Embedded Systems - Question Bank (AU-CBE, ECE-R2007)

070290086 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
(Question Bank)
Prepared By
Prof. N.SHANMUGASUNDARAM
Professor & Head, ECE Department,
VIDYAA VIKAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
TRICHENGODE, NAMAKKAL DISTRICT - 637214
Embedded Systems- QB
ANNA UNIVERISTY OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE
B.E. (Electronics and Communication Engg)
Regulation 2007
SEMESTER –VII
070290086 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 1 0 100
UNIT I ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9

Categories of Embedded Systems-Specifications of Embedded systems-Resent
trends in Embedded Systems-Hardware Architecture-Software Architecture-
Communication software-Process of generation of executable image-
development/testing tools.
UNIT II PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9

Getting the most of C-data types-manipulating bits in memory and I/O ports-
accessing memory mapped I/O devices – structures-variant access-mixing C to
assembly-register usage-use of addressing options-instruction sequencing –
procedure call and return-parameter passing –retrieving parameters memory
management-scope-automatic allocation-static allocation-dynamic allocation-
shared memory recognizing shared objects-reentrant functions-accessing
shared memory device drivers- productivity tools.
UNIT III HARDWARE PLATFORM 9

PIC microcontroller- Architecture of PIC 16c6x/7x- FSR- Reset action-
Oscillatory connection- Memory organization- Instructions- Addressing modes-
I/O ports- Interrupts-Timers- ADC- Assembly language programming.
UNIT IV REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 9

Architecture of the Kernel-task and task scheduler-Interrupt Service Routines-
Semaphores-Mutex- Mailboxes-Message Queues-Event Registers-Pipes-Signals-
Timers-Memory Management – Priority Inversion Problem
UNIT V REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM TOOLS AND CASE STUDIES 9

Use of µC/OS-II- Case study of coding for an Automatic Chocolate Vending
Machine using MUCOS RTOS- Case study of an Embedded system for an
Adaptive Cruise Control Systems in a Car- Case study of an Embedded Systems
for a Smart Card.
REFERENCES:
1. K.V.K.K.Prasad “Embedded /Real-Time Systems: Concepts, Design and
Programming” Dream tech, Wiley 2003.
2. Ajay V Deshmukh “Microcontroller Theory and Applications” TMH 2005.
3. Raj Kamal “Embedded Systems Architecture Programming and Design” 2nd
Edition TMH, 2008.
4. David E Simon “An Embedded Software Primer” Pearson Education 2003.
5. Daniel W. Lewis, “Fundamentals of Embedded Software” Pearson Education-
2001.
6. Peatman “Designing with PIC Micro Controller”, Pearson 2003.
2 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

UNIT I
ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. Define Embedded Systems.

An embedded system is one that has computer hardware with software
embedded on it as one of its most important component.
An embedded system is a computing device that does a specific and

repetitive job.
2. Write some applications of Embedded Systems.

Smart card
Missiles & Satellites
Computer Networking
Automotives
3. What are the classifications of Embedded system?

Small scale Embedded System
Medium scale Embedded System
Sophisticated Embedded System.
4. Give examples for Small, Medium & sophisticated scale embedded systems.
Small Scale Embedded System
Automatic chocolate vending machine
Stepper motor controller for a robotics system
Washing or cooking system
Multitasking toys
Medium Scale Embedded System

Computer Networking Systems
Entertainment systems
Embedded firewall / Router
Signal tracking system
Sophisticated Scale Embedded System

Embedded system s for wireless LAN & for convergent technology
devices.
Security products & high speed network security, gigabit rate
encryption rate products
Embedded system for real time video & speech
5. List the categories of embedded system.

Stand-alone embedded systems. Eg. AC, Oven, CD player, TV.
Real-time systems. Eg. Aircraft control, Missile & Satellite control
Networked Information appliances. Eg. Weather monitoring system
Mobile Devices. Eg. PDAs, Smart phones.

6. List the specialties of embedded systems.
Reliability
Performance
Power Consumption
Cost
Size
Limited User interface
Software upgradation capability
7. List the factors to be considered while evaluating the processor for

embedded system.
Clock Speed
Length of Registers
Number of Registers
Width of Data and Address bus
Internal RAM & ROM
Interrupt lines
No. of programmable I/O lines
On-chip peripherals such as Timers, UART, ADC, DAC, etc.
8. What are the hardware components of embedded systems?

Input devices, Interfacing/Driver circuits,
Processor
Timers
Interrupt Controller
Memory
Serial/Parallel Ports
Output Interfacing/Driver circuits
Power supply,
Reset & Oscillator circuits.
9. Define processor.
A processor is a Chip, which implements a process or processes as per the
command given to it.

10. Define Embedded system processor.
An embedded system processor has two essential units: Program Flow
Control Unit and Execution Unit. The control unit includes a fetch unit for
fetching instructions from the memory. Execution unit has circuits that
implement the instructions.
11. Compare CISC and RISC processor.

CISC: Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Aim of designing CISC processor is to reduce the software
complexity by increasing the complexity of the processor
architecture. CISC has large no of instructions. Instructions
required to do a job is less and hence, the memory
requirement in less. No. of registers are available in CISC
processor is very less.
Eg. Intel x86 family and Motorola 68000 series processors.
RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

RISC has limited no. of instructions and hence, complex
operation is carried out through sequence of more simple
instructions. Large number of registers is required in RISC
processor. Another important feature of RISC processor is
pipelined instruction execution.
Embedded systems generally use RISC processor.

Eg. ARM, ATMEL, AVR, MIPS, Microchip’s PIC family processors,
Power PC and Sun SPARC processor.
12. What are the three processor architectures in embedded systems?
Von-Neuman Architecture:
This architecture has common memory for both data and program codes.
Harvard Architecture:
This architecture has separate memory for data and program codes.

Super Harvard Architecture:
This architecture has slight modification from Harvard with instruction

cache and separate program memory for program codes and secondary
data.
13. What is microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a unit with a processor. It is a single chip VLSI unit
which, thought having limited computational capabilities, possesses
enhanced input-output capabilities and a number of on-chip functional
units.
14. What are the functional circuits of a microcontroller?

The functional circuits of a microcontroller are,
Processor
Data & stack in internal RAM
Timers & Watchdog timer
ROM / PROM / EPROM
External Memories Interfaces
Interrupt Controller
I/O Ports Control & Interfaces / Drivers
Serial UART communication port
15. What are the features of DSP?

A DSP provides fast, discrete-time, signal processing instructions. It has
very large instruction word (VLIW) processing capabilities, it processes
Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) instructions fast, and it processes
Discrete Cosine Transformations (DCTs) and inverse DCTs (IDTs) fast.
16. What is GPP & ASIP?

GPP: A processor from a number of families of processors, microcontroller,
embedded processors and DSPs having a general purpose instruction set
and readily available compilers to enable programming in a high level
language is called a General Purpose Processor (GPP).
ASIP: A processor designed for specific application on a VLSI chip is called

an Application Specific Instruction Processor.
17. What is ASSP?

Application Specific System Processor is a processing unit for specific
tasks, foe e.g. Image compression and that is integrated through the
buses with the main processor in an embedded system.

18. What is System-On-Chip?
A system on a VLSI chip that has all of needed analog as well as digital
circuits. For example, mobile phone.
19. What are the various forms of system memories?

Internal RAM
Internal ROM / PROM /EPROM
External RAM
Internal & External Caches
External ROM / PROM
RAM Memory buffers
Hybrid memory such as E2PROM, NV-RAM or flash memory
20. List the important sensors and transducers.

Temperature Sensors. Eg. AD22100, AD22103, DS18B20
Light Sensors. Eg. TAOS TSL250R
Accelerometers. Eg. ADXL 150/250
Pressure Sensors. Eg. MPXA 6115A
Microphone and Speakers
Video camera and Monitor
21. List the important types of Displays.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Thin Film Transistor (TFT) Display
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED)
22. List the important Serial communication protocols.

Inter-integrated Circuit (I2C)
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Controller Area Network (CAN)
23. List the important communication interfaces used in embedded systems.

Serial interface using RS232
Serial interface using RS422/RS485
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Infrared
Ethernet
Wireless interface using IEEE 802.11 (WLAN)
Bluetooth
ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4
24. Define interrupt handler.

It is a unit that handles the processor operations arising out of an
interrupt from a source.

25. What is watchdog timer?
It is a timer that timeout from which resets the processor in case the
program gets struck for an unexpected time.
26. What is reset circuit and power-up reset?

The reset circuit activates for a fixed period and then deactivates. It helps
the processor to start the processing of instructions from a starting
address.
Power-up reset vector also provides a starting address which is different
from that provided by a reset circuit.
27. List the different categories of OS.

Single-tasking OS (MS-DOS)
Multi-tasking OS (WINSOWS XP)
Single-user OS (MS-DOS)
Multi-user OS (UNIX)
Command-driven OS (MS-DOS)
GUI-based OS (WINDOWS XP)
28. List the functions of OS.

Task management
Memory management
I/O management
Providing service to applications
Providing proper user interface that hides underlying hardware
29. What is Kernel?

Kernel is a program with functions for memory allocation and deallocation,
task scheduling, inter process communication, effective management of
shared memory access by using the signals, exception handling signals,
Semaphores, queues, mailboxes etc.
30. Define RTOS.

Real Time Operating System is software for real-time programming and
scheduling, process and memory manager device drivers, device
management and multitasking.
31. List the special requirements in RTOS for embedded systems.

Reliability
Multi-tasking with time constraints
Interrupt Latency control
Small footprint
Support diskless systems
Portability
Scalability
Support for standard API

32. What are the steps required for converting assembly language into
a ROM image?
Assembler
Linker
Loader
Locator & Device Programmer
33. What is ROM image?

The final stage software is also called ROM image, because just as an
image is a unique sequence and arrangement of pixels, embedded
software is also a unique placement and arrangement of bytes for
instructions and data.
34. What is the use of code optimizer?

Code optimizer is used in the conversion of high level language into a ROM
image for optimizing the code before linking.
35. What is Compiler?

Compiler is a software tool that converts a high level program (written
using programming languages like C, C++, Java, and so on) into an object
code.
36. What is Assembler?

Assembler is a software tool that converts an assembly program (written
using mnemonics of a processor, i.e., instruction set of a specific
processor) into an object code.

37. What are the steps required for converting high level language
into a ROM image?
Compiler
Linker
Loader
Locator & Device Programmer
38. What is meant by context switching?

The mechanism of storing the current status of CPU registers in a stack to
run other task is known as context switching.
39. What is meant by Inter-task communication?

Tasks may need to exchange data among themselves to synchronize the
tasks in an application. This is known as Inter-task communication.
The techniques used for ITC are Signals, Semaphores, Mailboxes, Queues,
Pipes and Event flags.
39. What is meant by cross platform development?

The process of developing machine codes for a specific processor of an
embedded system from a high level / assembly level program written on a
PC (with different processor) using various software tools is called cross
platform development.
10 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

40. List the various hardware development / testing tools.
Digital Multimeter : Measures current, voltage, continuity of connections
Logic Analyzer : Checks the timing of the signals
Oscilloscope : Analyze the waveforms in time domain
Spectrum Analyzer : Analyze the waveforms in frequency domain
40. List the various software development / testing tools.

OS Development Suite
Cross-platform Development tools (IDE)
ROM Emulator
EPROM Programmer
Instruction Set Simulator (ISS)
In-Circuit Emulator (ICE)
42. List the possible boot sequences of an embedded system.

Execute from ROM using RAM for data
Execute from RAM after loading the image from RAM
Execute from RAM after downloading from the host
43. What is meant by Debug port?

Debugging a processor based board is very difficult. Hence, manufacturers
provide a standardized interface for debugging. JTAG (Joint Test Access
Group) port is a mechanism provided to debug the embedded system
hardware and also for downloading the software onto the embedded
system board.
11 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

UNIT II
PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
1. What are advantages of writing embedded software in Assembly

Language?
It gives a precise control of the processor internal devices.
The machine codes are compact.
Device driver codes may need only a few assembly instructions
2. What are advantages of writing embedded software in C Language?

The development cycle is short for complex systems.
Type checking makes the program less prone to error.
Control Structures make the program-flow path design tasks simple.
Portability.
3. What is embedded C++?

Embedded C++ is a version of C++ that provides for a selective disabling
which is the disadvantage in C++. So, there is a less run-time overhead
and less run-time library.
4. How can optimization be used to eliminate the disadvantages in

embedded C++ programs?
Optimization can be used as follows.
Declare private as many classes as possible.
Use of char, int and boolean in place of the objects as arguments
Use local variables as much as feasible.
Recover memory already used by changing the reference to an object
to NULL.
5. What is the use of type checking?

Type checking makes the program less prone to error.
For eg. It does not allow subtraction, multiplication and division on the
‘char’ data types.
6. Define Configuration files.

Configuration files are the files for the configuration of the system. Device
configuration codes can be put in a file of basic variables and included
when needed.
7. What is difference between function and macro-function?

A macro function is a collection of codes that is defined in a program by a
name. It differs from a function in the sense that once a macro is defined
by a name, the compiler puts the corresponding codes for it at every place
where that macro name appears. But the codes for a function are
compiled once only.
12 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

8. What is recursive and reentrant function?
Recursive Function:
It is a function that calls itself. It must be a reentrant function also. Most
often its use is avoided in embedded systems due to memory constraints.
Reentrant Function:
It is a function that is usable by the several tasks and routines at the same
time. All its argument values are retrievable from the stack.
9. What is the use of modifier register?

When a modifier register is inside a function block, a CPU register is
temporarily allocated when needed. There is no ROM or RAM allocation.
10. Define Queue.

It is a data structure into which elements can be sequentially inserted and
retrieved in a FIFO mode. It needs two pointers, one for the queue tail for
insertion and other for the queue head for deletion.
11. Define Stack.

A stack is a data structure in which elements can be pushed in or pulled
out. It works on the principle of Last-In-First-Out (LIFO).
12. How interrupts are handled in Queue?

Queuing of pointers to the function on interrupts and later on calling the
functions from this queue is a better approach as it provides the use of
short execution time interrupt-service routines.
13. Explain briefly stack overhead.

The repeated call to recursive function may cause the stack to full. This
leads to insufficient memory. Hence the stack overhead may occur which
is primarily due to overflow of the stack.
14. What is meant by inline assembly?

Inserting the assembly language codes in between the high-level language
codes are called inline assembly. It gives the benefits of processor specific
instructions and addressing modes.
15. What is Optimization of memory?

When codes are made compact and fitted in small memory without
affecting the code performance, it is called memory optimization.
16. Define scalar data types?

The character, integer, unsigned integer, floating point number, long and
double are called scalar data types. Unlike an array data consists of one
single element.
17. Give some examples for reference data types.

Arrays and strings are examples of reference data types.
13 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

18. What is meant by platform independence?
A code that can port on different machine and operating systems is said to
be platform independent.
19. What are preprocessor directives?

It is the program statements and directives for the compiler before the
main function to define global variable, global macro, new data type and
global constants.
20. What are the differences between including a header file and a text
file or data file?
The differences between including a header file and a text file or data file are,
The header files are well tested and debugged modules.
They provide access to standard libraries.
The header file can include several text file or C files.
A text file is description of the text that contains specific information.
21. List the Integer data types available in C programming language.
Data type Size Range
Char 8 bits 0 to 255

Short int 16 bits 0 to 65,535
unsigned
Int 16/32 bits same as unsigned short / long int
Long int 32 bits 0 to 4,294,967,295
Char 8 bits -128 to +127

Short int 16 bits -32768 to +32767
signed
Int 16/32 bits same as unsigned short / long int
Long int 32 bits -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
22. Why TYPEDEFS are used in embedded system programming?

C’s primitive data type “ char ” may default to either signed or unsigned,
and its primitive data type “ int ” may have size of 16 or 32 bits. In most
of the embedded applications, it’s imperative to know the number of bits
and range of most variables.
Hence, to avoid C’s ambiguity, derived data types are formed using
TYPEDEFS and placed in a text file (Eg. typedefs.h) and included in every
source code file that uses them.
23. What are the two types of data conversions?

PROMOTION: A conversion is called a promotion, when there is no
potential loss of accuracy as when assigning an integer value to a floating
point variable.
DEMOTION: It is the conversion which causes a loss of accuracy, when a
floating point variable is assigned to an integer variable, or when a 32-bit
integer value is assigned to a 8-bit char. Demotion usually make the
compiler to issue a warning.
14 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

24. List the Boolean and Bitwise operators.
Boolean Bitwise
Operation
Operator Operator
AND && &

OR || |
XOR (Not supported) ^
NOT ! ~
25. Find the result of the following expression?

a) Boolean: (5 || !3) && 6 Ans:= (True OR (NOT True)) AND True
= (True OR False) AND True
= (True) AND True
= True
= 1
b) Bitwise: (5 | !3) & 6 Ans:= (00000101 OR !(00000011)) AND 00000110

= (00000101 OR 11111100) AND 00000110
= (11111101) AND 00000110
= 00000100
= 4
26. List the bitwise operations performed on data bits.

Testing bits
Setting bits
Clearing bits
Inverting bits
Extracting bits
Inserting bits
27. What is the significance of Pointers in C programming?

A Pointer in C is a variable that contains an address. This helps to access
the data of a variable faster in memory.
Eg. Int A, *B, C;

A = 10 ;
B = &A ;
C = *B ;
28. What is an Array?

An Array is an aggregate data type composed of several members of same
data type.
Eg. Int a[5];

A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]
15 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

28. What is a structure?
A Structure is a aggregate data type composed of several distinct
members. A single structure variable can contain member elements that
represent a mix of chars, ints, doubles, etc.
Structure declaration in C program struct PERSON

{
Int age;
Char gender;
};
Structure variable declaration struct PERSON sue;

(or)
PERSON sue;
Initialization of
structure variable members sue.age = 25;
sue.gender = ‘F’;
(or)
PERSON sue = {25, ‘F’};
29. What is meant by packed structures?

Structures are always stored in memory with their member components in
the same order as they appear in the structure description and there is no
requirement that the components be contiguous.
Struct {char c; padding padding padding x.c

Int I;} x; x.i
Sometimes, we need to use structures to describe a layout in which all the

data is contiguous. Thus, packed structures are a layout of data in
memory in which the padding of zeros is disabled.
Struct {char c; x.c

Int I; x.i
} x __attribute__ ((packed));
30. What are Bit fields?

Bit fields in structures allow us to access the data using cleaner syntax
that hides all the necessary bit manipulation.
Illustration of declaring structure bit fields
Describing of time as structure in which the hours, minutes and seconds
are declared as structure bit fields.
typedef struct {
WORD16 seconds : 6,
minutes : 5,
hours : 5;
} TIME time1;
16 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

Time of 13:34:18 can be initialized into the packed representation time1
using simple reference operator as follows,
time1.hours = 13;
time1.minutes = 34;
time1.seconds = 18/2;
31. What is a Union?

Union is an aggregate data type in which the members of it share a
common memory space.
typedef union {
unsigned long int real;
FIXED32PARTS part;
} FIXED32REAL result;
31 16 15 0
result.part.whole result.part.fract
--------------------------- result.real ----------------------------
32. Explain the process of Assembler.

The translation of assembly-language source code into binary object code
is a two-step process in assembler. The assembler makes two complete
passes over the source code of the program.
During the first pass; the assembler builds a symbol table that contains
the information about programmer–defined identifiers, such as the labels
attached to instructions and the names of variables stored in memory.
During the second pass; the assembler uses this information to construct
the representation of the individual instructions.
33. List the instructions in C that transfers the program control to

another part of memory.
In C language, unconditional jumps are created by break, continue,
switch and goto statements and at the end of loops.
34. Explain the importance of String instructions.

There are some common loop operations that can be implemented using
the Intel string instructions for ultimate speed.
For example, string instructions can be used to initialize a region of
memory to a constant value, scan a region of memory for a particular
value, copy one region of memory to another, or compare the contents of
two regions of memory.
17 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

35. List the Intel conditional JUMP instructions.
For comparing unsigned operands

JA/JNBE - Jump if above / jump if not below or equal
JAE/JNB - Jump if above or equal / jump if not below
JBE/JNA - Jump if below or equal / jump if not above
JB/JNAE - Jump if below / jump if not above or equal
For comparing signed operands

JG/JNLE - Jump if Greater / jump if not less or equal
JGE/JNL - Jump if Greater or equal / jump if not less
JLE/JNG - Jump if less or equal / jump if not greater
JL/JNGE - Jump if less / jump if not greater or equal
For equality comparisons

JE/JZ - Jump if equal / jump if zero (ZF=1)
JNE/JNZ - Jump if not equal / jump if not zero (ZF=0)
Other JUMP instructions
JC - Jump if CF=1
JNC - Jump if CF=0
JS - Jump if SF=1
JNS - Jump if SF=0
36. List the attributes of Objects stored in memory.

Type - char, int, unsigned int, etc.
Name - The identifier used to access the object
Value - The data held within the object
Address- The address in memory where the object resides
Scope - That part of the source code where the object’s name is recognized
Lifetime- The notion of when the object is created and destroyed,
and thus, when it is available for use.
37. What is meant by scope in memory management?

Scope of a variable is based on the place of declaration in the program. It
is either declared (1) outside of all functions to create global variables or
(2) immediately following a function header to create temporary variables
local to the function.
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38. List the types of Memory allocation available in C.
Object is Object is Object is

Method
created initialized destroyed
If specified in the
Each time the declaration,
program enters initialization occurs Each time the
Automatic
the function in each time the function returns
which it is declared program enters
the block
Once: Once:
Once:
When the program Just before
Static When the
is first loaded into the program
program stops
the memory starts to run
By writing
By calling the By calling the
executable
Dynamic library function library function
statements that
malloc() free()
modify its content
39. What is meant by shared memory?

When two or more asynchronous (no predictable time relationship)
instruction sequences access the same data, that data is called shared
memory. Access to shared memory must be carefully coordinated or else
data corruption may occur.
40. What is meant by shared functions?

A shared function in one that is called by more than one thread; any
function called by a shared function is also a shared function. Any static
object referenced within a shared function is thus form of shared memory.
Since there is only a single instance of the object, its content is inherently
shared by all threads that call a function that references it.
41. Explain the type qualifier “const”.

The keyword const is used to declare so that an object’s value may not be
modified by the program, i.e., that its value is read only. The declaration
of a const object must include an initial value, since no subsequent
attempt to set its valued is allowed.
42. Explain the type qualifier “Volatile”.

The keyword volatile may be attached as qualifier on the declaration of
an object in C to indicate that its value may be asynchronously modified
by mechanism other than the code in which the declaration appears, such
as DMA or ISR.
19 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

UNIT II
HARDWARE PLATFORM
Text book:
Peatman, “Designing with PIC Micro Controller”, Pearson education, 2003.
1. List the features of PIC 16C6x/7x.

PIC microcontroller is designed in Harvard Architecture
Separate memory for program and data
13 bit address size for program memory
14 bit data bus for fetching codes from program memory
8 bit address size for data memory
8 bit data bus for accessing data in data memory
13-bit program counter
Pipelined architecture for fast execution speed
2. What is meant by instruction pipelining?

Theory, pg. 28 and Fig.2-2, Pg. 29
3. Draw the Register file structure in PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 32, 33 and Fig.2-6, Pg. 33
4. List and brief the addressing modes in PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 33, 34 and Fig.2-7, 2-8 Pg. 34, 35
5. List the CPU registers of PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 35, 37 & 38 and Fig.2-9, Pg. 36
6. List the instruction set of PIC microcontroller.

7. Example programs for nine group of instructions.

Programs, pg. 41, 42
8. Simple operations using instruction of PIC microcontroller.

Programs, pg. 42, 43
9. List the external interrupts & timers of PIC microcontroller.

The PIC microcontroller has one pin RB0/INT, which serves as its primary
external interrupt input. In addition to above, it has three timers TIMER0
TIMER1 & TIMER2 with CCP module.
10. Explain how Port-B is initialized?

11. What is compare mode in timer of PIC microcontroller?

Theory, pg. 117, and Fig.6-7, Pg. 118
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12. What is capture mode in timer of PIC microcontroller?
Theory, pg. 119, 120, 121 and Fig.6-8, 6-9, Pg. 120, 121
13. Explain how TIMER1 of PIC microcontroller is used as external

event counter?
14. What is sleep mode in PIC microcontroller?

Theory, pg. 126
15. Explain the PWM output of timer in PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 126, 127, 128 and Fig.6-14, Pg. 128
16. List the three applications of PWM outputs.

Theory, pg. 126, 127, 128 and Fig.6-15, Pg. 129
17. Draw the circuit for control of PWM period.

18. Explain the derivation of ten-bit counter used by PWM circuit.

19. Explain Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI).

20. List the features of ADC in PIC 16C6x/7x microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 195
21. Explain the code protection feature of PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 219
22. Explain the brown-out reset feature of PIC microcontroller.

Theory, 7th paragraph in pg. 221
23. List the Oscillator configurations of PIC microcontroller.

24. Explain the Reset alternatives of PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 219, 220, 221
25. Draw the two low-cost power supplies.

Fig.12-3, Pg. 222
26. Explain the low power operation of PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 226
27. Explain the structure of Watchdog timer in PIC microcontroller.

Theory, pg. 225, and Fig.12-7, 12-8, Pg. 225, 226, 227
21 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

UNIT IV
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS CONCEPTS
1. Define RTOS.
Operating System with real time task scheduling, interrupt-latency control,
Synchronization of tasks with IPCs, predictable timing and synchronization
behavior of the system.
2. Name some RTOS services.

(i) Basic OS functions
(ii) RTOS Main functions (Task Scheduling & interrupt latency control)
(iii) Time Management
(iv) Predictability
3. Compare OS and RTOS.

OS: On a PC, OS takes control of the PC as soon as it is turned on and
then it lets the application program to start. OS checks any pointer which
passes into a system function for its validity. OS consumes lot of memory
space and it contains all in-built functions.
RTOS: Application program is linked to the RTOS. At boot-up, application
usually gets control first and then it starts RTOS. Many RTOS don not
protect themselves and skip the checking process for better performance.
To save memory, RTOS has only the functions needed for an application.
4. What is Round Robin or cyclic scheduling?

A scheduling algorithm in which the tasks are scheduled in sequence from
a list of ready tasks.
5. Explain briefly about Preemptive scheduling.

A scheduling algorithm in which a higher priority task is forced
(Preempted) to block the low priority task by the scheduler.
6. What is Time Slicing and Fixed real time scheduling?

Time Slicing Scheduling
A scheduling algorithm in which each task is allotted a time slice after
which it is blocked and waits for its turn on the next cycle.
Fixed Real Time Scheduling
A scheduling strategy in which the time for each task is fixed.
7. Explain briefly the term Task.

Task is a subroutine in an application that makes certain action to be
performed. A Task that has its independent program counter values and
an independent stack. A single CPU system runs one task at a time.
8. What is Task State?

A state of a task changes on scheduler directions. A task at an instance
can be in one of the four states, idle, ready, blocked ad running that are
controlled by the scheduler.
22 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

9. Explain Task scheduler.
It is part of a RTOS. It keeps track of the state of each task and decides
which one task should go into the running state. Scheduler in an RTOS
looks at the priorities assigned to tasks, and among the tasks that not in
the blocked state, the one with highest priority is allowed to run and the
rest of them are made to wait in the ready state.
10. When a blocked task is allowed to run on a processor?

When a task is blocked, it never gets the processor. Therefore, an
interrupt routine or some another task in the system should signal that
whatever the blocked task waiting for has happened. Otherwise, the task
will be blocked forever.
11. How does a scheduler know whether a task is blocked or not?

RTOS provides a collection of functions that tasks can tell a scheduler what
events they wait for and to signal that events have happened.
12. What happens if all the tasks are blocked?

If all the tasks are blocked, then the scheduler will spin in some tight loop
somewhere inside the RTOS, waiting for something to happen. If nothing
ever happens, then it ends in an infinite loop. Therefore care must be
taken by programmer to invoke a interrupt routine that call some RTOS
function that unblocks a task.
13. What if two tasks with the same priority are ready?
There are two options in this situation. (1) RTOS should declare as illegal
when two tasks are assigned with same priority. (2) RTOS can time-slice
between two tasks that has the same priority.
14. List the rules to decide if a function is Re-entrant.

1. A reentrant function may not use variables in a non-atomic way unless
they are stored on the stack of the task that call the function or are
otherwise the private variables of that task.
2. A reentrant function may not call any other functions that are not
themselves reentrant.
3. A reentrant function may not use the hardware in a non-atomic way.
15. Define Inter process communication (IPC).

An output from one task (or process) passed to another task through the
scheduler and use of signals, exceptions, semaphores, queues, mailboxes,
pipes, sockets, and remote procedure call is known as inter process
communication.
16. Define Semaphore.

Semaphore is a special variable or function that is used to take note of
certain actions to prevent another task or process from proceeding.
23 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

17. List the semaphore related problems.
Forgetting to take the semaphore
Forgetting to release the semaphore
Taking the wrong semaphore
Holding a semaphore too long
18. Explain Mutex, Counting and Resource Semaphore.

Mutex Semaphore
A special variable used to take note of certain actions to prevent any task
or process from proceeding further and at the same time let another task
exclusively proceed further.
Counting Semaphore
Sometimes, a semaphore can be taken multiple times. A semaphore can
be an integer which can be incremented when released and decremented
when taken. If a task tries to take a semaphore when the integer value is
equal to 0, then the task will be blocked. This is called Counting
semaphore.
Resource Semaphore
Sometimes RTOS allows a semaphore to be released only by the task that
has taken them. These semaphores are useful for shared data problem,
but cannot be used for communication between two tasks. Such
semaphores are called as Resource semaphores.
19. What are the problems that may arise while using semaphores?
The problems that may while using semaphores are,
Sharing of two semaphores creates a deadlock problem.
Without a timeout an ISR worst-case latency may exceed the
deadline.
If a semaphore is not taken, and another task uses a shared
variable.
When using multiple semaphores, if an unintended task takes the
semaphore, it creates a problem.
It may introduce priority inversion problem.
20. What is shared data problem?

If a variable is used in two different tasks and another task if interrupts
without before the operation on that variable is completed, then the
shared data problem arises.
21. List the ways to protect the shared data.

Disabling the interrupts
Taking semaphores
Disabling the task switches
24 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

22. Explain briefly Deadly embrace situation.
Consider a situation in which two tasks (task1 and task2) are using two
semaphores, semaphore_A and semaphore_B. When task1 is run, it takes
semaphore_A and before it proceeds further and takes semaphore_B,
RTOS switches to task2. Now task2 takes semaphore_B and it waits for
release of semaphore_A by task1. None of these tasks are able to proceed
further. This situation is called Deadly embrace.
23. What is priority inversion problem? How it can be solved?

A problem in which a low priority task unintentionally do not release the
semaphore for a higher priority task. This makes the high priority task to
wait for low priority task to release the semaphore. This is called Priority
Inversion. This problem can be solved by temporarily boosting the low
priority task to higher priority task which is called as priority inheritance.
24. Explain the term (i) Message Queue (ii) Mailbox (iii) Pipe (iv) Socket.
Message Queue
RTOS allows a task to send multiple messages into a FIFO queue for use
by another task(s) using queue message as an input.
Mailbox
RTOS allows a certain no. of messages to be stored in each mailbox.
Separate functions are used to identify the appropriate mailbox, to add
and read a message from the selected mailbox.
Pipe
Pipes are like queues. RTOS can create them, write to them, read from
them and so on.
Socket
It provides the logical link using a protocol between the tasks in a client-
server or peer-to-peer environment.
25 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

25. List the pitfalls in using Mailbox, Message queues and Pipes.
Most of the RTOS do not restrict which tasks can read from or write to
any given queue, mailbox or pipe. Therefore, programmer must ensure
that tasks use the correct one each time.
RTOS cannot ensure that data written onto a queue, mailbox or a pipe
will be properly interpreted by the tasks that read it.
Running out of space in queues, mailboxes or pipes is usually a disaster
for embedded software.
Passing pointers from one task to another through a queue, mailbox or
pipe is one of the several ways to create shared data inadvertently.
26. What is Timer and counting devices?

A Timer gets the inputs from the internal clock of a processor or from
system clock and generates a required time delay.
Counting device is a unit for getting the count-inputs on the occurrence of
events that may be at irregular intervals.
27. What are the types of Timer?

There are two types of timer. They are,
Hardware timer
Software timer
28. What is Timer Overflow or Time-Out?

A state in which the number of count inputs exceeded the last acquirable
value and on reaching that state, an interrupt can be generated. This state
is called Time-Out or Timer Overflow.
29. What is the difference between hardware timer and software timer?
Hardware timer gets the inputs from the internal clock with the processor
or system clock. A device driver program programs it like any other
physical device.
Software timer executes a program which increases or decreases a count
variable on an interrupt from a timer output or from a real-time clock
interrupt.
30. What are the different states in a timer?

The different states in a timer are,
Reset State
Idle State
Present State
Overflow State
Active or Blocked State
Done State
26 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

31. Is it necessary to have a hardware timer device in a system?
How does it work?
Yes, it is necessary to have atleast one hardware timer device in a system.
It is used as a system clock. The hardware timer gets the input from a
clock out signal from the processor and activates the system clock as per
the num ticks preset at the hardware timer.
32. What is an Event?

An event is essentially a Boolean flag that tasks can set or reset and that
other tasks can wait for. Event invokes a interrupt routine that runs a
waiting task.
33. Compare Semaphores, Events and Queues/Mailbox/Pipe.

Semaphores are usually the fastest and simplest methods. However, not
much information can be passed through a semaphore, which passes just
a 1-bit message saying that it has been released.
Events are a little more complicated than semaphores and take little more
of processor time. The advantage of events over semaphores is that a task
can wait for any one of the several events at the same time and it can
wait for only one semaphore.
Queues (also mailboxes & pipes) allow sending a lot of information from
one task to another. The drawback of queues (also mailboxes and pipes) is
that adding and reading a message is more processor intensive and more
prone to insert bugs while programming them.
34. How a block of data is passed using queue?

Passing a pointer to a buffer from one task to another through a queue is
a common way to pass a block of data.
35. Explain the problem in using malloc() and free() functions for
memory management in RT embedded systems.
In real time embedded systems, malloc() and free() are avoided because
of their slow response and unpredictable execution times. Instead, most of
the RTOS offer fast and predictable functions along with free fixed size
buffers.
36. List the two rules that an interrupt routine must follow in RTOS
environment, that do not apply to task codes.
Rule-1:
An interrupt routine must not call any RTOS function that might block the
caller.
Rule-2:
An interrupt routine may not call any RTOS function that might cause the
RTOS to switch tasks unless the RTOS knows that an interrupt routine,
and not a task is executing.
27 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

28 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

UNIT V
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEMS TOOLS AND CASE STUDIES
1. Name the important RTOS used in embedded systems.

MUCOS, Vxworks, PSoS, RTX51, WinCE, RT Linux, Nucleus, Symbian are
the important RTOS.
2. List the Main functions of RTOS.

(i) Handling of interrupts.
(ii) Task scheduling.
3. List the basic functions in an RTOS.

The basic functions in an RTOS are,
Kernel (Task Scheduler)
Error handling functions
System level functions
System clock functions
Time and delay functions
Task state switch functions
ISR functions
Memory related functions
IPC functions.
4. List the need for well tested & debugged RTOS.

When designing a complex embedded system, one needs the thoroughly
tested bug free codes for the following software components.
Multiple task functions in Embedded C or C++

Real time clock based software timers employing system clock
Software for cooperative scheduler to maintain time deadlines
If cooperative scheduler is not suitable, then software for Pre-emptive
scheduler
Device drivers and device managers
Functions for IPC
Networking functions
Error handling and Exception handling functions
Testing and system debugging software
A readily available, well tested and debugged RTOS thus not only
simplifies the coding process greatly for a developer, but also helps in
building a product fast; it aids in building robust and bug free software by
thorough testing and simulation before locating the codes into the
hardware.
29 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

5. Explain µC/OS-II (MUCOS) RTOS.
µC/OS-II is a freeware RTOS, developed by Jean J. Labrosse in 1992.
µC/OS-II is designed for non-commercial use.
µC/OS-II is well documented for developer’s reference.
µC/OS-II codes are written in C and in assembly language.
µC/OS-II code ports on any processor that are used for embedded
systems
6. What are the files associated with µC/OS-II RTOS?

The source files of µC/OS-II are categorized into two groups.
a) Processor dependent source file:
Two header files at the master are the following.

os_cpu.h is the processor definitions header file
os_cfg.h is the kernel building configuration file
Two C files for ISR and RTOS timer are os_tick.c and os_cpu_c.c
Assembly codes for task switching functions is os_cpu_a.s12
b) Processor independent source file:

Two files, MUCOS header and C files are ucos.ii.h and ucos.ii.c.
The C files for RTOS core, timer and task are os_core.c, os_time.c and
os_task.c
The memory partitioning, semaphore, queue and mailbox codes are
os_mem.c, os_sem.c, os_q.c and os_mbox.c respectively.
7. List the features of µC/OS-II (MUCOS) RTOS.

The features of MUCOS are as follows.
MUCOS operating system functions has a prefix of OS or OS_.
MUCOS is a scalable OS.
For multitasking, MUCOS employs pre-emptive scheduler.
MUCOS has system level functions.
MUCOS has task service functions.
MUCOS has task delay functions.
MUCOS has memory allocation functions.
MUCOS has Inter-Process Communication (IPC) functions.
MUCOS has semaphore functions.
MUCOS has mailbox functions.
MUCOS has queue functions.
30 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

8. List the System level functions in MUCOS.
MUCOS support the following system level functions.
void OSInit (void) At the beginning prior to OSStart()
void OSStart (void) After OSInit() and task creating functions
void OSTickInit (void) To initialize System timer ticks
void OSIntEnter (void) Just after the start of ISR codes
void OSIntExit (void) before return form the ISR codes
OS_ENTER_CRITICAL Macro to disable all interrupts
OS_EXIT_CRITICAL Macro to enable all interrupts
9. List the Task service functions in MUCOS.

MUCOS support the following task service functions to create, suspend and
resume tasks, and to set and retrieve time.
unsigned byte
Must call before running a task
OSTaskCreate (…)
unsigned byte
Called for blocking a task
OSTaskSuspend (..)
unsigned byte
Called for resuming a blocked task
OSTaskResume (..)
void OSTimeset (..) When system time is to be set
unsigned int
Find present count when time is read
OSTimeGet (void)
10. List the Time delay functions in MUCOS.

MUCOS Time delay functions are,
void OSTimeDly (…) To delay a task by count-1 value

unsigned byte
To resume a task after a preset delay
OSTimeDlyResume (…)
void
Time delay to block a task
OSTimeDlyHMSM (…)
31 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

11. List the Memory related functions in MUCOS.
MUCOS memory related functions are,
OSMem
To create and initialize memory partition
*OSMemCreate (…)
void *OSMemGet (..) To find the pointer of memory control block
unsigned byte To find pointers of memory blocks and data
OSMemQuery (..) structures
unsigned byte
To return a pointer of memory block
OSMemPut (…)
12. List the Semaphore related functions in MUCOS.

MUCOS semaphore related functions are,
OS_Event
To create and initialize a semaphore
OSSemCreate (…)
void OSSemPend (..) To check whether a semaphore is pending
unsigned short
To check whether SemVal > 0
OSSemAccept (..)
unsigned byte If SemVal = 0 or more, increments, and makes
OSSemPost (…) a semaphore again not pending.
unsigned byte
To get semaphore information
OSSemQuery (…)
When a semaphore created by OS and used a resource acquiring key, it

must be initialized with “1” to indicate the resource is available.
13. What is a signal in the RTOS environment?

A signal is a flag like intimation to RTOS for development of certain
situations during a run that need urgent attention by executing as ISR.
14. What is meant by task delay?

Time delay is the minimum number of system ticks that a task must wait.
15. What is meant by task resumption?

Task can be scheduled when its turn comes, which was delayed or
suspended earlier.
16. What are the different types of scheduling supported by MUCOS?

The different types of scheduling supported by MUCOS are,
(i) Round robin time sliced scheduling.
(ii) Preemptive scheduling.
32 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

17. Explain briefly about the system timer in MUCOS.
There are functions for initiating the system time in MUCOS. Starting a
multitasking system by a first and later suspending if forever is shown as
a technique in programming for a multitasking system.
18. Briefly explain the features supported for mailbox by MUCOS.

MUCOS has mailbox functions and a simple feature that a mailbox has one
message pointer per mailbox. There can be any number of messages or
bytes, provided the same pointer accesses them.
19. Explain briefly the queue functions adapted in MUCOS.

A queue in MUCOS receives from a sender task and array of message
pointers. Message pointers insertion can be such that later on it can
retrieve in FIFO method as well as in LIFO method from a queue. It
depends on whether the post was used or post front function was used,
respectively. This helps in taking notice of a high priority message at the
queue.
20. List the tasks involved in Automatic Chocolate Vending Machine (ACVM).
Waits for Coins &

Task_ReadPorts
Action as per coins collected
Task_Collect Collect coins >= cost, wait till timeout
Task_Deliver Deliver the chocolate
Refund coins, if coins are inserted
Task_Refund
in shortage
Refund coins, if coins are inserted
Task_ExcessRefund
in excess
Task_Display Display the present operation & status
Updates the display of Time & date
Task_TimeDateDisplay
in 3rd line of the LCD display
21. Draw the task synchronization model in ACVM.
33 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

22. What is Cruise control?
Cruise control is a system that takes charge of controlling the throttle from
the driver and cruising the vehicle at a present constant speed. Cruising
control may also maintain the steering stability in case of multiple cars
streaming through highways or in case of VIP convoys.
Cruise control relieves the driver from the duty and driver hands over the
charge to ACC when the road conditions are suitable, and if the car is
cruising at high speed when there is no heavy traffic. The driver resumes
the charge in adverse conditions.
23. List the main components of Automatic Cruise Control (ACC).

Cruise control panel
Vacuum actuator
Throttle position sensor
Throttle valve
Cruise control system (Embedded System) with inputs from steering
wheel, vehicle speedometer, clutch pedal and brake pedal.
24. List the important hardware standards used in Automotives.

A hardware system in automotive electronics has to provide functional
safety. Important hardware standards and guidance provided at present
are the following.
TTP – Time Triggered Protocol
CAN – Controller Area Network
MOST – Media Oriented System Transport
IEE guidance standard exists for EMC and functional safety.
25. Explain the function of Port_Align and Port_Ranging in ACC.

Port_Align: It is a stepper motor port. Motor steps up clockwise or
anticlockwise on an interrupt signal. The motor helps in
aligning the radar in line with the front-end car.
Port_Ranging: It is a port that determines the range of the front-end car

through time difference. Radar emits a signal and sensor
receives the reflected signal from the front-end car. The
time delay between the above two instances are
measured and the range distance of the front-end car is
calculated by multiplying the delay with the speed of the
car.
34 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

26. List the special requirements needed in embedded software &
RTOS for the automotive system over and above the features of
MUCOS.
Language can be application specific, and need not be just C / C++.

OS should be scalable for optimizing memory needs.
OS should be able to schedule Tasks and ISR in distinct ways.
Interrupt system should get disabled at the beginning and enabled on
return.
Tasks can be scheduled in real-time.
Task can consist of three type of objects, event (semaphore),
resource (statement and functions) and devices.
Timer, task or semaphore objects creation and deletion cannot be
allowed.
IPC, message queue posting by a task is not allowed as a waiting task
may wait indefinitely for its entire message needs.
Before entering a critical section, interrupt system must be disabled.
27. List the software standards used in automotive electronics.
Software used in automotive electronics must be to industrial standard.

The industry standards are,
AMI-C (Automotive Mutli-media interface Collaboration) for
important software standards and guidance.
MISRA-C (Motor Industry Reliability Association Standard) for C
language software guidelines for automotive systems.
OSEK/VDX for RTOS, Communication and Network management.
28. What is Smart Card?

Smart card is an embedded system-on-chip (SOC) consisting of
microcontroller and EEPROM memory which is used for bank ATM
operations, identification, and other innovative applications.
29. List the contents stored in ROM of smart card.

Fabrication key
Personalization key
RTOS codes
Application codes
Utilization lock
35 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

30. List the contents stored in EEPROM / Flash memory of smart card.
Personal Identification Number (PIN) for user
Unblocking PIN for use by authorizer (bank)
Access conditions
Card user – personal data
Post issuing data that application generates
Application’s non-volatile data
Invalidation lock to lock card after expiry / theft
31. Describe the I/O system of the smart card.

I/O system of the chip and the host interact through asynchronous serial
UART at 9.6 / 106 / 115.2 bauds. The communication between the chip
and the host may be through gold contacts or contact less through BPSK
modem operating at 13.66 MHz with 10% modulation index.
32. List special features needed in embedded software for smart card.
Protected environment (data stored in protected part of ROM)
Restricted Run-time environment
OS must be scalable in all aspects
Code size generated should be optimum
Limited use of data types
Three layered file system for data (master, elementary & dedicated)
Fixed length or variable length file management system with
predefined offset.
It should have classes for networks, sockets, connections, data
grams, character I/O streams, digital certification, DES/AES based
cryptography and digital signatures.
36 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

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070290086 - EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

070290086 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 3 1 0 100

UNIT I ARCHITECTURE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9

UNIT II PROGRAMMING FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 9

UNIT III HARDWARE PLATFORM 9

UNIT IV REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 9

UNIT V REAL-TIME OPERATING SYSTEM TOOLS AND CASE STUDIES 9

2 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

1. Define Embedded Systems.

An embedded system is a computing device that does a specific and

2. Write some applications of Embedded Systems.

3. What are the classifications of Embedded system?

Medium Scale Embedded System

Sophisticated Scale Embedded System

5. List the categories of embedded system.

3 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

7. List the factors to be considered while evaluating the processor for

8. What are the hardware components of embedded systems?

4 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

11. Compare CISC and RISC processor.

RISC: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

Embedded systems generally use RISC processor.

12. What are the three processor architectures in embedded systems?

5 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

This architecture has slight modification from Harvard with instruction

13. What is microcontroller?

14. What are the functional circuits of a microcontroller?

15. What are the features of DSP?

16. What is GPP & ASIP?

ASIP: A processor designed for specific application on a VLSI chip is called

17. What is ASSP?

6 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

19. What are the various forms of system memories?

20. List the important sensors and transducers.

21. List the important types of Displays.

22. List the important Serial communication protocols.

23. List the important communication interfaces used in embedded systems.

24. Define interrupt handler.

7 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

26. What is reset circuit and power-up reset?

27. List the different categories of OS.

28. List the functions of OS.

29. What is Kernel?

30. Define RTOS.

31. List the special requirements in RTOS for embedded systems.

8 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

33. What is ROM image?

34. What is the use of code optimizer?

35. What is Compiler?

36. What is Assembler?

9 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

38. What is meant by context switching?

39. What is meant by Inter-task communication?

39. What is meant by cross platform development?

10 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

40. List the various software development / testing tools.

42. List the possible boot sequences of an embedded system.

43. What is meant by Debug port?

11 © NSS, VVCET. 2010

1. What are advantages of writing embedded software in Assembly

2. What are advantages of writing embedded software in C Language?

3. What is embedded C++?

4. How can optimization be used to eliminate the disadvantages in