.5 1,918 46 .9 .3
1918 7,297 222 6.5 6.0 796 27 4.9 .9
1919 8,626 199 6.1 6.5 3,102 17 17.6 .7
1920 11,795 268 2.7 1.8 2,762 53 1.9 .4
1921 13,779 1,195 1.7 1.0 4,517 134 .8 .1
1922 . 13,731 1,256 4.4 2.3 4,345 214 3.9 .4
1923 20,619 1,455 3.9 2.9 3,661 99 .82 .02
1924 30,284 1,754 4.3 3.5 4,294 113 .68 .2
1925 25,390 1,137 8.6 11.1 9,495 250 4.7 2.5
1926 20,550 871 6.7 8.4 10,904 175 4.7 1.7
1927 19,755 1,090 5.9 9.4 11,662 184 4.4 1.6
1928 18.839 898 6.1 7.7 11,625 213 5.1 1.9
1929 18,127 610 6.48 4.89 12,908 153 6.13 1.25
1930 8,233 275 3.41 2.39 16,631 164 8.71 1.46
Total 1899-1930 483,671 31,762 2.49 1.67 129,215 4,262
Total 1911-1930 117,038 2,959 1.76 0.37
D. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO OTHER

AMERICAN COUNTRIES
CANADA. During the year ended March 31, 1930, a total
of 4,164 Jews entered Canada (620 from the United States),
2.55% of the total. Among the Jewish immigrants, the
males and the females were about evenly divided (49.81%
males and 50.19% females) as against 59.4% males and
40.6% females among the total number of immigrants;
and the immigrants of 18 years or over, as among the total
population, constituted 75.7% of the total number of
Jewish immigrants.
Over 25% of the Jewish immigrants admitted were
mechanics; 15.6%, female domestic servants; nearly 15%,
traders; 9%, laborers; and a little over 7%, farmers. This
occupational distribution varied from that of the other
immigrants, where the farming class constituted over 42%.
Nearly 93% of the Jewish immigrants were bound for the
three provinces of Ontario (46%), Quebec (33%), and
Manitoba (13%). Of the total number of immigrants,
almost three-fourths were bound for the same provinces,
and of these 37% went to Ontario, 24% to Manitoba, and
only 15% to Quebec.
During 1901 to 1930, a total of 120,443 Jews entered
Canada, constituting 2.1% of the total.
CUBA. During 1930, a total of 1,374 Jews entered Cuba,
and 120 immigrant Jews departed; and 29 were debarred
from landing.1
BRAZIL. During 1929, 5,610 Jewish immigrants were
admitted to Brazil. From 1925 to 1929, a total of 21,362
Jews entered the country, constituting 4.46% of the total
number of persons admitted.
URUGUAY. During 1929, about 2,000 Jews entered
Uruguay.
ARGENTINE. During 1929, 5,986 Jews entered Argentine,
constituting 5.28% of the total number of immigrants
admitted to the country during that year. During the
period of 17 years of 1931-1929, a total of 83,685 Jews
entered the country, constituting 4.38% of the admissions.
1
Communicated by HIAS
TABLE XXI
JEWISH IMMIGRATION INTO CANADA BY SEX, AGE, OCCUPATION, AND
DESTINATION, 1930
Number Distribution
Total 163,288 4,164 100.00 100.00
Via Ocean Post 132,561 3,544 81.18 85.11
From United States 30,727 620 18.82 14.89
SEX
97,062 2,074 59.44 49.81
Females 66,226 2,090 40.56 50.19
AGE
Under 18 years 39,918 1,010 24.45 24.26
18 years or over 123,370 3,154 75.55 75.74
OCCUPATIONS
Farmers 69,051 299 42.29 7.18
Laborers . 13,047 376 7.99 9 03
Mechanics .. . 15,206 1,052 9.31 25.26
Traders 9,105 622 5.58 14.94
18,748 649 11.48 15.59
Other Classes 38,131 1,166 23.35 28.00
DESTINATION
Quebec.... 23,917 1,380 14.65 33.14
Ontario. . 59,974 1.924 36.73 46.21
Manitoba 39,132 561 23.96 13.47
11,003 122 6.74 2.93
Alberta 14,970 78 9.17 1.87
British Columbia 9,252 65 5.66 1.56
Nova Scotia 2,346 15 1.44 0.36
New Brunswick 2,478 19 1.52 0.46
Prince Edward Island 126 0.08
Territories and Unspecified 90 — 0.05 —
TABLE XXII
SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO CANADA, 1901-1930
Per Cent Per Cent
Year Total Jews1 Jews to To- Year Total Jews' Jews to To-
tal tal
1901 49,149 2,765 5.6 1916 48,537 65 .1
1902 67,379 1,015 1.5 1917 75,374 136 .1
1903 128,364 2,066 1.6 1918 79,074 32 .04
1904 130,331 3.727 2.8 1919 57,702 22 .04
1905 146,266 7,715 5.2 1920 117,336 116 .09
1906 189,064 7,127 3.8 1921 148,477 2,763 1.9
1907 124,667 6,584 5.2 1922 89,999 8,404 9.3
1908 262,469 7,712 2.9 1923 72,887 2,793 3.8
1909 146,908 1,636 1.1 1924 148,560 4,255 2.8
1910 208,794 3,182 1.5 1925 111,362 4,459 4.
1911 311,084 5,146 1.6 1926 96,064 4,014 4.18
1912 354,237 5,322 1.5 1927 143,991 4,863 3.38
1913 402,432 7,387 1.8 1928 151,597 4,766 3.14
1914 384,878 11,252 2.9 1929 167,722 3,848 2.29
1915 144,789 3,107 2.1 1930 163,288 4,164 2.55
Total 5,722,781 120,443 2.10
1
The figures for the Jews entering Canada during 1901-1925 are exclusive of those
who entered from the United States.
TABLE XXIII
SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO BRAZIL, 1925-1929
Year Total' Jews P. C.
1925 84,883 2,624* 3.09

1926 121,569 3,9062 3.21
1927 101,568 5.1672 5.09
1928 88,553 4,0552 4.58
1929 82,242* 5,610"
Total 478,815 21,362 4.46
' Communicated by the Consul General of Brazil in New York City.

2 Communicated by Hicem.
• Communicated by lea.
•For nine months: January-September.
TABLE XXIV
SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO URUGUAY, 1927-1929
Year Total Jews1 P. C.
1927 202,468 7712 0 38

1928 200,922 1,500> 0.75
1929 201.781 2.0003 0.99
' lea.
2
Number assisted by local Jea'ish committee.
• Number assisted in 1928, 1,270; in 1929, 1,449.
TABLE XXV
SUMMARY OF JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO ARGENTINE, 1913-1929
Year Total' Jews P. C.

1913 285,215 10,860 3.81
1914-1918 225,365 4.845» 2.15
1919 41,299 280 0.68
1920 87,032 2.071 2.38
1921 98,086 4,0952s 4.18
1922 129,263 7,198 5.57
1923 195,063 13,7012 7.02
1924 159,939 7.7992 4.88
1925 125,366 6,9202 5.52
1926 135,011 7,5342 5.58
1927 161,548 5,5842 3.46
1928 129.047 6,8122 5.28
1929 100,424* 5,9862 5.96
Total 1,912,120 83,685 4.38
1
tRcvista Economia Argentina. Buenos Aires, Sept. 1929.
Communicated by lea.
• The figure includes 3,693 admitted during 1914; 606, during 1915; 324, during 1916;
90, during 1917 (slightly incomplete); and 132 during 1918 (slightly incomplete)—
communicated
4
by lea.
Communicated by Consul General of Brazil, New York, Civy.
E. JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE

During 1930, a total of 4,944 Jewish immigrants entered
and 1,636 Jews departed from Palestine, leaving a net
increase of 3,308 Jews. During the same year 1,489 non-
Jewish immigrants entered and 1,275 emigrants departed
from Palestine. Thus, during 1930, a total of 6,433 immi-
grants (76.85% Jews and 23.15% non-Jews) entered and
3,003 (55.91% Jews and 44.09% non-Jews) departed from
Palestine, the percentage of departures to admissions being
33.96% for Jews and 88.92% for non-Jews, as against
13.35% and 67.58% respectively during 1929.
During 1930, for which year detailed information is
available, 69.5% of the Jews admitted were persons coming
to employment and their dependents; 19.5% were depen-
dents of residents already in Palestine; and 9.1% were
persons with capital, or assured income or maintenance, and
their dependents; 1.9% were persons of religious occupa-
tions, students, orphans, and their dependents. None of the
499 persons, admitted under exemption from the provisions
of the immigration ordinance, was a Jew.
The distribution of the non-Jewish immigrants was
notably different from that of the Jewish newcomers. Over
33% of the non-Jewish immigrants were admitted under
exemption from the immigration ordinance; 30% were
persons coming to employment and their dependents, 21.9%
were persons of religious occupations, students and orphans,
11.6% were dependents of Palestinian citizens; and 2.9%
were persons of means.
There was also a considerable difference in the sex group-
ings, as between Jews and non-Jews. Of the Jewish immi-
grants admitted, 51.58% were men, 34.38% women and
14.04% children, as compared with 56%, 28%, and 16% for
the non-Jewish immigrants.
Jews constituted 56.20% of the total number of emigrants
in 1930. About 64% were aliens and 36% were Palestinian
citizens. Of the non-Jews, the respective percentages were
37% and 63%.
During 1930, 212 persons were refused admission, an
average of 18 persons monthly.
In 1930, the monthly immigration of the Jews averaged

412. The largest number (899) was admitted in March and
the smallest number (217) during October. T h e monthly
average for non-Jews was 124, the largest number (180)
was admitted during February and December and the
smallest number (71) during April. T h e average monthly
number of Jews who emigrated was 136 (48 citizens and 88
aliens) and of non-Jews, 107 (67 citizens and 40 aliens).
From the date of the British occupation of Palestine,
December 9, 1917, to the end of 1930, a total of 108,972
Jews entered the country; and the yearly number varied
between 33,801 in 1925 and 2,178 in 1928. The number of
Jews that departed between December 9, 1917, and the
end of 1921, was small. But during the period of 1922 to
1930, a total of 27,143 Jews emigrated, or 30.13% of the
total number of Jews admitted. T h e yearly emigration of
Jews varied between 1,503 in 1922 and 7,365 in 1926; and
the percentage of Jewish emigration to Jewish immigration
varied between 6.36% in 1925 and 99.54% in 1928. The net
immigration of Jews during 1922-1930 was 62,944. One
year, 1927, shows a decrease of 2,358 Jews, but all other
years witnessed an increase of Jewish immigration over
emigration, varying between 10 in 1928 and 31,650 in 1925.
A total of 7,816 non-Jews were admitted to the country
during 1922-1930, and an additional small number between
December 9, 1917 and May 31, 1921, for which period no
statistics of non-Jews were kept; and during 1922-1930, a
total of 12,629 departed, leaving a net decrease of 4,813.
During 1922-1930, an average of 8% of the yearly immigra-
tion was non-Jewish, the yearly percentage varying between
2.42% in 1925, and 29.42% in 1928. The yearly immigra-
tion of non-Jews varied between 284 in 1922 and 1,489 in
1930, and the yearly emigration, between 474 in 1924 and
2,064 in 1926.
TABLE XXVI
JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE, 1929, 1930
Number Distribution
1929 1930 1929 1930
Immigrants Admitted 6,566 6,433 100,00 100,00

Jews 5,249 4,944 79.94 76.85
Non-Jews 1,317 1,489 20.06 23.15
Emigrants Departed 2,835 2,911 100.00 100.00
Jews 1,746 1,636 44.06 56.20
Citizens 701 581 40.15 35.51
Aliens 1,045 1.055 59.85 64.49
Non-Jews 1.089 1,275 55.94 43.80
Citizens 890 799 81 73 62 67
Aliens 199 476 18.27 37.33
Net Increase 4,975 3.522 100.00 100.00
4,548 3,308 91.42 93.92
Non-Jews 427 214 8.58 6.08
Refused Admission 130 212
P.C. of Departures to Admissions 24.23 45.25
Jews. . 13.35 33.09
Non-Jews 67.58 85.63
TABLE XXVII
JEWISH IMMIGRATION TO PALESTINE AND JEWISH EMIGRATION,
BY MONTHS, 1930
Immigration Emigration
Palest. Citizens Aliens Refused
Month Admis-
Total Jews Non- sion
Jews Total Jews Non- Total Jews Non-
Jews Jews
Total 6.433 4,944 1,489 1,432 597 835 1,571 1,082 489 213
675 555 120 100 63 37 129 104 25 5

773 593 180 106 77 29 134 113 21 6
March 1 068 899 169 181 109 72 198 162 36 12
592 521 71 101 21 80 117 90 27 9
May 358 267 91 122 66 56 154 123 31 7
June 540 419 121 97 39 58 111 66 45 30
July . . . . 441 356 85 168 60 108 114 83 31 13
August . . 407 328 79 167 50 117 164 108 56 8
436 323 113 119 37 82 158 78 80 34
October 372 217 155 143 46 97 156 55 101 23
November 353 228 125 76 13 63 96 73 23 31
December 418 2381 180 52 16 36 40 27 13 35
Average 537 412 124 115 48 67 128 88 40 18

6g e
c - • *
o
is
B
5
"' I Si I
©
30 as
. P.
i
Man
tted
o
|~ - o
•o cd a
c3 «
2|
(J-D
X B
(A
W
8 I- I ". I IN W IS c
OH of N
PQ
8
o
- =• ro | ".
if 4
o
s
2
o
H •* £ S i
ill
00 O O'g
lit
o O ui
fl C . C 3
o o o
c
o c 6 ^"
o ??
3 2
istri
o
Q a o
o-'
1 ^ IM
-i c
J3 £
CJ-D
s s
w Ag 00 •t
^H
^ S
1—»
Non-
s CN
o 00
oc
s
tal
o
H
1 -i c
2 Si
cs
c
o
s
3 «
U
1,010
00 C^l
545
il
<u
»—i 001^ 00
2,08
2,09
a
w
930
,436
otal
,506
965
CQ
00
00
ES
00 O
00
TH
s
c
isio
f P a l esti
mplloym ent
>• .
QS
0)
>c
o o
o'S g^s
1
H —> •
H. - H a.2
lepeindent;
;rsons con
CA
migrat
CA
end ents of
exem
I-§
fit-" a SO
Q
.I in _
l ^ ^- tN O ^ ^ " t r
I -H Q- r-l - - »*•] o | f
ts T 1 TTT'
Q
o
i
1
o
•c — -* a 1 1 - t a
-V; CC I * - t C O "^; CC
-t -r •*• a o c c o '
X
X O
H
w
act 2
o
s
<
a
O »o
8 3
0 ta
SUPPLEMENTS
SUPPLEMENT A
THE JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR)—CENSUS OF 1926*
I. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION
According to the census of 1926, a total of 2,672,499 Jews

reside in the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics (Soviet
Russia), which consists of six republics, namely, White
Russia, Ukraine, Russia or Russian Socialist Federal Soviet
Republic (RSFSR), Transcaucasia, Turcmenistan, and
Uzbekistan.
a. White Russia
Of the total number of Jews in the country, almost
one-sixth (15.23%) reside in White Russia,1 where they
constitute about one-twelfth (8.17%) of the total popula-
tion. From the point of view of the distribution of the Jews,
White Russia may be divided into two major areas, the
North and the South. In the former, comprising the six
Northern governments, the Jews constitute about one-six-
teenth (6.6%) of the total, whereas in the six Southern
governments they constitute almost one-tenth (9.9%) of the
total. In the North, the Jews are most densely settled in the
government of Vitebsk (9.16%), and in the South, in the
government of Minsk (13.11%).
1
The country is divided into 12 governments (okrugs).
• Detailed supporting tables, which are omitted here, will be included in a reprint of
this article, to be published by the American Jewish Committee.
TABLE XXX
JEWS OF WHITE RUSSIA BY AREAS AND GOVERNMENTS, 1926
Population Distribution
Government Per
and Areas Cent
WHITE RUSSIA 4,983,240 407,059 8.17 100.00 100.00
North 2,610,499 172,735 6.62 52.39 42.43
South 2.372,741 234,324 9.88 47.61 57.57
NORTH
Vitebsk 583,391 53,428 9.16 22.35 30.93
Moghilev 530,842 34,643 6.53 20.33 20.05
Other Governments 1,496,266 84,664 5.66 57.32 49.02
SOUTH
Minsk 539,529 70,713 13.11 22.74 30.18
Cobruisk 530.914 52,353 9.86 22.37 22.34
Gomel . 408,074 45,598 11.17 17.20 19.46
Other Governments 894,224 65,660 7.34 37.69 28.02
b. The Ukraine
Whereas only 15% of the total number of Jews of the
Union res ide in White Russia, 1,574,428, more than half of
all (59%) live in Ukraine, where, however, they constitute
less than one-sixth (5.43%) of the total. But the Jews are
quite unevenly distributed over the country. They consti-1
tute 7.8%, in the division known as the Right Dneper,
7% in the Steppe, 5.4% in Polesia, 4.7% in Dnepropetrovsk,
2.8% in the Left Dneper, and 2% in the division of Mining
Industry. The variation is especially great within the
divisions. In the division of Polesia, for example, Jews
comprise 9.5% of the total population in the Government of
Volhyn, but only 1.8% in Glukhov. The Steppe represents
an extreme case, including, on the one hand, the govern-
ment of Odessa with 19.7%, and, on the other, the govern-
ment of Starobelsk with 0.05% Jews.2
1
Ukraine consists of 39 governments (38 political units known as okrugs and 1 auto-
nomous republic); and these combine to form 6 divisions known as regions.
2
It may be noted here that a political division in Russia does not always consist of
areas that are adjacent to one another. Thus, for example, Polesia comprises 2 govern-
ments in the west and 3 governments in the east which areas are not adjacent; and the
Steppe includes the government of Starobelsk in the east which is separated from the
rest of the division in the west.
In order to understand the distribution of the Jews of

Ukraine, we shall divide the country into two major areas:
The Southwest and the Northeast. In the former, mindful
of the existing political units, governments and divisions,
we shall distinguish a number of1 areas which we shall call
Western Polesia (8.77% Jews), Western Right Dneper
(8.12%)*; and Western Steppe (9.28%).3 Over against this
area of high Jewish density (8.5%), there is the area of
Northeastern Ukraine with a density of only 2.9%; and
in this area we shall distinguish the following subdivisions:s
Eastern Polesia (2.3%)," Northern Left Dneper (2.2%),
Central Left Dneper (5.16%),6 Southeastern
8
Right Dneper
(3.09%),' Dnepropetrovsk (4.1%), Southern Steppe
(2.5%),» Mining Industry (2%),10 and the areas of extreme
northeast which we shall call Northern Ukraine (0.22%
Jews).11
Of the total number of Jews in the Ukraine, a little over
seven-tenths (70.5%) reside in the southwestern area and
29.5% in the northeastern area, compared with 44.8% and
55.2%, respectively, for the total population.
1
Comprising the governments of Korosten and Volhynia.
•Comprising the governments' of Berdichev, Belaia Tzerkov, Kamenetz, Kiev
Moghilev, Proskurov, Shepetovka, Tulchin, Uman, and Vinnitza.
• Comprising the governments of Kherson, Moldavia (A.S.S.R.), Nikolaev, Odessa
Pervomaisk, and Zinovievsk.
• Comprising the governments of Chernigov, Glukhov, and Konotope.
I
Comprising the governments of Lubny, Nezhin, Poltava, Priluki, and Romny.
• Comprising the governments of Kharkov and Kremenchug.
7
The government of Shevchenko.
• Comprising the governments of Dnepropetrovsk, Krivoi Rog, and Zaporozhia.
• Comprising the governments of Mariupol and Melitopol.
10
Comprising the governments of Artemovsk, Lugansk, and Stalin.
II
The area of the government of Sumy which is part of the division of the Left
Dneper and the area of the governments of Izium, (Left Dneper), Kupianka (L. D.)
and Starobelsk, Steppe).
TABLE XXXI
JEWS OF UKRAINE BY DIVISIONS, 1926
Divisions Population Distribution

and Per
Sub-Divisions Cent
UKRAINF. 29,018,187 1,574,428 5.43 100.00 100.00
DIVISIONS
Polesia 2,957,881 146,691 4,96 10.19 9.32
Right Dneper 8,997,757 682,816' 7.59 31.01 43.37
Steppe 5,568,233 394,195 7.08 19.19 25.03
Left Dneper 7,066,909 197,435 2.79 24.35 12.54
Dnepropetrovsk 2,391,155 112,572 4.71 8.24 7.15
Mining Industry 2,036,252 40,719 2.00 7.02 2.59
AREAS
Southwestern Ukraine 13,007,473 1,109,943 8.53 44.83 70.50
Northeastern Ukraine 16,010,714 464,485 2.90 55.17 29.50
SOUTHWESTERN UKRAINE
Western Polesia 1,211,629 106,237 8.77 9.32 9.57
Western Right Dneper 7,859,695 638,550 8.12 60.42 57.53
Western Steppe 3,936,149 365,156 9.28 30.26 32.90
NORTHEASTERN UKRAINE
Eastern Polesia , 1,746,252 40,454 2.32 10.91 8.71
Northern Left Dneper 3,176,619 69,865 2.20 19.84 15.04
Central Left Dneper 2,395,454 123,531 5.16 14.96 26.59
Southeastern Right Dneper 1,138,062 44,266 3.89 7.11 9.53
Dnepropetrovsk 2,391,155 112,572 4.71 14.93 24.24
Southern Steppe 1,151,706 28,799 2.50 7.19 6.20
Mining Industry 2,036,252 40.719 20.00 12.72 8.77
Northern Areas 1,975,214 4,279 0.22 12.34 0.92
c. Russia Proper (RSFSR)

Compared with their density in White Russia and the
Ukraine, the density of the Jews in Russia proper (RSFSR)
is low, being only a little over one half of one per cent, but
as is the case in the former republics, the density in Russia
proper varies, ranging from 6.4% in Crimea to a fraction
of 1% in many northern and eastern political units.
An examination of the vast territory of RSFSR, its
divisions and governments1 discloses a number of areas of
considerable Jewish density. In the division known as the
West, bordering on White Russia, the Jews form 1.7% of
the total population. In the division to the North, known as
Leningrad-Carelia, two governments (Leningrad and Pskov)
1
Russia (RSFSR) consists of 116 governments. These are known as Guberny (39),
Okrug (57), Krai (1), autonomous cities (2), autonomous territory (13), autonomous
Republics ASSR (4). These political units combine to form 19 divisions, which go by
the following names: rayon (8), krai (3), territory, oblast (1), or ASSR (7).
directly bordering on the West show even a greater per-

centage of Jews, 2.4%; similarly in the adjacent govern-
ment of Moscow, which is part of the Central Industrial
Division, Jews comprise 3.1% of the total population. From
the point of view of the distribution of the Jews in RSFSR,
therefore, we may distinguish first, an area bordering on
White Russia, which we shall call Northwest Russia, com-
prising the division of the West, and the adjacent Govern-
ments of Leningrad, Pskov, and Moscow, with a total popu-
lation of 326,363 Jews, 2.43% of the total; second, an area
further east and south, the division of North Caucasia,
bordering on the Ukraine, which we shall call West Cau-
casis, including the governments of Don and Tanganrog
which, combinedly, have a Jewish population of 2.14% of
the total; third, the Republic of Crimea, south of the
Ukraine on the Black Sea, with 6.43% Jews, a density
approximately the same as that of the Ukraine, and, there-
fore, the area with the densest Jewish population in RSFSR;
fourth, the areas, which may be called the areas of the
Caspian Sea, where the Jews constitute 1.66% of the total,
and which include 1) the division of Daghestan, along the
shores of the Caspian Sea, with 1.7% Jews, 2) the govern-
ment of Astrakhan, part of the Lower Volga division, to the
north, and along the Caspian Sea with 1.2% Jews; and 3)
Grozny and Vladikavkaz, the two autonomous cities of
Northern Caucasia, south of Daghestan, with 2.2% Jews;
finally, the areas which we shall call the areas of the Baikal,
which have combinedly a density of 1.51% Jews, and which
includes the division of Siberia, where the Jews constitute
1.92% in the government of Irkutsk, and 1% in the neigh-
boring government of Chita, which, however, is a part of the
division of the Far East.
Of the total number of the Jews of RSFSR, 439,665 or
three-quarters (74.65%) live in these areas of highest den-
sity, and 149,278, the remaining fourth (25.35%) reside in
all other parts of that vast territory, compared with 17.74%
and 82.26% respectively for the total population. In the
areas of highest density as a whole, the Jews constitute
2.46%, but only 0.18% in the areas of low density. Of the
total number of Jews residing in the areas of highest density,
74.23% reside in the Northwest, 10.45% in Crimea, 6.8% in
West Caucasia, 5.57% in Caspian areas, and 2.95% in

Baikal areas.
Nearly 75% of the Jews of RSFSR live in the European
governments and over 25% in governments in Asia; the
proportions for the total population1 are similar.
1
See footnote to table XXXII.
TABLE XXXII
JEWS OF RUSSIA (R. S. F. S. R.), BY DIVISIONS AND GOVERNMENTS, 1926
AREAS Population Distribution

and Per
GOVERNMENTS Cent
RUSSIA (R. S. F. S. R.) 100,891,244 588,943 0.58 100.00 100.00
Areas of Highest Density 17,897,695 439,665 2.46 17.74 74.65
Areas of Low Density 82,993,549 149,278 0.18 82.26 25.35
AREAS OF HIGHEST DENSITY
13,450,533 326,363 2.43 75.15 74.23
2,792,129 88,216 3.16 20.76 27.03
Pskov.. .. 1,788,418 22,664 1.27 13.30 6.94
2,292,712 35,658 1.56 17.04 10.93
2,006,438 37,331 1.86 14.92 11.44
4,570,836 142,494 3.12 33.98 43.66
West Caucasia 1,400,664 29,910 2.14 7.83 6.80
Don 1,132,270 27,202 2.40 80.84 90.95
Taganrog 268,394 2,708 1.01 19.16 9.05
713,823 45,926 6.43 3.99 10.45
Caspian Sea. 1,473,917 24.504 1.66 8.23 5.57
Daghestan 788,098 14,624 1.86 53.47 59.68
510,386 6,091 1.19 34.63 24.86
Grozny (aut. city) 97,087 2,788 2.87 6.59 11.38
Vladikavkaz (aut. city) 78,346 1.001 1.28 5.31 4.08
Baikal Areas 858,758 12.962 1.51 4.80 2.95
Irkutsh 472,600 9,084 1.92 55.03 70.08
Chita 386,158 3,878 1.00 44.97 29.92
AREAS OF LOW DENSITY
1
Divisions in Europe 62,340,850 110,484 0.18 75.12 74.01
Divisions in Asia2 20,652,699 38,794 0.19 24.88 25.99
1
Including the entire division of the Ural.
2
Exclusive of the Asiatic parts of the division of the Ural.
d. Transcaucasia, Turcmenistan, Uzbekistan

A total of 102,069 Jews reside in the states of the Union
in Central Asia, namely Transcaucasia, with 62,194, Turc-
menistan, with 2,041, and Uzbekistan, with 37,834 Jews.
Of the 62,194 Jews living in Transcaucasia1, 30,534 are
in Georgia, where they comprise 1.15% of the total popula-
tion; 31,325 in Azherbaidzhan, 1.35%; and only 335 in
Armenia, 0.04% of the total. Thus, in Transcaucasia, the
areas of high density are in the north and along the Caspian
Sea2, and those of low density in the west and south.
Across the Caspian Sea, in Turcmenistan3, there are
only 2,041 Jews, 0.2% of the total population. But to the
east and south, in Uzbekistan4 a total of 37,834 Jews were
enumerated. In the latter state of the Union, the Jews com-
prise 1.6% of the total in the government of Bukhara in the
west, and in the two adjacent governments of Samarkand
and Tashkent in the north, whereas in all other govern-
ments they constitute only 0.34% of the total; and one small
territory (not autonomous), called Isfani, did not return
Jews in the last census, being the only unit in the entire
Union not reporting Jews.
1
Transcaucasia (Federated Socialist Soviet Republic of Transcaucasia) consists of
three divisions known as SSR of Azherbaidzhan, SSR of Georgia, and SSR of Armenia.
The first consists of 17 districts (Uyezdi), 1 autonomous territory, and 2 autonomous
republics; the second, of 13 districts (Uyezdi). 1 autonomous territory, and 1 autono-
mous republic; and the third, of 9 districts (Uyezdi).
2
In Azherbaidzhan, few Jews reside in the southwestern parts of Najorny Karabakh
(0.01% Jews) and in Nakhichevan (0.04% Jews).
3
The country is divided into S governments (okrugs).
• The country is divided into 13 governments (10 okrugs). 2 non-autonomous terri-
tories, and 1 autonomous republic.
TABLE XXXIII
JEWS OF THE STATES IN ASIA, BY GOVERNMENTS, 1926
Population Distribution
Per
Cent
TRANSCAUCASIA (T. S. F. S. R.) 5,861.529 62,194 1.06 100.00 100.00
Georgia (S. S. R.) 2,666.494 30,534 1.15 45.49 49.09
Azerbaidzhan (S. S, R.) 2,314,571 31,325 1.35 39.49 50.37
Armenia (S. S. R.) 880,464 335 0.04 15.02 0.54
Area of Highest Density 4,981,065 61,859 1.24 84.98 99.46
Area of Low Density 880,464 335 0.04 15.02 0.54
Turcmenistan.... 1,000.914 2,041 0.20
277,024 532 0.19 27.68 26.06
Poltarask 277,122 820 0.30 27.69 40.18
Other Governments 446.768 689 0.15 44.63 33.76
5.272,801 37,834 .72
Bukhara 390,831 4,782 1.22 7.41 12.64
526,788 9.204 1.75 9.99 24.33
Tashkent 674,214 11.119 1.65 12.79 29.39
Other Governments 3,680,968 12,729 0.35 69.81 33.64
Areas of High Density 1,591,833 25.105 1.58 30.19 66.36
Areas of Low Density 3,680,968 12,729 0.35 69.81 33.64
Thus, of the 2,672,499 Jews in the Union of Socialist

Soviet Republics, almost three-fifths (58.91%) reside in
Ukraine, 22.04% in Russia proper (RSFSR), 15.23% in
White Russia, 2.33% in Transcaucasia, 1.41% in Uzbekis-
tan, and 0.08% in Turcmenistan1. A total of 2,508,116
Jews (93.85%) live in compact masses in the southwestern
part of USSR, along the borders of Esthonia, Latvia, Lithu-
ania, Poland, and Roumania, between the Baltic and the
Black Seas; in areas around the Caspian Sea; in two areas in
Central Asia; and in two areas in Siberia; while only 164,383
Jews (6.15%) reside in the vast areas of the north and the
east. Of those living in compact masses, 44.25% are in
Southwestern Ukraine; 18.52% in Northeastern Ukraine;
13.01% in Northwest RSFSR; 9.34% in Southern White
Russia; 6.89% in Northern White Russia, and 7.99% in the
remaining areas: Transcaucasia (2.47%), Crimea (1.83%),
West Caucasia (1.19%), Central Asiatic areas (1.00%).
Caspian areas (0.98%), and Baikal areas (0.52%).
1
These are the 6 states constituting the Union.
In the Union as a whole, the Jews constitute 1.82%; and

the density of Jewish settlements ranges from 8.17% in
White Russia to 0.2% in Turcmenistan. In the areas of
highest density, the Jews are 4.3% of the total, varying from
9.9% in the area of South White Russia to 1.2% in the
areas of Transcaucasia; while in the areas of low density,
they constitute only 0.19% of the total population.
In Southwestern Ukraine, the Jews are most densely
settled in the government of Odessa (19.72%); in South
White Russia, in Minsk (13.11%); in North White Russia,
in Vitebsk (9.16%); in Northern Ukraine, in the govern-
ment of Dnepropetrovsk (5.63%); and in Northwest Russia,
in Leningrad (3.16%); in West Caucasia, in Don (2.4%);
in Caspian areas, in Daghestan (1.9%); in Baikal areas, in
Irkutsk (1.9%); in Transcaucasia, in Azherbaizhan (1.3%);
and in Central Asiatic areas, in Samarkand (1.7%).
The density of Jewish settlements varies, however, with
the character and the size of the place. In the Union as a
whole, the Jews constitute 8.3% in urban places and 0.4%
in rural districts; and the Jewish density varies with the
states of the Union, ranging from 40.1% of the urban popu-
lation in White Russia to 1.4% of that of Turcmenistan;
and from 1.6% of the rural population of White Russia to
0.01% of that of Turcmenistan.
In the areas of low density the Jews form 1.3% of the
urban and only 0.01% of the rural populations; on the other
hand, in the areas of highest density the Jews constitute
13.8% of the urban and 1% of the rural populations. But
the areas vary. The density of the Jews is high in the urban
places of South White Russia, Northern White Russia, and
Southwestern Ukraine (42.4%, 37.4%, and 33.2% respec-
tively); but it is only 14% in Northeastern Ukraine. In the
rural places, the density of the Jews is highest in South-
western Ukraine (2.9%), in Southern White Russia (2%), in
Northern White Russia (1-3%), and in Crimea (1%). In the
other areas, the percentage of the Jews of the rural popula-
tion ranges from 0.4% in Northeastern Ukraine to 0.02% in
Northwest Russia.
In the country as a whole 2,205,720 Jews, over four-
fifths (82.53%) reside in urban, and 466,779 (17.47%) in
rural places, compared with 18.09% and 81.91% respec-
tively for the total population. In the areas with compact

Jewish masses, the ratio of urban to rural for the Jewish
population, is 81.83% to 18.17% compared with 25.37% to
74.63% respectively for the whole populations; while in the
areas with low Jewish density, the ratio is 93.32% urban to
6.68% rural, compared with 13.28% to 86.72% respectively
in the latter. But the urban-rural distribution varies, rang-
ing from 99.09% urban and 0.91% rural in the area of West
Caucasia to 72.50% urban and 27.50% rural in the area of
Southwestern Ukraine. Even greater is the variation among
the governments1. In fact, while in the areas, as such, the
urban Jewish population outnumbers the rural, there are
three governments where the opposite condition prevails.
These are the governments of Kamenetz (45.9% urban and
54.1% rural), Moghilev (49.1% and 50.9%), Pervomaisk
(42.1% and 57.9%), all in the area of Southwestern Ukraine;
and Krivoi Rog (43.9% and 52.1 %) in Northeastern Ukraine.
1
In North White Russia the ratio ranges from 93% urban and 7% rural, in the
government of Vitebsk, to 75.3% urban and 24.7% rural in Borisov; in South White
Russia, from 95.9% and 4.1% in Gomel to 64.2% and 43.8% in Mozyr; in Southwestern
Ukraine, from 95.5% and 4.5% in Kiev to 42.1% and 57.9% in Pervomaisk; and in
Northeastern Ukraine, from 98.6% urban and 2.4% rural in Kharkov to 43.9% urban
and 52.1% rural in Krivoi Rog.
c
z
a
is
Per Distril
H
a
Jews
"3
>tal Pop ural Total
re of Urban m n
D
&
2
a
>tal jan of Total "c!
3
Popu-
a.
Urba Rura Total Urb Rural
lation
i°
i°
(2—
0
~*
00
CN
00
00
CN
6081
CN
RUSSIA (USSR)... 147 027, 915 26,592 468 120,435 447 2,672 499 2,205 720 466,779 39 53
TJ<
White Russia. . . 847 4.135, 162 66,897 17.01
"•
CN
Ukraine 5,373 23,644, 651 355,777 18.52
Russia (RSFSR). 17,681 83,209, 726 35,217 17.52
Transcaucasia... 047 8,147 24.07
Q (*• 00 NO
4,450,
r f —1 Wi 10
1,410
HOOO
Turcmenistan... 136 863, 968 73 13.68
°
IOIOOHOO
MO"'1'"
00«O«O©
PO
166
00 - * O 'O © c~
O •** O s ^ O 0 0
• * 00 • * CN-H ©
CN 00 TO P O ^ * 10
Uzbekistan 668 21.66
n - TO 0 0 >O O CN
00 in co 00 0 . 0 0
O O 00 00 © CN
© CO **- *O CN ©
PO
0,141 4,130,
IO CN ^ ON •«# rr>
OS 00 TO Tt< ^-1 Tf
CN *-• CN i/> C> 00

Areas of Highest
00
00
TO
ON
00
CN
10
Density 472 020 14.832 153 43,639 867 2.508 116 2,052 322 455,794 25.37 83
Northern White
0
00
008
co
""*
CN
CO
PO
CN
<O
CN
Russia 610 499 384 252 272,2 5,24 172 735 143 28,935 14.72
Southern White
0
00
00
00
CO
00
CN
PO
O>
0
CN
Russia 372 741 463 578 1,909 163 234 324 196 362 37,962 99 19.54
Southwestern
O
00
CN
CN
OSS
PO
PO
PO
PO
Ukraine ,007 473 2,425 10,581 623 1,109 943 804 702 305,241 88 18.65
STATISTICS OF JEWS
Northeastern
0
©
0.
3
co
CN
CN
Ukraine 2,947 703 13,063 011 464 485 413 949 50,536
s
.010 714 18.42

Northwest
PO
Russia 450 8,199 326 363 887 16,476 39.04
fO so
West Caucasia. . 400 863 29 910 639 271 38.36
Crimea 713 383 45 926 745 4,181 46.27
CN H
Caspian Areas... 473 1,009 24 S04 160 2,344 3150
© P O O co - *
CNCN CN C N O
OO-OO
lO lO CN^f* ^
S3S3©-
spss
C) ^ T l s O H
608 12 962 673 1,289 29.11
\n
Baikal Areas
("*• CO »O CN ON
858
Transcaucasian
O
• *
O
00
CN © O CN CN CN
PO
PO
co
© CN 5 CN ^H IO
CO
CN
Areas 1.243 778 3.737 287 859 838 8.021 24.97

s
981 065
Central Asiatic
-
0
0
O
1
00
(N
00
CN
S
Areas ,591 833 533 993 1,057 840 567 538 33.55 97.
Areas of Low
0
0
0
c
PO
CO
00
00
00
0
Density ,555 895 11,760 315 76,795 164 383 153 ,398 10,985 014 13.28 93.
"i
315
e. Jews in the Areas of Highest Density

The Jews are widely distributed over the areas of highest
density, both in the rural districts and in the urban places.
Of the 1,347 rural districts1, 1,200 (89%) have Jewish
inhabitants, and of the 919 urban places, 812 (88.36%) have
Jews. In the latter territory there are Jewish inhabitants
in all the cities of 25,000 population or over; in 98% of
those of 25,000 to 10,000; in 95.5% of 10,000 to 5,000;
92.8% of 5,000 to 2,500; and in 73.7% of the urban places
of less than 2,500 population2.
In the rural territory, as a whole, the Jews form 1.12%
of the total, and 1.18% of the population of the districts in
which they live. Similarly in urban territory, the Jews are
13.8% of the total population, and 14% of the population
of the places reporting Jews; and, as is not the case in other
countries, the density of the Jews of Russia (USSR) in the
areas of highest density varies but little with the size of the
urban place3. In the areas of highest density as a whole, the
Jews are most densely settled in cities of 100,000 to 25,000,
but the range is comparatively small, namely from 17.7% in
the latter class of cities, to 11.5% in the class of urban
places of less than 2,500 population. Nor is there a decided
gradation. The density of the Jews is 11.4% in cities of
100,000 or over, 17.7% in those of 100,000 to 25,000, 16.4%
in those of 25,000 to 10,000, 14.1% and 14.2% in those of
10,000 to 5,000 and of 5,000 to 2,500 respectively, and 11.5%
in the places of less than 2,500 people4.
Over 2,000,000 Jews reside in the urban places of the
areas of highest density. Of these, 40.2% live in cities of
100,000 and over, 27.4% in cities of 100,000 to 25,000,
1
Exclusive of the Transcaucasian Areas, which are not divided in rural districts
similar to those of the other areas of highest density.
!
In White Russia, both North and South, in Southwestern Ukraine, and in Crimea,
every urban place and every rural district returned Jews in the last census. West
Caucasia and the Central Asiatic areas reported Jews in every urban place, and the
Baikal areas, in every rural district.
> See the writer's The Jews of the U. S.. N. V., American Jewish Committee, 1929.
pp. 13, 14, 49-65.
4
The areas vary. In Southwest Ukraine and in Southern White Russia the percent-
age of Jews is high in all classes of urban places, ranging from 45.8% to 30.3%. In
North White Russia the Jewish density is highest in the towns of 2,500 to 5,000 (47.2%);
in Northeastern Ukraine, in places of 100,000 or over (20.44%); in Northwest Russia,
in places of less than 2,500 (8.7%); and in Crimea, in places of 100.000 to 25,000
(14.02%).
15.6% in those of 25,000 to 10,000. The distribution of the

Jews approaches that of the total population, except that
proportionately fewer Jews are in the large cities of 100,000
or over (40.2%) compared with the total population
(48.7%), and more in the cities of 100,000 to 10,000 (27.4%
in cities of 100,000 to 25,000 and 15.6% in those of 25,000
to 10,000 for the Jews, compared with 21.3% and 13.1%
respectively for the total population1.
II. SEX DISTRIBUTION
In the country as a whole, there were, according to

the census of 1926, 1,112 Jewish women for 1,000 Jewish
men, compared with 1,070 women per 1,000 men for the
total population. In the areas of low density there are 995
Jewish women and in the areas of highest density, 1,121
women, compared with 1,083 and 1,049 for the total popu-
lation in these areas respectively.
In the areas of highest density, the number of Jewish
women per 1,000 men ranges from 1,154 in Southwestern
Ukraine to 1,000 in the Central Asiatic areas, compared
with 1,096 in Northwest Russia and 885 in the central
Asiatic areas, for the total population. Within the areas,
the sex distribution in the governments varies widely.
However, all but five governments have more Jewish women
than Jewish men; and there are also fewer Jewish women
than men in Georgia2.
1
As in the case of density so also in the case of distribution, the areas vary. In South-
west Ukraine, the largest part of the urban population resides in cities of 100,000 or
over. Similarly in Northwest Russia (69.66%), in West Caucasia (88.92%), in Trans-
caucasian areas (63.46%), and in Central Asiatic areas (80.64%). But in North White
Russia, the largest part of the Jewish urban population lives in cities of 100,000 to
25,000 (49.14%). So also in Southern White Russia (30.20%), in Northeastern Ukraine
(37.44%), in Crimea (77.17%), and in the Baikal areas (85.55%); while in the Caspian
areas,
2
the largest number of Jews resides in cities of 25,000 to 10,000 (37.57%).
Izhium (917 women), Kupiansk (866), and Starobelsk (678) in Ukraine; Samarkand
(996) and Tashkent (973) in Uzbekistan; and Georgia (975) in Transcaucasia.
O — I"
^" a So t ^ I ^ ^ oo
-00 fg ooi— ^
; than
308
14.70
),000
L1.50
),102
2.87
2.39
!,435
500
$<N CN r*) rft
JS
CNO 00 ^ ) CN t*- r^ **l-1* i/>
o f*,-t -* — *4
O f —
cn 00'- —
w
o
XC OOooO ^ O ^
© Q * "? H(NODi-i O0 >O 00
cu o o§ • - -f f 00 00
b i-' * - OC
O
Ov — ^ - f w, >+* in
o © (N CN ^> o a. ••© r*- o « o
e o 2 ^ ^ " ^ \O O <^j ur'
rt 00 "1* O — — — —
.0 iri O -T r-t <-yi
CN *"""
a 2
X cn
X
1,000
55 o o o
,000
X W 3 •* (*> J^ ^} I ; 12
IS
:o
0*00— —CNrN
Q s
w 2 S
See It
[GHES
CQ
JOJOOOO «-.«
o 2
100.1
O i_
O t, V t^t» CN -^ ^ ^" f
CN CN CN
§
o ° ow CN C N 0 0
S
cn
< CO
55 CO
CO O\CX CC t . ^ **! t*j ^>
< 00 CN JO CN •-• H
a 00 ^ O
<
H " g cn
b * bfl
o
• cy
01
c
_o
1 3-g
CO
;c o
•. * 'a
un ">£} 3
-all
u
a "5 S
0 91 it o
PI:
ace
—.
a a>
II PI
5S
lace
H-)
01
1 *"
a
'Z
c
a
11
SS c a
oo
oo <*M *| I
3 31
a a
III
lews.
Place
Popu
Popu
AllP
Distr
p r
TABLE XXXVI
JEWS OF RUSSIA (USSR) BY SEX, 1926
Number of
Total Population Jews women per
1,000 men
Both Total
Both sexes Women Sexes
Women popu- Jews
lation
RUSSIA (USSR) 147.027,915 75,984,563 2,672,499 1,407,381 1,070 1,112
White Russia 4,983,240 2,543,439 407,059 215,192 1,043 1,122
Ukraine 29,018,187 14,923,595 1,574,428 840,580 1.059 1,145
Russia (RSFSR) 100,891,244 52 ,720,609 588,943 300,687 1,094 1,043
Transcaucasia 5,861,529 2,852,483 62,194 31,225 948 1,008
Turcmenistan 1,000,914 469,056 2,041 932 882 840
Uzbekistan 5,272,801 2,475,381 37,834 18,765 885 984
Areas of Highest Density 58,472,020 29,937,533 2,508,116 1,325,380 1,049 1,121
Northern White Russia. 2,610,499 1,337,238 172,735 91,177 1,050 1,118

Southern White Russia. 2,372,741 1,206,201 234,324 124,015 1,034 1.124
Southwestern Ukraine.. 13,007,473 6,713,410 ,109,943 594,674 1,067 1,154
Northeastern Ukraine. . 16,010,714 8,210,185 464,485 245,906 1,053 1(125
Northwest Russia 13,450,533 7,033,764 326,363 166,576 1,096 1,042
West Caucasia 1,400,664 729,018 29,910 15,715 1,085 1,107
Orimea 713,823 363,979 45,926 24,292 1,040 1,123
Caspian Areas 1,473,917 752,353 24,504 12,630 1,043 1,064
Baikal Areas 858,758 423,220 12,962 6,729 972 1,089
Transcaucasian Areas... 4,981,065 2,420,693 61,859 31,111 945 1,012
Central Asiatic Areas... 1.591,833 747,472 25,105 12.555 855 1,000
Areas of Low Density. . 88,555,895 46,047,030 164,383 82,001 1.083 995
III. JEWISH COMMUNITIES IN URBAN TERRITORY

Of the 2,205,720 Jews residing in 812 urban places of
Russia ((USSR), 2,175,886' reside in 617 urban places,
where they constitute groups of 100 Jews or more. These we
shall call communities. In the country as a whole, there are
3 communities of over 100,000 Jews each; 4 communities of
100,000 to 50,000 Jews; 10 communities of 50,000 to 20,000,
27 communities of 20,000 to 8,000, and the remaining 573
are smaller communities of 100 to 8,000 Jews. Russia
proper (RSFSR) has more communities (252) than either
Ukraine (219), or White Russia (108); and the three Asiatic
states combinedly have but 33 communities. Ukraine has
10 communities of over 20,000 each; White Russia, 4;
Russia proper (RSFSR), 3; and the Asiatic states, 1. Of the
total number of communities, 472 are in the areas of highest
1
See footnote 1 to p. 264.
density, and 145 are in the areas of low density1; and all the
large communities of 20,000 or over are in the former areas.
Thus, of the total number of Jews in Russia (USSR),
2,175,886 live in 617 urban places, where they constitute
groups or communities of 100 Jews or more; 466,779, in
rural territory, and only 29,834 Jews live scattered in 2urban
territory (81.42%, 17.46% and 1.12% respectively . Of
those in urban territory, as regards Russia (USSR) as a
26.13 constitute communities of over 100,000 Jews
19.54 " " " " 100,000 to 50,000
12.93 " " " " 50,000 to 20,000
13.80 " " " " 20,000 to 8,000
14.18 " " " " 8,000 to 2,000
10.97 " " " " 2,000 to 500
2.45 " " " " 500 to 100
The distribution of the Jewish communities of the areas of
high density is similar.
In the Ukraine very few Jews, only 0.89% of the total
number of Jews, reside in small communities. But in Russia
proper (RSFSR) 6.17% of the Jews reside in such commun-
ities. As in the Union as a whole, the largest number of
Jews of the republics reside in communities of 8,000 to
2,000. In the areas of low density, as much as 12.74%
reside in small communities of 500 to 100. But even in those
areas nearly 37% reside in communities of 8,000 to 2,000.
1
Exclusive of the possible number of communities in 24 governments, which com-
binedly have a total of 6,460 Jews. These governments are all in areas of low density,
and data is not available as to communities.
1
Cf. the writer's Communal Organization of the Jews of the United States, America
Jewish Committee, N e w York, 1930. p. 17.
TABLE XXXVII
JEWISH URBAN COMMUNITIES OF 100 JEWS OR OVER, BY STATES
AND AREAS, 1926
100,000 100,000 50,000 20,000 8,000 2,000 500

Total or to to to to to to
over 50,000 20,000 8,000 2,000 500 100
COMMUNITIES
RUSSIA (USSR) 617 3 4 11 27 145 218 209
White Russia 108 1 3 3 22 60 19
Ukraine 219 2 2 6 16 85 66 42
Russia (RSFSR).. 252 1 1 4 35 75 135
Other States 38 1 4 3 17 13
Areas of Highest
Density 472 3 4 11 24 132 167 131
North White Russia. 57 1 2 10 33 11

South White Russia. 51 1 1 12 27 8
Southwestern 2
Ukraine 117 2 8 61 30 11
Northeastern 5
Ukraine 102 2 8 24 36 31
Northwest Russia. . 94 1 1 1 1 11 29 51
Other Areas 51 4 14 12 19
2
Areas of Low
Density 145 — — — 3 13 51 78
Russia (USSR) 0.49 0.65 1.78 4.38 23.50 35.33 33.87

Areas of Highest
Density 0.64 0.85 2.33 5.08 27.97 35.38 27.75
Areas of Low
Density 2.07 8.97 35.17 53.79
POPULATION
RUSSIA (USSR) 2,175,886 425,246 281,373 300,281 308,432 568,454 238,731 53,369
White Russia 338,883 53,686 96,316 33,821 76,619 71,423 7,018
Ukraine ,215,814 293,499 143,184 155,564 192,444 341 ,232 79,021 10.870
Russia (RSFSR). . 528,879 131,747 84,503 26,356 44,237 136,982 72,406 32,648
Other States 92,310 22,045 37,930 13,621 15,881 2,833
Areas of Highest
Density 2,035,492 425,246 281.373 300,281 287,793 516.703 188,609 35,487
North White Russia. 142,729 37,013 25,463 35,746 40,435 4,072
South White Russia 196,154 53,686 59,303 8,358 40,873 30,988 2,946
Southwestern
Ukraine 804,419 293,499 126,595 103,635 241,350 36,452 2,888
Northeastern
Ukraine 411,395 143,184 28,969 88,809 99,882 42,569 7,982
Northwest Russia. . 306,881 131,747 84,503 12,889 38,730 25,894 13,118
Other Areas 173,914 48,401 48,639 60,122 12.271 4,481
Areas of Low
Density 140,394 20.639 51.751 50,122 17.882
Russia (USSR)... 100.00 19.54 12.93 13.80 14.18 26.13 10.97 2.45
White Russia 100.00 15.84 28.42 9.98 22.61 21.08 2.07
Ukraine 100.00 24.14 11.78 12.79 15.83 28.07 6.50 0.89
Russia (RSFSR). 100.00 24.91 15.98 4.99 8.36 25.90 6.17
Areas of Highest 13.69
Density 100.00 20.89 13.82 14.75 14.14 25.39 1.74
9.27
Areas of Low
Density 100.00 14.70 36.86 12.74
35.70
TABLE XXXVIII
LIST OF COMMUNITIES OF 20,000 JEWS OR OVER, 1926
Total
Name Population Jews Per Cent
Baku 453,333 22,045 4.86

Berdichev 55,613 30,812 55.40
Bobruisk .... 51,385 21,558 41.95
232,925 62,045 26.64
Gomel 86,393 37,745 43.69
Harkov 417,342 81,139 19.44
Kiev 513,637 140,256 27.31
fCremenchug 58,832 28,969 49.24
Leningrad 1,614,008 84,503 5.24
Minsk 131,528 53,686 40.82
Moscow .... 2,025,947 131,747 6.50
Nikolaev 104,909 21,787 20.77
Odessa 420,862 153,243 36.41
Rostov ... 308,103 26,356 8.55
Uman., 44,812 22,179 49.49
57,990 21,816 37.62
Vitebsk 98,808 37,013 37.46
76,678 30.001 39.13
SUPPLEMENT B
1. T H E JEWS OF LUXEMBURG—CENSUS OF 1927
A total of 1,771 Jews live in Luxemburg, according to the
census of December 1, 1927. Of these, 52.68% are men and
47.32% women (compared with 51.69% males and 48.31%
females among the total population). Over 60% of the total
number of Jews reside in Luxemburg City. The distribution
of Jews, however, is wide: In 1927, only one city (total
population 2,548) failed to return persons of the Jewish
faith.1
In 1871, 523 Jews were enumerated. Since that time,
every quinquennial census, with one exception, showed an
increase of the Jewish population in that country. In 1922,
1,358 were enumerated, and thus, during the past five years
the Jewish population increased by over 30%. The percent-
age of Jews to the total population has increased from 0.26%
in 1871 to 0.62% in 1927.
1
In the census of 1927, 681 Jews were enumerated as citizens and 1,090 as foreigners
(38.5% and 61.5% respectively, compared with 83% and 17% for the total population.
Evidently, Luxemburg is a country of immigration for Jews, even more than for
non-Jews.
TABLE XXXIX
JEWS OF LUXEMBURG, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1927
Number Distribution Per Cent
of Jews
Total Jews1 Total Jews of Total
Total. . 285,524 1,771 100.00 100.00 0.62
Males 147,597 933 51.69 52.68 0.63
Females 137,927 838 48.31 47.32 0.61
Luxemburg City 48,515 1,085 16.99 61.26 2.24
Other places2 237,009 686 83.01 38.74 0.29
1
Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 927 (627 m. and 300 w.)
enumerated as "without religion" and 2,246 (1,537 m. and 709 w.), as unknown.
2
Capellen—16,218 population and 25 Jews (16 m. and 9 w.); Esch—£9,400, 347
Jews (196 m. and 151 w.); Luxemburg-Village—13,487, 6 Jews (2 m. a n d 4 w . ) ; Mersch
—12,202, 14 Jews (7 m. and 7 w.); Clervaux—13,660, 2 Jews (men); Diekirch—17,980,
164 Jews (79 m. and 85 w.); Redange—12,192, 5 Jews (2 m. and 3 w.); Wiltz—13,317,
17 Jews (10 m. and 7 w.); Echternach—10,879, 28 Jews (11 m. and 17 w.); Greven-
macher—14,806, 49 Jews (25 m. and 24 w.); and Remich—10,748, 29 Jews (14 m. and
15 w.). No Jews were enumerated in the remaining city of Vianden of 2,548 popula-
tion, nor in other small places with a total population of 9,572.
TABLE XL
JEWS OF LUXEMBURG, 1871-1927
Per Cent of Increase Per Cent

Year Number or Decrease of Jews
(Dec. 1) of Total
1871 197,328 523 0.26
1880 209,570 777 6.20 48.57 0.37
1885 213,283 866 1.77 11.45 0.41
1890 211,088 1.009 —1.03> 16.51 0.48
1895' 217,583 1,054 3.08 4.46 0.48
1900 235,954 1,212 8.44 14.99 0.51
1905 246,455 1.210 4.45 —0.17 0.49
1910 259,891 1,270 5.45 4.96 0.49
1922 260.767 1,358 0.34 6.93 0.52
1927 285,524 1,771 9.49 30.41 0.62
1
Decrease.
1
On December second.
2. T H E JEWS OF N E W ZEALAND—CENSUS OF 1926

According to the census of April 20, 1926, a total of 2,591
Jews live in the Dominion of New Zealand, constituting
0.19% of the total population. Of these, 1,339 are males
and 1,252 are females (51.68% and 48.32%). A total of
2,372 Jews reside in urban places (boroughs), and 198, in
rural territory, and the residence of 21 1was unspecified
(91.55%, 7.64%, and 0.81% respectively) . Almost three-
quarters of the Jewish population, 1,926 persons, reside in
the three large cities of the country, Wellington, Aukland,
and Christchurch, each having a population of 100,000 or
over2. But even in these cities, the Jews constitute less than
1% of the total population (0.74% in Wellington, 0.44% in
Aukland, and 0.15% in Christchurch). The rest of the
Jewish population are widely scattered among the urban
areas, boroughs, town districts, and counties3. Nearly 50%
of the total Jewish population were, on the date of the
enumeration, 15 to 44 years of age and 27% were of 45
years or over, while only 7% and 16% were of four years
or under and 5 to 14 years respectively. Finally, of the total
number of Jews 16 years or over, 34% were unmarried and
57% were married, and the remainder were widowed,
divorced, separated, or unspecified.
The Jews resemble the total population as regards the
distribution of the sexes, and differ slightly from the total
population in the ratio of married to unmarried persons, the
number of the former being larger among Jews (57.41% of
the total Jewish population 16 years and over) than among
the total population (55.8%). As in other countries, the
proportion of Jews living in rural territory is small (7.6%),
compared with that of the total population (41%). Es-
pecially noteworthy is the fact that, on the day of the
enumeration, only 23% of the Jewish population was 14
years of age or under compared with 30% for the total
population.
'Of the total number of Jews, 1,414 were foreign-born, 54.57%, compared with
26.27%
2 for the total population.
Aukland, 192,233, Jews 828 (443 men and 405 women); Christchurch, 118,501,
Jews, 182 (93 men and 89 women); Wellington, 121,527, Jews 896 (430 men and466
women).
8 Also Dunedin, 85,095, Jews 190 (95 men and 95 women).
A total of 2,308 Jews reside in the 14 urban areas; 64 Jews, in 48 of the 105 bor-
oughs; 20 Jews, in 11 of the 69 town districts; and 178, in 50 of the 129 counties.
Nearly half (49%) of the Jewish population of the country-

are gainfully employed (total population: 44%), and of
these 2% are engaged in agricultural pursuits and 98% in
non-agricultural pursuits (total population: 24% and 76%
respectively). Of those engaged in non-agricultural pur-
suits, over one-third (35%) are in commerce, 23% in
industry, 9% in liberal professions and public service, and
the remainder in other occupations (total population: 19%
in industry, 10% in commerce, 12% in professions and
public service). Further, of the total number of Jews, 26%
were wage-earners, 10% employers, 7% persons in business
on own account, 1% were unemployed, and the remainder
were wives, children, other dependents, others, and unspe-
cified (total population: 30% wage-earners, 6% persons in
business on own account, 4% employers, 1% unemployed).
In 1896, a total of 1,549 Jews were enumerated in New
Zealand. Since then, with one exception, each census
showed an increase of Jews. In the first general census of
1851, a total of 65 Jews were enumerated. It is noteworthy
that in the latter year the Jews constituted 0.2% of the
then total population, and in 1867, 0.57%. Since that date
the percentage of Jews to the total has slowly decreased
until 1926, when it was 0.19% of the total population.4
1
Inasmuch as the last census has shown a larger number of foreign-born among the
Jewish population than among the total population, the low percentage of the Jewish
population to the total is probably due to a smaller natural increase among Jews than
among the total population, at least in recent years.
TABLE XLI
JEWS OF N E W ZEALAND, BY'SEX, AGE, CONJUGAL CONDITION, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926
Number Distribution
Total 1,344.4691 2,5912 100.00 100.00

Males 686,384 1,339 51.05 SI.68
Females 658,085 1,252 48.95 48.32
Urban (boroughs) 785,040 2,372 58.39 91.55
Rural 551,45 7 198 41.02 7.64
Unspecified3 7,972 21 .59 .81
0—4 134,431 185< 10.00 7.14
5—14 . 266 745 4144 19.84 15.98
5—13 240,772 381* 17.91 14.71
5—15 291,960 469* 21.72 18.10
15—44 629,863 1.2901 46.85 49.79
45 and over 6 310,081 694* 23.06 26.78
Not specified 3,349 8* .25 .31
Unmarried 16 years or over., 330,573 670 6 36.02 34.62

Married 16 years or over. . . 512,072 1,111 s 55.80 57.41
Widowed 16 years or over 58,373 1176 6.36 6.05
3,708 118 .40 .57
Legally separated 16 years or over 5,489 16« .60 .83
Not Specified7 16 years or over 7,559 10« .82 .52
1
Exclusive of 63,670 Maoris in New Zealand and 53,905 natives and 1,220 Europeans
and non-natives in the dependencies of Cook Islands, Tereelau Islands and Western
Samoa.
1
Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 62,585 classed as "object to
state".
» Enumerated on trains and aboard ships, and in adjacent islands (887 population
with no Jews).
« Females: 89 of 0—4 years (7.11%); 206 of 5—14 (16.45%); 188 of 5 to 13 (15.02%);
233 of 5 to 15 (18.61%}; 648 of 15 to 44 (51.76%); 306 of 45 and over (24.44%); and
3 unspecified including 1 minor (0.24%).
6
Including 304 minors for the total population and 2 Jewish minors.
• Females: 316 unmarried, 519 married, 80 widowed, 6 divorced, 6 separated, and 2
not specified (34.02%, 55.87%, 8.61%, .64%. .64% and .22% respectively.
7
See footnote 5.
TABLE XLII
JEWS OF NEW ZEALAND, BY OCCUPATION, 1926
Number Distribution
Occupation1 Jews Jews
Total Both Wo- Total Both Wo-
sexes Men men sexes Men men
Population 1,344,469 2,591 1,339 1,252 100.00 100.00 100.00
Persons gainfully
employed 592,245 1,261 976 285 44.05 48.67 72.89 22.76
Dependents 752,224 1,330 363 967 55.95 51.33 27.11 77.24
Agricultural pursuits 2 .. 142,076 22 19 3 23.99 1.74 1.95 1.05
Non-agricultural
pursuits 450,169 1,239 957 282 76.01 98.26 98.05 98.95
Manufacture 85,729 280 227 53 19.05 22.60 23.72 18.79
Commerce 72,332 435 369 66 16.07 35.11 38.56 23.40
Professions and Public
Service3 53,990 117 93 24 11.99 9.44 9.72 8.51
Other Professions 167,204 201 158 43 37.14 16.22 16.51 15.25
No industry and not
specified 70,914 206 110 96 15.75 16.63 11.49 34.05
Employers 51,584 257 241 16 3.84 9.92 18.00 1.28
Persons in business on
own account4 80.582 181 161 20 5.99 6.99 12.02 1.60
Wage earners and
salaried workers 401,545 666 485 181 29.87 25.70 36.22 14.46
Unemployed 13,128 26 21 5 0.98 1.00 1.57 .40
Wives, children depen
dents, others* and not
specified 797,630 1,461 431 1,030 59.32 56.39 32.19 82.26
1
On basis of the industry, trade, profession, or service with which associated, as
distinct
2
from personal occupation.
a
Fishing and trapping, agricultural and pastoral, forestry, mining and quarrying.
Public administration and defence, law and order, religion and social welfare,
health,
4
education, other professions.
Of these, 10,651 persons including 6 Jews (3 men and 3 women) were assisted by
relatives without salary.
» "Not applicable."
TABLE XLII I
JEWS OF N E W ZEALAND, 1851—1926
Year Total Jews P. C. Year Total Jews P. C.
1851 26,707 65 0.24 1901 772,719 1,611 0.21

1867 218,668 1,247 0.57 1906 888,578 1,867 0.21
1871 256,393 1,262 0.49 1911 1,008,468 2,128 0.21
1874 299,514 1,215 0.40 1916 1,099,449 2 345 0.21
1878 414,412 1,424 0.34 1921 1,218,913 2,380 0.20
1881 489,933 1,536 0.31 1926 1,344,469 2,591 0.19
1896 703,360 1,549 0.22
3. T H E JEWS OF TURKEY—CENSUS OF 1927
A total of 82,000 Jews reside in the Republic of Turkey,

according to the census of October 28, 1927, the first ever
taken in Turkey. Of these, 55,600, over two-thirds (67.90%)
reside in the European vilayets of the Republic;r21,917, over
one-fourth (26.77%) in the three vilayets along the Sea
of Marmora and the /Egean in Asia, namely Bursa, Canak-
kale and Izmir (Smyrna); while 4,363 (5.33%) are scattered
over 44 vilayets in Asia. A total of 12 vilayets in Asia did
not return Jews in the census of 1927.
In the European vilayets, the Jews constitute 4.7% of
the total, being most numerous (5.9%), in the vilayet of
Istanbul (Constantinople), and least numerous (0.9%) in
Kirkkilisse. In Asia, in the vilayet of Smyrna, the Jews
form 3.4% of the total, in Canakkale, 1%, and in Bursa,
0.48%; while in all other vilayets, the Jews constitute 0.34%
or less of the total population.
The Jewish community of Istanbul (the Prefecture of
Stambul) numbers 46,700, or 6.7% of the total population.
Next come the community of Izmir (Smyrna), with 16,200
Jews, 10.5% of the total, and that of Edirne (Adrianople),
with 5,700 Jews, (16.5%). There are five communities of
the class of 2,000 to 500 Jews, the largest being Bursa with
1,850, (3% of the total), and the smallest, Angora, the
capital of the Republic, with 650 Jews, (0.9% of the total).
There are1 also 9 Jewish communities of the class of 500 to
100 Jews.
In the country as a whole, there are, according to the
census of 1927, 1,149 Jewish women for every 1,000 Jewish
men. But the vilayets vary. In the vilayets in Europe,
there are 1,151 Jewish women for every 1,000 men; in the
three vilayets in Asia along the Sea of Marmora and the
iEgean, 1,226 women; on the other hand, in the other
vilayets there are but 810 Jewish women per 1,000 men.
As for the communities, in those of 500 Jews or over, the
1
Adana, 158 Jews (93 men and 65 women), 0.22% of the total population; Bergama,
173 Jews (102 men and 71 women), 1.31%; Diyarbekir, 379 Jews (214 men and 165
women, 1.23%; Gaziayintap, 379 Jews (199 men and 180 women), 0.95%; Kilis, 330
Jews (179 men and 151 women), 1.46%; Manisa, 155 Jews (86 men and 69 women),
0.54%; Maras. 262 Jews (154 men and 108 women), 0.58%; Mersin, 121 Jews (70 men
and 51 women), 0.57%; Urfa, 228 Jews (102 men and 126 women), 0.78%.
women outnumber the men, while in the smaller communi-

ties the Jewish men outnumber the women, except in two
cases, namely, the city of Ankara (Angora) which, though
having 650 Jews, had fewer women than men, and the small
community of Urfa which had more women than men.
Presumably the capital city of Angora, like the small
Jewish communities, are receiving new Jewish settlers. In
the community of Istanbul, there are 1,149 Jewish women
for 1,000 Jewish men; in Izmir (Smyrna), 1,252; in Edirne
(Adrianople), 1,197.
TABLE XLIV
JEWS OF TURKEY, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1927
Number Num-
Dis- ber of
Jews P. C. tribu- Wo-
of tion men
Total Jews of per
Both Men Wo- Jews 1000
Sexes men Men
Turkey 13,648,270 81,872 38,103 43,769 0.60 100.00 1,149
Vilayets in Europe 1 1,185,719 55,592 25,849 29,743 4.69 100.00 1,151
Vilayets in Asia' 12,462,551 26,280 12,254 14,026 0.21 100.00 1.145
VILAYETS IN EUROPE
Istanbul (Constantinople).... 794,444 47,035 21,909 25,126 5.92 84.61 1,147
Edirne (Adrianople) 150,840 6,098 2,806 3.292 4.04 10.97 1,173
Kirklar-Eli iKirkkilisse) 108,989 978 425 553 0.90 1.76 1,301
Tekir-Dagh (Rodosto) 131,446 1,481 709 772 1.13 2.66 1,089
VILAYETS IN ASIA
Bursa (Broussa)... 401,595 1,915 953 962 0.48 7.29 1.009
Canakkale 181,735 1,845 799 1,046 1.02 7.02 1,309
Izmir (Smyrna)2 526,005 18,157 8,092 10.065 3.45 69.09 1,244
Other Vilayets 11,353,216 4,363 2,410 1,953 0.04 16.60 810
Vilayets Reporting Jews3 11,851,938 81,872 38,103 43,769 0.69 100.00 1.149
Vilayets not Reporting Jews'.. 1,796,332
1
The region "Turkey in Europe" corresponds to that of the Vilayets in Europe,
provided we add the districts of Eceabat (5,857 persons with 10 Jews: 7 men and 3
women) and Galiboli (13,632 with 736 Jews: 322 men and 414 women) which, though
situated in Europe, are part of the Vilayet of Canakkale in Asia, and subtract the
districts of Skutari (145,423 with 4,345 Jews: 2,145 men and 2,200 women) and Sile
(13,525 with no Jews returned) which, though located in Asia, are part of the Vilayet
in Europe. Hence, Turkey in Europe, properly so-called, had on the day of the census
a total population of 1,185,719 plus 19,489 less 158,948 or 1,046,260 with, applying
the same method of calculation, 51,993 Jews (24,033 men and 27,960 women).
* The region "Turkey in Asia" corresponds to that of the Vilayets in Asia provided
we add the districts of Skutari (145,423 persons with 4,345 Jews: 2.145 men and 2,200
women) and Sile (13,525 persons with no Jews returned) which, though located in Asia
Vilayets in Europe; and subtract the districts of Eceabat (5,857 persons with 10 Jews:
7 men and 3 women) and Galiboli (13,632 with 736 Jews: 322 men and 414 women)
which, though situated in Europe, are part of the Vilayet of Canakkale in Asia. Hence,
Turkey in Asia, properly so-called, had on the day of the census a total population of
12,462,551 plus 158,948 less 19,489 or 12,602,010, and, by the same method of calcu-
lation, 29,879 Jews: 14,070 men and 15,809 women.
' Adana (159 Jews), Afyon (11), Aksaray (1), Amasya (23), Ankara (663). Antalya
(38), Artvin (2), Balikessir (43), Bilecik (4), Bitlis (1), Bolu (2), Burdur (1). Cebeliber-
eket (1), Cankiri (1), Corum (1), Denizli (2), Diyarbekir (392), Elaziz (1), Eskisehir (25).
Gaziayintap (742). Giresun (6), Hakari (43), Kars (1), Kastamonu (1), Kayseri (15),
Kirsehir (3), Kocaeli (5), Konya (17), Kutahya (19), Malatya (8), Manisa (278). Maras
(265), Mardin (490), Mersin (122), Mugla (291), Ordu (2), Samsun (95), Sivas (6),
Tokat (92), Trabzon (3). Urfa (318), Van (129), Yozgat (23), Zonguldak (18).
*Aydin, 212,541; Bayazit, 104,586; Erzincan, 132,325; Erzurum, 270.426; Cebin-
karahisar, 108,735; Isparta, 144,437; Icel, 90,940; Gumusane, 122,231; Nigde. 166.056;
Rize, 171,657; Siirt, 102,433; and Sinop, 169,965.
TABLE XLV
JEWISH COMMUNITIES OF TURKEY OF 500 JEWS OR OVER, 1927
No. of
Jews Wo-
Total Per men
Cent per
Both Men Wo- 1.000
Sexes men Men
Istanbul (Prefecture of Stambul) 690,857 46,698 21,721 24,977 6.76 1,149

Izmir, Izmir 153,924 16,215 7,199 9,016 10.53 1,252
Edirne, Edirne 34,528 5,697 2,593 3,104 16.50 1,197
Ankara, Ankara 74,553 658 330 328 0.88 994
Bursa, Bursa 61,690 1.862 921 941 3.02 1,022
Kirklareli, Kirklareli 12,844 662 271 391 5.15 1,443
Terkidag, Terkidag 14,569 884 418 466 6.07 1,115
Tire, Ismir 18,747 1.063 440 623 5.67 1.416
4. J E W S OF THE U N I O N OF SOUTH A F R I C A — C E N S U S OF 1926
A total of 71,800 Jews live in the Union of South Africa,

according to the census of the White (European) population
of M a y 4, 1926. Of these, 9 3 % reside in urban places
and 7% in rural territory, (compared with 5 8 % and 4 2 %
respectively for the total population). More than half
(54%) of the total Jewish population are in the Province
of Transvaal, one-third (33%) m Cape, 8% in Orange Free
State, and 5 % in Natal (total population: 4 2 . 1 % in Cape,
36.3% in Transvaal, 12.1% in Orange Free State, and 9.5%
in Natal). The Jews are widely distributed over the coun-
try, residing in each of the 17 principal cities and in all but
5 of the 185 magisterial districts of the country (97.33%).*
In the country as a whole, the Jews form 4.28% of the
total White (European) population, but in the urban places
they constitute 7.9% of the total, while only 0.7% in the
rural territory. The density of the Jewish population varies
also with the provinces, ranging from 6.4% in Transvaal
to 2 % in Natal. In the two large cities of the country, of
100,000 population or more, each, the Jews constitute nearly
13% of the total white population; in the three cities of
100,000 to 25,000 their proportion is 4 % ; and in the cities
of 10,000 to 5,000, it is 4.7%.
As in other countries of immigration, the Jewish men
outnumber the women in the Union, the ratio being 54%
men and 4 6 % women, (compared with 5 1 . 1 % and 48.9%
respectively for the total white population). But the
number of Jewish women for every 1,000 Jewish men varies
with the age of the Jewish population. In the age-groups
under 20, the number of women per 1,000 men ranges from
996 in the age-group of 10 to 14, to 932 in the age-group of
5 to 9. But in the older age-groups to 30 years and over,
the number of women per 1,000 men ranges from 800 in
the age-group of 30 to 34, to only 587 in the age-group of
50 to 54. On the other hand, in the age-group of 20 to 29,
the Jewish women outnumber the men, there being 1,091
women per 1,000 men in the 20 to 24 age-group, and 1,059
in that of 25 to 29.
1
94 magisterial districts in Cape, 31 in Natal, 33 in Transvaal and 27 in Orange Free
State. Jews were returned from all the districts, except 1 in Cape and 4 in Natal.
The sex distribution varies also with the provinces, the

number of Jewish women per 1,000 men being 879 in Cape,
853 in1 Transvaal, 816 in Natal, and 738 in Orange Free
State ; and in the principal towns of the country, the range
is from 963 women per 1,000 men in Cape Town, to 651 in
the Jewish community of Springs. The number of women
per 1,000 men was on the whole comparatively high in
the larger Jewish communities, especially in Cape Town
(963), Johannesburg (927) and in Durban (915), and, on
the whole, the number was low in smaller Jewish commun-
ities, of the class of 500 to 100 Jews, in which it varied
from 726 to 651.
Over 51% of the Jewish population of the country were
of 15 to 44 years of age; 29%, of 14 years and under; and
20%, of 45 years and over (compared with 46%, 35%, and
19% respectively for the total population). But the age
distribution of the Jews varied with the sexes. Of the total
Jewish males in the country, 27.2% were 14 years and
under; 50.3%, were 15 to 44; and 22.6%, were 45 years and
over, compared with 30.6%, 52.7%, and 16.7% respectively
for the Jewish females of the country. There were more
females per 1,000 males in every age-group below 30 years
of age, per 1,000 males in every age-group above 30 years
of age.
In the census of 1904, a total of 38,096 Jews were enumer-
ated, and every subsequent census has shown an increase
of the Jewish population. In 1904 the Jews constituted
3.41% of the total population, and, in 1926 they constituted
4.28%, so that during the past 22 years, the increase of the
Jewish population was slightly larger than that of the total
White (European) population of the country.
1
See footnote 3 to Table I.
TABLE XLVI
JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, BY SEX, AGE, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, 1926
Number Distribution
P. C.
White of
(European) Jews Jews Total Jews
Population
Union of South Africa 1,676,660 71,816' 4.28 100.00 100.00
Males 856,918 38,817 4.53 51.11 54.05
Females 819,742 32,999 4.03 48.89 45.95
975,235 66,896 ! 6.86 58.17 93.15
Rural 701,425 4,920 0.70 41.83 6.85
0-4 199,597 6,366 3.19 11.90 8.86
5-14 384,499 14,267 3.71 22.93 19.87
15-44 772,607 36,916 4.78 46.09 51.40
45 and over 319 786 14,255 4.46 19.07 19.85
Not Specified 171 12 7.02 0.01 0.02
Cape Province 706,137 23.984^ 3.40 42.11 33.40
Natal 158,916 3,2773 2.06 9.48 4.56
Transvaal .. 608,622 38,8023 6.38 36.30 54.03
Orange Free State . ... 202,985 5,753» 2.83 12.11 8.01
1
Including 775 (392 m. and 383 w.) of the Jewish religion though of non-Jewish
parentage, and excluding (a) the possible number of Jews among the 10,489 returned
as "no religion," free thinkers, object to state, unknown or unspecified, and (b) a total
of 949 (478 m. and 471 w.) of Jewish parentage who were returned as of non-Jewish
religion, and (c) a total of 99 (66 m. and 33 w.) of Jewish parentage returned as "no
religion."
* 1,646 (1,080 m. and 566 w.) in Cape Town, 0.55% of the total; 313 (230 m. and
83 w.) in Natal, 0.68% of the total; 2,154 (1,491 m. and 663 w.) in Transvaal, 0.91%
of the total; and 807 (536 m. and 271 w.) in Orange Free State, 0.69% of the total.
8
Including Jewish females: 11,223 in Cape, 1,472 in Natal, 17,861 in Transvaal, and
2,443 in Orange Free State.
TABLE XLVII
JEWS OF UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, BY AGE, 1926
No.o
White Jews Distribution Wo-
(Euro- men
pean) per
Popula- Jews 1,000
Both Wo-
tion Sexes Men men Total Wo- Jewish
Total Men men Men
AH Ages 1,676.660 71,816 38,817 32,999 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 850
0- 4 199,597 6,366 3,288 3,078 11.90 8.86 8.47 9.33 936
5- 9 193,730 6,731 3,484 3,247 11.55 9.37 8.98 9.84 932
10-14. 190.769 7,536 3,775 3,761 11.38 10.49 9.72 11.40 996
15-19 180,327 7,696 3,961 3,735 10.76 10.72 10.20 11.32 943
20-24 146.951 7,205 3,446 3,759 8.76 10.03 8.88 11.39 1,091
25-29 121,942 6.259 3,040 3,219 7.27 8.72 7.83 9.75 1,059
30-34. 118,854 5,665 3,148 2,517 7.09 7.89 8.11 7.63 800
35-39. 108.497 5,247 2,973 2,274 6.47 7.31 7.66 6.89 765
40-44 96,036 4,844 2.948 1,896 5.73 6.75 7.59 5.74 643
45-49 89,335 4,700 2.929 1.771 5.33 5.54 7.55 5.37 605
50-54... . 72,878 3,641 2,294 1,347 4.35 5.07 5.91 4.08 587
55-59 55,440 2,416 1,428 988 3.31 3.36 3.68 2.99 692
60 and over... 102,133 3,498 2.097 1,401 6.09 4.87 5.40 4.25 668
Unspecified. . . 171 12 6 6 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 1,000
TABLE XLVIII
JEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL TOWNS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA,
1926
White No. of
Jews
(Euro- P. C. Women
pean) of per
Popula- Both Wo- Jews 1,000
tion men Jewish
Sexes Men Men
Principal Towns 624,902 51,505 26.988 24.517 8.24 908
Johannesburg 170,741 25,826 13,399 12,427 15.13 927
Cape Town 119.173 11,079 5,644 5,435 9.30 963
Durban 70.883 2,418 1.263 1,155 3.41 915
Pretoria 54,326 2,383 1,314 1,069 4.39 814
Benoni 14,899 1,151 634 517 7.73 816
Bloemfontein 22,695 1.406 755 651 6.20 862
Boksburg 12.144 596 322 274 4.91 851
East London 23,210 679 366 313 2.93 855
Germiston 19,495 907 506 401 4.65 793
Kimberley 17.268 812 445 367 4.70 825
Krugersdorp 14,524 957 518 439 6.59 848
Port Elizabeth 33,371 1,490 778 712 4.47 915
Wynberg 11,395 613 331 282 5.38 852
Brakpan 8,450 378 219 159 4.47 726
Pietermaritzburg 19,748 188 111 77 0.9S 694
Roodepoort-Maraisburg 7,217 277 174 103 3.84 592
Springs 5,363 345 209 136 6.43 651
TABLE XLIX
JEWS OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 1904-1926
White (European) Jews P. C.

Population
1904 1,116,806 38.096 3.41

1911 1.276.242 46,919 3.68
1918 1,421,781 58,741 4.13
1921 1.519,488 62,103 4.09
1926 1,676.660 71,816 4.28
5. THE JEWS OF VENEZUELA—CENSUS OF 1926
A total of 882 Jews live in the United States of Venezuela,

according to the census of February 1-3, 1926. Of these 534
are men and 348 women (60.5% and 39.5%). A total of 253
Jews (175 men and 78 women) reside in the federal capital,
Caracas, a city of 135,000 population, 48 Jews in other
places of the Federal District, and 581 are scattered, in
small numbers, over 18 states of-the union; only two small
states and the two territories failed to1
return Jews in the
last census. In the census of 1891, 247 Jews were returned,
and in 1873, 302 Jews.
1
Total population, 2,323,527; Jews in the Federal District 82 (74 men and 8 women).
2
23 in the Federal District and 7 in the State of Carabobo; probably incomplete,
total population 1,784,194.
TABLE L
JEWS OF VENEZUELA, BY SEX AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION, 1929
Number Distribution
2,890,731' 882» 100.00 100.00

Men . . 1,414,596 534 48.94 60.54
Women 1,476,135 348 51.06 39.46
Federal District 195,460 301» 6.76 34.13
States 2,608,413 581 90.23 65.87
States reporting Jews* 2,340,807 581 89.74
Slates not reporting Jews* 267,606 10.26
Territories 86,858 3.01
»
2
Exclusive of 136,147 Indians.
Exclusive of the possible number of Jews among the 31,706 men and 30,622 women
unspecified as to religion.
' Including 253 Jews (175 men and 78 women) in the federal capital, Caracas, of
135,000 population.
<Anzoategui, 129,791, 6 Jews; Apure, 58,499, 3 Jews; Aragua, 105,839, 11 Jews;
Bolivar, 98,258, 9 Jews; Carabobo, 147,204,60 Jews; Falcon, 178,642,63 Jews; Guarico,
125,282, 5 Jews; Lara, 271,369, 7 Jews; Marida, 150,128, 9 Jews; Miranda, 189,572,
101 Jews; Monagas, 68,765, 8 Jews; Sucre, 216.476, 50 Jews; Tachira, 172,900, 22
Jews; Trujillo, 218,780, 67 Jews; Yaracuy, 122,836, 25 Jews; Zulia, 222,613, 13S Jews.
6
Cojedes, 82,152; Nueva Esparta, 69,392; Portuguesa, 55,721; Zamora, 57,341,
• Amazonas, 60,276; Delta Amacuro, 26,582.
TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

OFFICERS
President, CYRUS ADLER
JULIUS ROSENWALD }
IRVING LEHMAN j Vice-Presidents
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
CYRUS ADLER (1934) Philadelphia, Pa.
JAMES H. BECKER (1934) Chicago, 111.
DAVID M. BRESSLER (1934) New York, N. Y.
LEO M. BROWN (1932) Mobile, Ala.
FRED M. BUTZEL (1932) Detroit, Mich.
BENJAMIN N. CARDOZO (1933) New York, N. Y.
JAMES DAVIS (1932) Chicago, 111.
ABRAM I. ELKUS (1934) New York, N. Y.
ELI FRANK (1934) Baltimore, Md.
HENRY ITTLESON (1934) New York, N. Y.
LOUIS E. KIRSTEIN (1932) Boston, Mass.
MAX J. KOHLER (1932) New York, N. Y.
HERBERT H. LEHMAN (1933) New York, N. Y.
IRVING LEHMAN (1932) New York, N. Y.
SAMUEL D. LEIDESDORF (1932) New York, N. Y.
JAMES MARSHALL (1933) New York, N. Y.
MILTON J. ROSENAU (1932) Cambridge, Mass.
JULIUS ROSENWALD (1933) Chicago, 111.
HORACE STERN (1934) Chairman Philadelphia, Pa.
LEWIS L. STRAUSS (1933) New York, N. Y.
SOL M. STROOCK (1934) New York, N. Y.
CYRUS L. SULZBERGER (1933) New York, N. Y.
FELIX M. WARBURG (1933) New York, N. Y.
MORRIS WOLF (1933) Philadelphia, Pa.
SECRETARY
MORRIS D. WALDMAN
ASSISTANT SECRETARY
HARRY SCHNEIDERMAN
171 Madison Avenue, N. E. Cor. 33rd Street,
New York City
Cable Address, "WISHCOM, New York."
339
TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING

NOVEMBER 9, 1930
The Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American
Jewish Committee was held at the Hotel Astor, New York
City, on Sunday, November 9, 1930. Doctor Cyrus Adler,
President of the Committee, called the meeting to order.
The following members were present:
District Members:
District
VII. Max Adler, Bernard Horwich, Chicago.
VIII. David Philipson, Cincinnati.
IX. Cyrus Adler, Justin P. Allman, B. L. Levinthal,
Horace Stern, Philadelphia.
X. Edward N. Calisch, Richmond.
XI. Jacob Asher, Worcester; Edward M. Chase, Man-
chester; Henry Lasker, Springfield; Samuel E.
Paulive, Chelsea; Archibald Silverman, Provi-
dence; Isidore Wise, Hartford.
XII. David M. Bressler, Benjamin N. Cardozo, Elias
A. Cohen, H. G. Enelow, William Fischman, Lee K.
Frankel, Henry Ittleson, Joseph J. Klein, Max J.
Kohler, Jacob Kohn, Arthur K. Kuhn, Irving Leh-
man, William Liebermann, James Marshall, Alex-
ander Marx, Bernard Semel, I. M. Stettenheim,
Hugh Grant Straus, Lewis L. Strauss, Sol M.
Stroock, Cyrus L. Sulzberger, Israel Unterberg,
Ludwig Vogelstein, Felix M. Warburg, New York
City.
XIII. Moses F. Aufsesser, Albany; Benjamin Stolz,
Syracuse.
XIV. A. J. Dimond, East Orange; Philip Dimond, Pater-
son; William Newcorn, Plainfield; Oscar L. Wein-
garten, Newark.
Member s-at-Large:
James H. Becker, Chicago; Eli Frank, Baltimore; David
A. Brown, New York; Herbert J. Hannoch, Newark;
Henry S. Hendricks, New York; Stanley M. Isaacs,
New York. \
REPORT OF AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 341
Delegates from Organizations:

COUNCIL OF YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL ORGAN-
IZATIONS : Edward S. Silver.
HADASSAH: Mrs. David de Sola Pool.
HEBREW SHELTERING AND IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY: John
L. Bernstein, Harry Fischel, Abraham Herman, Jacob
Massel, Albert Rosenblatt.
INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH ABRAHAM: Gustave Hart-
man, Max L. Hollander, Nathan D. Perlman, Adolph
Stern.
INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS OF ISRAEL: Solon J.
Liebeskind.
JEWISH WELFARE BOARD: Joseph Rosenzweig.
ORDER OF THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS: Meyer
Greenberg.
RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE JEWISH THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY: Louis Finkelstein.
UNITED ROUMANIAN JEWS OF AMERICA: Herman Speier,
Leo Wolfson.
UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA: Nathan Levy.
APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEES
The President appointed the following Committees:
On Auditing the Accounts of the Treasurer: William New-
corn and Archibald Silverman.
On Canvassing the Ballots for District Members: Henry
S. Hendricks and William Liebermann.
On Nominations: David M. Bressler, Moses F. Aufsesser,
Lewis L. Strauss, A. J. Dimond and Justin P. Allman.
PRESENTATION OF ANNUAL REPORT
The Executive Committee presended its report for the
past year. On motion, duly seconded, it was resolved
that the report be accepted, approved and published.
The Secretary presented a report of his recent trip to
various European countries. (See pp. 382-399, post.
RESOLUTION ON PALESTINE
Upon motion, duly made and seconded, the resolution
protesting against the new policy in respect of Palestine,
announced by the British Government on October 20,

1930, submitted by the Executive Committee in its Annual
Report,* was unanimously adopted.
AMENDMENT OF THE B Y - L A W S
Upon motion, duly made and seconded, the recommenda-
tion of the Executive Committee t h a t Article V of the
By-Laws be amended so as to increase the maximum
number of Members-at-Large from 20 to 30 was unanimously
agreed to.
ELECTIONS
The Committee on Nominations recommended the elec-
tion of the following:
For Officers:
President: Cyrus Adler.
Vice-Presidents: Julius Rosenwald and Irving Lehman.
For Members of the Executive Committee to Serve for
Three Years from January 1, 1931:
Cyrus Adler David M. Bressler
James H. Becker Abram I. Elkus
Eli Frank
It was regularly moved and seconded t h a t the Secretary
be requested to cast one ballot for the nominees of the
Committee on Nominations, which he did, and announced
the election of the several nominees.
T h e Secretary was requested to cast one ballot for the
nominees for memberships-at-large, suggested by the Execu-
tive Committee in its Annual Report, which he did, and
announced the election of the several nominees.
R E P O R T OF T E L L E R S
The tellers reported that they had canvassed the ballots
cast for district members, and that the candidates of the
committee appointed to nominate persons to fill existing
vacancies, or to succeed members whose terms had expired,
had received a plurality of the votes cast, and were, there-
fore, elected to membership. (For the names of those
members elected, see pages 339-342.)
•See pp. 368-369, post.
REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE
The Committee on Auditing the Accounts of the Treas-
urer reported that it had duly audited these accounts and
had found them to be correct.
REPORT OF FINANCE COMMITTEE

Mr. Lewis L. Strauss, Chairman of the Standing Advisory
Committee on Finance, reported that this Committee had
held a meeting this morning and had agreed to submit the
following report and recommendations:
Analysis of the financial situation of the Committee dis-
closes the fact that though our fiscal year ended on October
31st with a balance of $1,650, the Committee's financial
prospects for the new fiscal year are anything but encourag-
ing. Our success in coming through the past year without a
deficit was due to the precautions taken in the early part of
the year to secure extra contributions largely in the form of
one-time donations from about eighty friends of the Com-
mittee. We actually sustained a loss in regular contributions
of nearly $20,000 unquestionably due nearly entirely to the
severe economic experiences of the past year. Unless general
economic conditions improve during the coming year, we
apprehend a further substantial loss of this kind. Our total
receipts during the past year were about $60,000. This
amount is $40,000 less than the amount, namely, $100,000,
which Mr. Louis Marshall and his associates on the Execu-
tive Committee established as the minimum budgetary
requirement of the Committee to enable us to do our work
effectively.
Though we still believe that the sum of $100,000 reflects
the adequate budgetary needs of the Committee, this
objective must be deferred until after a resumption of nor-
mal business conditions. Continuing the strict economies of
past year, we believe that the sum of $60,000 is the mini-
mum with which we can live during the year which has just
commenced. From an analysis of our membership records,
and anticipating a further contraction in the number of our
regular contributors and amounts of their contributions, we
estimate a possible further loss of $30,000. Experience in
fund-raising efforts by non-local organizations during the
past six months has indicated the futility of attempting to

make up this loss by an appeal to the Jewish community at
large. In the judgment of your committee, the situation is
one in which we shall have to depend upon the particular
interest and support of the Corporate Members of the Com-
mittee. On the assumption, therefore, that we shall require
$30,000 in new money (over and above what we reasonably
expect in 1931 from our regular contributors) the members
of your Finance Committee who met this morning unani-
mously recommend that the corporate membership of the
Committee assume the responsibility of securing new mem-
bers or increased contributions from present sustaining
members in the proportionate quotas which, in our opinion,
will be equitably predicated on the basis of population and
other pertinent factors.
The task divided in this way should, in our opinion,
impose a trifling burden upon the members of each district.
We recommend, therefore, that the secretary be instructed
to communicate as soon as possible with the corporate
members in their respective districts informing them of the
situation and of the quota for their district and conveying
the resolution of this body requesting their cooperation, and
that the corporate members of each district shall jointly
underwrite the amount of their respective quota and
determine in their discretion how and where within the
district the funds shall be raised. While it would be prefer-
able to secure the new funds in the form of regular annual
contributions, it may be more difficult to secure them than
one-time contributions and it should be made clear that
one-time donations, to enable the Committee to tide over
the present emergency, will be most acceptable. If all the
corporate members of the Committee do their share now, a
critical situation will be avoided, and the efforts of the
Executive Committee and the secretariat will be left free to
deal with the serious problems confronting them without
the distraction incident to raising the funds to carry on.
The members of your Finance Committee whose names
appear below move the adoption of the foregoing recom-
mendations:
LEWIS L. STRAUSS, New York City, Chairman
MAX ADLER, Chicago
JUSTIN P. ALLMAN, Philadelphia

MOSES AUFSESSER, Albany
DAVID M. BRESSLER, New York City
ELIAS A. COHEN, New York City
A. J. DIMOND, Newark
PHILIP DIMOND, Paterson
HARRY FISCHEL, New York City
JOSEPH J. KLEIN, New York City
HENRY LASKER, Springfield
ARCHIBALD SILVERMAN, Providence
OSCAR L. WEINGARTEN, Newark
ISIDORE WISE, Hartford
HERBERT J. HANNOCH, Newark
Upon motion, duly seconded, the report and recommen-
dations of the Finance Committee were approved and
adopted.
Upon motion, the meeting adjourned.
MORRIS D. WALDMAN,
Secretary.
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE

COMMITTEE
To the Members of the American Jewish Committee:
Your Executive Committee begs leave to present a brief
outline of the more important of the matters to which its
attention has been given since your last meeting.
A. DOMESTIC MATTERS
1. IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION
These subjects continued during the past year to enlist
the close attention of your Executive Committee. In har-
mony with our established policy, we have carefully watched
the course of immigration legislation in Congress in order to
take all proper steps to prevent the passage of laws which,
in our view, may result in injustice or unreasonable hardship
to immigrants into the United States, even though the pro-
portion of Jews among such immigrants has been drastically

cut as a result of the operation of the immigration law of
1924. The work in this connection was ably and conscien-
tiously supervised by Mr. Kohler, Chairman of the Standing
Advisory Committee on Immigration.
Your Committee has been represented at hearings before
the Committees on Immigration and Naturalization of both
the House of Representatives and the Senate,
(a) in support of proposed legislation for humanizing the operation
of existing immigration laws, particularly in the matter of separa-
tion of families, and
(b) in opposition to proposed legislation for the registration of
aliens.
In connection with the latter, Mr. Kohler, published a
pamphlet, "The Registration of Aliens, a Dangerous Pro-
ject." Especially in connection with immigration legislation,
your Committee has enjoyed the cooperation of other
national organizations affiliated with the Committee, in all
parts of the country, who recognized that the proposed
registration of aliens, whether compulsory or voluntary, is
bound to lead to their oppression, thus retarding their
Americanization, and that, to be really effective, the scheme
must eventually be extended to naturalized and native-born
citizens, subjecting them to annoyance and possibly even
persecution, besides infringing their natural and constitu-
tional rights.
Although several attempts to have the Senate pass a
voluntary registration bill were made, none of the many
measures embodying this proposal was adopted during the
past session of the Congress. In conjunction with other
organizations, Jewish and non-Jewish, holding similar views
on this question, the Committee will continue to watch the
situation and to be ready to take such action as may appear
advisable.
Early in the year, the attention of your Committee was
called to the fact that the Bureau of Naturalization in the
Department of Labor had issued a new form of preliminary
application for applicants for naturalization and also for
"Registry of Aliens," in which the innovation was intro-
duced of requiring the latter to state not only their nation-
ality, as required by law, but also their "race." Knowing
that much confusion would result from efforts to answer this

inquiry, believing that information as to an applicant's
"race" may at times be prejudicial to his rights, and con-
vinced that such information is not required by law, your
Committee appointed a sub-committee, consisting of Mr.
Kohler, Judge Stern, and Mr. Lewis L. Strauss, to confer
with the Secretary of Labor, with whom they left a compre-
hensive memorandum on the subject, which is printed as an
Appendix to this report. The Secretary of Labor declared
that if it were a fact that the racial classification of appli-
cants for naturalization was not required by law, it will be
discontinued. Subsequently, your Committee was informed
that upon the advice of the Solicitor of the Department, the
Secretary had decided to eliminate from the application
form the question as to "race."
The Committee on Immigration and Naturalization of the
House of Representatives at the last session, by a divided
vote, reported favorably a bill to increase the educational
requirements for naturalization materially, including the
requirement of a test in American history. This was done
without any general hearing on the measure, one of the
naturalization officials alone being heard. This measure, if
passed, will enormously decrease the number that can be
naturalized. In fact, the senior U. S. District Judge in New
York City stated publicly that he believed that the require-
ment for a test in American history would reduce the num-
ber now capable of being naturalized by more than 80%.
More serious for the time being than the citizenship matter
involved is the fact that by far the largest number of wives
and minor children of the "new immigrants" are now
admitted to this country by reason of their relationship to
such "husband" and "father" citizen, because of the very
small quotas assigned to "non-Nordic" countries. Nor does
the right to vote necessarily attach to citizenship, as a
number of our states have a literacy test for first voters.
2. JEWS AND CRIME
Toward the end of 1929, a great deal of discussion was
evoked by statements made by a judge of the District Court
of Washington, D. C. The speaker, a Jew, in the course of a
Hanukkah address, stated that Judaism is confronted today
with a situation requiring Maccabean courage, and went on

to explain that he referred to "the crime wave—the Jewish
crime wave." He then added: "Almost overnight we seem
to have produced far more than our share of criminals of
every class and description. . ." These statements, given
prominence in the press of Washington, aroused indignation
there and in other parts of the country. With a view to
furnishing the public with actual facts, the Committee
issued to the press statistics which it had gathered in 1926,
covering the decade from 1917 to that year. These showed
that, whereas Jews comprised over 27% of the population of
New York City, but 19% of the inmates of the city's penal
institutions during the decade were Jews, and that, whereas
Jews constituted a little over 16% of the population of the
state as a whole, not more than 10% of the inmates of state
penal institutions during the period were Jews. T h a t the
judge's charge was inaccurate was shown also by evidence
from other quarters. It is, of course, to be deplored that
even a single Jew commits a crime against the state, for in
so doing, he also sins against the Jewish Law which holds
that "the law of the State is law."
3. A N T I - J E W I S H MANIFESTATIONS
The Committee's attention was called to the fact that the
Bradstreet Company was using in certain regions of the
country an information blank on which the "racial" extrac-
tion of applicants for credit was to be noted and on which
investigators were asked to state whether this was "Amer-
ican, Negro, Hebrew, Greek, Italian, etc." The Committee
communicated with the officers of the Bradstreet Company,
who stated that these blanks are no longer official and that
the company will see to it that their use is discontinued.
A sustaining member of the Committee reported that, in
reply to an inquiry, he had received from the Foster Travel
Service a letter stating that a certain hotel in Bermuda
"reserved accommodations for Gentiles only." Replying
for the Foster and Reynolds Company, to whose attention
the offensive character of this statement was called, Ward
G. Foster, the President, stated that this assertion was
made in direct violation of the rules of the company and
that the manager responsible for this violation would be

reprimanded.
The Committee protested also against the publication in a
monthly periodical issued at Jacksonville, Fla., of a viru-
lently anti-Semitic article, and has been informed that the
editors have expressed their regret at the incident and have
stated that the article in question does not reflect their views
and that they will so state in a future issue of the periodical.
The Committee also took action in connection with an
advertisement appearing in a Miami newspaper, in which, in
a list of apartments advertised for rent, several were stated
to be for "Gentiles only." A correspondent of the Com-
mittee received assurances from the representative of the
publishers that all possible steps would be taken to prevent
such advertising in the future.
In this connection, the Committee has made an investiga-
tion to determine which of the States have laws prohibiting
the denial of accommodations in places of public resort on
the basis of race or creed. This inquiry disclosed the fact
that of the 48 States, 19 have such laws, and that in all but
3 cases, the laws are so drawn as more or less effectively to
discourage this form of discrimination; 29 States, however,
have no such laws. Your Committee will take under con-
sideration the advisability of an effort to secure this kind of
legislation in these States, and of having existing legislation
in states other than New York follow the laws of the latter
state, as amended to cover the advertising of such discrim-
ination, and to permit penalty actions to be sued for in the
district of plaintiff's residence (Laws of New York of 1913
pages 481-2; Laws of 1918 pages 812-4). The New York
statute has been held to apply even to schools advertising
for pupils (McKaine vs. Drake Business School, Inc., 107
Miscellaneous Reports 241), and makes discrimination a
misdemeanor.
The recent action of the Philadelphia Real Estate Board
is encouraging. Its attention having been drawn to the fact
that a certain piece of property being advertised for sale
bore a sign stating that it would be sold to Gentiles only,
the Board adopted a resolution reading in part as follows:
"Whereas, such discrimination in our opinion is prejudicial to the
promotion of the best American principles, which are based upon
fairness and equity as to all citizens, irrespective of their race or

creed, and is therefore to be condemned and deprecated;
"Therefore be it resolved, that we, the Board of Directors of the
Philadelphia Real Estate Board in monthly meeting assembled,
hereby deprecate such practices as un-American, prejudicial and
opposed to the promotion of the best feeling among all our citizens
toward each other, and counsel the discontinuance of such practice."
Probably the most widespread and discouraging manifes-
tation of racial and religious intolerance as against Jews is
the practice of employers to deny employment to Jewish
applicants, without regard to their experience, past record,
or fitness for the positions they seek. Since the inception of
the Committee, this phenomenon has been discussed by
your Executive Committee, and, from time to time, when
complaints of such discrimination were submitted to it, the
Committee has taken action whenever action seemed
advisable, especially when such discrimination was shown
to have been practiced by a governmental, quasi-govern-
mental, or public service agency. Because of the many
subterfuges which are employed by those wishing to deny
work to Jews, and the great difficulty of securing direct
evidence that such discrimination is practiced, the problem
of combatting it is one of extreme delicacy. Several years
ago, the office of the Committee cooperated with a Christian
agency in a study, on a small scale, of the practice, which
brought out many interesting facts, especially as to the
"reasons" for discrimination. This study appeared to indi-
cate that a wider investigation, aimed particularly at
ascertaining, if possible, the extent to which the discrimina-
tion is practiced, especially by public or quasi-public
agencies, may prove of value in helping to determine the
most effective method of coping with the subject. During
the past year, your Committee discussed the proposal for a
comprehensive study, in cooperation with other national
Jewish organizations, for which preliminary steps have been
taken.
While your Committee recognizes that the situation in
respect of this employment discrimination is serious, it does
not regard it with pessimism; it certainly does not justify
the desperate conclusion that "the normal absorption of
Jews within the American economic structure is practically
impossible." The facts already at hand appear to indicate
that it is a baseless generalization, and that the direct con-

trary is true, namely, that the Jews are not only being
absorbed within the American economic structure, but have
also done a great deal in the direction of strengthening and
expanding that structure itself.
Though no complete study of the occupations of Jews in
the United States has as yet been made, a recent study by
the American Jewish Committee of occupations of Jews in
New York City, where nearly one-half of all the Jews of the
United States live, disclosed the following, as printed in the
Committee's volume, "Jewish Communal Organizations of
the Jews of the United States":
"In connection with the section on economic-philanthropic organ-
izations, the membership of a number of trade unions in the City of
New York, some belonging to the United Hebrew Trades and others
not affiliated with that body, was analyzed with a view to determin-
ing the number of Jews engaged in certain industries. The unions
so investigated included those of workers in the following industries:
food preparation and distribution, clothing, leather, building, trans-
portation and communication, printing, amusement, jewelry and
ornament; two unions of retail salesmen workers, and 4 miscellane-
ous trade unions were also examined. The 50 unions investigated
had, in July 1929, a total of 392,652 members, of whom 134,020
were Jews (34.13%)."
There are, of course, many Jews engaged in other forms of

manual labor, including common labor, and it may not be
unreasonable to assume that a study extended to Jews in
other occupations would indicate similar proportions. This
investigation disclosed the fact that 34.13% of all working-
men engaged in the trades mentioned were Jews. Over
against this, it is significant to observe that the Jewish
population of the City of New York constitutes 29.56%,
i.e., in these forms of manual labor the proportion of Jews
exceeds the non-Jewish population by 15.5%. Incidentally,
it may be of interest to refer here to the facts disclosed in the
study, "The Jews in the United States," also made by the
American Jewish Committee, showing that Jews are living
in nearly 10,000 places, of which 4,000 are towns and villages
having a population of 2,000 souls or less, and 3,000 of these
places are rural districts. Indeed, there are over 75,000 Jews
engaged in farming and their number is constantly increas-
ing. It is obvious that there is no occupation in which the
Jews are not engaged and in most of which they are not
proportionately represented.
This penetration into the manual trades is especially note-
worthy in view of the fact that so large a proportion of these
workingmen or their immigrant parents had not been
engaged in industrial occupations in their native lands,
having been legally and otherwise repressively prevented
from engaging in many such occupations. This would
certainly indicate that the very reverse is true, namely, that
America's economic structure is absorbing Jews to a highly
satisfactory degree.
4. STATISTICAL D E P A R T M E N T
The Statistical Department of the Committee under the

direction of Dr. H. S. Linfield, was occupied, during the past
year, in gathering and classifying information of Jewish
interest. It prepared for the American Jewish Year Book
the directories and lists and the article on statistics of Jews,
which are published in Volume 32 of t h a t series. In connec-
tion with the statistical article, the Department prepared,
on the basis of the latest official census reports, interesting
and valuable supplements on the number, distribution, and
social and economic condition of the Jews of Danzig, Ger-
many, Hungary, the Irish Free State, Latvia, and Lithu-
ania. The preparation of these supplements involved a
great amount of research work. T h e Director of the
Department also prepared for presentation before the
National Conference of Jewish Social Service a paper giving
an exhaustive treatment of post-war Jewish migration, with
particular emphasis upon the change of policy regarding
immigration and emigration in various countries.
5. T H E AMERICAN J E W I S H Y E A R BOOK
Volume 32 of the American Jewish Year Book, the 23rd

of the series prepared in the office of, and edited for the
Committee, was edited, as were the eleven preceding issues,
by Mr. Harry Schneiderman, the Assistant Secretary. It
contains a biographical sketch of Louis Marshall by Doctor
Adler, and a comprehensive review of the events of Jewish
interest in various countries during the past year, by the

editor. Besides these special features, the volume includes
the usual directories of organizations, lists, and statistics of
Jewish population and immigration, all carefully revised, as
well as the 23rd Annual Report of the American Jewish
Committee.
6. COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
During the year, the Committee has kept in close touch
with other Jewish organizations, particularly those which
are represented in the Committee by delegates. The aid
which many of these bodies rendered in connection with
immigration legislation has already been mentioned. From
time to time,these societies have referred matters, outside
of their special purview, to the Committee for attention.
In this connection, it will be recalled that in its preceding
report, your Committee described the preliminary steps
taken in pursuance of a resolution adopted in June 1929 by
the American Jewish Congress, favoring a conference with
representatives of that body and of your Committee, "to
the end that sorely needed unity of action with respect to
Jewish problems may be effected."
On January 11th last, a conference was held between a
committee representing the American Jewish Committee,
consisting of Judges Lehman and Stern, Doctor Adler, Mr.
Bressler and the Secretary, with a special committee of the
American Jewish Congress. The conferees agreed to recom-
mend to their respective organizations that the President of
the Committee and the President of the Congress, at such
times as they feel cooperation may be advisable, shall call
upon the other and discuss with him the appointment by
both of committees to decide upon a joint policy and to
make such arrangements as they can agree upon for joint
action, except at such times as the Presidents, of the two
bodies may find it possible to agree upon a joint policy and
action without resorting to the appointment of committees.
This agreement has been ratified by both organizations.
In April, without any preliminary conversation between
the Presidents of the two organizations, contemplated in the
agreement, your Committee received an invitation from the
Congress to send representatives to a conference of Jewish
organizations to discuss the report of the British Commis-

sion of Inquiry into the ant-Jewish uprisings in Palestine in
the summer of 1929. Inasmuch as your Committee has
established the policy that the Jewish Agency for Palestine,
representing all shades of opinion in America interested in
Palestine, and being a world organization, is competent to
deal with Palestinian matters, the Committee will at no time
intervene in such matters unless invited to do so by the
Agency, and for this reason the invitation of the Congress
was declined.
Some weeks later, the Congress suggested a conference on
the Jewish situation in Russia, to which your Executive
Committee agreed, but in view of the inability of members
of your Committee, because of absence from the country
and other causes, to attend, the proposed conference has not
yet been held.
B. FOREIGN MATTERS
In view of the fact that a comprehensive review of the
important events of Jewish interest in all countries during
the past year, written by the Assistant Secretary of the
Committee, is published in the current volume of the
American Jewish Year Book, we shall restrict this section of
our report to those countries in connection with which your
Committee has been more or less active during the past year.
In order to enable the Committee to be currently and
accurately informed concerning conditions in Central and
Eastern European countries, your Committee authorized
the Secretary to visit these countries during the past sum-
mer. As he was on the point of departing, new disorders in
Roumania were reported in the press, and the Secretary
visited that country first. He will present later a brief
report of his observations. The President of the Committee
and Mr. Felix M. Warburg, a member of the Executive
Committee, were in Europe during the past summer and
also had opportunity to observe conditions there.
1. ROUMANIA
The hopes of many Jews in Roumania and well-informed
observers in other countries, that with the coming into
power of the National Peasant Party, headed by Dr. Julius

Maniu, better times were in store, proved baseless during
the past year. In its report to the Annual Meeting in
November 1928, in referring to the change of government,
your Committee said: "It is believed that whatever the
result may be, the machinations of anti-Semitism will be
curbed and the spirit of the Minorities Treaties will be
upheld." Subsequent events, however, have not borne out
this optimistic prediction.
In the preceding report, we referred to the new law for the
organization of the Jewish community of Roumania, which
had been introduced by the Government without consulta-
tion with Jewish religious or communal leaders, and which
met with a storm of opposition, because its effect was to
destroy the unified type community organization estab-
lished by law during the preceding administration. On June
26, 1929, a congress of Roumanian Jewish communities
adopted an energetic protest against the proposed measure.
Nevertheless, the Government pressed the bill to passage,
grudgingly accepting, at the last moment, an amendment
providing that the communities be consulted before the re-
gulations for enacting the law be drafted.
Although it had, on first coming into power, shown the
intention to suppress student anti-Jewish agitation, the
Government soon relaxed its severity. In September, 1929,
it authorized a Christian students' meeting at Putna, which
was attended by anti-Jewish disorders, including attacks on
Jewish travelers on the railways, and on Jewish shopkeepers
in various places through which the students passed. The
Government's efforts to investigate these disorders were
merely perfunctory. The Government issued a statement
that reports of these disorders were exaggerated. In Novem-
ber, a students' congress was again authorized to be held
early in December at Craiova, on the agenda of which was
the numerus clausus, and at which inflammatory anti-
Jewish speeches were made. These were defended in Parlia-
ment by the Minister of Education as healthy outgrowths
of the exuberance of the youth of Roumania; the Govern-
ment's support of the congress was justified by him on the
ground that the money given by the Government to the
students' organizations was contributed by the people of
Roumania to their own children. "If our young people,"

said M. Costacescu, "in the heat of debate, overstep the
limit, it is, after all, something to their honor." Neither this
congress nor the celebration on December 10th of the anni-
versary of the congress at which the demand for a numerus
clausus had been first made was approved by the university
authorities. These two functions were followed by student
disorders at Cluj, Timisoara, and Maresti; in Bucharest,
students broke into a Masonic Temple, causing damage.
Later in December, anti-Jewish disturbances occurred at
the University of Jassy, when the authorities rejected the
demand of a group of Christian students for a numerus
clausus; Jewish students were insulted and beaten while
professors stood by without attempting to intervene. At
the same time, the Government felt compelled to ask
Nahum Sokolow, vice-president of the World Zionist Organ-
ization, to forego an intended visit to Jassy, because it
feared that his coming would intensify existing trouble.
Two of the students of the university were expelled, and the
right of the Christian Students' League to function was
withdrawn because members of the League had partici-
pated in the disorders. When the Jassy University fracas
was discussed in Parliament, the Minister of Justice ex-
plained that while the Government deeply deplores and
condemns, such incidents, yet anti-Semitic activity, so long
as it is confined to agitation, enjoys liberty of the press and
of assembly like other movements.
Anti-Jewish outbreaks were not confined to the univer-
sities, although students were often the instigators of such
disorders. The maltreatment of Jewish passengers on rail-
way trains, a favorite sport of the Christian students, has
already been referred to. In one case, a Jew who pulled the
train emergency cord when attacked was fined for doing so.
In December, students invaded the National Theatre in
Bucharest and interrupted the performance of a French play
because the leading part was taken by a Jewish actress.
Your Committee was deeply disappointed by the reports
of these incidents, and your President accepted the oppor-
tunity to discuss the conditions in Roumania in general with
Mr. Charles A. Davila, Roumanian Minister to the United
States, when the latter, accompanied by the Counsellor of
the Legation, called upon Doctor Adler in New York City
on December 18th last. Mr. David M. Bressler was also
present.
Mr. Davila said that his predecessor at Washington on a
number of occasions had useful conferences with the late
President of the American Jewish Committee, Louis Mar-
shall, and that it was his desire, on behalf of the Legation,
to renew and continue this useful contact with the Com-
mittee. Various matters relating to the situation of the
Jews in Roumania were discussed. Dr. Adler pointed out
that the Jewish Community Law had brought to this coun-
try (and also to other countries) reverberations indicating
that the large majority of Jewish people in Roumania were
opposed to it and had not been consulted prior to the adop-
tion of the law. Dr. Adler expressed the hope that the
Minister would be in position in the near future to give
assurance that a Congress of Jewish Communities in
Roumania would be called for the purpose of giving them an
opportunity to express their views on the subject.
Further matters relating to the economic situation of the
Jews and possibilities for credit were discussed and Mr.
Davila said that he would make inquiries on the subject.
With regard to the recent reports of disorders, Mr. Davila
declared that according to advices he had received from his
government, the students' congress in Craiova had passed
without any disturbances whatever. He also stated that the
incidents at Cluj and Timisoara had not been provoked by
the students' organization. Strong measures have been
taken by the government to suppress anti-Semitic riots.
Armed forces had been used in Cluj to re-establish order.
The students who had forced entrance into the Free Mason
Temple of the Grand Orient in Bucharest had been expelled
from the University. He also stated that he would be glad
to inform his government of the feeling which exists in
America, that the Jewish community in Roumania should
be given opportunity of freely managing its own religious,
charitable, and cultural affairs.
During the early months of 1930, the situation showed
signs of improvement, but in May, new reports of excesses
again caused anxiety. The anti-Semitic party in Roumania
intensified their propaganda activities. Agitators toured the
rural sections promising the peasants that an anti-Semitic

government would confiscate the property of all Jews and
divide it among the farmers. These and other inflammatory
speeches could not but result in violence, and the Jews in
the villages began to suffer from attacks by the peasants
with whom they had been living amicably; several cases of
incendiarism were reported. In one of these villages some-
thing out of the ordinary occurred. A party of students
returning from Roman after a by-election, at which Pro-
fessor Alexander Cuza, the notorious anti-Semitic leader,
had been elected to Parliament, while passing through
Targu Frumos, attempted to organize an anti-Jewish riot,
but were severely cudgelled by some Jewish young men.
The latter were arrested and given such scandalous treat-
ment at the hands of the local police, that the Government
felt compelled to suspend the prefect of police.
After reports of these and a number of similar incidents
had been received here, your President considered it advis-
able to communicate with the Roumanian Legation, and on
May 23, 1930, the following telegram was dispatched:
"For some time past we have received disturbing reports of
attacks upon the Jewish population in various sections of Rou-
mania. Within the past few days we have received reports of
serious outbreaks in Transylvania resulting in physical violence
aggravated by reports of failure of authorities to prevent repression
of these occurrences. Our Committee would greatly appreciate
your informing us whether you have information on this subject
and if not whether in accordance with the personal and official
assurances to us of His Excellency, Mr. Davila, you will be good
enough to communicate by cable immediately with your Govern-
ment for reliable information. Our Committee and constituencies
are greatly disturbed over these reports, we are filled with anxiety
as to the state of insecurity prevailing among our brethren in your
country and would appreciate receiving reliable information of
recent occurrences and present situation."
In the absence of Mr. Davila, the Minister, a charge

d'affaires replied to the effect that the reports were exagger-
ated and the Government was vigorously suppressing all
disorders. But reports of anti-Jewish incidents continued,
and your Committee thereupon requested the Secretary,
who, as has already been mentioned, had been authorized
to make a survey of European conditions, to proceed first to
Roumania.
Hope for improvement was reawakened with the return

of Prince Carol, and his accession to the throne. Pronounce-
ments by him and by M. Maniu, who, after a brief retire-
ment returned to the post of Premier, indicated a sincere
desire to suppress anti-Jewish violence. But, almost simul-
taneously with these benevolent declarations, a violent
agitation was going on in the southern districts of Bukovina,
attacks occurred at many places, and for a long time a state
of terror existed among the Jews of this district.
Later there was much dissatisfaction with the Govern-
ment's tardiness in the matter of indemnifying the victims
of a fire at Borsha, and subsequently with the pitifully
inadequate appropriation voted.
Jewish leaders in Roumania complain against the Gov-
ernment on other grounds. They charge that it has failed to
keep its promise to establish a Jewish teachers' seminary,
urgently needed to train teachers for Jewish schools closed
by previous cabinets; that the Ministry of Education has
reduced the number of hours devoted to Hebrew or Yiddish
in Jewish schools; that the full amount of subventions voted
for Jewish religious institutions has not been paid; that the
government has established the requirement that no persons
may teach in Jewish schools who have not successfully com-
pleted a course in normal school—a requirement which is
tantamount to the dismissal of practically all the teachers in
these schools; that Jews are discriminated against in civil
service employment; that Jewish officials, particularly in
Bukovina and Transylvania, where, under Austro-Hun-
garian rules, not a few Jews held government posts, are
dismissed on the flimsiest pretexts; that the War Ministry
has forbidden the employment of Jews in military offices;
that the law providing for religious instruction for Jewish
pupils in state schools is not being enforced; that the Gov-
ernment is delaying the settlement of the political status of
thousands of Jews who are not yet citizens of Roumania
and, at the same time, are not citizens of any other country,
although this condition is a violation of the treaty between
Roumania and the Allies in the World War; and that Jewish
cooperatives have been unjustly dealt with in a new law.
2. POLAND
While anti-Jewish propaganda is not absent in Poland, it
is the economic condition of the Jews of that country that
gives cause for the gravest concern. In October last, when
Mr. Tytus Filipowicz, then the newly-appointed Minister
(later Ambassador) of Poland, arrived in the United States,
he stated in an interview that the wretched economic situ-
ation of the Jews in Poland is the unfortunate but inevitable
result of the reorganization of the economic life of the
country, which is having the effect of eliminating, to a large
extent, middlemen, a great many of whom are Jews. The
Government of Poland, however, stated Mr. Filipowicz, is
doing its utmost to relieve this situation. But Jews in
Poland and their relatives in this country insist that the
Government could do much more. They say that while it is
true that the spread of the cooperative movement is result-
ing in the displacement of many thousands of Jewish middle-
men from commerce, the Jews suffer in addition from racial
discrimination and boycotting, and from the fact that the
taxation system is so designed as to cause the fiscal burden
to fall most heavily on the urban population, of which the
Jews form so great a part. Furthermore, certain Tsaristic
restrictions against Jews are still in force, and charges that
Jews are discriminated against in government employment
and that there exists a spirit of non-cooperation on the part
of various government organs with the Jewish representa-
tives in the Sejm, have been frequently made. Besides, the
conversion of many industries to government monopolies
has had the effect of excluding many Jews from employ-
ment; Jews are also discriminated against in the matter of
bank credits and are not admitted to administrative posi-
tions; in spite of the fact that the Jews, who constitute only
11% of the population, contribute 40% of the taxes, they
are forced to maintain institutions of learning at their own
cost because of the failure of the government to provide
adequate facilities at public expense. The situation is
further complicated by the existence of internal dissension
within the Jewish population itself.
Your Committee gave earnest study to this state of
affairs. Following Mr. Filipowicz's interview, the Secretary,
who had made a survey of conditions in Poland in 1927 for
the Joint Distribution Committee, sent the Minister a

private communication expressing confidence in the desire
of the Polish Government to promote a unified Poland in
which equal rights would be granted to all elements of the
population, and while substantially agreeing that the exist-
ing economic troubles of the Jews should be ascribed, in the
main, to general political and economic conditions, yet
maintained that the position of the Government, insofar as
fair treatment to the Jews is concerned, could be strength-
ened by a more liberal policy in the matter of employing
persons of the Jewish faith in various departments of the
Government and allied public services. In January last,
representatives of your Committee had a conference on the
Jewish situation in Poland with Mr. Charles S. Dewey,
financial advisor to the Polish Government, with whom
they interchanged information and views. A similar con-
ference was had with Honorable John N. Willys, United
States Ambassador to Poland, on the eve of the latter's
departure for Warsaw.
Conditions in Poland are still in a state of flux, owing to
frequent governmental crises, and it appears that so long as
political instability lasts, the material situation of the whole
population, and particularly the Jews, is bound to remain
deplorable.
3. RUSSIA
The world-wide protest against the persecution of religion
in Soviet Russia during the past year served to bring the
religious phase of the life of the Jews to the foreground.
Along with the adherents of other religions, the Jews were
the victims of the intensified campaign of atheism. As in
former years, the anti-religious campaign took various
forms,—the confiscation of synagogues, the conversion of
cemeteries into public grounds, the punishment of teachers
of religion, discouragement of ritual practices, and the
degradation of ministers of religion and other functionaries;
insofar as the Jews were concerned, there were also acts
against their cultural institutions and the persecution of
Zionism.
Ever since the establishment of the present regime in
Russia, your Committee has watched with deep concern
the anti-religious movement in that country, especially, of

course, insofar as it affected Judaism. The subject was
discussed at practically every meeting of the Executive
Committee. In the various reports submitted to you from
year to year, your Committee described the progress of that
movement, in which Communists of Jewish birth among
others took so active and ignoble a part.
When, following the declaration of the Vatican, in Febru-
ary last, appealing to all creeds to raise their voices in
protest against the intensified religious persecution, various
denominations organized demonstrations, your Committee
took the position that Jewish organizations which concerned
themselves especially with religious matters should perform
that function for the American Jewish community, and
encouraged the Synagogue Council of America, representing
the three national synagogue federations and the three
national associations of rabbis, to take action to organize a
dignified protest. On February 19th, the Council adopted a
resolution expressing the solidarity of Jews with the world-
wide protest and calling upon their "brethren of the House
of Israel in this land of freedom to repair to their synagogues
on the Sabbath, March 7th, to offer up public prayer that
the campaign against religion in Soviet Russia may come to
a speedy end, giving way to that brotherhood which is the
flowering of God's spirit on earth." This appeal was widely
heeded.
In March, following the world-wide protest, the Central
Executive Committee of the Communist Party issued a
public announcement demanding moderation in the matter
of the confiscation of church edifices.
The lot of rabbis and other religious funct aries of
Russia was a hard one during the past year. In *' ctober,
eleven elderly Jews of Leningrad, the Administrative Com-
mittee of the Kehillah, were sentenced to imprisonment at
hard labor for conducting communal activities, when all
that they did was to appeal for funds for remodelling the
synagogue, and to sublet to an artisans' cooperative, some
of the rooms in a building housing a mikveh.
In February 1930, a new rule was announced in the Kiev
region forbidding the telegraph offices and the postal author-
ities to deliver telegrams or letters to religious organizations
and functionaries. In the same month, reports reached Riga
that rabbis in White Russia were being persecuted with
unusual severity, being driven from their homes, or impris-
oned for failure to pay the heavy taxes imposed upon all
clericals. In April, a court in Minsk decided that the
children of religious functionaries need not obey the law
requiring all children who work and live with their parents
to contribute toward the support of the latter.
The most notorious case of persecution of religious func-
tionaries was the arrest, in February, of fourteen leaders of
the Minsk community, including several rabbis; in some
manner the report reached Warsaw that these persons were
to be executed, and appeals were made to Jewish leaders
in various western countries for intervention to prevent the
threatened executions. Immediately after the arrest of the
Minsk rabbis, a leading European rabbi sent urgent tele-
grams to Jewish leaders in various countries, asking them to
intervene against the threatened executions. One of these
messages reached your Committee, which communicated at
once with correspondents in London, Paris and Berlin.
Later, your Committee learned that action taken in these
places had proved successful. Eleven of the fourteen persons
arrested were soon released, while the others were freed
sometime later. The communist press published the charges
upon which these persons were arrested; one was "an im-
portant ex-trader, the organizer of religious societies and
rabbinical seminaries"; another was "the president of a
society of rabbinical students which is an outspoken
counter-revolutionary organization"; one rabbi was charged
with having been "a speculator who established loan soci-
eties that saved Nep-men from ruin"; others were charged
with having maintained illegal correspondence with counter-
revolutionary individuals abroad. It should be said, how-
ever, that for the time being the persecution of religion has
abated, although the position of rabbis and Jewish teachers
is one of abject misery and degradation, and the religious
education of children remains illegal.
4. GERMANY
At the present moment, the situation of the more than
one half million Jews of Germany is cause for the gravest
anxiety, owing to the fact that, mainly because of economic

conditions, the National Socialist Party, which makes the
Jews the scapegoat for these conditions, has recently shown
that it has a large following.
The history of German Jewry during the past year is
virtually a repetition of dismal recitals of several preceding
years. The depressing economic conditions of the masses
render their minds fertile soil for the seed of all kinds of
hatred, especially hatred of the Jew, for which generations
of propaganda had already prepared him.
At a conference of the Central Verein Deutcher Staats-
buerger Juedischen Glaubens, last spring, the growing
danger of the Jews of Germany because of the increasing
influence of the Nationalist parties, was enlarged upon. The
National Socialists, led by Hitler, are acquiring a controlling
voice in many cities, it was said, where small Jewish com-
munities were being boycotted, terrorized, and economically
ruined. In a number of small towns, Jews fear to venture on
the streets after dark. This sinister influence is spreading
to larger cities. An article in an April issue of the Vossische
Zeitung, Berlin, described how the anti-Semites, taking a
leaf out of the book of the Russian Communists, were organ-
izing "cells" of their Party in factories, offices, schools and
universities; in Berlin no less than 1,200 such "cells" exist in
various sections, their members raiding meetings of opposi-
tion parties and engaging in anti-Semitic agitation. It is
from the membership of these "cells" that cemetery vandals
and synagogue defilers are recruited. The number of Jewish
cemeteries desecrated since this form of vandalism was
begun, seven years ago, was increased from seventy-six to
eighty-five during the past year. Tombstones were over-
thrown, destroyed, or defaced with ribald inscriptions.
Attacks on synagogues usually followed rallies or meetings
addressed by Hitlerist agitators. The synagogue building is
defaced during the night, or its premises are invaded and
damaged, or services are interrupted by loud noises, such as
pistol shots or reports of fire works. In one case, during the
past year, a synagogue in Berlin was stormed by hundreds
of Hitlerites who were dispersed by a large force of police.
Acts of personal violence were also perpetrated.
An alarming symptom of the spread of reaction in Ger-
many was the coming into power in the provincial govern-

ment of Thuringia of a coalition of nationalist parties, in
which the post of Minister of Education and Public Worship
was assigned to Dr. Wilhelm Frick, a rabid anti-Semite,
who, at the same time, became chief of the provincial police.
One of his first official acts was the introduction in the
schools of prayers asking Divine protection against "people
of alien race", and containing some of the favorite expres-
sions of the National Socialist creed. When charged by
Socialists in the Landtag with incitement to anti-Semitism,
Frick admitted that the "alien race" referred to "the Jews
who demoralized the German people." The Frankfurter
Zeitung appealed to the German people not to permit this
blasphemy, reminding them that "the children in their very
first religious lesson are taught that God gave the Holy
Scriptures to the Jewish people and that the Savior's mother
was a Jewess; then they are immediately made to utter
prayers filled with anti-Jewish hatred. This discord is
poisoning the souls of our children." Later, Dr. Joseph
Wirth, Minister of the Interior of the Reich, forwarded a
protest against the Frick innovation to Premier Baum of
Thuringia. Despite a second warning from the Reich Gov-
ernment, the Thuringian cabinet declined to abolish the
anti-Jewish prayers, and on May 26th, the Reich brought
suit in the Supreme Court at Leipzig, charging that the
prayers are contrary to the constitution of the Reich. Sub-
sequently, these prayers were discontinued.
In their efforts to harass and humiliate the Jews, the
reactionary elements seized upon the device of making
Shehitah, the method of slaughtering animals according to
Jewish ritual, illegal. Their real motive was revealed by a
speaker in the Thuringian Landtag, who said: "We are not
interested in the protection of animals, but we hope that
anti-Semitism will keep Jewish visitors away from the sum-
mer resorts of Thuringia." Attempts to secure anti-Shehitah
legislation were made by National Socialists in several
provinces and municipalities. These efforts failed in the
Landtag of Baden, and in the cities of Cologne and Berlin,
but succeeded in the Landtag of Bavaria, where, on January
29th, a bill requiring stunning before slaughter was passed.
After the passing of this law, your Committee received an
appeal to take whatever steps it deemed proper in the

premises. Recalling that in a similar case, the United States
Department of State had advised bringing the matter to the
attention of the representative in America of the foreign
government then in question, your Committee addressed the
following communication to his Excellency, Baron von
Prittwitz, Ambassador of Germany in the United States:
February 28, 1930.
YOUR EXCELLENCY:
Mr. Felix M. Warburg, a member of this Committee, has
informed me of his recent conversation with you and, upon the basis
of it, I venture to send you the following communication:
Information has reached us that recently the Bavarian Diet passed
a law providing that animals slaughtered for meat shall first be
rendered unconscious. This provision would prohibit the slaughter-
ing of animals in accordance with Jewish ritual requirements. The
observance of a religious practice which has been conscientiously
pursued by a large proportion of Jews for twenty-five centuries is
involved.
This is not a matter of mere form or ceremony. It relates to a
basic principle in the religious life of the Jews. Their Bible forbids
the eating of blood, and they have been taught from their earliest
days that meat may not be eaten from which the blood has not been
thoroughly drained. In order to bring about that result, careful
regulations have been prescribed defining the person who is to
slaughter the animal, the instrument with which the killing is con-
summated, and the method which is to be followed. The slaughterer
is required to possess expert knowledge of the anatomical and path-
ological condition of the organs of the animal which is slaughtered,
and to examine the carcass in order to determine whether or not the
animal was in such a state of health as to render its flesh wholesome
for human consumption. The observant Jew regards it as sinful
to eat meat of an animal which has not been slaughtered in strict
conformity with these requirements.
The legislation recently enacted in Bavaria would, in effect,
forbid this age-long procedure. The result of the adoption of such a
policy would be to prevent the Jews who adhere to their religious
doctrines from eating meat altogether, under pain of violating their
conscientious belief.
That the Jewish method of slaughtering animals is in every way
humane and hygienically desirable is established by the opinions of
hundreds of competent non-Jewish experts who have scientifically
investigated this subject in all parts of the world. Among them may
be named Lord Lister, the famous British authority on asepis; Sir
Michael Foster, Professor of Physiology and the successor of
Huxley at Cambridge; Professors Virchow and Reymond, eminent
German physiologists.
In 1922, this subject was considered at the Forty-Sixth Annual
Convention of the American Humane Association, held at St. Paul,
Minn., where, after considering a paper written by Rev. Dr. Moses

Hyamson, a reprint of which I enclose, it was concluded that the
Jewish method of slaughtering animals was free from objection.
It is a well-known fact that many of the leading meat packers in
the United States have found it desirable to adopt this form of
slaughtering, not only for their Jewish but also for their non-Jewish
customers, since it tends to promote the better preservation of the
meat.
Our fears have been somewhat allayed by an informal report to
the effect that the Commission on Legal Terminology of theReichs-
tag has agreed to add to the paragraph on animal slaughter in the
new book on legal terms a clause to the effect that the Jewish
method does not constitute cruelty to animals. We are informed
that, should this clause be adopted by the Reichstag, laws prohibit-
ing the Jewish method on the ground of cruelty would become
inoperative. In the meantime, however, we respectfully ask you, If
you deem such a course proper and helpful, to indicate to the
Bavarian government and also to that of the Reich that legislation
of this character has wounded the sensibilities and has offended the
consciences of a large body of American citizens in every way
friendly to the people of Germany, and to express the hope that the
taking effect of such legislation (according to the statute it is to go
into effect on October 1, 1930) be withheld in view of the considera-
tion stated above.
Enclosed herewith I am sending you several documents bearing
upon this question which throw further light upon it.
Respectfully yours,
(Signed) CYRUS ADLER,
President.
Subsequently the Ambassador referred the matter to his
Government, and the German Foreign Office requested the
Ministry of the Interior "to draw the attention of the Ger-
man States to the fact that there is unfavorable feeling of a
great part of the population of the United States which may
have a very unfavorable political effect." The contents of
this letter became known in some manner to the Voelkische
Beobachter of Munich, chief organ of the Hitler party,
which immediately raised the cry that American Jews were
attempting to interfere in matters of internal concern in
Germany.
The action of the Reich Government in the Bavarian
Shehitah matter, as well as in that of the prayers of hate in
Thuringia, indicates that the Federal Government has no
sympathy with the anti-Semitic movement and that, when-
ever possible, it takes steps to combat their activities. The
entire German press, with the exception of the large number
of organs of the Hugenberg and Hitler parties, also vehe-

mently oppose the anti-Semitic campaign, and the counter
attack is effectively led by the Central Verein Deutscher
Staatsbuerger Juedischen Glaubens.
On several occasions your Committee has given indica-
tions of its sympathy with the Central Verein and other
Jewish organizations in their struggle against the anti-
Semitic movement in Germany.
5. PALESTINE
In view of the organization of the enlarged Jewish Agency,
your Committee has taken the position that inasmuch as
this body represents all Jewish elements interested in pro-
moting the Jewish settlement in Palestine, matters concern-
ing that settlement should be left entirely in the hands of
the Agency, for, if this policy is not adhered to there may be
conflict of counsel which is bound to be detrimental to this
cause. Nevertheless, mindful of the fact that in April 1918,
the American Jewish Committee, at a special meeting,
adopted a resolution pledging its cooperation with those
who "attracted by religious or historic associations, shall
seek to establish in Palestine a center for Judaism", your
Committee deems it proper to express at this time its pro-
found disappointment with the new construction lately
placed by the British Government upon the Balfour Decla-
ration,—a construction which, we are convinced, is not
warranted by the terms of that Declaration or of the Man-
date based upon it, and is bound to make increasingly
difficult, if not impossible, the project to the achievement of
which the British Government pledged "their best endeav-
ors." Feeling that the policy recently enunciated will prove
detrimental not only to the progress of the Jewish settle-
ment, but also to the welfare of the non-Jewish population
of Palestine, your Committee has prepared for submission
to you today, the following resolution:
WHEREAS, at a special meeting held on April 28, 1918, the
American Jewish Committee adopted a resolution expressing pro-
found appreciation of the Balfour Declaration regarding Palestine,
pledging cooperation to those who, "attracted by religious or
historic associations, shall seek to establish in Palestine a center for
Judaism, for the stimulation of our faith, for the pursuit and
development of literature, science and art in a Jewish environment,

and for the rehabilitation of the land," and,
WHEREAS, on March 1, 1919, the American Jewish Committee
joined with other bodies in submitting to Woodrow Wilson, Presi-
dent of the United States, a Memorial asking "that the Peace
Conference recognize the aspirations and historic claims of the
Jewish people in regard to Palestine," and "that such action be
taken by the (Peace) Conference as shall vest the sovereign posses-
sion of Palestine in such League of Nations as may be formed and
that the government thereof be entrusted to Great Britain as the
Mandatory or trustee of the League"; and,
WHEREAS, on April 24, 1920, the Supreme Allied Council, meeting
at San Remo, did indeed agree to entrust the mandate for Palestine
to Great Britain, and on July 22, 1922, the Council of the League of
Nations defined the terms of the mandate, stipulating that, in
recognition of the historical connection of the Jewish people with
Palestine, the Mandatory was to be responsible for placing that
country under such "political, administrative and economic condi-
tions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home,"
and providing that "an appropriate Jewish Agency shall be recog-
nized as a public body for the purpose of advising and cooperating
with the administration of Palestine in such economic social and
other matters as may affect the establishment of the Jewish national
home and the interests of the Jewish population in Palestine"; and,
WHEREAS, in August 1929, an extended Jewish Agency represen-
tative of all elements of the Jewish people interested in the develop-
ment of a Jewish home in Palestine was organized; and
WHEREAS, officers of the Jewish Agency have recently resigned in
protest against the new policy in respect of Palestine announced by
the British Government on October 20, 1930, which these officers
unite in regarding as an unjustified attack on Jewish work in
Palestine, and a land and immigration policy calculated to arrest
the further development of the Jewish National Home; now, there-
fore, be it
RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee in Annual
Meeting assembled, joins with these officers of the Jewish Agency
in expressing its profound disappointment with the new policy of
the British Government as enunciated in the White Paper of
October 20, 1930; a policy which the Committee deems to have no
basis in either the Balfour Declaration or the Mandate and to be a
fallacious interpretation of these two charters underlying the
trusteeship of Great Britain on behalf of the League of Nations;
and, be it further
RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee express its
confidence in the sense of justice and fairness of the people of Great
Britain, and its hope that the British Government will revise its
present policy as respects Palestine so as to bring it into full har-
mony with the spirit of the Balfour Declaration and the Mandate;
and, be it further
RESOLVED, that the American Jewish Committee offer its whole-
hearted cooperation to the Jewish Agency in any efforts it may
take to bring about such a change of policy.
6. O T H E R COUNTRIES
Your Committee has kept in close touch with conditions

not only in the countries already mentioned, but also in
other lands, including Hungary, Italy, Turkey, and the
Yemen, in each of which special problems confront the Jews
which require watching.
7. COOPERATION W I T H O T H E R ORGANIZATIONS
In its efforts to ameliorate the conditions of Jewish com-

munities in foreign lands, your Committee enjoyed the
friendly and energetic cooperation of kindred organizations,
at home and abroad, especially the Joint Distribution Com-
mittee in this country, and the Joint Foreign Committee in
England, the Alliance Israelite Universelle in France, and
the Central Verein Deutscher Staatsbuerger Juedischen
Glaubens in Germany. Your Committee wishes to acknowl-
edge with thanks the aid given to us in our work, and the
courtesies extended to the President and the Secretary
during their recent visits abroad.
The President of the Committee spent some time during
the summer in Geneva and utilized the opportunity to
discuss the situation in various Eastern European countries
with the officials of the Minorities Section in the Secretariat
of the League of Nations. There is no question but that
these officials give deep sympathy to the matters submitted
to their charge.
In view of the gravity of the situation in Germany, Rou-
mania and other countries, your Executive Committee has
taken the unusual step of arranging for a special session
beginning at three o'clock this afternoon, to which it has
invited, in addition to the Corporate Members of the
Committee, many of the contributing members and leading
persons of various parts of the country; where, after a
discussion of the situation, it is hoped that plans may be
reached in order to determine what can usefully be done to
ameliorate the present distressing situation.
C. ORGANIZATION MATTERS
1. NECROLOGY
It is with deep sorrow that your Committee must report
the death, during the past year, of the following Corporate
Members:
DAVID A. LOURIE of Boston, on January 18, 1930
ISAAC M. ULLMAN of New Haven, January 28, 1930
Louis TOPKIS of Wilmington, March 24, 1930
SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL of San Francisco, May 14, 1930
MAURICE H. HARRIS of New York, June 23, 1930
NATHAN BIJUR of New York, July 8, 1930
JOSEPH SILVERMAN of New York, July 27, 1930
SIMON FLEISCHMANN of Buffalo, September 2, 1930
Louis M. COLE of Los Angeles, October 1, 1930
The following minutes, expressive of the Committee's sense
of loss, were adopted by your Executive Committee:
DAVID A. LOURIE OF BOSTON
The Executive Committee of the American Jewish Com-
mittee has learned with profound sorrow of the death, on
January 18th, 1930, of DAVID A. LOURIE of Boston, a mem-
ber of the Committee since 1920. Judge Lourie held an
honored place in the public life of his city and state for
many years, as well as a leading position in all the Jewish
activities of his community to which he devoted much
thought and energy. His advice and cooperation, always
readily available and cheerfully given, were highly valued
by his colleagues on the American Jewish Committee. We
extend to his widow and children our heartfelt sympathy in
their bereavement.
ISAAC M. ULLMAN OF N E W HAVEN
mittee learned with deep sorrow of the sudden death on
January 28th, 1930, of their colleague and friend, Colonel
ISAAC M. ULLMAN of New Haven, who was a member of the
General Committee since its inception, and Treasurer since
1922. By sheer force of ability and unflagging devotion to
the city of his birth, he achieved a wide influence, which he
used unselfishly in the interests of the city and its residents.
Every cause for civic betterment and social service were sure
to enlist his cooperation.
As a Jew, he participated in both local and national
communal movements. As the outstanding leader in the
Jewish community of his state, he could always be relied
upon to influence his community to take a worthy place in
the work of the Jews of America in all nation-wide efforts
toward self-improvement and toward the amelioration of
the less fortunate condition of their brethren in foreign
lands. As a member of the Executive Committee of the
American Jewish Committee he maintained a keen and
unabated interest in its activities. As Treasurer he gave up
much of his time and effort for the advancement of the
Committee's welfare.
With his bereaved kindred, his many friends, and his
fellow-citizens, we mourn the great loss which all have
suffered in the death of this civic worker and communal
leader.
Louis TOPKIS OF WILMINGTON
mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on March
24, 1930 of Louis TOPKIS of Wilmington, Delaware, elected
to membership in the General Committee at the 23rd
Annual Meeting on November 10, 1929. Mr. TOPKIS, who
was a highly respected manufacturer and honored for his
active participation in, and generous support of, public
movements, both local and national, manifested particular
interest in Jewish life and rendered active service in efforts
for the improvement of the conditions of the Jewish people
here and abroad and for the preservation of Judaism. The
interest which he showed in the work of the American Jewish
Committee during the short time between his election and
his untimely death, at the age of fifty-eight, gave promise
of his being a valuable addition to its membership, and his
passing was therefore a grievous blow to the Committee as
to the many other organizations with which he was affili-
ated. The Committee extends to his widow and his children
its profound sympathy in their bereavement.
SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL OF SAN FRANCISCO
mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on May
14, 1930 of SAMUEL DINKELSPIEL of San Francisco, who was

a member of the General Committee for only a brief time.
In his passing, the community in which he lived and of
which he was an outstanding citizen, has suffered a severe
loss. The Committee extends to his family its profound
sympathy.
MAURICE H. HARRIS OF NEW YORK CITY
The Executive Committee has learned with deep sorrow
of the death on June 23, 1930, of MAURICE H. HARRIS, a
member of the Committee since 1909. Doctor HARRIS was
for almost half a century a leading member of the American
Rabbinate. Though recognized by his colleagues and his
congregation as a master of homiletics he did not wholly
confine himself to his study and pulpit but was active in
many efforts for social improvement. He was intensely
interested in the education of the Jewish youth, and was the
author of a number of excellent textbooks for Jewish
religious schools. The problem presented by the delinquent
child absorbed much of his attention and he took the
initiative or cooperated actively in the creation of agencies
devoted to its solution. He maintained a deep interest in the
work of this Committee. We extend to his widow and
children our profound sympathy in their bereavement.
NATHAN BIJUR OF NEW YORK CITY
mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death, on July
8, 1930, of NATHAN BIJUR of New York City.
Before accepting a place on the Supreme Court Bench, of
which he was an honored member for the last twenty years
of his life, Judge BIJUR was a noted leader in Jewish com-
munal affairs. As Vice-President and the Chairman of the
Executive Committee of the United Hebrew Charities of
New York City, he stimulated many constructive local
philanthropic undertakings. He was among the first to
realize the importance of community-wide effort and was a
pioneer in the attempt to establish a Federation of Philan-
thropies. His community-mindedness was so broad as to
comprehend the needs of his fellow Jews throughout the
world. This was especially reflected in his active interest in
the work of the American Jewish Committee, of which he
was a founder and Corporate Member since its inception.

Before that, he had already rendered great service as a
director of the Baron de Hirsch Fund and as a member of
the committee which raised funds for the relief of sufferers in
the Russian Massacres of 1905. He was instrumental in the
formation of the Industrial Removal Office and very active
in its management. His activities were not ciru mscribed by
Jewish interests; he cooperated freely and vigorously with
non-Jewish groups in works of social and civic improvement
in which his wise counsel and resourceful suggestions were
eagerly welcomed. Though he was obliged in later years,
because of his judicial duties, to diminish his activity in
communal affairs, his interest therein never abated.
He will be greatly missed at the meetings of the American
Jewish Committee, which he attended regularly and whose
work he followed with closest interest. The Committee
extends to his widow and son its sincere condolence in their
bereavement.
JOSEPH SILVERMAN OF NEW YORK CITY
The Executive Committee has learned with deep sorrow
of the death on July 27, 1930, of JOSEPH SILVERMAN, a
member of the Committee since 1909. Doctor SILVERMAN
was a prominent member of the American Rabbinate,
having been for thirty-four years rabbi and for eight years
rabbi-emeritus of Congregation Emanu-El of New York
City. He was an outstanding member of the American
Rabbinate, at one time President of the Central Conference
of American Rabbis. He lent the full measure of his talents
as an eloquent and forceful speaker to numerous social and
civic organizations in whose work he took an active part.
He was especially energetic in the Jewish communal
activities, both local and national, and responded cheerfully
to the many demands for his services in connection with the
work of raising funds for the relief and reconstruction of
Jewish communities abroad. As a member of the American
Jewish Committee, he was loyal and helpful. The Com-
mittee extends to his family its heartfelt sympathy.
SIMON FLEISCHMANN OF BUFFALO
mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death on Sep-
tember 2, 1930 of SIMON FLEISCHMANN of Buffalo, a member

of the Committee since 1914. Mr. FLEISCHMANN was a
distinguished member of the bar, an ardent advocate of
good government, and an active supporter of every worthy
public cause. He was entrusted by his fellow citizens with
high office in the city administration, and by the bar asso-
ciations of which he was a member with positions of respon-
sibility. He took an active interest also in the affairs of the
Jewish community, locally and nationally, and was an
earnest and loyal member of this Committee, helpful in its
councils and wholehearted in the cooperation he gave to its
work. His death was a grievous loss to his city and to the
Jewish community. The Committee extends to his family
its profound sympathy in their bereavement.
Louis M. COLE OF LOS ANGELES
mittee has learned with deep sorrow of the death, on October
1, 1930, of Louis M. COLE of Los Angeles, Cal., who was a
member of the General Committee since 1920. In his
passing, the community in which he lived and of which he
was an outstanding citizen, has suffered a severe loss. The
Committee extends to his family its profound sympathy.
2. MEMBERSHIP
Your Committee is pleased to report that all the gentle-
men who were elected to membership at the last Annual
Meeting, and whose names are listed in the Twenty-Third
Annual Report on pages 72 and 73, have agreed to serve.
Your Committee elected the following members to fill
vacancies:
James N. Solomont, Boston, to fill vacancy caused by
death of Judge David A. Lourie.
Ralph Schwartz of New Orleans to fill vacancy
caused by death of Rabbi Max Heller.
Morton R. Hirschberg, Jacksonville, to succeed
Simon Benjamin, resigned.
You will recall that at your last Annual Meeting, your
Executive Committee recommended and gave notice that it
would propose an amendment to the by-laws increasing the
maximum memberships-at-large from 20 to 30. You will be
asked to vote on this amendment today. After the amend-

ment is voted upon, your Committee will submit a recom-
mendation for members-at-large, as follows:
Louis Bamberger, Newark
James H. Becker, Chicago
Jacob Billikopf, Philadelphia
David A. Brown, New York
Leo M. Brown, Mobile
Abel Davis, Chicago
Jacob Epstein, Baltimore
Eli Frank, Baltimore
Herbert Friedenwald, Washington, D. C.
Albert M. Greenfield, Philadelphia
Herbert J. Hannoch, Newark
Henry S. Hendricks, New York
Stanley M. Isaacs, New York
Alexander Kahn, New York
J. J. Kaplan, Boston
Louis E. Kirstein, Boston
Sol Kline, Chicago
Edward Lazansky, Brooklyn
Fred Lazarus, Jr., Columbus
A. C. Lehman, Pittsburgh
Samuel D. Leidesdorf, New York
Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago
Isidore D. Morrison, New York
Milton J. Rosenau, Cambridge
Victor Rosewater, Philadelphia
Morris Rothenberg, New York
B. C. Vladeck, New York
Frederic W. Wile, Washington, D. C.
In accordance with the provisions of the by-laws, the
following Nominating Committee, empowered to nominate
candidates to succeed those members whose terms expire to-
day and to fill vacancies wherever they exist, was appointed:
District
I. Lionel Weil, Goldsboro
II. Nathan Conn, Nashville
III. Barnett E. Marks, Phoenix
IV. Aaron Waldheim, St. Louis
V. Daniel Alexander, Salt Lake
VI. Henry M. Butzel, Detroit
VII. Sol Kline, Chicago
VIII. Murray Seasongood, Cincinnati
IX. Morris Wolf, Philadelphia
X. Albert Berney, Baltimore
XI. Felix Vorenberg, Boston
XII. David M. Bressler, New York
XIII. Henry M. Stern, Rochester
XIV. Louis Bamberger, Newark
Following is a list of the nominees of the Nominating
Committee to succeed members whose terms expire, or to
fill existing vacancies:
I. Leonard Haas, Atlanta, to be reelected.
II. Ben H. Stein, Vicksburg, to be reelected.
III. S. K. Bernstein, Oklahoma City, to be reelected.
IV. Harry Block, St. Joseph, to be reelected; J. A. Harzfeld,
Kansas City, to be reelected.
V. Leo J. Falk, Boise, to be reelected; Samuel Platt, Reno, to be
reelected; Ben Selling, Portland, to be reelected; Henry G. W.
Dinkelspiel, San Francisco, to fill vacancy caused by the death of
Samuel Dinkelspiel.
VI. Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, to be reelected; Joseph
H. Schanfeld, Minneapolis, to be reelected; Isaac Summerfield, St.
Paul, to be reelected; Joseph Weinberg, Butte, to be reelected; Nat
Stone, Milwaukee, to be reelected; Morris Haytin, Casper, to be
reelected.
VII. B. Horwich, Chicago, to be reelected; Julius Rosenwald,
Chicago, to be reelected.
VIII. Samuel E. Rauh, Indianapolis, to be reelected; Benjamin
S. Washer, Louisville, to succeed Isaac W. Bernheim; E. S. Halle,
Cleveland, to succeed Paul L. Feiss; Louis Horkheimer, Wheeling,
to be reelected.
IX. B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, to be reelected; Morris
Rosenbaum, Philadelphia, to be reelected.
X. Simon Lyon, Washington, D. C , to succeed Fulton Brylawski;
Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore, to be reelected; Siegmund B.
Sonneborn, Baltimore, to be reelected; Edward N. Calisch, Rich-
mond, to be reelected; Aaron Finger, Wilmington, to fill vacancy
caused by death of Louis Topkis.
XI. Philip N. Bernstein, Waterbury, to be reelected; Jacob B.
Klein, Bridgeport, to be reelected; Isidore Wise, Hartford, to be
reelected; A. Hartman, Haverhill, to be reelected; Henry Lasker,
Springfield, to be reelected; George Newman, Pittsfield, to be
reelected; A. C. Ratshesky, Boston, to be reelected; Chas. Wine-
apple, Salem, to be reelected; Archibald Silverman, Providence, to
be reelected; Alexander Cahn, New Haven, to fili vacancy caused
by death of Colonel Isaac M. Ullman.
XII. Joseph M. Proskauer, to succeed Elias A. Cohen; Abram I.

Elkus, to be reelected; H. G. Enelow, to be reelected; William
Fischman, to be reelected; Irving Lehman, to be reelected; Adolph
Lewisohn, to be reelected; James N. Rosenberg, to succeed Judah
L. Magnes; Carl H. Pforzheimer, to fill vacancy caused by death of
Joseph Silverman; L. M. Stettenheim, to be reelected; Lewis L.
Strauss, to be reelected.
XIII. Eugene Warner, Buffalo, to be reelected.
XIV. Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, to be reelected; Philip
Dimond, Paterson, to be reelected; Michael Hollender, Newark, to
be reelected; David Holzner, Trenton, to be reelected; Isaac W.
Frank,* Pittsburgh, to be reelected; William Harris, Allentown, to
be reelected; Irwin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, to be reelected.
Ballots were prepared and distributed, which will be
canvassed at today's meeting and the results reported by
the tellers appointed by the President, in accordance with
the provisions of the by-laws.
3. T H E EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
At its meeting in t)ecember 1929, your Committee elected
Judge Horace Stern, Chairman of the Executive Committee.
At the following meeting, in January, it elected Morris
Wolf, Esq., of Philadelphia a member of the Executive
Committee.
In March 1929, upon his appointment as United States
Minister to Czecho-Slovakia, Mr. A. C. Ratshesky of
Boston presented his resignation as a member of the Execu-
tive Committee. It was decided to accept Mr. Ratshesky's
resignation with the proviso, however, that his place be left
vacant until after his return to this country from his official
duties, when, it is hoped, he would find it possible to resume
membership.
During the past year, your Committee came to the con-
clusion that inasmuch as the General Committee had been
somewhat enlarged since 1911, when the Committee was
incorporated, the Executive Committee should also be
increased. Accordingly, steps were taken to secure the
passage by the Legislature of the State of New York of an
act to amend the charter of the Committee to increase the
maximum membership of the Executive Committee from 21
to 30. Such an act was passed by both Houses and was
signed by the Governor in March 1930. Subsequently,
•Deceased.
your Committee elected the following to membership in the
Executive Committee: Fred M. Butzel, Detroit; James
Davis, Chicago; Henry Ittleson, New York; and Louis E.
Kirstein, Boston.
In February, your Committee elected Sol M. Stroock,
Esq. of New York, Treasurer for the remainder of the term
of Colonel Isaac M. Ullman, deceased.
4. STANDING ADVISORY COMMITTEES
Since the last Annual Meeting, your Committee has
deemed it advisable to create a number of standing advisory
committees to study such matters as are referred to them,
with a view to advising the Executive Committee what
action, if any, to take. These Standing Advisory Com-
mittees are composed of Corporate Members. There are
Committees on Federal Legislation, State Legislation, Im-
migration and Naturalization, Anti-Jewish Manifestations,
Foreign Affairs (with sub-committees on Poland, Central
Europe, Russia, Balkan Countries, Baltic Countries), Fi-
nance, and Office. Several of these Standing Advisory
Committees have already been called upon for their opinion
on subjects within their purview, and the results indicate
that this system is likely to facilitate the work of the
Committee.
5. FINANCE
The report of the auditor of the Committee's accounts is
appended to this report. It shows that there were received
from Sustaining and Contributing Members $48,250.86,
from community funds and foundations $12,180.00, and
contributions for special purposes $5,000.00 balance in
Emergency Trust Fund covered into General Fund,
$2,153.51, and from other sources, such as interest on bank
balances, $202.52, a grand total of $67,786.89. Of this sum
$42,431.62 was expended for the general maintenance of the
Committee's office. Expenditures for other purposes include
$14,899.54 for the maintenance of the Statistical Depart-
ment, $500.00 for a contribution to the work of the Foreign
Language Information Service, $1,625.16 for editorial and
other expenses in connection with the American Jewish
Year Book, $648.19 for books and pamphlets printed or
purchased for distribution, and $7,500.00 special expendi-

tures. The total expenses paid and accrued were $67,604.51,
being in excess of the receipts of the year by $182.38.
Following is a list of the States showing the amount
received from each during the fiscal year just closed, com-
pared with the total contributed during the preceding year:
Contributions Contributions
received for received for
fiscal year fiscal year
ended ended
Oct. 31, 1929 Oct. 31, 1930
Alabama $592.00 $405.00
Arizona 50.00 60.00
Arkansas 348.00 53.00
California 8O7.5C 1,473.00
Colorado 307.00 167.00
Connecticut 1,153.00 1,063.00
Delaware 75.00 60.00
District of Columbia 200.00 280.00
Florida 50.00 55.00
Georgia 465.00 543.00
Illinois 10,877.00 6,930.00
Indiana 905.00 570.00
Iowa 489.00 225.00
Kansas 30.00 25.00
Kentucky 185.00 110.00
Louisiana 220.00 290.00
Maine 5.00 5.00
Maryland 530.00 1,224.50
Massachusetts 2,672.50 2,192.00
Michigan 1,941.34 3,100.00
Minnesota 443.00 340.50
Mississippi 20.00 15.00
Missouri 3,148.50 2,493.00
Montana 6.00 5.00
Nebraska 220.00 231.50
Nevada 5.00 5.00
New Hampshire 75.00 68.50
New Jersey 2,147.00 1,155.00
New Mexico 47.50 30.00
New York City 16,793.84 18,751.36
New York State 3,217.50 2,819.50
North Carolina 407.00 437.00
North Dakota 100.00 35.00
Ohio 5,583.20 3,268.00
Oklahoma 2S9.50 188.00
Oregon 260.00 220.00
Pennsylvania 1,504.00 1,890.00
Philadelphia 2,122.00 4,905.00
Rhode Island 64.00 164.00'

South Carolina 30.00 55.00
Tennessee 712.50 121.00
Texas 2,163.00 927.00
Utah 105.00 65.00
Virginia 174.50 153.00
Washington 220.00 265.00
West Virginia 160.00 125.00
Wisconsin 475.00 448.00
Canada 10.00 10.00
TOTAL $62,405.38 $57,930.86
Because of the general depression, your Committee sensed
that there would be a considerable decrease in income from
our regular contributors, and we took steps in time to pro-
vide against an expected deficit. Thanks to the interest of
about 80 good friends of the Committee, we succeeded in
securing one-time donations. Through the efforts of several
members of your Committee, notably Doctor Adler, Judge
Stern, Messrs. Isaac Gerstley and Morris Wolf in Philadel-
phia, Mr. Rosenwald and Mr. James Davis in Chicago,
Judge Frank and Mr. Albert Berney in Baltimore, Messrs.
Simon Lyon in Washington, and Lewis L. Strauss in New
York, we succeeded in securing a considerable enrollment of
new contributors. These, together with a generous contribu-
tion of $2,500 from the Hofheimer Foundation toward the
cost of our research department, enabled us to meet all our
obligations. Nevertheless, we still fell far short of what we
regard as a reasonable minimum for carrying on our work
adequately, and at present we are confronted with the dis-
turbing fact that, should present conditions continue, our
total expected income from regular contributors for the new
fiscal year just begun will fall short by from $25,000 to
$30,000 of even the restricted budget upon which we are
now operating. We feel that the Corporate Members of the
Committee should cheerfully share with the members of the
Executive Committee the burden of raising this amount.
This task, divided among us all, does not appear insuperable
or even difficult. All that is required is the hearty coopera-
tion of each member, and this your Committee is confident
will be forthcoming.
Respectfully submitted,
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY ON

EUROPEAN CONDITIONS
To the Members of the American Jewish Committee:
Upon the authorization of the Executive Committee, I
spent four months, the period between May 22d and Sep-
tember 22d, abroad, the major part of the time in Central
European countries, for the purpose of familiarizing myself
more thoroughly with the problems with which we are
dealing and to establish contacts with persons abroad who
are also identified in one way or another with those prob-
lems. It is not necessary for me to review the events of the
past year affecting our fellow-Jews in these countries. The
record of these events, formulated by our able assistant
secretary, Mr. Harry Schneiderman, appears in the Amer-
ican Jewish Year Book for 1930. My task will be confined
rather to an analysis of the currents and under-currents of
Jewish life in eastern and southeastern European countries,
particularly as they affect the civil and religious rights of
Jews in those countries, based both on direct observation
and on conversations with many Jewish leaders and other
well-informed persons as well as government officials.
Naturally, consideration is here given to the steps that can
be taken on this side of the ocean looking toward an amelio-
ration of the difficult and distressing conditions under which
the vast majority of these people dwell.
Viewed as a whole, the situation discloses the striking fact
that the territory of our interest, which in past years was
virtually confined to the countries which constituted pre-
war Russia, Roumania and Turkey, has become extended to
lands further west, such as Germany and Austria, in spite of
the high level of civilization attained by these countries.
Indeed, for the time being, the problems in these countries
being acute, as distinguished from their more chronic char-
acter in the countries to the east, are even more disturbing.
In Russia, the particular situation of the Jews has not grown
worse, though of course they too suffer with the rest of the
population in the difficulties of securing ample food and
other necessities of life. It is true that they have been sub-
jected, like other elements in the population, to heavy
restrictions in their religious life, and the Jewish colonists

have borne the burden of agricultural collectivization in
fellowship with the peasantry at large. On the other hand,
the nearly fatal restraints upon the economic life of the Jews
in the towns and cities has been to a considerable extent
removed; so for the first time in the history of the Soviet
Republics this formerly declassed population has now been
afforded an opportunity, even though still somewhat limited,
to enter into the economic life of the country. The condition
of the Jews in Poland continues grave; restrictions under
which the Jewish population still labor by failure on the
part of the government to abolish the old Tsarist laws still
obtain and increase the burden already made intolerable by
the economic repression to which they have been peculiarly
subjected. In Lithuania there has been no improvement
either in the direction of economic existence or in the long
time efforts toward the suppression of Jewish culture. In
Hungary, though there has been no manifest discrimination,
the quiet operation of administrative acts on the part of the
government has continued to deny to Jews vacant positions
in public and quasi-public service which they freely enjoyed
before the War and the Jewish population, engaged largely
in mercantile pursuits, have suffered from the general busi-
ness depression to a disastrous degree. Apart from the
humiliating discriminations in the universities and the
anxiety occasioned by the growing strength of the anti-
Semitic political parties in Austria, the problems affecting
the Jews of that country, most of whom live in Vienna, have
been economic. And here, as in Hungary, the Jewish
population has been to a large extent transformed from a
prosperous community into an impoverished community.
Nevertheless, it must be observed that the anti-Semitic
elements have made headway very recently. The Schober
government has been succeeded by the Vaugoin ministry
which has welcomed into its midst two leading anti-Semites,
and through them has materially increased the influence of
the anti-Semitic elements in the government of Austria. The
situation in these countries, depressing and nearly hopeless
as it appears to many of its inhabitants, has not, however,
presented problems of so acute a character as to evoke
intervention on the part of our Committee and similar
organizations operating in Europe. This was not the case,

however, in Roumania.
From its very inception, the American Jewish Committee
has been obliged to register its dissatisfaction with the flag-
rant abuses to which the Jewish population of that country
has been subjected, and to continue to do so even after the
adoption of the minorities treaty under which Roumania
agreed to afford equal, civil, religious and linguistic rights to
all persons belonging to minority groups including its Jewish
inhabitants. These protests were invariably met by denials
of the accuracy of the press reports and by repeated utter-
ances that the government of Roumania was fully alive to
its obligations and was sincerely desirous of protecting the
rights of all of its minorities. It will be recalled that the Exec-
utive Committee under the leadership of Louis Marshall,
then president of the Committee, had numerous conversa-
tions and communications with the ministers of Roumania
to this country, all of which were dilated upon in its special
and annual reports.
When the National Peasants Party came into power, our
Committee hailed its advent with feelings of satisfaction
because we believed that the democratic character of this
party, as reflected in its platform and program, and the
absence of anti-Semites from the Parliament insured the
long-awaited liberation of our much tried people from the
administrative discriminations from which they had suffered
and the recurring terrors of unbridled violence of the anti-
Semitic elements which, under the previous so-called Liberal
government, had culminated in the shocking outbreaks in
Oradea Mare and Cluj. The disappointment and distress of
the Committee can be pictured when we began to receive
disturbing reports, in private communications as well as in
the press, of a resumption of excesses in various parts of the
country, which even under the last Liberal government had,
to a considerable extent, been suppressed after the unhappy
events in Oradea Mare. News of the reestablishment of
anti-Semitic organizations combined with legislative and
administrative acts by the new government, which evoked
even the protests of Jewish members of the Roumanian
parliament affiliated with the government party, shook our
confidence in the good faith of the government and caused
us renewed anxiety. Again we took occasion, as was referred
to in the report of the Executive Committee this morning, to
express our dissatisfaction with the situation to the Rou-
manian minister to the United States and to urge that his
government observe its international obligations. And again
we received the customary reply that the reports were
exaggerated and distorted, that the government was endeav-
oring earnestly to conduct its affairs in conformity not only
with its treaty obligations but with all the accepted princi-
ples of enlightened democratic government, and once more
assurances were given that all necessary steps would be
taken to remedy existing abuses and to suppress attempts to
terrorize the Jewish population and to punish perpetrators
of outrages. In spite of these assurances, reports of attacks
upon Jews and infractions of rights and legal evasions,
prejudicial to Roumania's Jewish citizens, continued and
about the time of my departure became more frequent.
It was decided therefore that Roumania should be my
first objective. I arrived in Bucharest on the very day on
which Prince Carol's accession to the throne had been
approved by the Parliament, and remained in that country
for ten days, which were busily occupied from early morning
to late at night with conversations with countless persons
directly or indirectly concerned with Jewish affairs, includ-
ing Jewish leaders, bankers, business men, newspaper men,
members of Parliament and cabinet officers.
In spite of my general familiarity with the situation it
presented such a welter of confusion and contradictions that
I felt the need for further observation and therefore resolved
to pay a second visit to that country before returning home.
I planned on doing so at the very end of my sojourn so as to
allow as much time as possible to elapse in order to afford an
opportunity of testing out the assurances I received from
Premier Maniu and other Roumanian ministers, especially
as it was generally hoped that the advent of Carol would
spell an improvement in the treatment of the Jewish popula-
tion. To my dismay, however, I learned, within a few weeks
of my departure from that country, of new excesses in a
number of places, culminating rapidly in a widespread
uprising of the peasantry in Bukowina and Transylvania
against their Jewish neighbors, instigated and led by notori-
ous anti-Semitic agitators, attaining its climax in a conflag-

ration in the large village of Borsa which rendered fifteen
hundred Jews homeless. With the concurrence of Dr. Adler,
with whom I was in cable communication, I hurried to
Roumania a second time and visited the scenes of the most
recent outrages. Upon my exit ten days later and after
consulting Dr. Adler in Geneva, where he had in the mean-
time arrived, I issued the following statement to the Jewish
Telegraphic Agency and within the following few days gave
interviews in greater detail to the European representatives
of other international news agencies as well as to the
particular correspondents of important newspapers in Amer-
ica and Europe, which were circulated to all parts of the
world:
"The press reports of the anti-Semitic excesses have not been
exaggerated or distorted. They were unquestionably instigated and
organized by anti-Semitic agitators, who found the peasantry, though
normally friendly to their Jewish neighbors, fertile soil for their
propaganda because of their agrarian depression. I am convinced
that these excesses, which seriously impair Roumania's prestige and
credit, would not have occurred had it not been for the govern-
ment's support of students' organizations and so-called patriotic
congresses, and the government's reluctance to suppress illegal
anti-Semitic propaganda out of a mistaken emphasis upon the
liberty of the press and assembly. The ministry of the Interior,
which controls the police, and the ministry of Cults and Education,
which controls students, teachers and priests were especially
responsible. Indications reflect that the king is distressed by the
recent events. Order is at present restored and the government's
latest energetic measures indicate that the government finally
realizes that the numerous anti-Jewish manifestations during the
past year, which it professed to regard as sporadic, trifling and
harmless, were rapidly generating widespread anarchy. Borsa is
tragic testimony of the danger of this propaganda of hate among the
normally kindly-disposed peasantry, which terrorized the whole
Jewish population of Bukowina, Transylvania and Bessarabia for
months. Despite the local government officials' first report that the
Borsa fire was an accident, overwhelming circumstantial evidence
reflects carefully planned incendiarism. Though four weeks have
elapsed no relief has been afforded except 2,500 dollars originally
granted by the government and a few hundred dollars by the
Transylvanian Jewish Emergency Committee, in the face of
$300,000 damages and suspension of industry. No steps have been
taken to shelter the homeless or to rebuild the burnt area. Hun-
dreds are virtually starving. The congestion is terrible. Many are
living in cellars of the destroyed homes under conditions beggaring
description. Unless steps are taken immediately I fear a pestilence
which will not only affect the Borsa population, Jewish and Gentile,
but is likely to spread. The situation warrants the imperative action

of the Roumanian government and the Red Cross."
Shortly thereafter, I had a long interview in Berlin with
the Roumanian minister to Germany, who promised to
convey our views to his government. The accuracy of my
observations was confirmed not only by representatives of
other Jewish organizations who visited the country shortly
after my departure, but by the published confessions of the
Minister of the Interior who has since been replaced in the
new Mironescu government. Some measures have been
taken to relieve the acute distress in Borsa in which the
Reconstruction Foundation (composed of the Joint Distrib-
ution Committee and the Jewish Colonization Association)
have taken a substantial part. The government has con-
tributed something as well, but in so trifling a degree as to be
little more than a gesture.
As indicated, the Borsa fire was the climax of anti-Jewish
disorders. After this sad and startling event, order was
restored by the government. Many peasants were arrested
as well as several of the leaders, but so far as we know the
chief instigators are still at large, little or no punishment has
been meted out to the malefactors, and nothing material has
been disclosed by the government's inquiry with respect to
the incendiary character of the fire. The restoration of law
and order was evidence however of the ability of the govern-
ment to suppress outbreaks. To what extent the govern-
ment's embarrassment in the face of public opinion or its
fear of a peasant uprising was the motivating element in its
vigorous actions, is hard to say. I believe it was motivated
by both considerations.
It must not be imagined from these occurrences of the
past year that the government as a whole consciously en-
couraged anti-Semitic propaganda and the excesses. Nor
should it be thought that the Roumanian people as a whole
have been in sympathy with them. On the contrary the
general Roumanian press had continuously decried them
and urged the government to take severe measures against
them. The trouble was that the government regarded them
for a long time as merely sporadic and unimportant occur-
rences and was averse to strong measures because, in con-
tradistinction to the more despotic preceding government,
it was averse to doing anything which might appear as

subversive of the freedom of speech and assembly. The
sincerity of this attitude was open to question, however,
because it did not pursue this so-called democratic policy
with regard to the activities of the communists.
The voluminous news reports in the Jewish press and our
particular concern with the Jewish situation in Roumania
should not give us the impression that the Jewish question is
the chief problem with which the government is dealing. To
the government it is a minor, even though a vexatious,
problem. Roumania has the larger task of welding together
its various populations into a united, if not homogeneous,
Roumanian citizenry, particularly those added by the
acquisition of new territory, the Bulgarians in the Dobrudja,
the Russians in Bessarabia, the Ruthenians in Bukowina
and Hungarians in Transylvania, the smaller groups of
German Saxons in Transylvania and Hungarians and Jugo
Slavs in the Banat, as well as the Jews scattered all over the
country. Moreover it has the task of developing the remark-
ably rich resources of the country for its own economic
independence and for the prosperity of its people. In the
first task it encounters the nationalist sentiments of alien
peoples most of whom, for many years identified with the
more occidental civilization of Austria and Hungary, regard
Roumanians as inferior and bitterly resent their own forcible
separation from their native states. In the second task the
present government has met with determined opposition
from the still very active Liberal party. The two parties are
widely at variance with respect to political theories as well as
policies and programs. An objective appraisal of the views
of both parties sees logic and sincerity on both sides. The
chief distinction lies between the desire on the part of the
present government to open the country to foreign invest-
ments in the form of loans and concessions, and the policy of
the previous government to discourage foreign loans and
concessions but to attempt to remain self-sustaining in its
development of the country's resources. The present gov-
ernment is taking great pride in the success which it has
already achieved in the direction of enlisting foreign finan-
cial interests, obtaining substantial though not yet adequate
foreign loans and credits, in farming out some of its public
utilities, in opening up, on attractive terms, to outside

interests the shipping facilities of its splendid harbors on the
Black Sea. The Liberal or bourgeois government, on the
other hand, in its desire to work out the country's destiny
unaided from the outside, discouraged parceling out of large
landholdings in order to insure the maximum production for
export and encouraged the establishment of large industries
by high protective tariffs. It was accused of pursuing this
policy for the personal interest of its leaders who are the
most powerful bankers and industrialists of the country, but
there is as much evidence on the other side to show that
their motive was patriotic rather than selfish. They were
opposed to the invasion of foreign investment which they
regard as exploitation at an excessively usurious cost to the
people. The conditions surrounding the loan of one hundred
and two million dollars secured in 1929 from the combina-
tion headed by the Bank of France and the Swedish match
interests, of which amount only eighty-seven million dollars
was to be the net proceeds to Roumania,—and this, guar-
anteed by the receipts of certain large monopolies entirely
controlled by the banking interests and carrying substantial
interest charges furnish some basis for the apprehensions of
the Bratianus, whose personal integrity is as strenuously
defended by their many friends as it is assailed by their
many enemies. An unfortunate element in the political
situation in Roumania is the personal bitterness which
obtains between the leaders of the political parties and the
undue emphasis laid upon party differences rather than
upon the means of united action for the common good.
These phenomena obtain of course in other countries as well,
especially in eastern and southeastern countries which have
comparatively short experience in government administra-
tion. As a member of the Roumanian parliament said,
"don't compare our government with that of the United
States or England; we won't reach your level for hundreds
of years." But I carried away the impression that Rou-
mania, though suffering a serious economic setback together
with the rest of the world, is earnestly endeavoring to set its
house in order and enjoys the prospect of becoming one of
the most prosperous, if not best governed, countries of
Europe. The Jews of the world desire to see it prosperous
because the prosperity of all of its elements including the

Jewish population is predicated on the general prosperity of
the country. And it is fatuous to believe that the Jews of
Roumania are not eager for Roumania's prosperity, because
apart from the traditional loyalty of Jews to the particular
country in which they dwell, they realize that economic
depression always works a particular hardship to them as
the scapegoat for the country's ills. And the country does
no suffer from over population. Roumania's one million
Jews, constituting a little over five per cent of the popula-
tion, can readily be absorbed into the economic life of the
country without disadvantage to the non-Jewish popula-
tion; on the contrary, to their great advantage.
There is no need here of entering into details with respect
to the particular complaints of the Jewish population; these
have been described in the report of the Executive Com-
mittee. That they are justified is demonstrated by the fact
that all Jewish elements including those affiliated with the
present government are united in pressing them. To what
extent the causes of these complaints will be removed only
the future will tell. Though at present anti-Jewish organiza-
tions have been suppressed the causes for your Committee's
continuing its interest have not been entirely removed. Full
citizenship has not yet been accorded to all of the Jewish
population. A satisfactory community organization law has
not yet been enacted. Adequate support of Jewish commun-
ities and schools has not been forthcoming. Nor has com-
plete justice been done with regard to Jewish teachers and
the curricula in the schools. Discrimination in the field of
financial credits has not yet been removed. In short, the
rights of the Jewish population under the minorities treaties
and guarantee of the League of Nations are still in a measure
only paper rights. And the Committee should not be
diverted from its task by the specious argument of govern-
ment officials or other individuals that this constitutes an
unwarranted interference in the internal affairs of their
country.
The task of securing the desired amelioration is compli-
cated by the internal differences which obtain among the
Jews themselves. And those differences, which also obtain
in other countries are especially flagrant in Roumania and
Poland. Though they are split up into many factions the

essential or fundamental difference consists in their Welt-
anschauung, i. e., Jewish nationalism versus anti-nationalism.
These differences not only affect the relation of the Jews to
one another and of the Jews to their neighbors, but consti-
tute a vital factor in their political life. Though the subject
is too complex to be dealt with here, it should be observed
that the anti-nationalists regard the nationalists as the
greatest danger to their security, because they believe that
Jewish nationalism gives ground for the charge that the
Jews are an alien and unassimilable element in the popula-
tion. The nationalist Jews on the other hand, fear that the
rights of Jewish citizens will be completely ignored if they
should permit themselves as individuals to be absorbed into
and scattered among the prevailing political parties. More-
over, they are confronted with the fact that other minorities
within their country operate as distinct parties. Thus they
are impaled on the horns of a dilemma. Should they affiliate
with these minorities, or should they affiliate with the
parties of the majority? They fear they will be damned
either way. This particularly affects the Jews who live in
the newly acquired territories, for example in Ukrainian
East Galicia and in the Lithuanian Vilna district in Poland,
or with the Hungarian minority in Transylvania and the
Ruthenians in Bukowina. The Jews of old Roumania, the
Regat, are not confronted with this difficulty because in old
Roumania there are few persons apart from Jews who belong
to minority groups. The internal differences among the
Jews govern their forms of organization, their communal
policies and their methods of operation. The situation is
complicated, moreover, by personal rivalries and antipathies
which frequently degenerate into amazingly bitter rancour
and abuse. It is doubtful whether these differences can be
reconciled. Even in the gravest emergencies it has proven
impossible, with rare exceptions, to unite these factions on
critical issues. The enemies of the Jews, and the govern-
ment, have not failed to take advantage of these antagon-
isms to weaken the Jewish forces still further. This is
especially patent in Roumania, where factionalism has
resulted in a scandalous checkmate to all efforts to protect
Jewish interests. The differences among the Jewish organ-
izations in the Occident, who are occupied in these fields,

which are quite analogous, if not identical, with those in
Eastern European countries, are known to the governments
and have resulted in a diminishing respect for Jewish soli-
darity of which in the past they entertained a wholesome
opinion.
What can be done? If the government, let us say like the
Czarist government in Russia before the War, were the
instigators of anti-Jewish outrages or defiantly flaunted
infractions of the rights of its minorities, two steps would
be open,—one, an appeal to the decent sentiment of the
world, the other, a formal arraignment before the League of
Nations. But the government as a whole is not only not the
instigator of excesses, but recognizing the embarrassment
and danger to the country's prestige, would be glad to con-
sign Cuza and his associates to oblivion. The fault of the
government lies in its leniency, in its indulgence of these
vicious elements, in its persistent policy of underestimating
the dangerous effects of anti-Semitic agitation and propa-
ganda which by its own laws it could have and should have
effectually suppressed, in its failure to punish the male-
factors, in its wholly mistaken interpretation of democratic
principles and procedure, and not the least, in continuing a
policy of legislative evasions and administrative acts of dis-
crimination against its Jewish citizens which only tend to
emphasize the traditional feeling of the population at large
that the Jews are still to be regarded as aliens and of inferior
civic status. The fault of the government rests also in its
persistent policy to minimize the complaints, sometimes
even to extenuate or deny the facts, and worse than this, to
accuse its Jewish population of disloyalty because they
appeal for intervention or assistance from their fellow-Jews
in other parts of the world. Because of the instability of
Roumanian governments they have been sensitive to every
current of dissatisfaction within as well as outside the
country. So long as anti-Jewish outbreaks were sporadic
and of comparatively mild effect and so long as discrimina-
tions remain subtle and difficult of indictment before the
League of Nations, the government avoided taking strict
measures with the student bodies, the thoughtless and
exuberant instruments of the anti-Semitic agitators, because
the students are, so to speak, the darlings of the people. The
government feared to generate a widespread unpopularity
which would only have added strength to the political
opposition which kept growing both inside and outside its
party ranks. Only when the situation began to assume the
aspect of an international scandal, to threaten countrywide
anarchy, and to evoke the dissatisfaction of its new King;
did it finally take necessary measures.
Protests on the part of our Committee and other similar
organizations have not been without some effect, especially
during the administration of the present government whose
great desire for foreign financial help makes it especially
sensitive to the world's opinion.
This brings me to an important point in my recital.
Fundamentally, as I have indicated before, it is the unfavor-
able economic situation of the Roumanian masses which has
made the anti-Jewish propaganda effective. The agrarian
depression which made it difficult, if not impossible, for the
peasants to meet their obligations to the banks, furnished
fertile soil for anti-Jewish agitation. The peasants were told
that the Jews were responsible for their plight because the
latter had depressed the prices of farm products, on the one
hand, and had, on the other hand, increased the prices of
manufactured commodities needed by the peasants. More-
over, it was alleged that it was the Jewish bankers who held
their mortgages and who were not only charging the peas-
ants extortionate rates of interest, but were foreclosing on
their mortgages. Though there is no doubt that the rates of
interest are excessive, my inquiry disclosed that the banks
who hold farm paper were nearly exclusively non-Jewish
institutions. For example, in Suceava, Bukowina, the centre
of the peasant uprising, there are twelve banks. Of these,
only two are in Jewish hands. And neither of these held
farm mortgages. They were in the possession of the non-
Jewish banks. Should the government, which has been
negotiating for a foreign agricultural loan, succeed in obtain-
ing it, it is confidently expected that the agrarian situation
will be saved. In consequence, the peasants, the prospective
beneficiaries of this loan, who have been traditionally
friendly to the Jews, will no longer prove credulous material
for anti-Semitic propaganda.
It follows that all who have at heart the welfare of the

Jews of Roumania must at the same time be eager to see
Roumania obtain the financial aid she desires. But, as
Roumania has already learned, all symptoms of internal
instability, whether political crises or civil disorders such as
anti-Jewish riots, make it difficult to obtain such aid on
favorable terms. In the face of such symptoms of instability,
even the warmest friends of Roumania cannot espouse her
cause, except in a lukewarm and unconvincing manner. It is
clear, therefore, that sound statesmanship dictates that the
vicious circle must be broken by Roumania herself, that she
must maintain public order, protect the life and property of
all her population, and remove all cause for unrest and dis-
order, by granting the minorities in fact the equality of
rights to which they are entitled by law. These indications
of stability and strength will not fail to win for her the
respect of the world and the credit to which the industry of
her people and her natural wealth entitle her. The financial
aid she will thus obtain will, by improving the general
economic conditions, sterilize the soil on which at present
the seeds of anti-Semitism fall, take root, and flourish.
Does recourse to the League of Nations offer hope of early
and measurable improvement?
In a more detailed report to our Executive Committee, I
pointed out that the League has met with only very limited
success. I stated, "The nature of discriminations and
infractions of the rights of those belonging to minorities is
such that an appeal to the League of Nations is likely to
prove unavailing. The evasions of treaty obligations are
usually too subtle to allow of clear-cut indictment on the
part of the League against the offending nation, especially
as the League, in its desire not to humiliate its member
bodies and not to appear as infringing upon their national
sovereignty, has surrounded the reception and consideration
of complaints with a cumbersome procedure which has dis-
couraged the minorities of late from submitting protests.
As reported in the official Journal of the League of Nations,
there were, between June 13, 1929 and May 31, 1930, 57
petitions, 26 rejected as unreceivable, 14 considered by the
Committee of Three in 19 meetings, 29 disposed of, 3 still
being examined—not one submitted to the Council."
Efforts have been made to simplify and facilitate the

procedure affecting complaints. In this our Committee,
under Louis Marshall, took an active though unofficial and
indirect part because as an American committee we were
restrained from taking direct action since the United States
of America is not a member of the League of Nations. But
our views were conveyed, in the form of definite recommen-
dations, to several of the leading personages engaged in the
consideration of the revision of the procedure, among them
the late Herr Gustav Stresemann of Germany, and Viscount
Cecil of Chelwood, England, who received them sympa-
thetically and incorporated them in their proposals.
Until radical changes in the procedure are effected, those
interested in protecting the rights of minorities will be
greatly handicapped and will very largely have to depend,
so far as action by the League of Nations is concerned, upon
the informal and tactful intervention of the Secretariat or
the officials of the Minorities Section, which, it must be
recognized, has been of considerable value and is likely to
continue to be helpful in the future.
In this and other connections, I desire to point out that
publicity though sometimes a powerful instrument is a
double edged sword and when indulged in to excess is likely
to work great injury. I cannot escape the conviction that
publicity, especially in relation to the troubles of the Jews
of Eastern Europe, has frequently been thoughtlessly
resorted to and, may I say it brutally, that it sometimes
appears as if it has been exploited for personal ambitions, or
for the prestige of certain organizations. This excessive and
ill-advised publicity has itself become a problem with which
our Committee should deal. The situation of our fellow-
Jews in these countries is precarious; they are surrounded
by many enemies who are ready to take unscrupulous
advantage of any words which can be distorted for their
own malicious ends. This should make us all careful to
weigh our words meticulously and be prepared very often
even to refrain from expressing ourselves in public. During
our Committee's experience of nearly a quarter century
many of its most effective efforts have frequently been those
of which the public, and in some cases not even the General
Committee, has been made aware. Moreover, constant
allusions to anti-Jewish discriminations promote callousness

on the part of those against whom the complaints are
uttered as well as in the public at large, and they gradually
lose their effect. The impression gains ground that it is in
the very nature of things that the Jews are an oppressed
people—an inevitable condition like epidemics of measles or
diphtheria, before the recent discoveries of medical science.
I interviewed many persons high in the public life of
Roumania. Not one of them failed to point to the existence
of anti-Semitism in other countries, even in the United
States, in extenuation, if not in justification, of its existence
in Roumania. Even King Carol in his first pronouncement
on the Jewish situation incorporated this allusion.
May I here revert to a statement made in the beginning
of my remarks, namely, the striking fact that during the
past year the territory of our interest has been extended to
countries further west? Even in Switzerland, a country
which has been the traditional refuge of oppressed peoples
from all parts of the world, there is evidence of an attempt
to organize anti-Jewish sentiment in the form of a church
newspaper published in the city of Berne.
It is in Germany, however, where the situation is basis for
genuine consternation. Let me quote the following from
my memorandum to the Executive Committee:
"Finally, I desire to say a word with regard to the anti-Semitic
movement in Germany, which, in my opinion, is cause for greater
anxiety than the anti-Jewish manifestations in Eastern European
countries. The phenomenal gains of the National Socialist Party in
the recent elections, far in excess of what was even anticipated at
the end of August, when I left Berlin, has threatened to throw the
balance of political power in the hands of a group whose ruthlessness
is matched only by its organizing ability."
That statement was supported by data too voluminous to
be presented in this report. The situation in Germany
differs in character from that in countries further east.
First, unlike the other countries, Germany has entered into
no treaties dealing with minorities rights, although at the
Peace Conference, the delegates gave written assurances
that they would treat minorities in Germany at least as well
as the minority treaties would provide; secondly, the
present federal government has in no way abetted or encour-
aged anti-Jewish agitation. On the contrary, it has taken
severe measures to repress all such demonstrations and has

taken all steps legally possible to restrain anti-Jewish propa-
ganda. In spite of this, anti-Semitic agitation assumed
alarming proportions within the past year, and in most
brutal and offensive forms. Though the economic burdens
under which the German people have been suffering have
fertilized the soil for this propaganda and a return of pros-
perity is likely to diminish its effect substantially, the
situation is fraught with great danger not only to the Jewish
people in Germany, but to the Jews of the whole world.
Again we must be careful to avoid an unbalanced per-
spective. Hitlerism comprehends much more than anti-
Semitism. Not every member of the National Socialist
party is an anti-Semite. Nevertheless, anti-Semitism is an
essential and important element in its philosophy. More-
over, there are many enemies of the Jews in other parties
especially in the Hugenberg National Party. The danger of
Hitlerist and Hugenberg nationalism rests in the fact that
while raising national issues involving the repudiation of the
Versailles treaty and reparation payments, which evoke the
sympathy and support of great numbers of Germans outside
of these two parties, it insidiously identifies the Jewish
people in general and Jewish citizens of Germany in particu-
larly with Germany's enemies. Jews are being accused by
the Hitlerites of being responsible for the War, for the defeat
of Germany, for the Treaty of Versailles as well as for the
Young plan. The Jew is the scapegoat. Hitlerism without
anti-Semitism would not be our concern as Jews. Under
such circumstances, it would be a matter for the German
people to deal with, and for those other nations whose inter-
ests are involved in the effect upon them of Germany's
failure to meet its war obligations. But when a political
party with prospects of holding the balance of power,
threatens to deprive the Jews of their property and of their
rights of citizenship, to subject them to all manner of
economic repression, to eliminate them from public service
and public honors, in short, degrade them to an inferior
economic and political status, the world is confronted with
the boldest and most ruthless manifestation of anti-Semitism
ever shown in any country. Even Roumania before the War
felt obliged to hide its discriminations behind the subterfuge
that the Jews were not citizens. And today there are no
legislative discriminations against Jews in Roumania, vir-
tually only evasions of the law, and there is no political
party which professes anti-Semitism except the Christian
National Party which has one representative, Cuza. Nor
are there parties in any other country which openly profess
anti-Semitism. In other words, it has been left to this highly
civilized country of Germany to make a political issue of
what Painleve recently characterized as barbarism, and
Gorky has called "this disgusting filth of anti-Semitism."
Social ostracism is humiliating, but can be tolerated by a
people who are conscious of their own worth. That exists in
other so-called enlightened countries. But the incorporation
of medieval measures of persecution in the program of a
political party is a shocking defiance of the decencies of
modern civilization and a black shadow upon democracy.
Albert Einstein who raised the curtain upon the unknown
wonders of the universe, or, to use Bernard Shaw's words,
has actually created a new universe; Heinrich Heine whose
immortal poetry has become part of the folk music of the
Germanic race; Albert Ballin whose genius helped his
country to build a merchant marine that enabled it to con-
quer many of the markets of the world; Walter Rathenau,
who not only established the huge organization which alone
made it possible for Germany to hold out with raw materials
to the end of the War, but whose various efforts for a self-
respecting yet reasonable solution of the reparations prob-
lem strengthened Germany's position before the world—
these men who brought undying glory to Germany and the
countless others who have in more modest ways contributed
to German civilization in every direction, have been branded
as unassimilable aliens, and it is sought to legislate them out
of German life and memory, and out of the German territory
for the protection of which many thousands of its Jewish
citizens, far in excess of their proportion in the population,
readily gave up their lives. And we cannot overlook the
dangerous augury for the future in the impregnation of the
seeds of anti-Semitism upon a receptive and impressionable
youth. The situation furnishes cause for anxiety to all Jews,
even those who have seen no reason for identification with
Jewish affairs. Even baptized Jews are not exempt from the
Hakenkreuzler objective of hate. As I stated to our Execu-

tive Committee, our interest has ceased to be only a matter
of altruism; it has become one of self-defense.
The history of the decade since the end of the Great War
reflects the amazing fact that democracies may be just as
illiberal as monarchies. Where, before, a despotic sovereign,
Ahasauerus, was influenced by a Haman to destroy the
Jews, today the sovereign people are exposed to the dema-
gogy of the reactionaries. And where, in ancient days a
Mordecai and an Esther were necessary to protect the Jews,
today we must employ the democratic instrumentality of
arousing the conscience of humanity to the end that their
legal rights, now accorded in virtually every land of the
globe shall be secured in fact as well as on paper, in spirit as
well as in letter. And that is the task to which the American
Jewish Committee is dedicated. It is a task on which all
Jews, regardless of their particular views and interests can
and should unite.
Respectfully submitted,
MORRIS D. WALDMAN,
Secretary.
CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP
I. DISTRICT MEMBERS
DIST. I: FLORIDA, GEORGIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA,
4 members: Morton R. Hirshberg, Jacksonville, Fla.; Leonard Haas,
Atlanta, Ga.; Lionel Weil, Goldsboro, N. C ; Isaac C. Strauss, Sumter,
S. C.
DIST. II: ALABAMA, MISSISSIPPI, TENNESSEE. 3 members: Milton H.
Fies, Birmingham, Ala.; Ben H. Stein, Vicksburg, Miss.; Nathan Cohn,
Nashville, Tenn.
DIST. I l l : ARIZONA, LOUISIANA, N E W MEXICO, OKLAHOMA, TEXAS-
7 members: Barnett E. Marks, Phoenix, Ariz.; Ralph J. Schwartz, New
Orleans, La.; Louis C. Ilfeld, Las Vegas, N. Mex.; S. K. Bernstein,
Oklahoma City, Okla.; J. K. Hexter, Dallas, Tex.; Isaac H. Kempner,
Galveston, Tex.; U. M. Simon, Fort Worth, Tex.
DIST. IV: ARKANSAS, COLORADO, KANSAS, MISSOURI. 8 members:
Chas. Jacobson, Little Rock, Ark.; Henry Sachs, Colorado Springs,
Colo.; Henry Wallenstein, Wichita, Kan.; Harry Block, St. Joseph,
Mo.; J. A. Harzfeld, Kansas City, Mo.; Charles M. Rice, St. Louis,
Mo.; Aaron Waldheim, St. Louis, Mo.; A. C. Wurmser, Kansas City,
Mo.
DIST. V: CALIFORNIA, IDAHO, NEVADA, OREGON, UTAH, WASHINGTON.

9 members: Henry G. W. Dinkelspiel, San Francisco, Cal.; M. J.
Finkenstein, Los Angeles, Cal.; Max C. Sloss, San Francisco, Cal.; Leo J.
Falk, Boise, Ida.; Samuel Platt Reno, Nev.; *Ben Selling, Portland,
Ore.; Daniel Alexander, Salt Lake City, Utah; Emanuel Rosenberg,
Seattle, Wash.
DIST. VI: IOWA, MICHIGAN, MINNESOTA, MONTANA, NEBRASKA,
NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, WISCONSIN, WYOMING. 14 members:
Eugene Mannheimer, Des Moines, Iowa; Henry M. Butzel, Detroit,
Mich.; Julian H. Krolik, Detroit, Mich.; Isadore Levin, Detroit, Mich.;
Meyer S. May, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Joseph H. Schanfeld, Minneapolis,
Minn.; Isaac Summerfield, St. Paul, Minn.; Jos. Weinberg, Butte,
Mont.; Harry A. Wolf, Omaha, Neb.; D. M. Naftalin, Fargo, N. D.;
Meyer Koplow, Sioux Falls, S. D.; David B. Eisendrath, Milwaukee,
Wis.; *Nat Stone, Milwaukee, Wis.; Morris Haytin, Casper, Wyo.
DIST. VII: ILLINOIS. 9 members: Max Adler, James Davis, Max
Epstein, Alfred K. Foreman, M. E. Greenebaum, B. Horwich Julian W.
Mack, Julius Rosenwald, Chicago, 111.; W. B. Woolner, Peoria, 111.
DIST. VIII: INDIANA, KENTUCKY, OHIO, WEST VIRGINIA. 12 members
Sol S. Kiser, Indianapolis, Ind.; Samuel E. Rauh, Indianapolis, Ind.
Benjamin S. Washer, Louisville, Ky.; Samuel Ach, Cincinnati, O.
Edward M. Baker, Cleveland, O.; S. Marcus Fechheimer, Cincinnati, O.
E. S. Halle, Cleveland, O.; D. A. Huebsch, Cleveland, O.; David Philip-
son, Cincinnati, O.; Sigmond Sanger, Toledo, O.; Murray Seasongood,
Cincinnati, O.; Louis Horkheimer, Wheeling, W. Va.
DIST. IX: CITY OF PHILADELPHIA. 7 members: Cyrus Adler, Justin
P. Allman, Wm. Gerstley, B. L. Levinthal, *M. Rosenbaum, Horace
Stern, Morris Wolf.
DIST. X: DELAWARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA.
7 members: Aaron Finger, Wilmington, Del.; Simon Lyon, Washington,
D. C ; Albert Berney, Baltimore, Md.; Jacob H. Hollander, Baltimore,
Md.; Siegmund B. Sonneborn, Baltimore, Md.; Edward N. Calisch,
Richmond, Va.; Merrill E. Raab, Richmond, Va
DIST. X I : CONNECTICUT, MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, N E W HAMPSHIRE,
RHODE ISLAND, VERMONT. 22 members: Philip N. Bernstein, Water-
bury, Conn.; Alexander Cahn, New Haven, Conn.; Nestor Dreyfus,
New London, Conn.; Jacob B. Klein, Bridgeport, Conn.; Isidore Wise,
Hartford, Conn.; Gordon F. Gallert, Waterville, Me.; Jacob Asher,
Worcester, Mass.; Louis Baer, Boston, Mass.; Adolph Ehrlich, Boston,
Mass.; Nathan H. Gordon, Boston, Mass.; A. Hartman, Haverhill,
Mass.; Henry Lasker, Springfield, Mass.; George Newman, Pittsfield,
Mass. Samuel E. Paulive, Chelsea, Mass.; A. C. Ratshesky, Boston,
Mass. James Solomont, Boston, Mass.; Felix Vorenberg, Boston,
Mass. Chas. Wineapple, Salem, Mass.; Edward M. Chase, Manchester,
N. H.; Jerome J. Hahn, Providence, R. I.: Archibald Silverman, Provi-
dence, R. I.: Chas. Levine, Burlington, Vt.
DIST. X I I : N E W YORK CITY. 36 members: Benjamin Altheimer,
Herman Bernstein, David M. Bressler, Benjamin N. Cardozo, Abram I.
•Deceased.
Elkus, H. G. Endow, William Fischman, Lee K. Frankel, Henry

Ittleson, Joseph J. Klein, Max J. Kohler, Jacob Kohn, Arthur K. Kuhn,
Joseph Leblang, Herbert H. Lehman, Irving Lehman, Harry E. Lewis|
Adolph Lewisohn, William Liebermann. James Marshall, Alexander
Marx, Grover M. Moskowitz, Carl H. Pforzheimer, Joseph M. Pros-
kauer, James N. Rosenberg, Bernard Semel, J. M. Stettenheim, Hugh
Grant Straus, Lewis L. Strauss, Sol M. Stroock, Cyrus L. Sulzberger,
Israel Unterberg, Ludwig Vogelstein, Felix M. Warburg.
DIST. XIII: NEW YORK (Exclusive of the City). 8 members: Morti-
mer Adler, Rochester, N. Y.; Moses F. Aufsesser, Albany, N. Y.;
Joseph L. Fink, Buffalo, N. Y.; Henry M. Stern, Rochester, N. Y.;
Benjamin Stolz, Syracuse, N. Y.; Eugene Warner, Buffalo, N. Y •
Herman Wile, Buffalo, N. Y
DIST. XIV: N E W JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA (Exclusive of Philadel-
phia). 15 members: Isaac Alpern, Perth Amboy, N. J.; A. J. Dimond,
East Orange, N. J.; Philip Dimond, Paterson, N. J.; Michael Hollender,
Newark, N. J.; David Holzner, Trenton, N. J.; William Newcorn, Plain-
field, N. J.; Joseph B. Perskie, Atlantic City, N. J.; Oscar L. Weingarten,
Newark, N. J.; William Harris, Allentown, Pa.; Edgar J. Kaufmann,
Pittsburgh, Pa.; Irwin F. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; A. L. Luria, Read-
ing Pa.; Isaiah Scheeline, Altoona, Pa.; Isador Sobel, Erie, Pa.
II. MEMBERS-AT-LARGE
(Elected for one year.)
Louis Bamberger, Newark, N. J.; James H. Becker, Chicago, 111.;
Jacob Billikopf, Philadelphia, Pa.; David A. Brown, New York City;
Leo M. Brown, Mobile, Ala.; Abel Davis, Chicago, 111.; Jacob Epstein,
Baltimore, Md.; Eli Frank, Baltimore, Md.; Herbert Friedenwald,
Washington, D. C ; Albert M. Greenfield, Philadelphia, Pa.; Herbert H.
Hannoch, Newark, N. J.; Henry S. Hendricks, New York City; Stanley
M. Isaacs, New York City; Alexander Kahn, New York City; J. J.
Kaplan, Boston, Mass.; Sol Kline, Chicago, 111.; Louis E. Kirstein
Boston, Mass.; Edward Lazansky, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Fred Lazarus, Jr.,
Columbus, O.; Arthur C. Lehman, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Samuel D. Leides-
dorf, New York City; Jacob M. Loeb, Chicago, 111.; Isidore D. Morrisons
New York City; Milton J. Rosenau, Cambridge, Mass.; Victor Rose-
water, Philadelphia, Pa.; Morris Rothenberg, New York City; Frederick
W. Wile, Washington, D. C.
III. DELEGATES FROM NATIONAL JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS

AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A. S. W. Rosenbach; CEN-
TRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS, David Lefkowitz; COUNCIL OF
YOUNG ISRAEL AND YOUNG ISRAEL ORGANIZATIONS, Edward S. Silver;
HADASSAH, Mrs. David de Sola Pool; HEBREW SHELTERING AND
IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY OF AMERICA, John L. Bernstein, Harry Fischel,
Abraham Herman, Jacob Massel and Albert Rosenblatt; INDEPENDENT
ORDER BRITH ABRAHAM, Gustave Hartman, Max L. Hollander, Nathan
D. Perlman and Adolph Stern; INDEPENDENT ORDER BRITH SHOLOM,
Martin O. Levy, William M. Lewis; INDEPENDENT ORDER FREE SONS
OF ISRAEL,Solon J. Liebeskind; INDEPENDENT WESTERN STAR ORDER,

H. Waiss; JEWISH WELFARE BOARD, Joseph Rosenzweig; NATIONAL
CONFERENCE OF JEWISH SOCIAL SERVICE, Fred M. Butzel; NATIONAL
COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN, Mrs. Estelle M. Sternberger; ORDER OF
THE UNITED HEBREW BROTHERS, Meyer Greenberg; PROGRESSIVE
ORDER OF THE WEST, Joseph Schiller; RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
JEWISH THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, Louis Finkelstein; UNITED ROUMAN-
IAN JEWS OF AMERICA, Herman Speier and Leo Wolfson; UNITED
SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Nathan Levy; WOMAN'S LEAGUE OF THE
UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF AMERICA, Mrs. Samuel Spiegel.
•Deceased.
REPORT
OF THE
FORTY-THIRD YEAR
OF
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION

SOCIETY OF AMERICA
1930-1931
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF
AMERICA
OFFICERS
PRESIDENT
SIMON MILLER, Philadelphia
FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT
ADOLPH S. OCHS, New York
SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT
HORACE STERN, Philadelphia
TREASURER
HOWARD A. WOLF, Philadelphia
SECRETARY
JULIUS GRODINSKY, Philadelphia
EDITOR
ISAAC HUSIK, Philadelphia
TRUSTEES
MARCUS AARON1 Pittsburgh
DR. CYRUS ADLER 1 Philadelphia
PHILIP AMRAM1 Philadelphia
EDWARD M. BAKER 2 Cleveland
HART BLUMENTHAL* Philadelphia
BERNARD L. FRANKEL 3 Philadelphia
LIONEL FRIEDMANN1 Philadelphia
JOSEPH HAGEDORN1 Philadelphia
REV. DR. NATHAN KRASS 1 New York
S. CHAS. LAMPORT2 New York
Louis E. LEVINTHAL1 Philadelphia
FELIX H. LEVY* New York
HOWARD S. LEVY 1 Philadelphia
HON. WM. M. LEWIS 1 Philadelphia
REV. DR. LOUIS L. MANN 2 Chicago
SIMON MILLER' Philadelphia
ADOLPH S. OCHS' New York
•Term9 expire in 1932. Terms expire in 1933. 'Terms expire in 1934.
405
PHILIP B. PERLMAN' Baltimore

CARL H. PFORZHEIMER2 New York
DR. A. S. W. ROSENBACHS Philadelphia
DR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER2 New York
RABBI ABBA HILLEL SILVERS Cleveland
JACOB SOLIS-COHEN JR.* Philadelphia
MEIR STEINBRINK' Brooklyn
HON. HORACE STERN* Philadelphia
CYRUS L. SULZBERGER1 New York
LUDWIG VOGELSTEIN" New York
A. LEO WEIL 1 Pittsburgh
JULIUS S. WEYL 1 Philadelphia
EDWIN WOLF 1 Philadelphia
HOWARD A. WOLF 2 Philadelphia
MORRIS WOLF 1 Philadelphia
RALPH WOLF 3 New York
HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS
ISAAC W. BERNHEIM 1 Denver
REV. D R . HENRY COHEN 1 Galveston
HON. ABRAM I. ELKUS 1 New York
S. W. JACOBS' Montreal
2
Louis E. KIRSTEIN Boston
HON. JULIAN W. MACK 2 New York
HON. SIMON W. ROSENDALE* -.Albany
MURRAY SEASONGOOD1 Cincinnati
1
HON. M. C. SLOSS San Francisco
REV. D R . JOSEPH STOLZ1 Chicago
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE
DR. CYRUS ADLER, Chairman Philadelphia
DR. DAVID S. BLONDHBIM Baltimore
DR. SOLOMON SOLIS-COHEN Philadelphia
REV. D R . H. G. ENELOW New York
REV. D R . HARRY W. ETTELSON Memphis
FELIX N. GERSON Philadelphia
DR. ISAAC HUSIK Philadelphia
RABBI MAX D. KLEIN Philadelphia
DR. JACOB KOHN New York
OSCAR LOEB Philadelphia
DR. MAX L. MARGOLIS Philadelphia
DR. ALEXANDER MARX New York
SIMON MILLER Philadelphia
LEON S. MOISSEIFF New York
D R . JULIAN MORGENSTERN Cincinnati
REV. DR. DAVID PHILIPSON Cincinnati
DR. JOSEPH REIDER Philadelphia
DR. A. S. W. ROSENBACH Philadelphia
DR. FRANK I. SCHECHTER New York
Terms expire In 1932. Terms expire In 1933. Terms expire la 1934.
JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 407
REV. D R . SAMUEL SCHULMAN New York

SAMUEL STRAUSS New York
HENRIETTA SZOLD Jerusalem
JEWISH CLASSICS COMMITTEE

DR. CYRUS ADLER Philadelphia
DR. SOLOMON SOLIS COHEN, Chairman Philadelphia
DR. ISRAEL DAVIDSON New York
REV. D R H. G. ENELOW New York
DR. LOUIS GINZBERG New York
DR. JACOB Z. LAUTERBACH Cincinnati
DR. ALEXANDER MARX New York
REV. DR. DAVID PHIUPSON Cincinnati
REV. DR. SAMUEL SCHULMAN New York
COMBINED BALANCE SHEET

DECEMBER 31, 1930
Assets
Current Assets:
Cash $4,343.11
Cash Awaiting Investment for Erlanger Fund. . 7,000.00
Accounts Receivable—Jewish Publication Society 6,923.00
Accounts Receivable—Hebrew Press 13,210.15
Notes Receivable 518.96
Pledges Receivable 200.00
Inventory—Hebrew Press Work in Process. . . . 5,293.61
Inventory—Jewish Publication Society 9,712.16
Inventory—Classics 774.92
$47,975.91
Investments 19,686.25
Plant, Equipment, Dies, Plates.Type and Furniture 2.00
Prepaid Insurance 47.55
$67,711.71
Liabilities
Current Liabilities:
Accounts Payable—Jewish Publication Society.$4,850.88
Accounts Payable—Hebrew Press 3,706.21
Accrued Salaries 105.00
$8,662.07
Fund Accounts 46,423.88
Surplus 12,625.76
$67,711.71
COMBINED INCOME STATEMENT

JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY AND HEBREW PRESS
FOR YEAR OF 1 9 3 0
Revenues:
Dues $33,059.57
Sales—Hebrew Press 25,479.70
Sales—Jewish Publication Society 23,873.59
Donations 2,975.86
Interest 347.55
$85,736.27
Expenses:
Administrative Expenses 24,464.31
Cost of Publications—Jewish Publication Society 24,974.89
Manufacturing Expenses—Hebrew Press 30,457.57
NET INCOME 5,839.50
$85,736.27
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE JEWISH
PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA
The Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Jewish Publica-
tion Society of America was held at Dropsie College, Broad
and York Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on Sunday
evening, March 29, 1931.
Doctor Cyrus Adler introduced Dr. Judah L. Magnes, as
the speaker of the evening:
The President has given me the privilege of presenting to
you the speaker of the evening. No presentation is neces-
sary, I am sure, but it is a pleasure and a privilege for us to
welcome back into the Publication Society one of our old
assistants, who was for many years a member of our Pub-
lication Committee, and who now, within the past six or
more years having transported himself from California, via
Cincinnati, New York, Berlin, to Jerusalem, has taken his
perch upon that site upon Mt. Scopus, and there has made
the beginnings of the University, which I can say from my
experience with the bulk of such institutions has developed
more rapidly and in a more all around fashion than any
university I have ever heard of or known in so short a
period. Therefore I say, as a thorough American, as a fellow
Publication Society friend, as a fellow Jew, but particularly
as the Chancellor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem,
we welcome Doctor Magnes.
Dr. Judah L. Magnes spoke as follows:
Doctor Adler, Mr. Miller, Members of the Publication
Society, Ladies and Gentlemen:
It is a great honor that you do me to ask me to address
your Annual Meeting, and I cannot proceed with what I
have to say without, in this room and in this presence,
recalling the name of my friend, Judge Sulzberger, whom I
think of constantly as being alive. When one is away and
has not been about when the old and the great pass away,
there is not the same realization of death as there must be
409
for you who are near at hand. Certain vital characters,

certain men of mind and of spirit, impress themselves so
upon one that, at a distance, at least, there seems to be no
difference between the days when they walked the earth
and those many years afterwards since they have gone.
In addressing the Publication Society meeting, you will
not take it amiss, I am sure, if I take advantage of the
opportunity and try to sell my own books—not yours. I
am what, I think, you term a "salesman" or a "promoter,"
or use whatever opprobrious epithet you choose. At any
rate, I have come to this country primarily for the purpose
of bringing to the attention of the public some of the merits,
some of the needs of the Hebrew University. It will be
necessary, of course, to attach the Hebrew University, or
some of its aspects, to some of the aspects of the work over
forty-three years now of the Jewish Publication Society. I
can do this, I presume, no better than by telling you some-
thing of the books of the Hebrew University. On the one
hand, something of the books of its library, or of its libraries,
and, on the other hand, something that I hope is not a rival
concern, the Hebrew University Press Association.
The Library of the Hebrew University is the largest
library in the Near and Middle East. There is no library
that can compare with it in the number of the volumes
catalogued and set up in order upon its shelves. It now has
over 250,000 volumes catalogued and on its shelves. These
250,000 volumes comprise books in many subjects—as
many subjects as there are departments of the University,
but many other subjects besides. The Library is called the
Jewish National and University Library. By National
Library we mean a collection of books that shall include, if
possible, everything having anything to do closely or re-
motely with Judaism and the Jews. By University Library
we mean a library that is to be at the disposal of our
researchers, our teachers and our students, and of the public
generally in Jerusalem and throughout Palestine.
Jerusalem is a favored center for such a library. After
all, the appeal of Jerusalem, the Holy City, goes out to the
farthest ends of the Jewish world. It is moving to see how
each year, from almost every country of the Diaspora,
books, periodicals, manuscripts, photographs, autographs,

come into the Library from friends who are both Jewish and
non-Jewish. During the past year of great stress, the
acquisitions of the Library numbered almost 20,000. You
may be interested to know, for example, that the Smith-
sonian Institution of Washington transports to the Uni-
versity free of charge all books presented to the University
by friends in America. It is for me something of particular
pleasure—in which I take particular pride—going into the
packing room of the Library, to see some of these large
cases stacked up, and in very neat stencilled letters—
"Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.—Hebrew
University, Jerusalem, Palestine." It is the contact of
Jerusalem with all the parts of the Jewish Diaspora that
makes our Library beloved of all the Jewish people.
But the Library in Jerusalem serves a further function of
trying to preserve as many of the treasures as are stored up
in the Oriental Jewish communities as our Library can lay
hands on. You are aware that great treasures have perished.
Only the other day one of the University workers made a
trip to Persia. He was interested in the Shia, that is, one of
the two great arms of Islam, and although he was there for
only two weeks, it was possible for him to secure a consider-
able number of manuscripts and of rare prints bearing upon
the Shia, but more especially manuscripts and prints from
Jewish homes and from Jewish communities which very
likely in the very near future might have perished had not
someone come just to take them. It is literally a fact that
in almost every community of Jews in the Orient there are
rare prints and there are manuscripts which it might well
pay the learned Jewish institutions of America and of
other countries together with the Hebrew University to
equip expeditions to search out and to bring back. Such
expeditions would not cost much money in the fitting out. It
might be expensive to get something here or there, but in
general an expedition sent out by the Hebrew University
in co-operation with other learned organizations would not
require a sum of money that could not rather easily be
secured. This is the first of the suggestions that I should
like to make in making use of the opportunity that you give
me to talk of some of the problems that are confronting us
in Jerusalem. You may be interested to know that the

Library serves all of Palestine in addition to serving the
University and its needs. In Tel Aviv, in Haifa, in nineteen
at least of the Kevuzot, in a number of the colonies, there
are representatives of the University Library who inform
the Library of their needs, and who act as the responsible
recipient and caretaker of the books and periodicals that
are sent. The University usually has on hand, in addition
to the 250,000 volumes, or less or more, as the cataloguing
goes on, at least 10,000 volumes of duplicates. These
duplicates are distributed in Seminar libraries and are
exchanged for books that the library hasn't got. The med-
ical library is the largest and best equipped library of that
sort in the Near and in the Middle East. The collection is
due primarily to two physicians in New York. They have
single-handed, for over five years, been subscribing to over
300 medical periodicals in thirteen languages. These
medical periodicals are placed at the disposal of the phy-
sicians of Jerusalem in a special room at the Strauss Health
Center which is accessible to them. The Mathematics
Library is a great library. It was secured from the widow
of Professor Klein, who was Professor of Mathematics at
the University of Goettingen, and has been added to right
along.
The Islamic Library of the University is considered one
of the greatest libraries of the world. It now has close to
12,000 volumes. One third of these volumes were secured
from the library of the late Professor Goldziher of Budapest.
Two years ago when Sir D. Ross, the principal of the
London School of Oriental Studies, passed through Jer-
usalem on his way to Persia in connection with the organ-
ization of the great Persian Exhibit that was recently
held in London, he said to us that his library in London
was but a baby in comparison, and he made the additional
remark that for the fundamental study of Islam he knew of
no place, either in America or in Europe, or even in all the
world of Islam, to compare with the facilities and the
scholars to be placed at the disposal of any student inter-
ested in the philosophy, religion, art, archaeology, history,
language, social structure, and poetry, of the Arabs or of
the Moslem peoples generally.
But what I want to speak of particularly is, of course, the

Library of the University in Hebraica and Judaica. I have
here a few statistics that may be of interest. In Jerusalem
there are 73,800 volumes in Judaica. That is, 38,200 in
Hebrew, 8,700 in Yiddish, 26,900 in other languages. The
Library contains about 850 manuscripts. Of these about
700 bear upon Judaica. The Library also has 18 incunabula,
and it expects any day the gift of Mr. Shoken of Berlin,
whose collection of incunabula numbers, I think between
50 and 60. Of course, in comparison with the great library
at the Jewish Theological Seminary, or the Library at the
Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, the Judaistic Library
of the Hebrew University takes only third place. For the
Theological Seminary has 84,000 volumes in comparison
with our 73,800, and the Hebrew Union College has 80,000
volumes. In manuscripts the Theological Seminary has, in
comparison with our 700, 6000. The Hebrew Union Col-
lege, 2000. Of incunabula the Theological Seminary has
120, the Hebrew Union College, 80. You will bear in mind,
of course, that these incunabula, and these manuscripts
are for the most part gifts,—that the Hebrew Univer-
sity has no large funds at its disposal for the purpose of
large collections. It is impossible to speak of this Judaistic
collection at the Hebrew University Library without men-
tioning the name of a remarkable man who was its founder.
A good physician, a healer of the body, and of the soul, but a
man who was as poor as a church mouse—a man who
literally died in the poorhouse, Dr. Joseph Chazanovich, of
Bialystok, throughout his life, single-handed, was able to
collect 25,000 volumes which are now in the Hebrew
University Library. They tell of him that when he went to
his patients, it was impossible to pay him in money if he
knew they had some book that he was after, and some of
his patients, who have fortunately survived, say that he
paid much more attention to the books that might be up
in the attic than to the patient in the bed. In other words,
he used his medicine as a spade to dig with.
Two years ago, when the new Library building, the
David Wolffsohn House, was dedicated, the librarian set out
in the exhibit room of the Library a large number of beau-
tiful Italian prints, on magnificent paper, many of them
illuminated; prints that Italian scholars had written, poems

that they had composed for hagigot, for marriages, for
hanukkat ha-bayit, for festive occasions generally, and I
was amazed to see that every one of these beautiful pages
bore the imprint, Ginze Yosef. That is the mark of Joseph
Chazanovich, this doctor far away in Bialystok. There was
no phase of Jewish book printing that he was not interested
in, and the Library has received from the families of a
number of scholars begging letters from him asking for
recently published books many years ago, or asking them
to ask some other author for this or that book. He seems
to have known the name and the address of everyone who
might give him something,—and something for what? That
seems to me just as remarkable as his persistence and his
patience and his intelligence. Give him something for what?
For something that was to be created. He began at least a
generation before. Something that was to be created in
Jerusalem—a National and University Library. What more
beautiful thing can there be than this—that a man should
live through the books of his own people, that he gives to
future generations of that people? Or what more beautiful
thing can there be than this house, which is called David
Wolffsohn House? A man without children, a man whose
estate was left by him for some educational project in
Palestine. His house is there, called by his name. The
librarian uses his table, and his valuable Jewish archives
are around this room; and when we enter David Wolffsohn's
house we are in communion with him, and in communion
with Chazanovich, and in communion with that long and
illustrious line of Jewish scholars who have made possible
the collection of the works of their mind and of their
spirit.
You may be interested to know, some of you who are
concerned with technical matters in libraries, that we have
21}4 workers in the Library. That one-half shows that we
do our work, to use the American term, efficiently. We
would like to point out that 27^2 workers for a collection of
250,000 volumes is a rather small number. The Deutsche
Bucherei reported to have 771,000 volumes, and whose
purpose is similar to ours, except that they want to get
everything concerning "das Deutschthum," employs 120
workers. At Bradford in England, where they have a

library of just about the same size of ours, they have 75
workers. At Ottawa, where they have only 92,000 volumes,
they have 25 workers. In the American Library in Paris,
where they have a yearly accession of 4,641 volumes only,
in comparison with a yearly accession of almost 20,000
volumes with us, they have 21 workers. Now, of course, the
American Library in Paris must show complete American
efficiency, and therefore requires a rather large staff. But
you will agree with me that 27>^ workers in a library con-
taining 250,000 volumes is not such a large number as some
persons have sometimes told us that it was.
We have three of these workers dealing with the Kirjath
Sepher, and it is to this which I wish to come now. A
library pretending to be a national library must, of course,
have a considerable bibliographical section. The Library
has a special bibliographical room, with five desks for
workers, and all the standard bibliographical works gath-
ered in that one room. The purpose of the bibliographical
room is on the one hand to achieve proper and correct
• cataloguing, but on the other hand to lay the basis for the
publication of this Quarterly Bibliographical Review, Kir-
jath Sepher, the City of the Book. Dr. Albright, of Johns
Hopkins, thinks that he is excavating a place near Hebron
that he believes ought to be Kirjath Sepher, but there has
not been any sefer found there yet. This City of the Book
is now seven years old, and four volumes appear every year.
It is the sole bibliographical publication in all the Jewish
world of scholarship. Each number or issue contains certain
notes as to the Library itself, the gifts that we received, the
number of books that have come in—classified in accord-
ance with their departments, then the bibliography. In the
first place, there are all the prints, all the publications, of
whatever nature, in Palestine. In whatever language or on
whatever subject, everything printed in Palestine is there
recorded in its proper place, and if necessary certain critical
bibliographical remarks are made.
The second section is the Sifrut Ivrit and the Madda
'ha-yahadut, Hebrew Learning and Jewish Learning. Under
these headings there are twenty-three divisions—periodical
literature, the history of Jewish learning, the Old Testa-

ment, we call it Madda 'ha-yahadut, Hebrew philosophy,
and other divisions dealing with all phases of Jewish scholar-
ship and of Jewish life, arranged bibliographically, and the
important books receive a special bibliographical notice, or,
indeed, extended criticism. In addition to that, there are
essays and research studies, a considerable number, as we
find them gathered there throughout the year, and then
there is always some publication from among the treasures,
Miginze bet ha-sefarim, either some manuscript or some
study on certain rare prints in the Library, and then there
is a section devoted to correspondence.
This Kirjath Sepher is used by the Library and by the
University very extensively for exchange purposes, and we
have heard from institutions, universities and libraries from
all parts of the world, and by no means all of them Jewish
institutions, that this Kirjath Sepher is of the utmost value
in keeping their Judaistic collections straight and in order.
This Kirjath Sepher is practically what Jerusalem, what
Palestine is expected to be.
It is for the Jewish book a Kibuz Galuyot, a gathering
together in the place where they belong, in the Kirjath
Sepher of Jerusalem, of all the exiles that have been scat-
tered abroad the world, and that have spread their light
abroad in the world, but that require some resting place,—
certainly an appropriate resting place in Jerusalem.
Inasmuch as I have another aspect of the University life
to discuss with you, I shall not want to take too much of
your time in telling you in detail of the treasures that the
University Library contains. I want merely to indicate that
in addition to the manuscripts which the Library actually
possesses, we are making a great endeavor to get as many
photographs of manuscripts in the different libraries of the
world as possible. We have secured photographs of selected
manuscripts from libraries in Russia, Germany, France,
England, Spain, Italy, Turkey, America, Persia, Egypt.
These photographs are, of course, of the utmost value.' I
should like just to mention two of them. Some of the photo-
graphs that have been examined recently by Professor
Epstein, show that he has now in his possession,,,that, js,
that the Library now has in its possession, more than one-
half of the long lost Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai.
The Mekilta published many years ago by Hoffman is not
the Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai at all. Hoffman
collated his Mekilta de Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai from
quotations in other works. The manuscript, the photo-
graphs of the manuscript received in Jerusalem, show that
the Mekilta of Rabbi Shim'on bar Yohai is another book,
and a most important book of that most momentous era.
A second work of great importance and interest which has
been discovered recently upon the basis of some of these
photographs that have come to Jerusalem is the Sefer
ha-Ma'asim, a book which, so it would appear, was men-
tioned once by Rav Hai Gaon about the middle of the
13th Century, who said that his grandfather had heard of a
book by this name, although he himself had never seen it,
and did not know what it was. This book, from the few
fragments that have now been recognized, first in Jerusalem,
now elsewhere, following that lead, seems to be, or to have
been, a kind of protocol of the Bet Din in Jerusalem during
the Byzantine period, a period about which, as you know,
we have very little information. The book is written after
the close of the Babylonian Talmud, that seems to be clear
in accordance with what Professor Epstein says, who thinks
it dates from before the Moslem Conquest. It says nothing
at all about the books of Islam. It contains no Arabic
words. It does, however, contain a great deal of Greek. It
would therefore appear to be clear that it is of the Byzan-
tine epoch, so that the libraries and learned institutions
can secure some of the advantages of manuscripts, even
though they may be poor as we are, having only 700 in
comparison with the thousands in the possession of institu-
tions in this country and elsewhere.
You may be interested to know that the Library is used
by scholars of all races, and all denominations. It is by no
means a rare thing to find in the reading room of the library
(I should like to mention in passing that the Library receives
1,640 periodicals regularly in all subjects, 300 of them, as I
have said, being medical periodicals, which are necessary
because they show the cips from the workshop of the
scholars, and our scholars are far away, and can't wait
until books appear once in a decade, they must keep in
touch with their colleagues through periodical literature), I
say that it is no rare thing to see in the reading room of the
Hebrew University Dominican and Franciscan priests,
Moslem Sheikhs, Jewish scholars from the Yeshivah, and
professors of the Hebrew University, or scholars who are in
Jerusalem for a time, associated with some of the archaeo-
logical or other schools of higher learning. It is not pleasant
for me to say that, but I think I owe it to the Hebrew
University to say that that would seem to be the one place
in all the community where you do find this gathering
together (in another sense) of the exiles, this meeting of the
three great religions that are so intimately associated with
that soil and with that desert, and with that spirit that
seems to hover over the mountains of the Holy Land.
I want now to refer to a second phase of the University's
activities, having something to do with the activities of the
Jewish Publication Society, and that is the Hebrew Uni-
versity Press Association, which is now a little over a year
old. This Kirjath Sepher of the Library is issued by the
Hebrew University Press Association. In addition to that,
there is another Quarterly Review, Tarbiz Bet Midrash,
containing articles on the arts, the humanities, philosophical
subjects however you wish to term them, the work of schol-
ars from all parts of the world, I want to refer you to an
interesting fact that is going to appear in the next number
of Tarbiz. You see I am trying to bring certain things in
on the basis of the general theme of my discourse. I want
to refer you to a very interesting note that was in the Jewish
Bulletin of today, the Jewish Daily Bulletin of March 29.
It says, "Jerusalem. Exploring at Sipori, now known as
Siforia, in Galilee, Dr. E. L. Sukenik today announces that
he has discovered a tomb which the Jews of the Middle
Ages believed to be that of Judah ha-Nasi, compiler of the
Mishnah." (It says here, the original Talmud, I didn't
notice that.) In addition to finding the tomb, Dr. Sukenik
has uncovered a number of other tombs inscribed with the
names of other famous men. And then it says Judah ha-
Nasi lived the last seventy years of his life at a village which
you can see from the hills of Nazareth. I knew that Dr.
Sukenik was after that tomb, and I knew that I was going
to mention his name here for a reason that I will disclose
to you in a moment, but I didn't know that the Bulletin of
today would give me that very good opportunity. I have
here a picture which may be of interest to you—a picture of
that tomb as it had been clearned away by Dr. Sukenik
with another scholar who went out to explore the situation,
and I met with 14 Sheikhs of that region discussing archaeo-
logical problems, that is, finding out how much we had to
pay in order to be able to carry on certain excavations at
that particular tomb. I think perhaps you will be able to
see it as I hold it up. It is the first time it has ever been
shown. You will see what a great block is over the portal
of the entrance, and some of these great blocks are remark-
able for their size, and, Dr. Sukenik told me, remarkable for
their workmanship, and I am telling this to you, of course,
in connection with the Hebrew University Press Associa-
tion. The entrance to the tomb has now been cleared, and
I am glad to say, if this dispatch says what it says, it is
doubtless upon the authority of Dr. Sukenik himself. This
is going to appear in the Tarbiz after the next, so you will
have to get two Tarbiz's if you want to see it.
But the coming Tarbiz is going to contain this. This is
just as remarkable—perhaps more so, because it is some-
thing that will doubtless arouse a great deal of discussion.
It was also mentioned in the press several weeks ago. You
may have seen it. It is an inscription in stone that has the
Hebrew characters of the Hellenistic Period, that is, the
characters between the Siloam Inscription and the Inscrip-
tions of Mippene ha-hurban, just after or just before the
hurban. It was found by Dr. Sukenik in a Russian Mon-
astery on the Mt. of Olives. It has been there for years and
years, and nobody has noticed it; in just the same way as
an ossuary which had the inscription *\ov ~n y w which he
showed at a lecture at Berlin, had been lying around for a
considerable period and nobody seems to have noticed it.
Now this is in Aramaic, and I shall take the opportunity of
showing it to the learned gentlemen of Dropsie College
tomorrow. It is presumably Biblical Aramaic, and I shall
not attempt to read it in Hebrew or in Aramaic, but to give
you a translation. It says, "Hither were brought the bones
of Uzziah, King of Judah. Not to be opened." Just why

this should be in Aramaic of that period is not, of course,
absolutely certain, but Doctor Sukenik's theory is this: the
scholars here will know where the passage is about the
evacuation of the graves about Jerusalem during the Has-
monean Period, particularly under Simon the Maccabee,
who was a great iconoclast. He collected ever so many
stones. Maybe if we dig down deep enough down there we
will find some of them some day. It says also that tombs of
the kings were not evacuated there. Uzziah's burial was
an exceptional thing, and is mentioned exceptionally. And
the theory is that at a certain period these bones were found
in their original place, and that place being no longer a
proper burial place for a king of Judah, were taken during
the Hasmonean period to another place at present unknown,
and this inscription placed at the head of the tomb. The
back of the stone is roughly dressed, showing that it had
been inserted in a wall.
Now what I want to call to your attention is this book.
I am sorry that we have not here a beautifully bound copy,
bound by the Oxford University Press, which is the English
agent of the Hebrew University Press Association. This is
called "The Third Wall of Jerusalem," an account of
excavations by E. L. Sukenik, Jerusalem, in an English and
a Hebrew edition.
Through the generosity of the Dropsie College funds
were placed at the disposal of the Hebrew University for the
publication of this work. We have here a prospectus of the
"Third Wall," issued by the Oxford University Press,
giving a list of the illustrations—42 of them, and an extract
from the introduction, and on the other side a selection of
Hebrew books published at the Hebrew University Press of
Jerusalem.
And here is a lecture by Professor Baer, who expresses his
firm conviction that the epoch of the Middle Ages is not
nearly so low as sometimes we are apt to think it in Jewish
History. On the contrary, it is his expressed view that the
Jewish community in the Middle Ages gave evidence of
great power, which entitles it to be called 'Am Nizhi
(eternal people).
Then there is a book that has just appeared. It has just

come to America. It is a book on the plants of Palestine—
an analytical key. This is the first of two volumes. You can
see what a large volume this is. That indicates to you that
Palestine, that poor tiny country, has an enormous number
of flora. This book was possible only because at the Hebrew
University there is the greatest herbarium of Palestinian
flora in existence. There are 2,000 different varieties of
flora in that tiny country. There are no more than 2,000 in
Germany, which is in the temperate zone. There are by no
means 2,000 in the empire state of New York. The herbar-
ium of the Hebrew University has added to the known
Palestinian flora ten or twelve per cent of the known num-
ber. Professor Bornmuller, who is the great authority on
Palestinian flora added during his lifetime 2%.
This herbarium of the Palestine flora has now for the
first time sent out a centuria of plants, 100 plants for
exchange purposes to the great herbaria of the scientific
institutions and universities of the world. It is because
there is such a herbarium that a book like this of the plants
of Palestine, which is illustrated, which is in Hebrew, but
which has the Latin names of all the plants, was made
possible. This book is by three principals of the Botanical
Department of the Hebrew University, which is one of the
largest and most important departments that the Univer-
sity has, botany being, of course, a basic agricultural
science.
Then there is a History of Modern Hebrew Literature.
It is the first volume of three by Professor Klausner on the
history of modern Hebrew literature. I presume that this
is the first time that modern Hebrew literature has really
been studied.
Then there is a Thesaurus of Gaonic Responsa and Com-
mentaries, by Levine, who began his work before the press
was established. There is then a descriptive catalogue of
Cabbalistic manuscripts on the mystical literature of the
Jews. It is interesting that in Palestine there is so much of
manuscript material on our mystical literature. Palestine
is a mystic place, and it is no wonder that in Safed on the
hills this great school of Mysticism was established and
flourished, about which Professor Schechter wrote so inter-

estingly. Jewish mysticism continues in Palestine up to our
own days. It is entirely unthinkable that a history of Jew-
ish religion, of Jewish religious ideas, could be written
without much more comprehensive studies into our mystic
literature. I venture the assertion that a history of Jewish
religious ideas has not been written until this time because
there has been no adequate study of this great field of our
literature and of our religious expression. This lecturer at
the Hebrew University has published a descriptive catalogue
of the manuscripts in the Library. This is the first catalogue
that the Library has published. Just as I believe there is no
chair in the mystical literature of the Jews in any other
institution of Jewish learning, so too is it interesting that
the first of the volumes of the Library should be a catalogue
of manuscripts of this type.
Then there is a Memoir on F. Rosenzweig, a German
Jewish mystic.
Then there is a translation of a philosophic text. It is
the beginning of a series of translations into Hebrew of
Classic philosophic texts, published for students primarily,
for ten piastres, 50 cents. The first of these volumes to have
been published is Descartes' Discourse on Method. It was
translated actually by a student of the University under the
direction of Professor Leon Roth, Professor of Philosophy at
the University. A number of other manuscripts are in
preparation, so that in this way Hebrew philosophical
literature is being enriched by the publication of transla-
tions from classic philosophical literature.
There is in press also a Concordance of the Tosefta,
which is being prepared by Rav Kassofsky, and which is
being subventioned by the Academy for Jewish Research
in America, and it is hoped within a year this monumental
volume may appear.
How I have told you something of the Library of the
Hebrew University, and I have told you something of the
Press Association of the Hebrew University, something of
the books of that intellectual and spiritual center of the
Jewish people. You know it was the Koran that called us
the 'Am ha-sefer, the People of the Book. Sometimes we
were called that with approval, and sometimes with oppro-

brium. The Jews, at any rate, have always regarded this
title, 'Am ha-sefer, as a title of great distinction. Perhaps
we have been led at times too much into books by reason of
the oppression, political and economic, to which we have
been subjected. Perhaps we think too much of the powers of
education, and believe that salvation, complete salvation,
can be had through books, through education, through
colleges, through universities. There is much more in life
than that. Nevertheless, Judaism is unthinkable without
the book. The book was at the beginning the Great Book,
and it accompanied us wherever we went. The book is
today our most sacred, most precious possession. We
should try to get all of us to develop the Jewish book. We
should try to bring about that conference of the Hakme
Yisrael which we have talked about so many years, if for
no other purpose than to talk over these great projects of
the Jewish book. All of the Jewish learned institutions in
the world should come together and work out a project in
common in order that our Classic texts, our basic docu-
ments, the materials out of which we draw water and life,
may be properly edited and brought into Jewish life with
all their glory and their force. The Hebrew Bible should
bear the imprint of Jerusalem, and not of the London Jews'
Missionary Society. The Mishnah should bear the imprint
of Jerusalem. The Palestinian Talmud should bear the
imprint of Jerusalem. All these great documents, these
classic works, these sources of our mind and of our life,
must be brought into the light and edited as though they
were worthy of respect. Just as patristic literature is edited
by the Church, as the literature of Greece and Rome is
edited by academies and by institutes, the underbrush
should be cleared away and all the scholars of Jewry, as an
agudah ahat, united, should plot out this great work of
bringing into the light and into life these books that have
remained to us. Without these books we cannot delve into
our own minds, or go down deep into our own souls. We
derive from these books up to this day.
Should we not therefore, Jewish Publication Society,
Hebrew University Press Association, and all the other
institutions of learning in Jewry, come together in order
that we may help one another, in order that we may

dream highly, in order that we may once for all see what it
is that we want to publish? If we know what we want to
do, and if we can try to find the men who will do it, I have
not the slightest doubt in the world that funds, however
large they may be will be forthcoming.
We are there on the hill, and we look out over the whole
Jewish world, East and West. It is the lighthouse which the
ships passing can see. The Jewish community is breaking
up in many of its ancient centers, and there is wandering
and passing and despair. That lighthouse gives some of
them hope as they wander from shore to shore, over all the
seas of the globe, but that lighthouse should give all of us
hope and encouragement, even though we be centered in
fixed, stable communities, for though our bodies may not
be tossing on the deep, our spirits are storm-tossed, and we
do not know our compass. It is these books that will let us
see through their windows into the past in order that we
may look with enlightenment and with open eyes into the
long vista of the future.
Alabaraal JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 425
MEMBERS
ALABAMA
Andalusia Mobile
Berman, S. M. LIFE MEMBERS
Bessemer Brown, Leo M., Box 953
Kahn, S., 250 Church
Erlick, Sam. 1701.Clarendon Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Birmingham Gabriel, Heyman, 73 N. Reed Av.
Kohn, M., 55 S. Bayou
Adler. Ike, 116M N. 21st Schwarz, Leon, City Hall
Bengis, Rabbi A., 1301 S. 22nd Shaaray Shomayim Cong., 19 S. Water
Beth-El Sunday School, Highland Ave-
and Beech
Emanu El Congr. S. S. 2100 Highland Av. Montgomery
Feldstein, J., 1620 S. 15th Av.
Friedman, J., 2126 16th Av. S. LIFE MEMBER
Newfield. Rabbi M.. 2100 Highland Av. Schloss, Mrs. B., 128 Sayre
Shevinsky, F.. 210 N. 18th LIBRARY MEMBER
Y. M. H. Ass'n., 700 N. 18th
Greil, M. L.. Box D
Ensley ANNUAL MEMBERS
Goldstein, S., 1720 Av. G. Kahl. Montgomery
Mount, Dr. B., Bell Bldg.
Gadsden
Frank, Ferd, 802 Chestnut Selma
Hecht. Hugo H. Cong. Mishkan Israel
ARIZONA
Douglas Phoenix
Kline, M., P. O. Box 1079 Berger. B., 602 N. 5th Av.
Levy, B., 1100 10th Sitkin, Dr. F. L., 302 W. Moreland
Glendale
Left*. Dr. M, I.. 55 N. 2nd Av. Tucson
Bergman, Rabbi M., 1640 N. Campbell
Nogales Av.
Bracker, Chas. J. Rosenfeld, B.. 446 S. 3d
ARKANSAS
Fayetteville Hot Springs

Menorah Society Univ. of Arkansas Fellheimer. H., Box 85
Leo N. Levi Memorial Hospital Ass'n.,
Nafl Park
Fort Smith
Cohen, Louis, 923 N. 6th Little Rock
Marks, M. H.. 1217 N. 13th Lasker, Mrs. H., 2200 Arch
Teitelbaum, Rabbi S.. United Heb. Cong. Safferstone, I. L., 2205 Arch
426 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [California
CALIFORNIA
Berkeley Cohen, H. K., 110 N. Alexandria Av.

B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 2600 Deutsch, Jacob, 1040 S. Los Angeles
Bancroft Way Dubin, Rabbi M. H., 636 S. Hobart Blvd.
Kay, Joseph, 2301 Rose Ter. Edelman, Dr. D. W., 1052 W. 6th
Popper, Dr. Wm., 529 The Alameda Epstein A., 5165 Denker
Farbstein, J., 949 Date
Beverly Hills Fisch, A., 2040 N. Berendo
Fox, S. E., 136 N. Vista
Baff, Wm. E., 221 N. Wetherly Dr. Frank, M., 695 S. Wilton PI.
Frankenberg, B., 613 N. Sierra Dr. Frankel, J., 801 S. Manhattan PI.
Laemmle. C , 1051 Benedict Canyon Rd. Friedman, G., 6425 Hollywood Blvd.
Magnin, Rabbi E. F., 615 Walden Dr. Gerecht, E. F., 418 Fay Bldg.
Glasband, L., 918 N. Kenmore Av.
Folsom Goldman, B. M., 916 Garfield Blvd.
Wahrhaftig, P. S. Route 1, Box 28 Gumbiner, H. L., B'way & 8th
Haber, P. R., 1742 Westmoreland Blvd.
Hollywood Hackel, Aaron Wm., 203 S. Citrus Av.
Harris, F. E., 675 S. Westmoreland Av.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Hellman, Irving H., 7th & Spring
Covalerchek, M., 6345 Fountain Av. Hollzer, Judge H. A., 245 S. Norton Av.
Kress, S., 2218 N. New Hampshire Kahn, P. M.. 502a S. Hobart Blvd.
Tuch, S., 1933 N. Hobart Blvd. Karl, P., 207 S. Main
Levi. B., 1248 Wholesale
ANNUAL MEMBERS Levine, H., 140 S. Rio
Louis, A. L., 606 N. Spaulding Av. Lieberman, J. J., 916 Garfield Bldg.
Rosenberg, Rev. A., 5637 Dc Longpre Av. Lince, J. B., 421 Ass'd. Realty Bldg.
Strasburg, M., 6730 Hollywood Blvd. Lindenbaum, Morris, 1922 W. 22nd
Lindenberger, H., 201 Currier Bldg.
Huntingdon Park Lipman, S., 843 S. Los Angeles
Lipsitch, I. I., 742 S. Hill
Levin. B., 6515 S. Miles Av. Lissauer, Rabbi H., 747 S. Hill
Mathews, F. D., 7122 Marconi Los Angeles Public Library
Shapiro, H., 6409 Pacific Blvd. . Lyon, Dr. L. O., 1824 W. 38th PI.
Maharam, Mrs. E., 2618 Edgehill Dr.
Long Beach Naumofl, I., 415 Metropolitan Bldg.
Taback, L., 1550 E. Anaheim Nordlinger, L. S., 515 S. Lorraine Blvd.
Temple Israel Rel. Schl., 439 W. Anaheim Potter, D. M., 511 Chapman Bldg.
Av. Prell, J. I.. 675 S. Crenshaw Blvd.
Preluzsky, Jos. I., 460 S. Spring
Los Angeles Religious Sch. B'nai B'rith, 636 S.
PATRON Hobart Blvd.
Schulberg, B. P., 525 Lorraine Blvd. Riche, Aaron, 4619 Rosewood Av.
Rittenberg, Mrs. Lena, 515 S. Cummings
LIBRARY MEMBERS Rolston, L. J., 6611 W. 6th
Cummings, O. P., 305 Bk. of Hollywood Rosanoff, Dr. A. J., 2007 Wilshire Blvd.
Bldg. Rosenblum, A., 314 S. Alexandria
Friedman, P., 619 Municipal Water & Rosenthal, A. B., 669 S. Union Av.
Power Bldg. Rubin, I. R., 1620 4th Av.
Jewish Inst. of Los Angeles, 208 Beaux Sadler, S., 108 N. Sycamore
Arts Bldg. Savetnick, D., 210 N. Berendo
Lazard, Mrs. E. M., 547 S. KingsleyDr. Saylin, Dr. G. J., 2202 Brooklyn Av.
Los Angeles Lodge 48 7,1.0. B. B. Schapiro, J. G., 704 Lincoln Bldg.
Newmark, M. R., 977 Arapahoe Scheinman, Judge B. J., Municipal Court
Robinson, A., 3250 Waverly Dr. Schireson, L., 2907 Hillcrest Dr.
Salinger. N., 1256 S. 7th Schutz. M. B., 258 S. Harvard Blvd.
Temple Emanuel, 631 S. Manhattan PI. Schwartzman, T. I., 1907 W. 6th
Segall, Dr. G., 6411 Melrose Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Shapiro, J., 609 S. Gramercy PI.
Arnold, J. K., 152 S. Sycamore Av. Shapiro, N., 214 S. Spring
Baiter, H. G., 1513 Murray Dr. Shapiro, P., 628 Hellman Bldg.
Behrstock, I., 803 Metropolitan Bldg. Shapiro & Shapiro, 1307 Edgecliffe Dr.
Benjamin, I. B., 712 Union Bk. Bldg. Silberberg, M. B., 609 S. Grand Av.
Bennett, S., 644 S. Citrus Silver, I., 223 S. Catalina
Bernstein, D. B., 723 Chapman Bldg. Silvennan, Rev. A., 319 S. Berendo
Brown, C , 432 S. McCadden PI. Silverman, Wm., 2030 N. Edgemont
Cahn, Henry S., 629 S. Norton Av. Sohmer, Theo., 237 S. Los Angeles
California] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 427
Steinberg, J., 134 S. Van Ness Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Tannenbaum, D., 6215 Del Valle Dr. Alter, Marcus, 248 Davis
Trachman, Dr. H. J., 6306 Drexel Av. Bender, Albert M., 1369 Post
Wellington, Rev. S. A., 619 N. Kingsley Bernstein, Wm., 1165 Davisadero
Dr. Cohn, Miss Pauline, 1732 Geary
Wolpe, A. S., 408 S. Spring Dinkelspiel, H. G. W., 333 Montgomery
Fried, Rev. Michael, 295 14th Av.
Merced Goldman, Heim, Russ Bldg.
Wolf, George Gruhn, J. M., 1798 Broadway
Harris, Rabbi M., 1st Ave and Lake
Herzberg, S. A., 1119 Fillmore
Oakland Hyman, Mrs. Jos., Fairmont Hotel
LIBRARY MEMBER
Jacobi, J. J., Hotel Mark Hopkins
Jewish Com. Personal Ser., 447 Sutter
Jewish Community Center Kahn. Wm., 1707-35 Howard
Lesser, J., 52 Palm Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Levey, E. C, 114 Sansome
Coffee, Rabbi R. I.. 28th & Webster Levison, J. B., 2420 Pacific
Joslyn, M. A., 537 Foothill Blvd. Levy, M. H., 436 O'Farrell
Samuels, Dr. H. J., 1319 Central Bk. Newman, Juda, 110 Market
Bldg. Reichert, Rabbi I. F., Temple Emanuel
Sapper, H. J.. 732 14th Roeder, S. M., 1302 Humboldt Bk. Bldg.
SHverstein, B., Tribune Tower Samuelson, S., 30 Cornwall
Savannah, M., 1830 Clay
Schmulowitz, N., 625 Market
Ocean Park Schwabacher, L. A., Hotel St. Francis
Feldstein, M., Merritt Jones Hotel Sloss, Mrs. M. C, 1830 Jackson, Apt. F
Temple Eraan. E. Rel. School, Lake &
Pasadena Arguella Blvd.
Waiss, Milton, 216 Market
Kavinsky, Dr. N., 410 Anita Dr. Wolff, Harry K., 408 Balfour Bldg.
Y. M. and Y. W. H. A.. 121 Haight
Piedmont
Camp, H., 25 King Av. Santa Monica
Lippman, J., 142 Adelaide Dr.
Sacramento
Davis, H., 830 45th Santa Rosa
Lubin, S. J., 1300 39th Rosenberg, Max, 511 B
San Diego Stockton
PATRON Ryhim Ahoovim G©Bgr., P. O. BOK 40S
Hillkowitz, S., Box 223 Stein, I. F., 33 S. Eldorado
ANNUAL MEMBERS Torrance
Fox, S. I., 1004 24th Isenstein, P., 2067 Carson
Wolf, Hyman S.. 524 " F "
Van Nuya
San Francisco Trachtenberg, Marck
LIFE MEMBERS
Ehrman, M., 2618 Jackson Venice
Gross, D., Bellevue Hotel
Levi. J., Jr., c/o H. Levi Co. Liknaitz, Dr. D. L., 745 Amoroaa
Neustadter, Mrs. J. H.. Hotel St. Francis
P.O8enthal, I. L., 177 Post Walnut Park
Weil, L. P., c/o Buckingham & Hecht Rosen. L., 7903 S. Seville
PATRON
B'nai B'rith Library, 149 Eddy Watsonvllle
LIBRARY MEMBER
LIBRARY MEMBERS Curiel, H., P. O. Box Q
Cerf, Dr. Alvin E., 1080 Flood Bldg.
Kahn, Helen L., 1100 Sacramento
Redlick, Henry, 98 Jordan Av.
Spector, D. S., Rialto Bldg. Borach, B..
428 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (Connecticut
COLORADO
Colorado Springs Levy, Dr. M., 709 Republic Bldg.
Newman, A., 1221 N. Cascade Av. Lorber, J. N., 1689 Adams
Schaefer, Dr. S. W., 1029 N. Nevada Av. Miller, Dr. E. A., 798 Josephine
Miller, Dr. L. I., Metropolitan Bldg.
Denver Morris, Ernest, 815 Symes Bldg.
Nat. Jew. Hosp. for Consumptives, 3800
PATRON E. Colfax Av.
Bernheim. I. W.. 825 York Neusteter, Meyer, 1243 Filmore
Pells, H. J., 325 Denham Bldg.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Priess, S., 645 Madison
B. M. H. Religious School, 16th & Radetsky, M. S., 768 Gilpin
Gaylord Radinsky, A. D., 3025 W. 21st Av.
Boscowitz, S., 2744 W. Colfax Av. Samuels, I., 1795 Grape
Bronfin, Dr. I. D., 3800 E. Colfax Av. Schaefer, Mrs. S. H., 716 Monroe
Chernoff, H., 951 Steele Schayer, M. S., Empire Bldg.
Cowen, A. B., 636 Symes Bldg. Schlesinger, M. H.. 181 Race
Dveirin, Dr. H. E., 650 Corona Schockett. H., 1573 Osceola
Friedman Rabbi W. S., 733 E. 8th Av. Schwartz, H. J., 1255 Humboldt
Fruitless, H. H., 605 16th Shubart, B., 2241 Clermont
Goldberg, S. M., Ernest & Cranmer Bldg. Strauss, M. J., 1300 Lafayette
Goldberg, W. H., 926 University Bldg. Denver National H. for Jew. Children
Grauman, L., 788 Milwaukee The Expatients Tubercular Home
Heller, Simon J.. 515 E. & C. Bldg. Waskin, J. M., 1637 Lawrence
Hillkowitz, Dr. P., 236 Metropolitan Bldg. Wolff, J. L., 2020 Albion
Kauvar, Rabbi C. H.t 1220 Elizabeth Zigmond, Jos., 301 Quincy Bldg.
CONNECTICUT
Ansonla Hartford
Luria, K., 120 S. Cliff LIFE MEMBER
Herrup, Sol. R.. 435 Farmington Av.
Bridgeport ANNUAL MEMBERS
Brody, Sam'I., 138 Parrott Av. Albrecht, A. S., 983 Main
Cohen, H. L., 945 Main Baum, D.. 533 Park
Covitt, P., 1286 Laurel Av. Block, A., 32 S. Quaker Lane
Elson, Irving, 1401 Fairfield Av. Cantarow, Dr. J. I., 63 Campfield Av.
Engelman, S., 945 Main Clavan, A. M.. 21 Darien
Finkelstone, L. S., Liberty Bldg. Dolgin, Mrs. J., 31 Westbourne Pkwy.
Goldstein, H. A., 945 Main Epstein, H. I., 750 Main
Hirsch, Marcus. 288 State Feldman, Rabbi A. J.. 145 Ballard Dr.
Hoffman, M., 209 Knowlton Fisher, Miss A.. 67 Westboume Pkwy.
Klein, J. B., 164 State Gendler, A. I.. 313 Wethersfield Av.
Kotler, I. L., 1586 North Av. Glatzer, J.. 76 Plainfield
Lifshist, Ely, 1629 North Av. Goldberg, Dr. A., 13 Keney Ter.
Martin, Rabbi A. L., 12 Beechwood Av. Goldenthal, M. L., 79 Maplewood Av.
Mellitz, Sam'I., 2681 Fairfield Av. Goldenthal, M., 181 Westbourne Pkwy
Resnick, M. E., 110 Westfield Av. Greenberg, L. J., 75 Pearl
Rosen, Dr. M. S., 493 Fairfield Av. Hartford Piiblic Library
Schine, I. E., 420 Brooklawn Av. Hartman, E. M., 160 N. Oxford
Shapiro, J. G., 945 Main Herrschaft, Miss E. L.. 320 Ann
Spector. J. I., 1880 Park Av. Hershman, S., 27 Colebrook
Tenple Lib'y, Fund, 420 Brooklawn Av. Hoffenberg, Jos. A., 31 Seyms
Wets, Dr. H. H., 1026 State Hoffman, Abraham, 35 Brook
Weiss, A. B., 1115 Main Katz, Louis H., 20 Lorraine
Kellin, S., 84 Plainfield
Kopplemann, H. P., 83 Canton
Bristol Levine, H., 10 Hebron
Appell, D. A.. 107 N. Main Levine, H., 128 Greenfield
Levine, Dr. Sinclair S., 1563 Main
Liftig, Dr. M. D.. 524 Albany Av.
Fairfield Mellamed, Miss M. E., 119 Capitol Ay.
Mosesson V., 208 Cornwall
Schnee, S. N.
Connecticut] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 429
Neiditz. M. J., 86 Colebrook Kraft, Herman, 87 Norton
Older, M., 56 Highland Lesnow, S., 577 Ellsworth Av.
Radin, R. J., 25 Brettan Rd. Lesnow, W., 5 Collis
Rosenthal, S., 408 Farmington Av. Levine, E., 192 Goffe Ter.
Rulnick, S. D., 81 Love Lane Linderman, L., 154 Orange
Schwalsky, J., 983 Main Lipofsky, I., 275 Winthrop Dr.
Scoler, E., 119 Magnolia Lowenthal, H.. 208 McKinley Av.
Shapiro, A., 336 Trumbull Mishkan Israel Temple, Box 1672
Silverman, Rabbi M., 195 Ridgefiald Orchowsky, Miss A., 329 Whally Av.
Solomon, M., 62 Putnam Rubin, A., 320 Central Av.
Taylor, R., 904 Main Sachs. M., 84 Oak
Vershbow, Dr. N., 28 Sisson Av. Schwartzman, A., 1867 Chapel
Wernick, Dr. B., 6 Deerfield Av. Schwartzman, E., 83 Meadow
Willens. J., 2185 Main Schwartzman, L., 1563 Boulevard
Yatky, M. M., 342 Franklin Av. Shrebnik, J. I., 152 Temple
Y. M. & Y. W. H. Ass'n. 320 Ann Silverman, S., 144 Gilbert Av.
Zinman, H., 28 Oakland Ter. Siskin, Rabbi E. E., Orange and Audobon
Stone, H., 69 Colony Rd.
Merldan Ullman, A. S.. 185 Church
Ullman, Jos. A., 115 Linden
Rosenberg, Dr. H. S>, 60 Pleasant Weinberg, S., 1565 Boulevard
Weinstein, D. G., 133 VisU Ter.
New Britain Weller H., 425 George
Clark. B. F.. 5d Robert Wolfe, Isaac. 42 Church
Davis, L. E., 24 Vance Yale University Library
Levinthal, A. J., 290 Hart Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., 304 Crown
Le Witt, G.. 85 Russell
Milcowitz, H., Vance New London
Mohill, L., 297 Main Horowitz, Col. N., Post Office Bldg.
Nair, D. L., 81 Columbia Av. Spitz, E., 410 Bank
Nair. I., 13 Vine
Rosenberg, L., 769 Arch
Saxe, M. D., 74 Hart Shelton
Shurberg, S., 45 Columbia Krieger, A.
Sokol, D.. 760 Arch
Sokol. M.. 80 Grove Hill Stamford
Winkle. F., 338 Main Adler, Noah. 135 Main
Altman, L. M., 110 Washington Av.
New Haven Nemoiten, Dr. J., 96 Main
Presman, B., 578 Atlantic
Baker. M. L., 331 East Siegelbaum, A., 302 Summer
B'nai, Jacob S. School. 347 George Wilk, M. M., 69 Lafayette
Bogin, N., 98 Anita Winograd, Rabbi S., 8 Florence Pk.
Bolton, C, 158 Goffe Ter.
Botwinik, Mrs. F., 216 Goffe Ter.
Botwinik, Hyman. 450 Norton Waterbury
Botwinik, S., 545 Ellsworth Av. Amdur, A. J., 322 Pine
Brody, H., 108 Orange Birenbaum, H., 781 Pine
Canter, J. G., 129 Bishop Greenblatt, Mrs. C, 33 Columbia Blvd.
Caplan, Jacob, 115 Westwood Rd. Greenblatt, Mrs. I. F., 30 Kaytonne Av.
Chapnick, B. M., 433 Wash. Av. Jennes, J. K., 18 Crescent
Chapnick, J. M., 53 W. Rock Av. Schwartz, Rabbi H. E., 122 Plaza Av.
Cutler, A., 507 Sherman Av. Shimkopf. Rabbi M. D., 24 Woodlawn
Drazen. Mrs. D., 10 Norton Ter.
Drazen, H., 364 Central Av. Solomon, Mrs. A., 34 Farmington Av.
Free Public Library Spirit, Morris, 129 Willow
Friedman, A. M., 786 Orange Stoll. I., 134 E. Main
Gans, Dr. L. R., 124 Everit Vineburg, Mrs. C, 36 Irving
Garber, S.. 853 Edgewood Av. Walzer, Chas., 252 Hillside
Goldman, B. F., 75 Brownell
Goldman, W. H., 173 McKinley Av.
Gordon, Israel, 152 Temple Watervllle
Greenberg, Rabbi L., 1606 Chapel Kramer, S., 45 Wheeler
Heyman, J. H.. 615 Central Av.
Hoffman, Bernard E., 293 Division West Haven
Isenberg, M., 29M B'way
Jacobs. A.. 7 Waverly PI. Jacobs, Jacob, 29 Martin
Kleiner. Isaac L., 188 Livongston Unger, Mrs. F., 797 Savin Av.
430 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Florida
DELAWARE
Dover Chaitken, S., 4th & Orange
Cong. Beth. Emeth. School, 911
Shindler, B., P. O. Box 85 Washington
Finger, Aaron, 2305 Harrison
Seaford Finger, M., 805 W. 23rd
LIBRARY MEMBER Finkelstein, I. B., 1618 Franklin
Ginns, O., 424 McCabe Av.
Van Leer, Chas. Ginsburg, A., P. O. Box 33
Keil, Max, 2103 Boulevard
Wilmington Lange, L., 706 Tatnall
Levy, Morris, 708 N. Rodney
LIBRARY MEMBER Miller, N., 703 N. Broome
Himber, J., 517 W. 3d Muderick. B., 17 E. 3rd
Orlick, J., 636 W. Fourth
ANNUAL MEMBERS Rich, B. O., 2420 Madison
Barsky, Nathan, 904 West Rosenblatt, Jacob, 312 W. 14th
Bell, R., 1521 W. 6th Rosenblatt, Louis, 2206 Jefferson
Berger, E. A., 508 King Rubenstein, H., 420 W. 22nd
Breuer, Chas. K., 1505 Delaware Av. Sayer, A., 18th & Market
Breuer, Max, 2601 N. Franklin Shapiro, A. Z., 406 King
Budin, L., 1216 West Tqpkis, Harry. 413 W. 21st
Cannon, E. S., 328 Del. Tr. BIdg. ' Wilmington Institute Free Library
Cannon, S., 843 King Wolters. Mrs. R. W.. 600 N. Broome
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington Hershfield, I., 1115 Connecticut Av.,
PATRON N. W.
Herzmark, D., 705 Florida Av.
Friedenwald.Dr. H., 1509Sixteenth,N.W. Kaufman. E. I.. 1415 H. N. W.
LIBRARY MEMBERS
Loeb. Rabbi J. T., 222 Eye, N. W.
Matz, J.. 3610 "S", N. W.
Brandeis, Justice Louis D., Florence Mintz. I., 938 F. N. W.
Court West Newhouse. Dr. Benj.. 4213 16th, N. W.
Gichner. F. S., 1214 D. St.. N. W. Peyser, J. I.. 1518 "K". N. W.
Hecht, Alex., 515 7th. N. W. Philips, J. L., 5029 7th, N. W.
Lyon, Simon, 2029 Conn. Av. Rhoade, Max, 205 Union Trust Bldg.
Rosenberg, M. D., 7th & E. Rudolph, S., 3712 Military Rd.
Sachs. W. M., 1513 Webster, N. W.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Selis, A. C . 1410 Taylor, N. W.
Behrend, R. B., 1315 F.. N. W. Shalowitz. A. L.t 124 Webster, N. W.
Berg, John, 1022 Nat'l Press Bldg. Simon, Rev. A., 3722 Harrison
Berman, Miss Sonia, 1007 "E", N. W. Stein, J. M., 523 13th
Bornet, D., 3627 Ordway N. W. Tepper, J. L., 3733 Northampton
deFord, A. V., 1673 Columbia Rd., N. W. The Jewish Welfare Federation, 711 "G",
Fishman, I.. 3134 19th, N. W. N. W.
Freedman, J., 1630 Webster, N. W. Tobriner, Leon, 932 Southern Bldg.
Goldman, H., 208 Rhode Island Av., Wallack, N. N., 3933 Military Rd., N. W.
N. W. Washington Heb. Cong.. 816 8th. N. W.
Gottlieb. L. S., 2814 Conn. Av., N. W. Wilner, J. A., 2603 Conn. Av., N. W.
Heilprin, G. F., 1329 F, N. W. Wolpe, J. H., 3302 14th, N. W.
FLORIDA
Arcadia Klepper, S. J.. 1711 College
Rosin, S. Peiser. I., 2142 Pearl
Rubin, Mrs. Max. 2063 Post
Ft. Pierce Wiesel, Rabbi A. S., Silver and W. Third
Holtsberg, Max
Jacksonville Miami
Hirschberg. Julius, 1417 Blvd. Apte. D. J.. 1725 N. W. 7th Av..
Kaplan, Rabbi Israel L., Laura & Ashley Cohen; I.. Sll Biscayne Bk. Bldg.
Illinois] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 431
Feibelman, H. U., Box 2750 Tampa
Kaplan. Rev. Dr. J. H., 249 N. E. 17th
Ter. Maas, Ernest, 835 S. Edison Av.
Weisfeld. Rabbi I. H., 139 N. W. Third Steinberg, C. S., 3705 Tenth
Av. Zielonka, Rabbi D. L., Bayshore Colonial
Hotel
Pensacola
Friedmann, Rev. Dr. M., Temple Beth El
GEORGIA
Albany Columbus
Landau, Rev. E. A., 511 Commerce LIBRARY MEMBER
Athens Hirsch, Miss Addie, 1113 Fourth Av.
Michael. M. G., Box 22 ANNUAL MEMBER
Morris. Lee, 190 Univ. Dr. Rosenthal. Rabbi F. L., 1528 4th Av.
Atlanta Elberton
Alexander, H. A., 723 Piedmont Av., N.E. Patz. S., College Av.
Goettinger, B., 160-64 Trinity Av.. S. W.
Goldstein, M. F., 37 Park Lane La Granite
Haas, Herbert J., 616 Ponce de Leon Av. Goldstein, Mrs. Pauline
Heyman, Arthur, 507 Conally Bldg.
Hlrsch, Harold. 70 Waverly Way Macon
Jacobs, H. S., 1116 Piedmont Av., N. E.
Jewish Educational Alliance, 318 Capitol Glickman. Rabbi H. Z., 820 Second
Ay., S. E.
Levitas, Louis J., 25 Poplar Savannah
Marx, Rev. D., 1017 St. Charles Av., Jewish Edu. Alliance, 328 Barnard
N E Lieberls, R., 314 Huntington E.
Montag, Mrs. A., 928 Oakdale Rd. Pinsker, Wm., c/o Jew. Edu. Alliance
Saltzman, N. H.. 49 Windsor Solomon. Rabbi G., 19 E. 46th
Schifler, S., 161 Spring St. Bldg., N. W.
West Point
Augusta Hagedorn, Mrs. Philip, 701 Heyman
Leiser. Rabbi J., 2251 Central Av. Heyman. Miss Bertha. Box 129
ILLINOIS
Alton LIBRARY MEMBERS
Olian, Leo S., 710 E. B'way Ascher, F., 3229 S. Ashland Av.
Becker, J. H.. 100 S. La Salle
Aurora Frankenstein, W. B., 840 N. Michigan
Av.
Joseph, I., 240 Oak Av. Glick, L. G., 835 S. Hermitage Av.
Swimmer, J., 1202 Galena Blvd. Grossman, M. M., 32 W. Randolph
Zidell. J., 364 Grand Av. Jafle, E. M., 1020 W. 36th
Kaplan, N. D., 1520 Westminster Bldg.
Champaign Klein, H.. Windermere Hotel
Hlllel Foundation. 625 E. Green Kline, S., 310 S. Michigan Av.
Kuhn, Isaac Levine, Wm., 105 W. Madison
Loeb, A. F., 6738 Ridgeland Av.
Chicago Lurie. Max, 3539 W. 26th
Newberger, Dr. Chas., 310 S. Mich. Av.
LIFE MEMBERS Platt, S. P., 320 W. Jackson Blvd.
Lidov, Mrs. S. J.. 140J4 N. Parkside Av. Rigot, M., 225 N. Wabash Av.
Rosenwald, Julius, 4901 Ellis Av. Romberg, Mrs. E., 5490 S. Shore Dr.
Rosenblatt. S. J., 110 S. Dearborn
PATRON Rubovits, T., 4439 Drexel Blvd.
De Lee. Dr. J. B., 5028 Ellis Av. Schur, Mrs. Herman, 5125 Ellis Av.
432 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK ! Illinois
Smidt, J., 6309 N. Francisco Av. Delson, Louis J.. 32 W. Randolph

Sultan, Wm., 120 E. Pearson Dentlebaum, Leopold, Chicago Beach
Turner. Rabbi J., 4167 Ogden Av. Hotel
Weinfeld, Chas., 6746 Bennett Av. Diamond, Jacob, U S . La Salle
Worm6er, L. F., 4912 Woodlawn Av. Dottenheim .H. H.. 4745 Kenwood Av.
Dulsky, Louis, 29 S. La Salle
ANNUAL MEMBERS Dushkin, Dr. A. M. 1800 Selden
Abram, Harry, 3930Lexington Eger, A., 1358 Madison Pk.
Alpha Zeta Gamma Dental Fraternity, Ehrlich, A. M., 64 W. Randdolph
3154 Diversey Av. Einstein, D. G., 1419 Conway Bldg.
Andalman, M. N., 5528 Indiana Av. Eisenstaedt, R., 222 N. Bank Dr.
Andalman, Mrs. S. J., 527 W. 62d Eisenstein, S., 1347 Greenleaf Av.
Arial, H., 3712 Douglas Blvd. Elenbogen, H., 3222 Lawrence Av.
Arkin, M., 160 N. La Salle Elfenbaum, Dr. A., 3460 Lawrence Av.
Arkin, Dr. M. L., 5045 N. Ridgeway Av. Elkan, H., 833 Haines
Augustus, M., 208 S. La Salle Emanuel Sab. Sch., 701 Buckingham PI.
Bauer, Lester L., 56 W. Randolph Enelow. B. F., 110 S. Dearborn
Becker, A.. 5038 N. St. Louis Av. Englander, Rabbi D., 3625 Leland Av.
Becker, Mrs. A. G., 100 S. La Salle Epstein, A., 3547 W. Adams
Benjamin, Dr. S., 7359 Chappel Feigen, A. P., 536 Brompton Av.
Bensinger, B. E., 623 S. Wabash Av. Feingold, I. T., 5050 Drexel Blvd.
Berkman, Mrs. H., 5480 Blackstone FeJdman, M. J., 2430 E. 74th
Bernstein, A. L., 6730 Merrill Av. Felsenthal, Eli B., 69 W. Wash.
Bernstein, Fred, 7025 Cregier Av. Finder, J., 6836 Michigan Av.
Bernstein, G., 5910 S. Carpenter Fisher, H. H., 5412 Ingelside Av.
Bernstein & Gordon, 77 W. Washington Fisher. J.. 33 N. La Salle
Bernstein, G. D., 5476 Hyde Pk. Blvd. Fisher. Dr. M.. 3300 Douglas Blvd.
Bernstein, H. H., 5316 Greenwood Av. Fishman. S. Y., 1063 Columbia Av.
Bernstein. M. A., 500 S. Wells Fleischman, M., 3347 W. Monroe
Bernstein. S., 4425 Magnolia Av. Foreman, Oscar G.. 33 N. La Sajle
Birnbaum, Rev. Dr. B. H., 3036 Palmer Fox, Rabbi G., 7215 Jeffrey Av.
Sq. Frachtenberg, L. J., 6 N. Clarke
Blatt, M., 139 N. Clark Frank, B., 548 Marquette Bldg.
Bloch, R., 7555 S. Shore Dr. Franklin, Miss P., 5427 Greenwood Av.
Block, M. N., 134 N. La Salle Frazin, A. L., 9036 Commercial Av.
Bloom, D. A., 3933 Pine Grove Av. Freed, I. B., 3260 Sheridan Rd.
Blumenthal, Dr. A. R., 4721 Ellis Av. Freedman, Dr. I. V., 5816 Kenmore Av.
Bonnheim, A. B., 7215 Jeffrey Av Freehof, Rabbi S. B.. 54th & Cornell Av.
Boosel, Jos., 3855 N. Francisco Av. Fridus, Dr. S. L., 1809 W. 47th
Bronstein, Rabbi D., 8142 Drexel Av. Gaertner, L., 5227 Drexel Av.
Buchner, Miss R., 1346 Springfield Av. Gerngross, L., 1219 Madison Pk.
Burr, Maurice, 111 W. Monroe Glasser, D. D., 2919 N. Whipple
Buxbaum, J., 4743 Drexel Blvd. Goldberg, B., 1326 Blue Island Av.
Callner, Mrs. H., 714 Junior Ter. Goldberg, H., 542 Brampton PI.
Callner, Jos. M., 3258 Graves Ct. Goldberg. Max, 9009 Commercial Av.
Cohen, A. E., 176 W. Adams Goldberg, S., 730 W. 66th PI.
Cohen, Archie H.. 3842 W. Jackson Golden, Dr. I. J. K., 2238 W. North
Blvd. Av.
Cohen, L., 115 S. Dearborn Goldfine. Dr. A. H. C . 3844 W. Jack-
Cohen, Louis A., 4859 Broadway son Blvd.
Cohn, A. A., 5032 Woodlawn Av. Goldman, S.. 155 N. Clark
Conn, Carl, 6841 Clyde Av. Goldman, Rabbi S., 692 Irving Pk. Blvd.
Colen, J. A., 7630 Oglesby Av. Goldstein. A. W.. 2415 N. Kedzie Blvd.
Comroe, Dr. Jos. I., 25 E. Wash. Goldstein. I., 140 N. Dearborn
Cowen, Mrs. I., 5125 Drexel Blvd. Gollin, Dr. I. S., 2756 W. Division
Cowen, Dr. O. J., 7633 Essex Gordon. H., 1321 S. Tripp Av.
Cristol. M. J.. 3105-07 N. Cicero Av. Graff, S., 1150 W. 59th
D'Ancona, A. E., Windermere Hotel, E. Green. H., 3149 N. Racine Av.
D'Ancona, E. N., 1038 Stock Ex. Greenhut, J. M., 3502 W. Jackson Blvd.
Bldg. Grollman, 1.. 310 S. Racine Av.
David, J., 6731 Chappel Av. Gross, P. A., 175 W. Jackson Blvd.
David, J. B., 839 County Bldg. Grossman, B. J., 426 Briar PI.
Davidsohn, Dr. I., 23 S. Central Pk. Av. Gunther. Mrs. S. L.. 4752 Virginia
Davis, Dr. H. I., 4752 Ellis Av. Av.
Davis, I. C , 6752 Evans Av. Halperin, A. Z., 4642 Maiden
Davis, Jos., 1400 Milwaukee Av. Hamilton. L., 3248 Hollywood Av.
Davis, M., 314-24 W. 43rd Harrison, L. H., 545 Stratford PI.
Davis. Meyer, 1003 Milwaukee Av Harrison, Miss M., 3639 Pine Grove Av.
Illinois] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 433
Harrison. Sol.. 10 S. La Salle Lewbin, Dr. A., 8700 Commercial Av.

Hartman, Mrs. G. L., Hotel Windermere Lewis, E. J., 6003 Winthrop Av.
Hatowsky, M. J., 5 S. Wabash Av. Lewison, Dr. M., 5800 W. Adams
Hershenson, H. G.. 160 N. La Salle Lib'y of Logan Sq. Cong., 3135 Fuller-
Herst, F., 332 S. Michigan Av. ton Av.
Herst, J., 1926 Bertean Av. Lib'y of Moody Bible Inst., 153 Inst.
Hevesh, Dr. Jos., 3507 Lawrence Av.
Himmel, I. I., 6421 Harvard Av. Lieberman, I. K., 180 N. Michigan Av.
Hodes. B., 7025 Chappel Av. Lifschutz, Dr. J., 125 N. Mayfield Av.
Hollander, H.. 4960 N. Spaulding Av. Lipsky, H. A.. 308 City Hall
Honor, Dr. L. L., 5755 Dorchester Av. Livingston, S., 160 N. La Salle
Horner. Hon. H., 647 County Bldg. Loeb, I. A., 155 N. Clark, R. 322
Homstein, H. G., 1404 Girard Loeb, J. M.. 175 W. Jackson Blvd.
Horwich, B., 2455 Archer Av. Loewenberg, M. L., 1317 S. Avers Av.
Jacobs, H. A., A1105 Ins. Exch. Bldg. Lund, I. A., 6749 Paxton Av.
Jacobs, I., 105 S. La Salle Lustig, A. N., 139 N. Clark
Jewish Daily Forward, 1256 S. Kedzie Mack. Hon. J. W., 4140 Drexel Blvd.
Av. Manilow, Dr. L., 851 N. Western Av.
Jewish Peoples Institute, 3500 Douglas Mann. Rabbi L. L., 4622 Grand Blvd.
Blvd. Margolis, H., 697 Milwaukee Av.
Kahn, Dr. M., 4631 S. Ashland Av. Margolis, I., 543 W. Division
Kaplan, J., 4759 Drexel Blvd. Marwick, P., 3530 Sheridan Rd.
Kaplan, Dr. M. 1., 3837 W. Roosevelt Mayer, C. F., 7625 Yates Av.
Blvd. Melcher & Landow, Merchandise Mach.
Kaplan, Dr. S., 3508 W. Roosevelt Rd. Meltzer, A., 6720 Merrill Av.
Karno, L., 5009 Sheridan Rd. Mendelsohn, S., 6510 S. Green
Karpen, A., 810 S. Wabash Mendelsohn, Rabbi S. F., 5140 N. Central
Katz. H., 134 N. La Salle Pk. Av.
Katz, Mayer, 1244 W. Division Mendelsohn, Wm., 1213 W. Van Buren
Katz, Samuel, 1244 W. Division Meyer, M., 3932 Pine Grove Av.
Katz, S., 8122 S. Morgan Miller, M., 8842 Commercial Av.
Katz, W. M., 1244 W. Division Morrison, T. S., 442 Wellington
Klaff, B., 6648 N. Glenwood Av. Myerson, H. J., 1020 Ardmore Av.
Klein, J., 745 N. Clark Nemiro, Dr. A. F., 631 S. Ashland Blvd.
Klein, Morris. 747 N. Clark Nickelson & Berger, 8501 Balto. Av.
Koenig, H. D., 726 Conway Bldg. Nierman, E. A., 4537 Drexel Blvd.
Koenigsberg, S., 134 N. La Salle Nochumson, W., 7823 Euclid Av.
Kohn, A. R., 3555 W. Grand Av. Osherman, Miss M. E.. 116 S. Michigan
Komaiko, S. B., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Av.
Konecky. M., 6327 S. Talman Av. Ovson, M., 110 N. Franklin
Korach, H., 900 Van Buren Palinkin, M., 5835 S. Loomis
Kreeger, M., 213 W. 63rd Pearlman, Dr. S. J., 180 N. Michigan
Krown, C , 23 S. Franklin Av.
Kurtzon, M., 14th & Talman Pennish, L. E., 110 S. Dearborn
Labovsky. A. H.. 6838 Perry Perlovitch & Vinik, 1053 W. 61st
Lachmann, N., 208 S. La Salle Phillipson, S., 828 W. Roosevelt Rd.
Lackritz, P. N., 29 E. Madison Pincus, Sam'l, Z., 105 W. Adams
Landfield. H. S.. 139 N. Clark Pinkovitz, S., 5835 S. Loomis Blvd.
Lappen, M., 2711 Giddings Piser, S. S., 3125-27 W. Roosevelt Rd.
Laser, M. T., 641 Orleans Platt, B. N., 840 La Fayette Pkway.
Lasker, I., 33 N. La Salle Quasser, J. H., 517 Harris Trust Bldg.
Lassen, Rabbi A. L., 6642 N. Ashland Av. Remington, Dr. S., 710 Buena
Lassers, I. A., 1828 Euclid Av. Richman, S. J., 1402 S. Peoria
Lazar, S., 6644 Newgard Av. Rhode, A. M., 223 W. Madison
Lazarus, A., 175 W. Jackson Blvd Rosenbaum, Rabbi D., 1227 Indepen-
Lebensohn, Dr. M. H., 7 W. Madison dence Blvd.
Lehrfeld, Rabbi H.. 3328 Division Rosenberg, A. H., 2052 Pierce Av.
Lehrfield, Rabbi L. J., 504 S. Lockwood Rosenberg, J., 2953 N. Troy
Levin, I. A., 100 N. La Salle Rosenfeld, Mrs. M., "The Drake"
Levin, J.. 33 N. La Salle Rosenheim, Mrs. D., 5038 Drezel Blvd.
Levin, Louis, 1340 Carroll Av. Rosenstein, L., 6716 Clyde Av.
Levin, N. S.. 3856 W. Wilcox Rosenzweig, I., 14 E. Jackson Blvd.
Levinson, Dr. A., 3245 Douglas Blvd. Rubin, David M.. 5542 W. Jackson Blvd.
Levinson, Miss L., Windermere East Salomon, S. N., 454 Melrose
Hotel Saltzman, H. S., 6503 S. Racine
Levinson, M. K., 11 S. La Salle Salzman. Dr. H. A., 3508 W. Roose-
Levinson, Dr. V. N., 2136 Lincoln Pk. W. velt Rd.
Levy, Rabbi F. A.. 445 Melroe Samuels, B., 57 E. 21st
434 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Illinois
Samuels, J. L., 1321 Fargo Av. Walpert, Dr. B. E., 6928 Paxton Av.
Schaffner, R. C, 137 S. La Salle Warhaftig, Miss F., 6044 S. Aberdeen
Schanfarber, Rev. T., 5042 Drexel Wash. Blvd. Temple, 25 N. Kariov Av.
Blvd. Weiner, Dr. S. I., 1106 Independence
Scheftel, Ben., 1812 S. Clifton Pk. Av. Blvd.
Schifl, Chas., 426 W. 63rd Weiner, Dr. S. I., 3538 Douglas Blvd.
Schloesinger, H. J., Standard Club Weinfield, Dr. H., 2758 W. Van Buren
Schloss. Max, 1418 Elmdale Av. Av.
Schwartz, H., 1209 Hey worth Bldg. Weinger, Sol., 918 Maxwell
Schwartz, Dr. J. J., 5011 N. Troy Av. Wexler, H. G., 134 N. La Salle
Schwartz, S. D., 4622 Grand Blvd. Wexler, Dr. M., 218 S. Wabash
Seelig, Leo, 443 S. Halsted White. E. H., 735 Junior Ter.
Sentinel Publishing Co., 511 S. Sangamon Winsberg, Geo., 941 Winona Av.
Shaffner, Chas., 4717 N. Maplewood Av. Withal, I. J., 7522 Yates
Shellow, Mrs. L., 22 S. Hamlin Av. Wittelle, Dr. F. M., 10534 Ewing
Shulman, M., 5718 Kenmore Av. Woldenberg, M., 159 W. Kinzie
Shure, Nathan, 206 W. Adams Wolf, H. M., 830 Oakwood Blvd.
Siegel, C , 7026 S. Peoria Wolf, J. D., 5119 W. Chicago Av.
Silber, Rabbi, S., 750 Independence Blvd. Wolfsohn, J. D., 3509 W. Jackson Blvd.
Silberman, A., 69 W. Wash. Wolfson, C. J., 307 W. Van Buren
Silver, L. H., 33 N. La Salle Yalowitz, Dr. M., 9036 Commercial Av.
Silverman, J., 2500 Ogden Av. Yanofsky. Dr. H., 3711 W. Roosevelt
Silverman, R., 175 W. Jackson Blvd. Rd.
Sinai Kosher Sausage Factory, 3351 S. Zucker, S., 231 S. La Salle
Halstead
Singer, Rabbi J., 6932 N. Ashland Blvd. Christopher
Smith, L. C , 7256 Luella Av.
Soble, Aaron, 1903 Humboldt Blvd. Sawyer & Rubin
Soborofl, Sam'l, 1500 N. Ogden Av.
Solomon, Mrs. H. G., 2146 Lincoln Pk., Cicero
W. Shinglman. Dr. J., 4930 W. 13th
Sonnenschein, Dr. R., 180 N. Michigan
Av.
Sopkin, B., 4601 Wentworth Av. Decatur
Spira, S., 922 Winona Av. LIBRARY MEMBER
Spira, N. H., 6146 Kenwood Tick, H., 103 Woodlawn Av.
Spitz, A. H., 7327 Chappell Av.
Spivek, Herman, 1647 Farwell Av.
Staller, N., 100 S. Menard Av. Evanston
Stein, M., 8361 Burley Av. Salzman, A. L., 2640 Lincolnwood Dr.
Steinberg, S. E., 3757 Giddings
Steindler, A., 11 N. Green Galesburg
Stern, C. H., 3258 Douglas Blvd.
Stern, J. D., 6643 S. Halsted Nirdlinger, S.
Stern, M., 5022 Woodland Av.
Stillerman, Dr. J. H., 6101 S. Halsted Geneseo
Stolz, Rev. Dr. J., 5010 Drexel Blvd. Waterman, Henry, 222 W. 2nd
Strauss, S., 1335 W. 47th
Strenitz, M., 2400 E. 74th Glencoe
Strouse, Dr. S., 104 S. Michigan
Sulzberger, Mrs. F. L., 1015 Hyde Pk. LIBRARY MEMBER
Blvd. Davis, General A., 600 Sheridan Rd.
Sulzberger. S. L., 331 S. Peoria
Tabin, A., 7354 N. Seeley Av. ANNUAL MEMBER
Tamarin, Dr. A. H., 3435 Lawrence North Shore Congregation
Av. Simon, W., 248 Hawthorne
Taxon, Rabbi M. N., 902 Margate Ter.
Teller, Rabbi M., 547 E. 60th Granite City
The Temple Rel. Schl., 5035 Greenwood
Av. Tri-City Hebrew S. School. P. O. Box 27
Thorek, Dr. M., American Hospital
Ticktin, C , 9001 Muskegon Av. Highland Park
Tint, Dr. L. J., 185 N. Wabash Av. Mandel, Mrs. E., 130 Roger Williams Av
Trotzkey, E., 1550 S. Albany Av.
Tumpeer, Dr. I. H., 731 Junior Ter.
Van Gelder, M., 5747 Sheridan Rd. Hubbards Woods
Vinik, H., 6631 S. Green Frankel. H. D., 1138 Scott Av.
Wald, Benedict, 5455 University Av. Gottlieb, H. N.. 1137 Laurell Av.
Indiana] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 435
La Salle Sesser
Hirsh, Dr. S., 521 First Jackson, E. J.
Mollne Springfield
Sklovsky, Max, 624 10th Eckstein, M., 1826 S. 4th
Snyder, Rabbi H. E., 2115 S. 4th
Oak Park
Jacobi, H. S., 639 N. East Av. Spring Valley
Moment. H., 421 S. Grove Av. Zand, H. J.
Neymark, Dr. D. C , S40 S. Ridgeland
Av. Taylorville
Ottawa Schreiber, Jonas
Rothbardt. Mrs. G., 125 E. Lafayette
Urbana
Peoria Koller, Prof. A. H., 207 E. Washington
Bloom, Mrs. H. T., 936 N. Glen Oak Av. Litman, Prof. Simon, 603 W. Green
Cohen, L. B., 881 Moss Av. University of Illinois Library
Frankel, H., 631 S. Adams
Friedman, D. S., 1518 N. Monroe Waukegan
HeUer, R. A., 216 N. Elrawood Av. Jacobs, C , 311 Julian
Horwitz, Dr. S., Central Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Morrison, Chas., 226 Gillette Av.
Klein. D. S., 222 S. Adams Rubin, A. M.. 238 Gilette Av.
Levitin. Dr. E. Z., 200 Rebecca PI. Rubin, M. H., 318 Ridgeland Av.
Szold, Jacob, 515 George
Ullman, C. A., 203 Bradley Av. West Frankfort
Wolfner. J. W.. 143 High Greenbaum, Dr. Fred'k.
Woolner, Adolph, Jr., 439 Moss Av.
Wilmette
Rockford
Schneider, B. B., 929 Linden Av.
Behr, L., Spring Creek Rd. Suekoff, Mrs. L. A,
Goldman. J., 149 Morgan
Shanhouse, Chas.. 1035 Haskell Av. Wlnnetka
Rock Island LIBRARY MEMBER
Graubart, Rabbi D.. 27O9-7th Av. Faroll, Mrs. B., 741 Prospect Av.
Katz, J. L.. 2525-22^
Maggid, S.. 1500-29^ Wood River
Sabath, A.. 859-17th Cohen, S., 25 E. Ferguson Av.
Wiesman. L., 230I-3rd Av. Goldberg, Mrs. P., 41 E. Ferguson Av.
INDIANA
Attica Evan8vllle
Levor, Mrs. Levi S.. 408 J-f E. Main Bernstein, D. S., 1311 S. E. 2nd
Ehrich, Dr. Wm. S., Citizens' Bk. Bldg.
Bedford Fine, I. J.. 1309 Powell Av.
Grusin. S. H., 928 Lodge Av.
Jacobs, Abe S. Gumberts, F. A., 114 Main
Horn, Elias, 901 E. Mulberry Ct.
Crawfordsvllle Levy, Henry, 916 Powell Av.
Pearlman. Co., The George Loeventhal. H., 529 Wash. Av.
Minna Ravdin Memorial Judaica Central
East Chicago Lib'y.
Ravdin, Dr. M., 431 Ravenswood Dr.
Given, Albert, 4621 Magoun Av. Skirball, Rabbi J. H., Wash. Av.
Lewin, A. B., 702 Chicago Av. Temple
Seifer, L. H., 4237 Magoun Av. Skora, I.. 210 Mulberry
Weil, E., 800 E. Powell Av.
Ellwood Fort Wayne
LIBRARY MEMBER Achduth Vesholom Cong.
Wolf, T., 1121 S. Anderson Hurwitz, Rev- M,, 747 E, Wayne
436 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (Iowa
Markowitz, Rabbi S. H., 4424 Tacoma Medias, C , 721 N. Delaware

Av. Simon, M. N., 121 Penway
Gary Kokomo
LIBRARY MEMBER Levi. J. S., 1215 W. Sycamore
Koltinsky, M., 610 W. 8th Av.
Lafayette
ANNUAL MEMBERS Messing, A. L.. 516 Columbia
Bassin, Dr. B. M., 1412 Broadway Pearlman, Dr. S., Lafayette Life Bldg.
Given, H.. 650 Washington
Kan. Dr. Alex. M., 3853 Broadway Michigan City
Lieberman, Morris, 2200 Broadway Moritz, M., 602 Spring
Milgram, Samuel H., 1336 Broadway
Mishawaka
Greencastle
Gilburt, S. Z., 514 Lincoln Way, E.
Sudranski, Sol. L.
Richmond
Hammond
LIBRARY MEMBER
Krohngold, Rabbi J. B., Temple Beth El. Harsh. A., 100 S. 3rd
Schlesinger, S. A., 104 Highland
Shelbyville
Huntington
Goodman, A., Public Square
Brenn J., Washington
Bronstein, I. L., 1333 Cherry South Bend
Bronstein, P., 1060 N. Byron
Dekelbaum, Z., 648 Associate Bldg.
Indianapolis Rosenfeld, B., 435 S. Mich. Av.
Stern, Rabbi W. M., Box 754
Borinstein, L. J.. 4137 Meridan. N.
Brill. Henry, 112 S. Penn Summltsvilla
Davis, Lawrence B., 860 B'way
Efroymson, G. A., 2036 N. Delaware Warner, L.
Efroymson, Meyer, 3627 N. Penna. Terre Haute
Feuerlicht. Rabbi M. M., 3034 Wash.
Blvd. LIBRARY MEMBER
Indianapolis Hebrew Cong., 401 Meyer Blumberg, Ben., 315 Star Bldg.
Kiser Bk. Bldg.
Ind. State Library, 47 State House ANNUAL MEMBERS
Jewish Federation, 1137 Meyer-Kiser Levin, Morris L., 607 S. 5th
Bldg. Plost, Mrs. P.. 609 S. 5th
Lyman, B., 2028 Central Av. Stern, Sara M., 919 S. 5th
Mantel, Emit, 3935 N. Meridian Temple Israel School, 909 S. 5tb
IOWA
Cedar Falls ANNUAL MEMBER
Diamond, Paul Lefkowitz, Rabbi A. H., 522 Union Bk.
Diamond, Sam Bldg.
Cedar Rapids Des Moines
Schoen, C , 356 Forest Drive Adelman, J. D., 405 37th
Adelman, L. J., 315 Franklin Av.
Council Bluffs Blank, A. H., 5206 Waterbury Rd.
Bondarin, H., 1102 5th Av. Brody, Jos. I., 930 W. 29th
Morganstern, I., 1002 5th Av. Fleischman, Dr. A. G., 5900 N.
Waterbury
Davenport Frankel, Mrs. Belle G., 219 37th
PATRON
Ginsberg. H., 508 56th
Kahn, M. O., 718 18th
AdIer,E.P.,2104Main Mannheimer ,Rabbi E., 427 W. 51st
Nollen, H. S., 402 29th
LIBRARY MEMBER Oransky, D., 501 Walnut
Betty Adler Waterman, Memorial Oransky, L., 505 Walnut
Library Wilshinski, N. M., 1117 44th
Kentucky] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 437
Iowa City Courshon, Dr. B., 3315 Jackson Blvd.

Felsenthal, Miss E.. Univ. of la. Lib'y Galinsky, A. L., 1524 Summit Av.
Jung, Dr. M., University of Iowa Herzoff, F., 609 Centre
Kutcher, L. J.. 1114 McDonald
Marshall town Mt. Sinai Library, 14th & Nebraska
Rabinowitz, Rabbi H. R., 2219 Jones
Dorosin. H. L., 120 E. Main
Sioux City Waterloo
Baron, B., 1810 Grandview Blvd. Kanofsky, J., 124 E. 5th
KANSAS
Concordla Leaven worth
Brahinsky, Nathan Sarasohn, Rabbi I. J., Planters Apts.
S. S. Liby, Temple B'nai Jeshurum
El Dorado
Abels, D., P. O. Box 110
Bennett, L. L.. P. O. Box 731 Topeka
Levinson, H. Galitzski, Mrs. S., 1185 College Av.
Hutchlnson
Gottlieb, I., 212 A. East Wichita
Kamen, S., 433 Quentin
Kansas City Richmond, Rabbi H., 314 N. Clifton Av.
Deutsch, A. B., 508 Minnesota Av. Wallenstein, H., 129 S. Belmont Av.
KENTUCKY
Ashland Grossman, Louis C , 1312 S. 2d
Isaacs, Mrs. L., 2130 Maryland Av.
Josselson. A., 2916 E. Bath Av. Levy, Sol., 209 E. Jefferson
Linker, Barnet, 110 W. Ormsby
Frankfort Louisville Free Public Library
Mandel, M., 1225 2d
Davis, I., 328 St. Clair Meyer, Herman, 1525 3rd
Morris, C. W., M. E. Taylor Bldg.
Rauch, Rabbi J., Temple Adath Israel
Lexington Rosenthal, L. A., 1211 S. 2d
Shenson, S., 108 Hughes Ct.
Bernstein, Mrs. J., 520 Sayre Av. Simon, J., 715 S. Preston
Levy. M. L., 720 Bullock PI. Simon, M. H., 411 E. Chestnut
Simons, L. L., 1317 Highland Av.
Louisville Simons. M. L.. 1427 S. 2d
Strull. Chas.. 2100 Murray Av.
LIBRARY MEMBER Switow, M., 408 4th
Lang, J., 1462 S. 2d Waldman, M., HOW. Hill
Washer, B. T., 1335 2d
ANNUAL MEMBERS Y. M. H. A., 729 S. 2d
Adath Israel Cong., 834 3d
Bazell, Rabbi S. N., 2nd and College Av.
Brith Sholom Relig. School, 1525 3rd Newport
Diamond, Miss G., 433 E. Gray Jacobs, Herman, 807 Monmouth
Ehrman, Hilmar, 1230 S. 3d
Ellenstein, Mrs. S., 106 Hughes Ct. Paducah
Essig, Dr. J. I., 413 Heyburn Bldg.
Feitelson, P., 2732 W. Chestnut Marks, M., B'way
Gittleman, Rabbi J. J.. 1376 Ouerbacker Simon, Moses, 335 yi N. 7th
Ct. Temple Israel Cong., B'way
438 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK | Maryland
LOUISIANA
Alexandria Pokorny, Mrs. Dave, 2113 St. Chas. Av.
Simon, A. E. Robbins, Isidore, 2207 Baronne
Sabludowsky, J., 1129 Loyola
Straus, Dr. H. C . The Temple Schwarz, Ralph, Canal Bk. Bldg.
Baton Rouge Singer, E., 4600 Freret
Stern, P., Interstate Electric Co.
Peiser, Rabbi W., Cong. B'nai Israel T. Sinai Sisterhood, 3309 St. Chas. Av.
Weil, H. S., 18 Audubon PI.
New Orleans Y. M. H. A., 1205 St. Charles Av.
LIFE MEMBER Zemurray, Sam'l., P. O. Box 736
D. G. Lodge, I. O. B. B., 212 Whitney
Central Bldg. Oil City
Lavine, H. S., P. O. Box 25
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Barkoflf, H., 5414 Magazine Plneville
Bernstein, A., c/o Whitney Cen. Nat'l Bk.
Binstock, Rabbi L., 2107 Calhoun Steinman, Rev. Dr. I., Louisiana College
Brener, P., 2231 Marengo
Cohn, Mrs. M. S., 1930 Napoleon Av. Shreveport
Cohen, J., 221 Chartres SUSTAINING MEMBER
Cohn, D. L., 800 Canal Herold, S. L., P. O. Box 1467
Feldman, Wm., 2504 Chestnut
Godchaux, Mrs. P. L.. 1237 Jackson Av ANNUAL MEMBERS
Goldberg, Rabbi M. H., 1763 Jackson Av. Bernstein, Ernest R., 1239 Park PI.
Heller, I. H., 333 Audubon Blvd. Blum berg, B.. 935 E. College
Jewish Children's Home, St. Charles & Bodenheimer, Dr. J. M., 815 Delaware
Peters Av. Brill, Rabbi Abr., 2120 Highland Av.
Kaiser, H. W., 524 Canal Bk. Bldg. Freyer, A. B., 249 Gladstone Blvd.
Leipziger, Rev. Dr. E. W., 7624 St. Goldstein, E., 818 Unadilla
Charles Av. Goldstein, Nathan, 314 Stoner Av.
Lemann, M. M., Carondelet Bldg. Murov, N., 864 Texas Av.
N. Orleans Pub. Lib., 1001 St. Chas. Av. Ober, J.. 4710 Line Av.
MAINE
Bangor Portland
Cahners, J. A., 217 Center
Friedman, A. B., 74 Jefferson Bernstein, Israel, 97 Exchange
Segal, M., Central & Hammond Rosen, Maurice E., 178 Middle
MARYLAND
Baltimore Balto. Hebrew College, 1201 Eutaw Av.
Bank, S. M., 802 Chauncey Av.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Baumgarten, J. W., 3607 Forest Pk. Av.
Berny, Albert, 6 E. Esplanade Apt. Beck, Benj.. 345 St. Paul PI.
Dalsheimer, S., Esplanade Apts. Berenholtz, S. C , 1815 E. Baltimore
Fleischer, M., 2401 Eutaw PI. Berman, J., 1320 N. Charles
Hanline, A. M., Marlborough Apt. 6 D Billstein. N.. Charles & 34th
Hendler, L. M., 1710 Eutaw PI. Blondheim, Prof. D. S., 808 Reservoir
Hochschild, M., Emersonian Apt. Breitstein, Dr. M. L., 2405 Rogers Av.,
Levy, Wm., Paca & Lombard Mt. Wash.
Ottenheimer, B. M., Esplanade Apts. Brenner, L. I., 821 Chauncey Av.
Potts, I., 511 N. Kenwood Av. Brenner, Sol. M.. c/o M. S. Levy & Sons
Sonneborn, S. B., 2420 Eutaw PI. Caplan, H. L., 2230 Mondawin Av.
Castelle, Rev. George, 1911 Eutaw PI.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Cavalier, L. A., 3414 Fairview Av.
Abramowitz, S. M., 4137 Dalrymple Av. Chizuk Emunah Con., 734 W. North Av.
Allen, J., 818 Equitable Bldg. Clark, Emile, 2349 Eutaw PI.
Applestine, B. S., 4007 Springdale Av. Coblenz, Rabbi A., Eutaw PI. at
Asso. Jewish Charities, 205 W. Lombard Chauncey Av.
Maryland] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 439
Cohen, B., 1709 Linden Hamburger, Mrs. H. I., Esplanade Apt,
Cohen, Mrs. B. M., 3415 Gwyms Falls 6E
Pkway, Walbrook Hamburger, Dr. L. P., 1207 Eutaw PI.
Cohen, Miss E. S., The Latrobe Harris, S. A., 2753 W. North Av.
Cohen, L. J., 3820 Penhurst Av. Har Sinai Congregation
Cohen. M. S., Seville Apts., Lake Dr. Hartogensis, B. H., Marlboro Apts.
Coonin, L., 2223^ W. Baltimore Heb. Cong. Lil'y. 1914 Madison Av.
Cordish, I., 3212 Vickers Rd. Hecht, Mrs. J. F., Greenspring & Kenvak
Crockin, Emil, Bancroft Rd. & Pk. Rd., Mt. Wash.
Heights Av. Himmel, L., 909 Lake Dr.
Danker, Dr. I., 750 W. North Av. Hollander, Dr. J. H.. 1802 Eutaw PI.
Davidson, D., 4209 Groveland Av. Hollander, L., 2237 Linden Av.
Davidson, I. W., 34 S. Eutaw Horwitz, E. H., 1110 Munsey Bldg.
Dobres, M. A., 2917 Norfolk Av. Hurwitz, A., 900 E. Lombard
Donner, M., 3631 Liberty Heights Av. Hutzler, Mrs. D., 1801 Eutaw PI.
Dornberg, L., New Amsterdam Bldg. Hutzler, E., 212 N. Howard
Ehudin, M. M., 3311 Forest Park Av. Hyman, H., 3808 Towanda Av.
Eisenberg, A., 6317 Park Heights Av. Ind. Order Brith Sholom, 1012 E. Balto.
Ellison, D., 3424 Auchentoroly Ter. Israel, Rabbi E. L., Har Sinai Temple
Endel Mrs. H., Lempel Gds., Lake Dr. Jacobs, J. H., 4106 Fernhill Av.
Engel, Jacob, Mt. Washington Jewish Daily Forward, 1021 E. Baltimore
Ephraim, R. L., 2228 Linden Av. Kaplan, Dr. L. L., 1201 Eutaw PI.
Epstein, Jacob, 2532 Eutaw PI. Katz, Chas., 126 W. Fayette
Erkes, Charles, 734 W. North Av. Katz, Jos., 16 E. Mt. Vernon PI.
Eskolsky, Rabbi M. S., 3518 Reistertown Katz, Meier, 2214 Linden Av.
Rd. Kaufman, D. J., 814 Whitelock
Kaufman, F. J., Sylcrest Apt., Park Av.
Esterson, S. I., 2807 Rockrose Av. & Whitelock
Fader, A., 210 E. Baltimore Keiser, S. J., 4512 Penhurst Av.
Farbman, H., 1123 E. Baltimore Kellman, H. T., 12 Montgomery Rd.
Fax, J., 818 Brooks Lane Kohn, Benno, 200 N. Howard
Feustman, B. H., 231 E. Redwood Kolker, Ben., 821 Lake Dr.
Filtzer, Mrs. E. J., 2216 Park Av. Kramer, L., Cordova Apts. B-I, Lake Dr.
Fine, Louis, 4103 Liberty Hghts, Av. Lampe, D., 6203 Biltmore Av.
Flom, A., 2245 E. Fayette Lauchheimer, S. H., Ill N. Charles
Flom, Carl J., 1828 E. Baltimore Lauer, Mrs. L., Esplanade Apt. 3 A
Folick, I., 2442 Eutaw PI. Lauer, M., Marlborough Apt. 3 A
Fox, Michael J., 4006 Springdale Av. Lazaron, Rabbi M. S., 1914 Madison Av.
Fox, Wm. L., 2402 Liberty Hghts. Av. Lebovitz, N., 813 Lake Dr.
Frank, Eli, North & 4th Avs., Mt. Leopold, Dr. E. I., 200 W. Lafayette Av
Washington Levenson, R. H., 3306 Springdale Av.
Franklin, Dr. David, 122 W. Lee Levin, Ellis, 138 Aisquith
Freedom, Dr. A. G., Edmondson & 14th Levin, Harry O., 822 Brooks Lane
Fried, L. C, 723 Calvert Bldg. Levin, Mrs. L. H., 2104 Chelsea Ter.
Friedenwald, Dr. Edgar B., 1616 Linden Levinson, M. A., 224 Equitable Bldg.
Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 1212 Eutaw PI. Lipnick, J., 3416 Woodbrook
Friedenwald, Dr. J., 1013 N. Charles Lutzky, Louis, 3812 Strathmore Av.
Fuld, Manes E., The Arlington Pk. Apts. Makover, B., 3112 Auchentoroly Ter.
Gamse, Herman. 2811 Allendale Rd. Mandelberg, A. H., 3618 Springdale Ay.
Garonzik, R., 2909 Allendale Rd. Mansbach, Dr. I. L., 2219 Mondawmin
Gershenson, M., 3501 Walbrook Av. Av.
Gluckstern, Dr. M., 2623 Shirley Av. Marcus, Abr., 3303 FairviewAv.
Golden, Mrs. S., Temple Gardens Apt. Mayers, D., 4105 Barrington Rd.
Goldfoos, Max, 949 N. Gay Mazer, S. H., 4002 Dalrymple Av.
Goldheim, L. W., 601 Whitlock Mervis, A. I., 4001 Barrington Rd.
Goldheim. Mrs. L. A., 2218 Callow Av. Meyer, I.. 2905 Ulman Av.
Goldsmith, J. S., 2335 Eutaw PI. Meyerhoff, J., 3213 Pinkney Rd. '
Goodhart, W. A., 517 Title Bldg. Michelson, Dr. R. A., 2230 Eutaw PI.
Gordon, Irving, 2022 Brookfield Av. Miller, H. D., 423 E. Baltimore
Gordon, P., 2236 Mondawmin Av. Miller, Estate of Max, 3511 Sprindgale
Grandberg, I. B., 501 Calvert Bldg. Av.
Greenbaum, L. E., 1614 Eutaw PI. Mintz, Julius, 722 Equitable Bldg.
Greenbaum, M. D.y 1007 Fidelity Bldg. Moses, D. J., 754 Pratt, W.
Greertberg, Isaac, 212 Dolphin Moses, H. L., 3607 Menlo Dr.
Greenberg, L., 3528 Reisterstown Rd. Moses, J. G.t 1736 Ruxton Av.
Gundersheimer, Mrs. M. E., 2520 Talbot Moses, Leslie Wm., 6701 Park Hghts. Av.
Rd., Windsor Hills M usher, N., Temple Gardens
Halle, Isaac, 1904 Eutaw PI. Muskin, Hyman, 3517 Springdale Av.
440 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Maryland
Neistadt, Dr. C. S., 1730 Linden Av. Werntz, H. N., 2406 Roslyn Av.
Neuhauaen, S. A., 2730 Parkwood Av. Wiesenfeld, Mrs. H., Emersonian Apts.
Newhouse, D. H., 506 S. Fremont Wolbarsht, N., 318 W. Baltimore
Nyburg, S. L., 2414 Linden Av. Wolman, Dr. S., 2444 Eutaw PI.
Oheb Shalom Congr. Sunday School Wolpert, H. K., 2481 Shirley Av.
Oppenheimer, H., 2708 Lawina Rd. Wyman, J. H., Marlborough Apt.
Oppenheimer, Wra., 3819 Clifton Av. Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Monument, bet.
Palmbaum, G., 3612 Springdale Av. Howard and Eutaw
Passen, A., 547 S. Fulton Av.
Pels, Dr. I. R., 4207 Linkwood Rd.
Perlman, P. B., 1313 Fidelity Bldg. Bladensburg
Perman, M., 9 S. Chester
Phoenix Club, 1505 Eutaw PI. Brown, Hyman
Rand. Mrs. J., 2233 Eutaw PI.
Rifman, A. K., 2260 Brookfield Av. Cumberland
Robinson, Maurice, 2216 Eutaw PI.
Rogers, S., 925 Brooks Lane Hirsch, Isaac, 308 Wash.
Roman, I., 1316 Munsey Bldg. Kaplan, S. W., 115 Baltimore
Rombro, Mrs. M., 2524 Brookfield Av. Sheffler, A. M., 28 George
Rome, M. A., 2225 Linden Av.
Rosenau, Rev. Dr. W., Esplanade Apts.
Rosenblatt, Dr. S., 3507 Springdale Av. Easton
Rosenbloom, S., 12-14 N. Paca Butler, K. L., Point Rd.
Rosenburg, L. S., The Marlborough
Rosenfeld, M. W., Temple Garden Apts.
Rosenthal, I. C, 2154 Mt. Royal Av. Frederick
Rothholz, S., 3304 Springdale Av.
Sauber, N., 3003 Garrison Blvd. Jacobson, Karl, 77 S. Market
Saye, H., 5806 Narcissus Av. Lowenstein, Mrs. David, F. Scott Key
Schimtnel, I. W., 815 Lake Drive Hotel
Schloss, Meyer, 2446 Eutaw PI. Rosenstock, J.t Rose Haven
Schloss, M. M., 2217 E. Pratt Weinberg. Leo, 22 W. 2d
Schloss, N., 2410 Eutaw PI. Willner, Rev. Dr. W., 6 E. Patrick
Schloss, Toney, 2414 Eutaw PI.
Schuman, Rev. J., 3408 Woodbrook Av.
Schwartzman, Rev. H., 3916 Bateman Hagerstown
Av. Dorfan. M. I.. 921 Oak Hill Av.
Sefl, Robert. 509 Aisquith Greenwald, M., 47 N. Potomac
Selis, Leon E., 3200 Verkins Rd. Grossman, M. S.. 1137 Oak Hill Av.
Shalowitz, Hyman, 129 S. B'way Kline, J. A., 1927 Virginia Av.
Shpritz, Dr. A. S., 21 W. Lexington
Shpritz, Dr. N. H., 2318 Eutaw PI.
Silberstein, Israel, 2401 Eutaw PI. Havre-de-Grace
Silverman, S., Alhambra Spts. Hecht, Emanuel
Simons, Aaron J., Ill N. Charles
Sindler. Miss P., 2419 Eutaw PI.
Singer, S. M., 4110 Ridgewood Av. Hyattsvllle
Sinsky, Dr. H. L., 3510 Springdale Av
Small, P., 1610 N. Appleton Edlavitch, Moses, J.
Sneider, M., 4200 Maine Av.
Sobelman, M., 4 W. Rogers Av.
Sobeloff, S., 1809 Eutaw PI. Owlngs Mills
Sollod. Jos. A., 2142 W. North Av. Rosenfeld, M. W., Green Lea. Reis. Rd.
Solomon, David. 311 VV. 29th
Solorz S., 3602 Fairview Av.
Sondheim. W.. c/o Hochschild. Kohn & PikesvlUe
Co. Cahn, F. B., "Knollwood"
Spielman, S. I., 3602 Forest Pk. Av. Cone, Dr. S. M., Maple Lawn
Spritz, Dr. H. H., Fulton & Penna. Avs. Hutzler, A. D., Pomona
Stein, M., Lake Drive
Straus, A., 1 S. Howard
Strauss, M., 2701 Whitney Av. Salisbury
Suls, Maxwell, 225 New Amsterdam Bldg.
Sykes, Philip L., 110 E. Lexington Benjamin, I. L., 223 Main
Udoff. B.. 25 N. Collington Av.
Van Leer, M., 2218 Brookfield Av.
Waxman, M. E., 224 Equitable Bldg. St. George
Weglein, D. E., 2400 Linden Av. Levy. Paul, S. P. O. Reisterstown
MMBachusetts] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 441
MASSACHUSETTS
Alls ton Levine, Dr. J. H., 311 Commonwealth
Chase, Miss H., 7 Price Rd. Av.
Levy, M. M., 200 Summer
Lurie, R. L., 17 Milk
Boston Marks, E., 14 Harrison Av.
Markwett, L., 57 Kneeland
PATRON Medalia, Dr. Leon S., 78 Bay State Rd.
Kirstein, L. E., 426 Washington Miller. A. H., 75 Kneeland •
Mintz,Dr.Anna,471 Commonwealth Av
LIBRARY MEMBERS Morrison, H. I., 502 Pemberton Bldg.
Agoos, S., 207 South Morrison, Dr. H., 33 Schuyler
Agoos, S. L., 145 South Oshry Bros., 12 Spring
Kaplan, J. J., 161 Devonshire Public Library
Robbins, J., 9 Leverett
ANNUAL MEMBERS Robinson, J., 99 Chauncey
Alberts, Mrs. A. I., 373 Washington Rombach, H. M., 1857 Commonwealth
Arkin, Dr. L., 471 Commonwealth Av. Rubenowitz, Rev. H. H.. 154 Seaver
Berson, S., 121 Audubon Rd. Rubenstein, Philip, 60 State
Biller, M., 99 Green Rubin, P., 103 Charles
Brody, E. J., 129 Portland Rubin, Samuel. 11 Edinboro
Bureau of Jewish Educ, 6 N. Russell Rudnick, M., 18 Tremont
Burroughs, H. E., 18 Tremont Schooner, Jos. Y., 40 Court
Caro, M., 18 Tremont Shivek, B., 615 Albany
Cavior, Jos., 70 Beach Shocket, A., 186 Lincoln
Charak, J., 38 Wareham Siegel, E., 365 Washington
Cohen, A. K., 645 Beacon Silverman, J. J., 43 Tremont
Cohen, C, 17 Hudson Stone, H., 303 Cambridge
Cohen, H., 725 Tremont Stone, S., 343 Cambridge
Cooper, H. D., 65 Chauncey Tobey, M.. 40 Court
Cooper, L. C, 81 Bedford Ulman, S., 90 Richmond
Dana, Myer, 809 Pemberton Bldg. Vershbow, H., 615 Albany
Dvoretzky, S., 18 Oxford Victorson, H. S., 6 Beacon
Ehrenfried Dr. A., 21 Bay State Rd. Walbursht, J. L., 10 Lowell
Eisenberg, S. S., 11 Beacon Wasserman, J., 7 Alpha Rd.
Elkon, M., 373 Washington Weinberg, Jos., Ill Milk
Endler, I., 27 School Weinrhe, A. L., 32 Doane
Entin, Z., 35 Kneeland Werby, A. B., 88 Broad
Feins, Raphael, 68 Chauncey Wiseman, J. L., 18 Tremont
Feldman, Dr., 56 Chambers Yoresh, B., 406 Harrison Av.
Finkelstein, Dr. H., 366 Commonwealth
Freedman, Dr. L. M., 419 Boylston Brighton
Friedman, Dr. B., 35 Allen Daniels, S. M., 41 Orkney Rd.
Friedman, Lee M., 206 Bay State Rd. Goldberg, H., 1661 Commonwealth Av.
Ginzberg, A. A., 333 Washington
Glunts, J. D., 31 Milk
Goldberg, L., 167 State House Brockton
Goldman, A. C, 164 South Green, Jos., 201 Center
Goldwasser, D., 373 Wash.
Green, M., 86 Leverett Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., 66 Green
Grosberg, Mrs. D., 484 Washington Brookline
Guterman, H. N., 714 Tremont Bldg.
Hamlin, A., 262 Washington LIBRARY MEMBER
Helpern, C. K., 24 Fuller Hirshberg, A. S., 74 Verndale
Helpern, M. E., 453 Wash.
Herman, Mrs. J. M., 424 Marlborough Norton, S. M., 202 St. Paul
Hill, Harold H., 286 State ANNUAL MEMBERS
Horblit, Mark M., 101 Milk Abrams, Rabbi S. J., 12 Fuller
Hurwich, L., 190 Ruthven Aronson, Mrs. H. I., 164 Coolidge
Jasper, L., 222 Massachusetts Av. Beckwith. L. I., 115 Sewall Av.
Kaplan, Simon. 31 Milk Burack, A., 54 Lawton
Kaufman, H., 68 Charles Byer, L. E., 118 Pleasant
Krokyn. J. F.. 153 Chiswick Rd Corman, M. F., 323 Harvard
Langenthal, J. M., 18 Tremont Epstein, Rabbi L. M., 28 Littell Rd.
Leavitt, M. J., 972 Massachusetts Av. Feldman, I., 42 St. Paul Ter.
Lebowich, Jacob, 27 School Fox, I.. 60 Wallingford Rd.
Levenson, J. M., 1148-50Old South Bid*"
Goodman, Rabbi A. V., 222 Babcock
442 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Massachusetts
Gordon, M., 130 Longwood Av. Lubit, Jos. M., 810 Blue Hill Av.
Kasanof, D. M., 84 Fuller Magat, H., 14 Merrill
Kirshen, M. S., 275 Dean Rd. Margolis, J., 92 Lyndhurst
Lerner, Dr. P., 16 Strathmore Rd. Mindick, B., 115 Maxwell
Levi, Rabbi Harry, 84 Salisbury Rd. Novick, I., 92 Evans
Marcus, B. W., 30 Littell Rd. Polan, H., 12 McLellan
Meltzer. S. E., 139 University Rd. Pollan, R., 12 McLellan
Moldow, A. S., 1318 Beacon Rosemark, S., 31 Abbot
Morse, B., 141 Clark Rd. Sher, S. S., 57 Lome
Norman, Dr. H., 124 Longwood Av. Silver, D., 939 Blue Hill Av.
Oscar, H., 124 Harvard Stone, E. D., 93 Columbia Rd.
Rudman, E. G., 58 Verndale Stone, Dr. H. E., 810 Blue Hill Av.
Sachs, A. S., 74 Browne Stone, J., 49 Michigan Av.
Scheinfeldt. J. H., 15 Gibbs Vershbow, A., 64 McLellan
Shapiro, A., 88 Stearns Rd.
Shapiro, A., 1521 Beacon E. Cambridge
Shapiro, J. S., 162 Naples Rd.
Shapiro, M., 1519 Beacon Katz, H.. 309 Main
Wolkwich, E., 10 Greenway Ct.
Everett
Cambridge Lack, S., 3 Maiden
Cohen, Edward. 678 Massachusetts Av.
Isaacs, Dr. N., 5 Walnut Av. Fall River
Kaplan, I., 91 Albany Feldman, S., 162 S. Main
Mendelsohn, M. H., 2362 Man Av. Goldberg, Rabbi M., Franklin Bldg.
Raczus, A., 57 Gustin Horwitz, S. 41 Chesworth
Siegel, Miss F., 29 Wendell Jacobson, Miss Sarah, 85 Madison
Wolfson, Prof. H. A., 95 Prescott Lovit, I., 28 McClure PI.
Chelsea Radovsky, D. R., 1316 Highland Av.
Radovsky, H. W., 130 S. Main
Berman, S., 304 Broadway Udis, T., 38 Chaverson
Davidson, Dr. A., 155 Chestnut Yamins. N., 1219 Highland Av.
Gordon, G. E., 58 Eleanor Yoken, Miss E., 828 Second
Langh, Rabbi P. A., Cong. Beth El
Levin, M., 16 John Holyoke
Paul, H., 329 Broadway
Paulive, S. E., 322 Wash. Av. LIFE MEMBER
Pollack. Dr. T., 52 Wash. Av. Barowsky, J. H., 1552 Dwight
Rosemark. L., 121 Bloomingdale
Sauvetz, G., 52 Wash. Av. ANNUAL MEMBER
Silverstein, E. I., 9 Crescent Av. Hirsch, M., 1684 Northampton
Sterman, M., 312 Everett Av.
Jamaica Plain
Dorchester
Appell, M., 55 Johnston Rd. Urgoin, J., 89 Bickford
Berman, S., 54 Bicknell Lawrence
Blank, A., 16 Canterbury
Brody, Israel, 478 Geneva Av. Levek, Dr. J. A., 32 Lawrence
Burack, C, 829 Blue Hill Av. Siskind, Dr. A. L.. 541 Haverhill
Cline, Dr. S., 85 Stratton
Cohen, J., 14 Merrill Longmeadow
Cohen, M., 15 Greenock Goldstein, S.. Somers Rd.
Corman, S., 43 Hansborough Jorey. Miss A. H., 253 Bliss Rd.
Drucker, J., 1160 Blue Hill Av. N'aurison, Dr. J. Z., 91 Roseland Ter.
Entin, I., IS Wales
Feinstein, A., 48 Lome Lowell
Finkelstein, H. J., 15 Wilcock
Friedman, Dr. N. M., 1067 Blue Hill Av. LIBRARY MEMBER
Ginsburg, L.. 947 Blue Hill Av. Harrison, Sol. H., 166 Central
Goldman, A. K., 39 Esmond
Goldstein, M., 12 Paxton ANNUAL MEMBERS
Hackman, J., 43 Kerwin Baker, Sol., Sun Bldg.
H. for Jewish Children, 160 Canterbury Bernstein, Dr. B., 727 Westford
Landy, M., 44 Mascott Glazer, S., 234 Middlesex
Lebow, S., 12 McLellan Goldman, F.. 404 Sun Bldg.
Levitt, M., 41 Supple Rd. Silverblatt, Bennett, 803 Sun Bldg.
Lourie, Myer L., 50 Bradshaw Weinberg, M.. 121 Tanner
Massachusetts] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 443
Lynn Quincy
Horwitz, S., 65 Willow Grossman, J. B., 19 Glendale Rd.
Lansky, L. H., 37 Estes Grossman, R. A., 130 Granite
Linde, I., 36 Cherry
Werner, Rabbi O. W., 25 Prospect Revere
Price, M. J., 62 Highland
Maiden Stone, M., 2* George Av.
Boruchoff, Rabbi B., 211 Bryant
Cohen, M., 421 Ferry Roxbury
Goldfarb, L.. 111 Mt. Vernon Alford, N., 68 Cheney
Hoberman, Dr. S., 115 Salem Berman, N., 33 Wenonah
Isenman, M., 115 Fairmont Bolonsky, L. W., 94 Crawford
Levine, Miss L., 135 Franklin Boston Y. M. H. A., 108 Seaver
Margolis, Rev. Dr. J. H., 22 Clark Brilliant, Frank, 40 Schuyler
Neipris, A. T., 18 Porter Cline, L., 47 Elmore
Norman, S. P., 300 Ferry Cohen, H. A., 67 Cheney
Puchert, Miss E., 75 Warren Av. Cohen, M. W., 27 Brookledge
Silverraan, Miss C , 67 Walnut Cussell, J.. 21 Naying
Sugarman, M., 78 Upham Feinstone, A., 53 Supple Rd.
Ginsburg, Mrs. H., 19 Brookledge
Marshfield Gordon, A. O., 8 Nazing Ct.
Grossman, Rev. B. L., 42 Howland
Feinberg, B. M., Ocean Hebrew Teachers College, 14 Crawford
Ingall, S., 140 Seaver
Mattapan Kline, S. H., 320 Blue Hill Av.
Cantor, Miss L., 35 Clarkwood Lefkovitz, M., 7 Walnut Pk. Rd.
Daub, J., 24 Rexford Levin, Mrs. C , 250 Seaver
Nigrosh, M., 1 Duke Library of Temple Mishkan Tefila
Paisner, C , 20 Ormond Lourie, D. A., 36 Schuyler
Priluk, J.. 16 Goodale Rd. Nemzoff, S., 28 Seaver
Silverstein, S., 82 Wildwood Oshry, H. L., 72 Wayland
Paderson, M. G., 22 Holborn
Palais, Maurice, 139 Harold
Milton Phillips, F., 32 Dennison
Ullman, A., 44 Windsor Rd. Pinanski, Nathan, 15 State
Pokroisky, L., 10 Sunderland
New Bedford Quint, Mrs. S., 89 Georgia
Solomont, S., 98 Elm Hill Av.
LIBRARY MEMBEk Sperack, Miss R. R., 4 Nazing Ct.
Finger, S. B., 332 Hawthorn Taylor, Frank, 2 Maple Ct.
Wagner, Mr6. Chas., 69 Waumbeck
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Barnet, S., 888 Purchase Salem
Genensky, J., 5 Clinton PI.
Goodman, G. B., 888 Purchase Carman, K., 220 Lafayette
Rosenberg, S., 465 Purchase Goldstein, H. P., 193 Lafayette
Rabinowitz, I., 9 Holly
Newton
Somerville
Cibel, A. B., 63 Mandalay Rd.
Golden, E. I., 11 Merrill Rd. Berlak, W., 72 Line
Simon. H., 22 Holland Hillson, H. M., 169 Highland Av.
New England Cabinet Co., 37 Harris
Waldfogel, B., 50 Cross
Newton Centre
Levine, E., 60 Cedar Springfield
Adaskin, H., 44 Summer Av.
Newtonville Auerbach, H. A., 26 Commonwealth Av.
Lewis, A. S., 123 Norwood Av. Chereskin, Dr. J. L., 333 Bridge
City Library Association
Northampton Cohen, Julius A., 387 Main
Davison, P. L., 170 Bridge
Michelman, S., 25 Fort Ehrlich, Harry M., 1387 Main
Freedman, H., 190 Forest Pk. Av.
Pittsneld Freedman, Rev. J., 68 Calhoun
Eisner, M. L., 69 Commonwealth Av. Glickman, Dr. A. M., 1938 Main
England, Simon, 186 Wendell Av. Gordon, L. J., 1597 Main
Society Ansha Amonim Green, E., 132 Fort Pleasant Av.
444 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Michigan
Green, S., 91 Forest Pk. Av. Winthrop

Kamberg, A., 441 Court Sq. Bldg.
Katz, Benj. H., 118 Longhill Fleisher, S.. 4 Woodside Pk.
Kingsberg, J. D., 36 Sumner Terrace
Lasker, R., 69 Washington
Nirenstein, N., 1618 Main Worcester
Peyser, S. L.. P. O. Box 1027
Price, Rev. S., 67 Fort Pleasant Av. Baker, P. W., 20 Strathmore Rd.
Prowler, J. E., 38 Warner Epstein, L., 138 Elm
Quint, S. T., 42 Olmsted Gurwitz, S.. 25 Foster
Radnor, V., 35 Trafton Rd. Hillman. A. M., 390 Main
Sagolyn, R., P. O. Box 1094 Horowitz, Mrs. J., 55 Cedar
Shaine, W., 62 Cherryvale Av. Isenberg. David B., 38 Chamberlain
Savin. A. H., 1634 Main Pkway
Lubin, B., 25 Foster
Stoneham Margolis, A., 72 Hadwen Rd.
Centz, Rev. H. B., 8 Grant Margolis, N.. 25 N. Woodford
Olan, Rabbi L. A., I l l Elm
Waban Poriss, Harry, 61 Sagamore Rd.
Rome, Mrs. Edythe, 14 Woodford
Kahan, E., 1637 Beacon Rome, Nathan, 17 Heywood
Seder, Jos. S., 318 Slater Bide.
Walt ham Waxier, S., 21 Chamberlain Pkway
Bayard, H., P. O. Box 164 Wolfe, R., 8 Richmond Av.
MICHIGAN
Ahmeek Brown, M. C, First Nafl Bk. Bldg.
Glass, Mrs. Fruma Buchhalter, Wm., 2240 ClainnountAv.
Burrows, J.. 1724 Burlingame Av.
Ann Arbor Butzel, F. M., 1st Nafl Bk. Bldg.
Butzel, Judge H. M., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg
Heller, Rabbi B., 615 E. Univeristy Av. Caplan. A.. 2752 W. Boston Blvd.
Isaacs, Dr. R., 1600 Shadford Rd. Cohn, I. I., 804 Hammond Bldg.
Sharfman, I. Leo, 1108 Baldwin Av. Davidson, Mrs. L., 1983 Edison Av.
Dubnove, Dr. A., 8753 12th
Bay City Edwards, M., 1465 Calvert Av.
Levy, Mrs. C. J., 703 Green Av. Ehrlich, Mrs. J. H., 5553 Second Blvd.
Elconin, E. V., 2977 Sturtevant
Detroit Ellman, Hon. Jas. I., 2454 W. Euclid
Fellman. A., 2649 Webb Av.
LIFE MEMBER Finstenwald, Adolph, 67 Monroe
Rosenberg, Louis J., 1450-53 Buhl Bldg. Fishman. M., 2252 Gladstone
Fixel. R. W., 1002 Buhl Bldg.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Fram, Rabbi L.. 8801 Woodward Av.
Brown, H. Z., 262 E. Boston Blvd. Frank, Saml.. 1940 Book Bldg.
Butzel, L. M., 138 Pallister Av. Friedberg, J., 306 Erskine
Kahn, Albert, 62 Rowena Friedman, W., 726 Dime Bk. Bldg.
Kass, Dr. J. B., 8592 Jos. Campau Av. Frohlich, E., 269 Edmund PI.
Klein, A.. 271 Eliot Garvett, M., 2643 Webb Av.
Rosenzweig, S. D., 66 Connecticut Av. Gerson, Jos., 466 Kirby Av.. W.
School of Religion, Temple Beth El Gilbert, P. J.. 2695 Monterey Av.
Simons, D. W., 160 Pallister Av. Ginsburg. B., The Belcrest
Gittleman. S., 11551 2nd Blvd.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Goldman. M.. 29S6 Calvert Av.
Alexander, M. M., 1997 Gladstone Av. Goodfriend, E., 3205 Leslie
Ashinsky, Rabbi A. M., 2083 Gladstone Goodman, H., 2294 Tuxedo
Bale, H. L., 308 Mich. Theatre Bldg. Gordon. Abe. 8511 La Salle Blvd.
Barnett, Dr. S. E., 25 Parsons Gordon, A. L., 2755 Blaine Av.
Baron, N., 1998 Lawrence Av. Gordon. H., 284 Frederick
Bennett, H. S., 18934 &arkside Dr. Greenberg, T. R., 2497 Taylor Av.
Berman, Dr. H. S., 10 Peterboro Hersch. A. D., 645 Bethane Av.. W.
Bernstein, Dr. A. E., 2400 Boston Blvd. Hubar, D. I., 712 Penobscot Bldg.
Blatt, J. T., 9100 La Salle Blvd. Jacob, Wm., 302 E. Ferry Av.
Bloome, W. L., 3952 Chatsworth Av. Jacobs, Harry, 2075 Phila., W.
Blumberg, M. H., 1485 Chicago Blvd. Jewish Centers Ass'n., 31 Melbourne Av
Minnesota] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 445
Kallet, Dr. H. I., 3352 Sturtevant Av. United Jewish Charities, 51 W. Warren,
Kaplan, Wolf, 1996 Calvert c/o P. Houtz
Kasle, A., 1613 W. Phila. Weinberg, J. I., 7365 Hanover
Keidan, Judge H. B., The Whittier Weinman, S. S., 74 McLean Av.
Krolik, J. H., 1555 Chicago Blvd. Weinstein. H. H., 3014 Tuxedo Av.
Landau, M., 2455 Blain Weinstein, Mrs. H. N., 2033 Atkinson Av.
Leemon, J. R., 314 E. Hancok Av. Wolkovich, D., 335 Westminster
Levin, A. J., First Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Zuieback, R., 3048 Webb Av.
Levin, I., 1990 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Levin, Dr. S. J., 914 Maccabee Bldg. Flint
Levin, S. R., 3620 Barium Tower
Lichtig, Wm., 140 Glynn Ct. Lebster, Louis S., 1701 W. Court
Lieberman, B. D., 2284 Chicago Blvd. Rubenstein, P., 421 W. 7th Av.
Lieberman, M., 5232 2d Blvd. Wiener, Benj. F., 301 S. Saginaw
Lightstone, Louis, 1472 Virginia Pk.
Lipkin, Dr. E.. 4853 Michigan Av. Grand Rapids
Liss, Mrs. M. I., 2723 Sturtevant Av. Emdin, Rabbi B., 443 Lincoln Av.
Lurya, I., 15000 Linwood Av. Wolf, G. A., Gd. Rapids Tr. Co.
Marks, Herman, 107 Erskine
Markson, A. D., 3293 W. Euclid Kalamazoo
Metzger, N. D., 2532 Pingree Av.
Meyers, H., 2910 Calvert Av. Friedman, H., 2438 University
Oxenhandler, Miss A., Temple Beth El
Prentis, M. L., General Motors Corp. Manlstique
Rosenman, Dr. J. D., 1015 Kresge Bldg. Rosenthal, L., 223 Range
Saulson, S., 12524 Broadstreet Av.
Savage, L., 119 Virginia Pk. Pontlac
Sempliner, A. W., 1805 Dime Bk. Bid*.
Simons, Judge Chas. C, 24 Connecticut Birnkraut, S. J., 75 Ottawa Dr.
' Av.
Saginaw
Singer, W. B.. 956 Mich. Av.
Slavin, H., 2745 Cortland Levinsohn, A. S., 1013 Holland Av.
Slomovitz, Phil., 3321 Monterey Av. Philippe, A. D., 1026 N. Mich igan Av.
Smilansky, L., 873 Boston Blvd., W. Saginaw Lodge, No. 636, I. O- B. B.
Smilay, H. H., 511 Arden Pk.
Sobeloff, Dr. H.. 2900 Hastings Washington
Sosensky, H., 649 E. Boston Blvd. Litvin. Ben, R. No. 2, Box 74
Steinberg, Miss J. M., 1518 Edison Av.
Stern, Dr. E. A., 9428 Oakland Av. YpsUanti
Stern, Milford, 1656 Penobscot Bldg.
Strauss, S., 3710 Burlingame Av. LIBRARY MEMBER
Trunsky, Peter, 1001 Adelaide Mich. State Normal College Library
MINNESOTA
Duluth Brin, A., 2566 Lake of Isles Blvd.
Bergstein, A., 326 Central Av. Cohen, J. G., Essex Bldg.
Clarfield, A. B., 1023 12th Av., E. Cohen, Dr. N. N., 642 6th Av., N.
Covenant Lodge No. 569 Cutts, Dr. Geo., 1128 Vincent Av., N.
Davis, H. W.. 409 First Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Friedman, I. L., 1204 Knox Av., N.
Hirschfield, Dr. M. S., 830 E. 4th Gelman, J. Z., 2517 19th Av., N.
Segal, J. E.. 1012 E. 2nd Gordon, Dr. Geo. J., 1717 Portland Av.
Wessel, Rabbi H. E., 2426 E. 8th Gordon, N., 1018 Oliver Av. N.
Greenberg, Mrs. J. R., 1715 Morgan Av.,
N.
Grand Rapids Gross, Mrs. A. M., 3135 S. Dupont Av.
Latz, Herman Gross, S., 86 S. 10th
Helfman, Mrs. N. B., 1120 Morgan Av.,
Hlbblng N.
Hallock, C , 429 Sellers Av. Josewich, Dr. A.. 4517 Colfax Av., S.
Korengold, M., 1618 Oliver Av., N.
Kreiner, I. A., 1216 Vincent Av., N.
Minneapolis Levitt, Chas. L., 1612 W. 25th
Aronson, Rabbi D., 1239 Queen Av., N. Licht, B., 1003 Sheridan Av., N.
Barron, Dr. M., 2529 Thomas Av., S. Lifson, B., Metropolitan Bk. Bldg.
Borushak, I. L., 315 Lumber Exchange London, Mrs. D., 1301 Vincent Av., N.
446 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK I Missouri
Minda, Rabbi A.G., 1919Dupont Av.,N. Ginsberg, Dr. Win., 1108 W. 7th
Public Library, 10th & Hennepin Av. Gordon, Louis, 186 S. Pascal
Rubin, S. N., 3712 Colfax Av., S. Grodinsky, Miss H., Wilder Charity Bldg
Savlan, J., 312 Andrus Bldg. Harris, W., 1458 Lincoln Av.
Schanfeld, J. H., 527 2d Av., S. Hoffman, Dr. M. H., 1945 Lincoln Av.
Schwartz, L. F., 1234 Logan Av., X. Horwitz, H., 761 Hague Av.
Silberman, C. H., 117 N. 6th Levy, A. J., 2148 Stanford Av.
Steinman, Mrs. S., 1601 Newton Av., N. Levy, Miss E., 45 S. Lexington Av.
Sweet, II. & Co., 27 N. 4th Loevinger, G., Court House
Temple Israel Rel. School Margolis, Rabbi H. S.. Holly & Avon
Tremblatt, B., 1115 Vincent Av., N. Mogelson, A., 1770 Princeton Av.
Weinberg, B. L., 2501 12th Av., N. Orenstein, J., 406 Pioneer Bldg.
Weinstein, Mrs. M. J., 1207 Washburn Phillips, D., 1499 University Av.
Av., N. Schwab, Max, 888 Lincoln Av.
Woolpy. J. H., 3321 Emerson Av., S. Shedorsky, L. A., 1858 Lincoln Av.
Zieve, Rimal, 1128 Sheridan Av., N. Supornick, J., 954 Ashland Av.
Zipperman, Mrs. M., 1423 Sheridan Av., Temple Aaron Talmud Torah Lib'ry
N.
St. Paul South St. Paul
Blehert, M. B., 1062 Linwood PI. Blumenfeld, D., 213 N. Concord Av.
Calmenson, J. B., 717 Pioneer Bldg. Winona
Cohen, Rabbi H. M., 1004 Goodrich Av.
Firestone, M. P., 1866 Portland Av. Shapero, Chas., 3rd and Wall
MISSISSIPPI
Aberdeen Jackson
Bergman, Max Dreyfus, I., 644 S. State
Lasky, M., P. O. Box 136 Lehman, I., 730 Gillespie PI.
Angullla Laurel
Kline. Abe Matison, Dave A., 7 Av.
Kline, Henry Merldan
Greenville Loeb, Alex
Goldstein, Nathan, 607 Main Natchez
Levitan, S., 207 N. Walnut Geisenberger, Ben. C . 906 Main
Pace
Hattlesburg Hyman, Mrs. Mose
Dreyfus, M., 606 Court
Vlcksburg
Kory, Rabbi S. L., Box 356
Hollandale Landau, M. D., 1st Nat'l Bank Bldg.
Adelson, M. B. Rsoe, Mrs. A., 1414 Cherry
MISSOURI
Boonvllle ANNUAL MEMBERS
Zuzak, H. T. Berkowitz, W. J.. 19th & Campbell
Braver, Rabbi J., 2732 Harrison
Kansas City Cinnamon, B., 4226 Benton Blvd.
Friedberg, H., 538 Lathrop Bldg.
PATRON MEMBER Ginsberg, Dr. A. M., 724 Argyle Bldg.
Reefer. Miss Z., 638 W. 59th Ter. Horowitz, L., 3302 Agnes Av.
Katz, I., 3629 Harrison Blvd.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Katz, N., 4138 Benton Blvd.
B'nai Jehudah Cong., Linwood and Flora Kreger, T., 4330 Benton Blvd.
Av. Li twin, O.. 1405 E. 76th
Harzfeld, J. A., 604 Security Bldg. Mayer, Rabbi H. H., 3512 Kenwood Av.
Keneseth Israel Beth Sholom Rel. Sch.. Minkin, P., 1010 Gloyd Bldg.
34th & Paseo Mnookin, N. M., 5026 Brookside Blvd.
Nebraska] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 447
Nathan, R. D., 4339 Gilham Rd. Ferer, S., 2000 N. Main
Olchoff, M., 103 Ward Pkway. Fischlowitz, F., 71 Aberdeen PI.
Public Library, 9th and Locust Fisher, M. N., 5821 demons Av.
Rieger, A., 1117 Walnut Frey, Hon. A. B., 5062 Westminster PI.
Rubin, Heiraan, 423 Lee Bldg. Fuller, L. C , 6444 Ellenwood
Settenfeld, G. M.. 2615 Walnut Gallant, C. L., 5386 Pershing Av.
Sheskin, H., 703 Commerce Bldg. Gillerman, Gus, 1629 N. Bway.
Silverforb, M. H., 1017 Commerce Bldg. Goldstein, J., 5084 Cates Av.
Staenberg, H., 305 Gumble Bldg. Gordon, Rabbi J., 725 S. Skinker Blvd.
Stern, Sigmund, 1013 Baltimore Av. Grand. J. H., 737 Limit
Webber, M. M., 3814 Bellefontaine Greensfelder, B., 705 Olive
Wolf. Dr. I. J., 3710 Tracey Av. Grosberg, B., 6629 Waterman Av.
Y. M. H. A., 1600 Linwood Blvd. Halpern, Rabbi A. E., 5348 Cabanne Av
Hamburg, S., Jr., 1034 Arcade Bldg.
Louisiana Harris, G.. Union & Enright
Hoffman, Dr. P., 3657 Delmaf Blvd.
Michael, M., 118 S. 8th Isserman, Rabbi F. M., Temple Israel
Kalish, R., 5934 Enright Av.
St. Charles Levinspn, M. G., 506 Olive
Hess, Rabbi J., 1037 Madison Levis/Edgar S., 1115 Washington
Levy, Dr. Aaron, 5646 Waterjiian
Levy, M., 1280 Hamilton Av'.,
St. Joseph Lewin, G., 6246 North Drive •
Hassenbush, S.', 514 N. 10th Lipsitz, Mrs. S., 5740 Waterman Av.
Joseph Lodge No. 73 I. O. B. B. Littman, Mrs. M., 6233 North Wood Av
Kaplan, A. J., 3007 Jule Losos, S., 7320 Pershing Av.
Kranitz. L., 424 Kirkpatrick Bldg. Mayer, Emil, 5539 Waterman Av.
Stone, \Y\, 516 Corby Bldg. Michael, E., 4383 Westminster PI.
Milder, A. S., 1388 Goodfellow
St. Louis Public Library, Olive, 13th & 14th
Rosen, Wm., 2232 S. Broadway
LIBRARY MEMBERS Rovee, L., 6609 Clayton Rd.
Ebn Ezra Lodge, No. 47, I. O. B. B. Rovics, S., 6340 Delmar
Nathan, E., 5037 Waterman Av. Rubenstein, T. H., 901 Lucas Av.
Salomon, S., c/o B. Nugent & Bro. D. G. Sakowsky, D., 2668 Morgan
Co. Sale, Dr. S., 5115 Westminster PI.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Salkey, J. S., 506 Olive
Bass, S. S., 502 Times Bldg. Schiele, E., 1622 Pine
Berger, H. I., 4715 McPherson Av. Sigoloff, M., 4027 Lafayette Av.
Bierman, I., 934 N. Newstead Singer, Dr. Jacob J.,'4i8 Beaumont Bldg.
Bierman. S., 1008 N. 12th Slonim, M. J., 5593 Waterman Av.
B'nai Zion Hebrew School, 301 Soulard St. Louis Mercantile Library: 510 Locust
Bowman, S., 516 Chemical Bldg. Thurman, Rabbi S.. United Heb. Temple
Brown, J. S., 5863 Roosevelt PI. Ullman, P., c/oStix, Baerft Fuller
Chackes, L., 905 Chemical Bldg. United Hebrew Congr. Sunday School
Charak, David, 7557 Buckingham Dr. Vetsburg, K. M., 1530 Telephone Bldg.
Cohen, B., 5 Fraternal Bldg. Yawitz. F., 2333 Pine
Conn, M. M., 615 N. 9th Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Union Blvd. at
Einstein, R. E., 6650 Easton Av. Enright
Engel, J., 764 Leland Av. University City
Extein, Edw., 929 Concordia Lane
Faier, Isadore, S749 Easton Av. Goldman, W. H., 746 He'man Av.
Feigenbaum, J. M., 730 Eastgate Oxenhandler; L. L.,-84.7 Westgate
MONTANA
Billings ' Butte"
Cohen, J. S., c/o Symons b , G. Co.
Friedwald, M., 2501 Montana Av. Meyer, Wm., 110 Penn Bldg.- '
Harron, L., Box 404 Helena
Winestein, N. t 5 Washington PI.
NEBRASKA
Emerson Grand Island,
LIBRARY MEMBER
Daskovsky.M. Wolbach, S. N;
448 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New Jersey
ANNUAL MEMBER Grodinsky, W., 2639 Davenport

Kaufman, D., 1521 W. Koenig Holzman, W. L., Blackstone Hotel
Jewish Com. Center, 101 N. 20th
Lincoln Kaiman, A. H.. 129 N. 33rd
Katleman, Carl C, 737 Omaha Nat'l Bk.
Finkelstein, L., Sec. Mutual Bldg. Bldg.
Friend, M., 1845 E Klutznick, P. M., 650 Omaha Nat'l Bk.
Mozer, C, 432 S. 11th Korol, Dr. E., U. S. Veterans Bureau
Ogel, Rabbi J. J., 20th & South Kulakofsky. J. Harry, 811 S. 30th
Sabbath School, 1126 "P" Kulakofsky, L., 1608 Hainey
Zelen, J., 2144 "N" Lapidus, H. H., 2205 S. 32d
Margolin, Dr. M., 2516 Woolworth Av.
Omaha Milder, M., 1023 N. 17th
LIBRARY MEMBER Monsky, Henry. Omaha Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Wolf, H. A., Blackatone Hotel Omaha Public Library
Rubnitz, Dr. A. S., 5016 Burt
ANNUAL MEMBERS Shafer, A. W., 3564 Woolworth Av.
Auerbach, H. H., 4506 Pappleton Av. Stalmaster. I. A., 4804 Dodge
Beber, S., 650 Omaha Nat'l Bk. Bldg. Wolfson, J. L., 4421 Woolworth Av.
Cohn, Rev. Fred'k, 5105 Webster Zinman, H. B., Brandis Store
Dansky, Dr. T., 218 S. 15th
Freeman, D. A., 2869 Davenport Wayne
Greenberg, Dr. A., 002 Medical Arts Bldg. Jacques, R. H., 108 Main
NEVADA
Elko
Sax, P., 632 2d
NEW HAMPSHIRE
Manchester ANNUAL MEMBER
Deitch, Dr. J.. 967 Elm
LIBRARY MEMBER
Saidel, L., 70 Stark Av.
Nashua
Chase, E. M., 90 Harrison Edelstein, M., 23 Factory
NEW JERSEY
Arlington ANNUAL MEMBERS
LIBRARY MEMBER Agrons, I. N., 1307 Pacific Av.
Jarre. M., 734 Kearny Av. Antinoph. B. E., 603 Schwehm Bldg.
Bar bash, Dr. S., 1902 Pacific Av.
Berman, M., 29 N. Bartram Av.
Asbury Park Bloom, M., Guarantee Trust Bldg.
Berger, D., 612 Cookman Av. Brodsky. J., 165 S. Virginia Av.
KlinghorTer. H.. 650 Cookman Av. Brown, C., 29 So. Mass. Av.
Cassman, H., Real Estate & Law Bldg.
Civin, L. J.. 11 N. Maryland Av.
Atlantic City Community Synagogue School Library
Cramer, M. D., 411 N. New Hampshire
LIBRARY MEMBERS Av.
Grundwerg. Mr. & Mrs. S., 128 S. Conn. Crane, Dr. B.. 306 Pacific Av.
Dannenbaum, M., 109 S. Elberon Av.
Kline. H. S., 15 S. Laclede PI. Fisher, Rabbi H., 205 Seaside Av.
Perskie, J. B., S N. Plaza PI. Fleisher, P., c/o The President
Rubel, J.. 1128 Atlantic Av. Friedman, Mrs. Wm., 117 Dewey PI.
New Jersey] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 449
Gardner, A., 4 N. St. Katherine Burlington
Gorson, M. M., 511-13 Schwehm Bldg. Soffer, Rabbi H., 212 High
Gottlieb, H., 3907 Ventnor Av.
Green, S., 8 S. Windsor Av.
Greenburg, Max A., 933 Atlantic Av. Caldwell
Grossman, J., Grossman's Hotel Epstein, I., 350 Bloomfield Av.
Jewish Library, Community Center Goodwin, H., 23 Hillside Av.
Josephson, J., 1710 Atlantic Av. Grossman, A. M., 19 Hillside Av.
Kaas, A., Hotel Breakers Halprin, Dr. H., 8 Washburn PI.
Kolmetsky, H., 1503 Pacific Av. Salper, J., 30 Thomas
Krassenstein. E., 21 N. Maryland Av. Stave. L., Knollwood Ter.
Mallin, L. M.. Guarantee Trust Bldg.
Miller, H.. 31 Law Bldg.
Miller, S. Law Bldg. Camden
Paull, D.. 510 Schwehm Bldg. LIBRARY MEMBER
Pearlstein, J., 2919 Fairmount Av.
Perskie, J. H., 23 N. Raleigh Av. Dale, H., Haddon Book Bindery
Peskoe, B., 3829 Atlantic Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Poland, Dr. J,, 1904 Pacific Av. Adlen, R.. 1455 B'way
Raphael, Mrs. S., 2224 Arctic Av. Amoff. Rabbi N., 1254 Langham Av.
Riser, M., 2815 Atlantic Av. Brown, B. B., 1222 Langham Av.
Rodman, R., Delaware & Drexel Avs. Conston, H., 707 Broadway
Roschovsky, Dr. J., 2618 Pacific Av. Cooper, Dr. D. E., 1314 Broadway
Rosenblum, Dr. D., 2500 Pacific Av. Cooperson, L., 40 N. 4th
Saltzberg B. J.. 1509 Pacific Av. Feldman, J.. 422 Kaighn Av.
Schlosser. A., 1834 Atlantic Av. Feldsher, R., 800 Broadway
Schartz, A., 103 S. Elberon Av. Fine, Florence, 520 Kaighn Av.
Schwartz, I., C 1 Iowa Apts. Fox, P., 1122 Broadway
Shapiro, J.. 327 Atlantic Av. Fridrick, H. E., 2587 Baird Blvd.
Shapiro. Rabbi M., 105 Columbia PI.. Fuhrman, Abe., 444 Broadway
Silberman, W., 817 Atlantic Av. Furer, Jacob L., 602 Wilson Bldg.
Singer, D. G., 1000 Pacific Av. Goldstein, Dr. H. I., 1425 Broadway
Slotoroff. S.. 1331 Arctic Av. Grossberg, J., 827 Broadway
Soltz, J., 2517 Atlantic Av. Heine, Saml., 910 Broadway
Steinhauser, W., 919 Pacific Av. Hermann, I. H., 300 Broadway
Stern, L. F., Hotel Sterling Jaspan, H., 631 Grant
Waldman, H.. 2408 Pacific Av. Kaplan, S., 804 Wilson Bldg.
Weilerstein, Rabbi B. R., 105 Oriental Levy. W. H., 2554 Baird Blvd.
Av. Liberman, L., 307 Market
Weinberg, Dr. C. B., Ritz-Carlton Hotel Lichtenstein, H. S., 1450 Wildwood Av.
Wolf, Mrs. F., 109 States Av. Markowich, H. W., 1277 Kenwood Av.
Youtie, H., 1208 Atlantic Av. Markowich. S. N.. 1221 Haddon Av.
Markowitz, L. L., 808 Broadway
Marritz, M., 521 Cooper
Audubon Miller, S. N., 548 Federal
Morris, F., 107 Merchant Naden, J., 773 Kaighn Av.
Natal, Ben., 1491 Greenwood Av.
Bayonne Newman, A., 1178 Haddon Av.
Ostroff, Wm., 1196 Haddon Av.
Brodsky, H., 70 W. 32d Palitz, Sarah L., 514 Federal
Kohn, Dr. Ben. H., 473 Broadway Polivnick, Miss C, 1449 Ormond Av.
Levinson, H., 36 W. 32nd Rose, L. H.. 511 Income Insurance Bldg.
Marshak, Dr. M. I., 679 Av. C. Rosenfeld, R. H.. 3046 Federal
Moskowitz, E. W., 319 Av. C. Udell, W.. 504 Kaighn Av.
Nalitt, Dr. D. I., 28 W. 33d Visor, D. L., 23 Broadway
Nessanbaum, B., 473 Broadway Weitzman, I., 1456 Haddon Av.
The Library of Temple Emanuel Heb. Yuschinsky. Miss D. E., 520 Liberty
Schl., Ave C. and 26th Zinman, P., 548 Federal
Belleville
Siegel, Miss R., 99 Little Clemen ton
Meizen, H., Berlin Rd.
Beverly Wolf, B., Berlin Rd.
Katz, A.
Collingswood
Bridgeton Janor, M., 813 Haddon Av.
Schwarzman, D., 20 N. Laurel Katz, I., 106 Pacific Av.
Delair ANNUAL MEMBERS

Alpert, Dr. E., 661 Jersey Av.
Glass, M. S., 512 VeldeAv. • • Alpert, H., 65 Wegman Pky.
East Newark Alters, S., 104 Newark Av.
Appletori, W., 895 Bergen Av.
Kummel, Dr. M., 315 Central Av. Barison. E. B., 591 Summit Av.
Ben-Asher, Dr. S., 260 Bergen Av.
East Orange Birnbaum. P. L., 2844 Boulevard
Dessler, A. I., 116 Prospect Chazin, A., 30 Journal Sq.
Dimond, A. J., 67 S. Munn Av. Cohen, L., 479 Bergen Av.
Friend, H. M., 145 S. Arlington Av. Eisenberg, I., 779 Montgomery
Greenberg, M., 25 S. Munn Av. Falk, L. A., 21 Broadman Pkway
Feinberg, N., 200 Newark Av.
Eatontown Florman, Mrs. S., 708 Newark Av.
Freedman, M. A., 546 Bergen Av.
Philips. M., Peach Blossom Farm Gerstein. L., 284 Harrison Av.
Gizang, W. B., 136 Montgomery
Elizabeth Gluckman, H., 145 Belmont Av.
Blick, L. D:, 1139 E. Jersey Goldberg, C, 921 Bergen Av.
Brailove, Dr. S. A;, 72 Broad Goldstein, A. J., 176 Bergen Av.
Cahn, W. L., 190 Ralph Goodman, N., 830 Bergen Av.
Cohen, P., 207 Broad Gordon, Dr. H. J., 251 Beacon Av.
Finkel. J., 229 Broad Greenstone, S., 49 BrinkerhofT
Fishman, S., 60 Broad Gross, Benj., 15 Exchange PI.
Forman, D. S., Broad & Jersey Avs. Gross, Dr. Benj., 311 Grove
Greenberg, D., 50 Broad Gross, I.. 630 Bergen Av.
Jacobson, B., 143Westneld Av. Gross, M., 2 Paulmier PI.
Julius Stein Memorial Library Haas, Mrs. A.. 47 Duncan Av.
Levy, E.. 1364 North Av. Harris, J. J., 241 Stegman
Merlis, M., 108 Broad Heyman, I., 110 Glenwood Av.
Miller, A., 210 Hillside Rd. James, P. H., 665 Newark Av.
Rosenthal, Dr. J. B., 129 Broad Katzman, A., 2848 Hudson Blvd.
Simon, Miss R., 423 Elizabeth Av. Kriegel. L. J.. 40 Journal Sq.
Stamler, Jno. J., 29 Broad Landau, J., 132 Essex
Stein, Dr. Emil, 607 Park Av. Lane, Dr. M. J., 589 Summit Av.
Weinberg, L.. 1130 Worth Av. Levitan, A., 665 Newark Av.
Lieberman, M. W., 921 Bergen Av.
Freehold Mendelsohn, Dr. L., 272 Montgomery
Natovitz. A., 921 Bergen Av.
Hochberg, Miss E. L., R. D. 5 Plotkin, Rabbi B., 35 Kensington Av.
Rubenstein, Dr. M. M., 754 Newark Av.
Gloucester Schimel, H., 15 Clifton PL
Friedman, J., 218 S. King Staloff, Miss J.. 61 Warner Av.
Weitz, E., 75 Montgomery
Hackensack
Harris, H. H., 406 Prospect Av.
Rosenberg, C, 187 W. Anderson Keyport
Y. M. H. Ass'n., 211 Essex Prager, Isidore, 23 Main
Haddonfield Lakewood
La Bove, L., 203 E. Kings H'way. Council of Jewish Juniors, 312 Clifton Av.
Highland Park Lambertville
Schwartzstein, J., 207 Adelaide Av. Messenger, J., 5 Union
Hoboken Linden
Brand, I. H., 84 Washington Lind, Miss Lena, 22 E. 18th
Lichtenstein, J., 604 River
Long Branch
Irvington Heimlich. S. M., 339 B'way
Rothstein, H. R., 139 Carolina Av.
Manasquan
Jersey City Paperth, E., Main
LIBRARY MEMBER Maplewood
Eichmann, M., 2158 Hudson Blvd. Hahn, Henry, 5 Rutgers
New JerseyJ JEWISH PUBLICATION .SOCIETY 451
Margate City Gersten, E.,,212.Ridgewoo(J Avj •
Friedlander, I., 25 E. Drive Goldberg, 1., 32 Mercer > '
Goldstein, G. L., 972 Broad.
Metuchen Green, B.C., 11 Hill
Greenbaum, H. H., 10 Lehigh Av.
Wernik, A. P.. 412 Main Greenberg, Dr. S., 46 Johnson Av,
Gross, Rudolph, 34 Leslie
Moorestown Grubstein, Chas.,'New & Nuttman
Marmer, A., 107 W. Main Harris, A., 21 Johnson Av.
Hecht, J. H., 207 Market
Morris town Herman, L. F., 133 Hillside Av.
Rubin. Dr. H. S.. 11 High Herman, P., 2 Beekman •• •.
Herman, Samuel, 7 Nelson PI.
Mount Holly Hoffman, Rabbi C. Jj,;624 High
Hollander, Sam-M-, Cham, of Com. Bldg.
Krupnick, H., 40 Main Hood, C , II Pomona Av.
Levy, L.. 70 Main Hood, Louis, 402 Mt. Prospect Ay.
Hurwitz, M., Academy
Newark Isserman, A., 171 Osborn Ter.
PATRON Jay, Leopold, 972 Broad
Bamberger, Louis, 135 Market Jedell, Helen, 34a Kearney ,
LIBRARY MEMBERS Kanengieser, A. Sigmund, 88 Newton
Cohn, M., 24 Pomona Av. Kantor, B., 73 Market
Kaplan, J. I., 104 Market
Hollander, Ben. W.. 143 East Kinney Katchen, I. J., .786 Broad
Kussy, Mrs. M., 30 Nairn PI. Katz, C , 64 Huntington Ter.
Miller, S., 31 E. Kinney Kenarik, H., 438 Springfield Av.
Rich, Wm. S., 201 Springfield Av. Kessler, Dr. H. H., 9 Franklin
Schlesinger, M. S., Broad St. Theatre Kessler, N. T., 50 Bloomfield Av.
Khin, J.,,69 Springfield Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS King, Nathaniel, 348 Clinton Av.
Adelman, M., 208 Renner Av. Kohn, Richard E., 31 Clinton
Albach, M. M., Military Pk. Bldg. Kohn, Sylvan H., 790 Broad
Alenick, M. G., 24 Branford PI. Konwitz, Rabbi J., 345 Belmont Av.
Alper, J., 207 Market Koplowitz, L., 19 Parkview Ter.
Apter & Son. P., 100 Morton Kraemer, Jos., 164 Market
Aronoff, E., 34 Branford PI. Krasner, Nathan G., 800 Broad
Avidan & Avidan, 192 Osborne Ter. Krieger, Mrs. L., 68 Poe Av.
Berla, Sol., 232 Mulberry Kristeller, L. P., 810 Broad
Bernstein, D. E., 786 Broad Kussy, Herman, 59 Treacy I v.
B'nai Jeshurum Liby., High & Waverly Kussy, Nathan, 790 Broad
Brotman, Dr. M. M., 90 Avon Av. Larkey, A., 95 Shanley Av.
Buchler, Dr. H., 566 High Leber, Sam'l F.. 60 Park PI.
Cohen, J. H., 1 Mapes Av. Leeds, H., Pomona & Elizabeth Av.
Cohn, Jos. E., 25 Girard PI. Leibowitz, I., 172 Sp4ingfield Av.
Cohn, S., 25 Milford Av. Levey, S. B., 40 Huntington Ter.
Cone, Dr. Arthur S., 61 West Levy, Chas., 37 Randolph PI.
Cowen, Rev. M., 537 High Lief. H., 106 Orchard
Danzis, Dr. M., 608 High Loebel, Chas., 174 Osborne Ter.
Echikson, E., 670 Ridge Lowenstein, E.,-21 Hedden Ter.
Eisner, M., 585 High Lowenstein, Isaac, 12 Baldwin Av.
Elin, N., 52 Hedden Ter. Lubetkin, Jacob, 60 Park PI.
Englander, L. B., 11 Raymond Blvd. Macy, B., 15 Leo PI.
Erlich, Nathan, 1057 Hunterdon Manhofl, Chas., 714 S. 10th
Fast, Louis A., 59 Baldwin Av. Manshel, C , 103 Vassar Av.
Fenning, Herman H., 424 Parker Marx, Meier, 49 Avon PL
Fine, Dr. M. J., 175 Clinton Av. Mayer, C , 39 Rose Ter,
Fischel, Jacob, 60 Park PI. Miller, M., 79 Baldwin Av.
Flachs. Dr. A., 347 Lafayette Muehlfelder, A., 65 Tracy Av.
Fleischman, Dr. M., 5 Belmont Av. Munson, W., 27 Clinton
Forman, E. I., 28 William Neiwirth, H. S.. Military Pk. Bldg.
Foster, Rabbi S., 90 Treacy Av. Newman, B., 69 Girard PI.
Fox, Mrs. M. A., 486 Clifton Av. Newman, Jacob L., 810 Broad
Freeman, L. N., 631 S. 11th Norton, W. M., 17 Academy
Freiman, N., 130 Goldsmith Av.
Friedman, L., 425 Springfield Av. Oheb Shalom Library, 45 Elizabeth A
Furst, Geo., 24 Johnson Av. Olson, Carl, Federal Trust Bldg.
Gallop, M. M., 199 Pacific Osrowitz, Dr. M., 102 Shanley Av.
Osterweil, T., 116 Market
Osterwell. W.t Fireman's Bldg. Orange

Pearson, H., 127 Montclair Av. Besser, H., 688 Mosswood Av.
PerkofT. H., 28 William Green, Harry, 182 Heywood Av.
Plant Memorial School, 225 Prince Pinsky, Dr. John, 301 Main
Poleshuck, S., 164 Market
Pollak. S., 972 Broad Palmyra
Posner, H., 47 W. Klnney
Radln, Dr. H. R., 107 Clinton Av. Freeman, Samuel
Ravitz. Dr. S. F., 1113 Broad Schwartz, D. L., 19 E. Broad
Reich, Dr. J., 130 Court
Rich, Leopold, 22 Ingraham PI. Passalc
Roeasler, Saml., 9 Clinton
Rosenstein, G. H., 830 Broad LIBRARY MEMBER
Rosenstein, I., 575 Broad Stein, H.. 201 Lexington Av.
Rouse. Dr. M., 60 Branford PI. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Ruback, M. E., 60 Park PI. Rosenberg, J., 161 Hamilton Av.
Rutkln, M., 64 Millington Av. Shapiro, Dr. D., 104 Passaic Av.
Sandusky, I., 260 Meeker Av.
Saslow. Dr. M., 116 Market Simon, Dr. A. L., 18 Temple PI.
Schiffmann, Dr. S., 110 Shanley Av. Slaff, Samuel, 110 High
Schlesinger, Louis, 31 Clinton Av. Steiner, I. M., 118 Lexington Av.
Schotland, Phil J., 9 Clinton Weinberger, H. H., Service Trust Co.
Schwarz, Dr. E., 561 High Bldg.
Segal, Miss D. E., 305 Osborne Ter. Zucker, Rabbi Max, TemjJle EmanueJ
Shalit, I., 108 Fleming Av.
Shapiro, Miss L. R., 207 Market
Sichel, Moses, 69 Shanley Av. Paterson
Silber, Charles, Lefcourt Bldg.
Silberfeld, Rev. J., 32 Ingraham PI. LIBRARY MEMBERS
Skwirsky, Dr. Jos., 170 Hathorne Av. Bloom. Ed., 550 Park Av.
Soman, Nathan, 31 2d Av. Dimond, P., 284 E. 32d
Sonnabend, J. M., 3 Belmont Av. Fabian, J., 150 Fair
Spellman, W.. 825 S. 10th Fabian, Simon H., 92 E. 37th
Spielman, M., 106 Lyons Av.
Spitalnlk, H., 266 Meeker Av. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Stavitsky, M. A., 60 Park PI. B'nai Jesh. Rel. Sen.. Bwy. & Straight
Stein, Le Roy, 93 Spruce Cohen, J., 273 Hamilton Av.
Steinberg. B., 12 Beaver Conn, Bertha S., 49 13th Av.
Steiner, Herman, 60 Park PI. Cohn, David, 112 Ellison
Steiner, J., 790 Broad Gold, G.. 396 E. 41st
Stemick, B.. 1189 Broad Goldhill, A., 458 E. 32nd
Straus, D., 853 S. 13th Joelson, Dr. M. S., 87 Fair
Sturm. Wm., 317 Leslie Kitay, Mrs. H., 376 Broadway
Sussman, I. H., 51 Grumman Av. Platt. Jos., 409 E. 35th
Tepper, Jules E., 1060 Broad Pollock, S., 247 18th Av.
Turkenkopf, A. JR., 20 Shanley Av. Rosenstein, F. L., 125 Ellison
Weinberg, B., 738 Broad Simon, I., 470 Boulevard
Weiss, L., 24 Branford PI. Surnamer, Dr. I., 345 Broadway
Weiss, Dr. L., 849 S. 11th Urdang, L., 4 Pope Rd.
Whitefield, N.. 60 Park PI. Yanofl. W., 281 19th Av.
Wiener, B., 60 SprinpBeld Av.
Wortzel, S. J., 9 Clinton
Yaruss, M., 790 Broad Pennsgrove
Yawitz, B., 239 Springfield Av. Poland, Mrs. J. E., cor. Main and Broad
Zebooker, M. A., Box 416
New Brunswick Perth Amboy
Adler, S. M., 45 Peterson LIBRARY MEMBERS
Kaufman, S. S., 316 Livingston Av.
Lipman, J. G., Experiment Station Dobbs, David, 86 Jefferson
Rudensky. M.. R. F. D. No. 6 Wurtzel. Max, 142 Gordon
Strauss, J., 226 Seaman ANNUAL MEMBERS
N. Bergen Alpern, I., 147 Smith
Cohen, S. S., 210 Smith
Jacobs, S., 3789 Hudson Blvd. Davidson, Rabbi M. D., 118 State
Miller, Geo. J., 176 Smith
Nutley Silk, Dr. C. I.. 189 Rector
WeinU-aub. S.. 437 Kingsland Rd. Sosin, L. Y., 130 Smith
New Jersey] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 453
Pine Brook Konwitz, Mrs. F. R., 984 S. Broad
Fish, Nathaniel Koplin, Dr. N. H., 142 W. State
Kramer, B., 345 Hilcrest Av.
Plainfield Kramer, H., 45 W. Hanover
LIBRARY MEMBER Kramer, N., 69 Maple Av.
Newcorn, Wm., Queen City Hotel Lavine, Dr. B. D., 630 N. Clinton Av.
Lavine, S., 125 N. Broad
ANNUAL MEMBERS Leopold, S., Broad St. Bk. Bldg.
Bird, G. W., 130 North Av. Levin, I., 326 Market
Kurtzman, C., 146 E. Front Liebreich, Dr. Leon J., 640 W. State
Rosenbaum H., 701 E. Front Millner, F., 902 BeUevue Av.
Rothberg. H.. 928 W. Front Rosen, S. T., 701 Brunswick Av.
Tepper, A., 669 W. 7th Safir, Miss B., 135 Ingleam Av.
Tepper, M., 933 W. 7th Shipper, L. E., 9 Beechwopd Av.
Yood, Dr. R., 401 Grant Av. Siegel, M. H., 1201 S. Broad
Silverstein, H., 206 S. Broad
Princeton Taylor, S. J., 30 Ellsowrth Av.
Vine, P. S., 220 Broad
Kreeley. K., 22 Witherspoon Wineberg, S., 903 S. Broad
Y. M. H. A., 18 S. Stockton
Red bank
Kridel. Mrs. J.. 190 E. Front Union City
Riverside Rappaport, Dr. M., 755 Bergenline Av.
Urevitz, Dr. Abr., 495 New York Av.
Cohen, J. J.. 3 Scott
Kaplan, H., 119 Pavilion Av. Ventnor
Milavsky, H., 213 Pavilion Av. Biron, E. M., U N . Newport Av.
Schneidman, I. K., 11 Lafayette Bloom, L., 6414 Ventnor Av.
Schrieber, M. Grossman, D. M., 19 S. Victoria Av.
Rutherford Lichtenstein, J., 5414 Ventnor Av.
Danzinger, S.. 3 Ayer PI. Schultz, H., 9 S. Wash. Av.
Lyons, E., 255 Feronia Way Segal, W.. 6418 Ventnor Av.
Secaucus Vlneland
Pollak, Dr. B. S. Rosenthal, D., 919 Pear
South Orange Weehauken

Abelson, J. J., 257 Warwick Av. Lieberman, W., 4 Grauert PI.
Berla, A., 574 Sinclair Ter. Sorokin, M. O.. 59 Eldorado PI.
Fenster, A., 458 Lenox Av. West CordviUe
Herzberg, M. J.. 135 Mercer PI.
Klein, P., 139 Mercer PI. Reinfeld, J., 783 Mountain Av.
Lichtman, H., 60 S. Kingman Rd.
West Hoboken
Summit Umansky, M., 212 Clinton Av.
Appleton, L., 12 Maple
Mantel, J. R., 12 Maple Westmont
Wolf, A., 154 Haddon Av.
Trenton
Abrams, S., 807 S. Broad West New York
Azarchi, L., 214 N. Broad Diska, Dr. L. A., 307 16th
Barnett, Mrs. D., 106 E. State
Bellin, A. I., 56 Laurel Av. Westvilie
Budson, Alex., 85 Jackson
Cohen, H., 118 E. Front Schatz, B., 154 Broadway
Fishberg, J., 475 Hamilton Av. Westwood
Forman, P., 112 N. Montgomery
Goitein, L., 703 S. Broad Goldberg, Dr. David, 7 Bogert PI.
Goldberg, J., 148 N. Olden Av. Lack, Philip, 30 Bryant PI.
Goldman, S. A., 849 S. Broad
Grad, Mrs. F., 132 S. Broad Woodbrldge
Hershowitz, I. P., 74 Lamberton Brown, A., P. O. Box 272
Holzner. D., 643 W. State
Isaacs, J., Broad & Academy Woodbury
Julian, Dr. W., 23 Atterbury Av
Kasser, A., 910 S. Broad Polsky, H., 240 S. Broad
454 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK (New York
NEW MEXICO
Albuquerque Santa Fe
Bloom, Rabbi H. I., 819 Forrester Av. Garriesky, Martin
NEW YORK
Albany Public Library
LIFE MEMBER
Rosenthal, S. C , 119 Murray
Rosendale, Hon. Si W., 57 State Brighton Beach
LIBRARY MEMBERS
Berger, Mrs. D., 76 Southern Pkway.
Borodkin, Rabbi S., 230 Brier Ct.
Heasberg, Sariil., 57 State Chale, M., 3057 Lakeland PI.
I llch, Julius, 78 State Gingold, A. M., 3035 E. 2nd
Mann, Isaac, 114 Rycktnan Av. Gold. L. J.. 3034 Ocean View Av.
Hittler. M. N.. 2991 Ripple
ANNUAL MEMBERS Waxman, H., 6 Mayo
Aronowitz, S. E., 536 Madison Av. Weise, M.,3036^ E. 6th
Aufsesser; M. F., 1002 Madison Av.
Ball, Dr. A., 351 State Brooklyn
Bamberger, Rev. Dr. B. J., 206 State
Baum, Rabbi S. Z., 90 Morton Av. LIFE MEMBERS
Bellin. Dr. M., 202 Central Av. Rel. Schl. Cong. Beth Elohim; Garfield
Bennett, E., 818 Myrtle Av. & 8th
Beth Emeth Religious School Straus, H. Grant; 422 Fulton
Bookheim, L. W,, 133 S. Lake Av.
Caplan Bros., 232 S. Pearl LIBRARY MEMBERS
Fenster, P. W.. 6 S. Pearl Barrasch, B., 928 Avenue R
Greenberg, J., 82 State Bernstein, A. A., 1690 Ditmas Av.
Hershberg, J., 110 Grand- Brightman. S. D., 1517 47th
Hessberg, Mrs. A., 352 State Cott, L., 2149 62d
Hirschfield, H., 30 Chestnut Duberstein. S. C , 26 Court
Lieberman, L., 90 State Edelman, Dr. M., 861 Fresh Pond Rd.
Livingston, Dr. P., '35 If! Pearl Friedman, J. P., 658 Montgomery
Medwin, N., 90 State Gordon, Dr. M. B., 4803 14th Av.
Muhlfelder, J.v 1002 Madison Av. Heller, Dr. J., 225 aEastern Pkway.
Naumofl, M. S., 69 Euclid Av. Kaufman. M.. 614 E. 27th
Phillips. H., 131 Madison Av. Margoshes, J., 188 S. Third
Poskanzer, R. Q., 78 State Matz, I.. 1522 Albemarle Rd.
Rackman. Mrs. D.. 245 S. Pearl Meislin, Mrs. Rose. 1450 President
Sherman, M., 81 S. Allen . Michton, M., 180 Winthrop
Sporborg, Mr?. H. J., Hotel Ten Eyck Rabbin, M. M.. 805 St. Marks Av.
Stern, C. M., 121 S. Lake Av. Rottenberg, S., 1377 President
Suchoff, J., 15 Clinton Av. Rubenstein, E. I., 819 Prospect PI.
Tarsey, Mrs. R. B.. 3 Bancker School, A., 353 Ocean Av.
The Jewish Com. Center. I l l Wash. Av Schwartz, Dr. L. S., 849 Park PI.
Yaras, Coplin. 752 Myrtle Av. Schwartzschild, M. M., 1452 55th
Shapiro, N. D.. 50 Court
Amsterdam Steinberg, I., 577 Montgomery
Gray, Max, 70 Grove Uchitelle. B.. 1344 E. 8th
Walkof. N., 175 Eastern Pkway.
Lurie, A. D., 195 Guy Park Av. Wilner, Morris, 1657 50th
Axverne
Benderly, Dr. S., 705 Beach 69th ANNUAL MEMBERS
Emanuel. B.. Beach 69th Aaron, A., 26 Court
Gorman, B. I., 561 B 69th Aaron, Rabbi I. A.. 255 Eastern Pkway
Kessler, A..149 Beach 72nd Abels, Rabbi M. J., S. 14th Av. & 49th
Samuels, Dr. S. S.. I l l Beach 62nd Abrahams, E. L., 231 Ocean Av.
Abrahamson. Dr. E. M., 284 E. Pkway.
Belle Harbor Ackerman, M. E., 286 Johnson Av.
Burger, E. H., 100 Beach 131st Altrowitz, I., 1130 E. 22nd
Anchel, W.. 6723 10th Av.
Blnfthamton Arens, M.. 532 8th
Bloom, Dr. M. S., 110 Oak Aronson, D., 51 Amherst
New York] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 455
Auaubel, Dr. H., 1 De Kalb Av. Feinson, J., 1239 Carroll

Babbit. L. H., 602 Montgomery Feit, Abr., 50 Court
Bacharach, C. G., 215 Mantague l-'eld, Dr. H., 542 Willoughby Av.
Ball, Miss E., 2735 Ocean Pkway. Fine, Isidore, 881 Wash. Av.
Barbash. Dr. H., 8603 Bay Pkway. Finkelstein, A. A., 1465 54th
Barnett, B. A., 1117 E. 27th Finkelstein, Dr. R., 576 E. Parkway
Barnett, H. I., 1320 48th Fisher, I. H., 1205 Avenue I
Baskin, David, 1156 57th Fisher, J., 4621 Ft. Hamilton Parkway
Becker, M., 1378 E. 8th Fleiss, H., 370 Tompkins Av.
Benjamin, A., 142 68th Forman, H., 401 Vermont
Benjamin, B. L., 139 E. 96th Franks, H. S., 44 Midwood
Bennett, Helen, 76 Bay 26th Freedman, Isaac, 340 Pulaski
Berger, M. A., 1915 78th Freiberger, D., 2149 80th
Berkowitz, Dr. B. B., 225 E. Pkway. Friedman, Dr. J. H., 236 S. 2nd
Berman. L. H., 2220 Ocean Av. Friedman, Rebecca, 515 Alabama Av.
Bernhardt, Mrs. J., 250 Dover Fromberg, H. G., 945 E. 10th
Bernstein, A. N., Ralph Av. & Pacific Fruchtbaum. Dr. L. M., 370 S. 2d
Bernstein, J. L., 397 E. 11th Fuchs, Sig. H., 1221 Remson Av.
Bernstein, M., 1201 Av K Furst, M., 130 Clinton
Bildersee, Miss A., 115 Willow Gabriel, B., 318 Brooklyn Av.
Blau, Miss L. B., 77 Linden Blvd. Gabriel, J., 1265 45th
Blumberg, Meyer, 805 Ocean Av. Ganopolsky, S., 733 Miller Av.
Boochever, G., 272 E. 16th Gelfand, S., 1710 Carroll
Bosniak, Rabbi J., 490 Ocean Pkway. Gelles, I. D., 477 Miller Av.
Boudin, J. B., 26 Court . Germain, L., 470 8th Av.
Breslauer, M., 7101 Colonial Rd. Getz, D. B., 26 Court
Bresler, H. S., 62 Marlborough Rd. Gilbert, Mrs. G. I., 51 80th
Brightman, Jos. W., 1837 49th Ginsburg, H., 814 Hopkinson Av.
Brinberg, A., 1666 53rd Gittelson, Dr. M., 1921 Bergen
Brooke, B. H., 862 Flatbush Av. Gittelson, M., 2301 Av. G
Brooklyn Jewish Centre, 667 E. Pkway. Gladstone, S., 1120 E. 22nd
Burstein, Rabbi A., 339 62nd Glauboch, Dr. C. L., 6659 Colonial Rd.
Celler, E., 32 Court Gluckman, J., 545 Gates Av.
Chertoff, Rabbi P., 1362 46th Gotten, Dr. A. M., 518 Monroe
Cohen. A. S., 217 S. 4th Goldberg, L., 850 50th
Cohen, C. C , 310 E. 25th Goldberg, L. P.. 2111 Myra Ct.
Cohen, Dr. D. H., 6601 Bay Pkway. Goldberg, S., 1679 Pitkin Av.
Cohen, Misa E. G., 1738 Union Goldfarb, Rabbi I., 360 Clinton
Cohen, I., 313 E. 49th Goldman, B., 2059 80th
Cohen, Rev. S. R., 17 Eastern Pkwav Goldman, L. A., 640 Montgomery
Cohn, J. H., 27 Throop Av. Goldstein, J., 1564 52nd
Cohn, Dr. M. A., 1457 Eastern Pkway. Goldstein, P., 701 Greene Av.
Coler, Samuel G., 160 5th Av. Goldstein, S., 26 Court
Coles, J. I., 15 Crown Goodman, A. M., 1237 48th
Commanday, Victor, 946 E. 12th Goodman, N., 270 Crown
Cong. Ahavath Achim Gottlieb, J. W., 16 Court
Danlin, I. A., 2224 Av. P Grayer, H., 44 Court
Dargo, N., 947 Montgomery Grayzel, Mrs. S. M., 825 Linden Blvd.
Davidson, Dr. B., 1457 Union Green, J. J., 1352 47th
Davidson, G., 353 Ocean Av. Green, S. E.. 1220 54th
Davis, Dr. F., 8 Bay 35th Greenberg, J., 1526 47th
Davison. S., 1201 Av. I Greene, I. F., 44 Court
De Waltoff, Dr. D. B., 7714 Ridge Blvd. Greenstone, M. S., 21 Smith
Greenwald, Dr. H. M., 499 Ocean Av.
Dinin.S., 1059 Newport Greenwald, Mrs. R., 1947 Ocean Av.
Doft, Max, 1460 55th Groden, Morris, 693 Montgomery
Dorin, Miss N. D., 1249 45th Gross, Rabbi L. D., 570 Pacific
Dressner. C. L., 224 S. 9th Gutkin, E. P., 148 Keap
Droshnicop, S., 788 E. Parkway Haft, M. W., 1336 President
Dumay, Dr. C , 241 Penn Halbfinger, C , 122 Liberty Av.
Edelman, H., 313 Roebling Halperin, A., 26 Court
Ehrlich, A. L., 778 Lexington Av. Hamburger, S. L.. 1929 62nd
Eisenberg, Dr. A. D., 586 Leonard Harrison, H. A., 1208 Carroll
Eisenberg, R., 4311 Snyder Av. Hartstein, J., 1041 Bushwick Av.
Ellenbogen, M., 531 Bedford Av. Haskel & Sons, Inc., S., 100 Harrison PI.
Ellman, A., 1444 58th Heckelman, I., 1462 S7th
Epstein, M. C , 66 Court Heckelman, J. C . 1462 57th
Esrig, Dr. N., 326 7th Heller, Rabbi A. M., 335 E. 5th
Farber, Mrs. S. W.. 44 Marlborough Rd.
4S6 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New York
Heller, M. G., 1580 E. 28th Lipper, A., 230 Stratford Rd.

Heller, M., 1SS2 54th Liss, C, 715 Riverdale Av.
Hershman, W., 225 Quincy London, Dr. E., 1927 Kings Highway
Herzfeld. Max, 773 Willoughby Av. Lyons, Rev. A., 225 Lincoln PI.
Hitlin, Dr. A., 685 Willoughby Av. Machzikei Talmud Torah, 1315 43d
Hoffman, Dr. M., 99 Marcy Av. Mand, Dr. J. H., 502 39th
Horowitz, B., 225 E. Parkway Mandel, A., 274 Hewes
Horowitz, J., 805 Montgomery Mandel, L. M., 78 19th
Horwitz, L., 1470 E. 22nd Mandel, S., 205 E. 95th
Hurwitz. B. L., 436 85th Marcus, Dr. L., 699 Howard Av.
Itkin, Miss M., 8753 26th Av. Market, A. J., 16 Court
Jablons. J. M., 461 Empire Blvd. Marrow, I. L., 1328 49th
Jacobson, H. I., 1920 62d Martinique, H., 7913 20th Av.
Jacobson, L. J., 217 Havemeyer May, Judge M., 441 Ocean Av.
Jacobus, L., 2137 E 23rd Maze, J. M., 1046 E. 14th
Jaffe, A. L., 1129 E. 22nd Meller, John, 237 Coleridge
Jaffe, B., 947 E. 24th Meltsner, O.. 1639 44th
Janowitch, J. H., 214 Stratford Rd. Mereel, Alex.. 1658 52d
Jones, Mrs. Rose, 1038 E. 7th Meyerowitz, Rabbi A. N., 403 Barrett
Kahan, S., 1720 E. 19th Milberg, S., 1934 E. 19th
Kahane, Rabbi C, 2141 E. 8th Miller, Rabbi J., 443 Linden Blvd.
Kahn, H., 1461 E. 4th Miller, M., 1543 President
Kamerman, D., 878 E. 24th Miller, S., 1344 E. 19th
Kaplan, Miss L., 1620 Union Mintz, B., 26 Court
Karalunsky, B., 61 Meserole Moelis. R., 649 Watkins
Karash, S., 1569 President Moinester, E. A., 334 Howard Av.
Kaanowitz, S., 1762 Union Morell, I., 4711 14th Av.
Katz, W., 1843 74th Mormar, J., 369 Crown
Kaufman, Dr. M., 170 Leonard Moses, Miss S. R., 1571 46th
Kayfetz, I., 1528 Pitkin Av. Moskowitz, H. W., 1644 48th
Kimmel, Dr. M., 48 Ashford Moss. L. J., 319 St. Johns PI.
Klein, D., 126 Myrtle Av. Nevins, C. B., 612 Ocean Av.
Kleinman, M., 675 Georgia Av. Newman, Rabbi J. J.. 1761 E. 7th
Klinger, S.. 743 Alabama Av. Newman, Dr. S. L., 500 Bedford Av.
Kohn, L. A., 219 36th Okun, I. E.. 1616 Carroll
Kohs, Dr. S. C, 160 Montague Paymer, Rabbi J. H., 725 Crown
Koplowitz, J., 1800 Pitkin Av. Pearlman, S., 105 Court
Kornbluth, S., 313 Montgomery Penziner, C. H., 26 Court
Koven, Dr. B., 1129 E. Parkway Perlman, A., 1359 51st
Kraditor, A., 3806 Clarendon Rd. Perlmutter, M., 8201 Bay Pkway.
Kraushaar, M., 32 Court Perlstein, Dr. I., 591 Montgomery
Krimsky, Dr. J., 263 E. Parkway Peyser, Miss B. L. B., 178-80 Hooper
Krotinger, B. A., 1615 47th Peyser, J. B., 2048 79th
Kruger, H. B., 946 E. 18th Phillips, A. M., 399 Ocean Pkway.
Krumbein, A., 1712 43d Piesen, H. H., 160 Marlborough Rd.
Krumbein, B. H., 990 Montgomery Pines, Dr. L., 745 Franklin Av.
Ladin, I., 68 Schenck Av. Pion, B., 1139 E. 22nd
Landesman, Rabbi A. F., 1663 President Posner, H., 546 Montgomery
Lane, J. M., 16 E. 10th Posner, Dr. N. A., 136 S. 2nd
Largeman, Morris, 12 Graham Av. Prashker, L., 96 Schennerhom
Latner, M. H., 350 Fulton Price. A., 61 Whipple
Lazansky, Judge E., Borough Hall Prokesch, Dr. S. Z., 901 Av. N.
Leeger, L. L., 1072 E. 18th Queen, Rae. 4623 15th Av.
Lemler, S., 1464 St. Johns PI. Rabinowitz, Dr. H. M., 276 Buffalo Av
Leslie, Dr. R. L., 145 Lincoln Rd. Rand. J. H., 1456 55th
Levine, J. M., 1491 Sterling PI. Reichler. Rabbi M., 84 Bay 25th
Levine, M. H., 1707 President Reis, Miss D. C, 3403 14th Av.
Levinson, Rabbi S. J., 83 Marlborough Rel. Sch. of Temple Beth Emeth, 83
Rd. Marlborough Rd.
Levinthal, Rev. Dr. I. H., 576 E. Pkway. Resnikoff, L. A., 59 S. 10th
Levitt, Dr. J. M., 975 E. 14th Richter, C, 386 Ocean Av.
Levy, Dr. A. M., 110 Graham Av. Robbinovitz, Dr. S.. 71-A Sumner Av.
Levy, Arthur, 768 Bushwick Av. Robbins, H. G.. 32 Court
Levy, Dr. Max, 261 S. 9th Rock, W., 141 Ross
Lewis, Aaron, 1482 Carroll Rokeach, Dr. A., 959 Park PI.
Lieberman, Nathan, 190 Westminster Rd. Rose. Jos. H.. 363 Stone Av.
Lipkin, M., 1371 E. 21st Roseman. I., 374 S. 5th
Lipman, Miss N., 945 45th Rosen, D., 2313 83d
New York| JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 457
Rosen, S., 155 Seigel Starr, Dr. I. P., 98 Lincoln Rd.
Rosenberg, E., 82 Fulaski Statsinger. M.( 1324 Carroll
Rosenberg, Dr. H. D., 2754 Pitkin Av. Steigman, Dr. H., 1039 Myrtle Av.
Rosenberg, H. L., 1526 55th Steinbrink, M., 215 Montague
Rosenberg, J. M., 1324 47th Stoll, Dr. V., 1315 Bergen
Rosenblum, P., 519 Eastern Pkway. Stolon*. Dr. B., 1137 E. Parkway
Rosenfeld. H. T.t 565 5th Strully, Dr. J. M., 617 Av. K
Rosenfeld, M., 135 Eastern Pkway Stulman, Jos., 1326 Union
Rosenfeld, Dr. R., 1208 E. Parkway Sweedler, N., 194 Crown
Rosenfeld, Dr. W., 351 Penna Av. Tacobin, S., 406 Lenox Rd.
Rosenthai, Miss F., 79 Grand Teitelbaum. Rabbi A., 1621-65th
Rosenthal, H. H., 4718 12th Av. Teitelbaum, Dr. H., 30 Throop Av.
Rosenthal, Miss I. B., 3111 Hubbard Tunick. S., 7610 Colonial Rd.
Rosenthal. Rabbi M., 1324 Brooklyn Av. Turberg, Ph., 1274 46th
Rosenzweig, A., 2058 Union Vladeck, Baruch Charney, 125 E. Pkway.
Ross, Dr. M., 1821 St. Johns PI. Wald, L., 2313 Benson Av.
Rothschild, S. F., 422 Fulton Warshow, L., 1467 Sterling PI.
Rottenberg, M. L., 194 E. 95th Wechsler. M., 154 Ocean Pkway.
Rubin, S., 2572 E. 23rd Weinberg, Dr. H. M., 5218 12th Av.
Ruda, M., 4002 5th Av. Weinstein, A. A., 1475 Carroll
Rudovsky, J. I., 350 Stone Av. Weinstock, L., 135 E. Parkway
Sacks, I., 125 Av. J Weinzimmer, A., 2155-71st
Sacks, Rabbi M. L., 1230 E. 12th Weitzman, Dr. I., 1543 71st
Sakin, Dr. B. M., 1549 Eastern Pkway Wiener, George, 350 Stone Av.
Salwen, Dr. E., 455 Ocean Av. Wiener, N., 437 Kingston Av.
Salwen, S. J., 1622 43d Wilhelm. M., 1125 E. 22nd
Sambur. Dr. S. J., 544 Monroe Wilson, Dr. S. J.. 208 New York Av.
Satlow, I. D., 52 Thatford Av. Wise, Rev. M., 1050 Bushwick Av.
Sawitzky Mrs. Jennie, 3585 Bedford Av. Wolf, F. N.. 1162 E. 14th
Schaffer, M., 361 Stagg Wolodarsky, A.. 255 E. Parkway
Scharfstein, Z., 2647 Kenmore PI. Wolodarsky. Dr. A. Z.. 676 E. Pkway.
Scheiner, N., 1429 35th Young Israel Synagogue, 1363 50th
Scher, Dr. M., 899 Montgomery Zechnowitz, J., 2110 Westbury Ct.
Schildkraut, M., 2328 Myrtle Av. Zvirin, N., 26 Court
Schoen, G. B., 854 E. 24th
Schoenholtz, S., 1224 Schenectady Av. Buffalo
Schrag, C. I., 3379 Bedford Av. Aronson, M., 430 Huntington Av.
Schreiber, Dr. M., 105 Penna. Av. Bernstone, M., 430 Bramson Bldg.
Schulkind, D. W., 1249 E. 23rd Beth El Library, 151 Richmond Av.
Schwartz, Dr. A. S., 1268 46th Blumenthal, P. L., 316 Parker Av.
Schwartz, D., 107 6th Av. Brickman, Mrs. S., 182 Landon
Schwartz, Dr. Jac. R., 1 De Kalb Av. Buffalo Public Library
Schwartz, J. L., 1324 Carroll Bushinsky, J. M., 48 Traymore Av.
Schwartz, Mrs. S., 620 Ralph Av. Cantor. D. I., 131 Butler Av.
Seidelman, N., 2059 61st Cohen. Dr. R., 485 Main
Seiderman, S., 750 E. Parkway Cristall, S., 13 % Swan
Seif, J. B.. 41 Chester Av. Darlich, S. B., 10 Colonial Av.
Seigle, C. H., 956 E. 7th Dautch. Chas., 131 Richmond Av.
Seldin, C, 447 Schenck Av. Desbecker, L. E., Buffalo Club
Selig, Mrs. H. L., 1450 49th Diamond, D., 738 Prudential Bldg.
Shankroff, Dr. L., 142 Joralemon Dickman, I., 461 Humboldt Pkway.
Shapiro, C . 1661 46th Ellison. H. E., 401 Colvin Pk.
Shapiro, Dr. L., 4702 15th Av. Fink, Rabbi J. L., 748 Auburn Av.
Shapiro, S., 1133 E. 22nd Fleischman, Mrs. B. K., 449 Richmond
Sherman, H., 1319 51st Av.
Signer, Rabbi I., 47 Beaumont Fybush, A., Mutual Life Bldg.
Silberman, J., 1729 76th Gilden, Dr. J. H.. 268 E. Ferry
Silberman, Dr. M., 61 Lewis Av. Goldstein, Dr. H. N., 55 Manchester PI.
Silverman, Dr. E. G., 4712 14th Av. Grossman, H. J., 298 Middlesex Rd.
Silverstein, L. B., 1143 43d Grossman, S., 137 Dorchester Rd.
Simon, A. H., 493 E. 23d Harris. Hon. S. J.. 198 Woodbridge Av.
Siskin, I.. 1904 Park PI. Kass. L., 95 Lutheran
Snyder, M., 50 Court Kauffman, Dr. Lesser, 584 W. Ferry
Socolof, Miss L., 2306 Douglass Keiser, August, 675 Delaware Av.
Sokoloff, A., 8403 20th Av. Lasser, Mrs. I., 1220 Prudential Bldg.
Sovatkin, E. J., 1264 Carroll Lazarus, Mrs. B., 91 Fordham Dr.
Spector, M., 469 E. 9bth Levintan, M., 711 W. Delavan Av.
Spevack, M., 50 Court Liebeskind, S., 1035 Broadway
458 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [New York
Maisel, L., 703 Filmore Bloch, H., 1499 Edgmont PI.

Miller, L. H., 190 Cleveland Av. Denenholz, Mrs. J. H.. Neilson Av.
Nathan. A., 1955 Hertel Av. Diamond; Mrs. A., 1216 Neilson Av.
Nathan, Mrs. H., 223 Depew Av. Doniger, S., 2535 Ocean Av.
Polokoff, C. Prudential Bldg. Goldberg, A., 800 Harding
Rivo, M., 47 Fordham Dr. Levy, J., 820 Central Av.
Rosen, Daniel, 291 Commonwealth Av. Rosenzweig, L., 2391 Mott Av.
Ruslander, D., Erie County Bk. Bldg. Salit. N., 1152 New
Saperston, W. W., 130 Dorchester Rd. Sal wen, N., 1108 Seneca
Sapowitch, .1. A., 40 Manchester PI. Steiner, S. J., 60 Gibson Place
Schwartz, E., Prudential Bldg.
Stulberg. J., 419 Richmond Av. Flushing
Temple Beth David Library
Wallens, Marcus, 327 E. Eagle Rosenberg, H. D., P. O. Sta. A-4012 171st
Wile, H., Ellicott & Carroll Zeamans, Mrs. H. R., 146-53 Delaware
Yellen, J. S., 237 Linwood Av.
Yellen, M. M., 16 E. Mohawk Forest Hills
Young Women's Club of Temple Beth Cohen, A. H., 7131 Manse
David Jaffe, H., 93-12 Baldwin Av.
Seidman, N. H.. 72-26 Juno
Catskill
Margolius, Mrs. I. M., 352 Main Freeport
Cedarhurst' L. I. Mikol, M., 166 Penna. Av.
Kohn, Mrs. M., Oceanpoint Av. Glen Cove
Kommel. J., 73 Prospect Av.
Joepe. Theo., 49 School
Coney Island
Reiss, Miss Leah, 6 Stern Walk Glendale
Rubin, I. H., 3712 Oceanic Av. Waldman, H. A., 2 Epsilon PL
Corona Gloversville
Perlo, Samuel, 108-21 Ditmars Av. Jewish Community Center, 28 E. Fulton
Karch, M., 77 Division
Crestwood
Great Neck
LIBRARY MEMBER
Shiman, Abraham Crystal, H. S., Ridge Drive, E.
Croton on Hudson Harrison
Kugel, Harry J.
LIBRARY MEMBER
Rosen, Joseph A., Box 39 Havers traw
Adler, Henry, 15 Broadway
Dobbs Ferry
Bloom, A. S., 448 N. Broadway Hawthorne
Rabinowitz, E. N., P. O. Box 245
ElIeDvUle
Levine, H. J., 36 Center Herklmer
Schermer, Benj., 328 N. Wash.
Elmhurst
Kramer, V. A., 15 Dewey Hudson
Startz, Dr. I. S., 24 Gleane Grossman, R. H., 711 WarTen
Kline, Samuel, 438 E. Allen
Elmlra
Goldstein, H., 106 Dewitt Av. Huntlngton'L. I.
Levy. Ben. F., 454 W. Water Hardt, Miss M., c/o Huntington Hospita
Radin, H. J., 113 Grove
Ithaca
Elmsford Hoffman, Rabbi I. B., 223 Eddy
Morey, S. M., Hartsdale Rd. Hurwitz, W. A., 610 E. Buffalo
Mintz, L. M., I l l Brandon PI.
Far Rockaway
Baum, Dr. J., 2270 Mott Av. Jackson Heights
Benjamin, A., 5 New Broadway Goodman, M., 73-16 Roosevelt Av.
New York] JEWISH.PUBLICATION SOCIETY 459
Jamaica Monsey
LIBRARY MEMBER Schreiber, Miss S. E., c/o Webbs Farm
Miller, S., 1S9-2 Jamaica Av.
Monticello
ANNUAL MEMBERS Rosenthal, Dr. J. M., 205 Broadway
Blatt, Rev. J., 40 Wells Av.
Buxbaum, Dr. E. J., 8711 150th
Felberbaum, N., 161-10 Jamaica Av. Mount Vernon
Gross, A., 160-16 Jamaica Av.
Gross, G., 86-06 178th LIBRARY MEMBERS
Jaffe, I., 160-16 Jamaica Av. Coweri, A. V., 270 Prospect Av.
Moss, J., 181-04 Grand Central Pkway. Feist, Milton, 37 Central Blvd.
Sirkin, H.. 8401 Midland Pkway. Levine, A., 22 W. 1st
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Jamestown Aronowitz, Fannie J., 118 S. 13th Av.
Davis, S., 35 Barrett Av. Blechman, Rabbi N., 578 E. 3rd
Minsker, M. M., 151 Foote Av. Breitbart, B., 4 Wallace Av.
Caplin, H., 65 Winfield Av.
Kew Gardens Davis, J., 121 Wallace Av.
Metzger, H. J., 57 Beverly Rd. Durst, J., 136 Esplanade
Nalven, J., 126 Audley Essrig, Dr. J., 144 Urban
Fell, A., 134 N. Fulton Av.
Kingston Fineberg, Rabbi S. A., 669 N. Terrace Av.
Finkelstein, C , 303 Sheridan Rd.
Stern, Dr. A. A., Presidents PI. Friedenberg, S., 160 Lawrence
Friedman, H. S., 352 Franklin Av.
Larchmont Fromm, Mrs. J., 27 S. 7th Av.
Davidson, P., 70 N. Chatsworth Av. Gevirtz, Abr., 470 E. Lincoln Av.
Margolin, N. E., 318 Forest Av. Gorfinkle, Rabbi, J. 1., 319 N. Fulton Av.
Pollock, M., 45 Stuyvesant Av. Heymann, M., 141 Wallace Av.
Horvitz, A., 206 Langdon Av.
Lawrence Kadis, I., 296 E. Fifth
Schnell, H., Bway. 8c Marguerite Av. Kaliski, Mrs. H., 16 Magnolia Av.
Sheldon, B. I., 20 Muriel Av. Kitt, P., 72 S. 4th Av.
Maccoby, M., 284 S. Columbus Av,
Liberty Mann, Leon, 32 Winfield Av.
Margolis, Rabbi E., 16 Glen Av.
Rayevsky, Dr. Chas., 75 Chestnut Mottsman, H., 41 Winfield Av.
Singer, Dr. E., 244 N. Main Oleet, I., 406 N. Fulton Av.
Robison, I., 485 Prospect Av.
Little Falls Rosen, M., 147 Stevens Av.
Grieff, S., 93 Prospect Samuels, Mrs. I., 107 Villa
Subotky, R., 11 S. 4th Av.
Long Beach Sussman, Dr. H., 36 Primrose Av.
Teitelman, G. A., 316 McLellan Av,
Jacobs, Miss D., 65 E. Chester Temple Sinai Library
Weill. Max, 280 Rich Av.
Long Island City Welber, W., 19 Greendale Av.
Cohen, I. E., 3935 45th Workman, j . A., 156 Claremont Av.
Davidson, L. S., Loose-Wiles Biscuit Co. Workman, M. S., 93 Grand View Av.
Herzog, Dr. Ed. A., 2520 Ditmars Blvd. Y. M. H. A., 30 N. 10th Av.
Horowitz. Bertha, 54 Welling Zimmerman, H. I., 109 Wallace Av.
Leichter, L. H., 2815 45th
Rabinowitz, Dr. C , 520 Jamaica Av. Neponslt
Steiner, G., 483 7th Av.
Salpeter, Mrs. M., W. 339 B. 144th
Manhattan Beach Weinberg, M., 17y Beach 144th
LIBRARY MEMBER New Brighton
Cooper, Leon, 206 Corbin PI. Attinson, Mollie, 144 Benziger
ANNUAL MEMBERS Rivkin, Mrs. J., 200 Jersey
Baltuch, M., 60 Coleridge Strauss, F. A., 230 Hamilton Av.
Marder, Leo, 245 Amherst
Newburgh
Massena Kempler, P. & A. L., 86 S. Water
Friedman, I., 15 Clark Stern, F., 193 Grand
New Rochelle Bob, H. D., 40 Leonard

LIBRARY MEMBERS Bondy, E. L., 276 5th Av.
Amdur, N. W,, 120 Broadview Av. Brill, Dr. A. A., 15 W. 70th
Brecher, Leo.. 110 Elk Av. Brown, D. A., 1790 Broadway
Bronner, Mrs. H., 3 Albemarle Av. Chanin, I. S., 211 Central Pk. W.
James, M., 29 Brockdale Av. Cohen, Simon, 123 William *
Dazian, Henry, 144 W. 44th
ANNUAL MEMBERS Deiches, M., 44 Wall
Bernstein, H., 11 Trinity PI. Deutsch, J., 1776 Clay Av.
Cohen, I. B., 507 Main Edu. Alliance, E. Bway. & Jefferson
Grant, Adolph, 131 Lockwood Av. Eisemann, E., 63 W. 38th
Lott, S., 9 Alpha Place Enelow, Rev. Dr. H. G., 1 E. 65th
Potter, S. A., 70 Manor PI. Feiner, B. F., 37 Wall m
Rosett, Mrs. F. S., 35 Brookdale Av. Fischman, Win., 5 Columbus Circle
Sloman, M., 88 Broadview Av. Fox, Geo. I., 164 W. 25th
New York City Frank, J. J., 173 Riverside Dr.
Frankel, F., 28 W. 38th
LIFE MEMBERS Frankel, M., 19 W. 44th
Buttonweiser, J. L., 200 5th Av. Friedkin, Israel, 77 Bowery
Elkus, Abram I., 165 Broadway Friedman, H. G., 345 W. 88th
Fischel, Harry, 276 5th Av. Friedman, J., Jr., 23 W. 73rd
Goodhart, P. J., 21 W. 81st Gainsburg, I., 291 Broadway
Kempner, I. H., 522 5th Av. Gladstone, A. I., 405 Lexington Av.
Kohut, Rev. G. A., 220 W. 87th Glass, A. G.. 334 W. 86th
Lamport, A. M., 44 Pine Glass, M. L., 430 6th Av.
Lamport. S. C . 1125 5th Av. Glemby, Harry. 12 E. 22d
Mosessohn, D. N., 255 W. 84th Golden, S. H., 680 West End Av.
Schiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 - 5th Av. Goldstein, Rabbi I., 2178 Broadway
Schifl, Mortimer L., 52 William Goodfried, Dr. I. L., 898 West End Av.
Sulzberger, C. L., 305 West End Av. Goodfriend, Miss Carrie. 645 West End
Warburg, Felix M., 1109 5th Av. Av.
Warburg, Mrs. F. M., 1109 5th Av. Goodman, J., 2505 Grand Ar.
Wiesen, Max, 500 7th Av. Green, C, 233 Spring
SUSTAINING MEMBER
Greenwald, M., 1340 Rosedale Av.
Guggenheim, Simon, 120 Broadway
Ochs, A. S., 308 W. 75th Guggenheim, Wm., 3 Riverside Dr.
FRIENDS Hahn, A., 25 E. 86th
Halkin. Abr. S.. 1152 Grant Av.
Ittleson, H., 1050 Park Av. Harris, E. K.. 17 John
Schiff, Mrs. Jacob H., 965 5th Av. Heb. Orphan Asy., 1560 Amsterdam Av,
Sulzberger, A. H., 229 W. 43rd Heb. Shel. & Im. Aid Soc. 425 Lafayette
Vogelstein, L., 270 Park Av. Hendricks, H. S., 253 Broadway
PATRONS Herzog, S. A., 64 E. 86th
Baerwald, P., 120 Broadway Hirschkom, M., 233 Spring
Becher, M. M., 538 W. 143d Hirsh, H., 100 Broadway
Cong. Emanuel Rel. School, 1 E. 65th Holstein, M. G., 165 Broadway
Cowen, M., 262 Central Pk W. Horowitz, Dr. P., 57 W. 73rd
Goldman, Julius, 132 E. 70th Horowitz, W., 512 7th Av.
Guggenheim, Sol. R., 120 Broadway Ind. Ord. Free Sons of Isrl., 257-259 W.
Guinzburg, Mrs. V., 21 W. 89th 93rd
Katz, Eugene, 480 Park Av. Jewish Center Library. 131 W. 86th
Lasker, E., 25 W. 45 th Kahn, O. H., 54 William
Lehman, Hon. Irving, 36 W. 44th Kaplan, Dr. I. I., 55 E. 86th
Marshall. J., 50 Central Pk., W. Kastor, A., 14 W. 70th
Pforzheimer, C. H., 25 Broad Kaufman, S., 151 W. 40th
Robinson, A., 171 W. 71st Kohnstamm, E., 87 Park PI.
Sadacca, H., 525 Broadway Kahnstamm, Mr. & Mrs. Jos., 23 W. 73d
Sadowsky, R., Bway. at 37th Kramer, S., 122 E. 42nd
Unterberg, Israel, 40 Worth Krinsky, H. J., 299 Broadway
Warburg, G. F.. 101 E. 74th Kuhn, A. K., 14 E. 75th
Lachman, S., 290 West End Av.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Lamport, Mrs. A. M., 590 West End Av.
Abraham, Dr. S.t 20 E. 57th Leblang, J., 1482 Broadway
Abraham son, Mrs. R., 260 Riverside Dr. Lehman, A., 31 W. 56th
Arkush, R., 345 W. 88th Levy, W., 210 Riverside Dr.
Berliner, J. S., 10 W. 86th Lowe, M. A., 1375 Broadway
Block, P., 247 Park Av. Lurie, I. J., 57 2d Av.
Blumgart, L., 325 West End Av. Marcus, B. K., 535 5th Av.
Margolis. B., 895 West End Av. Wimpfheimer, Chas. A., 450 4th Av.
Mark, J., 285 Madison Av. Winter, B., 250 Park Av.
Markewich, S., 168 W. 86th Wise, E. E., 550 Park Av.
Mayer, B., 41 E. 72d Y. M. H. A., 148 E. 92d
Meltsner, C. N., 45 W. 81st Zinke, A. U., 120 Broadway
Merzbach, G., 44 Pine Zipser. Dr. J. E., 122 E. 82d
Meyer, E., 14 Wall
Meyer, Max, 45 N. 81st ANNUAL MEMBERS
Meyer, Mrs. S., 720 West End Av. Abel, Dr. S., 1525 Madison Av.
Miller, Dr. J. A., 345 W. 84th Abelson, Dr. P., 385 Central Pk., W.
Monfried, M., 515 West End Av. Aberle, A. J., 1440 Broadway
Morgenthau, H., 1133 Fifth Av. Abert, B., 40 E. 83d
Morrisons, Inc., 1370 Broadway Abraham, N., 135 W. 26th
Moskowitz, I., 778 First Av. Abrahams, H., 856 Elsmere PI.
Munk, O., 575 Riverside Dr. Abrahams, Dr. R., 277 West End Av.
Mutterperl, S., 18 W. 18th Abrams, H., 3-5-7 W. 4th
Newburger, Joseph E., 10 W. 86th Abramson, N. M., 180 Riverside Dr.
Paley, A. B., 25 W. 43rd Abramson, W., 291 Broadway
Pearlman, P., 1616 Webster Av. Addelson, Dr. W. M., 672 Fort George
Platzek. M. Warley, 65 Central Pk.. W. Av.
Polaik, I., 249 Pearl Adler, Dr. F.. Soc. for Ethical Culture
Posner, Louis S., 115 Broadway Adlerblum, I. S., 1 Madison Av.
Rich, M. B., 225 Broadway Adlerstein. H., 401 Broadway
Robert, S., 906 Park Av. Adlerstein, Miss I., 480 E. 172nd
• Robinson, B., 50 W. 96th Ahrend, D. H., 52 Duane
Robinson, Dr. M. R.. 1125 Madison Av. Alexander, B., 1440 B'way
Rocker, L. P., 15 Broad Allmayer, E., Ansonia Hotel
Rosenberg, M. H.. 501 W. 110th Alstat, Rabbi P. R.. 1749 Gd. Concourse
Rosenblatt, A., 1370 Broadway Amer. Jewish Congress, 33 W. 42d
Runsheim, J., 17 E. 42d Amster, N. L., 25 Broad
Sack, S., 176 W. 87th Antin, Senator B., 850 E. 161st
Samuels, S., 45 W. 81st Apfel, Chas., 475 5th Av.
Sard, F. N., 230 W. 15th Arac, Benj., 328 E. 180th
Satz, L., 170 Second Av. Arnstein, A.. 1050 Park Av.
Saxe. Sig., I l l W. 78th Aronson, P. N.. 270 West End Av.
Schamus, J. B., 180 E, 79th Aronstein, A., 80 Maiden Lane
Shcneiderman, H.. 171 Madison Av. Aronstein, Dr. Wm., 576 5th Av.
Schweitzer, I. S.. 270 West End Av. Asinof, M.. 801 Broadway
Segal, M. S., 206 Lexington Av. Atlas, Harry, 329 Greenwich
Shapiro, H.. 286 Fifth Av. Atlas. S. A., 730 Riverside Dr.
Shapiro, S., 11 E. 44th August, R., 27 E. 22nd
Shiman, David, 234 W. 39th Bach, J. J., 1390 Broadway
Siegel, J., 1384 Broadway Bache, L., 225 B'way
Simonds, L. B.. I l l E. 56th Bachrach. H., 239 Central Pk.. W.
Slater, J. P., 905 West End Av. Badman, T., 260 West End Av.
Solomon, A., 865 West End Av. Bael. J., 10W. 182d
Solomon, Rev. E. L., 302 W. 87th Bakst, Dr. Jos., 1107 Hoe Av.
Straus, Hon. N., Jr., 1 W. 81st Banner, E., 39 Broadway
Strauss, Mrs. M., 401 West End Av. Barlaz. E., 56 Featherbed Av.
Strauss, Samuel, 885 Park Av. Barnett, I. M., 90 Gold
Strauss. S., 3 E. 44th Bamett, S., 305 Riverside Dr.
Stronck, S. M., 141 Broadway Baron, D., 251 W. 89th
Sugarman, M. H., 345 Madison Av. Baron. H.. 41 W. 86th
Sulzberger, Judge M., 240 E. 72d Baron de Hirsh Fund, 233 B'way
Tekulsky, S., 285 Madison Av. Baron. Prof. S.. 310 W. 75th
Telsey. Dr. S. A., 70 Wall Baskin. D.. 33 W. 60th
The N. Y. Times Reference Liby, Times Bauer, E., 871 Kelly
Annex Baum, H., 123 W. 33d
Tischler, S., 127-31 W. 33d Baumgart, I., 928 Broadway
Unger, Henry W., 1239 Madison Av. Beckhardt, M., 2755 Bainbridge Av.
Unterberg. D. W., 11 W. 86th Beier, A., 261 B'way
Walter, Mrs. W. I., Hotel St. Regis Beier, S. K., 261 Broadway
Warburg. P. M., 17 E. 80th Belais. H.. 145 W. 36th
Wasservogel. Hon. I.. 40 E. 83d Belber, A. S.. 30 Fifth Av.
Wertheim, M., 57 William Ben Ami. Jacob. 620 W. 116th
Wiener. J., 347 Fifth Av. Bendheim, S., 233 Broadway
Wiernik, P.. 77 Bowery Benedek, M. H.. 1133 B'way
Wilner, Max. 46 White Bennett, Jacob, Fisk Bldg.
Bereano, Dr. P., 1316 Fulton Av. Brodek, C. A., 354 West End Av.
Berg, Max, 949 Broadway Brodman, Dr. H., 124 E. 39th
Berger, Dr. I. S., 391 E. 149th Bronstein, Miss R., 1698 Vyse Av.
Berger, S., 321 W. 78th Bronx House, 1637 Wash. Av.
Berk, J. L., 543 Broadway Buchsbaum, J., 245 W. 29th
Berkelhammer, I., 1440 Broadway Buegeleisen, S., 590 West End Av.
Berlinger, Dr. R., 320 Riverside Dr.' Bullowa, Dr. A. M., 64 E. 80th
Berman, H., 1630 Undercliff Av. Burton, T. D., 15 William
Berman, L. E., 189 Sherman Av. Cahan, S., 605 W. 113th
Bernays, E. L., 9 E. 46th Cahn, Arthur L., 43 Exchange PL
Bernhard, G., 1574 Crotona Pk., E. Cahn, J. M., 165 Broadway
Bernhardt, Miss F., 418 E. 84th Caiman, Dr. M. S., 600 W. 181st
Bernheim, M., 347 Fif th Av. Caplow, S., 2 Lafayette
Bernheimer, Dr. C. S., 98 Riverside Dr. Cardoza, Hon. B. N., 16 W. 75th
Bernstein, B., 755 West End Av. Carlinger, J., Dyckman St. & River Rd.
Bernstein, B., 299 B'way Carton, D., 218 W. 40th
Bernstein, D., 54 Howard Celniker, Dr. S. J., 128 Lewis
Bernstein, Dr. I. I., 2021 Gd. Concourse Chalif/L. H.. 163 W. 57th
Bernstein, Dr. S., Ill 5th Av. Chalniers, T. M., 2654 Marion Av.
Bernstein, Saul, 440 West End Av. Charnas, H., 49 W. 24th
Bers, Jos. L. 451 Washington Chertoff, N., 530 Broadway
Beth Abraham Home for Incurables, 612 Chipkin, 1. S., 68 W. 117th
Allerton Av. Chorosh, Wm. H., Paramount Bldg.
Bijur, Hon. Nathan. 160W. 75th Coblens, R., 291 Broadway
Bilgore, David, 261 Wash. Cohen, A., 60 E. 42nd
Billet, E., 165 W. 91st Cohen, Dr. A. B.( 347 5th Av.
Binder, Abr. W.. 385 Central Pk. \V. Cohen, Boaz, 531 W. 123d
Bing. Alexander M., 1155 Park Av. Cohen, Chas., 507 B'way
Birkhahn, R. C, 420 Lexington Av. Cohen, G., 217 Broadway
Black. M. J.. 353 4th Av. Cohen, G. L., 412 Cathedral Pkway.
Blankman, B., 108 Elwood Cohen, I., 136 E. 95th
Blauner, I., 272 W. 90th Cohen, J. H., 60 John
Blechman, Simon, 502 B'way Cohen, J., 277 Broadway
Blitz. L., 770 Faile Cohen, Rabbi J. X., 40 W. 68th
Bloch, M. E., 509 Broadway Cohen, L. L., 225 Broadway
Bloch Publishing Co., 31 W. 31st Cohen, Max, 632 Faile
Block, A. J., 1285 3d Av. Cohen, M. K., 6 W. 77th
Block, A. S., 165-7 Henry Cohen, Moses, 51 Chambers
Block, J., 15 Maiden Lane Cohen, Rabbi S. M., 531 W. 123d
Block, L. H., 664 W. 161st Cohen, Samuel, 233 W. 25th
Bloom, H., 180 Riverside Dr. Cohen, S., 291 Broadway
Bloom, Rev. I. M., 964 W. 160th Cohn, Dr. A. E., 315 Central Pk., W.
Bluestone, Dr. H., 520 Grand Cohn, Dr. I., 229 W. 97th
Blumberg, L., 95 Wall Cohn, Louis, 302 B'way
Blumberg, S., 1801 7th Av. Cohn, M., 2 Rector
Blumberg, S., 345 W. 88th Conning, Rev. J. S., 156 5th Av.
Blumstock, M., 825 West End Av. Convel, A., 15 Park Row
Blumenthal, M. B., 233 Broadway Danziger, Mrs. Max, 910 Park Av.
Bob, Maurice H., 425 Broadway Dauber, J., 1170 Broadway
Bogart, John, 63 Park Row Davidson, A., 118 Riverside Dr.
Bogdonoff, M., 2734 Claflin Av. Davidson, Dr. I., 218 W. 112th
Bookey, I., 1511 Sheridan Av. Davidson, Dr. Israel, 92 Morningside Av
Borg, Sidney C, 420 Madison Av. Davis, A. M., 152 W. 118th
Borgenicht, L., 1333 Broadway Davis, Anna R., 1738 Clay Av.
Bossak, J., 2001 University Av. Davis, Morton I., 521 5th Av.
Bossak, W., 2075 Gd. Concourse Deitch, J., 2105 Ryer Av.
Boudin, L. B., 70 W. 40th Delman, J. D., 1476 B'way
Brand, H., 55 W. 42d Derow, Dr. David, 17 W. 9th
Branower, Dr. Wm., 4725 Iselin Av. Deutsch, B. S., 122 E. 42nd
Braun, Dr. J., 270 West End Av. Diamond, Dr. B., 1488 Wash. Av.
Braunstein, B., Rabbi, 395 Riverside Dr. Diamond, Dr. J. S.. 16 E. 83rd
Braverman, H. L., 386 E. 4th Dickheiser, S. J., 137 W. 110th-
Brawer. Miss R. R., 1973 Arthur Av. Dickstein, Hon. S., 306 E. B'way
Bregman, H., 285 Madison Av.
Brenner, R. H., 99 Perry Dist. No. 1, I. O. B. Bt, 36 W. 69th
Brentano, Mrs. L., 225 5th Av. Dix, Henry A., 135 Madison Av.
Bressler, D. M., 75 Maiden Lane Dolowitz, A., 70 W. 40th
Bressler, Dr. J., 391 E. 8th Dorfman, R., 51 Chambers
Doskow, Dr. S., 562 5th Av..
Dreyfus, Dr. W. E., Hotel Sussex Frankel, Mrs. E. C , 605 W. 170th
Drob, Rev. M., 2720 Gd. Concourse Frankel, Dr. Lee K., 1 Madison Av.
Drosin, Dr. Louis, 302 W. 86th Frankfurt, B., 1350 Broadway
Drucker, M. A., 2084 Grand Av. Franzblau, A. N., 425 Riverside Dr.
Eberstein, D., 165 Broadway Freedman, D. M., Woolworth Bldg.
Eckert, Dr. M. M., 2021 Gd. Concourse Freedman, R., 114 E. 168th
Edelman, S., 600 W. l U t h Freiman, L., 225 Broadway
Edlin, W., 2523 Aqueduct Av. Frenkel, Emil, 8 E. 81st
Edman, S.. 537 B'way Frey, Dr. D. I., 2065 Gd. Concourse
Elseman, Rev. A., 600 W. 111th Friedland, S., 291 Broadway
Eisen, I. W., 463 7th Av. Friedlander, M., 5 W. 75th
Eisen, J. M., 463 7th Av. Friedman, C., 68 Lenox Av.
Eisler, S. H.. 311 E. 4th Friedman, Dr. E. D., 1192 Park Av.
Eisner, Jerome, 401 B'way Friedman, E. M., 165 Broadway
Eitelberg, S.. 225 W. 34th Friedman, I., 415 Central Pk., W.
Ellbogen, B. K., 570 W. 204th Friedman, Jacob H., 132 Nassau
Elster, Dr. H. B., 229 W. 78th Friedman, L. M., 216 W. 89th
Endel, Chas. W., 152 W. 42d Friedman, Dr. L. M., 324 E. 4th
Engleman, Morris, 35 Nathan Davis PI. Friedman, M., 38 Ft. Wash. Av.
Entmacher, C , 949 Broadway Friedman, M., 835 Walton Av.
Ephraim, Miss M. R., 2290 Davidson Av. Friedman, Saml. p . , 628 B'way
Epstein. A., 325 Central Pk., W. Frieze, A., 15 Maiden Lane
Epstein, E., 205 E. 42nd Frost, S., 41 W. 14th
Epstein, Ed., 46 W. 95th Fuchs, Max, 233 B'way
Epstein, H., 130 Post Av. Fuerst, W. F., 87 Nassau
Epstein, Dr. H., 1456 Wash. Av. Furgatch, S. H., 915 Prospect Av.
Epstein, Dr. H. J., 1738 Crotona Pk., E. Furman, Edw. I., 789 West End Av.
Epstein, M. W., 314 W. 100th Furman, Leo S., 740 West End Av.
Epstein, N. B., 2100 Creston Av. Galef, Jos.. 555 W. 151st
Epstein, S.. 808 West End Av. Gansberg, S., 37-39 Maiden Lane
Erdmann, A. J., 7 E. 76th Ganz, S. H.. 150 Nassau
Ernst, I. L., 151 W. 86th Garbat, Dr. A. L., 113 E. 81st
Eron, Jos. E., 853 Broadway Garmesey, J. H., 51 Chambers
Faeder, S. J., 1672 Davidson Av. Geiger, C, 340 Riverside Dr.
Falk, Dr. H. C , 1 W. 86th Geiger, Mrs. D., 473 West End Av.
Falk. Saml., 310 W. 94th Gelfand, S., 43 Delancey
Farber, Dr. I., 1 E. 115th Geller, H. J., 46 Ft. Wash. Av.
Faust, Dr. I. S., 779 Prospect Av. Gellert, Dr. S., 170 E. 61st
Feder, H., 514 W. 110th General Israel Orphan Home, 250 E.
Federman, M. J., 838 West End Av. B'way
Feigelman, Mrs. J., 300 Riverside Dr. Gerber. Dr. J., 346 E. 10th
Feinberg, A. A., 655 W. 160th Gilbert, A. S., 85 Strong
Feinberg, Benj. G., 515 W. 187th Gillenson, C , 421 7th Av.
Feinberg, Sol., 1440 B'way Gilston, J., 70 E. 45th
Feld, M., 1469 Jesup Av. Ginzberg, Dr. L., 508 W. 114th
Feldman, Miss C. S., 421 West Gisnet, Morris, 1482 B'way
Feldman, Rev. S., 250 W. 94th Gitterman, J. L., 483 West End Av.
Feldman. S., 1474 Jesup Av. Glickman, P. S., 1501 Broadway
Fierst, Harry P., 275 7th Av. Glucksman. H. L., 720 West End Av.
Fine, S., 610 W. 110th Glucksman, J., 729 7th Av.
Finelite, A., 150 Nassau Gold, L., 340 Madison Av.
Fink, R., 122 E. 42nd Goldberg, A., 123 William
Finkelstein, Rabbi L., 1700 Crotona Pk., Goldberg, E., 280 Broadway
E. Goldberg. H. M., 451 West End Av.
Finkelstein, Dr. M., 758 Dawson Goldberg, I., 80 Van Cortlandt Pk., S.
Finkelstein, P. A., 91 Central Pk., W. Goldberg, Dr. M., 1070 Park Av.
Finkelstone, M., 1105 Jerome Av. Goldberg. W., 151 W. 40th
Finn, J., 80 Maiden Lane Goldberg, Dr. Wm. H., 251 W. 95th
Fischer, Jos., 521 5th Av. Goldberger, L. J., 395 4th Av.
Fishman. J., 77 Bowery Golde, Louis, 270 West End Av.
Flatow, Ida, 76 W. 113th Golde, Morris, 325 West End Av.
Flatow, S., 38 Park Row Goldfarb. L.. 123 William
Flexner, Bernard. 40 Exchange PI. Goldfarb, P., 302 B'way
Fluegelman. N., 525 West End Av. Goldnnger, W., 200 B'way
Fortgang, A., 191 Duane Goldhirsch, J., 100 E. 15th
Fox, J., 165-7 Henry Golding, J. H., 220 W.93rd
Fox, R. J., 960 Gd. Concourse Golding, L.. 299 Riverside Dr.
Frackman, M., 51 Chambers Goldsmith, M., 353 W. 85th
Goldsmith, S. J., 151 Central Pk., W. Heller. Saml., 15 W. 47th

Goldsmith, S. M., 25 Spruce Heller, S., 1440 Broadway
Goldstein, Dr. B., 500 West End Av. Heller, Zachary, 507 Broadway
Goldstein, B., 12 W. 17th Hemley, Fred'k, 521 5th Av.
Goldstein, C, 43 W. 23rd Hendler, M., 576 Timpson Pi.
Goldstein, C. J., 302 B'way Hendricks, Mrs. C, 262 Central Pk., W.
Goldstein, D. I., 302 B'way Herbert, Dr. L. M., 45 W. 110th
Goldstein, Rabbi H. S., 1925 7th Av. Herring, P.. 280 Madison Av.
Goldstein, J. D., 475 5lh Av. Herehfield, L., 140 W. 79th
Goldstein, J. J., 24 5th Av. Hertz, Emanuel, 149 Broadway
Goldstein, Dr. P. R., 71 W. 47th Herzog, Mrs. Jos., 808 West End Av.
Goldstein, Dr. Win., 2146 Hughes Av. Heymsfeld, N. A., 1477 Wash. Av.
Goldstone, Wm., 1530 Jesup Av. Hillquit, M.. 19 W. 44th
Goldwasser, J. E., 345 4th Av. Himmelstein, Dr. U., 10 E. 95th
Goldwater, Dr. S. S., 1212 Fifth Av. Hirsch, Dr. D., 636 Greenwich
Golub, L., 225 B'way Hirsch, Dr. H. L., 124 W. 45th
Goodfriend, H. B., 542 5th Av. Hirsch, Dr. Sol., 574 E. 141st
Goodman, A. & Son, 640 E. 17th Hirschstein, P., 1079 Kelly
Goodman, S. A., 473 West End Av. Hirsh, S., 10 W. 47th
Goorland, M., 225 B'way Hobel, I., 835 Walton Av.
Gordis, Dr. Robert, 265 E. 181st Hoffman, Dr. C, Jr., 419 4th Av.
Gordon, Alfred, 17 John Hofheimer, H., 61 Broadway
Gordon, Bernard, Woolworth Bldg. Hollander, I. L.. 124 W. 79th
Gordon, Mrs. Freda, 310 Riverside Dr. Hollander, M. L., 37 7th
Gordon, J., 344 W. 38th Honig, E., 377 Edgecombe Av.
Gordon, J., 271 Madison Av. Horowitz, Dr. A. D., 440 E. 6th
Gordon, Dr. N., 895 West End Av. Horowitz, A., 626 W. 165th
Gottheil, Dr. R., 220 W. 98th Horowitz, G., 3 W. 87th
Gottlieb, J., Dr. 4103 Woolworth Bldg. Horowitz, J. L., 440 E. 6th
Gottschall, S., 15 Claremont Av. Horowitz, Jos., 597 E. 170th
Gralnick, B., 225 W. 34th Horowitz, J. L., 320 Grand
Grayzel, A. G., 2 Lafayette Horowitz, L., 369 E. 4th
Granet, Dr. Adolph, 45 E. 85th Horowitz, S. I., 369 E. 4th
Greenbaum, D., 299 Broadway Hoschander, Dr. J., 218 W. 112th
Greenbaum, Mrs. S., 285 Madison Av. Housman, C. J., 40 Wall
Greenbaum, L. S., 285 Madison Av. Housman. M. C , 774 Mott Av.
Greenberg, H., 120 Wall Huber, J. A., 2 Park Av.
Greenberg, J., 29 W. 35th Huhner, Leon. 320 Central Pk., W.
Greenberg, M., 99 Nassau Hyamson, Rev. Dr. M., 65 E. 96th
Greene, I. M., 276 Fifth Av. Hyman, Dr. A., 144 E. 36th
Greenebaum, S., 492 Broome Hyman, Jos. C, 210 W. 78th
Greenhill, Jos., 160 Broadway Hyman, Mrs. Saml. I., 172 W. 79th
Greenstein, M., 790 Riverside Dr. Illoway, Dr. H., 1113 Madison Av.
Greenwald, I., 242 E. 19th Inselbuch, S., 1501 Broadway
Grossman, A., 531 W. 123d Isaacs, J. I., 1368 Sheridan Av.
Grossman, M. H., 521 5th Av. Isaacs, Lewis M., 475 5th Av.
Grossman, Wm., 521 5th Av. Isaacs, Stanley M., 505 5th Av.
Grunauer, R., 216 W. 89th Isaacson, Jos. D., 8 W. 30th
Guelman, Dr. H., 245 E. 24th Issacson, R. I., 41 W. 96th
Guggenheim, Murry, 120 Broadway Isakow, S., 20 Northern Av.
Guinzburg, Mrs. H. A., 941 Park Av. Ish Kishor, J., Order Sons of Zion
Gutman, Louis, 1185 Park Av. Jablow, J. M., 1384 Gd. Concourse
Haas, S. A., 9 E. 48th Jablow. M., 120 W. 42d
Hafer, H. E., 490 West End Av. Jacobs. J. J.. 168 W. 86th
Hammer, Rabbi L., 2739 Webb Av. Jacobs, M. L., 115 Broadway
Hand, Sol S., 223 W. 35th Jacobs, Ralph J., 37 W. 70th
Hano, Philip, 40 Worth Jacobson, H. L., 1440 Broadway
Harris, Abraham, 261 Broadway Jacobson, M. L., 301 W. 22d
Harris, C. A., 312 W. 93d Jacobson, O., 20 Magaw PI.
Harris, Mrs. Jacob M., 685 W. End Av. Jacobson, Samuel J., 51 Chambers
Harris, Rev. Dr. M. H., 418 Central Pk., Jacoby, Elias, 1806 Phelan PI.
Jacoby, Mrs. I. M., 380 Riverside Dr.
W. Jaffe, Moses, 1170 Broadway
Hausdorff, D. M., 706 Riverside Dr. Jais, J. D., 290 West End Av.
Hayman, N., 15 Maiden Lane Jalien. John J., 333 Central Pk., W.
Hecht, Chas., 292 Madison Av. Jalkut, Benj., 30 E. 23d
Hecht, Meyer, 8 Jacob Janko, Dr. N., 25 Marble Hill Av.
Helfat, J. N., 233 Broadway Janowsky, O. I., College of City of N. Y
Heller, A. A., 171 W. 71st
Jarcho, Dr. J.. 303 W. 106th Krulevltch, Harry, 415 Produce Ex.
Jarcho, M.. 215 E. 37th Krulwich, B., 505 West End Av.
Jaslow, Lewis, 60 Gramercy Pk. Kugel. S. H., 70 Wall
Jerskey, Dr. Abram, 27 W. 96th Kushner, S.( 204 Clinton
Jew., Agri. & Aid Soc, 301 E. 14th Lamberg, A., 241 Centre
ewish Inst. of Rel. Lib., 40 W. 68th Landa, Dr. M. G., 281 E. Broadway
ewish Theological Sem., 531 W. 123d Lande, L., 291 Broadway
offe, J., 141 Broadway Lande, M. B.. 240 W. 98th
ofle, M. E., 258 E. 49th Landes, L., 676 Riverside Dr.
offe, S. A., 526 W. 113th Landman, Rev. I., 333 Central Pk., W.
onas, H. J., 500 Riverside Dr. Landres, S., 3965 Sedgwick Av.
onas, Ralph, 115 Broadway Landsberg, J., 326 Broadway
Joseph, L., 865 West End Av. Landsman, S., 1380 Prospect Av.
Jurist, Benj., 126 W. 32d Landy, J., 211 Ft. Wash. Av.
Jurist, Dr. D., 325 E. 80th Lasdon, S. D., 435 Riverside Dr.
Juster, Jos. A., 112 Tudor PI. Lasky, S. D., 280 B'way
Kahn, H.. 830 W. 177th Lazaroff, M., 45 W. 110th
Kahn, H. J.. 1440 B'way Lebowitz, S. H., 1035 Boynton Av.
Kahn, J., 66 Broadway Lederman, M., 153 W. 72d
Kahn, Mrs. J. M., 200 W. 113th Leffel, I., 1542 Coney Island Av.
Kalb, A. I., 31 W. Moshalu Pkway., N. Lefkow, Dr. S., 212 E. B'way
Kantrowitz, J., 791 Lexington Av. Lehr, I. A., 233 Broadway
Kaplan, E., 67 E. 77th Leichter, A., 7 E. 44th
Kaplan, M., 2478 Grand Av. Leichtman, Max, 11 W. 42d
Kaplan, Rev. M. M., 1 W. 89th Lerman, Charles, 29 E. B'way
Kaplan, Dr. P., 9 E. 96th Lerner, Milton, 261 Broadway
Kaplan, S. M., 1175 Park Av. Lesser, Harry, 521 5th Av.
Kapp, I., 624 Hudson Lesser, Henry, 2 Lafayette
Karpf, M. J., 71 W. 47th Levenson, Jos., 243 Canal
Kastor, Sigmund, 1239 Broadway Levi, A. J., 45 E. 85th
Katz, Dr. David, 650 West End Av. Levin, Miss B. I., 45 Tieman PI.
Katz, Dr. E., 1887 Madison Av. Levine. B. A., 345 W. 88th
Katz, Rabbi J., 945 E. 163d Levine, Jos. M., 832 Manida
Katz, Rev. Marcel, 325 W. 112th Levine, Miss M., 915 Fox
Kaufman, H. M., 970 Park Av. Levine, Rabbi M., 527 W. 157th
Kehlman, L., 229 W. 28th Levinson, A., 65 Ft. Wash. Av.
Keibel, Erich, 116 Broad Levinson, Chas., Fairfield Hotel
Keilson & Waxelbaum, 205 E. 42d Levinthal, Miss Tillie, 53 E. 97th
Kempner, J., 1 Greene Levitas. G., 367 Ford
Kessler, M., 603 Academy Levitt, C. H., 1440 Broadway
Kirschstein, B., 401 B'way Levow, Benj., 1061 Tinton Av.
Kleban, L. E., 697 West End Av. Levowitz, Miss A., 831 Manida
Kleban, S., 697 West End Av. Levy, A., 180 Riverside Dr.
Klein, H. H., 1349 Lexington Av. Levy. A. A., 25 W. 81st
Klein, Jacob, 272 W. 90th Levy, A. M., 331 W. 84th
Klein, Dr. J. J., 19 W. 44th Levy, Aaron Wm., 225 Broadway
Klein. M., 261 Broadway Levy, David N., 2156 Cruger Av.
Klein, Rose, 1455 Fulton Av. Levy, E. B., 551 5th Av.
Klein, Dr. W.. 2021 Gd. Concourse Levy, Eugene N., 345 Fourth Av.
Kling. Dr. Jehiel, 924 E. 181st Levy, F. H., 11 Broadway
Koenig, Hon. Saml. S., 27 Cedar Levy, Harold, 336 Ft. Wash. Av.
Koenigsberg, B., 400 E. Houston Levy, H., 315 E. 88th
Kohler. E. J., 983 Park Av. Levy, H., 129 E. 80th
Kohler, Max J., 777 West End Av. Levy, Isaac B., 317 W. 99th
Kohn, Rabbi J., 215 W. 98th Levy, I. H.. 37 Wall
Kohn, Sol., 270 Madison Av. Levy, J., 473 West End Av.
Kolodney, L., 15 Park Row Levy, J., 256 Broadway
Kommel, Alex., 315 Central Pk., W. Levy, Mrs. L., Napoleon, 101 E. 74th
Kopelman, B. E., 225 Broadway Levy, Mrs. M., 600 W. 115th
Kopeloff, I., 6113 Spencer Av. Levy, M., 910 Riverside Dr.
Korn, Chas., 285 Madison Av. Levy. Sam'l, 295 5th Av.
Korn, Dr. H., 924 West End Av. Lewi, Isidor, 12 E. 86th
Kornfeld, A. E., 124 W. 79th Lewine, F., 12 E. 86th
Kossin, Dr. L., 1181 Walton Av. Lewine. H. S., 565 Fifth Av.
Koven, M. N., 340 Madison Av. Lewinson, Benno, 2880 Broadway
Kramer, H.. 127 W. 33d Lewis, C. M., 31 E. 48th
Krass, Rev. Dr. N., 2370 Broadway Lewis. Hon. D. C . 141 B'way
Kresh, Robt.. 30-34 W. 26th Lewis, S., Jr., 417 E. 85th
Lewlsohn, Adolph, 61 Broadway Mayer, A. I., 10 E. 40th

LeWitter, Dr. Arnold, 1108 Times Bldg. May per, A. A., 1440 B'way
Lhowe, Harold R., 1 Madison Av. Mehler, Aaron, 54. Harrison
Library of Heb. Union Col. Sch. for Meinhard, M., 51 Madison Av.
Teachers 1 E. 65 th Meirowitz, Dr. Phil., 949 B'way
Lidz, Israel, 250 W. 36th Mandelsohn, Rabbi J. I., 1801 Popham
Lieberman, Dr. L., 741 West End Av. Mendelsohn, Col. M. J., 415 Wash.
Liebovitz, A., 75 Leonard Mendelsohn, Sig., 7 W. 81st
Liebovitz, E. J., 75 Leonard Mendelson, Dr. H., 29 Columbus Av.
Liebowitz, H. H., 75 Leonard Mendes, Rev. Dr. H. P., 30 W. 70th
Lief, Dr. J. F., 11 W. 42d Mendoza, I., 15 Ann
Lieser, E., 396 B'way Messer, S., 209 W. 37th
Liff, Dr. J., 757 Beck Meyer, Louis, 220 B'way
Lilienthal, Mrs. G., 305 W. 72d Meyerhoff, M. L., 1185 Park Av.
Linde, B., 501 7th Av. Meyerowitz, A., 11 W. 42nd
Lindheim, Mrs. N. R., 1 W. 67th Meyers & Sons, A., 315 W. 39th
Linfield, Dr. H. S., 171 Madison Av. Meyrich, Eli., 152 W. 25th
Lipman, H. J., 371 Ft. Washington Av. Michaelson. Ben. S., 1 Madison Av.
Lip man, H., 295 Ft. Washington Av. Miller, A., 74 Van Cortlandt Pk., S.
Lipman, J., 128 Ft. Wash. Av. Miller, Dr. I., 105 E. 177th
Lipman, S., 359 Ft. Wash. Av. Miller, Dr. L., 122 Rivington
Lippit, M., 512 B'way Miller ,M .L., 515 W. 147th
Lissman, Rev. Dr. Ed., 417 Riverside Dr. Miller, N., 250 W. 39th
Litt, Miss R., 585 West End Av. Mindlin. H., 123 William
Littauer, L. N., 64 W. 87th Minkin, Rabbi J. S., 1795 Riverside Dr.
Liverman, H., 16 W. 40th Mintz, M. L.. 1398 Gd. Concourse
Livingston, W., 474 W. Broadway Mittelman, Dr. J. H., 116 Columbia
Locks, L., 20 Northern Av. Moisseiff. Leon S., 215 W. 101st
Loeb, J. F., 100 Broadway Morais, Rev. H. S., Hotel Cecil
Loebel, E., 299 B'way Morgenstern, D. A., 25 Comming
Login, Paul, 29 E. 21st Morris, G., 274 Madison Av.
London. H., 310 W. 99th Morton, A. S., 1440 B'way
Lookstein, Rabbi J. H., 25 E. 86th Moscow, D., 157 E. 32nd
Lorber, Dr. H., 77 Park Av. Moses, Abr., 584 Union Av.
Lorsch, Miss Fannie, 885 West End Av. Moseson Rabbi C. E., 1469 Washington
Louchheim. W. C . I l l Broadway
Lowenstein, S., 150 W. 79th Av.
Lowinson, Oscar, 5 W. 91st Mosessohn, M., 29 E. 32d
Lubell, A. P., 1851 7th Av. Moshkovitz, Dr. Z., 344 E. 17th
Lubell, J. E., 806 Broadway Moss, N., 80 Maiden Lane
Lubell, J. J., 502 Broadway Muller, B. L., 320 W. 86th
Lubell, Morris M., 502 Broadway Murzin, I., 42 Hester
Lubell, S. L., 789 West End Av. Musken, W., 683 Broadway
Lurie, H. I., 38 Park Row Myerson, M., 771 Crotona Pk., N.
Lurie, Mrs. M., 68 E. 86th Nachimowsky, H., 260 Audubon Av. :
Lyons, Mrs. M. S., 1230 Park Av. Nalven, L., 20 W. 22d
Mack, Harry, 475 5th Av. Nash, J., 52 Lispenard
Mack, Hugo S., 7 Beekman Nathan, Mrs. F., 225 W. 86th
Mack, Hon. J. W., Woolworth Bldg. Nathan, S., 200 Dyckman
Manaccus, S., 200 Fifth Av. Neaderland, H., 362 5th Av.
Mandel, Max, 495 Broadway Necarsulmer, H., 120 Broadway
Mandel, M., 247 W. 38th Neivert, Dr. H.. 2178 B'way
Mandell, K., 33 Rector Neustadt, Mrs. S., 92 7 5th Av.
Manheimer, J. S.. 250 W. 75th Nevelson, B., 19 W. 44th
Manheimer, S. S., 304 E. Broadway Nevin, H., 203 W. 33d
Mann, Sam'l, 1121 Forest Av. Newburger. Alfred H., 40 Wall
Mann, T., 1793 Riverside Dr. Newburger, S. M., 40 Wall
Manner. Miss Jane, 60 W. 68th Newman. A. L., 755 Park Av.
Mansbach, M., 61 Broadway Newman, Rabbi L. I.. 7 W. 83d
Marcus, N., 1 Park Av. New York Public Library, 476 5th Av.
Marcus, R., 684 Riverside Dr. Noshpitz. I., 1310 Hoe Av.
Margolies, Rabbi M. S- 25 E. 86th Notess, M., 424 Madison Av.
Margolies, N., 148 E. Broadway Novogrodsky, Dr. S., 161 Clinton
Margolis, S., 720 Hunts Point Nusbaum, Myer, 342 Madison Av.
Margolish, M. L.. 627 B'way Oshlag, Dr. J., 1060 Madison Av.
Marmor, C. K.. 3451 Giles Place Osserman, Simon E., 200 W. 90th
Marx, Dr. A., 100 Morningside Drive Paley, Louis J.. 61 Broadway
Masliansky, P., 601 W. 160th Palitz, S., 320 W. 86th
Pantell, J. J., 857 Crotona Pk., W.
Parker, N. H., 825 West End Av. Roggen, L. A., 1372 Broadway
Pasternack, M., Municipal Bldg. Rogovin, A.. 2075 Walton Av.
Payson, H. H., 220 4th Av. Rongy, Dr. A. J., 590 West End Av.
Pearlman, D. W., 20 Hamilton Ter. Rosalsky, Hon. Otto A., 225 W. 86th
Perkiss, M., 2600 Creston Av. Rose, L. S., 211 Central Pk., W.
Perla, Dr. D.. 3425 Knox PI. Rose, Mrs. Wm. R., The Savoy—Plaza
Perla, Morris, 533 W. 112th Rosen, A. H., 128 Rivington
Perlman, S., 2012 Prospect Av. Rosen, A. W., 200 W. 90th
Peyser, G. B., 969 2d Av. Rosen, Dr. B. J., 773 Dawson
Pfaelzer, D., 158 W. 29th Rosen, David J., 47 Ft. Washington Av
Pfeiffer, Alex., 15 E. 41st Rosen, Dr. I., 44 E. 51st
Phillips, N., 50 E. 42d Rosen, J. A., 130 W. 86th
Phillips, Capt. N. T., 114 W. 74th Rosen, Dr. S., 1662 Vyse Av.
Pick, M., 2178 Broadway Rosenbaum, I. I., 845 West End Av.
Pinkus, Dr. J. B., 604 E. 170th Rosenbaum, Dr. M., 61 W. 88th
Pinski, D., 1950 Andrews Av. Rosenbaum, S. G., 730 5th Av.
Podell, D. L.. 39 Broadway Rosenberg, Albert V., 97 Ft. Wash. Av.
Podolsky, D., 38 Park Row Rosenberg, H. L., 1526 55th
Pollack, J.. 12 E. 22d Rosenberg, J. N., 74 Broadway
Pollak, S. B., 898 West End Av. Rosenberg, L., 780 West End Av.
Pollock, Henry W., 535 5th Av. Rosenberg, Louis, 800 Riverside Dr.
Pompan, M. A., 38 Park Av. Rosenberg, L., 240 E. 19th
Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola, 99 Central Pk. Rosenberg, S., 1440 B'way
W. Rosenberg, W., 302 E. 14th
Prager, Wm., 2 Rector Rosenberger, Carl, Belnord Apts.
Prashker, R., 615 W. 183d Rosenbloom, Rabbi B. L., 1612 Walton
Preiser, Theo. H., 304 W. 98th Av.
Preiss, Elias. 250 W. 104th Rosenblum, D., 36 W. 59th
Price, Dr. G. M., 31 Union Sq. Rosenblum, Rabbi W. F., 210 W. 91st
Projector, Dr. H., 1340 Nelson Av. Rosenfeld, Miss Jessie, 604 5th Av.
Propp, Morris, 524 Broadway Rosenheck. I., 225 W. 35th
Proskauer, J. M., 11 Broadway Rosensohn. S. J., 8 W. 40th
Quat, Ephrim, 1680 Park Av. Rosensweig, C. S., 80 Maiden Lane
Rabinovitch, M. A., 1226 Evergreen Av. Rosensweig, L., 105 E. 177th
Rabinowitz, L. M., 175 Wooster Rosenthal, E. J., 32 Franklin
Rabinowitz, S., 149 Broadway Rosenthal, R., 386 Broadway
Racoosin, T. R., 1440 Broadway Rosenzweig, Jos., 51 Chambers
Rafalowsky, A., 136 Henry Rosett, Louis J., 740 West End Av.
Raisler, S., 173 Riverside Dr. Rosofl, Dr. M. L., 529 Cortlandt Av.
Raphael, J. H., 522 Second Av. Ross, A. L., 160 Broadway
Reader, Mrs. Fannie, 1350 Shakespeare Rosston, W. J., 527 W. 110th
Av. Roten. J. F., 40 W. 77th
Reich, Dr. H., 2021 Gd. Concourse Roth, Dr. Henry, 409 E. 140th
Reich, L. R., 10 W. 96th Roth, Louis, 110 W. 40th
Reichman, Rabbi S., 1738 Crotona Pk., E. Rothenberg, Morris, 5 Beekman
Reit. H. J., 1441 Broadway Rothschild, Miss M., 601 W. 180th
Religious School Cong. Shaaray Tefila, Rothschild, W. N., 23 E. 81st
160 W. 82nd Rothstein, A. E., 41 E. 11th
Resler, Dr. A. S., 1265 Lexington Av. Rothstein, Rabbi L. J., Park Central
Rettenberg, J. K., 545 W. 164th Hotel
Retzker, Michael, 101 W. 106th Rubin, H. H., 15 Moore
Reubens, R., 551 5th Ay. Rubin, I. A., 34 Hubert
Riegelman, H., 420 Lexington Av. Rubin, Dr. I. C, 911 Park Av.
Rifkind, S. H., 120 B'way Rubins, Rabbi H. H., 901 E. 179th
Rippe, M. L., 152 W. 42d Rubinsky, S..9W. 3d
Ritter, Dr. I. L., 1050 Park Av. Ruskay, Cecil B., 68 William
Robbins, Ben, 11 E. 26th Ruttenberg, B., 286 Ft. Wash. Av.
Roberts, R., 551 Sth Av. Sachs. E., 395 4th Av.
Robins, J. H., 51 Chambers Sachs, G. M., 19 W. 44th
Robinsohn, Dr. D., 25 E. 86th Sachs, Louis, 8 W. 40th
Robinson, Dr. W., 322 W. 72d Safran, M. H., 2515 University Av.
Robison, L., 280 Riverside Dr. Saks, I., 2 E. 55th, "St. Regis"
Rodef Shalom Religious School Saks, W. A., 32 W. 74th
Rogers, C. A.. 152 W. 42d Solomon, S. W., 1701 University Av.
Rogers, M. H., 1 Park Av. Salpeter, M., 220 Broadway
Rogers, S. E., 850 10th Av. Saltzman, J. E., 69 St. Marks PI.
Roggen H.. 365 West End Av. Salzberg, M., 225 Varick
Sampter. Morris, 322 W. 76th
Samuel. J., 131 E. 93rd Silverman, H., 5 Beekman

Samuels, S. N.. 225 W. 86th Silverman, Nat., 498 7th Av.
Samuels, Dr. S. S., 151 E. 83d Silverman, S. S., 1664 Weeks Av.
Sanders, Leon, 280 Broadway Silverstein, C, 249 W. 34th
Sandier, Bernard H., 884 West End Av. Simmons, M., 25 W. 43d
Sandier, W. B., 160 Broadway Simons, M., 328 Bible House
Sareteky, S., 125 E. 85th Simonson, A., 37 Riverside Dr.
Sargent, I., 253 B'way Sindel, D., 1170 Gerard Av.
Schaap, Michael, 12 5th Av. Singer, Dr. D. A., 585 West End Av.
Schafer, A. S., 120 Broadway Sinsheimer, J., 330 W. 102nd
Schafran, B., 251 W. 89th Sirowich, Dr. W. I., 539 E. 6th
Schallek, M. L., 7 W. 81st Slobodkin, Dr. S. H., 20 W. 23rd
Schechter, Dr. Frank, 350 Broadway Smith, D. T., 277 Broadway
Scheiber, I. B., 51 Chambers Smith, G. W., 910 Riverside Dr.
Scherer, L., 51 Chambers Smith, L., 550 Greenwich
Schiff, Jacob R., 320 Broadway Sobel, H., 122 William
Schiff, J., 127 W. 33d Sobel, Mrs. J., 215 W. 91st
Schlansky, Dr. H. P., 83 Madison Sobel, Jacob, 885 Montgomery
Schleider, M. N., 225 Broadway Sobel, Samuel, 66 Ft. Wash. Av.
Schleimer, S., 5 Columbus Circle Soc. for Adv. of Judaism, 13-15 W. 86th
Schlossberg, J., 15 Union Sq. Solis, Elvira, N., 441 West End Av.
Schmer, M., 291 Broadway Solomon, A., 1440 Broadway
Schmidt, Dr. I., 1275 Webster Av. Solomon, L. H., 51 Madison Av.
Schneider, J., 224 W. 35th Solomon, S. H., 1440 Broadway
Schneider, M. J., 149 W. 179th Solomon, W. J., 150 W. 82d
Schneyer, Dr. L., 235 Brook Av. Soltes, Dr. M., 71 W. 47th
Schoenbaum, Dr. G. L., 850 Longwood Some, Max, 95 Nassau
Av. Sonderling, S. J., 16 William
Schoenberg, N., 1440 Broadway Sondheim, P., 305 West End Av.
Schoenfeld, N., 13 E. 22d Sonneborn, Dr. F., 114 5th Av.
Schotland, M., 498 West End Av. Sossnitz, Dr. I., 17 W. 71st
Schottenfels, Sara X., 601 W. 113th Spachner, L., 260 W. 72nd
Schulman, Rev. Sam'l, 27 W. 72d Spector, Jos., 37 Hamilton Terrace
Schumer, Dr. H., 770 Hewitt PI. Speiser, J., 170 Broadway
Schwartz, E., 122 E. 42d Spiegel, E., 1046 College Av.
Schwartz, J., 1490 Jesup Av. Spiegel, Max, 34 W. 17th
Schwartz, Dr. S., 1209 Westchester Av. Spiegel, Mrs. S.. 17 E. 89th
Schwartz, S. P., 1 Union Sq. Spiegelberg, F., 25 E. 77th
Schwartzberg, J., 228 Henry Spiegelberg, W. I., Hotel Dorset, 30 W.
Schwarz, J., 225 W. 86th 54th
Seckel, Harry W., 807 Riverside Dr. Spielberg, Mrs. H., 404 Riverside Dr.
Seelav, R., 250 W. 57th Spinner, Dr. Jonas, 90 Riverside Dr.
Segal, H. R., 355 Riverside Dr. Spinrad, L., 700 W. 178th
Segal, L. H., 11 W 42d Spira, Dr. Jos., 1700 Crotona Pk., E.
Seidman, Mrs. D. E., 41 W. 96th Spiro, A. I., 375 West End Av.
Seidman, J. A., 271 Madison Av. Spiro, J. S., 51 Chambers
Seinfel, S., 245 W. 107th Spitz, L., 435 Wash. Av.
Selikowitz, S. D., 90 West Spitzer, Oscar, 17 E. 89th
Semel, Bernard, 38-40 Green Sprayregen, J., 295 Madison Av.
Sena, Harry, 280 Broadway Stackell. H., 849 Manida
Seril, A., 467 Broadway Stander, I. J., 840 Mott Av.
Shack, S. M., 291 Broadway Stavisky Bros., 222 4th Av.
Shaftan, Dr. T., 2445 Walton Av. Steckler, D., 51 Chambers
Shaine, M. L., 295 Madison Av. Steigman, Dr. P., 91 Orchard
Shapiro, A. J., 1904 Crotona Av. Stein, Mrs. A. E., 19 W. 57th
Shapiro, Miss A. E., 106 Clarmont Av. Stein, Max Z.. 9 Maiden Lane
Sharlot, I. J., Woolworth Bldg. Stein, Morton, 251 W. 89th
Sheitles, Dr. D., 250 W. 85th Stein, S. S., 11 Park PI.
Sherman, H., 2007 Davidson Av. Steinam, Ed. S., cor. Williams and Pine
Sherwin, I. N., 875 West End Av. Steinman, N., 1715 Nelson Av.
Shinensky, Hyman, 70 E. Broadway Stern, A., 2355 Morris Av.
Shuchatowitz, Rabbi M., 255 Haven Av. Stern, J. F., 93 Worth
Sidenberg, R., 157 W. 57th Stern, M., 521 5th Av.
Siegel, A. B.. 118 W. 79th Stern, Rev. Dr. N., 201 W. 79th
Siegel, F., 3318 Bainbridge Stern, S. W., 120 Broadway
Siegel, I., 280 Broadway Stern. Mrs. W. A., 251 W. 89th
Siegelstein, B. E., 99 Nassau Sternberg, Mrs. Helen, 176 Rivington
Silverman, H., 34 W. 33d Sternberger, M. M., Guaranty Trust Co.
Stettiner, L., 838 West End Av. Winer, H. L., 420 Lexington Av.
Stocker, D. R., 310 W. 79th Winkelman, L. L., 12 E. 86th
Stoll, H.. 46 W. 96th Wise, Rev. Dr. J. B., 35 E. 62nd
Stone, J., 340 W. 86th Wise, Mrs. L. H., 77 Park Av.
Stone, N. H., 255 W. 88th Wise, Rev. Dr. S. S., 23 W. 90th
Strasbourger, Saml., 74 Broadway Wolbarst, Dr. A. L., 114 E. 61st
Straus. J. I., 399 Park Av. Wolf, A. .30 W. 70th
Strauss, Ben., 562 W. 113th Wolf, I. D., 122 E. 42d
Strauss, Louis, Jr., 52 William Wolf, J. J.. 666 West End Av.
Strauss, N.. 246 West End Av. Wolf, R., 115 Broadway
Stroock, J. E., 15 W. 75th Wolf .Simson, 270 Madison Av.
Stroock, M. J., 88 Central Pk.. W. Wolfenstein, S. C, 32 Spruce
Sultan, A. I., 15 W. 24th Wolff, Dr. Alex.. 141 E. 34th
Sundelson, Mrs. R. W., 25 E. 86th Wolff, Mrs. J. R., 325 West End Av.
Susman, Louis, 3208 3d Av. Wolfson, Dr. A., 401 W. 59th
Sverdlik, A.. 186 Riverside Dr. Wollman, Henry, 20 Broad
Sverdlik, S., 290 Broadway Yankauer, A., 680 West End Av.
Szold, Henrietta, Hotel Alexandria Young Israel Synagogue, 229 E. B'way
Tananbaum, Dr. A., 3866 Sedgwick Av. Y. M. H. A., 975 St. Nicholas Av.
Tannenbaum, Dr. J., 590 West End Av. Y. W. H. A., 31 W. 110th
Tannenbaum, S., 41 W. 82nd Y. M. H. A. of the Bronx, 171st and
Tannanbaum, Dr. S., 255 W. 84th Fulton
Tarlowe, J. D., 17 John Zabronsky & Zabronsky, 1501 B'way
Teachers Inst. Jewish Theo. Sem., 34 Zadek, Jacob, Hotel Fairfield
Stuyvesant Zagor, H. I., 257 4th Av.
Teirstein, J., 1711 Morris Av. Zelickson, M., 275 Lenox Av.
The Jewish Club, 23 W. 73d Zimmer, I., 119 W. 71st
The Training School for Jewish Social Zucker, N., 1348 Elder Av.
Work. 71 W. 47th Zucker, S. A., 1006 Freeman
Tischler, F. Wm.. 412 E. 125th Zuckerman, S., 110 W. 40th
Tobias, L., 162 W. 165th Zukunft, The. 175 E. Broadway
Tow, Isidor, 7 E. 44th
Trachman, Morris, 1750 Montgomery SUBSCRIBER
Av. Lewek, Rev. J. R.. 1216 Wash. Av.
Tuchman, P. L., 21 E. 87th
Udell, J.. 46 W. 23d Niagara Falls
Unger, J. L., 40 W. 68th
United Heb. Com., 201 E. Broadway Porath, Rabbi S. I., Box 633
Uptown Talmud T. Ass'n, 132 E. 111th Silverberg Bros., 2118 Main
Vorhaus, Louis J., 521 5th Av.
Voxman, W., 645 E. Tremont Av. Norwich
Wachman, J. M., 147 W. 35th Selkowitz, S.. 27 N. Broad
Wacht. H., 250 W. 94th
Wachtler. M., 138 W. 34th
Waldman, H., 2 Lafayette Nyack
Waldman, I., 522 5th Av. Neisner, J., 61 5th Av.
Walerstein, J., 210 W. 101st
Wallerstein, Dr. L., 1049 Gd. Concourse Ogdensburg
Waterman, F., 715 W. 175th Dobisky, R. W., 404 Riverside Av.
Wechsler, Dr. I. S., 1112 Park Av. Fisher, H. S., 207 Ford
Weckatein, I., 51 Chambers Frank, J., 117 Franklin
Weil, David L., 601 W. 115th
Weil, L., 772 St. Nicholas Av. Olean
Weinberg, Jacob, 145 W. 30th
Weinberg, N., 225 Broadway Marcus, H. W., 131 S. Union
Weinberger, Dr. B. W., 119 W. 57th
Weinrib, E. C, 225 Broadway Ozone Park
Weinstein, M. H., 860 E. 161st Sonnenschein, N., 11921 130th
Weinstein, S. J., 461 Produce Exch.
Weisman, S. G.. 179 E. 79th Plattsburft
Weiss. Dr. Saml., 16 E. 96th Goldman, S., 75 Montcalm Av.
Weiss. S.. 254 W. 35th
Weiss, Wm., 1440 Broadway Port Chester
Weit, Solon, 305 Broadway
Weitzner. Emil, 211 W. 106th Gimbel, Mrs. I., Upper King
WeU, Isidor, 233 Broadway
Wiley, Louis, 417 Park Av. Port Richmond
Wilson. N., 302 W. 87th Jacobson, I., 128 Richmond Av.
Levy, M., 137 Heberton Av. Silverstein, J. E., 1619 St. Paul
Millner, Rabbi I. A., 246 Decker Av. Stern, Chas., 130 East Av.
Weinberg, Mrs. A. M., 245 Edgerton
Poughkeepsle Weinstein, Miss F., 21 Harper
Rodin, H., 215 Main Weinstein, S. H., 176 Conkey Av.
Rosenthal, R., 179 Mill
Sobel, Dr. Aaron, Circular Rd. Rockaway Beach
Fink, Max, 142-10 Newport Av.
Richmond Hill Friedman, Dr. E. L., 92-13 Boulevard
Cahn, S., 8533 108th Rabinowitz, I., 162 B 129th
Cohen, S., 10772 110th
Cohen, S., 8807 104th Rockaway Park
Cong. Beth Israel, 102nd & 88th Av. School of Temple Beth El
Cott, S., 134-01 Keystone
Enoch, H., 9421 134th Rockville Centre
Stern. Rabbi M. A., 115-01 107th Av. Lampert, J., 15 Wilson Lane
Rochester Saranac Lake
LIBRARY MEMBERS Edelberg, S., 13 Broadway
Hart, A., 120 Portland Av. Feustmann, Maurice M., 28 Catherine
Jewish Y. M. Ass'n, Franklin Sq. Matthews, S. D., P. O. Box 349
Levinson, W., 54 Shepard
Michaels, J., c/o Michaels, Stem & Co. Saratoga Springs
Stein, S. H., Stein-Bloch Co. Leibowitz, Rabbi J., Jew. Com. Center
ANNUAL MEMBERS Scarsdale
Adler, S. L., 17 Argyle
Aiole, S., 44 Faraday Trager, J. G., 26 Donellon Rd.
Appelbaum, Dr. S. J., 188 Culver Rd.
Berger, I. W., 63 State Schenectady
Berger, S., 1594 Culver Rd. Bernstein, Dan, 222 State
Beth El, Sunday School, Park Av. and Coplon, H. G., 307 State
Meigs Feldman, E., 1301 State
Bloom, Miss Celia, 940 Mercantile Bldg. Ferber, Abr., 434 State
B'nai Zion Hebrew Library, 192 Ormond Fisher, S. A., 1114 Van Curler Av.
Cohen, M., 3 Granger PI. Gold, H. J., 308 State
Covner, S., 7 Gibbs Graubart, M. B., 30 James
Cramer, B. A., East Av. & Chestnut Grosberg, Jos. E., 636 Hamilton
Davidson, Dr. S. C , 40 Westchester Av Jewish Com. Center, 724 Albany
Fisher, L., 86 University Av. Lifset, A., 1059 Glenwood Blvd.
Frankel, C., 217 Barrington Lifset, Theo., 29 Bedford Rd.
Frankel, L., 30 Vick Pk., A. Lurie, J. B.. 307 State
Goldman, Mrs. J. E., 145 Harvard Marcus, G. A., 330 Summit Av.
Greenhouse, S. H., 760 Harvard Rosen, Rabbi J., 24 Hampton Av.
Harris, H. Z., 121 Boardman Schaffer, H., 19 De Camp Av.
Jewish Children's home, 27 Gorham
Kahn, Mrs. N., 573 Monroe Av. Scotia
Kahn, Saul, 12 Helena Dushman, Dr. S., 21 Sunnyside Rd.
Kirstein, H. E., 89 Westminster Rd.
Klonick, H., 961 Harvard Sea Gate
Kolko, H., 440 Ormond Cong-Kneses Israel
Kominz, Dr. J. S., 250 Canterbury Rd. Shapiro, S., 4731 Beach 47th
Levin, Dr. L., 763 Harvard
Marks, H. H., 13 Franklin Sq. Spring Valley
Miller, Wm., 571 University Av.
Natapow, N., 26 Av. "A" Brack, S., R. F. D. Box 168
Pearlman, A. I., 930 Meigs
Posner, M., 552 Humboldt Stapleton
Robfogel, B., 1186 Lake Av. Kutcher, H.. 147 Cebra Av.
Rockoff, M. A., 200 Joseph Av.
Rose, B., 376 Harvard Staten Island
Roth, T., 289 Hazelwood Ter.
Rubenstein, N., 186 Canterbury Rd. Lakeview Home, Arrochar
Rubinson, H.. 793 S. Goodman
Shapiro, Dr. I. M., 129 Canterbury Rd. SuSern
Sher, Noah, 143 Palmerston Rd. LIBRARY MEMBER
Shulman, L., 79 Beverly Goldburg, L., 30 First
North Carolina] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 471
ANNUAL MEMBER Troy

Greenstein, Sam'l, 115 Lafayette Av. Berner, Mrs. P., 2338 15th
Troy Public Library
Sunnyside
Newman, Mrs. G. K., 3996 44th Utica
Wilson, G. I., 3921 Heiser
Abelson, L., 4 Avery PI.
Syracuse Dean, S., Hotel Majestic
Goldstein, D. J., 1st N. B. Bldg.
PATRON MEMBER Kowalsky, Dr. H. E., 223 Genesee
Levy, Dr. I. H., 717 E. Genesee Krohn, L. E., 13 Parkside Ct.
Lichtman, Max, 221 Genesee
LIBRARY MEMBERS Markson, S., 124 Thomas
Holstein, A. E., 106 Circle Rd. Robbins, N., 2219 Genesee
Holstein, A. M., 748 Comstock Av. Rosen, I., 1008 Miller
Rosenbloom, I., 806 E. Genesee Rosen, M. S., 1634 Howard Av.
Stolz, Benj., 718 E. Jefferson Shapiro, Chief Rabbi A., 446 Whitesboro
Winkelstein, M., 214 Cambridge Sonneborn, Mrs. H., 18 Melrose Av.
Winkelstein, W., 919 Euclid Av. Sugarman, C , 195 Genesee Av.
Temple Beth El Lib'y, 1607 Genesee
ANNUAL MEMBERS Tumposky, J., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Belloff, I., 431 S. Warren '
Bellofl, L. A.. 431 S. Warren
Berkman, L. J.. 1208 Harrison Watertown
Bienenfeld, Rabbi J., 914 Ackerman Av.
Boff, Arthur, 160 Fellows Av. Lebovsky, J., 231 Paddock
Burman, Dr. Aaron, 537 E. Genesee
Federman, J., 440 Allen
Friedman, Rabbi B., 115 Fellows Av. White Plains
Gerber, W., 860 Livingston Av. LIBRARY MEMBER
Gilbert, M., 732 Irving Av.
Given, B. B., 423 Euclid Av. Grinberg, P. I., Old Mamaroneck Rd.
Goldstein, E., 333 Bruce ANNUAL MEMBERS
Harris, Dr. L. H., 533 Westmoreland Av.
Hurwitz, M., 540 Tracy Liberman, S., 75 Prospect
Jewish Communal Home, 222 Cedar Mark, Mrs. E. R., Gedney Farm Hotel
Markson, A. S., 229 N. Salina
Markson, I., 231 N. Salina Woodhaven
Markson, N. W., 229 N. Salina
Miller, J. H., 142 Cambridge Neulauder, Rabbi A. H., 8920 Park Lane
Putziger, S., 2208 E. Cenesee S.
Roth, Philip, 105 Crawford Av.
Rubenstein, A., 107 Berkeley Dr. Woodmere
Rudolph, Ben., 136 Fellows Av.
Rudolph, Max H., Ktpl E. Genesee LIBRARY MEMBERS
Shapiro, L., 316 Broad Altheimer, B., Box 251
Shopiro, S., 2100 E. Genesee Leibowitz, J. L., 71 Burton Av.
Shulman, S. L., 224 Union Bldg.
Silverman, Dr. A. C , 183 Renwick PI. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Solomon, S. D., 942 Euclid Av. Crystal, S. O.
Steinborn, I., 924 Ackerman Av. Frank, L. J., 132 Lafayette PI.
Wechsler, Rev. M. L., 862 Summer Av. Pompan, D. M.
Weinstein, A., 1409 E. Fayette Schuster, J., 997 Allen Lane
Winkelstein, M., 324 Allen
Yonkers
Tannersville
Blaustein, J., 199 N. Broadway
Jacobson, Inc., S., Fairmount Hotel Blummer, S., 7 Highland PI.
Levy, M. J., Crestwood
Tompkinsville Miller, Dr. S., 4 Getty Square
Marcus, S., Jew. Com. Center Steinmetz, Mrs. Dora, 31 Ravine Av.
Silber, D., I l l Victory Bldg. Wolkowitz, Leon, 39 Hamilton Av.
NORTH CAROLINA
Asheville Belhaven
Henry, Philip S., Zealandia Meyerowitz, J., Box 157
472 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Ohio
Blowing Rock Henderson

Cone, Mrs. Moses H. Hayes, Sam'l M.
Roth, Gus., Box 273
Charlotte
Cohen, Hermann E. New Bern
Gastonia Lipman, Sam
Kareah, A. S., Box 188
Wilmington
Goldsboro Block, W., 1618 Princess
PATRON MEMBER Kelson, Rabbi B., 314 Grace
Weil, Mrs. H., 200 W. Chestnut
LIBRARY MEMBER Wilson
Weil, Lionel Oettinger, E. R.. 219 W. Broad
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Shrago, A. M. Wlnston-Salem
Weil, Leslie, 610 Park Av. Levin, Louis, 1270 W. 4th
NORTH DAKOTA
Bismarck Grand Forks
Mekler, Rabbi J. H., Box 94 Bergman, S. J., 619 4th Av.. S.
Horowitz, S., 407 S. 9th
Dickinson Panovitz, M.
Mackoff, H. A. Papermaster, I., 1015 Reeves Dr.
Papermaster, S., 216 Fenton Av.
Fargo
Goldberg, Max, 615 13th, S. Manden
Lashkowitz, Harry, 117 Broadway Greengard, Nathan
Naftalin, D., 225 Front
Paper, S., 202 1st Av., S. Minot
Stern, Alexander
Wilk, H.. 1225 9th, S. Baker, A.. 616 Central Av.. E.
OHIO
Akron Heinsheimer, E. L., 3584 Alaska Av.
Alexander, Rabbi D.. 944 Amelia Av. Seasongood, M., 3661 Wash. Av.
Bear, Max, 254 S. Main LIBRARY MEMBERS
Guren, S. B., 407 Merriman Rd. Berman, Oscar, 3d & Plum
KJivans, S., 132 S. Main
Loeb, Louis, 20 Twin Oaks Apt. B'nai Jeshurm S. S. Lib'y, Wise Center
Mack, B., 276 Merriman Rd. Bldg.
Ostrov, L., 406 Woodland Av. Brown. Dr. S.. 705 Pearl Mkt. Bk. Bldg
Schwartz, C. E., 319 Bowery Fechheimer. S. M., 4050 Rose Hill Av.
Tem. Israel Rel. Sch. Lib., 133 Merriman Freiberg, Dr. A. H., 3577 Alaska Av.
Freiberg. M. J., 3576 Alaska Av.
Bellevue Freiberg, S., 2300 Upland PI.
Kuppin, M., 3573 Wilson Av.
Wolf, Jos. E.. 250 W. Main
ANNUAL ME'BERS
Canton Appelbaum, S. B., Heb. Union College
Latz, Rabbi C. B.. 1127 13th. N. W. Banks. H. W., Heb. Union College
Luntz, S., 1645 Cleveland Av., N. W. Bauman, M., Heb. Union College
Beckman, N. H., Alms Hotel
Cincinnati Berkowitz, S., Heb. Union College
Berman, A., 315 E. Mitchell Av.
LIFE MEMBERS Berman. A., 5 W. 3rd
Freiberg. J. Walter, 3583 Alaska Av. Bettman, A., 1st Nat'l
Hebrew Union College Lib'y. Clifton Av. Bilgray, A. T., Heb. Union College
Ohio] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 473
Bing, Ben M., 739 N. Crescent Av. Krohn. I. M., 1144 Edwards Rd.
Blank, Dr. S. H., Heb. Union College Lauterbach, Rev. Dr. J. Z., Heb. U. CoL
Block, L. Z., 820 Cleveland Av. Lefkowitz, S., Heb. Union College
Blumenthal, R., Hebrew Union College Leshner Library of Avondale Synagogue
B'nai Jeshurun S. S. Library Levenson, L., 629 Forest Av.
Braude, W., Hebrew Union College Levey, S. H., Heb. Union College
Brav, S. R., Heb. Union College Levi, Rabbi C. S., Cincinnati Club
Brener, S. D., Heb. Union College Levine, Raphael, Heb. Union College
Bucove, M., Heb. Union College Levinson, B. E., Heb. Union College
Cashdan, L., Heb. Union College Levy, H. M., 309 Traction Bldg.
Cohen, Alfred M., 3557 Reading Rd. Liebman, J. L., Heb. Union College
Cohn, M. J., Heb. Union College Littner, B. C, Heb. Union College
Cohon, Prof. S. S., Hebrew Union Col. Livingston, H. S., 316 Race
Const. Grand Lodge I. O. B. B., Electric Lubel, J., Heb. Union College
Bldg. Lustberg, A. G., Heb. Union College
Cook, Samuel, Heb. Union College Mack, A., Court House
Cook, Theo. H., Heb. Union College Mack, Jacob W., 984 Burton Av.
Cronbach, Dr. A., Heb. Union College Manischevitz Co., The B., 2100 W. 8th
Danziger, M. M., 629 Forest Av. Marcus, Dr. J. R., Heb. Union College
Diesendruck, Dr. Z., 543 Glenwood Av. Marks, L. D., 3556 Alaska Av.
Doppelt, F. A., Heb. Union College Marks, L. V., 4009 Beechwood Av.
Egelson, Rabbi L. I., 2 Avon Apts. Marks, Martin, 15 W. Pearl
Eichhorn, D. M., Heb. Union College Maximon, S. B., Heb. Union College
Einstein, S., Avon Apts. Meiss, Harry, 960 Lenox PI.
Elsberg, L., Heb. Union College Meyer, Jos. L., 712 Cholsom Av.
Enelander, Prof. H., 904 Lexington Av. Meyers, M., 1032 Valley Lane
Epstein, E. L., 3447 Harvey Av. Mielziner, B., 945 Burton Av.
Feinberg, A. H., Hebrew Union College Miller, C. I., Hebrew Union College
Feinberg, A. J., Heb. Union College Miller, Dr. R. W., 3561 Reading Rd.
Feinberg, Rabbi L., 3562 Lee PI. Miran, B. B., Heb. Union College
Fineberg, A. M., Heb. Union College Morgenstern, J., 8 Burton Woods La.
Fogel, Dr. E. I., 3623 Reading Rd. Nelson, Dr. A. W., 3584 Bogart Av.
Folkman, J. D., Hebrew Union College Nussbaum, P. E., Heb. Union College
Friedland, E., Heb. Union College Oettinger, M., 4200 Rose Hill Av.
Friedman, A., 819 Lexington Av. Pastor, H., Heb. Union College
Friedman, N. J., Heb. Union College Perilman, N., Heb. Union College
Gamoran, Dr. E., Merchants Bldg. Philipson, Rev. Dr. D., 270 McGregor
Gerstenfeld, N., Heb. Union College Av.
Gitin, Joseph, Hebrew Union College Polatsek, J., Heb. Union College
Glueck, N., 859 Hutchins Av. Polish, D., Heb. Union College
Godfried, E., 3971 Parker PI. Pollack, H. I., Heb. Union College
Goldberg, S., 3949 Red Bud Av. Pollak, Mrs. E., 2648 Stanton Av.
Goldblatt, M., Hebrew Union College Present, M., Heb. Union College
Golden, I. R., 604 Race Pritz, C. E., 3536 Biddle Clifton
Goldstein, A. S., Heb. Union College Pritz, S. E., 218 Dixie Terminal
Goldstein, H. K., Heb. Union College Public Library
Grad, Ben., 556 Prospect PI. Reichert, Rabbi V. E., Rockdale Av.
Graff, Rabbi M., Heb. Union College Temple
Grafman, M. L., Heb. Union College Richman, P., Heb. Union College
Green, A. S., Heb. Union College Rosenberg, B. D., Heb. Union College
Gumbiner, J. H., Heb. Union College Rosenthal, N., Heb. Union College
Guthman, H., Heb. Union College Rothenberg, Saml., 22 W. 7th
Habas, R. A., Heb. Union College Ruskin, Moses, 4141 Rose Hill Av.
Heller, Rabbi J. G., 3557 Alaska Av. Ruslander, S., Heb. Union College
Hirschfeld, Wm., 820 Mann PI. Sachs, W. I., 546 Camden Av.
Hoenig, S., 302 Rockdale Av., W. Sack, E., Heb. Union College
Huttenbauer, E., 690 N. Crescent Av. Samuels, J., 3823 Edgehill PI.
Hyman, Jacob, 861 Hutchins Av. Samuels, Julius R.t 3970 Parker PI.
Isaac, Morris, Hotel Alms Samuels, M. E., 860 Blair Av.
Israel, C, 807 Schmidt Bldg. Schusterman, A., Heb. Union College
Jacobson D., Heb. Union College Schwarz, Rabbi J. D., Kemper Lane
Johnson, Hon. S. M., 3427 Burch Av. Hotel
Joseph, Leopold, 674 N. Crescent, Seasongood, P. L., 885 Clinton Springs
Avondale Av.
Josephson, L. A., Heb. Union College Segal. A., 727 Gholson Av.
Klein, M., Hebrew Union College Seligson, D., Heb. Union College
Kleinberg. M. S., Heb. Union College Senior, Edw., 2220 Frances Lane
Kline. A., Hebrew Union College Senior, Max, 3580 Washington Av.
474 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Ohio
Share, N., Heb. Union College Efros, M., 1661 Bel-Mar Rd.
Shaw, A. D., Heb. Union College Ehrman, G. B., 2509 Norfolk Rd.
Shershevsky, D., Heb. Union College Eisenberg, L., 1169 E. 79th
Shohl, Chas., 714 S. Crescent Av. Elder, E. A.. 3820 Lakeside Av.
Shor, D., Heb. Union College Ellis, M., 10133 N. Blvd.
Silver, H., 686 Gholson Av. Engelman, N. D., 1418 Keith Bldg.
Silverblatt, N., 729 S. Crescent Av. Epstein, Dr. J. W., 10604 Drexel Av.
Simon, M., Hebrew Union College Feigenbaum, I., 985 E. Blvd.
Solway, H., 3621 Eaton Lane Fisher, I. H., 11213 Ashbury Av.
Stein, B., Heb. Union College Friedman, Max, 3264 Euclid Hghts. Blvd.
Tash, E., 1047 Dana Av. Fryer, J., 1383 East Blvd.
The Jewish Com. House, 415 Clinton Galvin, Dr. M. B., 1417 E. 85th
Toner, J. P., Heb. Union College Garber, Dr. M.. 1098 E. 98th
Touff, H. E., 3569 Glenwood Av. Gittelsohn, Dr. R., 10111 Euclid Av.
Trager, J., Heb. Union College Glick, Harry F.. 11116 Ashbury Av.
Turitz, L. J., Heb. Union College Good, S., 2872 W. 25th
United Jew. Social Agencies, 15th & Plum Goodman, M. P.. State Bk. Bldg.
Warm & Warm, Drs., 641 Doctors Bldg. Gordon, B. D., 1108 Ulmer Bldg.
Weiland, F., 1006 Burton Av. Gross, J., 9917 South Blvd.
Weiland, L., 3161 Harvey Av. Grossman, L. J., 10519 Lake Shore Blvd.
Weiss, Dr. H. B., 730 N. Crescent Grossman, M. J.. 16950 S. Woodland Rd.
Weitz, M. M., Hebrew Union College Haber, M. W., 2692 Cochester Rd.
Wice, D. H., Heb. Union College Halle, S. P., 924 Hanna Bldg.
Wohl, Rabbi S., 501 Carplin PI. Hausman, A. I., Central Police Station
Zepin, Rabbi G., Merchants Bldg. Heimlich, Dr. D., 10510 Euclid Av.
Zuckerman, A., Heb. Union College Hertz. D. R., 1755 E. 89th
Hirsch, Dr. S. F., 2727 W. Scarborough
Cleveland Immerman, A., 10850 Pasadena Av.
Jacobs, Dr. P. A., 3912 Prospect Av.
LIFE MEMBERS Jaffa, Rabbi P. W., 3152 E. Derbyshire
Mahler, Mr. & Mrs. B., 12417 Cedar Rd. Rd.
Peskind, Dr. A., 2414 E. 55th Jewish Social Service Bureau, 507 Huron
Sixth Bldg.
PATRONS Joseph, Emil, 1689 E. 115th
Klein, G. J., 2480 E. 22d Kahn, M., 3551 E. 153d
Maschke. M., 2489 Guilford Rd. Kalish. A. A., 3608 Euclid Av.
Kaplan, H. L., 14246 Superior Rd.
LIBRARY MEMBER Katz, A. A., 1058 E. 99th
Mellen, J. H., 908 Ulmer Bldg. Katz, L., 9000 Kempton Av.
Kirtz. A., 506 Woodland Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Klopper, N., 413 St. Clair Av., W.
Adams, S. A., 13514 Larchmere Blvd. Koblitz. H. D., 328 Osbom Bldg.
Auerbach, Mrs. H., 15107 Shore Acre Dr. Kohn, W. S., 105th & St. Clair Av.
Baker, E. M., Union Trust Bldg. Kohrman, M. I., 410 B. of L. E. Bldg.
Ballenberg, F. A., 1149 E. 125th Kollin, Abr., 945 Soc. for Sav. Bldg.
Becker, Eli, 10708 Grantwood Av. Kollin, H. L., 1641 Coventry Rd.
Beckerman, H. A., Natl. City Bk. Bldg. Kollin, I. L., 10907 Pasadena Av.. N. E.
Berick, M., 822 Leader Bldg. Landesman, Dr. W. B., 10308 Euclid Av.
Bemon, Judge M., Union Trust Bldg. Laronge, Jos., 10714 Drexel Av.
Bernstein, A. E., 1832 Wadena Av., E. Lev, Abraham, 950 Parkwood Dr.
Blaugrund, H., 2669 EdgehiU Rd. Levenberg, Dr. B., 1496 E. 107th
Bloch, Judge J. C , Williamson Bldg. Lewin, M., 2295 S. Overlook Rd.
Blum, H., 1545 E. 23rd Lichtig, I. W., 3398 Euclid Hghts. Blvd.
Blumenthal, W. R., Hotel Winton Lindsey. Dr. P. R., 6810 Hough Av.
Botwin, N. M., Engineers Bldg. Loeser, N., 10214 Lake Shore Blvd.
Brickner, Rabbi B. R., 8206 Euclid Av. Markowitz, Miss M. B., 1610 E. 105th
Brilliant, N., 8206 Euclid Av. Milcoff, Dr. I., 10012 Euclid Av.
Brown, R., 2828 Ludlow Milder, S., 11103 Asbury Av.
Buxbaum, L., Hotel Olmsted Miller, J. H., 3003 Litchfield Rd.
Cahen, A., 2864 E. Overlook Rd. Miller, S., 1822 Central Ay.
Cahn, Mrs. L., 2099 Lamberton Rd. Newman, A. L., 1706 Euclid Av.
Cleveland Heb. Sch. & Ins., 105th & Nowak, Rabbi Abr., 1591 Compton Rd
West Chester Ave. Oheb Zedek Cong. Parkwood Dr. &
Cooper, Dr. B. H., 10115 Superior Av. Morison Av.
Cornsweet, N. R., Guarantee Title Bldg. Orthodox Jewish Orphan Home, 879
Davidowitz, Rabbi H. S., 1017 E. Blvd. Parkwood Dr.
Dembrow, Dr. W. L., 9301 Parmelee Ozer, M. M., Commodore Apts.
Deutsch, A. S., 4613 Payne Av. Papo, J. M., 10527 Churchill
Ohio] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 475
Robbens, Dr. S. M., 1284 E. 105th East Liverpool
Rocker, H. A., 717 Guardian Bldg. Bendheim, G., 108 E. 6th
Rocker, S., 1565 Glenmont Rd.
Rosenthal, H., 2295 S. Overlook Rd. Erlanger, Win. Jr., 319 W. 5th
ScharfieW, M. B., 1610 E. 105th
Schildhouse, J., 1135 Superior Av. Elyria
Schnitzer, A., 768 E. 90th Altfeld, A., 324 4th
Schwartz, B. H., 11902 Fairport Av.
Schwartz, E. E., 10920 Madison Av. HUlsboro
Shapiro, Aaron, 2711 Woodland Av. Free, S. R.
Shier, R., 1410 B. F. Keith Bldg.
Silbert, Judge S. H., 1454 Ansell Rd. Iron ton
Silver, Rabbi A. H., The Temple Brumberg, A. B.
Simon, D. I., 1067 E. 98th
Simon, H., Guarantee Title Bldg. Lima
Simon, M., 1303 W. 6th
Sobel. L. S., 2640 Euclid Blvd. Fishel, S. S., 813 W. Elm
Soglovitz, Geo. L., 6311 Kinsman Rd.
Spira, H., 2207 Ontario Middleton
Stanford, M. S., 10113 Pierpont Av. Schneider, Max, 3rd & Clinton
The Euclid Av. Temple, S. S. Library
The Jewish Cen. Liby., 1117 E. 105th Mineral Ridge
The Temple Cong., E. 105th & Ansell Rosenblum, M. L.
Ulmer, J. M., 710 Ulmer Bldg.
Weil, E. S., 4000 Orange Av. Norwalk
Weinberg, J. L.. 10009 Yale Av.
Weinstein, A. H., Soc. for Sav. Bldg. Preis, L. M., 204 W. Main
Weitz, Sidney N., 95 Belmore Rd.
Wiener, Miss Lillian, 896 Eddy Rd. Portsmouth
Wintner, A. S., 520 Soc. for Sav. Bldg. Atlas, Henry, 1401 Kinney's Lane
Wolf, E. E., Engineers Bldg. Atlas, Wm., 2111 Sunrise
Wolfenstein, Dr. Leo, 1624 Compton Rd.
Wolpaw, Jacob, 2777 Edgehill Rd. Sandusky
Zimet, S., 12631 Irvington Av. Herman, H. L.. 214 W. Market
Zinner, O. J., 2940 Kingsley Rd. Isaacs, Harry
Zwick, Dr. I., 7805 Superior Kaplan, Saml., 903 Central Av.
Columbus So. Euclid P. O.
Jewish Orphan Home, Fairmount &
FRIEND Belvoir Blvd.
Lazarus, Fred, High
LIBRARY MEMBER Springfield
Hersch, W. A., 950 E. Broad Altschul, Mrs. S., 519 E. Cassilly
Ebner, Jos., 370 E. Cassilly
ANNUAL MEMBERS Jaffa, S. J., 226 E. Cassilly
B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 96 18th Salzer, G. M., 215 Circle Dr.
Av. Schadel, Mrs. J., 222 W. North
Columbus Public Library Smoller, Rabbi P., 1327 N. Limestone
Gluck, Mrs. F. R., 272 Eastmoor Blvd.
Gumble, H., 781 Bryden Rd. Steubenville
Kobacher, A. J., 295 S. Parkview Esakovich, A. S., 328 Market
Levinger, Rabbi L. J., 2257 Indianola Av Levinson, Ralph S., 4th
Polster, L. R., 314 S. Drexel Av.
Schanfarber, E. J., 1424 Franklin Av. Tiffin
Schiff, A., 32 W. Chestnut
Schiff, S.. 32 W. Chestnut Berson, M., 185 Sycamore
Wasserstrom, N., 433 N. High
Toledo
Dayton
LIBRARY MEMBER
LIBRARY MEMBERS Kobacker, Mrs. M., 324 Summit
Ach, F., 510 E. 3rd ANNUAL MEMBERS
Stern, M. C , Dayton-Biltmore Hotel Antin, Judge E., Spitzer Bldg.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Applebaum, J., 2441 Warren
Kusworm, Sidney G., Gibbons Hotel Basch, S. L., 2724 Collingwood
Witt, Rabbi L., 1528 N. Euclid Av. Calisch, Sol. H., 2206 Ashland Av.
476 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Pennsylvania
Green, B. M., 2405 Putnam ANNUAL MEMBERS

Hirsch, H., 362 Rockingham
Jewish Federation, Southward & Linwood Bloch, L., 2220 Cordova Av.
Kobacker. Mrs. J. I., 2117 Robinwood Bloch, Rev. S. J., 66 Halleck
Av. Broida, M. H., 3405 Market
Landman, Dr. Otto, Collingwood Av., Cohen, M., 704 W. Norwood Av.
Temple Collins, M. A., 243 Norwood Av.
Levison, Harry, 2226 Putnam Dreyfus, M., 273 Outlook Av.
Sanger, Sig., 2614 Collingwood Av. Eidelman, J., 411 W. Lora Av.
Shaw, E. E., 564 Spitzer Bldg. Goldblatt, Dr. L. J., The Woodbine
Shomer Emoonim Sabbath School Kamenetzky, A., 1715 Ohio Av.
Silverman, I., 2116 Glenwood Av. Library of Cong. Anshe Emeth, Park Av.
Smith, Oscar J., 940 Spitzer Bldg. and Elm
Treuhoft. M. E.. 2440 Warren Manello, Rabbi C, 422 Fairgreen Av.
Wiener, H., 2730 Scottwood Av. Philo. Rabbi I. E., 1817 Selma Av.
Zanville, H., 2479 Parkwood Av. Regenstreich, Louis, 262 Fulton
Zeckhauser, J. N., c/o Tiedtke's Reinwasser, S., 1241 Wick Av.
Youngs town Rheuban, A. H., 507 Stambaugh Bldg.
Rodef Sholem Sab. Sch., Elm & Woodbine
LIBRARY MEMBER Schneckinger, I., 17 E. Federal
Klivans, I., 366 Crandall Av. Steiner, D., 1053 Marshall
OKLAHOMA
Ardmore ANNUAL MEMBERS
Bodovitz, Jake A., 619 A. N. W. Blatt, Rabbi Jos., 901 W. 24th
Daube, Mrs. Saml. Engelman, A. D., 617 Perrine Bldg.
Gerstein. Rabbi I., 1312 W. 9th
Hoffman, H. R., 22 N. Robinson
Atoka
Zweigel, A.
Sapulpa
Katz, A. J.
Tulsa
Boorstin, Saml. A., Mayo Bldg.
Oklahoma City Lewis, A. J., Box 1221
May, Max H., 2141 Norfolk Ter.
LIBRARY MEMBER Singer, M., 1001 N. Ellwood
Schonwald, D.. 215 W. 19th Slutzky, L., 2648 Admiral Ct,
OREGON
Portland Library Ass'n of Portland
Lib. Ass'n of Portland, 10th & Yamhill
LIBRARY MEMBERS Miller, Alex. E., 143 3rd
Selling, Estate of Ben., Mayer Bldg. Neighborhood House, 2nd & Wood
Simon, Hon. J., 429 Vista Av. Nelson, R. C, 800 Pacific Bldg.
Nudelman, E., 394 Washington
ANNUAL MEMBERS Parzen, Rabbi H.. 403 W. Park
Berkowitz, Rabbi H. J., Temple Beth Reed College
Israel Shemanski, J., 400 Washington
B'nai Brith Bldg. Ass'n., 13th & Mill Strauss, N., c/o Fleischer, Mayer & Co.
Davis, H. B., 735 Irving Tyre, B., P. O. Box 3496
Gevurtz, Louis, 3rd & Alder Weinbaum. Edwin N., 908 E. 29th, N.
Greenstein, S. J., 482 Harrison Weinstein, S. B., 687 Multnomah
PENNSYLVANIA
Allen town Kline, Chas., 821 Hamilton
Coleman, B., 31 South West Leonard, J., 339 N. Leh
Heinz, M.. 27 N. Fulton Meltzer, S., 25 N. 6th
Hess Bros., 1244 Hamilton Rockmaker, H., 32 S. 18th
Pennsylvania] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 477
Siegel, Morris J., 612 N. 11th Cannonsburg
Wasserman, J., 633 Hamilton Levin, J. D., 201 E. Pike
Altoona Carbondale
Goldstein, A. D., 2808 Broad Av. Kurlancheek, J., 39 Pike
Leopold, L. E., 204 Logan Av.
Scheeline, I., 2005 Maple Av. Carlisle
Scheinberg, Mrs. S., 307 Aldrich Av. Berg, Miss Selma, 55 S. College
Silverman Bros., 1512 11th Av.
Centralia
Ambler Lippman, P.
Lindenfeld, B., 439 Butler Av.
Chester
Ambrldge Adelman, S. H., 519 Market
Friedberg, S., 503 Merchant Baron. Miss H., 148 W. 3d
Nadler, M. B., 639 Merchant Baylin, Miss A., 831 W. 3d
We Are Sevens Club, 418 Merchant Baylin. O., 705 E. 21st
Bloom, L. A., 622 Crozer Bldg.
Ardmore Bloom, Saml., 212 W. 7th
Balaity, J. S., 18 E. Lancaster Av. Dublisky, B., 118 W. 5th
Kaplan, L., 104 W. Lancaster Av. Federman, Dr. A. G., 405 Market
Levy, J. L., 25 W. Lancaster Av. Garson, S., 804 W. 3d
Goodman. Dr. W. H., 2411 W. 3d
Bala Herehon, J. L., 200 W. 5th
Levy, M., 15 W. 3d
Goldich, M., 159 Bala Av. Mendelsohn, Mrs. M., 923 Keystone Rd.
Kohn, M. M., Bala & Union Avs. Pfeffer. M., 1105 W. 3d
Plafker, Dr. N. V., 803 Edgmont Av.
Barne8boro Snyder, L., 800 Edgmont Av.
LIBRARY MEMBER Speare, N., 629 Edgmont Av.
Steinberg, J., 1207 W. 3d
Luxenberg, Louis Wolson, A. W., 337 W. 9th
Zucker. M., 614 Welsh
Beaver Falls
Markson, H. M., 1523 6th Av. Clifton Heights
Riesberg, B., 190 Taylor Av. Fastman, A.
Solomon, Mrs. Max, 1202 8th Av. Pleet, D. H.
Bellefonte Clymer
Cohen, Walter, 19 N. Spring Levinson, H.
Landay, M. A., Markland Hotel
Coatesville
Berwick Apfelbaum, Louis, 116 E. Lincoln
Friedberg, L. 144 W. Front. Highway
Schain, J. M. Goldberg, I., 589 Chestnut
Weiss, B., 228 E. Main
Bethlehem
Stone, F., 85 W. Broad Colllngdale
Edelman, S., 23 Chester Pike
Bloomsburg
Arcua, C , 132 W. Main Connellsville
Lustig, P. A., 7 Main Oppenheim. S. D., 409 E. Green
Mayer, David, 38 W. 3rd
Corry
Bradford Smith, Dr. A. L., 310 E. South
Kreinson, L. J., 28 Bushnell Zalzneck, LUlian E., 308 W. Wash.
Siff, Samuel. 75 Congress
Cynwyd
Butler Libros, E., 416 State Rd.
Berman, M. A., 170 Oak Moore, A., 200 Bala Av.
Horwitz, Wm., 239 E. Cunningham
Rosenthal, S. M., 114 Charles Darby
Caine, I. E., 504 Main
Bywood Goss, H., 510 Main
Berman, M., 529 Larchwood Av. Greenwald, J., 1130 Main
Mayerson, H., 871 Main Kahanowitz, I., 112 Washington

Philips, B., 1118 Main Shapiro, J., 816 W. Otterman
Donora Harrisburg
Hirsch, R., 517 Prospect Av. Bookstabor, Dr. P. D., 208 N. 3d
Burnstein, Rabbi A., Temple Beth El
Easton Caplan, P. H., 2965 N. 2nd
Krohn, I., 6 S. 7th Claster, Henry C , 2001 N. 3d
Mayer, Jacob, 115 N. 14th Claster, Jos., 925 N. 4th
Ralph, L. M., 137 N. 7th Friedman, S., 1200 N. 3d
Trachtenberg, Rabbi J., 52 N. 3d Hirschler, A., 803 N. 6th
Lipsett, H., 2813 N. 2d
East Stroudsburg Sachs, Miss Mary. 208-10 N. 3d
Jacobs, I., c/o Bon Ton Store
Sommer, C, 286 N. Courtland Haverford
LIBRARY MEMBER
Elkins Park Publicker, H., 1 Tunbridge Rd.
LIFE MEMBER
Teller, Est. of Mrs. Benj. F. Hazleton
Dessun, Dr. L. A., 145 N. Laurel
PATRON Friedlander, M., 210 Markle Bk. Bldg.
Wolf, Louis
LIBRARY MEMBER Homestead
Solis-Cohen, J., Jr., 709 Rambler Rd. Friedlander, B., 218 E. 11th Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Jenkintown
Bloch, Mrs. M. L., Elkins Ct. Apt. F. 2 Rosenthal, E., 121 Township Lane
Cherry, Geo.,7813 Park Av. Ruberg, M., 504 Runnymede Av.
Gerstley, I., 421 Ashboume Rd.
Labe, Mrs. Jacob, 709 Rambler Rd. Johnstown
Newburger, F. L., 534 Elkins Av.
Kaaplander, Rabbi M. H., 54 Erie
Elwood City Nathan, Mrs. M., 344 Tioga, Westmont
Silverstone, M. B., 519 Main
Feldman, Nathan, 522 Weyne Av.
Kane
Erie
Elson, C, 316 Chase
LIBRARY MEMBER
Sobel. Isador. 931 W. 9th Kingston
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Friedman, A., 164 Dorrance
Ansche, Chesed Congr., 523 W. 9th Kittanning
B'nai B'rith Home for Children
Cohen, M., 16 Kenilworth Apt. Kaplan, M., 135 S. Jefferson
Currick, Rabbi M. C , 523 W. 9th Lancaster
Gale, I., 144 W. 5th
Levin, A. K., 216 W. 18th Jacobs, J., 19 W. Chestnut
Levin, J. L., 649 Downing Ct. Rosenthal, Rev., I., 445 N. Duke
Levy, M. D., 4310 Cherry Shaarai Shomayim Congr. Lib'y
Ostrow, Mrs. S., 437 W. 7th Stein, Dr. B. D.. 230 N. Duke
Rubin, H. H.. 317 E. 23d
Schaffner, M., 239 W. 21st Lansdowne
Silin, N., 952 W. 8th Berry. I. H., 3 S. Lansdowne Av.
Simon, Mrs. H. O., 316 W. 10th Saturen, P., 285 Coverly Rd.
Zacks. J. H., 1222 W. 10th
Latham Park
Etna Kerstine, H. E., 24 Parkway
Caplan, Harry, 8 Freeport
Latrobe
Farrell Lowenstein, Fred., 202 Depot
May, Patrick, Box 581
Lebanon
Greensburg Levin, H., 11th & Locust
Friedlander, H. M., Depot Levitz, S., 218 S. 9th
Pennsylvania) JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 479
Leetsdale Kaplan, Dr. E., 223 N. Mercer
Gross, Max, 460 Wash. Kohn, L., 113 Moody Av.
The Agenda Club, 4 1 0 ^ Lyndal
Lehighton
Cohen, Wm., 159 N. First New Cumberland
Rauscher, Emanuel, Box 218 Smarr, Jos. B., 12th & Bridge
Weiss. Wm., 143 N. 1st
New Kensington
Lewistown Goldberger, Rabbi H. R., 1132 Victoria
Siegel. H. L., 23 N. Grand Av.
Lock Haven Norristown
Claster, M. L., 46 N. Bald Eagle Abramovitz, I., 412 W. Fornance
Bermazel, M., 234 W. Main
Luzerne Bloch, S. E., 524 Haws Av.
Cohen, S. G., 17 W. Oak
Dattner, M., 540 Bennett Feder, A. L., 150 W. Main
Feldman, D. M., 10 W. Main
McKeesport Goldberg, R., 64 E. Main
Auslander, Dr I. L., 618 Market Hessen, I. L., 1409 W. Main
Friedman, Henry, 531 Shaw Av. Horwitz, S., 139 W. Main
Kaplan, F. R. S., 1500 Carnegie Av. Hydeman, N., 1438 Markley
Levy, H. R., 510 Walnut Novell, M., 56 E. Main
Mendlowitz, Dr. P., 141 Fifth Av. Polak, Dr. S., 24 E. Main
Pollak, Rabbi A., 211 Third Rosenman, Dr. H. M., 46 E. Main
Ruben, Jos. H., Ruben Bldg. Sandier, J., 330 Cherry
Sunstein, Dr. Noah, 607 Shaw Av. Weiss, H., 132 W. Main
Mahanoy City North Wales
Shanfield, S., 634 E. Centre Bernstein, Sigmund
East Mauch Chunk Oil City
Weiss, S., Jr. Stahl, H. L., 41 E. Bissell Av.
Mechanlcsburg Olyphant
Jacobson, A. S., Est. of, 14 W. Main Raker, Dave K.
Levy, Joseph G. Raker, Louis. Miles Av.
Melrose Park Petrolia, Butler Co.
PATRON Breth. Dr. F. W., Daugherty Refining Co.
Bernstein, R. M., 1100 Melrose Av. Philadelphia
LIBRARY MEMBER
LIFE MEMBERS
Hirsh, H. B., 1213 Stratford Av. Bloch. S. L., 12th & Market
ANNUAL MEMBER Eshner, Dr. A. A.. 1019 Spruce
Schechtman, M., 2459 N. 33d
Paris, E. J., 9 Mill Rd. Snellenburg, N., 12th & Market
Merion SUBSCRIBER FOR LIFE
Benoliel, S. D. Peirce, Harold, 222 Drexel Bldg.
Mount Airy SUSTAINING MEMBER
Nusbaum, E., 143 W. Sharpnack Wolf, Albert, 330-48 N. 12th
Nusbaum, Mrs. J., 7135 Cresheim Rd. FRIENDS
Nazareth Fels, M., Garden Ct. Apt.
Wolf, L., 365 Mauch Chunk Gerstley, Wm., Finance Bldg.
PATRONS
New Brighton
Bernstein, R. M., North American Bids.
Rosenberg. E., 903 Eighth Eichhofc, A., 360 Bullitt Bldg.
Saul, Ellis I.. 601 6th Fels, S. S., 39th & Walnut
Fleisher, Edwin A., 2220 Green
New Castle Friedmann, Lionel, School House &
Feuchtwanger, Mrs. M., 331 Laurel Blvd. Gypsy Lanes
Gerstley, L., 701 Finance Bldg. Adler, Dr. Cyrus, 2041 N. Broad
Gerstley, S. L., 250 S. 17th Adler, Mrs. Cyrus, 2041 N. Broad
Golder, Ben, 2011 N. 33d Aisenstein, S., 5V02 Walnut
Miller, Simon, 1S20 Spruce Alexander, J., 1955 N. 52nd
Sickles, L., 3220 Diamond Alexander, L., 3832 N. 17th
Sulzberger, Estate of J. E., 6508 Lincoln Alexander, Mrs. M. R., 1530 Locust
Dr. Alkus, Wm., 1531 Nedro Av.
Wolf, Mrs. Ben.. 250 S. 17th Allman, H. D., Ritz-Carlton Hotel
Wolf, Clarence, 1521 N. 16th Allman, J. P., 1522 Chestnut
Wolf, Edwin, 1517 N. 16th Almes, C. S., 1506 S. Broad
Alsher, L., 1727 N. Franklin
LIBRARY MEMBERS Amram, D. W., 918 Packard Bldg.
Bauer, G., 1817 Venango Amram, P. W., 1204 Packard Bldg.
Berkowitz, L. L., 1739 Berks Amster, M., 44 W. Haines
Bernheimer, L. G., 233 W. Harvey Arnold, Albert K., The "Lenox"
Blumenthal, Hart, Rittenhouse Plaza Aron, Max, 804 Franklin Tr. Bldg.
Apts. Arronson, H., 4923 Parkside Av.
Fernberger, Mrs. J. W., 1530 Locust Artzt, B. S., 6014 Oxford
Flelsher, Arthur A., 2301 Green Atchick, I., 1736 Orthodox
Freeman, A. E., 134 Walnut Atlas, D.. 6752 N. 13th
Gimbel. Mrs. E. A., 1830 S. Rittenhouse Axe, B., 1315 Cherry
Square Bacharach, Mrs. S., Hotel Majestic
Goldman, N. I. S., 1505 Nedro Av. Bachman, F. H.. 212 S. 15th
Goldstein, L.. 703 W. Girard Av. Balaban, J., 5306 Lebanon Av.
Goldstein, Wm, 1411 Walnut Balis, H., 508 Market St. Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Hagedorn, J. H., 1520 Spruce Barol, H.. 1025 Wingohocking
Herzberg, M. H., 127 S. 13th Bass, C. P., 1211 Chestnut
Isenberg Bros., S. E. Cor. Broad & Baum, N., Lenox Apts.
Spring Garden Baylson, I.. 5030 Kingsessing Av.
Kauffmann, M., 5812 N. 15th Baylson. J. J., 6313 N. 13th
Keneseth Isr. Cong., Broad ab. Columbia Beck, Miss Victoria, 1000 N. 45th
Klein, Rabbi M. D., 2109 N. Broad Becker, D., 2283 N. 51st
Kohn, H. E., Bankers Trust Bldg. Bedner, H. I., 2612 N. 9th
K.un. Judge J. L., Bankers Trust Bldg. Behrend, Max, 6672 Lincoln Dr.
Laver, H., 5427 Woodcrest Av. Behrend, Dr. M.. 1738 Pine
Levinthai, L. E., Bankers Trust Bldg. Beliekowsky, S., 5503 Pentridge
Lit. J. D., 1014 Packard Bldg. Bellmore, J. B., 5206 Lebanon Av.
Maimed, A. T., Gtn. Manor Apts. Belmont, Leo, 2103 Green, Apt. D
Mercantile Club, 1422 N. Broad Bendiner, Mrs. H., 469 Abbotsford Rd.,
Miller, Chas., 1520 Spruce Gtn.
Pitkow, H. M., 5336 Lebanon Av. Berg, D., 1715 Jefferson
Schamberg, Dr. J. F., 1402 Spruce Berger, D., 6654 Lincoln Dr.
Schenck, Julius, 827 S. 58th Berger, D., 5226 Gainor Rd.
Selzer, P., 1549 Champlost Av. Berger, H., 131 S. 5th
Silverman, D. L., N. W. Cor. 6th & South Berger, J. A., 1901 Walnut
Snellenburg, J. N., Market & 12th Berkman, A., 1020 W. Upsal
Steinbach, Mrs. L. W., 1511 Oxford Berkowitz, A., 2034 S. 6th
Steinberg, Mrs. P., Drexel Bldg. Berkowitz, Mrs. F., 1821 Diamond
Sterling, P., 2176 E. York Bernstein, B., 613 E. Allegheny Av.
Stern. Mrs. E., 135 S. 17th Beth-El Cong., 58th & Walnut
Stern, Judge Horace, 1524 N. 16th Biberman, J. M., 321 Carpenter Lane
Strauss, B., Allegheny & Hancock Biberman, Jos., 607 W. Upsal
Talimer, Mrs. B. M. O., Warwick Hotel Biberman, L., 6639 Lincoln Dr.
Weber, David, 53d and Gainor Rd. Biederman. L., 869 N. 5th
Weyl, J. S., 140 N. 6th Biernbaum, M. H., Stephen Girard Bldg.
Weyl, M. N., 6506 Lincoln Dr. Billikopf, J., 235 S. 15th
Wolf, M., Packard Bldg. Birdman, N., Moya. Av. & McKean
Y. M. and Y. W. H. A., Broad & Pine Blank, J., 6165 Catharine
Blatstein, E. M., 5742 Rodman
ANNUAL MEMBERS Blauner, H., 833 Market
Aaron Berman Lib'y, 63rd & Market Bless Bindery Co., 704 Chestnut
Aaron, M. N.. 2100 Walnut Blieden, G. L., Bankers Trust Bldg.
Aarons. G. P., 1909 N. Park Av. Bloom, Louis. 5625 N. 12th
Aaronson. A.. 594 City Hall Bloom, N., 5729 N. 17th
Abrahams, R. D., 1520 Spruce Bloom, S. S., S. W. cor. 48th & Brown
Abrams, M. A., 1816 N. 28th Bloomberg, L. M., 5925 Ellsworth
Acron, Dr. Jno., 421 S. 18th Blum, Isidor, 3133 Dakota
Adler. A. J., 5506 N. 7th Blumberg, A. A.. 2136 S. 7th
Blumberg, Dr. N., 1922 Spruce
Blumberg, N. M., 1610 S. 5th
Bluraerfeld, J. B., 824 W. Somerset
Bogulov, M. M., 721 Arch
ostrow, Dr. V. G., 143 E. Roosevelt;
Blvd.
Borowsky, A. G., 403 Morris Bldg. Dreifus, M., 1529 Diamond
Brahin, C , 7092 N. 20th Drill, A. F., 349 E. Roosevelt Blvd.
Bram, Dr. Israel, 1633 Spruce Drob, M.. Bankers Trust Bldg.
Braslawsky, H., 90S N. Marshall Drucker, A. B., 5407 Pentridge
Braude, H. W., 4900 Pine Druckman, S., 147 N. 8th
Brav, Dr. A., 2027 Spruce Eckert, S. P., 2437 S. 4th
Brav, Victor, 1514 Lindley Av. Edelman, J. J., 6230 Pine
Brein, D., 6202 Ellsworth Eliel, Mrs. L. S., "Warwick," 17th &
Brenner, H. N., 524 Pine Locust
Brenner, M., 5025 Walnut Bllendman, J., 816 W. Wyoming Av.
Breskman, R., 1312 Wingohocking Ellis, A. M., 2227 N. 33d
Brick, H. A., 1618 Conlyn Ellis, John, 126 N. Delaware Av.
Brod, H., 6030 Wash. Av. Ellis, K., 2401 N. 54th
Brooks, B., 11th & Diamond Ellis, M. J., 5404 Gainor Rd.
Brown, F., 725 W. Wyoming Av. Ellis, M., 5328 Gainor Rd.
Brunswick, E., 3421 N. 19th Elmaleh, Rev. L. H., 2322 N. Broad
Brylawski, Mrs. E., 626 W. Cliveden Elson. M., 521 S. Redfield
Burd, A. M., 112-20 N. 12th Englander, J. B., 125 S. 63d
Burd, L. A., 1009 W. Cliveden Av. Englander, S., 4532 N. Broad
Busch, Hyman, Amber & Westmoreland Epstein, J., 6012 N. 11th
Cahan, L. H., 19th & Locust Epstein, O., 5943 Pine
Cantor, H. L., 1727 W. 68th Av. Ettelson, Jos., 913 S. 60th
Caplan, Jos., 2340 N. Park Av. Fagan, Mrs. N., 1837 N. 33rd
Chabrow, D. P., 5434 Gainor Rd. Fastman, J. I., 5633 Gainor Rd.
Chabrow, F., 4927 Parkside Av. Faust, Ed., 1227 N. 6th
Chabrow, H., 6223 Washington Av. Fazar, L., 5350 Arlington
Chaiken, Dr. J. B., 1330 N. Franklin Feigenbaum, B., 1207 Wyoming Av.
Charen, M., 6031 Carpenter Fein, Nettie L., 3023 Euclid Av.
Cherry, N., 2021 N. 33d Feinberg, C. S., 248 N. Delaware Av.
Chomsky, Dr. W., Dropsie College Feinberg, F., 1216 Ridge Av.
Cohan, I., 3982 Pennsgrove Feiner, Edward, 928 Arch
Cohen, Dr. A. J., 1630 Spruce Feinstein, Dr. A., 4818 N. 11th
Cohen, Albert B., 5725 Cedar Av. Feld, M. J., 4th & Cumberland
Cohen, Charity Solis, 1537 N. 8th Feldman, Dr. D., 4101 W. Girard Av.
Cohen, D. H. Solis, City Line & Mountain Feldman, David, N., 617 S. 63rd
Av. Feldman, H., 5433 Gainor Rd.
Cohen, E. J., 2311 Brown Feldman, S. L., 4618 Conshohocken Av.
Cohen, Mrs. H., 321 S. 51st Fels, H., 311 E. Roosevelt Blvd.
Cohen, H. H., 1637 Wyoming Av. Fernberger, H. W., 1901 Walnut
Cohen, J. J., 6607 N. Gratz Fernberger, S. W., 6314 Wissahickon Av
Cohen, Rabbi M. J., 1117 Duncannon Av. Feustman, M., 4408 Walnut
Cohen, Dr. Myer S., 2110 Spruce Fineman, Dr. H. E., 1324 S. 5th
Cohen, N., 1126 N. Orianna Fineman, S. S., 618 Penna. Bldg.
Cohen, P., 2419 S. Sth Fineshriber, Rev. Dr. W. H., 1916
Cohen, R., 332 Reed Rittenhouse Sq.
Cohen, Dr. S. Solis, 135 S. 17th Finestone, L. J., 404 Green
Cohn, B. R., 3846 N. 17th Fingles, Dr. A. A., 647 N. 22d
Cohn, L. I., 232 S. 2nd Fischer, J. J., 1242 Widener Bldg.
Cohn, S., 6204 Carpenter Fischman, H., 10th & Allegheny Av.
Colonial Cafe, 514 S. 5th Fischer, I. Irwin, 5253 N. Sydenham
Cooperberg, S., Fruit Trade Bldg. Flamm, S. A., 2520 N. Broad
Cornfeld, Dr. M., 1336 S 4th Fleisher, Mrs. A., 2030 Spring Garden
Coyne, M. A., Widener Bldg. Fleisher, Louis, 2045 Green
Creskoff, A. J., 2314 Fidelity Bldg. Fleisher, Mrs. M., 2223 Green
Crown, M., Jr., 1506 Callowhill Fleisher, W. A., City Line & Lakeside
Dalsimer, H., 211-13-15 Chestnut Flink, S., 5522 Osage Av.
Dannenbaum, E. M., Alleg'y & Bd'not Fogel, F., 5313 Lebanon Av.
Dannenbaum, H. M., 6315 Park Av. Folkman, S., 5647 Sansom
Daroff. S., 11th & Arch Folz, S., Bankers Trust Bldg.
Davis, H. L., 1504 N Mervine Fox, Chas. E., Bankers Trust Bldg.
De Ford, Dr. F. A., 5629 N. 16th Fox, T. L., 1844 N. Natrona
Dembitz, Arthur, 5329 N. 15th Frank, C. I., 601 N. 6th
Dewolf, Mrs. E. L., 4109 N Broad Frank, M., 1735 W. Montgomery Av.
Dilsheimer, F., 3021 Diamond Frankel, B. L., 6800 Lawnton Av.
Dintenfass, Dr. Henry, 1305 Spruce Frankel, L., 717 Walnut
Fredman, Rabbi S., 6046 Wash. Av. Greenberg, J. J., 123 S. Broad
Frecdman, A., 1522 Widener PI. Greenberg, Rabbi S., 5635 Wyndale Av
Freedman, N., 5936 Cobbs Creek Pky. Greenblatt, L., 3110 Montgomery Av.
Free Library, Logan Square Grecnebaum, A., 58th and Market
Freides, Dr. R., 250 S. Broad Greenfield, A. M., 310 W. Johnson
Friedman, J., 2929 Ridge Av. Greenhouse, M. E., 1507 N. 16th
Friedman, S. G.. 404 Sansom Greenstein, L. A., Real Est. Tr. Bldg.
Furth, Eraanuel, 121R Chestnut Greenstone. Dr. J. H., 1926 N. 13th
Garrison, H., 1023 Filbert Greenwood, Dr. N. S., 6216 Carpenter
Gans, Mrs. S. J., 3247 N. 15th Gribbel, J., 1513 Race
Gekoski, L., 5741 Virginian Rd. Groskin, H., Land Title Bldg.
Gershenfeld, Dr. L., 281 S. 63rd Gross, Harry. 331 S. 5th
Gerson, F. N., 3413 Race Gross, H., 1235 South
Gerstley, Mrs. H., Majestic Hotel Gross, Joseph, 706 Bulletin Bldg.
Getson, B., 1703 N. Franklin Gross, N., 730 S. 5th
Getson, Dr. P., Moya. Av. & Wharton Grossman, Miss Bertha, 5758 Larchwood
Gettlin, A. A., 5630 N. 5th Av.
Getzow, Dr. J. A., 251 Pine Grossman, Chas. S., 703 W. Girard Av.
Gevov, E., 244 W. Girard Av. Grossman, I., 1411 Pt. Breeze Av.
Gilgor, L. I., 4931 Gransback Grossman, Martin, 0249 Walton Av.
Gimbel, Mrs. B., 250 S. 1 7th Grunfeld, C , 1210 W. 52nd
Gimbel, Chas., 250 S. 17th Gudis, M., 1029 Race
Ginns, Dr. R. S., 30 Carpenter Lane Gusdorff, A., 615 Market
Ginsberg, L.. 5631 Lebanon Av. Guth, H. A., 2016 N. 8th
Ginsburg, Dr. M., 1441 S. Broad Gutman, B., 26th & Reed
Ginsburg, S. R., 1832 Spruce Gutman, J. C , 1230 Arch
Ginsburg, Wm., Bankers Trust Bldg. Hafler, M., 6137 Ellsworth
Ginsburg, W. B., 7036 N. Broad Halpert. N., 714 Samson
Gittelson, Dr. S. J., 1017 Spruce Hamberg, L., 319 Green
Glass, H. E., 1504 Market Hammerschlag, Mrs. P., 4626 N. Camac
Glassman, A., 2615 W. Girard Av. Hano, Mrs. H., The Drake
Goldbaum, Dr. Jacob S., 4234 Spruce Har Zion Library. 54th bel. Wynnefield
Goldberg, Miss J. M , 1305 Stephen Av.
Girard Bldg. Hassler. I.. 2004 Finance Bldg.
Goldberg, S., 235 S. Broad Heb. Sun. Sen. Soc, 10th & Carpenter
Goldberg, V., 227 Greenwich Heb. Sun. Sch. Soc, 1529 N. 7th
Golden, Dr. M. H., 1830 Pine Heilveil, H., 2076 E. Venango
Goldenberg, J. B., 4955 Pine Helfand. David, 318 S. 2nd
Goldin, A. J., 1415 Penn Bldg. Henly, Elkan, 16th and Reed
Goldman, I., 2512 N. 30th Henly, J., 1725 Memorial Av.
Goldman, M. D., 2100 Walnut Herbach. Jos., 1819 Newkirk
Goldner, E., 1627 N. 33rd Herman, M. E., 5750 N. 5th
Goldsmith, E. M., 18th and Courtland Herson, M.. 500 N. 6th
Goldsmith, H. N., 2336 N. Broad Herzberg, H., 1531 N. 8th
Goldsmith, Katherine, 5251 N. 10th Hess, Mrs. L. E., Hotel Warwick
Goldsmith, L., 6664 Lincoln Dr. Hillerson, David, 700 Sansom
Goldstein, D., 5742 N. 17th Hillerson, Dr. M. S., 422 Green
Goldstein, R., Pine Vista Apts., 4800 Pine Hirschberg, Miss A., 3124 Diamond
Goodman, Isaac, Ritz-Carlton Hotel Hirschwald. R. M., N. American Bldg.
Gordesky, P., 4046 Parkside Av. Hochman, P., 3051 Frankford Av.
Gordon, Max E., 5922 Walnut Hoffman, J. B., 6607 N. 10th
Gorson, G., 250 N. Broad Hoffman. J., 1622 S. 4th
Gottlieb, N. J., 728 Arch Horvitz. H., 3605 Market
Goward, Geo., 4701 Wayne Av. Hurshman, A. E., Bankers Tr. Bldg.
Grabosky, S., 1616 Walnut Husik, Dr. Isaac, 2100 Walnut
Gradess. Dr. M., 2932 N. 6th Hyman, Mrs. C , 1220 S. 58th
Grand Uph. Furn. Co., 837 N. 3rd Illoway, B. A., 215 S. Broad
Granoff, H., 4650 N. 10th Ingber, D. A., 1901 Walnut
Gra=s, Jacob, 1301 N. 54th Ingber. I. W., 2251 N. 51st
Gratz, College, Broad and York Isaacs, J. L., 1430 N. 16th
Grayzel, Rabbi S.. Broad & York Jacobs, S. N., Broad & South
Green, E., 5706 Chestnut Jacobson, P. D., 335 W. Girard Av.
Green, Jacob, 5638 Woodcrest Av. Jaffe, Louis, 4112 Parkside Av.
Green, Dr. Max, 2007 S. 4th Jastrow, Miss A. M., 68th Av. & 13th
Green, S. A., 1330 Pt. Breeze Av. Jeitles, Sam'I C , 19th & Walnut
Greenbarg, Ben., 207 Filbert Jewish Students' House, 3613 Locust
Greenbaum, Mrs. M., The Coronado Jewish World. The, 223 S. 5th
Greenberg, J., 1347 S. 6th Josephs, M., 718 Chestnut
Kahn, Dr. B. L., 2125 S. 4th Levi, Julius C, N. American Bldg.

Kalish, Dr. M, E., 1420 W. Girard Av Levin, Aaron, 409 Olney Av.
Kane, Benj., 24 S. 2nd Le Vine, M., 1950 Godfrey Av.
Kaplan, Abr., 4702 Chestnut Levinthal, Rev. B. L., 4036 Parkside Av.
Karmel, S. H., 821 Arch Levis, A. L., 507 S. 6th
Kass, Rachel, 12 N. 19th Levy, Rabbi A. J., 324 E. Roosevelt Blvd.
Katz. E., 327 Snyder Av. Levy, A. B., 251 W. Hansberry
Katz, Simon, 431 Walnut Levy, A. S., Bankers Tr. Bldg.
Kaufman, Dr. A. S., 1923 Spruce Levy, Dr. Frank D., 1859 N. 8th
Kaufman, E. M., 617 W. Hortter Levy, H. M., 220 South
Kaufman, Dr. I., 3508 N. 23rd Levy, Howard S., 220 W. Roberts Av.
Kaufman, M. A., Allegheny & Hancock Levy, I. K., Real Estate Tr. Bldg.
Kaufman, Dr. N., 4400 N. 8th Levy, L. F., Wayne Av. & Berkley
Kaufman, S., 305 Walnut Levy, Louis, 2406 S. 9th
Kaufman, Wm., 1233 Arch Levy, Martin O., 1014 Rockland
Kellner, B., 1806 Champlost Av. Levy, Raphael, 2265 N. Park Av.
Kempler, David M., 804 Passyunk Av Lewin, M. S., 1524 Chestnut
Keneseth Israel Free Lib'y., 1717 N. Lewine, Mrs. Rose, 1819 N. 33rd
Broad Lewis. Judge Wm. M., 1914 N. 32nd
Klebanoff, B., 532 S. 59th Lichtenstein, M., 1001 Chestnut
Klebanoff, D., 6122 Columbia Liebeman, Chas. N., 5653 Lebanon Av.
Klein, Eugene, 44 N. 50th Lieber, S. E., 1946 Godfrey Av.
Kohn, Dr. I. M., 1530 Locust Lieberman, A. H., 5136 Wayne Av.
Koch, Mrs. A. M., Oak Lane Manor, Lifter, Mrs. J. J., 6312 N. 13th
Valley Rd. Lindauer, Dr. E., 6451 N. Broad
Kohn, Dr., Bernard, 1516 N. 15th Lipschitz, A. B., 1020 N. 45th
Kohn, Geo., 4620 Walnut Lipschitz, Rabbi M., 823 N. 6th
Kohn, Isadore, 1517 N. 16th Lisan, M. F., 6216 Woodland Av.
Kohn, Israel, 1512 S. 5th Lisberger, L., Hotel Majestic
Kohn, Jos., 5416 Woodcrest Av. Lischin, A. L., 718 W. Rockland
Kohn, J. C, 406 E. Roosevelt Blvd. Litman. Mr. & Mrs. S., N. E. Cor. 45th &
Kohn, Rabbi S. J.. 348 Wolf Pine
Kolander, M. W., 915 Packard Bldg. Loeb, Arthur, 1701 Locust
Kolodner, A , 726 Sansom Loeb, David J., 4220 Pine
Kolsky. H., 417 S. 46th Loeb, H. A., 431 Chestnut
Korff, S. Z., 5486 Berks Loeb, Horace, 1512 Walnut
Korn, Henry, 528 Ritner Loeb, Leo, 1631 Walnut
Korn, M., 1211 Chestnut Loeb, Dr. Ludwig, 1421 N. 15th
Kraftsow, M., 3915 Powelton Av. Loeb, Oscar, 6704 N. 12th
Krakovitz, A., 5360 Lebanon Av. Loeb, Simon, 17th & Locust
Krakovitz, S., 4th & Morris Loewenberg, Dr. S. A., 1905 Spruce
Krasnov, S., 3106 W. Clifford Lowenstein, Sidney, Land Title Bldg.
Kratzok, S. E., 5427 Wynnefield Av. Lorber, J., 1930 Germantown Av.
Kraus, G. J., Bankers Trust Bldg. Lowenburg, Dr. H., 325 S. 17th
Kraus, Meyer, 3532 N. 19th Lowengrund, E., Land Title Bldg.
Kraus, S. L., N. American Bldg. Lowenthal, A., 6227 Christian
Krause, P. G., 6037 N. Camac Lubarsky, J., 19th & Carpenter
Kremer, Dr. D. N., 5904 Spruce Lyons, L. E., 1521 Nedro Av.
Krieger, Wm. 2255 N. Broad Magaziner, L., 1701 Walnut
Krischer, Morris, 6203 Webster Magil, Myer, 20 N. 6th
Kurtz, Rob't, 1840 N. 32nd Mann, David I., Front & Berks
Kushner, R., 6744 N. Smedley Marder, H. M., 1721 N. 31st
Kutikoff, Dr. J., 403 Ritner Margolis, Dr. M., Dropsie College
Lam, A. M., 4613 N. 13th Margulies, M. J., 121 N. Dewey
Landau, H., 5253 Arlington Margulis, A., 219 S. Broad
Lang, A., 6109 Ridge Av. Markmann, M. J., 6511 N. 11th
Lang, G. H., 218 W. Walnut Lane Markowich, A. L., N. E. Cor. 17th &
Langfeld, Wm. R.. 1512 N. 17th Chelten Av.
Lax, A., 121 W. Wentz Markowich, Jack, 6546 Dicks Av.
Lederer, Mrs. E., Hotel Pennsylvania Markowitz, B. J.. 1323 S. 5th
Leebron, Dr. J. B., 6101 Wash. Av. Marks, A. S., 35th & Powelton Av.
Leibowitz, A., 1002 N. 6th Marx, S. J., 4910 Pulaski Av.
Leipsiger, N. S., 12th & Market Masel, B. A., 305 E. Walnut Lane
Leopold, Mrs. I., 2025 Spruce Masel, Isaac, 1108 Spruce
Leventhal, M. B., 107 S. 2nd Matt, Rabbi C. D., 271 S. 63rd
Leventhal. S., 41 N. 10th Matusow, Harry, 3236 W. Norris
Leventon, B. E., 455 N. 6th Mayer, Alfred, 1851 N. 17th
Levi, I. D., 1600 Walnut Mayer, C. O., Bankers Trust Bldg.
Mayer, G. H., 728 Sansom Publicker, P., Delaware & Mifflin

Mayor, Dr. Chas. A., 2223 S. Broad Rabinovich, Bessie, 4926 Pine
Mazer, Dr. Chas., 1829 Pine Rabinovitz, J., 2912 Germantown Av.
Mazer, Mrs. E. W., S. E. Cor. 13th & Racusin, M., 413 South
Oak Lane Av. Raditz. L., 150 N. 20th
Meisach, S., 6301 N. 12th Raiziss, Dr. Geo. W., Pine Manor Apts.
Mellman, M., 324 E. Girard Av. Raker, D. M., 4815 N. Warnock
Melnicoff, Dr. J., 408 W. Girard Av. Rappaport, J., 748 Drexel Bldg.
Metser, H., 45th & Pine Rappaport, S., 4550 N. 11th
Meltzer, A., 24 N. 3rd Reese, I., 928 Pine
Merz. Leon, 431 Chestnut Refsen, A., 5402 Diamond
Meshberg, P.. 904 N. Franklin Reibstein, Benj., 425 S. 6th
Mesirow, H. S., Packard Bldg. Reich, Prof. Dr. N. J., P. O. Box 337
Mesirov, Isaac, 1304 Arch Reinhart, J., 521 S. Melville
Michel, H., S253 Berks Richman, Dr. M., 1641 N. 33rd
Mickelson, S., 455 N. 6th Rieder, Dr. Joseph, 128 Market
Mickve Israel Congr. Sch., Broad & York Riesman, Dr. David, 1520 Spruce
Miller, A. E., 16th & Reed Riff, Jos., City Centre Bldg.
Miller Community Center, 33rd & Rifkin, M., 6th & Pine
Diamond Ritch, M., 2015 N. 33rd
Miller, Morris L., 5201 Overbrook Av. Rittenberg, Dr. B. B.. 5400 Arlington Av.
Millgram, Rabbi A. E., 3226 W. Berks Rodeph Shalom Rel. Schl., 615 N. Broad
Mitosky, Jos., 110 S. 4th Rodin, S. S., N. E. Cor. 11th & Spruce
Monheit, Albert D., 5105 N. 15th Root, M. J., Lafayette Bldg.
Mosco, Dr. S. F., 1733 N. Franklin Rose, A. M., 5938 Pine
Moskowitz, H., 5410 Gainor Rd. Rosen, Ben., 330 S. 9th
Moss, Jos., Commonwealth Bldg. Rosen, E. L., 428 W. Roosevelt Blvd.
Myers. P. M., 904 69th Av. Rosenbach, Dr. A. S., 1320 Walnut
Myberg, M., 103 W. Girard Av. Rosenbach, N. P., 5008 Pine
Nachman, J., 320 S. 59th Rosenbach. Philip H., 1320 Walnut
Nagler, M., 6365 Sherman Rosenbaum, H., 4844 Pulaski Av.
Nathan, Rev. M., 3417 Ridge Av. Rosenbaum, O.. 1422 Rockland
Nemirow, M. A., 419 N. Amer. Bldg. Rosenberg, Mrs. M., 2009 N. Broad
Netsky, G. N., 2655 S. 10th Rosenberger, H., 228 S. Melville Av.
Netzky, S., 6224 Webster Rosenbloom, F. L., 5211 Church Rd.
Neuman, Rev. Dr. A. A., 2319 N. Park Rosenblum, D., 6217 Pine
Av. Rosenstein, A. A., 1201 Chestnut
Neutra, J. E., 6241 Osage Av. Rosenstein, Miss Hettie, 2227 N. 13th
Newhouse, Florence, 4418 Spruce Rosenthal, B., 1308 N. 3rd
Nitzky, J., 519 N. 5th Rosin, Sig. M., Penna. Bldg.
Nusbaum, Harry, 1835 W. Tioga Ross, S., 1405 Real Es. Tr. Bldg.
Nusbaum, Lee, 141 W. Sharpnack Rosskam, Wm. B., 2300 N. Broad
Nusbaum, S., 151 W. Sharpnack Roth, A. M.. 1636 Walnut
Obermayer, L. J., 509 Westview Av. Rothschild. L. B.. 215 S. Broad
Oliver, Dr. B. O.. 246 S. 23rd Rothschild, S., Majestic Hotel
Orsher, and Auerbach Drs., 702 Snyder Rubenstein, M., 3d & South
Av. Rubenstone, Dr. A. I., 2006 Spruce
Ottenberg, J. H., 1002 66th Av. Ruberg, Lewis, 4617 Newhall
Packman, H., 424 S. 57th Rubin, H. L., 1006 Marlyn Rd.
Perilstein, H., 515 S. 6th Rubin, Isaac, 147 N. 10th
Perilstein, N., 4119 Leidy Av. Rubin, Jos. H., 1617 Walnut
Perlberc N., 1720 Memorial Av. Rubinsohn. B. L., 1829 N. 17th
Peterzell, A., 513 N. American Bldg. Rudofker & Son, S.. 429 N. 13th
Petrosky, H., 913 N. 64th Saftlas, Joseph, 5461 Berks
Pfaelzer, Mrs. F. A., 1522 N. 17th Sagorsky, I. S., 1015 Chestnut
Pincus. A. A., 6038 Christian Salus, H. W., 614 S. 11th
Pincus, N., 6449 N. Broad Sand, Louis, 5336 Arlington
Pinkus, M., Garden Ct. Apt. Sandier, J. A., 119 N. 2d
Podolnick, L., 320 South Satinsky, Sol., 1813 N. 33rd
Pogost, Dr. S. B., 945 N. 40th Savitz, J., 5512 Walnut
Polisher, E. N., 4121 Leidy Av. Savitz, Dr. Samuel A., 2031 Pine
Pomerantz, A., 624 W. Cliveden Av. Savrin, A.. 8th & Master
Popovsky, Z., 2038 N. 6th Schambelan, M.. 5436 Woodcrest Av.
Portner, Wm., 5403 Woodcrest Av. Schamberg, Jesse J., Packard Bldg.
Powell, Dr. L., N. E. Cor. 4th & Snyder Scherr, M., 119 Vine
Av. Schimmel, Samuel, 61g Westview Av.
Prager, Jos., 5913 Walnut Schlesinger, L. T.. 121 N. Broad
Prepstein, A. V., 2323 Brown Schlesinger, N N., Jr., 918 Spring
Schlesinger. S. D., 5918 N. 19th Stern & Sons, I., 415 Chestnut
Schmerling, A., 854 N. 7th Stern, M., 2839 N. 26th
Schneyer, Louis A., 1304 Arch Stern, Sidney M., 34th and Powelton Av.
Schneyer, M. L., 338 Public Ledger Bldg. Stern. W , 1814 N. 7th
Schoenfeld, Morris, 5837 Chestnut Sternthal, W. H., 269 N. 12th
Schorr. G. J., 1203 Packard Bldg. Stiefel, M.. 2279 N. 51st
Schorr, Henry W., 1118 Real Est. Tr. Stone. Irvin L., 2221 N Park Av.
Bldg. Streitfeld, S., 5614 Berks
Schultz, D., 757 Passyunk Av. Strickler. S.. 2653 S. 11th
Schwab, Max B., 510 Colonial Bldg. Strouse, A., St. James Annex
Schwartz, Dr. B., 1020 Snyder Av. Strouse. H., Real Est. Trust Bldg.
Schwartz, Joseph, 1911 N. 7th Strouse, N. B., 1628 Diamond
Schwartz, Dr. M.. 218 Ritner Sundheim, H. G., St. James Hotel
Schwartz, Mrs. R. M., 1520 Spruce Sundheim, Jos. H., 224 W. Walnut La.
Schwartz, S. G., North American Bldg. Sunstein, Leon C , 213 S. Broad
Schwarzman, I. C . 226 N. 63rd Sutow, J., 1029 Race
Schwarzman, J., 4435 Frankford Av. Swaab. S. M., 1629 Diamond
Seder, M. B., Swathmore Apt. Switt, Herman, 5920 Walnut
Seidenberg, H. M., Bulletin Bldg. Tahl, H. J., 508 Bulletin Bldg.
Seidman. M. E., 1618 S. 4th Taine, Dr. Louis N., 601 Parrish
Seitchik. J., 6035 Carpenter Taylor, M., 4740 Osage Av.
Selig, B., 6501 N. 13th Teacher. B.. 3818 Folsom
Selig, E. K., Ritz-Carlton Hotel Teller, Dr. Wm. H., 1713 Green
Selig, Emil, The Warwick The Rebecca Gratz Club, 1912 N. 32d
Selig. Sol., 6501 N. 11th Tierkel, David, 332 S. 5th
Seltzer, Dr. N., 2808 W. Lehigh Av. Tobin, L., 5316 Arlington
Shabam, Dr. S.. 9th and Snyder Av. Toll, William, 6412 N. 11th
Shander. B., 5305 Berks Toomey, F., 130 N. 3rd
Shane, H., 1211 Chestnut Trachtenburg, H. S., 4142 Poplar
Shapiro. H.. 2601 S. Percy Trassoff, Dr. A., 5907 Walnut
Shapiro, Mrs. Morris, 1729 N. 7th Trichon, M., 2550 N. 33rd
Shapiro. Dr. S. S., 1412 N. 4th Ullman, D. L., 4845 Pulaski Av.
Sheerr, Philip L., 4321 Torresdale AvI Vlachez, M., 933 Arch
Shenker. Morris, 519 S. 19th Vogelson, S. I., 49th and Pine
Shmookler, Dr. H. B., 2201 N. 51st Wachs, A., 5495 Woodcrest Av.
Shtulboim. J. L., 1151 E. Stafford Wachstein, Miss M. A., 515 Dickinson
Shuman, S., 5239 Berks Wallerstein, David, Land Title Bldg.
Sickles. A., Majestic Hotel Walowitz, N., 206 N. 50th
Sickles. Edw., 900 Chestnut Wasserman, B. J., Hotel Majestic
Sickles, Mr. & Mrs. Sol., 1218 Walnut Wasserman, Chas., Fidelity Trust Co.
Siegel, E., 4934 W. Gransback Wasserman, Mrs. Jos., Wissa. & Hortter
Siegel. J., 6216 Ellsworth Wax, C , 325 Jackson
Sigtnund, B. J.. 3847 N. 17th Wax, Morris, 5224 Woodbine Av.
Silverman, Chas., N. W. Cor. 6th and Weber, Herman, 3852 Girard Av.
South Weinberg, B., 5237 Arlington
Silverman. I. H.. Land Title Bldg. Weiner, D. M., 4809 N. Warnock
Simon, E. D., 1021 Melrose Av. Weiner, F., 1530 Locust
Singer, Dr. Benj., N. E. Cor. 20th and Weiner. J., 3326 W. Harold
Chestnut Weiner, L., 4925 N. Hutchinson
Singer, J., 1218 Chestnut Weinfeld, H., 302 E. Roosevelt Blvd.
Sirody, M., Bankers Tr. Bldg. Weinrott, Leo., 260 S. 15th
Sklar, Dr. W., 1007 S. 3rd Weinstein, H., 724 S. Broad
Sklaroff & Sons. S., 714 S. 2nd Weinstein, J. I., Bankers Trust Bldg.
Slobodin, M.. 902 N. American BldE. Weinstein, Dr. M. A., 615 Pine
Slonimsky. N. N., Franklin Trust Bldg. Weinstein. M., 2631 S. 9th
Smolens, M., 6157 Columbia Av. Weintraub, Leo I., 4927 Pine
Snyderman, Dr. H. S.. 1920 N. 7th Weisbrodt, S. H.. 229 S. 60th
Sollott, H., 1812 Widener PI. Weiser. David. 744 Passyunk Av.
Solms, A. M., Bourse Bldg. Weisfeld. H., 4718 N. 8th
Sonstein, A.. 528 S. 4th Weisfield, S., 5916 N. Broad
Spector, A.. 5528 Addison Weiss, Chas. J., 1620 Lindley Av.
Speiser, M. J., 521 Tasker Weiss, S.. Bankers Trust Bldg.
Stein, I.. 3017 W. Diamond Weissman, H., 506 Vandam Bldg.
Stein, M. G., 509 Morris Bldg. Wernick, A., 275 S. 63d
Stein, W. M., 4418 Walnut Werrin, M., 1104 N. 41st
Steinberg, Mrs. L., 1205 Columbia Av. Whetstone, M. K., Stock Exchange Bldg.
Steinberg, S. H., Bankers Trust Bldg. Whitehall, Mrs. E.. 1509 N. 17th
Steinberg, Wm., 5844 Chestnut Wilf, E., 16 N. 52d
Wilf, L., 5246 Berks Caplan, Dr. Louis, 328 Frick Bldg.
Wilf.L., 519 South Caplan, M. L., 5525 Margaretta
Wolf, David, 15 Bank Carnegie Library of Schenley Pk.
Wolgin, I., 4746 N. 12th Chaitken, Maurice, Bakewell Bldg.
Wolsey, Rabbi L., Rodeph Sholom Cong, Cohen, Mrs. J., Hotel Schenley
Yarlsh, P., 5430 Arlington Cohen, J. H., 5615 Bartlett
Zarchin, Dr. M. M., Dropsie College Davis, Mrs. Barnet, 5421 Albermarle
Zeitlin, Prof. S., Dropsie College Edlis, Adolph, 1106 De Victor Place
Zinman, F., 601 N. 2nd Fechheimer, C. J., 5420 Plainfield
Feldstein, B. H., 1122 Mellon
Pittsburgh Finkelhor, R. K., 5721 Northumberland
Frankel, Chaa. W., 415 Bakewell Bldg.
LIFE MEMBERS Friedman, Rabbi S. B., 6360 Phillips Av.
Lehman, A. C., Blaw-Knox Co. Fuss, S. L., 411 Union Trust Bldg.
Lehman, L., 914 Penn Av. Glick, D., 1540 Shady Av.
Nelman, B., 305 Sraithfleld Glick, Peter, 1204 Park Bldg.
Rauh, Mr. & Mrs. E., 5837 Bartlett Gluck, S., 537 Mellon
Rauh, Marcus, 5621 Northumberland Av. Goldenson, Rev. S. H., 5th & Morewood
Rothschild, M., c/o Rosenbaum Co. Gordon, Miss A. T., 359 S. Atlantic Av.
Weil, A. Leo., 5931 Howe Greenberger, J., Jones Law Bldg.
Greenburg, I. S., 257 McKee PI.
PATRON Greenwald, B., 12 Dawson Ct.
Kaufmann, E. J., 5th & Smithfield Gresser, S. M.. 2342 Centre Av.
Haas, L., 823 N. Euclid Av.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Hailperin, Rabbi H., 5844 Phillips Av.
Aronson, H. M., Aronson Bldg. Half, Rudolph, 5537 Darlington Rd.
Busia, D., 804 N. Negley Av. Hanauer, A. M., 5632 Aylesboro Av.
Cohen. W. S., 5516 Northumberland Harris. H. M., 3439 Butler
Dreyfuss, Barney, 5547 Bartlett Heb. Inst. of Pittsburgh, Wylie Av. and
Frank, R. J., 1336 Inverness Av. Green
Giffen, I. L., 5519 Black Heller, M. E., 613 N. St. Clair
Gunsberg, Rev. M., 605 Lockhart Hepner, Jacob M.. 331 4th Av.
Klee, Wm. B., 5307 Northumberland Herman, J.. 92 Bradford Av., Crafton
Lewis, A., 5714 Woodmont Heymann, Ph. S., 205 S. Pacific Av.
Mars. A. L., 1206 Colwell Jackson, Dr. D. F., 3401 5th Av.
Mayer, Dr. E. E., Jenkins Arcade Bldg. Jay, Joseph, William Penn Hotel
Neaman, H. I.. 7612 Bennett Kahn. J., 5174 Liberty Av.
Rodef Shalom Cong., 4905 Fifth Av. Kann, B., 5528 Baywood
Rosenbloom, Mrs. S., 1036 Beechwood Kann, M., Arrott Bldg.
Blvd. Kann, S., 5517 Beacon
Sachs. C. H., 5541 Hays Kaufman, Mrs. Isaac, Schenley Apts.
Stadtfeld, Jos., Union Trust Bldg. Lando, Wm., 331 4th Av.
Zeligsohn, J. D., 816 Fifth Av. Leiter, Rabbi W.. 1847 Centre Av.
Lencher, B., 965 Union Tr. Bldg.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Lencher, D. M., 915 Penn Av.
Aaron, Marcus, 5564 Aylesboro Av. Levin, I. H., 425 Hastings
Abrams, Israel A., 921 Adelaide Levin, L. S., 1356 Denniston Av.
Adelman, L. F., 1105 Grant Bldg. Levy, Mrs. J. L., 5745 Beacon
Adler, J., 6370 Burchfield Av. Lichter, Rabbi B. A., 5436 Jackson
Adler, L. J., 5846 Bartlett Lieberman, S., 501 Wilmot
Alpern, Lewis M., 529 Union Trust Bldg. Luskin, Max, 1434 N. St. Clair
Amshel, Louis, 1661 Beechwood Blvd. Lutsky, M. N., 1550 Centre Av.
Applestein, B., 2707 Penn Av. McFadden, Rev. E. M., Box 97, Uptown
Arnfeld, M., 415 Winebiddle Av. Sta.
Aronson, I. L., 2000 Wendover Mackay, M. A., 1606 Beechwood Blvd.
Aronson, L. R., Box 4280, Carson Sta. Mallin, S.. 729 E. Ohio
Avner, M. L., 5847 Beacon Mervis, M., Bartlett
Bachrach, M. D., 2328 Tilbury Miller. S.. 2306 Shady Av.
Barkon, L., Investment Bldg. Morrison, L., 908 Fifth Av.
Bart, L., 804 Heths Av., E. E. Nathanson. Dr. J. B., 5537 Beeler
Bazell, Dr. D. L., 5880 Darlington Rd. Neaman, A. H., 303 Plaza Bldg.
Bernstein, I. A., 5501 Beverly PI. Neaman, Morris, 308 Roberts
Bernstein, Dr. L. B., 5704 Darlington Rd. Obernauer, Harold, 1841 Centre Av.
Bloom, Rev. J., 5525 Avondale PI. Olbum, A., 5653 Munhall Rd.
Braunstein, E. L., 200 Smithfield Oseroff, A., Montifiore Hospital
Braunstein, M., 1108 Winterton, E. E. Osgood, Sam., 1135 Mellon
Bravin, D. B., 5809 Hays Palley, J. L., 1115 Fayette
Broide, A. J., 5920 Beacon Passamaneck, H.. 315 Bellefield
Pearlman, B., 5742 Darlington Rd. Greenfield, I., 925 N. 4th
Pearlstein, Max, 6335 Bartlett Levin, P., Berks Trust Bldg.
Perrin, S., 5737 Beacon Levy, L. S., 1218 Eckert Av.
Pittsburgh Lodge No. 44, I. O. B. B. Liever, J. M., 511 Carsonia Av.
Raphael, Benj., 6360 Alderson Lurio, S. R., 1400 Alsace Rd.
Reich, Jos. H., 5510 Darlington Rd. Regner, Rabbi S. L., 40 N. 11th
Rice, N., 5919 Phillips Av. Schwartz, M., 1526 Hill Rd.
Rose, Rabbi G., 2110 Murray Av. Sondheim, L. J., 1568 Mineral Spga. Rd.
Rosen, Dr. S. J., 1208 Fifth Av. Sondheim, Dr. S. J., 119 S. 5th
Ruben, Mrs. Maurice, 333 42nd Zable, B. D., 424 Penn
Sachs, H., 2550 Beechwood Blvd.
Sachs, I., 1522 Centre Av.
Saville. A., 907 Highview, E. E. Sayre
Schein, Saul, 725 N. St. Clair Weiss, Harry, 315 S. Elmer Av.
Scheinman, I. L., 936 N. Negley Av.
Schulberg, A., 632 Penn Av. Scottdale
Schwartz, A., 5444 Stan ton Av.
Seder. A., care of Frank & Seder Morris, C , 617 Mulberry
Shapiro, H. J.. 5813 Phillips Av.
Shapiro, I. L., 6029 Stanton Av. Scran ton
Shaw, Dr. H. A., 2223 Carson
Sidenberg, H., Federal Reserve Bldg. LIBRARY MEMBER
Simon, Dr. D. L., 202 Jenkins Bldg. Oppenheim, I. E., 1121 Myrtle
Snitzer, Dr. H. M., Medical Bldg.
Spann, Max, 5731 Hobart ANNUAL MEMBERS
Spear, Nathaniel, 915 Penn Av. Arzt, Rabbi Max, 809 Monroe Av.
Spitz, Chas. L., 5.514 Woodmont Cantor, Dr. A. S., 540 Wyoming Av.
Steinberg, B. L.; 718 Hastings Cohen, Harry A., 2138 Washington Av.
Teplitz, A. C , Law & Finance Bldg. ' Finkelstein, M. J., 1022 Poplar
Thorpe, Dr. H. E., 6400 Forward Av. Gerson, I., 309 Lack Av.
Tolochko, M. L., Law & Finance Bldg. Goodman, M. L., 910 Clay Av.
Tolochko, Miss S., 3237 Ward Horn, Rev. Wm. S., 1411 Pine
Weil, Henry, E., 401 Winton Jewish Federation, 440 Wyoming Av.
Wein, A., 7110 Monticello Kabatchnick, M., 421 Colfax Av.
Weiner, M., 412 Lincoln Av. Kaplan, H., 1814 Olive
Wesoky, S., 5823 Callowhill Kaplan, Max, 914 Pine
White, Chas., 5711 Pocusset Krotosky, I., 801 N. Webster Av.
Wilkoff, D. L., 5606 Fair Oaks Landau, David, 839 Taylor Av.
Wolk, W., 5532 Darlington Rd. Levy, Dr. S., 620 N. Wash. Av.
Y. M. & Y. W. H. A., Bellefield, 5th & Madison Av. Temple Brotherhood, 523
Forbes Madison Av.
Oldstein, Dr. H. J., 431 Lack Av.
Pittston Reisman, C , 829 Jefferson Av.
Fleisher, Miss Cecelia, 51 Church Rice, A., 805 Taylor Av.
Rubinstein, Dr. Harry. 53 N. Main Rosenberg, A. S.. 619 N. Wash. Av.
Silverstone, B. W., 613 E. Lacka. Av.
Pottstown Smith, B. J., 1 S. Webster Av.
Wolf, Louis, 1002 Pine
Estreicher, J., 624 Walnut Y. M. H. A., 440 Wyoming Av.
Fuerman, S., 323 High
Hoffman, P., 1236 High
Magitson, H., 619 N. Evans Sharon
Miller, Isaac, 308 Rosedale Dr. Moskowitz, Rabbi M., 211 Sterling Av.
Rosenblum, A. M., 133 Hazen PI.
Punxsutawney
Rosenthal, A. G., 206 Dinsmore Av. Shenandoah
Center Library, 35 S. Jardin
Reading Levit, Max
LIBRARY MEMBERS South Bethlehem
Liever, I., 1621 Mineral Spgs. Rd. Hartman J., 1201 Delaware Av.
Luria, Max, Colonial Bldg.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Stroudsburg
Brodstein, E., 25 S. 11th Weiss, S., 540 Main
Fisher, M., 21 Carsonia Av.
Friedman, E. B., 2534 Cumberland Av. Sunbury
Goldstine, A., 1731 Olive Kerman, Rabbi J., 249 Arch
Greenberg. N. N.. 1543 Perkiomen Av. Markley. M. H., 211 N. 2d
488 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Rhode island
Towanda Epstine, S., 162 Charles

Loewus, B., 409 Main Feinberg, H., 372 S. Franklin
Fierman, Mrs. A., 19 Mallery PI.
Towanda Wholesale Co., 727 Main Fierman, Mrs. H., 141 Charles
Upper Darby Frank, L., 313 S. River
Freedman, M., 451 S. River
LIBRARY MEMBER Goldman, J. A., 92 Riverside Dr.
Lichtenberg, Lt. Col. C, 300 Strathmore Groh, Isador, P. O. Box 88
Rd. Havedon. W.. 336 S. Main
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Isaacs, J. G., 133 Old River Rd.
Brotaker, C. J., 306 Long Lane Kaufman, Dr. I., 123 S. Franklin
Malen, J. B., 33 N. State Rd. Levitsky, Rabbi L. M., 95 W. Ross
Long, Dr. Chas., 33 S. Washington
Mesirov, A., 126 Chatham Rd. Menkes, L., 316 Hazle
Rothman, J. K.. 155 Marlborough Rd. Platsky. N., 41 S. Hancock
Salzman, Rev. M., 94 W. Ross
Warren Shaffer, J., 390 S. Main
Ball, Dr. M. V.. 316 Hazel Shapiro, Henry, 524 S. Franklin
Glassman, E. I., 3d Av. & Hickory Silverblatt, J., 86 Academy
Stein. E. L., 209 Liberty Speizman, Mrs. A., 70 Terrace
Stein, E., 273 S. River
Washington Temple Israel Liby., 239 S. River
Tischler, Dr. M., 132 S. Franklin
Goldfarb, Rev. J., 34 N. Franklin Tomberg, I., 205-07 S. Washington
Hanau, R., 59 S. Main Union Supply Co., 93 E. Northampton
Weiner, D. H., Wash. Tr. Bldg. Weiss, Mrs. F. K., 58 Terrace
Weissman, C, 2 Terrace
West Chester Weitzenkorn, J. K., S. Main
Williams, J. L., 62 Park Av.
LIBRARY MEMBER Wolk, Rabbi S.. 47 N. River
Benson, Samuel T., 109 W. Gay
ANNUAL MEMBERS Wllkinsburg
MacElree, W. W., 609 S. High
Margolis, J. H., Walnut & Market LIBRARY MEMBER
Rosenberg, S. M., 121 E. Market Biederman, L., 1342 Franklin Av.
Weiss, Morris, 508 S. Walnut
ANNUAL MEMBER
Wllkes-Barre Solomon, Rev. J., 1436 Franklin Av.
Bravman, B., 327 S. River
Bravman, J., 80 W. Ross Wllliamsport
Bravman, P., 261 Academy Mantinband, Rabbi C . 425 Center
Cantor, M. S., Miners Bk. Bldg.
Casper, Louis, 310 S. River
Casper, Max, 61 Carey Av. York
Cohen, B., 86 Riverside Dr Biederman, S., 130 S. Newberry
Davidson, Rabbi I.. 300 E. South Segel, Rabbi A., 146 E. Market
Epstein, L., 43 S. Welles Zweifler, D., 837 Linden Av.
RHODE ISLAND
Pawtucket Joslin, Philip C. 100 Hazard Av.
Pansy, J., 22 Blodgett Av. Magid, S. M., 102 Halsey
Markensohn, F., 490 E. Angell
Paris, P. B., 31 Saunter
Providence Rabinowitz, Wm., 64 12th
Resnick, S., 212 Oakland Av.
LIFE MEMBER Shore, W., 560 Wayland Av.
Misch, Mrs. C, 400 Westminster Silverman, A., 210 Blackstone Blvd.
Sonderling, Rabbi Dr. J., 155 Magard
ANNUAL MEMBERS Temkin, N., 154 Prospect
Alper, Benj. L., 120 Alney Temple Beth El Rel. School
Bellin, H. D., 15 Westminster
Berger, Dr. I., 76 Dorrance Woonsocket
Bliss, M. W., 46 Montague LIBRARY MEMBER
Goldman, Rabbi L. M., 490 Angell
Hassenfeld. Mrs. M. L., 142 Emeline Darman, A. I., 309 Prospect
Texas] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 489
SOUTH CAROLINA
Aiken Columbia
Polier, M. S., 1020 Greenville Citron, M., 1421 Elmwood Av.
Bennettsville
Strauss, L. Darlington
Charleston Lumiansky, M. S., 109 Park Av.
Hornick, M. J., St. Johns Hotel
Loeb, Mrs. L., 28 Broad
Raisin, Rev. J. S., 207 Broad St. Matthews
Rittenberg, Sam., 187 Rutledge Av.
Solomons, Mrs. E. M., F. Marion Hotel LIBRARY MEMBER
Wilensky, H. L., 88 Ashley Av. Pearlstine, Shep
TENNESSEE
Bristol Memphis
Hecht, H., P. O. Box 416 Blumenthal, H., 1252 Peabody Av.
Ettelson, Rev. Dr. H. W., Parkview Apt.
Chattanooga Hotel
Marx, Mrs. M., 1556 Poplar Av.
Adler, H. C, 415 W. Sth Padawer, S. B., 1775 Madison Av.
Peres, H., 307 Wagner PI.
Cleveland
Ard, N., 309 Inman Nashville
Eskind, O., 1107-9 Jefferson
Fensterwald, J., c/o Burk & Co.
Jackson Garfinkle, E., 705 Demumbreun
Rosenbloom, J. L., 370 Highland Av. Ghertner, S., 1702 Ashwood Av.
Loventhal, Lee J., 216 Union
Mark, Rabbi J., Vine St. Temple
Johnson City May, Jack, 3749 Whitland Av.
Cantor, M. E., 301 E. Eighth Av. Simon, Jos., 2002 Terrace PI.
Silver. Wm.. 112 W. Unaka Av. Spitz, Dr. H., 1406 Beechwood Av.
Stern, H., 140 Hermitage Av.
Weinreb, J., 159 Kenner Av.
Knoxville Weinstein, I., 220 5th Av., N.
Gourse, Geo., Gay Yampol, Rabbi S. B., 305 28th Av., N.
University of Tennessee Y. M. H.A., Polk & Union
TEXAS
Amarillo Big Spring
Abramson, B., Box 349 De Vries, H., 700 Gregg
Austin Dallas
Baron, Rabbi S. H., 1712 Rio Grande Barish, Jos., 2028 Cadiz
Bromberg, H. L., 2621 S. Blvd.
Bromberg, Mrs. I. G., 2617 S. Blvd.
Bay City Dreyfus, G., c/o Dreyfus & Son
Simon, A. H. Hexter, J. K., 420 Linz Bldg.
Kahn, L. S., 900 Elm
Kleinman, Louis, 2830 S. Ervay
Beaumont Kramer, A. L., c/o A. Harris & Co.
Aronson, B., Orleans Lefkowitz, Rev. D., 2415 S. Blvd.
Blum, B., 381 College Neuman, Dr. A., 910 Medical Arta Bldg.
Greenberg, Dr. P. B., 1310 Broadway Novin, Louis, 3015 Park Row
Sharfstein, J., 2350 Calder Av. Rosenthal, H., 2831 Forest Av.
490 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Vermpnt
Siegel, L., 319 N. Willomet Fruhman, M., c/o Levy Bros. Co.
Smith, A. J., 2719 S. Ervay Geller, A. L., 3001 Hamilton
Tonkon, I. E., c/o Sanger Bros., Inc. Geller, Rev. J., 1814 Franklin Av.
Harris, L. L., c/o Harris Hahlo Co.
El Paso Hirsch, Maurice, 1617 Rusk Av.
B'nai Zion S. School & Talmud Torah, Houston Public Library
Mesa. Av. Cor. Cliff Klein, A., 208 Emerson
Given, Charles, 215 El Paso Maas, Saml. J., 3820 Labranch
Krupp, Hayman, .SOI Los Angeles Nathan, M. H., 2406 Hamilton
Rosenfield, L. A., 700 Cinn. Radoff, H. V., 84 Stanley
Rosing, Win., Rural Route No. 2 Schnitzer, Max, Magnolia Paper Co.
Roth, Rabbi J. M., 1216 Los Angeles Westheimer, M.. 4018 Voakum Blvd.
Schwartz, Maurice, Poplar Dry Goods
Co. Lockhart
Talpis, Ralph T., 630 Prospect Av. Weinbaum, A.
Weinstein, Reuben, 617 Cinn.
Zielonlca, Rabbi M., Temple Mt. Sinai Marshall
Fort Worth Meyers, E. A.
Cong. Ahavath-Sholom, 109 W. Weath'd Port Arthur
Council of Jewish Women
Gernsbacher, H., 5th & Throckmorton Jacobs, J., P. O. Box 1173
Merfeld, Rev. H. A., 1122 Penna. Av.
Simon, U. M., 322 S. Adams San Antonio
Fredericksburg Baer, L. A., 127 W. Evergreen
Carnegie Library
Norman, Paul Cristol, Louis, 301 Alama Plaza
Eldridge, S. C, 845 Erie Av.
Galveston Frisch, Rabbi E., 130 Luther Dr.
Cohen, Rabbi H., 1920 Broadway Guttman, T., 112 W. Houston
Cohen, Robt. I., 1704 31st Karin, N., 1014 Denver Blvd.
Cong. B'nai Israel Lee, L. N., 511 E. Euclid Av.
Swiff, J., 2606 Av. K Litwin, Mrs. B., 1409 W. Woodlawn
Zinn. W. N., 2808 O'A Oppenheimer, Jesse D., 309 Madison
Vexler, A.. 639 W. Elmira
Gonzales Washer, N. M., 1403 Main Av.
Wiederman, S., 210 Produce Row
Stahl, Jacob, P. O. Box 327
Texarkana
Houston Eldridge, S., 823 Pine
LIBRARY MEMBER
Tyler
Lieberman, Rabbi H. B., 2406 Hamilton Wadel, B., Mary Av.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Wunch, David, P. O. Box 142
Barnstow, Rev. Dr. H., 1919 Richmond Wichita Falls
Rd.
Cohen, Moses D., 502 Drew Av. Schwab, Rev. S. J., Temple Israel
Finkelstein, M. B., P. O. Box 678 Temple Israel Liby., 11th & Burnette
UTAH
Salt Lake City
Ogden Alexander, Daniel, Deseret Bank Bldg.
Kreiner, J., 2018 Wash. Av. Public Library
Rosenblatt, N., 840 S. 4th, W.
VERMONT
Burlington Rutland
Frank, Major J., 45 Overtake Pk. Wolk. H. H., 23 Melrose Av.
We« Virginia] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 491
VIRGINIA
Berkley Steinbach, Rabbi A. A., 621 Princess
Kruger, A., 700 Liberty Anne Rd.
Berryvilie Portsmouth
Scheuer, Louis Crockin, M. M., 215 High
Leesburg Richmond
Raflo, Joseph
Amity Club, Inc., 100 N. Boulevard
Lexington Beth Ahabah Remembrance Library
Marks, J. G., P. O. Box 1080 Calisch, Rev. E. N., 1643 Monument Av.
Friedman, F., 2828 Monument Av.
Newport News Hutzler, A. B., 1032 Mutual Bldg.
Hutzler, H. S., 1107 E. Main
Rodef Sholom Remembrance Lib'y. Karp, Dr. L.. 2001 W. Grace
Levy, H., Brook & Marshall
Norfolk Straus, M. J., P. O. Box 1297
Ullman, E., 211 E. Grace
Affachiner, Miss R. G., Juvenile Ct. Bldg.
Crockin, H., 1101 Langley Rd.
Haskell, J., 720 Graydon Pk. University
Kaplan, L., 26 Commerce University of Va. Library
WASHINGTON
Centralia Prottas, L. M., 913 23rd Av., N.
Shanedling, Jacob Rickles, P. A., 2803 E. Marion
Robbins, A., 1234 22d, N.
Rogers, S., 128 Aloha
Seattle Seattle Public Library
Shafer, J., 801 35th Av.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Shemanski, A., 1332 2d Av.
Eckstein, N., 1000 14th Av., N. Stern, L. M., 930 16th Av., N.
Lindenberger, R., 1104 21st Av.. N.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Spokane
Cooper, I., 1104 Minor Av. & Spring Fink, Rabbi A. H., 205 Cutmstock Arms
Glesin, N., 105 Wash.
Grunbaum, O. S., 1513 6th Av. Tacoma
Kreielsheimer Bros., Artie Club Feist, Theo. 705 North G.
WEST VIRGINIA
Bluefield Hun ting ton
Rodgin, Mrs. H., 2118 Jefferson Biem, Samuel, 1214 8th
Schlossberg, G., 1310 Augusta Gore, Sam., 1010 3d Av.
Wagner, B. J., 2108 Washington Samson, S., 301 W. 11th Av.
Charleston Keyser
Goldman, Mrs. M. B., 2020 Kanawha Kaplon, Miss E., 127 N. Main
Gordon, H., 1614 Virginia
Loeb, Leo, Charleston Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Polan, H., 1715 Virginia Logan
Webb. J., Box 742 Eiland, R. R.
Rosen, Jack
Elkins
Goldberg, Mrs. George, Darby Apts. Martinsburg
Katz, Mrs. George, Bowerleigh Apts
Fairmont
LIBRARY MEMBER Montgomery
Goodman, Simon D., Box 491 Margolis. Mrs. M. A.. 321 2d Av.
492 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Asia
Morgan town ANNUAL MEMBER

B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 348 High Seligman, H., Box 365
Finn, S., 419 High
Slaven, M. S., 160 Pleasants Wheeling
Farer, I., Beech Glenn
Levin, H S., 113 Wash. Av., Chantal Ct.
North Fork Reichblum, A., 90 14th
LIBRARY MEMBER
Rosenbloom, B. L., Univ. Club
Shulman, Rabbi C. E., Box 238
Catzen, A., Box 335 Sonneborn, M., 14th & Market
WISCONSIN
Green Bay Horwitz, Hayim, 630 51st
Abrohams, B., 1411 Cedar Kamesar, S.. 1153 Grant Blvd.
Sauber, Wm., 116 N. Roosevelt Kleinman, Rabbi Ph.. 1006 51st
Koltin, F., 2224 N. 17th
Kenosha Lelchuk, O. C , 5409 Wash. Blvd.
Levine, H., 556 Hartfort
Lepp, C. A., 5117 17th Av. Lewenauer, B., 530 Merion
Pious, Louis, 500 56th Lib'y of Temple Emanu-El
Rappaport, Rev. J., 516 60th Litow, Chas., 731 Hi Mount Blvd.
Lubotzky, Mrs. E., 1232 N. 12th
Madison Miller, Mrs. E., 968 Summit Av.
B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation, 512 State Miller, Morris, 467 Webster PI.
Ellman, Ben L., 16 N. Hancock Morse, B., 1345 Downer Av.
Feldman, J., 29 N. Charter Nathan, Harry, 200 Muskego
Kneller, S., 203 King Nickoll, J., 1401 Maryland Av.
Landman, Rabbi S., 2021 Monroe Ottenstein, P., 1126 50th
Levitan, S., 10 E. Gorham Padway, H. E., 973 Murray Av.
Mack, Mrs. H.. 2117 Regent Padway, J. A., 814-16 Brumder Bldg.
Perlman, Prof. S., 1805 Rowley Av. Rosenberg, A. P., 3d & North Av.
Simon, J., 901 E. Wash. Av. Rosenberg, B., 571 Mitchell
Rotter, L. H., 1038 Grand Blvd.
Marinette Saltzstein, A. L., 735 N. Water
Saltzstein, B. F., Lake Drive
Rubin, R., 1622 Elizabeth Av. Saxe, A., 730 16th
Schlomovitz, Dr. B. H., 904 Straus Bldg
Milwaukee Stern, Morris, 1009 Hackett Av.
Sure, Dr. J. H., 423 Kenwood Blvd.
LIBRARY MEMBERS Temple Beth El Library
Nickall, B. E., 130 Wisconsin Av. The Board of Jewish Education, 2433 N.
Stone, Estate of N., Boston Store 13th
Tussman, S., 1114 49th
ANNUAL MEMBERS Weingrad, M., 969 24th
Ashley, C. D., 787 Farwell Av. Wolfsohn, Leo A., 302 15th
Bamett, I., 200 Muskego Av. Wollheim, H. S., 1st Nat'l Bk. Bldg.
Baron, Rabbi J. L., 2419 Kenwood Blvd. Yolles, P. E., 616 StoweU Av.
Cohen, I., 721 Hi-Mount Blvd.
Coplin, Chas., 310 29th Minocqua
Free, J., 71S 14th Ehrenreich, Rev. B. C.
Friend, Charles, 6185 Plankinton Bldg.
Gendelman, H., 427 Farwell Av. Racine
Goldstein, H. B., 1249 Lake Dr.
Grossman, H. T.. 105 Wells Goodman, J., 302 6th
Heller, Rudolph, 325 Wells Waissman, M., 1258 Mound Av.
Hiken, M.,666-20th
Hirschberg, Rev. S., 2612 E. Kenwood Red Granite
Blvd. Robock, Sam
ASIA
Mesopatamla, Basrah City
Michael, R. S., Seef St.
Canada] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 493
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

Adelaide Kew, Victoria
Matison, Dr. E. A., North Terrace Benjamin, L., 1 Sir William
Auckland, New Zealand
Nathan, David L. Malvern, Melbourne
Jona, Dr. J. Leon, 3 Huntingtower Rd.
Brisbane, Queensland
Freedman, I., Brunswick, New Farm Melbourne, Victoria
Goldman, H., Lower Bowen Ter.
Hertzberg, Abraham Barnet, N., 117 Alma Rd., St. Kilda
Hertzberg, Marcus, Charlotte Brandt, H. A., c/o Bank of Australasia
Levine, B., Bowen Ter., New Farm Brodie, Rabbi I., Synagogue Chambers,
Ravdell, N., Boundary, care of Gen. Bourke
Rubber Co. Mestel, Rabbi S., 94 Simpson, E.
Roubin, S., Oriel Rd. Ascot Rothberg, S., Pasadena, High, Kew.
Schalit, Dr. M. A.. 139 Wellington
Footscray, Victoria
Benjamin, Arthur, c/o Footscray South Brisbane, Queensland
Tannery
Blumberg, D., 689 Stanley
Geelong, West Victoria Eshensky, W., Church Av.
Stedman, D., 538 Stanley
Council of Jewish Women
Hawthorn Sydney, New So. Wales
Jona, Dr. J., 124 Glenferrie Rd. Blashki, A., Box 1051 G. P. O.
Freilich, M., 4 Arthur, Edgclifl
Kalgoorlle Selby, Mrs. H. B., Werona Av., Gordon
Council of Jewish Women Council of Jewish Women
BELGIUM
Antwerp
Behr, A., 17 rue de la petite Ourse Jaffe, Capt. I., Gitschotelei 97
Fischer, M., 20 Avenue Helene Vecht, J., PI. Constance Teichmann No. 4
BRITISH WEST INDIES

Kingston, Jamaica de S. Pinto, C. S., 10 Port Royal
de Souza, S. M. A.. 32 Church
Delgado, A., 19 Kingston Gds. Myers, Horace V., 188 Harbour
CANADA
Calgary, Alberta Halifax, N. S.
Shumiatcher, A. I., 611 Grain Exch. Bldg. Simon, J., 103 Upper Water
Chlpman, Alberta
Olyan, Harry, Vegreville Hoffer, Sask.
Fort William, Ontario Hotter, I., Via Tribune
Tritt, S., 405 Victoria Av.
Glace Bay London, Ontario
Gallay, A. J., Commercial Goldstick, Dr. I., 458 Oxford
494 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Canada
Montreal, Quebec Regina Judaean Lib'y. 2030 St. John

L I F E MEMBERS
Rosenberg, L., Ste Avian Ct.
Cohen, Lyon, 25 Rosemont Av. Saskatoon, Sask.
Jacobs, S. W., 83 Craig, W. Vogel, Aaron, 410 Av. D, So.
Levin, J., c/o General Cigar Co.
Sydney, Whitney Pier
ANNUAL MEMBERS
Abramowitz, Rev. Dr. H., 507 Argyle Av. Gallay, A. J., 752 Victoria Rd.
Adelstein, L., 526 St. Catherine, E. Toronto, Ontario
Alexander, A. J., 198 McGill
Ballon, E. M., 1471 Crescent L I F E MEMBERS
Bender, Rev. C , 1443 Stanley Granatstein, J. S., 482 Wellington Av.
Berger, Rabbi J., 102 Grey Av. Kates, Dr. M., 16 Edgar Av.
Blaustein, S. P. O. Box 104, Station B.
Brown, M. A.. 1179 Bleury LIBRARY MEMBERS
Cohen, A., 4899 Sherbrooke, W. Cohen, M. G., 93 Madison Av.
Cohen, A. Z., 36 Prince Scheuer, E., 131 Yonge
Crown, Myer, Box 321, Station B.,
Danish, E., 938 Jacobs Bldg. ANNUAL MEMBERS
Fed. of Young Judea, 384 Sherbrooke W. Arkush, S. F.. 20 Oriole Rd.
Fitch, L., 83 Craig, W. Brown, B., 600 Bay
Garber, M., 120 St. James Cohen, A., 165 Lowther Av.
Glickman, M. J., 242 St. Catherine, W. Goldstick, Ed., 356 Delaware Av.
Glickman, P., 207 St. Catherine, W. Goldstick, M., 358a Delaware Av.
Greenspon, Dr. E. A., Medical Arts Bldg. Gotfrid, S. S., 401 Manning Av.
Haltbrecht, S. B., 258 St. Louis Sq. Herlick, C. M., 72 Queen. W.
Heillig, L. E., 50 Drummond Apts. Holy Blossom Lib'y. US Bond
Herman, B., c/o V. M. H. A. 265 Mt. PoUack, Dr. M. A., 297 Rushton Rd.
Royal Av., W. Rosenberg, H. S., 2a Sylvan Av.
Illievitz, Dr. A. B., 1497 Bishop Silver. A., 652 Queen, W.
Jacoby, J. M., 1541 Crescent Solway, Dr. L. J., 410 Dundas, W.
Kellert, Sol., I l l St. Catherine, W. Taube, H. N., 324 Huron
Konowitz, I. M., 65 Vendome Av. The Jewish Standard, 210 Metropolitan
Levinson, Jos., 460 St. Catherine, W. Bldg.
Levinson, Solomon, 460 St. Catherine, W. Toronto Heb. Journal, 542 Dundas. W
Levy, William, 1435-43 Bleury Vise, B., 20 Victoria
Meyer, Miss B., McGill University Yolles, L. S., 66 Roxborough Dr.
Monteflore, Club, 1195 Guy Zeidman, M., 165 Elizabeth
Ressler, h . R., 2091 Beaudry
Robinson, Mrs. M., 192 De Carie Blvd. Vancouver, B. C.
Rose, T. F., 1598-1606 Clarke Brotman, M. H., 4637 Marguerite Av.
Rosenbaum, Dr. J., 1396 St. Catherine,
W. Westmont
Rubin, Dr. I., 453 Strathcona Av. Kaplansky, A. L.. 4328 Sherbrooke, W.
Sessenwein, H., 230 McGill Levin, A., 478 Strathcona Av.
Shalinsky, D., 584 Old Orchard Av. Levy, P., 606 Victoria Av.
Solomon, Dr. A. S., 121 Bishop
Sommer, A., 50 Westmount Av. Windsor
Sperber, M. M., 132 St. James
Stern, Rabbi H. J., 4128 Sherbrooke, W. Lebendiger, Rabbi I., Casa Del Mara
The Eagle Pub. Co., 1207 St. Lawrence Apts.
Blvd. Meretsky & Gitlin, 101 Chatham, W.
Weinfield, Henry, 132St. James
Workman, M., 585 Sherbrooke, W. Winnipeg, Manitoba
Y. M. H. A., 265 Mount Royal Av., W. Cantor, A. E., 645 Main
Cohen, A., 424 Grain Exchange
Ottawa, Ontario Finkelstein, M. J.. 854 Palmerston Av.
Braverman, W., 85 Clarence Frank, Rabbi S., Royal Alexandra Hote
Epstein, L., 181 Bank Haid, M.. Coca-Cola Bldg.
Franklin, J. M., 326 Waverly Kay, H., 96 Canora
Freedman, J., 43-45 George Mahon, E. S.. 100 Charles
Freiman, A. J., 69 Rideau Miller. B., 816 Main
Glickman, A., 170 Holmwood Av. Morosnick, L. D., 422 Wardlaw Av.
Goldfield, B., 360 Friel Shaen, J., 204 Montgomery Bldg.
Kollin, Rabbi N., 209 Wilbrod Shinbane. A. M., 8 Ellesmere Apts.
Steinkopf, Max, Canada Bldg.
Regina, Sask. Sternberg, J. N., 761 Grain Exchange
Canter, W., 204 Halifax Weidman Bros., 244 Jarvis Av.
England] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 495
CENTRAL AMERICA
COSTA RICA
Llmon
Wendorf, G. C, Drawer F.
CHINA
Shanghai
Shahmoon, E., 2a Kinkiang Rd.
CUBA
Canaguey Havana
„ ., „, w „ , Eppstein, Dr. L. J. V., Avenida de
Well, Wm. D., French Consul Wilson Calle H
DENMARK
Copenhagen
Simonsen, Prof. D., Skindergade 28
EGYPT
Alexandria Cairo
Dwek. Raphael, Box 71 Alexander, A., 2 Chareh El Kadi El
Mustaki, W., P. O. Box 196 Fadel
Nadler, Marco, B. P. 13-15 Mosseri, J., P. O. Box 988
Sicouri. L., P. O. Box 618 Nahum, E., P. O. Box 940
ENGLAND
Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham
Wand, Dr. S., 40 Bristol Rd. Bernstein, A., 127 Pershore Rd.
Cohen, Rev. Dr. A.. 2 Highfield Rd.
Bradford Drapkin, L. H., 97 Belgrave Rd.
Bergson, Harry. 29 Oak Lane Dresden, E 159 Pershore Rd.
Brodie, Dr. A., Allerton Rainbow, M. L., 241 Hagley Rd.
Ludman, A., 8 Oak Mount ,
Harrowgate Yorks
Brighton Bodlender, L. M., 25 York Rd.
Sawyer, J., 3 Cavendish PI. Burton, M., 64 Kent Rd.
_, . . . Hendon
Cambridge C o h e n _ B F o g c o t e R<J _ N w
LIFE MEMBER
Israel Abrahams Memorial Lib'y. Christ Herne Bay
College Hochbaum, M., Kent Coast College
Cheltenham Herts
Lipson, D. L., Corinth House Salaman, Dr. R. N., Homestall, Barley
Chester Hove
Fox, Dr. I. S., 10 Upper Northgate Asher, Mrs. S. N., 30 Westbourne Villas
Clapton Hove Brighton
Chissick, B., 204 Evering Rd. Rosenbloom, A., 34 Pembroke Crescent
496 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [England
Leeds Epstein, Rabbi I., 134 Walm Lane,

Brodetsky, Prof. S., 62 Headingly Lane, Cricklewood
Westgatc Epstein, M., Broad St. Ho.
Lightman, S., Esq., The Towers, Epstein, Miss R., 80 Cranwich Rd.
Roundhay Felsenstein, J., 52 Compayne Gds.
Morris. H., Esq., 185 Chapeltown Rd. Fersht, B. A.. 20 Gt. St. Helens
Stross, M., Esq., Roland House, Weth- Finn, J. H., 14 West Bank, Amhurst Pk.
erby Rd. Gnessen, S., 31 Beaumont Sq. E I
Yewdall, A., Ashbourne, Chapeltown Goldberg,P., 31 Dartmouth Rd., N. W. 2
Rd. Goldblatt, D.. Belsize Pk. Gds. N. W. 3
Goldblum, I., 34 Gloucester Rd. N. 4
Liverpool Goldstine, A., 230 Whitechapel Rd., E. 1
Adler, A., 16 Rutland Av. Goldwater, Mrs. H., 120 Walm Lane,
Cherrick, B., 14 Verulam Ckwd.
Ettinger, P., Soho, Islington Goldwater, M., 62 Sunningfield Rd., N.
Marks, S. A., Abbotts Field, Southwood W. 4
Rd. Gollop, Rabbi M.. 13 Fawley Rd.,
London Hampstead N. W. 6
Good, E.. I Oxford
L I F E MEMBERS Greenberg, L. J., 8 Aylestone Av.
Adler, E. N., 20 Porchester Sq. Greenwood, S. H., 36 Grosvenor Rd., N.5
Baer. Mrs. S., 262 Finchley Rd., N. W. 3 Gross, Mrs. S., 42 Gloucester Rd, N. 4
Baron, B., Arcadia Works, City Rd. Grossman, N., 34 Belsize Pk. Gds., N. W.
Baron, E., Arcadia Works, City Rd. 3
Baron, L. B., Arcadia Works, City Rd. Halper, Mrs. L., 13 New Rd., E I
Rubinstein, B., Broad St. House Heilperin, E.. 84 Greenwood Rd., E. 8
Hertz, Rev. Dr. J. H., 48 Hamilton Ter.,
LIBRARY MEMBERS N. W. 8
Eckman, S., Jr., 19 Tower, W. C. 2 Hirsch, Rev. J. M.. 81 Goldhurst Ter.
Hampstead Synagogue, Demington Pk. Hymans, A. H.. 73 Gore Rd., E. 9
Rd., N. W. 6 Hyams, M., 77 Cranwich Rd.
Montefiore, C. G., 42 Portman Sq., W. 1 Irwell, Mrs. H., Gloucester PI.
Stepney Public Libraries, Bancroft Rd., Jacob, H., 123 Iverness Ter., W. 2
Mile End Rd. Jacobson, Miss E., 54 Canfield Gds., N.
Taylor, Dr. H., 85 Cazenove Rd., N. 16 W. 6
Jewish Free Reading Rm., 108a White-
ANNUAL MEMBERS chapel Rd., E I
Aaron, D. H., 63 Threadneedle, E. C. 2 Jewish War Mem., 20 Great St. Helens
Abrahams, P., 963 Finchley Rd., N. W. 11 Jews Free School, Bell Lane, Spitalfields,
Abramoyitch, Rev. I., 1 Seymour E. I
Mansions, W 12 Kessler, L., 8 Parcival Rd.. N. W. 6
Adler. H. M., 5 Abercorn PL, N. W. 8. Korn, M. F., 101 Canfield Gds.. N. W. 6
Adler, Rev. M., 38 Hallam, Porfd PI., W. Kutchinsky, M. A., 171 Commercial Rd.,
Arram, M., 14 Cliffords Inn, E. C. 4 E. I
Baker. F., 40 Heber Rd. Levy, A., 4 Clarence Gate Gds
Baker. Mrs. P., 229 Willesden La., N. W. Levy, I. H., 94 Brondesbury Rd., N. W. 6
Barnett, M., 35 Compayne Gds. Lightstone, H., 54a Cawley Rd., E. 9
Barnett, P., 39 Finchley Rd., St. John's Lindsay, Dr. S. E., 443 New Cross Rd.,
Wood S. E. 14
Bellin. O., 55a King Henry's N. W. 3 Livingstone, Rev. L., 15 Golders Gds., N.
Birley, O., 228 All Souls Av.. Willsdon, N. W. 11
W. 10 Marchant, M., 4 Heneage La., Bevis
Blooman, S., 19 Dunrobin Ct., Finchley Marks
Brody, M., 31 Chardmore Rd. Marks, Simon, 40 Hyde Pk. Gate, S. W. 7
Brown, Rev. M., 17 Lawford Rd., Mattuck. Rabbi I.. Wildwood, North
Camdentown End, N. W. 3
Buchler, Dr., Jewish College, Queen Sq. Meyer, T., Priory Rd., N. W. 6
Ho. Miller, Rev. H., 27 Radnor, Chelsea,
Cohen, A. A., Esbry Ct., West Heath Rd. S. W. 3
Cohen, Rabbi H., 66 Fountayne Rd. Mishcon, Rabbi I.. 15 Beechdale Rd.. S.
Cohen. S., 21 Staverton Rd., N. W. 2 W. 2
Corman, J., 17 Portland Av., N. 16 Myers, M., 55 Buckley Rd.. N. W 6
Dainow, S. H., 2 Inglewood Mansions Naftalin, Dr. M., ii Rodney Rd., S. E. 17
De Mesquita, Rev. D. Bueno, 4 Ashworth Naftalin, Dr. R., 1-A Leyspring Rd.
Rd., W. 9 Leytonstone
Duschinsky, Dr. C , 257 Goldhurst Ter. Newman, Rabbi J., 96 Cambridge Gds.,
Elliott, Dr. A. H., 6 Crooms Hill, Green- W. 10
wich, S. F.. 10 Opstein, S., 33 Bergholt Crescent, N. 16
England] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 497
Philipp, O., 33 Ferncroft Av., N. W. 3 Goldberg, I. W., 10a Lever
Phillips, Dr. L., 169 High, E. 9 Goldstein, S.. The University
Prince, B. B., 81 North Gate Gordomer, H., 7a Nicholas
Rabinovitch, H., 12 Durley Rd. Letter, L., 4 Parkfield Rd., Didsburv
Rabinowitz, Dr. L., 12 Gascoyne Rd. Levy, J., Hanover House, Broome Lane.
Reinhart, Rabbi H. F., 34 Upper Berkeley Br.
Retkinsky, W.. 23 Stamford Hill Locker, L., 63-A Cannon
Ritvo, Rev. H., 14 West Bank. N. 16 Mordell, Prof. L. J., University
Rosenberg, B., S. Darville Rd., N. 16 Morgenstern, J., 117 Strangeways
Rosenberg, M., 138 Stoke Newington Rd. Portnoy, J., 5 Moor Lane, Kersal
Rosenwein, M. R., 15 Martaban Rd.. N. Quas-Cohen, Mrs. P., Raynor Croft.
16 Bowdon
Ross, C. 94 Frognal, N. W. 3 Samuels, I., 142 Bellott, Hghtn.
Ross, D., 6 Sherriff Rd., W. Hpstd. Shammah, A. J., 6 Hall
Roth, Dr. C, 65 Compayne Gds., N. W. 6 Sortman, M., 11 Derby, Cheetham
Rubens, Alex., 37 Aberdare Gds., N. W. 6 Susman, Dr. W. B., Pathological Dept..
Rubens. A., 10 Grove End Rd., N. W. 8 Manchester Univ.
Rubens, H. I., 9-11 Copthall Av., E. C. 2 Wallfish, S., 7 Bennett Rd., Hr.
Rubenstein, S., 247 Willesden Lane, N. Crumpsall
W. 2 Webber, Geo., Sunnyside, Leicester, Br'n
Sacks. Dr. S.. 13 New Rd., E. C. Yoffey, Dr. J. M., Victoria University
Samuel, W. S., 8 Frognal Lane, N. W. 3
Schen, L., 98 Great Tower St., E. C. 3
Simon, Leon, 7 Briardale Gds., N. W. 3 New Castle-upon-Tyne
Sklan, S. L., "Lakefield," Woodbury Drukker, Rev. E., 21 Lyndhurst Av.
Down, N. 4 Newton, I., "Lyndore," The Grove
Smith, S., 42 Kings Rd., Sloane Sq.
Sorsby, M., 107 Brondesbury Pk., N.
W. 2 Newport Monmouthshire
Spanjer, S.. 58 St. Kildas Rd., N. 16 Harris, Lionel L.. 11 Fields Rd.
Summerfield, W., 2 Pump Ct. Temple E. Hymans, A., 20 Edward VII Av.
C. 4
Swager, S., 43 King Edwards Rd., E. 9
Swaything, The Dowager Lady, 28 Norfolk
Kensington Ct. Fabritz, Rev. M. I., Synagogue, Norwich
Tanchan, M., 17 Woodchurch Rd., N. W.
6
Taylor, A. A., 24 Osbaldeston Rd. Northampton
The Jewish Orphanage, West Norwood Doffman, Mrs. S., 43 St. Matthews Par.
Tobias, Mrs., L., "Havilah," Beechwood
Av. Oxford
Torrance, Dr. M. C, 146 Mile End, E. 1
Tuck, Esq., Gustave, 33 Upper Hamilton Loewe, H., 29 Beaumont
Ter., N. W. 8
Weizmann, Dr. C, 16 Addison Crescent, Ramsgate
W. 14 Pereira-Rodrigues, Rev. B., Temple
Wolf. Mrs. M.. 9 Ellerdale Rd.
Woolf, A., 38 Wentworth Rd., N. W. 11 Cottage
Woolf, S. J., 38 Wentworth Rd.. N. W. 11
Yahuda, Mrs. E., 80 Warwick Gds.. W. 17 Richmond, Surrey
Zeitlyn. E., 4 Kidderpore Gds., N. W. Howitt, A., The Castle
Zoob, I., 6 Wandsworth Bdge. Rd.
Salford
Manchester
Adler. N. I., 44 Bignor, Hghtn. Portnoy, H., 114 Chapel
Alman, L., 171 Gt. Ducie
Bernstein, S., 1 Nightingale Southport
Chadwick, Dr. W., 379 Cheetham Hill Silverstone. Dr. A. E., 50 Hartwood Rd
Rd.
Cohen, B., 96 Palatine Rd., West Sunder land
Didsbury
Cohen, Rev. M. M., 64 Heywood. Cohen, M. A., 46 Ashwood Ter.
Cheetham
Davis, N., 12 Sheepfoot Lane, Prestwich Tunbridge, Wells
Dr. Moses Gaster Lodge, I. O. B. B.
Finestone. A.. 9 Wellington E., Hr. Br. Phillips, L. H., "Corner House," Chest-
Goddard, G., 112 Kings Rd., Prestwich nut Av., Southborough
498 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [Palestine
FRANCE
Paris
Jewish Colonization Ass'n, 29 rue de la
Bienfaisance
GERMANY
Bavaria Breslau
Loeb, Herrn Jas., Landhaus "Hochried" Vogelstein, Dr. H., Am. Anger 8
Berlin Charlottenburg 2
Weinberg, Dr. S., 46 Guentzel Str. 46 Lehmann, Dr. J., Fasanenstr. 6
HUNGARY
Budapest
Landes-Rabbinerschule, VIII Rokk Sz-
ilard-utca 26
INDIA
Bombay
Moses, M. A., Tarmahomed Bldg.
IRELAND
Belfast
Briscoe, W.. 10 Malone Pk.
Isaacs, Mrs. B., 18 Malone Pk.
ITALY
Rome
Federazione Delle Associazioni Culturali
Ebraiche D'Italia
Gordon, Dr. H. L., Casella, 1046
MEXICO
Monterrey, N. L. Saltillo, Coahuila
LIBRARY MEMBER
Nathan, E. I., American Consul Sokobin, S.. American Consulate
PALESTINE
Haifa Goldwater, A., Box 554
Rosenblatt, B. A., P. O. Box 33 Hadar Hyamson. A. M., Dept. of Labour. Box
Hacarmel „,? , . •. T . , „ .
, , Kligler. I. J., Hebrew University
Jerusalem Rosenberg, M., P. O. Box 391
Abrahams, S., P. O. Box 178 Sacher, H., Box 393
Agronsky, G., P. O. Box 625 Seligman, M., P. O. Box 391
Bentwich, H., Rechavia Viteles, Harry. P. O. Box 238
South Africa] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 499
PORTUGAL
Lisbon
Amzalak, Prof. Moses, Bensabat,
104 Avenida Duque de Louie lo
Levy, Abraham Abner, 17 Rua Castitho
REPUBLIC OF PANAMA
Panama
Halman, I. P. O., Box 617
SCOTLAND
Glasgow Morris, Dr. N., Barone, W., Chapelton
Ave., Bearsden
Bloch, M., 138 Renfield Naftalin, A., 82 Albert Rd., Crosshill
Levine, Dr. E., S Charing Cross Mansions Sachs, J., 1S3 Monreith Rd., Cathcart
Lipsey, Dr. J., 14 Grosvenor Ter. Samuel, J. M., 12 Beaumont Gate
Mellick, J., 23 Apsley PI. Walport, N., 18 Williamwood Pk., W.
Michaelson, Dr. I., 109 Lennox, Possipark Netherlee
EAST AFRICA
Kenya Colony
Ruben, A., P. O. Box 408, Nairobi
Somen, Miss P., P. O. Box 247, Nairobi
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA

Aliwal North Bloemfontein, O. F. S.
Becker, H., P. O. Box 48 Bloch, Mrs. G., 4 Milner Rd.
Becker. M., P. O. Box 9 Bradlow, H., P. O. Box 78, Maitland
Bendelstein, H., Somerset Pencharz. M., P. O. Box 755
Cohen, H. M., Queens Ter. Schwartz, A., P. O. Box 236
Frankel, A., Imperial Hotel
Gerber, Rev. B., Barkley Bulawayo, Rhodesia
Gerber, I., P. O. Box 84 Blumberg, D. A., Box 409
Hirshowitz, W. M., P. O. Box 89
Marcow, A., Box 9 Cape Province
Sanders, B., P. O. Box 9
Sief, W., Somerset Edelstein, I., Barkley East
Levenson, Mrs. M., Grand Hotel, Bark-
ley E.
Benonl, Transvaal Levin, Fannie, P. O. Box 29, Somerset
LIFE MEMBER East
Muizenberg Young Israel Society
Benoni Dorshei Zion Ass'n. Queenstown Sons of Zion, 22 Livingston
LIBRARY MEMBER Rd., Queenstown
Sarif, J., 8 Solomon Rd., Sea Point
Kirschner, N., 105 Ampthill Av. Schneider, B. P. O., Kenegha E. L.
ANNUAL MEMBERS Simenoff, J., Jean Lodge, St. James Rd.,
Sea Point
Benoni Jewish Cultural & Social Society Wulf.Rev. B., P. O. Box 21,
Goodman, I., c/o Rand Daily Mail Vanrhynsdorp
Levy, A. J., P. O. Box 342 Zneimer, E. Buffelspaagts Station, Dist.
London, G., P. O. Box 252 Swellendam
Smith, M., Bright & May»r Av.
Cape Town
Bethlehem Aaronowitch, H.. P. O. Box 56, Noorder
Bethlehem Jewish Library, P. O. Box 96 Paarl
500 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK [South Africa
Abrahams, A. E., 122 Longmarket Johannesburg, Transvaal

Alexander, M., Sav. Bk. Bldg., 117 St. Alexander, B., Box 2590
George Baynash, E. B., Box 4359
Altschul, Dr. H. W., Lawrence Rd., Belcher, Lewis L., 31 Sauer
Athlone Blank, H. S., 96 Banket, Hillbrow
Bashew, H., P. O. Box 343 Bradlow & Co., A. R., 83 Market
Bashew, M., P. O. Box 343 Bradlow, D. A., 83 Market
Bender, Rev. A. P., 88 Hatfield St. Gds. Braude, M., Box 5084
Benischowitz, M. I., 8 Parliament Cassel, P., P. O. Box 3511
Getz, 0., P. O. Box 1972 Cohen, Miss F., 12 Elm, Houghton
Goodman, I. M., P. O. Box 1204 Cranko, J., 46 Sauers Bldgs.
Gradner, L., Hilton Rd. & Montrose Av. Edenburg, S.. Box 5472
Guinz berg. Miss H. L., Muizenberg Falkow, E., P. O. Box 7132
Herbstein, Mrs. B., Tel Hai, Marmion Gabrilowitz, J., P. O. Box 6441
Rd. Guinsberg, Mrs. O., Box 1149
Horwitz, M., c/o 9 Schoonder Hayman, Mrs. E., "The Angles," Jan
Jackson, A. M., P. O. Box 341 Smuts Av.
Kaufman, Dr. C., Avoca, Main Rd., Kamovsky. H. L., P. O. Box 5933
Wynberg Lenson, I., Geranium
Kibel, Rev. S., 88 Hatfield St. Gds. Lipworth, A., Box 5084
Matthews, L., 82 New Church, Tarn- Lipworth, W., Box 7132
boerskloof Massey, J., Box 4710
Muizenberg & Kalk Bay Talmud Torah Rajak, H., P. O. Box 3288
School Sapiro, S., 73 B Raleigh
Nell, S., P. O. Box 3096 Schneier, S., P. O. Box 6009
Philips, A., Sandhurst, Ottery Rd., Shaffer, D., 46 Sauers Bldgs.
Wynberg Sieff, Dr. B., 40 Louis Botha Av.
Pincus, Dr. J. V., Main Rd., Plumstead Sive, Abr., P. O. Box 5933
Schach, M., 77 Waterkant
Schermann, I., P. O. Box 221 King Williams Town
Schwartz, I., 84 St. George's
Segal, L., Clonbrook Av., Dis. Sea Pt. Cohen, M. B., 4 Wellington
Smollan, M. M., P. O. Box 2551
Zionist Hall Liby., Hope Lindley, O. F. S.
Lange, S.
Clairwood, Natal Nathanson, I., P. O. Box 20
Smith, Dr. N. Natal
Durban Lipworth, Dr. M.. Red Hill
LIBRARY MEMBER Noorder Paarl
The Durban Jewish Club, P. O. Box Silbert, I. B., Lady Grey
2198
ANNUAL MEMBERS Paul Roux
Alper, Dr. Minnie, 310 Vause Rd.
Bloom, B. H., Cato Rd., Extension Kristal, Miss Y.. P. O. Box 9
Freed, M., 244 Musgrave Rd. Pietersburg, Transvaal
Henochsberg, E. S., Temple Ohambers
Jacobson, S. L., 389 Cuerie Rd. Pietersburg Zoutpansberg Zionist Society
Levy, Rabbi E. M., 166 Moore Rd.
Magid, H. L., 376 Smith Port Elizabeth
Moshal, Dr. B., 249 Avondale Rd. Abrahams, J., 128 Main
Moshal. S.. P. O. Box 1183 Cohn, S., 2 Clevedon Rd.
Moss-Morris, H., P. O. Box 879 Elion, S. J., P. O. Box 408
Wolpert, M., P. O. Box 2050 Joffa, H., 4 Cambridge Rd.
Kaplan, J., New Brighton
East Griqueland Lapin, A. H., P. O. Box 221
Barnard, M., P. O. Franklin Marcow, L. D., New Brighton
Mirkin, L.. P. O. Box 9
East London Schumacker, J., Box 408
Shochet, J., Box 198
Aronwitz, Master J., 44 St. James Rd. Solomons, W., 119 Princes
Franklin, M., 114 Oxford Spilkin, J., P. O. Box 90
Gottlieb, H., P. O. Box 382 Spilkin, M., P. O. Box 4|6
Tabacho'witz, M., 9« Newlngton Rd.
Humansdorp Wailer, A.. P. O. Box 149
Markman, A., P. O. Box 6 Weinronk, B., 104 Cape Rd.
Schultz, Miss Esther, Royal Hotel Weinronk, Simon, 57 Princes
Wales] JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY 501
Pretoria Steynsrust
Getz, A., P. O. Box 743 T „„„„ w p n n™ i
Lange W
Hirsch, Rabbi W.. 211 Struben ' - ' °- B o x 3
P
Pretoria Jewish Liby., 211 Struben

Saks, J. L., 210 Church Vereenlglng Trans.
Roodebank, Transvaal Feldman, Dr. S.
Rosmarin, Harry
i» . . . ^> r. c Warmbaths
Rouxville, O. F. S.
Cohen, M. Isaacson, M. I., Box 27
Rubin,' J.,'p. O. Box 30
Somerset Strand Wolseley
Isaacson. Dr. B., De Beers Rd. Kirsch, H., Ou Stasie
South Rhodesia
Krikler, Mrs. T. H.. Shabani /.astron
Ralstein, M., P. O. Box 423 Levitt, S.. P. O. Box 138
SOUTH AMERICA
Brazil
Gardner, M., Rua Das Palmeiras 3, Sao
Paulo
SPAIN
Gibraltar, B. C.
Levy, M. I.. 64 Irish Town
SWITZERLAND
Geneva
Parkes, J., 13 Rue Calvin
VIRGIN ISLANDS. U. S. A.
St. Thomas
Trepuk, Max E., Villa Edlitham
WALES
Bangor Diamond, A., 189 Bute Rd.
WartaH I Derwpn Dee Hauser, A., 37 Park PI.
Wartski, I.. Derwen Lleg. Janner, B., SO Tydraw Rd.
rwrnarnonshire Jerevitch, Rev. H., 79 Hamilton
Caernaroonshire Josephson, A.. IS Beauchamp
Pollecoff, S., Mimmanton, So. Rd. Ovitz, J., 121 Cathedral Rd.
„ .,_ Reuben, E.. 9 Glossop Ter.
Cardiff Shepherd, I., 12 Richmond Rd.
Cohen, I. C , 48 Penylan Rd. Shepherd, M., 99 Kimberly Rd.
MEMBERSHIP TO JUNE 1, 1931
Life Sus- Friend Patron Library Annual

taining
Alabama 3 1 21
Arizona 8
Arkansas 8
California 6 3 18 146
Colorado 1 2 40
Connecticut 1 166
Delaware 31
District of Columbia 1 5 33
Florida 17
1
Georgia J. 26
Illinois 2 1 27 381
Indiana . . 4 60
Iowa. 1 1 30
Kansas 12
Kentucky 1 37
Louisiana 1 1 41
Maine ... 5
Maryland 10 242
Massachusetts 1 1 6 330
Michigan 1 9 115
Minnesota 66
Mississippi 17
Missouri 1 6 100
Montana 5
Nebraska 2 34
Nevada 1
New Hampshire 1 3
New Jersey 1 21 497
New Mexico 2
New York City 15 1 3 16 142 1094
New York State . . 3 1 54 781
North Carolina 1 1 13
North Dakota. . . 15
Ohio 6 1 2 13 377
Oklahoma . . 1 13
Oregon ... 2 18
Philadelphia 5 1 2 14 43 744
Pennsylvania State . . . 8 3 26 439
Rhode Island.. . . 1 1 18
South Carolina 1 10
Tennessee 27
Texas 1 81
Utah 4
Vermont 2
Virginia 22
MEMBERSHIP TO JUNE 1, 1931 (Continued)
Life Sus-
taining Friend Patron Library Annual
Washington 15
West Virginia 27
Wisconsin 59
Asia 1
Australia and New Zealand 27
Belgium 1
British West Indies 4
Canada 104
Central America 1
China 1
Cuba 2
Denmark v 1
Egypt "*4 7
England 186
France 1
Germany 4
Hungary 1
India 1
Ireland 2
Italy 2
Mexico 2
Palestine 11
Portugal 2
Republic of Panama 1
Scotland 10
East Africa 2
Union of South Africa.... 142
South America 1
Spain 1
Switzerland 1
Virgin Islands 1
Wales 12
65 47 415 6765
CHARTER
The terms of the charter are as follows:
The name of the corporation is THE JEWISH PUBLICATION
SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
The said Corporation is formed for the support of a
benevolent educational undertaking, namely, for the publi-
cation and dissemination of literary, scientific, and religious
works, giving instruction in the principles of the Jewish
religion and in Jewish history and literature.
The business of said corporation is to be transacted in
the city and county of Philadelphia.
The corporation is to exist perpetually.
There is no capital stock, and there are no shares of stock.
The corporation is to be managed by a Board of Trustees,
consisting of fifteen members, and by the following officers:
President, Vice-President, Secretary, and Treasurer, and
such other officers as may from time to time be necessary.
BY-LAWS
ARTICLE I
Membership
SECTION I.—The Society shall be composed of Annual
Members, Special Members, Library Members, Patrons,
Friends, and Life Members. Any person of the Jewish faith
may become a Member by paying annually the sum of three
dollars ($3), or a Special Member by the annual payment of
five dollars ($5), or a Library Member by the annual pay-
ment of ten dollars ($10), or a Patron by the annual pay-
ment of twenty dollars ($20), or a Friend by the annual
payment of fifty dollars ($50), or a Life Member by one
payment of one hundred dollars ($100).
SEC. II.—Any Jewish Society may become a Member by
the annual payment of ten dollars ($10).
SEC. HI.—Any person may become a Subscriber by the
annual payment of three dollars ($3), which entitles him or
her to all the publications of the Society to which members
are entitled.
ARTICLE II
Meetings
SECTION I.—The annual meeting of this Society shall be
held in the month of March, the day of such meeting to be
fixed by the Directors at their meeting in the previous
January.
SEC. II.—Special meetings may be held at any time at the
call of the President, or by a vote of a majority of the Board
of Directors, or at the written request of fifty members of
the Society.
ARTICLE III
Officers and Their Duties
SECTION I.—There shall be twenty-one Directors, to be
elected by the Society by ballot.
At the annual meeting to be held in May, 1908, there
shall be elected eleven directors, seven to serve for one year,
two to serve for two years, and two to serve for three years:
and at every subsequent annual meeting, seven directors

shall be elected for three years.
SEC. II.—Out of the said twenty-one, the Society shall
annually elect a President, Vice-President, and Second Vice-
President, who shall hold their offices for one year.
SEC. HI.—The Society shall also elect fifteen Honorary
Vice-Presidents, in the same manner for the same terms of
office as the Directors are chosen.
SEC. IV.—The Board of Directors shall elect a Treasurer,
a Secretary, and such other officers as they may from time
to time find necessary or expedient for the transaction of the
Society's business.
SEC. v.—The Board of Directors shall appoint its own
committee, including a Publication Committee, which com-
dittee may consist in whole or in part of members of the
Board.
The Publication Committee shall serve for one year.
ARTICLE IV
Quorum
SECTION I.—Forty members of the Society shall consti-
tute a quorum for the transaction of business.
ARTICLE V
Vacancies
SECTION I.—The Board of Directors shall have power to
fill all vacancies for unexpired terms.
ARTICLE VI
Benefits
SECTION I.—Every member of the Society shall receive a
copy of each of its publications approved by the Board of
Directors for distribution among the members.
ARTICLE VII
Free Distribution
SECTION I.—The Board of Directors is authorized to dis-
tribute copies of the Society's publications among such
institutions as may be deemed proper, and wherever such

distribution may be deemed productive of good for the
cause of Israel.
ARTICLE VIII
A uxiliaries
SECTION I.—Other associations for a similar object may
be made auxiliary to this Society, by such names and in
such manner as may be directed by the Board of Directors,
and shall have the privilege of representation at meetings.
Agencies for the sale and distribution of the Society's publi-
cations shall be established by the Board of Directors in
different sections of the country. The Society shall have the
right to establish branches.
ARTICLE IX
Finances
SECTION I.—Moneys received for life memberships, and
donations and bequests for such purpose, together with such
other moneys as the Board of Directors may deem proper,
shall constitute a permanent fund, but the interest of such
fund may be used for the purposes of the Society.
ARTICLE x
Amendments
These By-Laws may be altered or amended by a vote of
two-thirds of those entitled to vote at any meeting of the
Society; provided that thirty days' notice be given by the
Board of Directors, by publication, to the members of the
Society.
LIST OF BOOKS
ISSUED BY
T H E JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

OF AMERICA
THE HOLY SCRIPTURES—(New Translation.) The Board of

Editors consisted of Doctors Solomon Schechtefr, Cyrus Adler,
Joseph Jacobs, Kaufman Kohler, David Philipson, Samuel
Schulman and Prof. Max L. Margolis. Type very legible.
Cloth, red edges, 1 in. thick $1.25
Black Leather, gold edges 3.00
White Leather, gold edges 3.00
Bridal Bible, leatherette and silk moire 3.00
Flexible Morocco, gold edges 7.50
Pulpit and Family Bible, 13 in. x 15 in., seal grain leather.. 40.00
ABRIDGED BIBLE. Especially arranged for Children 1.25
SELECTED POEMS OF SOLOMON IBN GABIROL. Eng-
lish Translation by Israel Zangwill. Hebrew text edited by Dr.
Israel Davidson. First volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics.
Leather, $5.00; Cloth, 2.50
SELECTED POEMS OF JEHUDAH HALEVI. English Trans
lation by Nina Salaman. Hebrew text edited by Dr. Heinrich
Brody. Second volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics.
HEBREW ETHICAL WILLS. Testamentary directions for
religious and secular guidance. Translated by Dr. Israel Abra-
hams. Third volume of the Schiff Jewish Classics. In two parts.
TREATISE TA'ANIT OF THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD.
Translated by Henry Malter. Of great value as a source for
Jewish history, liturgy and folklore. Fourth volume of the
Schiff Jewish Classics Leather, $5.00; Cloth, 2.50
SEFER HA-'IKKARIM: BOOK OF PRINCIPLES. By Joseph
Albo. Critically edited on the basis of manuscripts and old
editions and provided with a Translation and Notes, by Dr.
Isaac Husik. Explains the fundamental principles of the
Jewish faith. In five volumes Leather, $25.00; Cloth, 10.00
HISTORY
HISTORY OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE. By Profs. Max L.
Margolis and Alexander Marx. Authoritative one-volume his-
tory of the Jews published in America, 848 pages. Complete
Bibliography, Chronological Tables, Index, 13 maps in color.
Creation to 1927 Leather, $10.00; Cloth, 4.00
HISTORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. H. Graetz. From the
earliest period to modern times. 4,000 pages, covering over
4,000 years. Six volumes 12.00
HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN FRANKFORT. By A Frei-

mann. First volume in Jewish Community Series $2.25
HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN LONDON. By Elkan N. Adler.
Second volume in Jewish Community Series 2.25
HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN VENICE. By Cecil Roth. Third
Volume in Jewish Community Series . 2.25
HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA AND POLAND. By
S. M. Dubnow. From the earliest times until the present day.
With Bibliography. 3 volumes. Each 2.50
JEWISH HISTORY. By S. M. Dubnow. Essays on Spirit of
Jewish History .. . 1.25
JEWISH CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION—AN ES-
TIMATE. By Joseph Jacobs. An account of the part played
by the Jews in progress of mankind 2.25
JEWS AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. By Max
Radin. Presents the nature of the contact between the Jews,
Greeks and Romans 1.75
MESSIAH IDEA IN JEWISH HISTORY. By Julius H. Green-
s t o n e . A n a c c o u n t of t h e belief i n t h e c o m i n g of M e s s i a h . . . . 1.50
OLD EUROPEAN JEWRIES. By David Philipson 2.00
OUTLINES OF JEWISH HISTORY. By Lady Magnus. New
and revised edition. From the Babylonian Exile to 1929 1.25
VOICE OF AMERICA ON KISHINEFF. Edited by Dr.
Cyrus Adler 1.00
BIOGRAPHY, ESSAYS AND
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS
LIFE AND WORKS OF SAADIA GAON. By Henry Maker.
The authority on the subject 4.00
JOSEPHUS. By Norman Bentwich. The Foremost Jewish
Historian 1.50
MAIMONIDES. By David Yellin and Israel Abrahams. Philos-
opher of the Middle Ages 1.50
MOSES MONTEFIORE. By Paul Goodman. The outstanding
philanthropist 1.50
RASHI. By Maurice Liber. The brilliant commentator of the
Bible 1.50
BOOK OF PSALMS. Pocket edition; beautifully printed and
bound Cloth, $0.35; Paper, $0.20; Leather 1.00
HEBREW SCRIPTURES IN THE MAKING. By Max L.
Margolis. A survey of the present-day views on the history and
growth of the Hebrew Scriptures. With a chronological table.. . 1.00
LIFE OF THE PEOPLE IN BIBLICAL TIMES. By Max
Radin 1-50
STORY OF BIBLE TRANSLATIONS. By Max L. Margolis.
Illustrated 75
AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK. Contains a Survey of the
Year and much valuable information of timely Jewish interest.
For 5689 (1928-1929) 2.00
For 5691 (1930-1931) 3.00
For 5692 (1931-1932) 3.00
BOOK OF DELIGHT AND OTHER PAPERS. By Israel

Abrahams. A collection of fascinating essays: George Eliot,
How Milton Pronounced Hebrew, etc $2.25
CHAPTERS ON JEWISH LITERATURE. By Israel Abra-
hams. From the fall of Jerusalem to death of Moses Mendels-
sohn in 1785. Manual for home and school 1.75
ETHICS OF JUDAISM. By M. Lazarus. Part II, Santification
of Life the Aim of Morality 1.50
HASKALAH MOVEMENT IN RUSSIA. By Jacob S. Raisin. . 2.25
HEARTH & HOME ESSAYS. By Esther J. Ruskay 50
HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL JEWISH PHILOSOPHY. By Dr.
Isaac Husik 4.00
LEGENDS OF THE JEWS. By Louis Ginzberg. Legends refer-
ing to Biblical personages and events, gathered from original
sources. I. From the Creation to Jacob; II. From Joseph to
Exodus; III. From Exodus to Death of Moses; IV. From
Joshua to Esther. Four volumes. Each volume 2.00
Volumes V and VI containing exhaustive notes to above text,
each 3.50
LETTERS OF REBECCA GRATZ. Of strong Jewish and gen-
eral interest. Edited and annotated by Dr. David Philipson . . . . 3.00
ORIGIN OF REPUBLICAN FORM OF GOVERNMENT IN
THE UNITED STATES. By Oscar S. Straus. An excellent
statement of the influence of the Old Testament upon the Con-
stitution of the United States 1.75
POST-BIBLICAL HEBREW LITERATURE. An anthology
by B. Halper.
Vol. I. Hebrew Texts, Notes and Glossary 2.50
Vol. II. English Translation 2.00
RENASCENCE OF HEBREW LITERATURE. By Nahum
Slouschz 2.25
SELECTED ESSAYS OF AHAD HA'AM. Eighteen essays of
the greatest of modern Hebrew philosophers from the Hebrew
by Leon Simon 2.25
STUDENTS, SCHOLARS AND SAINTS. By Louis Ginzberg.
Series of fascinating essays 2.25
STUDIES IN JUDAISM. By Solomon Schechter. A collection
of popular essays. Fascinating studies of leading Jewish move-
ments in recent times Series II, $2.25; Series III, 2.25
THE TALMUD. By Arsene Darmesteter. A presentation of
Talmudic law and its evolution 75
THE TALMUD. By Emanuel Deutsch. A brilliant essay describ-
ing the nature and contents of the entire Talmudic Literature .75
TRAVELS IN NORTH AFRICA. By Nahum Slouschz.
Revealing an amazing Jewish civilization hitherto unknown to
the western world 2.50
WORLDS THAT PASSED. By A. S. Sachs. Intimate and
sympathetic description of life in Eastern Europe 2.25
ZIONISM. By Richard J. H. Gottheil. The author holds the
view that Zionism is the only solution of the Jewish problem.
Illustrated 1.75
FICTION
BEATING SEA AND CHANGELESS BAR. By Jacob
Lazarre . $1.00
BREAKFAST OF THE BIRDS AND OTHER STORIES.
By Judah Steinberg. With four colored illustrations. Beautiful
gift for young children 1.50
DAVID THE GIANT KILLER AND OTHER TALES OF
GRANDMA LOPEZ. By Emily Solis-Cohen. Well-told stories
from Bible, united in one narrative. Illustrated 90
FEET OF THE MESSENGER. By Yehoash. Translated by
Isaac Goldberg. A volume of travel sketches vividly describing
a trip to Palestine 1.75
GAME OF DOEG. By E. E. Harris. A story of the life of
David 1.00
IN THOSE DAYS. By Judah Steinberg. A translation of a
Hebrew tale, dealing with the life of Russian Jewish soldiers in
the time of Czar Nicholas I 90
KIDDUSH HA-SHEM. By Sholom Ash. A passionate epic... 2.00
PLAYMATES IN EGYPT. By Elma Ehrlich Levinger. A
collection of stories suitable for the various Jewish Holidays.... 1.00
RABBI AND PRIEST. By Milton Goldsmith. A novel por-
traying the character, life and sufferings of the Russian Jew. . 1.25
SABBATAI TSEVI. By Sholom Ash. Translated by Prof.
George R. Noyes and Miss Florence Whyte 1.50
SCHOOL DAYS IN HOME TOWN. By A. S. Isaacs. A story
based upon life in a Jewish boarding school 1.25
SIMON EICHELKATZ, THE PATRIARCH. Two stories of
German-Jewish life. By Ulrich Frank 1.50
SIGN ABOVE THE DOOR. By William W. Canfield. A charm-
ing story based on the Biblical narrative of the Exodus 1.25
SONGS OF EXILE. By Nina Davis 1.00
SONS OF THE COVENANT. By Samuel Gordon. Excellent
tale of London Jewry 1.75
STORIES AND PICTURES. By Isaac Loeb Perez. Appealing
portraits of Old World Jewish life 1.75
STORIES OF JEWISH HOME LIFE. By S. H. Mosenthal... 1.50
UNDER THE SABBATH LAMP. By Abram S. Isaacs 1.25
WONDER TALES OF BIBLE DAYS. By Elma E. Levinger.
Fascinating Rabbinical and Midrashic legends adapted for
juveniles 1.00
JEWISH JUVENILE CLASSICS

One Dollar Library
IDYLS OF THE GASS. By Martha Wolfenstein. Fascinating
pictures of past life in an Austrian Ghetto 1.00
IN ASSYRIAN TENTS. By Louis Pendleton. The story of the
strange adventures of Uriel , .. . 1.00
LOST PRINCE ALMON. By Louis Pendleton. A charming
story for children 1-00
POWER OF PURIM. By Irma Kraft. A series of one act plays

designed for Jewish Religious Schools $1.00
RENEGADE AND OTHER TALES. By Martha Wolfenstein.
Thirteen delightful stories of Jewish life 1.00
STEP BY STEP. By Abram S. Isaacs. A story of the early life
of Moses Mendelssohn 1.00
THINK AND THANK. By G. W. Cooper. The boyhood story
of Sir Moses Montifiore in romance form 1.00
YOUNG CHAMPION. By Abram S. Isaacs. Fascinating story
of the life of Grace Aguilar 1.00
PUBLICATIONS OF THE JEWISH PUBLICATION

SOCIETY OUT OF PRINT
AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK 5660 (1899-1900) to 5686 (1925-26)
A SKETCH OF JEWISH HISTORY, by Gustav Karpeles
JEWISH LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AGES, by Israel Abrahams
T H E PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IN RUSSIA
JEWISH SERVICES IN SYNAGOGUE AND HOME, by Lewis N. Dembitz
STUDIES IN JUDAISM, by S. Schechter, Volume I
SABBATH HOURS, by Liebman Adler
SOME JEWISH WOMEN by Henry Zirndorf
THEY THAT WALK IN DARKNESS, by I. Zangwill
DREAMERS OF THE GHETTO, by I. Zangwill
IN THE PALE, by Henry Iliowizi
VOEGELE'S MARRIAGE AND OTHER TALES, by Louis Schnabel
UNDER THE EAGLE'S WING, by Sara Miller
STRANGERS AT THE GATE, by Samuel Gordon
T H E VALE OF CEDARS AND OTHER TALES, by Grace Aguilar
WITHIN THE PALE, by Michael Davitt
LEGENDS AND TALES, by Isabel E. Cohen
JEWS IN MANY LANDS, by Elkan N. Adler
JEWS AND JUDAISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, by Gustav Karpeles
HOLY SCRIPTURES WITH COMMENTARY-MICAH, by Max L. Margolis
PHILO-JUDAEUS OF ALEXANDRIA, by Norman Bentwich
LEON GORDON, by Abraham Rhine
SELECTIONS OF PROSE AND POETRY, by Marion L. Misch
YIDDISH TALES, by Helena Frank
SONGS OF A WANDERER, by P. M. Raskin
ABRIDGED PRAYER BOOK FOR JEWS IN ARMY AND NAVY OF UNITEDSTATES
LITTLE STUDIES IN JUDAISM
BY-PATHS IN HEBRAIC BOOKLAND, by by Israel Abrahams
HELLENISM, by Norman Bentwich
KASRIEL THE WATCHMAN, by Rufus Learsi
CHILDREN OF THE GHETTO, by I. Zangwill
The Jewish Publication Society of America

S. E. Cor. Broad & Spring Garden Sts.
ANNOUNCING:
STIye Info's Ithle

AN ESPECIAL FORMAT SUITABLY DESIGNED
FOR THE PROPER OCCASION
Size 33^ inches X 5% inches.
White Moire Padded Silk, $3.00 per copy.
White leather, $3.00 per copy.
This Bible is, of course, the Jewish Publication Society

Translation of 1917.
Inasmuch as it is a book of the Jewish Publication Society,

we offer our members a discount 20%.
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY

OF AMERICA
S. E. Cor. Broad and Spring Garden Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE DROP SIE COLLEGE
1. T H E LIFE AND WORKS OF MOSES HAYYIM LUZZATTO,

Founder of Modern Hebrew Literature. By SIMON
GINZBURG, Ph.D. 1931. vii+189 pages. Cloth bound.
$2.50 postpaid.
2. STUDIES IN JEWISH LITURGY. Based on a Unique Man-
uscript entitled SEDER HIBBUR BERAKOT. In two parts.
By ABRAHAM I. SCHECHTER, Ph.D. 1930. viii+139
pages. Paper bound. $2.00 postpaid.
3. JUDAH BEN SOLOMON COMPANTON and his "ARBA'AH
KINYANIM." By ELHANAN H. GOLOMB, Ph.D. 1930.
v+110 pages. Paper bound. $200. postpaid.
4. T H E JEWISH LAW OF THEFT with Comparative References
to Roman and English Law. By MOSES JUNG, LL.B.,
Ph.D. 1929. vi + 145 pages. Paper bound. $2.00 postpaid.
5. T H E ARABIC COMMENTARY OF 'ALI BEN SULEIMAN THE
KARAITE ON THE BOOK OF GENESIS. By SOLOMON L.
SKOSS, Ph.D. 1928. viii+213 pages. Paper bound. $2.00
postpaid.
6. RABBI YOM TOB LIPPMAN MUELHAUSEN, The Apolo-
gete, Cabbalist and Philosophical Writer and His Books:
Haeshkol and Kawwanath Hatefillah. Edited from
Unique Manuscripts. By JUDAH KAUFMAN, Ph.D. 1926.
190 pages. Paper bound. $1.50 postpaid. (In Hebrew).
For Sale by
THE JEWISH PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA
S. E. Cor. Broad and Spring Garden Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
COUPON

S. E. Corner Broad & Spring Garden Sts.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Gentlemen:
Please send me copies of
1. $2.50
2. 2.00
3. 2.00
Please attach remittance to your order.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE DROPSIE COLLEGE
7. FALLEN ANGELS IN JEWISH, CHRISTIAN AND MOHAM-

MEDAN LITERATURE. By LEO JUNG, Ph.D. 1926.
viii +174 pages. Paper bound. $2.00 postpaid.
8. T H E PROBLEM OF THE EXISTENCE OF GOD IN MAI-
MONIDES, ALANUS, AND AVERROES. A Study in the
Religious Philosophy of the Twelfth Century. By
SAMUEL NIRENSTEIN, Ph.D. 1924. 60 pages. Paper
bound. $1.00 postpaid.
9. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF GENIZAH FRAGMENTS IN
PHILADELPHIA. By B. HALPER, M.A., Ph.D. 1924. 235
pages. Cloth bound. $3.00 postpaid.
10. T H E STATUS OF LABOR IN ANCIENT ISRAEL. By MAYER
SULZBERGER, LL.D. 1923. 121 pages. Cloth bound.
$1.50 postpaid.
11. PROLEGOMENA TO A GREEK-HEBREW AND HEBREW-
GREEK INDEX TO AQUILA. By JOSEPH REIDER, Ph.D.
1916. 160 pages. Cloth bound. $1.50 postpaid.
12. A VOLUME OF-THE BOOK OF PRECEPTS BY HEFES B.
YASLIAH. Edited from an Arabic MS. in the Library
of the Dropsie College, translated into Hebrew, and
provided with critical notes and an introduction. By
B. HALPER, M.A., Ph.D. 1915. 278 pages. Cloth
bound. $2.00 postpaid.
For Sale by
S. E.Cor. Broad and Spring Garden Sts., Philadelphia, Pa.
COUPON

S. E. Corner Broad & Spring Garden Sts.
Philadelphia, Pa.
Gentlemen:
Please send me copies of
7. $2.00 10. $1.50
8. 1.00 11. 1.S0
9. 3.00 12. 2.00
THE LIFE AND WORKS OF
MOSES HAYYIM LUZZATTO
Founder of Modern Hebrew Literature
By
SIMON GINZBURG, PH.D.
This work reveals the life of the fascinating personality,
Moses Hayyim Luzzatto, born of a distinguished family
in Padua, Italy, in 1707. The work consists of an intro-
duction, in which the author outlines the period prior
to Luzzatto. Then follows a description of his
childhood and youth, his absorption in Cab-
balism and the persecutions which resulted
therefrom. The second part is. devoted to
the analysis of his Cabbalistic and Rab-
binic-philosophical works, his dramas
and lyrical poems and his meter and
style. There is a bibliography and
a selection of unpublished He-
brew documents relating to
Luzzatto
Price $2.50 postpaid. Octavo. Bound in buckram.

Pp. vii+189.
For Sale by
OF AMERICA
Thank you.
MISSING SECTION
OF BEN SIRA
The newly discovered original Hebrew of BEN SIRA
(Ecclesiasticus XXXII, 16—XXXIV, 1). The Fifth Manu-
script edited from MSS. in the Library of the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America by JOSEPH MARCUS.
Originally printed in the Jewish Quarterly Review and now
reprinted with corrections and translation.
The finding of this Chapter and a half of the Hebrew

text of Ben Sira, being a portion missing in the text dis-
covered, edited and translated by Doctor Solomon Schechter,
is an event in Apocryphal Studies.
Rabbi Marcus has carefully edited the texts and has

supplied a translation for the reprint.
Pp. 28, with four facsimiles. Beautifully printed.

Bound in cloth. Price: $1.00.
For Sale by
OF AMERICA

Thank you.
JOSEPHUS ON JESUS
With Particular Reference to
the Slavonic Josephus and
the Hebrew Josippon
By
SOLOMON ZEITLIN Ph.D.
Pp. vi+118, with six photostats of the

Slavonic Josephus, Josippon, and
the Hebrew Josippon.
Cloth bound. Price $2.00.
For Sale by
OF AMERICA
S. E. Cor. Broad and Spring Garden Sts., Philade'phia, Pa.
Thank you.
JEWISH THEOLOGICAL
SEMINARY OF AMERICA
1. JEWISH SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE MIDDLE AGES, by
Louis FINKELSTEIN. Foreword by ALEXANDER MARX.
Price $3.00
2. JEWISH MARRIAGE CONTRACT, a Study in the Status of
the Women in Jewish Law, by Louis M. EPSTEIN.
Price $3.00
3. ITALIAN HEBREW LITERATURE — SABATO MORAIS.
Edited by JULIUS H. GREENSTONE. Foreword by
HENRY S. MORAIS. Price $3.00
GENIZAH STUDIES
(IN HEBREW)
4. Vol. I. MIDRASH AND HAGGADAH, by Louis GIN7BERG.
Price $5.00
5. Vol. II. GEONIC AND EARLY KARAITIC HALAKAH.
Price $6.00
6. Vol. III. LITURGICAL AND SECULAR POETRY, by ISRAEL
DAVIDSON. Price $3.50
For Sale by
COUPON

S. E. Corner Broad and Spring Garden Streets
Philadelphia, Pa.
Gentlemen:
Please send me copy
1 $3.00 4 $5.00
2 3.00 5 6.00
3 3.00 6 3.50
Please attach remittance to order.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY
FOR JEWISH RESEARCH:
1. THE TREATISE TA'ANIT OF
THE BABYLONIAN TALMUD:
Critically edited on the basis of 24 manuscripts,
quotations by old authorities and early editions, and
provided with notes containing the critical apparatus
as well as discussions and explanations of the text,
by Henry Malter.
Price $12.00.
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1928-30:

I. M. Jost, the Historian, by S. Baron; Study of
Mediaeval Hebrew Poetry in the 19th Century, by I.
Davidson; Origin of the Synagogue, by L. Finkelstein;
Joseph Albo, the Last of the Mediaeval Jewish Phi-
losophers, by I. Husik.
Price $1.00.
3. PROCEEDINGS FOR 1931:

See opposite page for details.
All publications of the Academy for sale by

OF AMERICA
Your remittance with your order
will be appreciated.
AMERICAN ACADEMY FOR
JEWISH RESEARCH
"PROCEEDINGS FOR 1931"

1. Israelitish Tradition in the Koran, by Joshua
Finkel.
2. The Origin of the Gnomon, or the Gnomon in
Hebrew Literature, by Solomon Gandz.
3. Substitutes for the Tetragrammaton, by Jacob
Z. Lauterbach.
4. The Origin of the Synagogue. (A Study in the
Development of Jewish Institutions), by Solo-
mon Zeitlin.
5. Some Textual Notes on Judah Halevi's Kusari,
by Israel Efros.
Price SI.00
For Sale by
OF AMERICA
Thank you in advance.
T H E DIVAN OF
LEO DE MODENA
(IN HEBREW)
BY
SIMON BERNSTEIN
WITH A FOREWORD
BY PROFESSOR ISRAEL DAVIDSON
From a unique manuscript in the Bodleian Library at

Oxford. Contains also an introduction in English on
Modena: "one of the most fascinating figures in
Jewish - cultural history of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries."
Price $3.00
For Sale by
OF AMERICA
S. E. Corner Broad and Spring Garden Streets
Philadelphia, Pa.
AMERICAN JEWISH
HISTORICAL SOCIETY
HAS PUBLISHED 32 VOLUMES
These volumes contain papers and addresses of human

and historical interest. The contents cover a wide range
of subjects, and cannot be summarized here.
Write to us for details.
The publications of the Historical Society include articles
among others on such items as:
Settlement of the Jews in Georgia; Beginnings of New
York Jewish History; History of Jews of Chicago; Co-
lumbus in Jewish Literature; American Jew as Soldier and
Patriot; History of Jews of South Carolina; Jews and
Masonry in the United States before 1810; Spanish and
Portuguese Jews in the United States, etc., during 17th
and 18th Centuries; The Fighting Jew; Proposed Scripture
Calendar; Heinrich Graetz, the Historian; Jewish Phy-
sicians in Italy, etc., etc.
A TOTAL OF 32 VOLUMES
ALREADY PUBLISHED
For sale in single copies.
For details on individual volumes write directly to us:

OF AMERICA
JEWISH WELFARE BOARD
WOMAN IN JEWISH LAW
AND LIFE
By EMILY SOUS COHEN, Jr.
Price 35 0
Status, rites and duties of the Jewish woman according
to Jewish law and custom.
This booklet is an analysis of the traditional position
which woman has occupied in family, social and
communal life throughout Jewish history.
OTHER BOOKS OF JEWISH WELFARE BOARD:

1. 250 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON JEW-
ISH FESTIVALS, by Dr. Mordecai Soltes.
Price 35 0
2. CONTEMPORARY JEWISH HISTORY,

CURRENT PROBLEMS AND MOVE-
MENTS: Social-Economic Adjustment of the
Jews to the American Environment, by Dr.
Mordecai Soltes.
Price 35 0
ESPECIALLY SUITED FOR EDUCA-
TIONAL AND STUDY WORK
For Sale by
OF AMERICA

AJY Vol 33 1931 1932

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

AJY Vol 33 1931 1932

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

The American Jewish

IN JANUARY, within five days of one another, but separated by the

The article on Statistics of Jews contains several interesting supple-

EIMIRAIM LEDERER, 5687, pp. 273-285.

T H E JEWISH BATTALIONS AND THE PALESTINE CAMPAIGN, 5680, pp.

Tishri 1 New Year Sept. 23 T Sept. 12 Sa Oct. 1 Sa

Tebet 1 New Moon •Dec. 21 S •Dec. 11 F •Deo. 30 F

Adar 8heni 1 New Moon •Mar. 9 W

Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 19 Th Apr. 7 Th Mar. 28 T

Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 18 Sa •May 7 Sa •Apr. 27 Th

Sivan 1 New Moon May 17 S June 5 S May 26 F

Tammus 1 New Moon •June 16 T •July 5 T •June 25 S

Ab 1 New Moon July 15 W Aug. 3 W July 24 M

Elul 1 New Moon •Aug. 14 F •Sept. 2 F •Aug. 23 W

•Second day of New Moon.

Tishri 1 New Year Sept. 21 Th Sept. 10 M Sept. 28 Sa

Tebet 1 New Moon •Deo. 19 T Dec. 7 F •Dec. 27 F

Adsr Sheni 1 New Moon •Mar. 6 W

Nisan 1 New Moon Mar. 17 Ea Apr. 4 Th Mar. 24 T

Iyar 1 New Moon •Apr. 16 M •May 4 Sa •Apr. 23 Th

Bivan 1 New Moon May 15 T June 2 S May 22 F

Tammui 1 New Moon •June 14 Th •July 2 T •June 21 s

Ab 1 New Moon July 13 F July 31 W July 20 M

Elul 1 New Moon •Aug. 12 8 •Aug. 30 F •Aug. 19 W

•Second day of New Moon.

Civil ofDay PENTATEUGHAL PROPHETICAL

27 S 16 Tabernacles niSDT '3 Lev. 22: 26-23: 44

3 S 22 Eighth Day of the Feast'

12 M 1 New Moon Bnn 'TT '3 Num. 28: 1-15

Civil of the Jewish SABBATHS, FESTI- PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

11 w 1 New Moon CHIl "VI '3 Num. 28: 1-1S

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

Day PENTATEUCH AL PROPHETICAL

7 S 30 New Moon BTin "VI 'K Num. 28: 1-15

20 S 12 -inDN myn Ex. 32: 11-14; 34: fis. 55: 6-56: 8

*The Book of Esther is read.

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

T h e Song of Songt is read.

Day PENTATEUCHAL PROPHETICAL

4 M 30 New Moon tPintPN-n 'N Num. 28: 1-15

•The Book of Ruth is read.

Th 30 New Moon BHn t W m '« Num. 28: 1-15

*The Book of Lamentations is read.

*The Sephardim say Selihot during the whole month of Elul.

Lat. 44° North Lat. 40° North

Lat. 38°-36° North

•Adapted, by permission, from The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XI

feeling grew when, at the meeting of the Council of the

pledge of a continuance of his efforts to support the work,

New York City, Philadelphia, Pa., St. Louis, Mo., and

In order "to acquaint the public with the true facts in

The interest of American Jewry in Palestine matters was

Women's Zionist organization. In the fall, a delegation of

$2,500,000 was to constitute the American share of the

communities had succeeded in raising the quotas assigned

declarations, a violent agitation began in the southern

that the headquarters of anti-Semitic organizations had

change in the taxation system which now imposes a dis-

The phenomenal gain of the National Socialist Party

serious setback to the National Socialist movement, which,

Jews, but that there had been no violence. Early in June,

campaigns were likely to be more successful than separate

announced that during the preceding four months its Shelter