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DC Machines
DC Generators
Shunt generator:
Armature current Ia = IL + Ish.
Shunt field current Ish = V / Rsh.
Terminal voltage V = Eg – IaRa - Vbrush
Generated emf Eg = V + IaRa + Vbrush
Compound generator:
Long shunt compound generator
Armature current Ia = Ise = IL + Ish.
Shunt field current Ish = V / Rsh.
Terminal voltage V = Eg – IaRa - IaRse - Vbrush
Generated emf Eg = V + Ia(Ra+Rse) + Vbrush
Shunt motor:
Line current IL = Ia + Ish.
Shunt field current Ish = V / Rsh.
Terminal voltage V = Eb + IaRa +Vbrush
Generated emf Eb = V - IaRa -Vbrush
Compound motor:
Long shunt compound motor
Armature current Ia = Ise
Line current IL = Ia + Ish.
Shunt field current Ish = V / Rsh.
Terminal voltage V = Eb + IaRa + IaRse + Vbrush
Generated emf Eb = V - Ia(Ra+Rse) - Vbrush
Transformer on no-load:
Active component Iw = Io cosΦo
Reactive component Iμ = Io sinΦo
No-load primary current Io = √(Iw2 + Iμ2 )
No-load input power Po = V1 Io cosΦo
Transformer on load:
Primary current I1 = Io + I2
In primary side
Voltage drop across resistance = I1 R1
Voltage drop across reactance = j I1 X1
Primary voltage V1 = E1 + I1 Z1
In secondary side
Voltage drop across resistance = I2 R2
Voltage drop across reactance = j I2 X2
Secondary voltage V2 = E2 + I2 Z2
Secondary windings referred to primary:
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary R01= R1 + R2
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to primary X01= X1 + X2
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary Z01= √( R012 + X012 )
R2 = R2 / K2
X2 = X2 / K2
Primary windings referred to Secondary:
Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary R02= R1 + R2
Equivalent reactance of the transformer referred to secondary X02= X1 + X2
Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to secondary Z02= √( R022 + X022 )
R1 = R1 K2
X1 = X1 K2
Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to Primary:
R2 = R2 / K2 X2 = X2 / K2 ZL = ZL / K2
I2 = I2 K Ro = V1 / Iw
V2 = V2 / K Xo = V1 / Iμ
Efficiency of a transformer:
Maximum efficiency = full load KVA x √(iron loss / full load copper loss)
Torque equation:
T = K s E22 R2 /√( R22 + (sX2)2 ) Nm
K = 3 / 2 Πns
Maximum torque Tmax = K E22/2X2
Losses:
Input power to the stator Pi = √ 3 VL IL cosΦ
Rotor input P2 = Pi - PSL
Rotor copper loss Pcu = 3 I22 R2
Mechanical power developed in the rotor Pm = P2 - Pcu
Rotor efficiency = rotor output / rotor input = Pm/ P2
Motor efficiency =
mechanical power output at shaft / Electrical power input to the stator = Po/ Pi
f – Supply frequency
P – Number of poles for which stator is wound
Ns – Synchronous speed in rpm
N – Rotor speed in rpm
ns - Rotor speed in rps = Ns /60
R2, X2 – rotor resistance and reactance per phase under standstill
R2, X2 - rotor resistance and reactance referred to stator
RL - load resistance referred to stator
K – Constant of proportionality
PSL - stator losses
Ro, Xo – no load resistance & reactance per phase.
T1 – number of turns in the primary
f- Frequency of the stator supply
Kw – winding factor
P1, P2 – number of poles in main motor & auxiliary motor
Unit 4
Synchronous & Special Machines
Alternator on load:
Synchronous impedance / phase Zs = √( Ra2 + Xs2 )
Generated Emf per phase E = V + Ia (Ra + jXs) = V + Ia Zs
Voltage Regulation:
% Regulation = (Eo – V) / V x 100
Eo = √ (V + IRa)2 + (IXs)2 (unity pf)
Eo = √ (V cosΦ + IRa)2 + (V sinΦ ± IXs)2 (+ for lagging pf;
- for leading pf)
Stepper motor:
Step angle β = (Ns ~ N) / Ns . Nr x 360
β = 360 / m Nr (m – number of stator phases)
Resolution = number of steps/ revolution = 360 / β