Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BOOK 3
Teacher Handbook
UPPER-INTERMEDIATE
v. to behave n. behaviour
When you boast, you talk about how good you are at something in an
arrogant way.
To be modest is the opposite of to boast.
6 Unit 1
Q. Are you generous when you buy presents for your family ?
A. Yes, I'm generous when I buy presents for my family.
Stubborn people think they are right about something and won’t change
their mind.
Pigheaded is an informal way of saying stubborn.
v. to encourage n. encouragement
If you encourage someone you help them and try to give them
confidence.
eg. My parents encouraged me to study hard at school.
Shy children often need a lot of encouragement.
Q. Would you feel encouraged if I told you that your English was
improving ?
A. Yes, I would feel encouraged if you told me that my English was
improving.
If you make someone do something you want them to do it, and so you
cause them to do it.
eg. My mother always made me wash my hands before eating dinner.
Q. Did your parents make you eat healthy vegetables when you
were a child ?
A. Yes, my parents always made me eat healthy vegetables when I was
a child.
Q. Have you ever been forced to eat food that you didn’t like ?
A. No, I've never been forced to eat food that I didn’t like.
8 Unit 1
v. to order n. order
v. to punish n. punishment
8 Unit 1
n. blood n. fingerprint
The facts that show if something is true or not are called evidence.
The verb to prove means to show that something is true by using
evidence.
Q. What do you have to carry when you travel abroad to prove your
nationality ?
A. You have to carry your passport when you travel abroad to prove your
nationality.
10 Unit 1
To predict means to say what you think will happen in the future.
eg. When people gamble, they try to predict the result of a sporting
event.
We can use both will and to be going to when we predict the future,
but there is an important difference between the two kinds of prediction.
When we make a prediction about the future that expresses our opinions
but we are not sure because we don’t have much evidence, we usually
use will.
Because we are not sure we often say ‘I think (that) something will
happen’ or ‘something will probably happen’.
eg. I think an African country will win the World Cup in the next ten
years.
I think they’ll probably get here at about 5 o’clock.
11 Unit 1
Q. What kind of changes will happen in your life in the next ten
years ?
A. I think I'll get married and have children in the next ten years.
Exercise
v. to slap v. to smack
v. to punch n. fist
Q. Apart from punching something, why might you make your hand
into a fist ?
A. Apart from punching something, you might make your hand into a fist
if you were holding something very tightly.
v. to bully n. bully
v. to forgive
forgave
forgiven
If you forgive someone who has done something wrong, you stop being
angry with them and you don’t want to punish them any more.
eg. My friend was very angry because I broke her toy, but she forgave
me when I bought her a new one.
12 Unit 1
Q. Do you always tell the truth when you are late or do you
sometimes make up excuses ?
A. I sometimes make up excuses when I'm late.
Q. Did your teachers ever tell you off at school for not doing your
homework ?
A. Yes, my teachers sometimes told me of for not doing my homework.
Q. I f your child got their clothes dirty would you smack them or tell
them off ?
A. I f my child got their clothes dirty, I would tell them off.
If something is worth Ł10, you would get Ł10 if you sold it.
eg. My watch cost Ł100 when I bought it but it is only worth about Ł50
now.
Q. What kind of things are worth more the longer you keep them ?
A. Antiques, pictures and wine are all worth more the longer you keep
them.
If something is worth doing it’s a good idea and there are good reasons
to do it.
If something isn’t worth doing it’s probably a waste of time.
eg. It is worth looking up new words in a dictionary.
It is not worth washing your car while its raining.
14 Unit 2
1. And, but, because, when, while and if are all examples of linking
words.
eg. If the fax is not working, you should post the information.
OR You should post the information if the fax is not working.
When the linking word is at the beginning, there should be a comma (,)
between the clauses.
Not all linking words can go in both places. ‘And’ can only go in the
middle.
eg. My brother is called Bruce and my sister is called Sheila.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 19
The linking word ‘and’ cannot be moved to the beginning.
exercise
Put the following l inking words into these sentences.
after before so while because but if
1. I’ll wait here in the car while you go and buy some cigarettes.
2. Because you are my friend I will lend you the money that you need.
3. Before she met me, she was married to a film star.
4. You have finished all your work so you can go home.
5. I have to take a shower after playing tennis.
6. If anyone wants me, you can find me in the office.
v. to treat n. treatment
1. the way people treat you is the way they behave towards you
15 Unit 2
Q. Have you ever had a job where your boss treated you like a
child?
A. No, I've never had a job where my boss treated me like a child.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 20
3. to try to cure an illness or an ill person
eg. Doctors treat patients in hospital.
Paracetamol is a good treatment for a headache.
n. situation
Q. If you were unhappy with your situation at work, what would you
do ?
A. I would resign if I were unhappy with my situation at work.
16 Unit 2
Q. Were you living in the same place last year as you are now?
A. No, I wasn't living in the same place last year as I am now.
Q. Tell the class about a dangerous situation you have been in.
A. I went swimming with sharks in Australia 2 years ago.
v. to affect n. effect
1. We use this tense for an action that started in the past and is still
happening in the present.
eg. I have been waiting here for half an hour.
(I started waiting half an hour ago and I’m still waiting now.)
17 Unit 2
c. Her English is much better than it used to be. . What has she been
doing ?
A. She's been practicing a lot.
iii. We use the present perfect continuous for recent habits or repeated
activities.
eg. My wife has been getting home very late from work recently.
Your sense of humour is the kind of things that you think are funny.
If you have a good sense of humour you often laugh at things and
make other people laugh.
If you say the opposite of what you think in order to be funny, you are
being sarcastic.
eg. “I think English people are always so happy because they have such
nice
weather.”
18 Unit 2
Q. Are there any funny people in your country who are famous for
being
sarcastic ?
A. No, there aren't any funny people in my country who are famous
for being sarcastic.
Q. Have you ever tried to do something that was easy in theory but
really difficult in practice?
A. Yes, taking my driving test was easy in theory but really difficult in
practice.
Q. Do you think people who get drunk and violent are silly or stupid ? A. I
think people who get drunk and violent are stupid.
19 Unit 2
Q. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus,
would you be silly or stupid?
A. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, you'd
be silly.
conj. However
eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. However, the manager did not
believe us.
It can also go at the end of a sentence, after a comma.
eg. We were sure we had paid the bill. The manager didn’t believe us,
however.
Or it can go in the middle of a sentence, between two commas.
eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. The manager, however, didn’t
believe us.
20 Unit 2
Q. What is one of the most stupid things you have ever done ?
A. Leaving my wallet on the backseat of my car is one of the most stupid
things I've ever done.
Q. Have you ever bought a particular product because you liked the
advertisement ?
A. Yes, I bought a CD player last year because I liked the advertisement.
If you replace an old light bulb, you put a new one in.
If a product is sold with a guarantee it means the company promises to
repair or replace it if it stops working.
v. to exaggerate n. exaggeration
Q. How can you avoid falling asleep when driving long distances ?
A. You can avoid falling asleep when driving long distances by drinking
coffee.
If you are in trouble other people are angry, because you have done
something badly.
Q. Who would you call if you were in trouble with the Police ?
A. If I were in trouble with the Police, I would call a lawyer.
22 Unit 2
Q. What kind of people have trouble getting clothes that are the
right size?
A. Tall people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size.
Q. If you kept on being late for work, would you get into trouble ?
A. Yes, if you kept on being late for work, you'd get into trouble.
n. the cost of living = how much it costs for rent, food, clothes etc.
eg. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
24 Unit 3
Transitive: Intransitive:
v. to raise to rise
v. to drop to fall
25 Unit 3
Q. In what sports can you pick up the ball and run with it ?
A. You can pick up the ball and run with it in rugby.
If you pick someone up, you go and collect them to take them
somewhere.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 40
If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them
there.
Q. Did your parents use to drop you off at school or did you go on
your own ?
A. I used to go on my own.
If you pick something (out), you choose one thing from many.
Q. Do you take a long time to pick out new clothes when you go
shopping ?
A. Yes, I usually take a long time to pick out new clothes when I go
shopping.
Q. Why not ?
A. Because they are extinct.
Q. What kind of people put their lives in danger when they work ?
A. Firemen put their lives in danger when they work.
26 Unit 3
v. to burn* n. fire
adj. burnt
Q. What kind is it ?
A. It's an electric fire.
27 Unit 3
Q. If you spend too long in the sun, what are you in danger of
getting ?
A. If you spend too long in the sun, you're in danger of getting sunburn.
Q. What would you do if the fire alarm went off in this school ?
A. If the fire alarm went off in this school, I would look for the nearest
exit.
A diet can be special food you eat to lose weight or it can be the kind of
food
you eat generally
28 Unit 3
v. to make sense
29 Unit 3
unless
1. You will have to leave the hotel if you don’t pay tomorrow.
You will have to leave the hotel unless you pay tomorrow.
2. I will hate him forever if he doesn’t apologise.
I will hate him forever unless he apologises.
3. They will never win if Paul Gasket doesn’t play.
They will never win unless Paul Gasket plays.
B. Now finish these example sentences with a clause that makes sense.
30 Unit 3
prep. over
3. more than
eg. He was over a hundred when he died.
NB. the opposite is under
eg. People under 16 cannot get married in the UK.
Q. How has your life changed over the last five years ?
A. I have moved to London and become more resposible over the last
five years.
Q. Has their been a gradual rise in unemployment over the last ten
years ?
A. Yes, their has been a gradual rise in unemployment over the last ten
years.
expr. good for you = healthy expr. bad for you = unhealthy
32 Unit 4
Q. Give me an example of :
a. kind behaviour.
b. cruel behaviour.
v. to ban n. ban
We feel under pressure when we have a lot of work to do, but we don’t
have
much time to do it.
eg. Journalists have to work under pressure.
33 Unit 4
Q. How does your behaviour change when you feel stressed out ?
A. When I feel stressed out, I lose my temper easily.
To cope with expresses your abilty to make the right decisions and
behave well in a difficult or stressful situation.
eg. My grandmother couldn’t cope with looking after my grandfather on
her own, so they came to live with my parents.
Q. Have you ever had to cope with a friend who was too drunk to
walk home ?
A. No, I've never had to cope with a friend who was too drunk to walk
home.
phr.v. to bring up children = to look after a child until they are grown-
up.
n. personality
Q. How optimistic are you that you will find a good job ?
A. I'm very optimistic that I will find a good job.
n. synonym n. antonym
Q. What is a synonym ?
A. A synonym is a word with the same meaning as another word.
Q. What is an antonym ?
A. An antonym is a word with the opposite meaning of another word.
Q. What kind of things were you afraid of when you were a child ?
A. I was afraid of the dark when I was a child.
35 Unit 4
Q. How can you tell that someone is really glad to see you ?
A. You can you tell that someone is really glad to see you beacause
they smile and look really happy.
Q. Do you have the kind of job where you can sometimes take it
easy ?
A. No, I don't have the kind of job where I can sometimes take it easy.
n. suffix
36 Unit 4
suffix - ness
adjective noun
happy happiness
sad sadness
rude rudeness
kind kindness
selfish selfishness
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 64
lazy laziness
n. character n. characteristic
37 Unit 4
Q. Who makes sure that both teams play fairly in a football match ?
A. The referee makes sure that both teams play fairly in a football match.
Q. If you were going to dye your hair, what colour would you
choose ?*
A. If I were going to dye my hair, I would choose purple.
38 Unit 4
suffix –able
v. to influence n. influence
If something or someone influences you, they affect the way you think
or behave.
Q. Who are the people who have the strongest influence on you
while you are growing up ?
A. Parents have the strongest influence on you while you're growing up.
39 Unit 4
Although and even though are linking words. They have the same
meaning.
They are similar to ‘but’. Look at these sentences.
Q. Have you ever taken a day off work/school even though you
weren’t really ill ?
A. Yes, I have taken a day off school even though I wasn’t really ill.
prep. despite
Despite has exactly the same meaning as although. However, they use
different constructions.
Although is followed by a clause (with a verb).
Despite is followed by a noun, pronoun, or gerund (not a verb).
eg. Despite his money problems, he is happy.
(‘his money problems’ - no verb)
Although he has money problems, he is happy.
(‘he has money problems’ - verb)
NB. We always use although with a clause, and despite with a noun or
pronoun.
40 Unit 4
n. industry n. agriculture
adj. industrial adj. agricultural
Q. What social problems are common in big cities but rare in the
countryside ?
A. Crime is common in big cities but rare in the countryside.
42 Unit 5
adj. homeless
adjective noun
rich the rich = rich people generally
poor the poor = poor people general
unemployed the unemployed = unemployed people generally
homeless the homeless = homeless people in general
Q. Do you think the rich should pay more tax than the poor ?
A. Yes, I think the rich should pay more tax than the poor.
43 Unit 5
Q. Have you ever been to a very cold country like Iceland or Norway
?
A. Yes, I've been to Poland.
44 Unit 5
Q. Did you find this way of studying English a bit strange when you
first came to this school ?
A. Yes, I found this way of studying English a bit strange when I first
came to this school.
Q. How long does it take your eyes to get used to the dark if the
lights suddenly go out ?
A. If the lights suddenly go out, it takes your eyes about a minute to get
used to the dark.
v. to float v. to sink
sank
sunk
45 Unit 5
suffix – hood
n. childhood n. motherhood
n. fatherhood n. neighbourhood
Q. Do we see or hear :
a. thunder ?
b. lightning ?
46 Unit 5
n. disaster n. flood
n. hurricane
n. earthquake
A disaster is something very bad that happens and usually affects many
people.
Floods, hurricanes and earthquakes are examples of natural disasters.
v. to strike n. strike
struck
struck
Q. What are some of the most common reasons for going on strike
in your country ?
A. Some of the most common reasons for going on strike in my country
are that people want to earn more money and work fewer hours.
Q. What kind of strikes cause the most problems for the public ?
A. Tube strikes cause the most problems for the public.
Q. Do you think that people should get paid for days off due to
illness ?
A. Yes, I think that people should get paid for days off due to illness.
47 Unit 5
n. submarine n. subway
n. prefix
e.g. subtitle
im + possible - impossible
negative prefixes
un + kind - unkind
exercise
Make the antonyms for these words using the correct prefixes.
impatient illegal unavoidable
uncommon inefficient unlikely
impractical unfriendly unusual
adj. regular adv. regularly
If something happens regularly, it happens often and at similar times.
Q. Which one ?
A. The Brazilian News.
48 Unit 5
Q. If you drink too much, do you suffer a lot the next day ?
A. Yes, if I drink too much, I suffer a lot the next day.
If you trust someone, you believe that they are honest and they will keep
their promises.
eg. I can trust my best friend with my secrets.
Most people trust their bank to look after their money.
49 Unit 5
Q. What kind of people are used to coping with looking after noisy
children ?
Q. How would you feel if you were in a small boat during a storm ?
A. I would feel frightened if I were in a small boat during a storm.
Q. If you suffer from hay fever, what parts of your body get irritated
?
A. If you suffer from hay fever, your nose, eyes and throat get irritated.
v. to believe in
n. religion adj. religious
If you believe in something you are sure that it exists or you think it is
right and good.
Q. Do you believe in :
a. aliens ?
b. God ?
c. life after death ?
Q. Do you think that praying can help people cope with their
problems ?
A. Yes, I believe that praying can help people cope with their problems.
v. to provide
(someone with something)
(something for someone)
If you provide someone with something, you give them the things they
need.
n. system
50 Unit 5
In Britain, the school and university year is divided into three terms.
Long-term means for a long period of time, and short-term is for a short
period of time.
+ about + noun
If you are certain about something, you are 100% sure about it.
eg. I am certain that Tokyo is the capital of Japan.
I am certain that he is here, I saw him five minutes ago.
Q. Is it a certainty that:
a. the sun will rise tomorrow ?
b. I will teach you tomorrow ?
We can use must and can’t to express certainty about the past.
construction: must + have + past participle
can’t + have + past participle
eg. I haven’t got my wallet. I must have left it at home.
You can’t have left your wallet at home because you had it in the
restaurant.
Q. He is sneezing.
A. He might have caught a cold.
Q. He is late.
A. His train might have been delayed.
When someone did something badly or in the wrong way in the past, we
use
should + have + past participle to tell them a better or correct way to
do it.
eg. I didn’t understand how to do that exercise.
You should have asked your teacher.
I hurt my back lifting that wardrobe.
You shouldn’t have tried to move it on your own.
53 Unit 6
v. to emphasise n. emphasis
ii. only
eg. I’ve only got £10, it’s not enough.
iii. yet
eg. Haven’t you finished yet?
iv. so/such
eg. Thank you for such a lovely present. I like it so much.
adv. just adv. already
54 Unit 6
Q. Why would someone take an exam again even though they had
already passed it ?
A. Someone would take an exam again even though they had already
passed it because they wanted to get a better mark.
v. to control n. control
Unit 6 55
Q. Have you ever met a foreigner who was completely fluent in your
language ?
A. Yes, I have met a foreigner who is completely fluent in my language.
adv. partly
v. to lead to = cause
56 Unit 6
v. to guide n. guide
n. guide book
If you guide someone, you show them where to go or the best way to do
something.
When you are walking in the street you pass shops and people.
Q. Have you ever passed someone you knew in the street without
saying hello ?
A. Yes, I've passed someone I knew in the street without saying hello.
Q. When passing a shop, what kind of things make you stop to take
a look ?
A. When passing a shop, interesting windows displays make me stop to
take a look.
by
1. ways of traveling
eg. You can go to America by plane from England but you can’t go by
train.
2. how to do something
eg. He lost weight by going swimming every day.
You can practise your English by watching TV.
57 Unit 6
4. next to / near
eg. When they retired they went to live by the sea.
Q. What kind of things are often sold by the side of the road ?
A. Flowers are often sold by the side of the road.
We use the past perfect to talk about an action that happened further in
the past than another action.
NB. We always use the past perfect with another tense (usually the
past simple).
We often use the past perfect with time expressions such as before and
already.
eg. When I arrived at the station, the train had already left.
second action first action
I knew her name because I had met her before.
second action first action
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 107
Q. Had you ever spoken English to an English person before you
came to this school ?
A. Yes, I had spoken English to an English person before I came to this
school.
Q. Had you ever heard of this book before you started studying
here?
A. Yes, I had heard of this book before I started studying here.
Q. Do you know anyone who had driven a car before they were
sixteen ?
A. Yes, my sister had driven a car before she was sixteen.
58 Unit 6
exercise
Put the verbs in brackets ( ) into the right tenses.
1. When we went (to get to) the pub, our friends had left (to leave)
already.
2. I was (to be) half an hour late so when I went (to get) to the
cinema, the film had started (to start) already .
3. I didn't want (not to want) to go to the cinema because I had seen (to
see) the film twice before.
4. He knew (to know) the city very well because he had visited (to visit)
many times before.
adv. finally
Q. Have you ever taken a really long time to choose a present for
someone ?
A. Yes, I really took a really long time to choose a present for my
mother's last birthday.
Q. Have you ever had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a
restaurant ?
A. Yes, I've had to wait for over half an hour for your food in a restaurant.
59 Unit 6
shall
n. suggestion to make a suggestion
When you make a suggestion, you express an idea or a plan you have.
We often use shall I/we...? when we make a suggestion.
e.g Q. It’s cold. Shall I close the window ?
A. Yes, that’s a good idea.
Q. We all want to go out for dinner this evening but we don’t know
what kind of restaurant to go to. Make a suggestion.
A. Shall we go a Chinese restaurant?
We can only use will I/we when another person is in control and we can’t
influence the situation.
eg. A passenger on a plane might ask: ‘What time will we land in
London?
(The situation is already decided and the passenger has no influence.)
compare these two sentences:
Shall I bring some wine to the party ? - Making a suggestion.
Will I get paid weekly or monthly ? - Asking for information.
When we know something will happen in the future and we are happy or
excited
about, we can say I’m looking forward to it.
eg. I’m looking forward to the party next weekend.
3rd Conditional
1. We use the 3rd conditional when we imagine past actions and their
results.
eg. I would have forgotten her birthday, if you hadn’t reminded me.
In this sentence we imagine that the past was different (if you hadn’t
reminded me), and also imagine the result (I would have forgotten).
However, the truth is that I didn’t forget her birthday because you
reminded me.
Q. If you had felt ill this morning, would you have come to school ?
A. If I had felt ill this morning, I wouldn't have come to school.
Q. Would your parents have been pleased, if you had failed all your
exams at school ?
A. No, If I had failed all your exams at school, my parents wouldn't have
been pleased.
Q. If you had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, how would you
have felt this morning ?
A. If I had drunk a bottle of whisky last night, I would have felt really sick
this morning.
Q. If there had been a train / bus strike this morning, how would you
have come to school ?
A. If there had been a train strike this morning, I would have come to
school by bus.
61 Unit 7
exercise
Use the information to make a third conditional sentence.
eg. I was late this morning because my car broke down.
I wouldn’t have been late if my car hadn’t broken down.
1. She hit me because I was so rude.
Q. Who invented it ?
A. Alexander Bell invented it.
Q. How did people use to communicate with each other before the
telephone was invented ?
A. People used to communicate with each other by letters before the
telephone was invented.
v. to type n. keyboard
62 Unit 7
adv. eventually
If you keep up with a particular subject you know all the most recent
information about it.
eg. I keep up with new fashions by reading all the popular magazines,
such as Vogue and Cosmopolitan.
63 Unit 7
Q. Will you keep up with the lesson if you don’t pay attention ?
A. No, I won't keep up with the lesson if I don’t pay attention.
Q. Do you know what you’ll you be doing at this time next year ?
A. Yes, I will be studying English at this time next year.
Q. What do people send to their friends and family when they are on
holiday ?
A. People send postcards to their friends and family when they're on
holiday.
comparatives using as
1. as + adjective + as
If something is as heavy as something else, they are both the same
weight.
eg. An elephant can be as heavy as a car.
2. as + adverb + as
eg. You should answer questions in an exam as carefully as possible.
Q. Can you speak English as well as you speak your own language?
A. No, I can't speak English as well as I speak my own language.
v. to disappoint n. disappointment
Q. Have you ever really looked forward to something and then been
disappointed by it ?
A. Yes, I really looked forward to the film Star Wars but was disappointed
by it.
If you are satisfied with something, you are happy with it because it is
good enough.
65 Unit 7
The difference between a job and work is that a job is the particular
thing you do to earn money, whereas work is the general idea of doing
something to earn money.
Your career is the kind of work you plan to do in your working life.
eg. A career in law or a career in medicine.
Q. What kind of things can you do if you are looking for work ?
A. If you're looking for work, you can look in newspapers.
Q. Is it hard work ?
A. Yes, it's hard work.
66 Unit 7
Q. What is the retirement age for men and women in your country ?
A. The retirement age is 65 both for men and women in my country.
n. voice n. accent
v. to pronounce n. pronunciation
67 Unit 7
v. to do something on purpose
adj. clumsy
If you are a sensible person it means you make the right decisions and
you can be trusted with important things.
Your common sense is your natural ability to make practical decisions.
Q. Are you more sensible now than when you were a teenager ?
A. Yes, I'm more sensible now than when I was a teenager.
68 Unit 7
We can also use sensible to describe clothes that are suitable for a
particular situation.
Q. What are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances?
A. Thick boots are the most sensible shoes for walking long distances.
Q. What are the most sensible clothes to wear in very cold weather?
A. A thick jumper and a thick coat are the most sensible clothes to wear
in very cold weather.
If you are a responsible person, you are sensible and you can be
trusted with important things.
When we want to show the effects of an action in the past we can usually
use past simple + past simple if the effect happened very quickly after
the cause.
69 Unit 7
exercise
Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets.
Remember, each sentence has one verb in the past simple and one in
the past perfect.
1. I wasn't ( not to be) hungry when I got to school because I had eaten
(to eat)
breakfast.
2. I was (to be) very tired after work yesterday because I had slept (to
sleep)
badly the night before.
3. My teacher punished (to punish) me because I hadn't done (to not
do) my homework.
Q. Have you ever had to break into your house because you had
lost your keys ?
A. No, I've never had to break into my house because I'd lost my keys.
NB. We don’t use the past perfect when actions happen one after
another without influencing each other. Instead, we use the past simple.
eg. Yesterday I finished work at 5 o’clock and then I met my friend at a
restaurant.
After dinner we went for a drink and after that we saw a play at the
theatre,
and later on we went to a nightclub and danced until sunrise.
Compare these sentences :
I ate breakfast before I came to school.
I had eaten breakfast so I wasn’t hungry when I got to school.
We went to the cinema and saw a good film
I didn’t go to the cinema because I had already seen the film.
Q. Would you resign from a well-paid job if you were treated badly
by your employer ?
A. Yes, I would resign from a well-paid job if I were treated badly by my
employer.
n. channel
v. to rhyme n. rhyme
When two words rhyme, they end with the same sound.
life - wife cough - off
law - bore chair - wear
paid - made through - shoe
exercise
Write words which rhyme with :
1. fill – bill 2. book – shook
3. sheep – steep 4. law – bore
5. walk – fork 6. word – bird
7. cough – off 8. through – zoo
n. rhythm
v. to beat n. score
beat
beaten
The verb to beat has three meanings.
1. to win
eg. England usually beat Scotland at football.
n. heart n. lungs
phr v. to beat up
Q. What is a UFO ?
A. A UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object.
Q. Do you think people who say they have seen a UFO are telling
the truth ?
A. No, I don't think people who say they've seen a UFO are telling the
truth.
Q. In what area ?
A. In television.
Q. Which part of the media do you think has the most influence ?
A. I think newspapers and television have the most influence.
v. to criticise n. criticism
Q. Do you know any films which have been successful despite bad
reviews ?
A. Yes, Titanic has been successful despite bad reviews.
+ verb
We use even for emphasis. It often expresses the fact that something is
unusual or a surprise.
eg. Even English teachers sometimes make spelling mistakes.
All the children got a prize in the spelling competition, even Mark who
didn’t get any right.
Nobody likes my cooking, not even my dog.
He is so rude. He didn’t even say thank you when I gave him his
present.
Q. Which games are so simple that even children can play them ?
A. Board games are so simple that even children can play them.
74 Unit 8
even + comparative
London is a very big city, but some Asian and South American cities are
even bigger.
Q. Can you think of anyone who is even richer than the Queen of
England ?
A. Yes, Bill Gates is even richer than the Queen of England.
Q. Are you worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future ?
A. Yes, I'm worried that there will be even more unemployment and
crime in the future.
even if
We can use even if with all the conditional constructions you have
studied.
Q. Can you have a good time at a party even if you don’t know
anyone ?
A. Yes, you can have a good time at a party even if you don’t know
anyone.
Q. Would you go to your best friend’s wedding even if you felt really
ill ?
A. Yes, I would go to your best friend’s wedding even if I felt really ill.
Q. Do you try to keep up with the news from your country even if
you are living abroad ?
A. Yes, even if I'm living abroad, I try to keep up with the news from your
country.
Q. Would you pay more for your lessons if the furniture were more
comfortable ?
A. No, I wouldn't pay more for my lessons even if the furniture were more
comfortable.
Unit 8 75
Q. Do you agree that the best ideas are often the most simple ?
A. Yes, I agree that the best ideas are often the most simple.
76 Unit 8
77 Unit 8
n. position v. to position
Q. If you won a silver medal in a race, what position would you have
finished in ?
A. If you won a silver medal in a race, you would've finished in the
second position.
n. level
Q. Are there any cities in your country that have dangerous levels
of air pollution ?
A. Yes, Rome has dangerous levels of air pollution.
Q. Who wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match ?
A. Noone wins if the scores are level at the end of a football match.
Q. Can you think of anyone who was already rich by the age of
twenty ?
A. Yes, Michael Jackson was already rich by the age of twenty.
eg. By the time you finish your homework, dinner will be ready.
(Your dinner will be ready at about the same time you finish your
homework.)
We were late so by the time we got to the cinema, the film had already
started.
78 Unit 8
Q. Have most babies learnt to talk by the time they are two ?
A. Yes, most babies have learnt to talk by the time they are two.
Q. Do you think that by the time they retire, most people are too old
to enjoy their freedom ?
A. Yes, I think that by the time they retire, most people are too old to
enjoy their freedom.
We use the the future perfect to say an action will finish or happen
before a particular time in the future.
eg. If you don’t hurry up the film will have started by the time we get to
the cinema.
I haven’t finished that letter yet but I will have posted it by this evening
so they will have received it by this time next week.
Q. Will you have completed your course by the end of the year ?
A. I will have completed my course by the end of the year.
exercise
Fill in the gaps using the future perfect.
1. We are planning a big party in July because Paul will have finished
(to finish)
his exams by then.
2. The company is doing very well. We will have made (to make) a large
profit
by the end of the year.
3. I’m sending the information tonight, so they will have received (to
receive) it by
early next week.
4. If we don’t leave now, the film will have started (to start) by the time
we get there.
79 Unit 8
n. agreement n. contract
v. to deal in n. dealer
dealt
dealt
If you deal in something, you buy and sell it.
Some people deal drugs or arms illegally.
If a situation needs attention and you give it your attention, you deal with
it.
eg. A lawyer deals with legal problems.
Q. Would you enjoy a job where you had to deal with the public all
day ?
A. No, I wouldn't enjoy a job where I had to deal with the public all day.
81 Unit 9
Q. Are you good at dealing with problems when you are in a bad
mood ?
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 157
A. No, I'm not good at dealing with problems when I'm in a bad mood.
n. speech n. lecture
n. subject
Q. On what subject ?
A. On the problem of homeless people in London.
v. to discuss n. discussion
n. debate
82 Unit 9
eg. If you are addicted to smoking you can’t give it up even if you really
try.
Q. If you found out that someone you knew was a drug addict,
would you try to help them ?
A. Yes, if I found out that someone I knew was a drug addict, I would try
to help them.
If you are obsessed with something, you can’t stop thinking about it.
v. to wish (2)
Q. Which team do you wish had won the last world cup ?
A. I wish Brazil had won the last world cup.
83 Unit 9
Q. Is there anything you wish you had done when you were
younger?
A. Yes, I wish I had studied harder at school when I was younger.
84 Unit 9
n. symbol n. sign
Q. Can you describe the road sign which tells you that you must
stop at a main road ?
A. Yes, it's a red hexagon with STOP written in white letters.
adv. hardly
Q. If you went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, would
you stay ?
A. No, if I went to a party and there was hardly anyone there, I wouldn't
stay.
85 Unit 9
We use this tense to talk about a continuous action that starts sometime
in the past and continues to the present.
eg. They have been waiting for ten minutes.
I’m really tired because I have been playing football all afternoon.
This tense is used in the past in the same way as the present perfect
continuous is used for the present.
eg. They had been waiting ten minutes when the bus finally arrived.
I had been looking for a job for 6 months when I finally found that job
at MacDonald’s.
NB. Remember, we always use past perfect tenses with another action
in the past.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 167
exercise
Finish these sentences using the past perfect continuous.
1. The streets were wet because it had been raining.
2. I was very late and my friend had been waiting for an hour when I
arrived.
3. He was sacked because he had been stealing money from his
company.
4. They had been going out/had been living together for a month when
they got married.
86 Unit 9
Q. How long had you been studying English before you came to this
school ?
A. I had been studying English for about 2 years before I came to this
school.
Q. How long had you been waiting when your bus/train arrived ?
A. I had been waiting for about 10 minutes when my bus arrived.
Q. How long had you been looking for a school when you found this
one ?
A. I had been looking for a school for 2 weeks when I found this one.
We use this tense for an action that continues until a time in the future.
We use the future perfect continuous with time expressions such as
when or by the time + clause.
eg. I’ve been here since 9 o’clock so I will have been working for 8
hours by the time I leave tonight.
exercise
Give some information using the future perfect continuous.
1. My son is getting a lot of good experience at the factory, he will have
been working there for a year by the end of September.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 168
2. My grandmother will have been waiting for her operation for two years
when she finally goes into hospital next week.
3. I hope he is not tired, he will have been working for ten hours by the
time he arrives.
Q. How long will you have been studying at this school when your
course finally finishes ?
A. I will have been studying at this school for 2 years when my course
finally finishes.
87 Unit 9
Q. Do you think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage
boys ?
A. Yes, I think that teenage girls are more mature than teenage boys.
Q. Do children often fall out with each other and then make up
again?
Q. Have you ever helped two friends make up after they had had an
argument ?
A. Yes, I've helped two friends make up after they'd had an argument.
v. to serve n. service
adv. immediately
88 Unit 9
expr. as soon as
Q. Were there any classes at school where you were left behind by
the other students ?
A. No, there weren't classes at school where I was left behind by the
other students.
Q. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite you, would you
feel left out ?
A. If all your friends had a party and didn’t invite me, I would feel left out.
Q. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, how many are left ?
A. If you make 10 cakes and 7 are eaten, 3 are left.
Q. Which countries are on the other side of the world from your
country ?
A. Australia and New Zeland are on the other side of the world from my
country.
3. others
plural pronoun only (after the or possessive adjective)
eg. I only answered three questions in the exam, the others were too
difficult.
NB. We can say ‘the others’ when we are a talking about the other
people in a group.
eg. I have met Michael and Angela but I don’t know the others.
Q. Do you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank
?
A. Yes, you have to pay interest when you borrow money from a bank.
90 Unit 10
If you are superstitious, you believe that certain things happen that
cannot be explained by science or that certain things are lucky or
unlucky.
eg. The number 13 is unlucky.
If you break a mirror it will bring you seven years bad luck.
Q. Have you ever hit your head so hard that you lost
consciousness?
A. No, I've never hit my head so hard that I lost consciousness.
adj. self-conscious
Q. Do you feel self-conscious when you have just had your hair cut
?
A. Yes, I feel self-conscious when I've just had my hair cut.
Q. Do you think that the brain is the most complicated part of the
body ?
A. Yes, I think the brain is the most complicated part of the body.
91 Unit 10
v. to mind
1. to mind if
Q. Do you think the public would mind if the government put taxes
up by 10% ? A. Yes, I think the public would mind if the government put
taxes up by 10%.
92 Unit 10
n. conscience
Your conscience is the part of your mind that tells you if what you are
doing is right or wrong.
If someone has a guilty conscience, they feel guilty about something
they have done.
Exercise
1. to ask
2. word order
Some questions begin with verbs (eg. are you ..., have they ...).
When we report questions, the subject goes before the verb, as in a
normal sentence.
eg. “Where are the keys?” she asked.
She asked me where the keys were. (not: where were the keys.)
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 181
“Where would you like to sit?” he asked.
He asked me where I would like to sit.
93 Unit 10
3. do/did
4. if
When there is no question word (such as when, how, what, where, etc.),
we use if.
eg. “Is the photocopier working ?” he asked.
He asked if the photocopier was working.
“Do you like tomato soup?” he asked.
He asked me if I liked tomato soup.
exercise
94 Unit 10
Q. Do you think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city ?
A. Yes, I think that the people from the countryside are more
superstitious than the people from the city.
Q. How would you feel if the person you were going to marry
changed their mind ?
A. If the person I was going to marry changed their mind, I would feel
really sad and disappointed.
To explode is intransitive.
eg. The bomb exploded at 9 o’clock.
To blow up is transitive.
eg. The bomb blew up the building it was hidden in.
95 Unit 10
Q. Do you think there will ever be a time when the whole world will
be at peace ?
A. No, I don't think there will ever be a time when the whole world will be
at peace.
C. First make a sentence with wish, then write a sentence in the second
conditional
to show how it might be different.
e.g. I have to work very hard.
I wish I didn’t have to work very hard.
If I didn’t have to work very hard, I would spend more time with my family.
1. I can’t cook well.
I wish I could cook well.
If I could cook well, I would invite my family for a dinner party.
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999
Exercises, Unit 1
103
2. I am very poor.
I wish I wasn't so poor.
G. Sentence Transformations
1. The weather was so bad that there were a lot of accidents.
(were) A lot of accidents were caused by the bad weather.
2. I lost my temper because he was so arrogant.
(behaviour)His arrogant behaviour made me lose my temper.
3. Crime is sometimes caused by unemployment.
(causes) Unemployment is one of the causes of crime.
4. I didn’t want to play sport, but my teacher said that I had to.
(force) My teacher used force to make me play/forced me to play sport.
5. My teachers didn’t encourage me enough at school.
(get) I didn’t get enough encouragement from my teachers at school.
105
H. Choose the right word.
1. He is very modest and never .................................................... about his well-paid
job.
a. tells b. speaks c. boasts d. big-headed
2. Sometimes my .................................................... changes with the weather.
a. mood b. temper c. mind d. subject
3. He was so .................................................... that he shared the money with his
friends.
a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous
4. .................................................... people don’t think enough about other people.
a. greedy b. arrogant c. selfish d. generous
5. I lost her book and .................................................... a story that it had been stolen.
a. told b. made up c. said d. lied
6. People say that pigs are .................................................... animals.
a. modest b. selfish c. pigheaded d. greedy
7. My mother used to .................................................... when I lied.
a. punch me b. bully me c. tell me off d. encourage me
Exercises, Unit 2
107
Unit 2
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 196
A. To be worth + gerund
Make sentences with ‘to be(not) worth + gerund because…’ about these situations.
eg. I’ve heard it’s a really lovely place. (Go there.)
It’s worth going there because I’ve heard it’s a really lovely place.
1. We will have a conversation class. (Bring your books.)
It's not worth bringing our books because we will have a conversation class.
2. It’s always hot there. (Take our coats.)
It's not worth taking our coats because it's always hot there.
3. She’s a very important woman. (Treat her well.)
It's worth treating her well because she's a very important woman.
4. She’s very stubborn. (Try to change her mind.)
It's not worth trying to change her mind because she's very stubborn.
5. I’m sure everything will be fine. (Worry about it.)
It's not worth worrying about it because I'm sure everything will be fine.
6. It will help you a lot. (Buy a good English-English dictionary.)
It's worth buying a good English-English dictionary because it will help you a
lot.
H. Making words
1. Everyone was annoyed by his arrogant behaviour. BEHAVE
2. Not sharing your Easter egg was very selfish. SELF
3. I got a lot of encouragement from my parents. ENCOURAGE
4. We used to have to stay behind after school as a punishment. PUNISH
5. He told me that the painting was completely worthless. WORTH
6. I’m going to hospital for some treatment on my knee. TREAT
7. My sister’s sarcastic sense of humour annoys me. SARCASM
8. Dogs can be useful because of their intelligence. INTELLIGENT
K. Write the causes of these effects using a verb in the Present Perfect
Continuous.
eg. My cat has lots of cuts on its face.
It has been fighting with my neighbour’s cat.
1. His eyes feel tired.
He has been watching TV for too long.
2. She is very drunk.
She has been drinking alcohol.
3. The plants don’t need any more water.
Someone has been watering the plants a lot.
4. His legs are aching.
He has been running.
Exercises, Unit 3
112
D. Find the six sentences that don’t make sense and change them.
1. She is drink.
She is drunk.
2. I’m in a really bad mood.
correct
3. He is too strong to carry the table.
He isn't strong enough to carry the table.
4. My mother and I have a very good communication.
E. Unless
We will go to the park if it isn’t raining. = We will go to the park unless it’s raining.
Change these conditional sentences using ‘unless’.
1. I won’t play football if I don’t feel well.
I won't play footaball unless I feel well.
2. I never borrow money if I don’t really need it.
I never borrow money unless I need it.
3. The computer won’t work if we don’t have it repaired.
The computer won’t work unless we have it repaired.
4. I won’t eat chicken if it isn’t cooked properly.
I won’t eat chicken unless it is cooked properly.
5. He won’t pass the exam if he doesn’t study hard.
He won’t pass the exam unless he studies hard.
Exercises, Unit 4
B. Synonyms and antonyms Write a synonym and an antonym for the following
words.
synonym antonym
1. Happy glad unhappy
2. Fast quick slow
3. Big large/huge small/little
4. Right correct incorrect/wrong
5. Unkind impolite kind/polite
6. Raise rise drop/fall
7. Rare uncommon common
C. Sentence Transformations
1. I try not to drive through the centre of town on Saturdays.
avoid I avoid driving through the centre of town on Saturdays.
2. This flat is my temporary home.
live I live in this flat temporarily.
3. He was not tall enough to be in the army.
short He was too short to be in the army.
4. You are not old enough to see this film.
young You are too young to see this film.
5. There is no need to rush when you do this exercise.
take You can take your time over doing this exercise.
6. It annoys me that he is always so pessimistic.
makes His being so pessimistic makes me annoyed.
F. Make nouns from the following adjectives and then use them to finish the
sentences.
happy sad rude kind selfish lazy
1. It was with great saddness that I heard about his death.
2. I can’t believe his rudeness, he really should apologise.
3. Thank you for your kindness during this difficult time for my family.
4. Despite his laziness we finished all the work on time.
5. I love children but I’m often surprised by their selfishness.
6. Your happiness is the only thing that is important to me.
Exercises, Unit 5
C. Choose such as or like and add some examples to finish these sentences.
1. They sell a lot of alcoholic drinks, like spirits, wine and beer.
2. A lot of interesting animals, like deer, foxes and wolves, can be seen in that
region.
3. He has a lot of films on video, such as Titanic and Gone With The Wind.
4. Many countries produce wine, like France, Portugal and the USA.
5. My country has many famous dishes, such as gołąbki, schabowy and bigos.
6. My country has a lot of social problems, like unempoloyment, alcoholism and
drugs.
7. Some fruit and vegetables, such as bananas, oranges and apples, are always
peeled before eating.
D. to be + used to + noun/gerund
What are/aren’t these people used to + noun/gerund ?
eg. An English woman who eats with chopsticks for the first time.
i. She isn’t used to (eating with) chopsticks.
ii. She is used to (eating with) a knife and fork.
F. Sentence Transformation
Change the sentence to another form . You must use the word in brackets.
eg. A car hit me while I was walking home.
(run) I was run over by a car while I was walking home.
1. Despite the bad weather, the ship left on time.
(although) Alhough the weather was bad, the ship left on time.
2. He’s starting to feel comfortable in his new job.
(used to) He's getting used to feeling comfortable in his new job.
3. Although he was lazy, he passed the exam.
(despite) Despite being lazy, he passed the exam.
4. I need to revise the present and past perfect before the exam.
(over) I need to go over the present and past perfect before the exam.
H. Extra words ?
These sentences are wrong because they have one extra word. Underline the extra
words .
eg. He lost his job, then he had to move out of his flat and now he’s a homeless.
1. One of the advantages of this diet is that it’s as delicious as a normal food.
2. The food was so a delicious that I ordered two main courses.
3. The unemployed people get help from the government in some European
countries.
4. The gradual rise in the number of car accidents is often exaggerated about on TV
5. The film was so boring me that I left the cinema before it finished.
6. Many people were made homeless because of an earthquake struck the area.
7. Many strange animals can be found in Australia, like kangaroos and koalas are
some examples.
8. The Titanic sank down in less than two hours after it hit an iceberg.
J. Make a different word using the one in capitals to finish these sentences.
1. She wanted her parents to take her ambitions more seriously. SERIOUS
2. When I was a teenager I used to argue with my parents a lot. USE
3. She was a beautiful woman, but famous for her vanity. VAIN
4. His big red sports car is good fun, but not very practical. PRACTICE
5. Don’t worry, he is completely trustworthy, you can rely on him to keep that
information secret. TRUST
6. He left his last job because it was too stressful. STRESS
7. The war had a disastrous effect on the economy. DISASTER
8. A lot of TV programmes are subtitled for deaf people. TITLE
9. There are eight important daily newspapers in the UK. DAY
10. I find most TV adverts really irritating. IRRITATE
Li. Choose the right words from the list below to finish this article.
The earthquake 1) ................................... the city in the 2) ...................................
evening
during the 3) ................................... hour 4) ................................... thousands of
people were travelling home after work. It is 5) ................................... that more than
a hundred people died and 6) ................................... two thousand were 7)
................................... hospital. It was 8) ................................... huge disaster that
Lii. Choose the right words from the list below to complete this article.
As a result of the earthquake 11) ................................... daily life came to a 12)
................................... stop. Public transport 13) ................................... also 14)
................................... affected. All train services 15) ................................... cancelled
and all flights from the international airport were 16) ................................... .
When the sun 17) ................................... the next morning it was clear that thousands
of
homeless people would need to be provided 18) ................................... emergency
accommodation. The government had to 19) ................................... on international
organisations to bring in food and medicine. The city would take a long time to 20)
................................... the disaster.
11) a. usual b. every c. normal d. each
12) a. sudden b. quick c. fast d. full
13) a. did b. were c. had d. was
14) a. severely b. a lot c. such d. bad
15) a. were b. had c. was d. have been
16) a. later b. delayed c. cancel d. slow
17) a. came up b. rises c. rise d. got up
18) a.with b. of c. to d. for
19) a. trust b. ask c. rely d. need
20) a. be over b. go over c. get over d. run over
Exercises, Unit 6
C. Use must have, can’t have or might have and put the verb in the right form.
eg. He only got 15% in the exam. He can’t have studied (study) very hard.
Their team won the game 10 - 0. They must have played (play) really well.
1. He didn’t go to the party. He might have been (be) tired or ill. I’m not sure.
2. My wife didn’t say happy birthday to me this morning. She might have forgotten
(forget).
3. His car broke down and he had to walk 10 miles. He can't have been (be) very
happy.
4. Where is my car? It must have been moved (move) by the traffic police. (passive)
5. I saw a dog this morning which looked just like David’s.
It can't have been (be) David’s dog, because it died recently.
6. Where did I leave my keys? - I’m not sure, I might have left (leave) them in the
kitchen.
7. Why is he so late? He left home on time.
D. Sentence Transformation
Rewrite the first sentence. Use a maximum of five new words, including the word in
brackets, and keep the meaning the same.
e.g. My boss got angry with me for arriving late.
I was told off by my boss for arriving late. (off)
1. A car hit her while she was crossing the road.
She was run over a car while she was crossing the road. (run)
2. I tried calling him at home, so I’m sure he isn’t there.
He can't be at home, because I tried calling him there. (be)
3. There was an advertisement for a teaching job in the newspaper yesterday.
A teaching job was advertised in the newspaper yesterday. (advertised)
4. All the trains were delayed because the drivers went on strike.
All the trains were delayed due to drivers’ strike. (due)
5. I’m still finding my new timetable a bit strange.
I haven't got used to my new timetable yet. (got)
6. It is possible that the price influenced her choice.
The price might have influenced her choice. (might)
H. Choose the past simple or the past perfect for the verbs in brackets in these
sentences.
1. We hadn't eaten (to not eat) jellyfish before we visited (to visit) China.
2. They had already sold (to sell) all the tickets when we got (to get) to the concert.
3. She thought (to think) that he was (to be) the most amazing man she had met (to
meet).
4. I had seen (to see) such high mountains until I went (to go) to Nepal.
5. He had been (to be) a professional boxer for only one year when he won (to win)
the competition.
J. Sentence Transformations
1. She is very excited about her trip to Thailand.
(forward) She is looking forward to her trip to Thailand.
2. We were provided with food by the local people.
(us) The local people brought us food.
3. I am sure he did not pay for the coffee because he didn’t have any money.
Exercises, Unit 7
E. Sentence transformations.
1. A Ferrari is faster than a Jaguar.
(as) A Jaguar is is not as fast as a Ferrari.
2. Britain is not as big as France.
(than) France is bigger than Britain.
3. Nuclear power is more dangerous than people used to think.
(as) Nuclear isn't as safe as people used to think.
4. English is not as difficult as most other European languages.
(than) English is easier than most other European languages.
5. It is quicker to send messages by e-mail than by fax.
(as) It isn't as quick to send messages by fax as by e-mail.
L. (not) as + adjective/adverb + as
eg. He usually drives more slowly than me.
He doesn’t usually drive as quickly as me.
1. I’m younger than her.
I’m not as old as she.
2. I cook worse than him.
I don’t cook as well as he.
3. This restaurant is cheaper than that one.
This restaurant isn’t as expensive as that one.
4. I danced better than everybody.
Nobody danced as well as I.
5. Your backpack is lighter than mine.
Your backpack isn’t as heavy as mine.
6. I’m more pessimistic than him.
I’m not as optimistic as he.
Exercises, Unit 8
© Avalon Book Company Ltd., 1999 222
A. Word transformations
Change the word at the end to fit the sentence.
1. You got an excellent mark in your exam ? That’s wonderful! WONDER
2. I can’t understand people who kill animals for amusement. AMUSE
3. She handed in her resignation the day after the meeting. RESIGN
4. This work is not satisfactory . It will have to be done again. SATISFY
5. There is no problem with your work. It is perfectly satisfactory. PERFECT
6. In an interview, they are trying to judge your suitableness for the job. SUITABLE
7. We found the film very disappointing. DISAPPOINT
8. After looking for her flat for two hours, we eventually went to a hotel. EVENT
I. Word Transformations.
1. Sometimes criticism is good for people. CRITIC
2. Ghosts and UFO’s are examples of the paranormal. NORMAL
3. Snakes are very slippery animals. SLIP
4. The comedian was so amusing that the audience were all laughing. AMUSE
5. A picnic is a meal you eat outdoors. DOOR
6. Margaret Thatcher wrote her autobiography soon after she lost power.
BIOGRAPHY
7. The President of the USA is the most powerful person in the world. POWER
8. He was very irresponsible with the money he won and he spent it in a year.
RESPONSIBLE
J. Use one of the time expressions below to make these sentences make
sense.
by by the time when
1. If I post this letter today, it should arrive by Monday.
2. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the age of ten.
3. Mozart was famous all over Europe by the time he was ten.
4. We were so late for dinner that when we got there they were already eating
dessert.
5. I will tell her when I see her tomorrow.
6. By the time I am forty, I will be a millionaire.
7. I will have finished this job by this time next week.
L. Some lines in this text have an extra, unnecessary word. Find the extra
words and
underline them.
Dear Sir or Madam,
1. I am writing to you about the advertisement for a job as
2. a tourist-guide, showing to visitors around the great temple.
3. Despite of being out of work at this moment, I am used to
4. be employed in a castle for twelve years. I was such as a
Exercises, Unit 9
C. Use the correct tense after the verb ‘wish’ in these sentences.
1. I wish I had (have) more money, then I could afford that holiday.
2. I wish I hadn't bought (buy) this watch, it doesn’t work properly.
3. I wish you had told (told) yesterday, I could have helped you then.
4. I wish I had studied (study) harder for the exam, I only got 10%.
5. I wish I was (be) taller.
6. I wish you would clean up (clean up) after you use the kitchen.
7. I wish it would stop (stop) raining, then we could go for a picnic.
8. I wish I had booked (to book) that holiday earlier, all the hotels are full now.
G. Perfect continuous tenses. Put the verbs in brackets in the right tenses.
1. I had been waiting (wait) for 45 minutes when the dentist finally told (tell) me to
come in.
2. My eyes are really hurting because I have been working (work) at a computer all
day.
3. Simon will have been living (live) in Tooting for three years by this time next year.
4. The leaders of the two countries had been discussing (discuss) the problem for
ten hours when they finally decided (decide) to sign the agreement.
5. We will have been writing (write) this book for over a year by the time we finish
(finish) it.
I. From the first sentence, write a sentence using wish to express regret and
then another sentence in the third conditional.
eg. He failed all his exams.
(study) He wishes he had studied harder.
If he had studied harder, he wouldn’t have failed his exams.
1. She missed her job interview.
i. (wake up) She wishes she had woken up earlier.
ii. If she had woken up ealier, she wouldn't have missed her job interview.
2. He is addicted to smoking.
i. (start) He wishes he hadn't started smoking.
ii. If he hadn't started smoking, he wouldn't have been addicted to it.
3. She spoilt her appetite.
i. (eat a bar of chocolate) She wishes she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate.
ii. If she hadn't eaten a bar of chocolate, she wouldn't have spoilt her appetite.
J. Choose one of the right time clauses below for these sentences.
as soon as by by the time
1. He was totally drunk by the time he left the pub.
2. Call me as soon as you get home.
3. Most people are quite mature by the age of twenty.
4. By the time he was 30, he had already been to prison twice.
5. I want this fax sent to the ambassador as soon as possible.
6. He will have been dealing in antique furniture for 40 years by the time he retires
next year.
7. If you post the letter immediately, it should arrive by next Wednesday.
L. Complete the sentences with an expression or phrasal verb using the verb to
leave.
1. Everyone was suprised that David Beckman was left out of the football team.
2. There is some beer left from the party last night.
3. Umbrellas are often left behing on buses and trains.
4. Some people want to be left alone when they are in a bad mood.
5. You will be left behind by the other students unless you come to school more
regularly.
6. Don’t throw away that leftover food, I’m going to give it to the rat.
7. Simon always feels left out at parties because nobody talks to him.
Exercises, Unit 10
C. Transformation exercises.
Rewrite the sentence using a construction with make.
1. I was angry because the teacher shouted at me.
The teacher made me angry when he shouted at me.
2. It was such a sad film that I cried.
The film was so sad that it made me cry.
3. The criminal was forced into the car by the policeman.
The police made the criminal go into the car.
4. I was really happy when I got your message.
Your message made me happy.
5. I tidied up my room because my mother told me to.
My mother made me tidy up my room.
6. The river has become polluted due to factory waste.
Factory waste has made the river polluted.
Unit 2
valuable precious jewellery situation temporary
permanent intelligence impractical advertisement guaranteed
exaggeration serious
Unit 3
population increase exist extinct protection
sunbathe delicious disgusting vegetarian communication
gradually suddenly
Unit 4
natural resource nuclear pressure stressful
personality optimistic pessimistic appearance avoidable
influence persuasion
Unit 5
industrial agriculture inefficient earthquake submarine
routine irritating trustworthy synagogue prejudiced
multi-cultural system
Unit 6
certainty emphasise completely suggestion guide
finally whereas control mainly ahead
Unit 7
wonderful invention eventually technology receive
disappointing unsuitable satisfactory excellent career
pronounce pronunciation
Unit 8
resign intention accidentally responsibility hilarious
documentary literature rhyme rhythm criticise
special complicated
Unit 9
position agreement discussion enthusiastic addiction
obsessed represent appetite including immediately
absolutely immature
Unit 10
deposit superstition conscious conscience psychiatrist
psychological terrifying explosion peaceful paranormal
purpose calorie
B
bad for you 31
bald 37
ban 32
ban, to 32
bar 78
C
calorie 27
cancel, to 45
cancelled 45
CAPITALS 53
career 65
cause 7
cause, to 7
certain 51
certainty 51
change your mind, to 91
D
daily 48
E
earthquake 46
effect 16
efficient 45
emphasis 53
emphasise, to 53
employ, to 66
employee 66
employer 66
encourage, to 7
encouragement 7
energetic 31
energy 31
enjoyable 38
enthusiasm 81
enthusiastic 81
escalator 76
even 73
even if 74
even though 39
eventually 62
F
fair 37
fall out, to 87
fall, to 23
false 35
fantastic 42, 60
fashionable 38
fat 27
fatherhood 45
fear 93
feel left out, to 88
fence 78
fiction 36
film industry 75
finally 58
fingerprint 9
fire 26
fist 11
float, to 45
flood 46
floor 76
fold, to 20
follow, to 56
force 7
force, to 7
forgive, to 11
future continuous, the 63
future perfect 78
future perfect continuous 86
G
gas 31
gate 78
generous 6
genius 18
gentle 15
get over, to 30
get used to 44
get used to, to 44
ghost 72
glad 34
go off, to 26
go over, to 30
good for you 31
gradual 30
H
hang up, to 20
hanger 20
happiness 36
hardly 84
hardware 62
have trouble, to 22
hayfever 48
head of state 50
headline 47
heart 72
hilarious, to 70
hill 43
hilly 43
hole 79
homeless 42
however 19
huge 42
human 25
human being 25
hunt, to 32
hunting 32
hurricane 46
I
I don’t care 91
I don’t mind 91
I.D. 10
identify, to 10
identity 10
identity card 10
idiot 18
illegal 47
immature 87
immediately 87
impatient 47
impractical 20, 47
in danger of 25
in spite of 40
include, to 87
included 87
J
jewellery 13
judge 9
judge, to 50
judgement 50
jump, to 79
just 54
K
keen 82
keep up with, to 63
keyboard 62
kill, to 9
kind 32
kindness 36
L
ladder 43
later 48
lawn 75
laziness 36
lead, to 56
lead to, to 56
leader 56
leave alone, to 88
leave behind, to 88
leave out, to 88
lecture 81
left 88
leftovers 88
level 77
M
main 55
main course 8
mainly 55
make (something) up, to 12
make a deal, to 80
make a suggestion, to 59
make sense, to 28
make someone do something,
to 7
make up, to 87
make up your mind 91
mature 87
media, the 73
mental 90
message 63
migraine 48
mild 46
mind doing, to 91
mind if, to 91
mind, to 91
modal verbs in the past 52
modest 5
monster 72
mood 6
mortgage 89
mosque 49
motherhood 45
mountainous 41
multi-cultural 51
murder, to 9
murderer 9
N
natural resource 31
neighbourhood 46
non-fiction 36
nuclear power 31
P
paranormal 72
partly 56
pass, to 56
past perfect (2) cause and
effect 68
past perfect continuous 85
peace 95
peaceful 95
peel 27
peel, to 27
pension 66
perfect 65
permanent 15
personality 34
persuade, to 38
persuasion 38
pessimist 34
pessimistic 34
pick (out), to 25
pick someone up, to 25
pick something up, to 25
picnic 76
pigheaded 6
pitch 75
plant 75
plant, to 75
plastic surgery 37
plot 75
population 23
position 77
position, to 77
power 31
powerful 31
practical 20
practice 18
pray, to 49
R
racism 51
racist 51
raise, to 24
raw 27
receive, to 63
referee 37
region 41
regular 48
regularly 48
reliable 49
religion 49
religious 49
rely, to 49
remote control 55
replace, to 20
reported speech (2) - reported
questions 92
represent, to 83
resign, to 66
responsibilty 68
responsible 68
result 58
result in/from, to 58
S
sack, to 66
sadness 36
sarcasm 17
sarcastic 17
satellite 28
satisfaction 65
satisfactory 65
satisfy, to 65
score 72
scream, to 94
self-conscious 90
self-employed 66
selfishness 36
send, to 63
sense of humour 17
sensible 68
serious 19
seriously 19
serve, to 87
service 45, 87
set, to 23
severe 46
sexism 51
sexist 51
shake hands, to 94
shake, to 94
shake your head, to 94
shall 59
share, to 6
shoot, to 32
short-term 51
sight 71
sign 84
silly 18
simple 75
sink, to 45
situation 15
slap, to 11
T
take control, to 55
take it easy, to 35
take your time, to 35
technology 63
tell (someone) off, to 12
temper 6
temple 49
temporary 15
tense 33
term 51
terrified 93
terrifying 93
terror 94
terrorism 94
terrorist 94
the mind 90
the past perfect (1) 57
then 48
theory 18
thief 26
third conditional 60
thunder 46
tiny 42
title 36
total 85
totally 85
trademark 84
transitive 24
transitive and intransitive
verbs 24
treat, to 14
treatment 14
trial 9
trouble 21
trouble and problem compared
22
true 35
trust, to 48
trustworthy 48
type, to 62
U
U.F.O. 72
umpire 37
unavoidable 47
V
vain 37
valley 43
valuable 13
vanity 37
vegetarian 27
vitamin 27
voice 66
W
washable 38
weather forecast 10
whereas 54
while 54
will and shall - making suggestions
59
wish (2) 82
wish + subject + would 83
wonderful 60
word processor 62
work 65
worthless 13