Äîìàøíà ðàáîòà 3

îáðàòíè òðèãîíîìåòðè÷íè ôóíêöèè

Êðàñèìèð Ãåîðãèåâ

07.11.2010

1 Çàäà÷à
Ïðåñìåòíåòå:

à arccos cos 13π

6 .

Ðåøåíèå.
 
13π   π   π π
arccos cos = arccos cos 2π + = arccos cos = .
6 6 6 6

á arcsin sin − 17π

6

Ðåøåíèå.
  
17π   π    π 
arcsin sin − = arcsin sin −3π + = arcsin sin −2π − (π − ) =
6 6 6
  π    π  π
= arcsin sin −(π − ) = arcsin sin − =− .
6 6 6

2 Çàäà÷à
Ïðåñìåòíåòå:    
1 1
cos 2 arctg − sin 4 arctg .
7 3
Ðåøåíèå. Íåêà α = arctg 17 , β = arctg 13 . Èìàìå:

1 1
tg α = , tg β = ;
7 3
2 tg α 7 2 tg β 3
tg 2α = 2 = , tg 2β = 2 = ;
1 − tg α 24 1 − tg β 4
2 tg 2β 24
, tg 4β = 2 = ;
1 − tg 2β 7

1
Ñåãà:
1 − tg2 α 24
cos 2α = 2 = .
1 + tg α 25
2 tg 2β 24
sin 4β = 2 = .
1 + tg 2β 25
Îòòóê:    
1 1
cos 2 arctg − sin 4 arctg = 0.
7 3

3 Çàäà÷à
Ïðåñìåòíåòå:
n
X 1
arctg .
2j 2
j=1

Ðåøåíèå. Çà ðåøåíèåòî ùå èçïîëçâàìå êîìïëåêñíè ÷èñëà. Íåêà z =

a + bi å êîìïëåêñíî ÷èñëî. Òîãàâà:
b
arg z = arctg .
a
Îò ôîðìóëàòà íà Ìóàâúð çà óìíîæåíèå íà êîìïëåêñíèòå ÷èñëà z1 =
a1 + b1 i, z2 = a2 + b2 i èìàìå:
b1 b2
arg z1 z2 = arg z1 + arg z2 ⇒ arctg + arctg = arg z1 z2 + 2kπ, (1)
a1 a2
êúäåòî k å öÿëî ÷èñëî. Íåêà ñåãà ñúñòàâèì êîìïëåêñíè ÷èñëà ñúñ òúð-
ñåíèòå àðãóìåíòè. Íåêà:

tj = 2j 2 + i.

ßñíî å, ÷å:
1
arg tj = arctg , (2)
2j 2
è îòòóê è (1) çà ñóìàòà ïîëó÷àâàìå:
n n
X 1 Y
arctg 2 = 2kπ + arg tj . (3)
2j
j=1 j=1

Íî çà 0<x<1:
tg x > x ⇒ arctg x < x,
Îòêúäåòî çà ñòîéíîñòòà íà ñóìàòà ïîëóàâàìå:
 
n n n  
X 1 X 1 1 1 X 1 1 1 π
arctg 2 < 2
< +  < +1 < ,
2j 2j 2 2 j(j + 1) 2 2 2
j=1 j=1 j=1

2
îòêúäåòî k = 0. Òàêà ñòèãàìå äî:
n n
X 1 Y
arctg = arg (2j 2 + i). (4)
2j 2
j=1 j=1

Ñåãà òðÿáâà äà ðàçëîæèì tj íà ìíîæèòåëè, êîèòî â ïðîèçâåäåíèåòî

äà ñå ñúêðàùàâàò:

tj = 2j 2 + i (5)
= (i + 1)(i − 1)j + i2
(6)
(i + 1)2 2
= j +i (7)
i
1 2
j (i + 1)2 − 1 (8)


=
i
= (−i) (j(i + 1) − 1) (j(i + 1) + 1) (9)
= ((j − 1) + ji) (−i) ((j + 1) + ji) (10)
= ((j − 1) + ji) (j − (j + 1)i) (11)
j + (j + 1)i
= ((j − 1) + ji) (j − (j + 1)i) (12)
j + (j + 1)i
(j − 1) + ji 2
j + (j + 1)2 (13)


=
j + (j + 1)i
λj
j 2 + (j + 1)2 , (14)


=
λj+1

êúäåòî λj = (j − 1) + ji. Ñåãà íåêà çàìåñòèì â (4):

n n
X 1 Y
arctg = arg (2j 2 + i) (15)
2j 2
j=1 j=1
n
Y λj
j 2 + (j + 1)2 (16)


= arg
λ
j=1 j+1
   
n n
Y λj 
Y
j 2 + (j + 1)2  (17)


= arg  + arg 
λj+1
j=1 j=1
λ1
= arg +0 (18)
λn+1
i
= arg (19)
n + (n + 1)i
i(n − (n + 1)i)
= arg 2 (20)
n + (n + 1)2
n
= arg((n + 1) + ni) = arctg . (21)
n+1

3
4 Çàäà÷à
Ïðåñìåòíåòå:
n
X 1
arctg .
j2 +j+1
j=1

Ðåøåíèå. Ïîñòúïâàìå àíàëîãè÷íî íà çàäà÷à (3): Íåêà pj = j 2 +j +1+i.

Òîãàâà:
1
arg pj = arctg ,
j2 +j+1
n n
X 1 Y
arctg = 2kπ + arg pj . (22)
j2 + j + 1
j=1 j=1

Íî:
n n n n
X 1 X 1 X 1 X 1
arctg 2
< 2
< 2
<1+ < 2 < π,
j +j+1 j +j+1 j j(j + 1)
j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1
(23)
îòêúäåòî k = 0. Òàêà ïîëó÷àâàìå:
n n
X 1 Y
arctg = arg pj . (24)
j2 + j + 1
j=1 j=1

Ñåãà ðàçãëåæäàìå pj :

pj = j 2 + j + 1 + i (25)
2
= (j + 1) + (j + i) (26)
= (j 2 − (−1)) + (j + i) (27)
2 2
= (j − i ) + (j + i) (28)
= (j + i)(j − i) + (j + i) (29)
= (j + i)((j + 1) − i) (30)
(j + 1) + i
= (j + i)((j + 1) − i) (31)
(j + 1) + i
j+i
(j + 1)2 + 1 (32)


=
(j + 1) + i
θj
(j + 1)2 + 1 , (33)


=
θj+1

4
êúäåòî θj = j + i. Çàìåñòâàìå â (24):
n n
X 1 Y
arctg 2
= arg pj (34)
j +j+1
j=1 j=1
n
Y θj
(j + 1)2 + 1 (35)


= arg
θj+1
j=1
 
n n
Y θ j 
Y
(j + 1)2 + 1 (36)


= arg  + arg
θj+1
j=1 j=1
θ1
= arg +0 (37)
θn+1
1+i
= arg (38)
(n + 1) + i
(1 + i)((n + 1) − i)
= arg (39)
(n + 1)2 + 1
= arg((n + 2) + ni) (40)
n π
= arctg = arctg(n + 1) − . (41)
n+2 4

5 Çàäà÷à
Äîêàæåòå, ÷å:
1 1 π
4 arctg − arctg = .
5 239 4
Ðåøåíèå. Îòíîâî ùå èçïîëçâàìå êîìïëåêñíè ÷èñëà. Íåêà a = 5+i, b =
239 + i. Èìàìå:
1 1
arg a = arctg , arg b = arctg . (42)
5 239
Ñåãà:
1
4 arctg = arg a4 , (43)
5
1 1 a4
4 arctg − arctg = arg . (44)
5 239 b
Íî:
a4 = (5 + i)4 = (24 + 10i)2 = 476 + 480i; (45)

a4 476 + 480i
= (46)
b 239 + i
(476 + 480i)(239 − i)
= (47)
(2392 + 1)
114244 + 114244i
= = 2 + 2i (48)
57122

5
Îòòóê:

1 1 a4
4 arctg − arctg = arg (49)
5 239 b
= arg(2 + 2i) (50)
2
= arctg( ) (51)
2
π
= arctg 1 = . (52)
4

6 Çàäà÷à
à Äîêàæåòå, ÷å àêî u å ðåøåíèå íà óðàâíåíèåòî f (u) = u, òî u å
ðåøåíèå è íà óðàâíåíèåòî f −1 (u) = u.
Ðåøåíèå.

f (u) = u ⇒ f −1 (f (u)) = f −1 (u) ⇒ u = f −1 (u).

á Äîêàæåòå, ÷å àêî f (x) e ðàñòÿùà, òî è îáðàòíàòà è å ðàñòÿùà.

Ðåøåíèå. f (x) å ðàñòÿùà, àêî çà âñåêè äâå ðåàëíè ÷èñëà
a, b, a < b, å âàëèäíî f (a) < f (b).
Ùå äîïóñíåì ïðîòèâíîòî. Íåêà f −1 (x) íå å ðàñòÿùà. Òîãàâà ñú-
ùåñòâóâàò äâå ðåàëíè ÷èñëà A, B, A < B , çà êîèòî

f −1 (A) > f −1 (B).

Êàòî ïðèëîæèì ðàñòÿùàòà ôóíêöèÿ f (x) êúì äâåòå ñòðàíè íà

íåðàâåíñòâîòî, ïîëó÷àâàìå:

f (f −1 (A)) > f (f −1 (B)),

A > B,
êîåòî å â ïðîòèâîðå÷èå ñ äîïóñêàíåòî ⇒ f −1 (x) å ðàñòÿùà..

â Äîêàæåòå, ÷å àêî f (x) å ðàñòÿùà, òî óðàâíåíèÿòà: f (x) = f −1 (x) è

f (x) = x ñà åêâèâàëåíòíè.
Ðåøåíèå. Ùå äîêàæåì, êàòî ðàçãëåäàìå äâåòå ïîñîêè:
1. f (x) = x ⇒ f (x) = f −1 (x). Îò (a), f (x) = x ⇒ f −1 (x) = x =
f (x).
2. f (x) = f −1 (x) ⇒ f (x) = x. Äà äîïóñíåì ïðîòèâíîòî: íåêà
f (x) = f −1 (x) = t 6= x. Èìàìå äâà âàðèàíòà:
2.1. t < x. Òîãàâà, ïðèëàãàìå ðàñòÿùàòà ôóíêöèÿ f (x) êúì äâåòå
ñòðàíè íà íåðàâåíñòâîòî è ïîëó÷àâàìå:

f (t) < f (x),

6
 íî t = f −1 (x) è f (x) = t, ò.e.

f (f −1 (x)) < t,

x < t,
êîåòî å ïðîòèâîðå÷èå ñ äîïóñêàíåòî.
2.2. t > x. Îòíîâî ïðèëàãàìå f (x) êúì äâåòå ñòðàíè íà íåðàâåíñ-
òâîòî:
f (t) > f (x),
íî t = f −1 (x) è f (x) = t, ò.e.

f (f −1 (x)) > t,

x > t,
êîåòî å ïðîòèâîðå÷èå. Ñëåäîâàòåëíî,

f (x) = f −1 (x) ⇔ f (x) = x.

√
ã Íàìåðåòå îáðàòíàòà íà f (x) = x + 6 + 3.

Ðåøåíèå.
p
y= f −1 (y) + 6 + 3,
(y − 3)2 = f −1 (y) + 6,
f −1 (y) = y 2 − 6y + 3.
√
ä Ðåøåòå óðàâíåíèåòî: x2 − 6x = x + 6.

Ðåøåíèå. Äà ïðèáàâèì 3 êúì ëÿâàòà è äÿñíàòà ÷àñò íà ðàâåíñ-

òâîòî:
√
x2 − 6x + 3 = x + 6 + 3.
√
Íåêà f (x) = x2 − 6x + 3, g(x) = x + 6 + 3.  (ã) âèäÿõìå, ÷å g(x) =
f −1 (x). Çà x ≥ −6 (äåôèíèöèîííîòî ìíîæåñòâî íà óðàâíåíèåòî),
f (x) å ðàñòÿùà, è èçïîëçâàéêè (â), ïîëó÷àâàìå:

f (x) = g(x) ⇔ f (x) = x,

x2 − 6x + 3 = x,
x2 − 7x + 3 = 0,
√
7 ± 37
x1,2 = ≥ −6,
2
ñëåäîâàòåëíî òîâà ñà è ðåøåíèÿòà íà îðèãèíàëíîòî óðàâíåíèå.