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European Journal of Cultural
Studies
http://ecs.sagepub.com/
Money, media and the anti-politics of terrorist finance
Marieke de Goede
European Journal of Cultural Studies 2008 11: 289
DOI: 10.1177/1367549408091845
The online version of this article can be found at:
http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/11/3/289
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
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C D F N D C D L NDMTDQXNOLDD@CMH@I N@TMQCM@SKDQNQEN Q H R S E H M @ M B D
#OPYRIGHT ¥ 3!'% 0UBLICATIONS
,OS !NGELES ,ONDON .EW $ELHI
AND 3INGAPORE
6OL n
$/)
WWWSAGEPUBLICATIONSCOM
-ONEY MEDIA AND THE
ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORIST
FINANCE
-ARIEKE DE 'OEDE
5NIVERSITY OF !MSTERDAM
@ARSQ@BS 4HIS ARTICLE OFFERS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ANTI POLITICS OF
TERRORIST FINANCE UNDERSTOOD AS THE PARTICULARLY DEPOLITICIZED GOVERNING
PRACTICES ENABLED IN ITS NAME 4HE ARTICLE CONCEPTUALIZES @TERRORIST FINANCE
NOT AS AN UNPROBLEMATIC REALITY WHICH HAS ELICITED A STATE RESPONSE BUT
AS A PRACTICE OF GOVERNMENT THAT WORKS THROUGH A NUMBER OF POLITICAL OR
DISCURSIVE MOVES 4HE ARTICLE BEGINS WITH AN EXAMINATION OF THE MEDIA
BATTLES OVER THE NAMES NUMBERS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM FINANCE
)T THEN ARGUES THAT THE @WAR ON TERRORIST FINANCE IS NOT SO MUCH ABOUT
REGULATING GLOBAL MONEY FLOWS AS IT IS ABOUT GOVERNING PRACTICES OF
MEDIATION AND SOCIAL AFFILIATION
JDXVNQCR ANTI POLITICS -USLIM CHARITIES SECURITIZATION SOCIAL
MEANING OF MONEY TERRORISM FINANCE
)NTRODUCTION TAKING !L
-ANAR OFF THE AIR
)N !UGUST *AVED )QBAL AN !MERICAN BUSINESSMAN OF 0AKISTANI
DESCENT WAS ARRESTED AND CHARGED WITH @MATERIAL SUPPORT FOR TERRORISM )T
APPEARED THAT )QBALS "ROOKLYN
BASED SATELLITE 46
COMPANY ($46
,4$
HAD ENABLED BROADCASTS IN THE 53 OF !L
-ANAR THE 46 STATION CLOSELY LINKED
TO ,EBANONS (EZBOLLAH MOVEMENT 3UCH BROADCASTS WERE NOT ($46S
MAIN PURPOSE THIS WAS A MEDIUM
SIZED SATELLITE COMPANY OPERATING OUT
OF "ROOKLYN AND 3TATEN )SLAND WHICH OFFERED DIFFERENT VIEWING PACKAGES
TO DIFFERENT AUDIENCES AND ENABLED AS SOME NEWS REPORTS HAVE NOTED THE
GLOBAL BROADCAST OF #HRISTIAN EVANGELIST SERMONS AMONG OTHER THINGS
!SSOCIATED 0RESS A )TS FACILITATION OF !L
-ANAR WAS TIPPED OFF TO
THE &") BY A 7ASHINGTON
BASED ORGANIZATION CALLING ITSELF THE #OALITION
!GAINST 4ERRORIST -EDIA WHICH CAMPAIGNS AGAINST THE MEDIA PRESENCE
OF (EZBOLLAH AND (AMAS 7ILLIAMS AND 2ASHBAUM )QBAL AND HIS
COLLEAGUE WERE SUBSEQUENTLY ARRESTED AND CHARGED UNDER THE )NTERNATIONAL
%MERGENCY %CONOMIC 0OWERS !CT OF WHICH @BARS DIRECT FINANCIAL AID
TO TERRORIST GROUPS AND THE SALES OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES THAT COULD HELP
@QSHBKD
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
SUCH GROUPS !SSOCIATED 0RESS B (EZBOLLAH WAS DESIGNATED A TERRORIST
ENTITY IN THE 53 IN !L -ANAR WAS BLACKLISTED IN $ECEMBER
"ECAUSE !L -ANAR SOMETIMES SOLICITS DONATIONS DURING ITS PROGRAMMES
)QBAL WAS ACCUSED OF @KNOWINGLY PROVIDING @MATERIAL SUPPORT OR RESOURCES
TO TERRORISM 5NITED 3TATES OF !MERICA V *AVED )QBAL AND 3ALEH %LAHWAL SEE
HTTPWWWLAWCOILLEBCPDF !T THE TIME OF WRITING THE CASE WAS
STILL PENDING WITH THE MENS LAWYERS PREPARING A DEFENCE ON THE GROUNDS
OF FREE SPEECH ARGUING THAT @THE CONTENT OF (IZBALLAHS MESSAGE CANNOT
SERVE AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR REPRESSING IT ANDOR FOR PROSECUTING -R )QBAL
AND $R %LAHWAL FOR COMMUNICATING IT QUOTED IN 'OLDSTEIN
4HE POINT OF THE CASE AGAINST )QBAL AND THE !MERICAN !L -ANAR BROAD
CASTS IS NOT TO SHOW !MERICANS TO BE PARTICULARLY REPRESSIVE IN THE CONTEXT
OF THE @7AR ON 4ERROR !L -ANAR SATELLITE BROADCASTS HAVE BEEN BARRED BY
THE %UROPEAN 5NION SINCE AND THE CHANNEL CANNOT BE RECEIVED BY
%UROPEAN 46 AUDIENCES ALTHOUGH IT IS AVAILABLE ON THE INTERNET #ONWAY
2ATHER FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS ARTICLE THE CASE AGAINST )QBAL DRAWS
OUT TWO POINTS ABOUT THE ROLE OF MONEY AND MEDIA IN THE ANTI POLITICS OF
TERRORIST FINANCING &IRST THE PROSECUTION AGAINST )QBAL SHOWS A GLIMPSE
OF THE POWER AND REACH OF CURRENT ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE LEGISLATION /STENS
IBLY ENACTED TO DETECT AND CUT OFF FUNDING TO TERRORISM NEW ANTI TERRORIST
FINANCE LAWS AND THE REDEPLOYMENT OF OLD LAWS HAVE IN PRACTICE THE ABILITY
TO GOVERN WIDELY AND AFFECT PRACTICES OF AID CHARITY AND MEDIA !S *UDE
-C#ULLOCH AND 3HARON 0ICKERING HAVE ARGUED PERCEPTIVELY
MEASURES AIMED AT COMBATING THE FINANCING OF TERRORISM x DRAMATICALLY
EXPAND THE DISCRETIONARY POWER OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TO RESPOND TO POLITICAL
ACTIVITY AS CRIME )N ADDITION THEY PROVIDE A MECHANISM THROUGH WHICH
GOVERNMENTS CAN FINANCIALLY CRIPPLE INDIVIDUALS CHARITIES WELFARE AND SOCIAL
JUSTICE ORGANISATIONS SEE ALSO !TIA
4HUS THE PROSECUTION OF )QBAL AND HIS COLLEAGUE ON THE GROUNDS OF
FINANCING TERRORISM DRAWS THIS CRIMINAL PROSECUTION INTO A DOMAIN OF THE
@7AR ON 4ERROR THAT IS PARTICULARLY DEPOLICIZED AND TECHNOLOGIZED AND
WHICH HAS THE EFFECT OF STIFLING A BROADER DEBATE ON THE DESIRABILITY OF
!L
-ANAR IN THE 53 !T THE SAME TIME THE PROSECUTION OF )QBAL IS BUT ONE
SMALL EXAMPLE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH ANTI
TERRORISM FINANCE MEASURES HAVE
WORKED TO GOVERN SPACES OF CHARITY AND COMMUNITY IN RECENT YEARS
3ECOND THE CASE MAKES EXPLICIT THE MEDIA BATTLES RAGING OVER AND
THROUGH @TERRORIST FINANCE AS A CONCEPT )F A SUBSTANTIAL ABILITY TO GOVERN
IS ASSEMBLED AND MOBILIZED IN THE NAME OF FIGHTING TERRORISM FINANCE
THE DEFINITION OF WHAT TERRORISM FINANCE IS HOW IT WORKS AND WHAT FINANCIAL
SPACES AND NETWORKS SEEM TO BE INVOLVED TAKES ON NEW MEANING )NDEED
HOW CAN BROADCASTING A 46 CHANNEL BECOME AN ACT OF TERRORIST FINANCING
4HE IDENTIFICATION OF TERRORIST MONEY THEN HAS TO BE ANALYSED AS A CULTURAL
PRACTICE OF MEDIATION 2ATHER THAN EXAMINING HOW TERRORISTS FINANCE THEIR
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
ACTS OR EVEN HOW ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE POLICIES ARE DEVELOPING THIS ARTICLE
IS INTERESTED IN THE PRACTICES OF GOVERNING THAT ARE ENABLED IN THE NAME OF
@ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE 4HUS IT CONCEPTUALIZES @TERRORIST FINANCE NOT AS AN
UNPROBLEMATIC REALITY THAT HAS ELICITED A STATE RESPONSE BUT AS A PRACTICE OF
GOVERNMENT THAT WORKS THROUGH A NUMBER OF POLITICAL OR DISCURSIVE MOVES
CF #AMPBELL !S WE WILL SEE THE MEDIA BATTLES OVER THE NAMES
NUMBERS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERRORISM FINANCE ARE PARTICULARLY ACUTE
0ERHAPS THE POLITICS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM FINANCING ARE UNDER
STOOD BETTER AS ANTI POLITICS IN THE SENSE THAT THEY SEEK TO @;SUPPRESS= POTENTIAL
SPACES OF CONTESTATION ;AND PLACE= LIMITS ON THE POSSIBILITIES FOR DEBATE AND
CONFRONTATION "ARRY 0UT SIMPLY ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE HAS BEEN
PUT FORWARD AS THE BENIGN TECHNOLOGIZED AND DEPOLITICIZED FACE OF THE
@7AR ON 4ERROR .OT ONLY DOES THIS PARTICULAR SPACE OF GOVERNING DEPEND
UPON TECHNOLOGIZED RISK MODELS AND THE COMPLEX JURIDICAL LANDSCAPE OF
SANCTIONS LAWS BUT IT ALSO APPEARS TO FORM A MARKED CONTRAST WITH THE
VIOLENCE OF OTHER FRONTS OF THE @7AR ON 4ERROR &OR EXAMPLE ACCORDING TO
*àRGEN (ABERMAS THE @NECESSARY AND PRUDENT POST MEASURES OF @THE
EFFECTIVE CONTROL OVER SUSPICIOUS FINANCIAL FLOWS AND INTERNATIONAL BANK
ASSOCIATIONS ARE TO BE WELCOMED AS A @WHOLLY DIFFERENT APPROACH TO FIGHTING
TERRORISM THAN MILITARY SECURITY MEASURES "ORRADORI /FTEN
ASSET FREEZING AND FINANCIAL TARGETING ARE SEEN AS THE ALTERNATIVE TO VIOLENT
INTERVENTIONS IN THE @7AR ON 4ERROR A PEACEFUL TECHNOLOGIZED WAY OF
ADDRESSING TERRORISM SEE FOR EXAMPLE +ATZ -OREOVER POLITICAL
ECONOMISTS GENERALLY HAVE WELCOMED THE PURSUIT OF TERRORIST FINANCE AS
A RENEWED POLITICAL WILL TO RE REGULATE GLOBAL FINANCIAL FLOWS POST
ESPECIALLY BECAUSE MANY HAVE LONG CALLED FOR THE INCREASED SCRUTINY OF
@DIRTY MONEY "AKER "IERSTEKER !LARMIST AUTHORS SUCH AS
,ORETTA .APOLEONI AND 2AYMOND "AKER HAVE BEEN EMBRACED BY THE ALTER
GLOBALIZATION ,EFT FOR DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE UNDERBELLY OF THE SPHERE OF
GLOBAL FINANCE AND CALLING FOR NEW REGULATION OF GLOBALIZED CAPITAL FLOWS
!S A RESULT THE PRECISE SPACES AND PRACTICES OF GOVERNING ENABLED IN THE
NAME OF TERRORISM FINANCING REMAIN UNDER EXAMINED (OWEVER AS "ARRY
(INDESS HAS WRITTEN WITH REGARD TO TRANSNATIONAL ANTI CORRUPTION POLITICS
A @SELECTIVE FOCUS IS AT WORK HERE @WHICH SUGGESTS THAT ANTI CORRUPTION
CAMPAIGNS MAY WELL BE BOUND UP WITH OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENDAS
CF (INDESS
4HIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE SELECTIVE PRIORITIES EMERGING IN THE ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORISM FINANCING AND ARGUES THAT THESE ARE NOT SO MUCH
ABOUT CUTTING OFF MONEY TO TERRORISTS AS THEY ARE ABOUT GOVERNING PRACTICES
OF SOCIAL AFFILIATION AND MEDIATION 4HE DISRUPTION OF !L -ANAR THROUGH
THE ARREST OF )QBAL IS BUT ONE EXAMPLE OF THE WAYS IN WHICH THE APPARENT
REGULATION OF MONEY FLOWS BECOMES A GOVERNING OF PUBLIC SPACE AND THE
LIMITS OF THE SAYABLE )NDEED IF WE UNDERSTAND MONEY AS A CIRCUIT OF
KINSHIP AND A MEANS TO SOCIAL INTERACTION RATHER THAN AS DISEMBODIED
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
AND DISEMBEDDED FROM SOCIETY :ELIZER IT IS EASY TO SEE THE
URGENCY OF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTION HOW ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE
BECOMES A PRACTICE OF GOVERNING )T WILL BE SHOWN THAT THE INTERVENTIONS
IN KINSHIP AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION ENABLED THROUGH THE SECURITIZATION OF
TERRORIST FINANCE ENTAIL THEIR OWN MUNDANE EVERYDAY VIOLENCES THAT ARE
BOTH FAR REACHING AND LITTLE NOTED SEE ALSO !MOORE AND DE 'OEDE
&IRST IN ORDER TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS THE ARTICLE WILL ANALYSE THE
MEDIATION OF @TERRORIST FINANCE UNDERSTOOD AS THE WAYS IN WHICH TERRORIST
FINANCE EMERGES AS A CULTURAL IMAGINARY AND POLITICAL PROBLEM IN NEED OF
SECURITY INTERVENTION 4HIS DOMAIN CONTINUES TO BE CONTESTED AS WILL BE
DISCUSSED BELOW 3ECOND THE ARTICLE WILL EXAMINE IN SOME DETAIL THE ACTUAL
GOVERNING PRACTICES ENABLED IN THE NAME OF ANTI TERRORIST FINANCING 4HE
ARTICLE WILL CONCLUDE WITH THE QUESTION OF THE VIABILITY OF AN @ANTI ANTI
TERRORISM FINANCING POLITICS
-EDIATING TERRORIST MONEY
-EDIATION
)N ORDER TO EXAMINE THE ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORIST FINANCE UNDERSTOOD AS
THE DEPOLITICIZED GOVERNING PRACTICES ENABLED IN ITS NAME IT IS IMPORT
ANT TO SEE WHEN AND HOW TERRORIST FINANCE CAME TO BE UNDERSTOOD AS A
SECURITY CONCERN 3ECURITIZATION IN THIS SENSE IS BOUND UP CLOSELY WITH
PRACTICES OF MEDIATION UNDERSTOOD AS THE WAY IN WHICH THE PROBLEM OF
TERRORISM FINANCING IS REPRESENTED ACROSS DIFFERENT MEDIA FROM THINK
TANK REPORTS AND BLOGS TO NEWS REPORTING TO COURT INDICTMENTS AND
BACK -EDIATION IS NOT A NEUTRAL REPRESENTATION OF THE TRUTH BUT ALWAYS
A PARTICULAR PARTIAL AND CONTESTABLE ARTICULATION OF A POLITICAL PROBLEM
THROUGH A COMPLEX INTERACTION OF LANGUAGE WITH @OTHER MEDIA OTHER
TECHNOLOGIES AND OTHER CULTURAL ARTEFACTS "OLTER AND 'RUSIN
)F MEDIATIONS ARE NEVER A NEUTRAL RECORDING OF A PRIOR MATERIAL REALITY
THEY ARE NEVERTHELESS REAL BOTH AS @ARTEFACTS x IN OUR MEDIATED CULTURE
"OLTER AND 'RUSIN AND IN THEIR INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL
EFFECTS 4HE MEDIATION OF TERRORIST MONEY THEN IS NOT TO BE UNDERSTOOD
AS A @RHETORICAL CONFIGURATION 7ALTERS BEHIND WHICH THE TRUTH OF
TERRORIST FINANCIAL NETWORKS OR EVEN THE REAL PURPOSE OF THIS AXIS OF THE
@7AR ON 4ERROR ARE EASILY DISCERNED !LTHOUGH IMPORTANT AND EXCELLENT
WORK IS BEING DONE IN THE NAME OF EXPOSING THE @TRUTH BEHIND THE WAR
ON TERRORIST FINANCE .AYLOR 7ARDE A THE PRESENT AUTHORS
READING SUGGESTS THAT THIS PERSPECTIVE UNDERESTIMATES THE @COMPLEXITY
OF WHAT IS GOING ON IN POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SHAPING OF INSECURITIES
(UYSMANS 4HE SECURITIZATION OF @TERRORIST FINANCE ENTAILS
DURABLE MATERIALITIES AND INSTITUTIONAL REALITIES THAT ARE NOT UNDERSTOOD
SUFFICIENTLY THROUGH A LENS OF TRUTH AND FALSEHOODS )NDEED THESE MATERIAL
AND INSTITUTIONAL REALITIES ARE LIKELY TO PERSIST LONG AFTER THE CURRENT
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
DEBATES ON THE @7AR ON 4ERROR AND THE ROLE OF THE "USH ADMINISTRATION
HAVE SUBSIDED
(ERE IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THAT @TERRORIST FINANCE IS ITSELF NOT
NECESSARILY A PHRASE THAT PRE
DATED THE SECURITY PRACTICES DEVELOPING IN ITS
NAME n IT IS NOT AN ISSUE THAT EXISTED WITH MUCH SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION
TO FOR EXAMPLE CORRUPTION FRAUD OR MONEY LAUNDERING AFTER WHICH IT BE
CAME SECURITIZED )T IS ONLY IN RELATION TO FIGHTING @TERROR AND THE ASSERTION
THAT @THE LIFEBLOOD OF TERRORISM IS MONEY THAT TERRORIST FINANCE BECAME
A PROBLEM AT ALL -ICHAEL #HERTOFF QUOTED IN #"3 .EWS 4HUS
FOLLOWING 7ILLIAM 7ALTERS RECENT INTERVENTION IN THE SECURITIZATION
DEBATE IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND HOW TERRORISM FINANCE WAS @POLITIC
IZED DRAMATIZED AND PROBLEMATIZED THROUGH IMAGES AND LANGUAGES THAT
CREATE DIVERSE SECURITY EFFECTS ALSO 7ILLIAMS )NDEED AS WILL BE
FURTHER DISCUSSED BELOW THE PROBLEMATIZATION OF @TERRORIST FINANCE SERVES
PRIMARILY TO WIDEN THE SCOPE OF POSSIBLE SECURITY ACTION !S THE EXAMPLE OF
!L
-ANAR ILLUSTRATES PROBLEMATIZING AND CRIMINALIZING @TERRORIST FINANCE
DRAWS MONETARY CIRCUITS WELFARE NETWORKS AND COMMUNITY AFFILIATIONS
INTO GOVERNMENTAL PRACTICE
)T IS POSSIBLE TO ARGUE THEN THAT TERRORIST MONEY AS A SECURITY PROBLEM
HAS MATERIALIZED IN PARTICULARLY CONTESTABLE WAYS )T WAS NOT UNTIL AFTER
THAT TERRORIST MONEY AS A SECURITY CONCERN DEVELOPED FROM AN INCIDENTAL
RALLYING POINT FOR THOSE ON THE ,EFT OBJECTING TO MONEY LAUNDERING AND FOR
THOSE ON THE 2IGHT OBJECTING TO FINANCIAL AID FOR THE 0ALESTINIAN TERRITORIES
EG %HRENFELD AND :EBAIDA TO A CENTRAL ANCHOR OF THE @7AR ON
4ERROR )T WAS NOT UNTIL AFTER THEN THAT THE PROBLEM OF TERRORIST
FINANCE ACQUIRED WHAT 7ILLIAM #ONNOLLY CALLS THE @RESONANCE
THAT ALLOWED THE DISPARATE FACTORS AND DISCOURSES SURROUNDING THE ISSUE
TO @MORPH INTO A @QUALITATIVE ASSEMBLAGE CF "IALASIEWICZ ET AL )N
SUCH A QUALITATIVE ASSEMBLAGE DIFFERENCES OF OPINION AND STRUGGLES OVER
COMPETENCE CONTINUE TO EXIST (OWEVER WHAT HAS MOVED BEYOND QUESTION
AND WHAT RESONATES THROUGH MEDIA STORIES POLICY DOCUMENTS COURT CASES
AND POPULAR COMMENTARY IS THE URGENCY OF THE PROBLEM ITSELF AND THE
NEED TO TAKE ACTION POLITICALLY JURIDICALLY AND FINANCIALLY !S ONE 53 GOV
ERNMENT OFFICIAL ASSERTED NOT LONG AFTER IN PHRASES THAT ARE FAIRLY
EXEMPLARY OF FRAMING THE PROBLEM MORE GENERALLY
4HE CAMPAIGN TO KEEP MONEY OUT OF THE HANDS OF TERRORISTS HAS BECOME A
CENTERPIECE OF THE OVERALL WAR AGAINST TERRORISM x &OCUSING ON AND ATTACKING
TERRORIST MONEY FLOWS IS IMPORTANT FOR SEVERAL REASONS &INANCIAL RECORDS AND
AUDITS PROVIDE BLUEPRINTS TO THE ARCHITECTURE OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS "Y
FOLLOWING THE MONEY TRAIL THROUGH FINANCIAL INFORMATION SHARING WORLDWIDE
WE CAN SAVE LIVES BY UNEARTHING TERRORIST CELLS AND NETWORKS :ARATE
!NTI
TERRORISM FINANCING IS ACCORDED A MORAL AUTHORITY THROUGH THE
ASSERTION THAT @LIVES CAN BE SAVED BY PROMPT AND PREEMPTIVE ACTION IN
THE FINANCIAL DOMAIN
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
! TERRORIST FINANCE @CANON
)F WE UNDERSTAND THE REPRESENTATION OF TERRORIST MONEY AS A CULTURAL PRAC
TICE OF SECURITIZATION THE NARRATIVES ABOUT !L
1AEDAS PRESUMED WEALTH
AND MONETARY SOURCES TAKE ON NEW SIGNIFICANCE (OW IS TERRORIST MONEY
MEDIATED 7HAT ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT NARRATIVES OF THE FUNDING OF
!L
1AEDA AND THE MONEY OF /SAMA BIN ,ADEN 7HAT NUMBERS STATISTICS
AND MEASURES CIRCULATE IN THIS DISCURSIVE DOMAIN )BRAHIM 7ARDE HAS
RECENTLY OBSERVED THAT
AN INSTANT CANON ON TERRORIST FINANCING WAS ESTABLISHED IN THE DAYS AFTER THE
ATTACKS 4HE LAUNDRY LIST WAS FAMILIAR AND MINDLESSLY REPEATED THE BIN ,ADEN
M FORTUNE BUSINESS FRONTS LEGAL AND ILLEGAL )SLAMIC CHARITIES 3AUDIS
RICH !RABS HAWALAS DRUGS GOLD AND DIAMONDS ETC &ROM THE POPULAR PRESS
TO PRESTIGIOUS THINK
TANKS THE LISTS WERE ALMOST IDENTICAL 2EPETITION LOOKS
LIKE CORROBORATION 7ARDE B
4HE IMAGE OF A VAST UNDERGROUND TERRORIST FINANCIAL NETWORK WAS
POPULARIZED BY THE )TALIAN ECONOMIST ,ORETTA .APOLEONI NEO
CONSERVATIVE AUTHORS SUCH AS %HRENFELD AND PUSHED BY THINK
TANKS
AND INTELLIGENCE NEWS SERVICES INCLUDING THE 2!.$ #ORPORATION *ANES
)NTELLIGENCE 2EVIEW AND THE 3)4% )NSTITUTE FOR EXAMPLES SEE +ATZ AND
$EVON +ISER 2APHAELI 4O GIVE JUST ONE EXAMPLE OF
THE LANGUAGE OF THE @CANON THAT 7ARDE DISCERNS #ANADIAN INTELLIGENCE
EXPERT -ARTIN 2UDNER ASSERTS IN THE )NTERNATIONAL *OURNAL FOR )NTELLIGENCE
AND #OUNTERINTELLIGENCE THAT @!L 1AEDA AND ITS AFFILIATES AND FRONT ORGAN
IZATIONS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE BUILT UP A ROBUST MULTI
PRONGED GLOBAL MONEY
GENERATING AND MONEY
MOVING SYSTEM TO FINANCE THE COMPLEX TRANSNATIONAL
WEB OF GROUPS AUXILIARIES AND CELLS 2UDNER GOES ON TO IDENTIFY
CHARITABLE FRONTS 3AUDI FINANCIERS FRAUD CRIME HAWALAS INFORMAL MONEY
REMITTANCE NETWORKS AND DIAMOND SMUGGLING AS SOURCES AND MEANS OF
TERRORIST FINANCING CONFLATING MONEY LAUNDERING CRIME AND TERRORIST
FINANCING WITH APPARENT EASE )T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT MANY ELEMENTS
OF THIS CANON REMAIN UNCORROBORATED BY INVESTIGATE SOURCES AND COURT
JUDGEMENTS NOR DO THEY NECESSARILY BEAR RELATION TO THE ACTUAL FINANCING
OF THE ATTACK &OR EXAMPLE THE -ONOGRAPH ON 4ERRORIST &INANCING
PUBLISHED BY THE #OMMISSION IN CONCLUDES THAT THERE IS @NO
EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THAT THE HIJACKERS USED HAWALA OR ANY OTHER INFORMAL
MONEY TRANSFER MECHANISM TO SEND MONEY TO THE 5NITED 3TATES 2OTH ET AL
)NDEED IT IS POSSIBLE TO ARGUE THAT THE TERRORIST FINANCE CANON
IS PART OF WHAT #INDI +ATZ CALLS PRACTICES OF @BANAL TERRORISM UNDERSTOOD
AS @THE COMMON NON SENSE CONSTRUCTED AND ASSUMED AROUND TERRORISM
AND TERRORISTS IN ALL SORTS OF BANAL WAYS WHICH CAN BE HAILED AT MOMENTS
OF CRISIS TO AUTHORIZE EXCEPTIONAL SECURITY MEASURES
!S 7ARDE B POINTS OUT @NUMBERS WERE NECESSARY IN THIS DEBATE
4HE TERRORIST FINANCE CANON ACQUIRED AUTHORITY AND FACTICITY THROUGH ITS
APPEAL TO NUMBERS HOWEVER CARELESSLY THESE MAY HAVE BEEN CONCEIVED
%VEN IF THE DEBATE ON TERRORIST FINANCE NUMBERS ILLUSTRATES IN THE WORDS
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
OF 24 .AYLOR THAT @IT IS NOT NECESSARY TO TAKE THE SQUARE ROOT OF A NEGATIVE
SUM TO ARRIVE AT A PURELY IMAGINARY NUMBER QUOTED IN 7ARDE A
IT HAS IMPORTANT EFFECTS )F PRACTICES OF SECURITIZATION ARE NOT JUST ABOUT
MEDIATING REALITIES IN PARTICULAR WAYS BUT EQUALLY ABOUT THE @DEVELOPMENT
AND IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS AND KNOWLEDGE (UYSMANS
THEN WE FIND IN THE STATISTICS AND MEASURES OF TERRORIST FINANCE AN
ATTEMPT TO ENABLE INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE 0UT SIMPLY THE NUMBERS CIRCU
LATED ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE PROBLEM OF TERRORIST FINANCE DO MORE THAN ALARM
PUBLIC AND POLICYMAKERS )N THEIR PRETENCE TO ECONOMIC MEASUREMENT AND
CALCULATION THEY SEEK TO FOSTER AN ANTI
POLITICAL DOMAIN OF TECHNOLOGICAL
COMPETENCE AROUND MEASUREMENT DIAGRAMMING COMPUTER SIMULATION
AND KNOWLEDGE GENERATION "ARRY "IGO (UYSMANS &OR
EXAMPLE WHILE &RIEDRICH 3CHNEIDERS ELABORATE MACRO
ECONOMIC
MEASUREMENTS OF TERRORIST FINANCING ARE BASED ON POORLY EXPLAINED AND
DUBIOUS PRESUPPOSITIONS INCLUDING THE SUGGESTION THAT GLOBAL TERRORIST
FINANCING IS A DIRECT CORRELATE OF THE 'ROSS .ATIONAL 0RODUCT '.0 OF
-USLIM STATES THEY FOSTER A CALCULATIVE SPACE IN WHICH THE PROBLEM CAN BE
TECHNOLOGIZED (OWEVER THIS REDUCTION TO CALCULATION AND MEASUREMENT
HAS BEEN ONLY PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE WILD DIVERGENCE OF
EXISTING ESTIMATES 3CHNEIDER HIMSELF ESTIMATES THE WEALTH OF !L
1AEDA
TO BE BILLION AND ITS ANNUAL MONEY FLOW TO BE BETWEEN MILLION AND
MILLION 4HIS IS STILL BILLIONS REMOVED FROM WHAT IS PERHAPS THE MOST
IN FAMOUS ESTIMATE OF THE @.EW %CONOMY OF 4ERROR WHICH IS @CALCULATED
BY .APOLEONI TO BE AN AMAZING TRILLION
%LSEWHERE DE 'OEDE ) HAVE ARGUED THAT THERE ARE AT LEAST THREE
PARTIALLY CONTRADICTORY DISCURSIVE AXES ALONG WHICH THE PROBLEM OF TERRORIST
FINANCE IS BEING CONSTITUTED %ACH OF THESE DISCURSIVE AXES CAN BE SAID
TO PRODUCE OVERLAPPING SPACES OF FINANCIAL /THERNESS AND DEVIANCE IN
WHICH INTERVENTION IS THOUGHT TO BE DESIRABLE &IRST HAWALAS ARE ASSUMED
TO BE PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO TERRORIST FINANCING AND ARE IMAGINED AS
UNDERGROUND SECRETIVE PAPERLESS AND BEYOND THE GRASP OF THE AUTHORITIES
FOR COUNTER
NARRATIVES SEE DE 'OEDE 0ASSAS 3ECOND SUSPICI
OUS MONEY FLOWS ARE THOUGHT INCREASINGLY TO BE IDENTIFIABLE AND TRACEABLE
WITHIN ESTABLISHED WESTERN FINANCIAL MARKETS &OR EXAMPLE INDIVIDUAL
CHECKING ACCOUNTS ARE SUBJECT TO AUTOMATED PROFILING ON THE BASIS OF PRO
FESSIONAL CLASSIFICATION AND ASSUMPTIONS CONCERNING NORMAL FINANCIAL
BEHAVIOUR 3HIELDS 7ITHIN THIS FOCUS ON THE MAINSTREAM FINANCIAL
SECTOR MOREOVER WE CAN OBSERVE A PARTICULAR FOCUS ON @E
MONEY UNDER
STOOD AS RELATIVELY NOVEL FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE THOUGHT TO BE
PARTICULARLY RISKY SOME OF WHICH SUCH AS #ASH
5 CARDS HAVE A DIRECT
RELATIONSHIP TO FINANCIAL EXCLUSION 4HIRD )SLAMIC FINANCE AND )SLAMIC
CHARITABLE GIVING ARE CAST AS MAJOR CONDUITS FOR TERRORIST MONEY !S -ONA
!TIA SHOWS THE NARRATIVE OF TERRORIST FINANCE MARKS OUT -USLIM
MONEY AS ESPECIALLY SUSPECT AND @OTHER IN IMPLICIT CONTRAST TO @MAINSTREAM
WESTERN BANKING SEE ALSO .AYLOR !TIA ARGUES THAT PARTICULAR KINDS
OF MONEY ARE DIFFERENTIATED AND SUBJECT TO GOVERNING
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
$ISEMBODIED MONEY n WHITE MALE PLACELESS FREE FLOATING x n IS DISTINCT FROM
EMBODIED MONEY n THE PARTICULARIST RACIALIZED PLACE BOUND FEMINIZED AND
CLOSELY MONITORED MONEY OF WHICH )SLAMIC FINANCE IS A PART
"ELOW THIS ARTICLE WILL OFFER A MORE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF HOW THESE DIS
CURSIVE AXES PRODUCE PARTICULAR SPACES OF GOVERNING
#ONTESTATION
(ERE IN CLOSING THE DISCUSSION ON THE MEDIATION OF TERRORIST MONEY IT IS
IMPORTANT TO EMPHASIZE ITS RELATIVELY RECENT SEDIMENTATION AND CONTINUED
CONTESTATION )T IS CERTAINLY THE CASE THAT A CANON CONCERNING THE SIZES
SOURCES AND CHANNELS OF TERRORIST FINANCING IS BEING ESTABLISHED AND THAT
ALMOST EVERY POLICY REPORT THINK
TANK INTERVENTION AND JOURNALISTIC ACCOUNT
RECITES THE SUSPECT TRIAD OF HAWALA E
MONEY AND CHARITIES (OWEVER AT THE
SAME TIME IT IS NOT THE CASE THAT WHAT !NDREW "ARRY CALLS A @METROLOGICAL
REGIME HAS BEEN FIRMLY ESTABLISHED IN THIS FIELD 7E CANNOT
YET SPEAK OF A FIRM @APPARATUS OF MANAGEMENT AND CALCULATION IN PLACE
WITH REGARD TO TERRORIST FINANCE #LEARLY THE OBJECTIVE OF THE
0ARIS
BASED INTERGOVERNMENTAL &INANCIAL !CTION 4ASK &ORCE &!4&
WHICH HAS ARTICULATED NINE INFLUENTIAL @SPECIAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON TER
RORIST FINANCE IS TO ESTABLISH PRECISELY SUCH A METROLOGICAL REGIME &!4&S
ACTIVITIES INCLUDE THE PRODUCTION OF REGULAR COUNTRY COMPLIANCE REPORTS
IN WHICH THE MEASURES THAT INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES HAVE IMPLEMENTED WITH
REGARD TO MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCE AND COUNTRIES LEVELS
OF COMPLIANCE WITH &!4& RECOMMENDATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL BEST PRAC
TICE ARE ASSESSED )N THIS MANNER &!4&S ATTEMPTS TO REDUCE THE HEATED
DEBATE ON WHAT TERRORIST FINANCE IS HOW IT LOOKS AND CAN BE TRACKED TO
MEASURABLE RISK AND COMPLIANCE SCORES ARE PROFOUNDLY ANTI
POLITICAL FOR
USEFUL ANALYSES OF &!4& SEE (àLSSE ,EVI AND 'ILMORE
(OWEVER IT IS IMPORTANT NOT TO OVERSTATE THE COHERENCE WITH WHICH
UNDERGROUND TERRORIST ECONOMIES ARE IMAGINED &OR EXAMPLE MANY
POLICYMAKERS PRIVATELY RIDICULE .APOLEONIS ESTIMATES EVEN IF THEY PUB
LICLY ACCEPT THE CONCOMITANT URGENCY OF PURSUING TERRORIST FINANCE -ORE
OVER THE IDEA OF HIGHLY
FLEXIBLE LOCAL AUTONOMOUS TERRORISTS CELLS WHICH
DO NOT REQUIRE LARGE RESOURCES AND ARE OFTEN SELF
FUNDED IS ACQUIRING
CURRENCY IN THE DEBATE CF 2ANSTORP 4HE CONTINUED CONTESTATION
OVER THE PROBLEMATIZATION OF TERRORIST FINANCE WAS ILLUSTRATED POIGNANTLY
BY #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESSS #50 RECENT DECISION TO PULP ALL UNSOLD
COPIES OF !LMS FOR *IHAD "URR AND #OLLINS WHEN FACED WITH A LIBEL
LAWSUIT BY +HALID BIN -AHFOUZ A 3AUDI BANKER ACCUSED OF TERRORISM
FINANCING IN THE BOOK 'LENN !LMS FOR *IHAD IS A FAIRLY STANDARD
WORK IT DRAWS ON ALL THE FAMILIAR ARGUMENTS CONCERNING THE USE OF HAWALA
)SLAMIC FINANCE AND IN PARTICULAR )SLAMIC CHARITIES FOR TERRORIST FINANCING
)T RECYCLES ACCUSATIONS OF ALL THE FAMILIAR INDIVIDUALS AND INSTITUTIONS
BIN -AHFOUZ AMONG THEM )NDEED AMONG THE CANON ON TERRORIST FINANCING
THE BOOK STANDS OUT PERHAPS FOR TWO REASONS &IRST IT DISTINGUISHES ITSELF
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
THROUGH ITS PARTICULAR NASTINESS TOWARD @-USLIM MONEY IT ASSERTS THAT
@ACTS OF TERRORISM ;ARE= BEING PERPETRATED BY A SOPHISTICATED NETWORK OF
)SLAMIST TERROR ORGANIZATIONS FUNDED BY INDIVIDUAL -USLIMS AND -USLIM
CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS AND THAT @THE CHARITIES THAT HAVE SUPPORTED
AL 1AEDA AND ITS OFFSHOOTS HAVE BEEN AMONG THE WEALTHIEST "URR AND
#OLLINS n )TS VERY TITLE !LMS FOR *IHAD PRODUCES THE ASSUMPTION
THAT -USLIM CHARITABLE MONEY FUNDS A @HOLY WAR AND AN ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
OF THE MANIFOLD PEACEFUL MEANINGS OF JIHAD IS NOT INCLUDED IN THE VOLUME
CF #RONE 3ECOND !LMS FOR *IHAD STANDS OUT AMONG THE TERRORIST
FINANCE CANON FOR HAVING BEEN PUBLISHED BY AN ACADEMIC PUBLISHER AS
RESPECTABLE AS #50 -OST OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THIS AREA ORIGINATE FROM
POLITICALLY MOTIVATED THINK
TANKS AND LITTLE
KNOWN PUBLISHING HOUSES
)NDEED WITH THE PUBLICATION OF THIS PARTICULAR BOOK BY #50 IT BECAME
MORE DIFFICULT FOR THOSE CRITICAL OF THE TERRORIST FINANCE CANON TO REFUTE
ITS CONTENT
#50S DECISION TO WITHDRAW THE BOOK IN ORDER TO AVOID A LIBEL CASE BY
BIN -AHFOUZ WAS A REMARKABLE TURN OF EVENTS 4HE PRESS RELEASED A STATE
MENT SAYING THAT ITS DECISION WAS MOTIVATED BY THE FACT THAT @THE VERY
SAME CHARGES OF DEFAMATION AGAINST OTHER AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS HAD BEEN
UPHELD BY JUDGES IN THE (IGH #OURT ON AT LEAST TWO PREVIOUS OCCASIONS
4AYLOR /NE OF THESE LAWSUITS WAS BIN -AHFOUZS CASE BROUGHT
AGAINST 2ACHEL %HRENFELD AND THE PUBLISHER OF HER BOOK &UNDING %VIL
"ONUS "OOKS %HRENFELD AND HER PUBLISHER LOST THE CASE IN -AY
THE BOOK CAN NO LONGER BE SOLD IN THE 5+ AND BIN -AHFOUZ WAS
AWARDED MAXIMUM DAMAGES UNDER %NGLISH LAW 4HE PRESIDING JUDGE
-R *USTICE %ADY EXAMINED A NUMBER OF THE SOURCES ON WHICH THE ACCUSA
TIONS AGAINST BIN -AHFOUZ WERE BASED AND RULED THAT
THE DEFENDANTS HAVE HAD EVERY OPPORTUNITY TO DEFEND THESE PROCEEDINGS x
!LL THEY HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ADVANCE x IS MATERIAL OF FLIMSY AND UNRELIABLE
NATURE +HALID 3ALIM BIN -AHFOUZ ET AL V $R 2ACHEL %HRENFELD "ONUS
"OOKS )NC ;= %7(# 1" 1"$
)T SEEMS THAT THE #50 BOOK DEPLOYED THE SAME @FLIMSY SOURCE MATERIAL
IN ITS STATEMENT #50 ADMITTED THAT ITS BOOK @REPEATED EVIDENCE @FROM EARLIER
SOURCES ;AND= HAS NOT STOOD UP TO THE REQUISITE TESTS 4AYLOR
$ESPITE THIS PROVEN UNRELIABILITY OF THE SOURCES ON WHICH THE ACCUSATIONS
AGAINST BIN -AHFOUZ ARE BASED ASSERTIONS OF HIS GUILT REMAIN n FOR EXAMPLE
ON THE 53 !MAZON WEBSITE WWWAMAZONCOM ONE READER COMPLAINS THAT
@#AMBRIDGE THE OLDEST PUBLISHER IN THE WORLD HAS CAVED TO THIS KNOW ;SIC=
TERRORIST FINANCIER !MAZONCOM -ANY IN POLICY AND PUBLISHING
CIRCLES CONTINUE TO BELIEVE THAT BIN -AHFOUZS BUSINESS DEALINGS ARE AT LEAST
SUSPECT AND SOME HAVE ARGUED THAT THE WEALTHY 3AUDI BUSINESSMAN EXPLOITS
THE %NGLISH LIBEL LAW SYSTEM TO HIS ADVANTAGE @4HIS IS THE THIRD BOOK
PULPING
-AHFOUZ CAN TAKE CREDIT FOR LAMENTS ONE COLUMNIST 2EIDY 4HE CASE
THEN CAN BE SEEN AS AN ILLUSTRATION OF THE ANTI
POLITICAL LOGIC SURROUNDING
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
THE TERRORISM FINANCE CANON WHICH HAS BECOME PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT TO
CONTEST AND POLITICIZE EVEN AFTER A COURT VICTORY 4HE TERRORISM FINANCE
CANON SEEMS TO DEPLOY THE PRECAUTIONARY LOGIC THAT @ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE OF
RISK IS NOT EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE 3TERN AND 7IENER 4HE !LMS
FOR *IHAD CASE ILLUSTRATES FURTHER HOW THE ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORIST FINANCE
ARE CAUGHT UP PROFOUNDLY WITH PRACTICES OF MEDIATION AND GOVERNING THE
LIMITS OF THE SPEAKABLE 7HILE %HRENFELD AND HER PUBLISHER WERE QUICK
TO CONDEMN THE #50 DECISION AS A VIOLATION OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH "ONUS
"OOKS 'LENN THE TERRORIST FINANCE CANON ITSELF HAS PROFOUND
GOVERNING EFFECTS ON PRACTICES OF MEDIATION AND SOCIAL AFFILIATION AS WILL
BE EXPLORED FURTHER IN THE NEXT SECTION
!NTI
POLITICS AND THE GOVERNING OF AFFILIATION
!NTI
POLITICS
!S PREVIOUSLY NOTED ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCE POLICY IS ENABLED THROUGH AN
EMERGING @TERRORIST FINANCE CANON WHICH PORTRAYS PARTICULAR FINANCIAL
SPACES n ESPECIALLY HAWALA )SLAMIC CHARITIES AND @E
MONEY n AS SUSPICIOUS
AND IN NEED OF INTERVENTION 4HE SECURITIZATION OF THESE SPACES RENDERS
THEM VISIBLE IN PARTICULAR WAYS AND HAS THE EFFECT OF MAKING @THE DOMAIN
IN QUESTION SUSCEPTIBLE TO EVALUATION CALCULATION AND INTERVENTION -ILLER
AND 2OSE )NDEED WE CAN SEE THAT AN EMERGING APPARATUS OF
SECURITY IS MOBILIZED IN THE NAME OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCE WHICH ALTHOUGH
STILL LACKING AN ESTABLISHED REGIME OF METROLOGY SPURS GOVERNMENTS
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND BANKS TO PUT THE PRACTICE AT THE TOP OF THEIR
AGENDAS "EFORE GOING ON TO EXPLORE IN MORE DETAIL A NUMBER OF SUCH CURRENT
PRACTICES OF EVALUATION AND INTERVENTION IN THE DOMAIN OF ANTI
TERRORIST
FINANCE IT IS USEFUL TO EXPLORE THE NATURE OF ANTI
POLITICS IN MORE DETAIL (OW
DO THE POLITICS OF ANTI
TERRORISM FINANCING WORK TO PRODUCE NOVEL SPACES
AND PRACTICES OF GOVERNING 4WO ELEMENTS CAN BE DRAWN OUT HERE
&IRST ANTI
GOVERNING IS NOT SO MUCH A FORBIDDING REDUCING AND DISABLING
POWER AS IT IS A PRODUCTIVE POWER )N THE NAME OF DISMANTLING AND FORBID
DING @UNDESIRABLES ANTI
POLITICS MOUNTS AND MOBILIZES SUBSTANTIAL SECURITY
APPARATUSES THAT DRAW NEW DOMAINS OF DAILY LIFE INTO ITS SCOPE -ORE THAN
A POWER THAT IN THE WORDS OF -ICHEL &OUCAULT @DRIVES OUT EXCLUDES BANISHES
MARGINALIZES AND REPRESSES ANTI
POLITICS CAN BE UNDERSTOOD AS A @POWER
THAT FASHIONS OBSERVES KNOWS AND MULTIPLIES ITSELF ON THE BASIS OF ITS OWN
EFFECTS &OUCAULT )N THE NEXT SECTION WE WILL SEE THAT THE WAYS
IN WHICH THE ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORIST FINANCE OPERATE DO INDEED MARGINALIZE
AND REPRESS PARTICULAR FINANCIAL PRACTICES BUT ALWAYS WITH THE EFFECT OF
ALLOWING AND SECURING THE CIRCULATION OF WHAT ARE COINED AS NORMAL FINANCIAL
SPACES OF WESTERN MARKETS AND REGISTERED MONEY TRANSFERS 4HE PRACTICES
OF SECURITY ENABLED IN THE NAME OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCE THEN ARE ABOUT
PRODUCING GOVERNABLE SPACES AND SECURING CONTINUED CIRCULATION
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
;)=N OTHER WORDS IT ;IS= A MATTER OF ORGANIZING CIRCULATION ELIMINATING ITS
DANGEROUS ELEMENTS MAKING A DIVISION BETWEEN GOOD AND BAD CIRCULATION AND
MAXIMISING THE GOOD CIRCULATION BY DIMINISHING THE BAD &OUCAULT
CF %LDEN 7ALTERS
3ECOND HOWEVER THE PRODUCTIVE NATURE OF ANTI POLITICS RAISES THE
QUESTION OF WHY IT WOULD CAST ITSELF IN SUCH NEGATIVE TERMS )F THE OBJECTIVE
IS TO SECURE AND REPAIR CIRCULATION WHY DOES ANTI POLITICS MASQUERADE AS
A POWER THAT @DRIVES OUT EXCLUDES BANISHES &OUCAULT /NE
ANSWER TO THIS QUESTION MAY BE FOUND IN THE DISPLACEMENT OF POLITICS AND
RESPONSIBILITY MADE POSSIBLE BY SUCH ARTICULATION 4HE VISION OF THE @BAD
TO BE SUPPRESSED BANISHED OR TERMINATED SERVES AS A POST POLITICAL RALLY
POINT WITH WHICH RESPONSIBLE CITIZENS AND NATIONS CANNOT TARRY 4HE MORAL
ABSOLUTISM DEPLOYED IN THE @7AR ON 4ERROR MORE GENERALLY *OHNSON
4ROYER TRANSLATES TO THE FINANCIAL DOMAIN THROUGH THE FOLLOWING
LOGIC OFFERED BY 'EORGE 7 "USH IN A SPEECH ON 3EPTEMBER
4HE !MERICAN PEOPLE MUST UNDERSTAND THAT THIS WAR ON TERRORISM WILL BE
FOUGHT ON A VARIETY OF FRONTS x 4HE FRONTLINES WILL LOOK DIFFERENT FROM THE
WARS OF THE PAST x 7E WILL STARVE TERRORISTS OF FUNDING TURN THEM AGAINST
EACH OTHER ROUT THEM OUT OF THEIR SAFE HIDING PLACES AND BRING THEM TO
JUSTICE x *UST TO SHOW YOU HOW INSIDIOUS THESE TERRORISTS ARE THEY OFTEN
TIMES USE NICE SOUNDING NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS AS FRONTS FOR THEIR
ACTIVITIES x 7E INTEND TO DEAL WITH THEM JUST LIKE WE INTEND TO DEAL WITH
OTHERS WHO AID AND ABET TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS "USH
4HIS MORAL WEIGHT MEANS THAT IT HAS BECOME DIFFICULT FOR COUNTRIES OR
BANKS TO CONTEST OPENLY THE PRACTICES IMPLEMENTED IN THE NAME OF FIGHTING
TERRORIST FINANCING
-OREOVER THE VISION OF THE @ANTI THE EVIL THING THAT @WE ARE AGAINST
ENTAILS A POLITICS OF IDENTITY AND HAS THE POLITICAL ABILITY TO CONSTITUTE THE
IDENTITY OF A WIDE RANGE OF ACTORS IN THE PURSUIT OF NEW GOVERNING PRACTICES
!S ,ON 4ROYER PUTS IT IN RELATION TO COUNTERTERRORISM MORE WIDELY IT
@EMERGES AS AN EXALTED TASK FOR AN ANOINTED NATION UNDER ATTACK A hCALLINGv
THAT CONSOLIDATES !MERICAN IDENTITY 7HILE CERTAINLY NOT AL
WAYS IN AGREEMENT ON ALL ASPECTS OF THE POLICIES TO BE PURSUED GOVERNMENT
AND ITS REGULATORS BANKS AND THEIR CLIENTS INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND
MONEY LAUNDERING EXPERTS FIND A NEW PURPOSE AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNITY
IN THEIR JOINT TASK OF FIGHTING TERRORISM FINANCING 4HE PROFESSIONAL
BUSINESS SURROUNDING @!4& ANTI TERRORISM FINANCING n OFFERING EXPENSIVE
SEMINARS WEBCASTS HANDBOOKS AND COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENTS n HAS BOOMED
IN THE LAST FIVE YEARS
#ONCOMITANTLY THE CASUALTIES PRODUCED BY THE ANTI POLITICAL MACHINE n
IN THE FORM OF THE WRONGLY TARGETED THE LIBELLED THE FINANCIALLY EXCLUDED n
HAVE BECOME REGARDED AS UNFORTUNATE SIDE EFFECTS OR @COLLATERAL DAMAGE
RATHER THAN AS VICTIMS OF CONSCIOUS POLITICAL CHOICE 'OVERNING IN THE NAME
OF @ANTI TERRORISM FINANCING THEN IS A STRATEGY OF DEPOLITICIZATION THAT
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
DISAVOWS RESPONSIBILITY FOR ITS POLITICAL CHOICES 3UCH DEPLOYMENT OF ANTI
POLITICS IS NOT NECESSARILY NEW OR SPECIFIC TO POST
PRACTICE (OWEVER
IN THE CASE OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCING IT ENABLES A PRACTICALLY UNLIMITED
WIDTH OF ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATION WHICH HAS THE EFFECT OF WIDENING THE
SCOPE OF POTENTIAL PREEMPTIVE SECURITY ACTION 7HAT WE SEE IS NOT JUST A
REDUCTION OF THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM FINANCING TO THE ARTICULATION OF A SET
OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS OR RISK INDICATORS BUT A SIMULTANEOUS WILLINGNESS
TO DEPLOY THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM FINANCING IN EVER
NEW DOMAINS
DEMONSTRATING THE ADAPTABILITY AND FLEXIBILITY OF A GOAL WHOSE MORAL FORCE
HAS BEEN PLACED BEYOND DISCUSSION
)N THE CONCLUSION THIS ARTICLE WILL RETURN TO THE QUESTION OF POLITICAL
CRITIQUE AND ASK HOW WE CAN BE @ANTI
ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCING (ERE LET
US TURN TO AN ANALYSIS OF SOME OF THE SPACES OF GOVERNING PRODUCED IN THE
ANTI
GOVERNMENT OF TERRORIST FINANCING
'OVERNING AFFILIATION THROUGH ZAKAT
4HE PRACTICES OF GOVERNING TAKING SHAPE IN THE NAME OF ANTI
TERRORIST
FINANCE ARE NOT REDUCIBLE TO THE NEW JURIDICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGE
MENTS EMERGING TRANS NATIONALLY THROUGH FOR EXAMPLE &!4& AND THE
5. )N ORDER TO ACQUIRE A GRASP OF THE EXTENT OF ANTI
GOVERNING HERE
ENABLED A RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF FINANCIAL SPACES AS @ECONOMIC CIRCUITS
IS NECESSARY :ELIZER 6IVIANA :ELIZER DEPLOYS THE CONCEPT OF ECO
NOMICS CIRCUITS IN ORDER TO DRAW @ATTENTION TO THE FACT THAT EXCHANGE IS
INVARIABLY CONDUCTED IN PARTICULARIZED SOCIAL AND CULTURAL SETTINGS /LAV
6ELTHUIS QUOTED IN :ELIZER )N THIS READING MONETARY CIRCUITS
DEPART SIGNIFICANTLY FROM THE IMAGE OF MONEY AS A NEUTRAL RATIONAL DIS
EMBODIED TECHNOLOGY THAT MAKES MODERN EXCHANGE POSSIBLE )NSTEAD
MONEY BECOMES UNDERSTOOD AS A SOCIAL RELATION AND AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN
ENABLING THE @CONNECTED LIVES THAT MAKE UP COMMUNITIES :ELIZER
&OR :ELIZER HAWALAS ARE AMONG THE MOST REMARKABLE ECONOMIC
CIRCUITS AS THEY ENABLE TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS OF KINSHIP TO ENDURE THAT
ARE PARTLY DEPENDENT ON SHARED ACCOUNTING AND EARMARKING MONEY
CF (ERNANDEZ AND #OUTIN
)F MONEY IS UNDERSTOOD NOT AS DISEMBODIED BUT AS CIRCUITOUS IT BECOMES
CLEARER HOW TARGETING THE MONEY OF PURPORTED TERRORIST NETWORKS ENABLES
A TARGETING OF CIRCUITS OF KINSHIP AND THE SOCIAL RELATIONS MAINTAINED
PARTLY THROUGH MONETARY ARRANGEMENTS )NDEED IT IS OFTEN PRECISELY THE
TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS OF -USLIM KINSHIP THAT ARE CAST AS SUSPECT IN
THE TERRORIST FINANCE CANON 4HE INFAMOUS !LMS FOR *IHAD FOR EXAMPLE
NOTES WITH ALARM THE @ANNUAL CONFERENCES OF )SLAMIC CHARITIES THAT ALLEGEDLY
PROVIDE YOUNG -USLIMS WITH @AN INSPIRATIONAL OPPORTUNITY TO MEET OTHER
ANGRY YOUNG -USLIMS "URR AND #OLLINS /NE KEY OBJECT OF
THE ANTI
GOVERNING ENACTED IN THE NAME OF TERRORIST FINANCE HAS BEEN THE
-USLIM OBLIGATION TO CHARITABLE GIVING ZAKAT :AKAT OBLIGES -USLIMS TO
DONATE PERCENT OF THEIR ACCUMULATED WEALTH TO CHARITY AND THIS HAPPENS
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
MOST OFTEN AT THE END OF 2AMADAN FOR EXAMPLE -AURER :AKAT CAN
BE UNDERSTOOD TO FOSTER MONETARY CIRCUITS THAT PRODUCE @CONNECTED LIVES
WITHIN THE -USLIM DIASPORA .OT SURPRISINGLY THEN THE TERRORIST FINANCE
CANON HAS BEGUN TO SUGGEST THAT ZAKAT CONSTITUTES A CONSIDERABLE SUSPECT
TRANSNATIONAL MONEY FLOW IN URGENT NEED OF DESTABILIZATION !LTHOUGH
THE NUMBER OF CHARITIES THAT HAVE BEEN PROVEN IN A COURT OF LAW TO HAVE
SUPPORTED VIOLENT ACTS REMAINS EXTREMELY LIMITED 'UNNING THIS
DOES NOT DETER SOME AUTHORS FROM CONDEMNING ZAKAT WHOLESALE SEE ALSO
!TIA &OR EXAMPLE AS 2UDNER WRITES @0ROBABLY THE LARGEST SINGLE
SOURCE OF REVENUE IS THE DIVERSION TO MILITANT ORGANIZATIONS OF THE CHARIT
ABLE CONTRIBUTIONS :AKAT WHICH )SLAM ENJOINS THE FAITHFUL TO DONATE
7E FIND THIS ASSUMPTION INCREASINGLY ACCEPTED AND DISSEM
INATED IN THE APPARATUS OF SECURITY MANAGEMENT %UROPOLS %5 4ERRORISM
3ITUATION AND 4REND 2EPORT ASSERTS THAT @THERE ARE STRONG SUSPICIONS
THAT ZAKAT MONEY COLLECTED WITHIN THE %5 IS USED TO FUND TERRORISM
%UROPOL &URTHER ACCORDING TO THE &!4&
NUMEROUS INSTANCES HAVE COME TO LIGHT IN WHICH THE MECHANISM OF CHARITABLE
FUNDRAISING n IE THE COLLECTION OF RESOURCES FROM DONORS AND ITS REDISTRIBUTION
FOR CHARITABLE PURPOSES n HAS BEEN USED TO PROVIDE A COVER FOR THE FINANCING
OF TERROR
5NFORTUNATELY NEITHER %UROPOL NOR &!4& PROVIDE CONCRETE LEGAL
EVIDENCE OF THE @STRONG SUSPICIONS AND @MANY INSTANCES THAT BELIE THEIR
INJUNCTIONS TO GOVERNING /NE OF THE ELEMENTS OF ZAKAT THAT IS OFTEN CAST AS
CAUSE FOR SUSPICION n PERHAPS BECAUSE IT IS SO OPPOSED TO LIBERAL PRACTICES
OF AID AND CREDIT n IS ITS INJUNCTION TO DONATE ANONYMOUSLY .AYLOR
!S .AYLOR NOTES GIVEN THE SIZE AND TRANSNATIONAL NATURE OF ZAKAT DONATIONS
@IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO MAP FULLY THE SOURCES MOVEMENT AND ULTIMATE DISPOSI
TION OF DONATIONS AND YET THIS IS PRECISELY WHAT WESTERN
GOVERNMENTS NOW EXPECT OF -USLIM STATES AND ORGANIZATIONS
)N THE FACE OF THE IMPOSSIBLE INJUNCTION TO MONITOR THAT WHICH WILL ALWAYS
EXCEED CALCULATION AND TO DOMESTICATE TRANSNATIONAL NETWORKS OF SUPPORT
AND AFFILIATION A FEW HIGH PROFILE CASES HAVE CAPTURED PUBLIC ATTENTION
4HESE CASES SERVE TO SECURE THE APPEARANCE OF GOVERNABILITY AND DEMON
STRATE TO THE WIDER PUBLIC THAT SECURITY ACTION IS BEING TAKEN !S 2ITA 2ALEY
PUTS IT THIS ILLUSTRATES HOW @THE PERFORMANCE OF SECURITY IS MORE
IMPORTANT THAN ACTUAL SECURITY AND THE THEATRICAL SERVES AS A SUBSTITUTE
FOR THE REAL /NE RELEVANT CASE IS THAT OF THE "RITISH CHARITY )NTERPAL ALSO
KNOWN AS THE 0ALESTINIANS 2ELIEF AND $EVELOPMENT &UND ACCUSED NOT
OF FUNDING !L 1AEDA BUT OF SUPPORTING THE VIOLENT ACTIVITIES OF (AMAS
)NTERPAL WAS PLACED ON THE 53 3PECIAL $ESIGNATED 'LOBAL 4ERRORISM ,IST
IN WHICH PUT CONSIDERABLE PRESSURE ON THE "RITISH GOVERNMENT TO
ACT AGAINST THE CHARITY FREEZE ITS ASSETS ANDOR PROSCRIBE ITS ACTIVITIES
!S A CONSEQUENCE THE 5+ #HARITY #OMMISSION FROZE )NTERPALS ASSETS
AND COMMENCED ITS OWN INVESTIGATION REQUESTING THE 53 AUTHORITIES FOR
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
@EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE ALLEGATIONS #HARITY #OMMISSION ND e 7HEN
THE 53 FAILED TO PROVIDE ANY MATERIAL IN RESPONSE TO THIS REQUEST THE #HARITY
#OMMISSION CONCLUDED THAT @IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY CLEAR EVIDENCE SHOWING
)NTERPAL HAD LINKS TO (AMAS POLITICAL OR VIOLENT MILITANT ACTIVITIES THE
ACCOUNTS SHOULD BE UNFROZEN AND THE INQUIRY CLOSED #HARITY #OMMISSION
ND e ""# .EWS
(OWEVER A NEW INVESTIGATION BY THE #HARITY #OMMISSION INTO THE
ACTIVITIES OF )NTERPAL IS CURRENTLY UNDERWAY AS A RESULT OF THE CONTROVERSIAL
""# 0ANORAMA DOCUMENTARY @&AITH (ATE AND #HARITY 0ANORAMA
VISITED A NUMBER OF 0ALESTINIAN ORPHANAGES SUPPORTED BY )NTERPAL IN AN
ATTEMPT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE ORGANIZATIONS INCULCATE THE CHILDREN
WITH @POLITICAL IDEOLOGY THAT @GLORIF;IES= MARTYRDOM 0ANORAMA
FOR AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW SEE )SLAM #HANNEL 7HILE THE #HARITY
#OMMISSIONS NEW INVESTIGATION REMAINS ONGOING AND WHILE THE "RITISH
GOVERNMENT REMAINS RELUCTANT TO ACT AGAINST THE CHARITY )NTERPALS BANK
.AT7EST HAS CHOSEN TO TERMINATE ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ORGANIZATION
.AT7EST FELT COMPELLED TO DO SO BECAUSE IT IS SUBJECT TO A COURT CASE IN THE
53 ON BEHALF OF THE FAMILIES OF VICTIMS OF SUICIDE BOMBINGS IN )SRAEL WHO
ALLEGE THAT THE BANK @KNOWINGLY PROVIDED SERVICES TO A CHARITY LINKED TO
(AMAS )NTERPAL AND THAT THE SUICIDE ATTACKS WERE THUS @PROXIMATELY
CAUSED BY .AT7EST )NMAN 4HESE ALLEGATIONS WERE ADMITTED TO
PROCEEDINGS BY THE 53 JUDGE AND HAVE TO BE DEFENDED BY .AT7EST DESPITE
THE FACT THAT THE BANK PROVIDED FINANCIAL SERVICES IN THE 5+ TO AN ORGAN
IZATION NOT PROSCRIBED IN THE 5+ IN A CASE THAT REMAINS HEAVILY DISPUTED
4HE CONSEQUENCES OF THE COURT CASE AGAINST .AT7EST COULD BE SUBSTANTIAL
FOR BOTH BANKS AND CHARITABLE ORGANIZATIONS
4HREE CONCLUSIONS RELEVANT TO UNDERSTANDING THE ANTI POLITICS OF TERRORIST
FINANCE CAN BE DRAWN FROM THE ONGOING )NTERPAL CASE &IRST AS HAS BEEN
ARGUED THROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE SUBSTANTIAL SPACES OF GOVERNING ARE ENABLED
IN THE NAME OF ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE 4RANSNATIONAL MONETARY CIRCUITS OF
CHARITY AND SUBSISTENCE ARE DRAWN RELENTLESSLY INTO THESE SPACES OF GOV
ERNING -UNDANE TRANSACTIONS OF DIASPORAS SUPPORTING THEIR FAMILIES CAN
BE CRIMINALIZED IN CASE THAT @ASSOCIATION OR @FACILITATION OF SUSPECTS IS
SUSPECTED CF $ONOHUE 7HILE THE #HARITY #OMMISSION CONTINUES
TO RESIST HASTY SECURITY ACTION AND DEPLOYS CAREFUL INVESTIGATION VIS Ì VIS
THE CHARITIES UNDER ITS SUPERVISION IT TOO CANNOT RESIST THE CALL FOR THE
INCREASINGLY STRINGENT MONITORING AND GOVERNING OF CHARITABLE PRACTICE
SEE (OME /FFICE 4HESE SPACES OF GOVERNING HAVE TO BE UNDERSTOOD
AS PRODUCTIVE MORE THAN FORBIDDING THEY PUT INTO PLACE AN APPARATUS
OF ASSESSMENT MONITORING AND REGULATION THAT HAS AS ITS OBJECTIVE THE
PRODUCTION OF AN APPEARANCE OF SECURITY AND ENABLING OF CONTINUED GLOBAL
@MAINSTREAM MONEY FLOWS
3ECOND WHILE OFTEN THEY ARE SEEN TO PRODUCE NEW FINANCIAL BORDERS
THESE SPACES OF GOVERNING ARE NOT PURELY n AND PERHAPS NOT EVEN PRIMARILY n
STATE BASED 4HE )NTERPAL CASE IS INTERESTING PRECISELY BECAUSE OF THE ROLE
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
PLAYED BY .AT7EST IN THE STORY 4HE POTENTIAL LIABILITY FACED BY .AT7EST
IN THE !MERICAN COURTS ILLUSTRATES HOW PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS SUCH AS
BANKS ARE EFFECTIVELY DRAWN INTO THE SPACES OF ANTI
GOVERNING OF THE WAR
ON TERRORIST FINANCE AND BECOME IMPORTANT SITES FOR THE EXECUTION OF
SOVEREIGN DECISION
MAKING WHICH CONCERN THE PROSCRIBED AND THE BANNED
IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
4HIRD A NUMBER OF CRITICAL ANALYSTS HAVE UNDERSTOOD THE ANTI
POLITICS
OF TERRORIST FINANCE AS FITTING INTO A @NEOLIBERAL ECONOMIC PROGRAMME
-C#ULLOCH AND 0ICKERING CF !TIA !RGUMENTS CERTAINLY
CAN BE MADE THAT THE IDENTIFICATION OF @SUSPECT AND @UNDERGROUND FINANCIAL
SPACES SERVES TO DRAW THEM INTO WESTERN FINANCIAL PRACTICE n AND INDEED
IT SEEMS THAT REGISTERED MONEY TRANSFERS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO APPROPRIATE
PART OF THE BUSINESS DONE BY HAWALAS IN THE WAKE OF (OWEVER THE
AWKWARD POSITION OF .AT7EST IN THE )NTERPAL CASE ILLUSTRATES THE COMPLEXITY
OF THE WAYS IN WHICH BANKS ARE ENLISTED IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TERRORIST FINANCE
4HE BANKING COMMUNITY IS WATCHING THE .AT7EST CASE WITH TREPIDATION
IF .AT7ESTS LIABILITY FOR SUICIDE BOMBINGS IN )SRAEL IS ACCEPTED BY THE
COURTS THEY TOO WILL FACE A COMPLEX NEW LEGAL LANDSCAPE AND A POTENTIAL
NUMBER OF CLAIMS )N THIS SENSE THEN IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO DETECT A
CLEARLY DEFINED @NEOLIBERAL COALITION OF BANKS AND GOVERNMENTS BEHIND
THE DEVELOPMENTS ANALYSED IN THIS ARTICLE )NSTEAD OF AN @EFFICIENT CAUSALITY
BEHIND THE ANTI
GOVERNING OF TERRORIST FINANCE IT IS MORE ACCURATE TO DETECT
A RESONATING @QUALITATIVE ASSEMBLAGE WHEREBY SEPARATE INTERESTS AND
ELEMENTS HAVE @FOLD;ED= BLEND;ED= BEND;ED= INTO EACH OTHER TO PRODUCE
A SEEMINGLY UNSTOPPABLE ANTI
POLITICAL MACHINERY #ONNOLLY
)N THIS ASSEMBLAGE THE MORAL FORCE OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCING HAS BEEN
PLACED BEYOND DISCUSSION AND IT IS DIFFICULT FOR .AT7EST n OR OTHER PARTIES n
TO CONTEST OPENLY ITS LOGIC
#ONCLUSION ANTI ANTI TERRORIST FINANCE
4HIS ARTICLE HAS ARGUED THAT THE ANTI POLITICS OF TERRORIST FINANCE ENABLES
A MACHINERY OF PRODUCTIVE POWER THAT IS NOT SO MUCH ABOUT PREVENTING
UNDESIRABLE MONEY FLOWS AS IT IS ABOUT GOVERNING NETWORKS OF KINSHIP
AND SOCIAL AFFILIATION !T THE SAME TIME THESE PRACTICES OF ANTI GOVERNING
ARE DEPOLITICIZED IN THE SENSE THAT THEY ABLE TO DISPLACE RESPONSIBILITY FOR
PRESENT VICTIMS BY A CONTINUING APPEAL TO THE CATASTROPHIC @BAD TO BE
AVOIDED AT ALL COSTS
)F THE READING IN THIS ARTICLE IS CORRECT PURSUING TERRORIST FINANCING IS
NOT THE BENIGN TECHNOLOGIZED NON VIOLENT FACE OF THE @7AR ON 4ERROR THAT IT
IS OFTEN ASSUMED TO BE )T CANNOT BE READ AS A WELCOME OR AT LEAST RELATIVELY
HARMLESS ALTERNATIVE TO THE VIOLENCES OF WAR DETENTION AND INTERROGATION
WHICH HAVE ACQUIRED SO MUCH CRITICAL ANALYSIS )NDEED ITS ANTI POLITICAL
NATURE IS PARTICULARLY WORRYING IN FACE OF ITS ABILITY TO @UNDERMINE THE
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D T Q N O D @ M I N T Q M @ K N E B T KS T Q @ K R S T C H D R
FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY ;AND= x COMMUNITY NETWORKS -C#ULLOCH
AND 0ICKERING -OREOVER THE ANTI
POLITICS OF TERRORISM FINAN
CING ENTAIL THEIR OWN VIOLENCES AGAINST DISENFRANCHISED POPULATIONS
SUCH AS THE RECIPIENTS OF ZAKAT DONATIONS &OR EXAMPLE SHOULD IT BECOME
IMPOSSIBLE FOR )NTERPAL AND ORGANIZATIONS LIKE IT TO FIND TRANSNATIONAL
FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS ITS OPERATIONS EFFECTIVELY WOULD BE INHIBITED
AND THE 0ALESTINIAN ORPHANS WHOM IT AIDS WOULD BE DEPRIVED OF MEDICAL
SUPPLIES SCHOOLING AND NOURISHMENT REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE CHILDREN
ARE EXPOSED TO SYMPATHY FOR @MARTYRDOM )NDEED )NTERPAL IS NOT A TYPICAL
CASE IN THE @7AR ON 4ERROR BECAUSE OF THE #HARITY #OMMISSIONS RELUCTANCE
TO PURSUE THE ORGANIZATION ON THE BASIS OF SECRET EVIDENCE /THER CHARITIES
HAVE BEEN SUBJECT TO PROSCRIPTION AND ASSET
FREEZING ON THE BASIS OF SECRET
EVIDENCE AND EFFECTIVELY HAVE BEEN DISMANTLED BEFORE THEIR CASES WERE
HEARD IN COURT FOR EXAMPLES SEE /-" 7ATCH !T THE SAME
TIME THE ANTI
POLITICAL MACHINERY REMAINS ABLE TO DISAVOW RESPONSIBILITY
FOR PRESENT VICTIMS 4HE VISION OF A POTENTIAL TERRORIST ATTACK TO BE AVOIDED
AT ALL COSTS DISPLACES RESPONSIBILITY FOR MONIES WRONGLY FROZEN CHARITIES
WRONGLY TARGETED AND ORPHANAGES DEPRIVED OF RESOURCES
)F THE POLITICS OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCING ENTAIL THEIR OWN VIOLENCES
HOW CAN WE BE @ANTI
ANTI
TERRORISM FINANCING !RE CRITICS OF THESE DEVELOP
MENTS INEVITABLY SITUATED AS SUPPORTERS OF TERRORISM FINANCE (ERE THE
MUCH
CRITICIZED LOGIC ASSERTING THAT @IF YOU ARE NOT WITH US YOU ARE WITH
THE TERRORISTS IS ENACTED 4HOSE WISHING TO CHALLENGE CURRENT PRACTICES OF
ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCE HAVE TO TREAD CAREFULLY AND OFTEN CHOOSE TO FRAME
THEIR CRITIQUE AS A CRITIQUE OF EFFECTIVENESS RATHER THAN OF THE LOGIC OR PURPOSE
OF ANTI
TERRORIST FINANCE POLICY &OR EXAMPLE .IKOS 0ASSAS ONE OF THE MOST
PROMINENT CRITICS OF THE WAYS IN WHICH HAWALA BECAME CRIMINALIZED AND
PURSUED AFTER INCREASINGLY ACCEPTS THE NEED FOR REGULATION OF REMITTERS
IN THE CURRENT POLITICAL CLIMATE AND AIMS TO HELP GOVERNMENTS ACHIEVE
@TRANSPARENCY AND TRACEABILITY IN FINANCIAL AND TRADE TRANSACTIONS
!S WE HAVE SEEN IN THIS ARTICLE IMPORTANT BUT LIMITED POLITICIZATIONS OF
TERRORISM FINANCING DEBATES DO EXIST FOR EXAMPLE THE COURT CASES INITIATED
BY BIN -AHFOUZ WHICH CAN BE READ AS CHALLENGES TO THE FOOTNOTES OF THE
TERRORISM FINANCING CANON AND THE RESISTANCE OF THE #HARITY #OMMISSION
TO SECURITY ACTION AGAINST CHARITIES UNDER ITS JURISDICTION IN THE ABSENCE OF
SOLID EVIDENCE OF WRONGDOING
(OWEVER 3USAN "IBLER #OUTIN DRAWS ATTENTION TO THE LIMITS OF
@TRUTH
EXPOSURE AND AWARENESS
RAISING IN AN ERA WHEN @EVEN THE ABSENCE
OF SPECIFIC EVIDENCE SERVES AS A JUSTIFICATION FOR ACTION %LMER AND /PEL
*UST AS THE CAREFUL JURIDICAL REJECTION OF THE EVIDENCE AGAINST
BIN -AHFOUZ DID NOT SILENCE POPULAR AND PROFESSIONAL ASSERTIONS OF HIS
GUILT SO TOO THE EXPOSURE OF @TRUTH BEHIND TERRORISM FINANCING 7ARDE
B HAS DONE LITTLE TO TEMPER THE ANTI
POLITICAL GOVERNING MACHINE OF
INSTITUTIONS SUCH AS THE &!4& )N THIS LIGHT THEN IT IS PERHAPS ALL THE MORE
IMPORTANT TO REFUSE THE @BLACKMAIL OF ANTI
TERRORISM THAT FORCES US TO BE
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C D F N D C D L N M D X L D C H @ @ M C S D Q Q N Q H R S E H M @ M B D
@FOR OR @AGAINST AND REFUSE THE LOGIC OF WHAT &OUCAULT CALLS THE @SIMPLISTIC
AND AUTHORITARIAN ALTERNATIVE n SEE 7ALTERS IN THIS ISSUE
)NSTEAD IT IS IMPERATIVE TO ENGAGE IN A STUDY OF THE PARTICULAR @PROBLEM
ATIZATIONS THAT DEFINES OBJECTS RULES OF ACTION MODES OF RELATION TO ONESELF
&OUCAULT /NLY BY REFUSING THE LOGIC OF @FOR AND @AGAINST AND
ENGAGING IN A CAREFUL STUDY OF THE HISTORICALLY CONTINGENT AND CONTESTABLE
WAYS IN WHICH TERRORISM FINANCE HAS BEEN CONSTITUTED AS A POLITICAL PROBLEM
WOULD WE BE ABLE TO CULTIVATE A CRITICAL ATTITUDE TOWARD THE ANTI
POLITICAL
GOVERNING MACHINE ENABLED IN ITS NAME AND WOULD WE BE ABLE TO CONTRIBUTE
TO ITS REORIENTATION )T IS PRECISELY TO SUCH AN AGENDA THAT THIS ARTICLE HAS
SOUGHT TO CONTRIBUTE
!CKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-ANY THANKS TO 7ILLIAM 7ALTERS FOR INVITING ME TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS SPECIAL
ISSUE AND FOR HIS PERCEPTIVE AND PATIENT EDITORIAL WORK 4HANKS ALSO TO ,OUISE
!MOORE AND TWO ANONYMOUS REVIEWERS FOR THEIR VERY HELPFUL COMMENTS ON EARLIER
VERSIONS OF THIS ARTICLE
.OTES
3EE ALSO 0ASSAS WHO WRITES THAT THE FIELD OF TERRORIST FINANCE IS MARKED BY
@FACTS THROUGH REPETITION
4HERE IS INSUFFICIENT SPACE HERE TO SHOW HOW THESE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE
@TERRORIST FINANCE CANON ARE CONTESTABLE (OWEVER IT IS IMPORTANT TO
EMPHASIZE THAT THE CAREFUL INVESTIGATION OF THE #OMMISSION INTO THE
FINANCING OF THE PLOT CHALLENGES MANY OF THESE ASSUMPTIONS SEE 2OTH
ET AL &OR OTHER CRITICAL READINGS OF THIS CANON SEE !TIA $ONOHUE
-C#ULLOCH AND 0ICKERING .AYLOR 7ARDE A
#URRENTLY %HRENFELD IS CHALLENGING THIS "RITISH DECISION IN AN !MERICAN
COURT WHERE APPARENTLY THE LIBEL LAWS OPERATE DIFFERENTLY 4HE COMPLEX
LEGAL ENTANGLEMENTS BETWEEN %HRENFELD AND BIN -AHFOUZ ARE BEYOND THE
SCOPE OF THIS ARTICLE
&OR ANALYSES PRIORITIZING INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES SEE FOR EXAMPLE "IERSTEKER
AND "IERSTEKER AND %CKERT
! NUMBER OF PROBLEMS WITH :ELIZERS CONCEPTUALIZATION CAN BE OBSERVED
AS SHE SEEMS TO THINK ONLY OF @NON
MARKET RELATIONS THROUGH THE CONCEPT
OF CIRCUITS THUS ROMANTICIZING THEM 4HIS ARTICLE IS NOT THE RIGHT PLACE TO
DEVELOP THESE CRITIQUES
4HERE IS A DANGER HERE OF ROMANTICIZING ZAKAT THUS AFFIRMING ITS
@EXOTICNESS )N SOME -IDDLE
%ASTERN COUNTRIES ZAKAT SIMPLY FUNCTIONS AS
A TAX )T IS IMPORTANT TO STRESS THAT THE PRACTICE DOES NOT DIFFER IN PRINCIPLE
FROM OTHER FAITH
BASED OR FOR THAT MATTER SECULAR PRACTICES OF GIVING THAT
SEEK TO AID GLOBAL COMMUNITIES
2EFERENCES
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