Director

Patna-6





Dedicated to
~
mJf_ j._eacner
.. ..
l..1rOJ. (ur.) J. .makur
(Department of Physics,
Patna Unitersirf,
Patna-A:








ISBN: 81-239-0399-5


J:-lrst Mitton : 1995
Reprint : 1997
Second Edition: 1998
Reprint: 2000
Reprint: 2001
Reprint: 2002
Reorim : 2003
__Renrint_. ?l\lM
-,. .
Repnnt : 2005
Copyright © Author & Publisher
All .rizhts rp~prvpd No nad:__nf_ thi" h,....,....)" m,u ~ .1""",rI ~r
~_ r -.I' -- --I' " •
. tt",rI ;... " ... , f"" .. "", " .. _h -'1" .1' • _ 1
"_ ••• -"J ."" .. ~. ~J UII] ... .., ..... ." "',..,..,L1v ... .., v •• UC;\.,U<1I1I\.,<1I,
.• 1, A' .~. . r' •
"'",,'\.IUII·5 1', ... ~~--.t'ylJ'5, 1\..,\.,VIUII15, UI allY IlIlUIJllaLJUII srorage ana
• __L • ••• ••
IC;UIC;V<11 :SYMCIIl WIUIUUL permission, In wnnng, rrom me pubnsner,
Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors,
4596/1 A, II Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India)
D •• ' ..l
I ....... ..,...,. •
muia oinuing Mouse, Delhi - I I U U.,j.l This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov's book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to

praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to

never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it.

Indian Institute of Teclmology, Delhi New Delhi-II 00 16.

of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall

outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state

"In certain situations mathematical formulation actuall romotes intuitive understand-

ing Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language

to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is just! called an exact

science". I.E. Irodov's problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book

nuclear physics. The book pas survived the test of class room for many years as is evident

from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition

Abha r Kumar Sin h's resent book containin solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov's Problems

in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student's problem solving skills.

entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes-

sional colleges in science and technology.

I. I. T., Delhi

"







PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Nothing succeeds like success, they say. Now, consequent upon the warm
1 .J. .£ ..1 ..1 4-1 • .L .1 .• c: . .1 .• . ..1 J
we; ''-VIIJf; vn '''t; PUI' UJ ., r .... ., 14(IU ,nt; ,t;U""n""lS JI I4It;I n",y ..,,,,,., 1 t; v .. ",t;"u unu
OM.' A oAifirl" rI£ t"'if! "nlunto if:! I,olrl.ro lJrlU Tn nrAor frl ,,"nlro it IMriro un, ,tn .. Anto
-, ... _. 0-- -- •• ~,. "J ........ " .................... -J ........... J"'- •.... ' .. "'. _..... .. .... "._.",_. PO' ........... Pry""" - ......
nnd viable n laroe number nf .t.,I,.~(:' h.nlJP hppn,~trpnmlinpd with srwr-inl fnru~
'I 0 -.I .c -.c J
on the comnlicated and ticklish ones. to cater to the needs of the asoirine students .
.& .. .& ~
I extend my deep sense of gratitude to all those who have directly or
indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book world.


Patna
June 1997 Abhay Kumar Singh PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION

When you invisage to write a book of solutions to problems, one pertinent question crops up in the mind that-why solution! Is this to prove one's erudition? My only defence against

this is that the solution is a challenge to save the scientific man hours by channelizing thoughts

in a right direction.

The book entitled "Problems in Genernl Physics" authored by I.E. Irodov (a noted

Russian physicist- and mathematician) contains 1877 intriguing problems divided into six

chapters.

After the acceptance of my first book "Problems in Physics", published by Wiley

Eastern Limited, I have got the courage to acknowledge the fact that good and honest

ultimately win in the market place. This stimulation provided me insight to come up with mv second attempt-"Solutions to I.E. Irodov's Problems in General Physics."

This first volume encompasses solutions of first three chapters containing 1052 problems. Although a large number of problems can be solved by different methods, I have

adopted standard methods and in many of the problems with helping hints for other methods.

In the solutions of chapter three, the emf of a cell is represented by ~ (xi) in contrast

to the notation used in figures and in the problem bOOk, due to some printing difficulty.

I am thankful to my students Mr. Omprakash, Miss Neera and Miss Punam for their

valuable co-operation even in my hard days while authoring the present book. I am also

thankful to my younger sister Prof. Ranju Singh, my younger brother Mr. Ratan Kumar Singh, my junior friend Miss Anupama Bharti, other well wishers and friends for their emotional

support. At last and above all I am grateful to my Ma and Pappaji for their blessings and

encouragement.

ABIIAY KUMAR SINGH

CONTENTS

Foreword

III

Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition

V VJ

PART ONE

PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS

1.1 Kinematics

1-34

1.2 The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics

1.3 Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momemtum, and Angular Momentum

35-65 66-]01

1.4 UnivetSal Gravitation

102-117

1.5 Dynamics of a Solid Body

1.6 Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body

118-143 144-155

1.7 Hydrodynamics

156-167

1.8 Relativistic Mechanics

168-183

PART TWO

1HERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECUlAR PHYSICS

2.1 Equation of the ~ State. Processes

184-195

2.2 The first Law of Thennodynamics. Heat Capacity

196-212

2.3 Kinetic theory of Gases. Boltzmann's Law and Maxwell's Distribution 2.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy

213-226 227-241

2.5 Uquids. capillary Effects

242-247

2.6 Phase Transformations 2.7 Transport Phenomena

248-256 257-266

PARf11lREE ELECTRODYNAMICS

3.1 Constant Electric Field in Vacuum

3.2 Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Field

267-288 289-305

3.3 Electric capacitance. Energy of an Electric Field

306-324

3.4 Electric Current

325 353

3.5 Constant Magnetic Field. Magnetics

3.6 Electromagnetic Induction. Maxwell '8 Equations

354-379 380407

3.7 Motion of Chaiged Particles in Electric and Magnetic fieldS

408-424

Therefore

or

1

PART ONE

1.1 KINEMATICS

1.1 Let v be the stream velocity and v' the velocity of motorboat witll respect to water. The

motorboat reached point B while going downstream with velocity (v 0 ... v') and thea returned

with velocity (v' - vJ and passed the raft at point C. Let t be the time for the raft (which

flows with stream with velocity vo> to move from point A to C, during which the motorboat

moves from A to B and then from B to C. Therefore

~-------(Vo+v'>l -----~

On solving we get v 0 - 2 't

1.2 Let s be tbe total distance traversed by the point and 11 the time taken to cover half the

and

(2)

deceleration are e ual, the distances as well as the times taken are same in these bases

of motion.

n
..
.. r, .. ,:'1 r, ,
<:'\1':> T. _ ,_ ~ w \ It - L» } ,l '" ~U\~ - ~L At
2 4 J i 2
.. 2 2 4 <v> 't
u. L» - It
W
Hence M- 'tV 1- ,,!<v> = 15 S.
W'r

1.4 (a) Sought average velocity S)T1
n 'lllil ~ 't
<V> = ~- ... vv'-<£u -10 cm/s If
t 20s I I ,j_ ~
..I. !~, ,
(b) For the maximum velocity, dt should be ' 1 '"
~" 1/
fl.'f: fO _,
maximum. From tbe figure dt IS maximum for j i/
all points on the line 'ac, thus the sought lI' ~
.
maximum velocity becomes average velocity .I
, ~ ~
"-
for the line ac and is equal to : 0 10 20t,S
be l00cm =25 cmls
--
ab 4s
(c) Time to should be such that corresponding to it the slope ~ should pass through the
UI.
point 0 (origin), to satisfy the relationship ~ = :. From figure the tangent at point d
·U
passes through the origin and thus corresponding time t - to - 16 s .
...
1~ ,.Let the parncres COllide at me pomr A tl'lg.), Whose posiuon vector IS r3 (say). 11 t oe the
time taken by each particle to reach at point A, from triangle law of vector addition :
.... ..... ..... ..... .....
r":l, - r, + v, t - r? + v? t It
Jf \ -+-~
so. i: - r: - (v:' - ~) t (1) vtt
~ ~ ~ ~ ... , ~ //
.... .1:. 1 r; - r;1 (')\ ....... f /j~
t_
, 1 v2 - vd v-, 1'1 I{/ ~t
From Eqs. (1) and (2)
. -"-"1 e-«
-.. -.. (-.. -.. 1!I-r2
rl = r2 - v2 - vI) I..... .....1 _Q
v., - V1
~ ,~ ,
-.. _. - -.. x:
nr rl - r2 Vz.,- VI Ulhirh i~ thl" ~nllaht 1"t"lat1nn~hin_
-
Irl-r21 I V2 - VII - -= ~
1.6 We 'have
_ , __
v - ..- .. 0 (1)
Frnm the vector diazram r of En (1)1 and usinz ties.of.trianzl e
L . ... '. - - - ~
..,
",I 2 2 "'" -:lO,.,"'_ 11.. '')\
V - Y Vo ~ v .,. ~ Vo ... I,AJP" ~ ..-_,. ..A' _ ,- r r ~
and v' v sine = v sin c:p ~J
~~n (1r. _ m\ = ~in () or, v'
-, <,
9 . -1 (V sin cP I q>~ ~
m -sm I
v
J ---
TT"inlY (2) and nuttinz the values of v and d ,
.., , ~
1\ 11\ 10 "'0
V .JL_, • .JL
1.7 Let one of the swimmer (say 1) cross the river along AB, which is obviously the shortest
........ _ 1_ ... J'. ..1.,. .n, ... h" th~ - ••• :~ '1 er 1
paLO • .lll11~ LGA"'U "' " .. ~ A& - • J
d , (where AB - d is the width of the river) (1)
'1 - .J.,I 2
,,2
.. u
For the u~~ .. ';-;';.~--"" {~:y ~}, U1h~,..1t fnl1nw~ th~ quickest -nath, the time titken to

cross the river.
.I
r. _ ~ tl)
.~ v
B BE X ~C
0
I __"._ 1/
: ,
., __,.
Vo I ---» T ., ~
d: I /
> d Va / ~
ft ' ,~ J ,
,
'\. "" ~ ~ ~
V'~ VT ./ ~
~ VI VV2 ,
, , ~
~ A
. . r"'
In the time t2, drifting of the swimmer 2, becomes
v,
r _ tJ. t. - ud (usinz Eq. 2) " ... ,
-V-t. V \J)
If t3 be the time for swimmer 2 to walk the distance x to come from C to B (Fig.), then
x vod .... ~" (~\
t'1 - = \U~lIlg D\.l' J)
I • "
" ... ..
According to the problem t1 - t2 + t3
a ,I
a "0-
or, V v,2 - v'f, v' v'u
On solvinz we zet
Vo - 3km/hr.
u- 1
~ 1 _ if -2'
Q -1
V'~
I 4

1.8 Let 1 be the distance covered by the boat A along the river as well as by the boat B acn

the rivu Let va be the stream velocity and v' the velocity of each boat with respect

water. Therefore time taken by the boat A in its journey

and for the boat B

I 1

t - +__,.......-

A v' + Vo v' - Vo

I I 21

t - + - -;=::::;;:=;;:-

B .! v,Z v'l. .! v,2 ~ .. ! v,2 v2

Hence,

On substitution

1.9 Let Vo be the stream velocity and v' the velocity of boat with respect to water. A

,. - T) - 2 > 0, some drifting of boat is inevitable.

v

Let V'" make an angle a w.itb flow direction. (Fig. ), !hen the time taken to cross the rive

t - v' s~ a (where d is the width of the river) In this time interval, 'the drifting of the boat

x - (v' cos e + Vol t

For xmin (minimum drifting)

1

d

1.10

II

Hence, e - 1200

The solution of this problem becomes simple in the frame attached with one of the bodies. Let the body thrown straight up be 1 and the other body be 2, then for the body 1 in the

frame of 2 nom the kinematic equatiOfl for COBStant acce1entiOfl :

(1)

But 1 ~ 1- 1 ~ 1- Vo

So, from properties of triangle

VO(12) = V"'~-o-+-v-~---2-v-o-V-o-co-s-(-1t-/-2---e-o-) Hence, the sought distance

1 r;; 1- Vo v' 2 (1 - sin 8) t = 22 m.

5

1.11 Let the velocities of the paricles (say V;' and V;') becomes mutually perpendicular after

time t Then their velocitis become

_, -- -- ...... ' .... _

Hence,

(3)

Now form the Eq.

I ;; 1- 1 V;12) I t, (because here W12 - 0 and ;;12) - 0) Hence the sought distance

1.12 From the symmetry of the problem all the three points are always located at the vertices of equilateral triangles of varying side length and finally meet at the centriod of the initial equilateral triangle whose side length is a, in the sought time interval (say t).

of edge length I (say).

Then the rate by which 1 approaches 2, 2 approches 3, and 3 approches 1, becomes :

- dl (·2"')

'7t- v-vcosT

On integrating :

-Jdl .. 3; Jdt

a 0

2a

3v

6

1.13 Let us locate the points A and B at an arbitrary instant of time (Fig.).

If A and B are separated by the distance s at this moment, then the points COINerge or

point A applOacbes B with velocity dt - v - a cos a where !!ngJe a varies with time. On intergating,

v-ucosa

-+

V

I 0

(where T is the sought time.)

or

t

v-ucosa

As both A and B cover the same distance in x-direction during the sought time interval,

so the other condition which is required, can be obtained by the equation

So,

Ar- JVxdt T

aT -fv cos a dt

(2)

..

o

Solving (1) and (2), we get T - ;. ~ u2

One can see that if u - v, or u < v, point A cannot catch B.

1.14 In the reference frame fixed to the train, the distance between the two events is obviously equal to 1. Suppose the train starts moving at time t - 0 in the positive x direction and

take the origin (x - 0) at the head-light of the train at t - O. Then the coordinate of first event in the earth's frame is

and similarly the coordinate of the second event is

1 2

x2 - 2 w(t + 't) - I

The distance between the two events is obviously.

in the reference frame fixed on the earth ..

For the two events to occur at the same point in the reference frame K, moving with

constant velocity V relative to the earth, the distance travened by the frame in the time

interval T must be equal to the above distance.

Thus V't -1- w't( t + 't/2)

I

So, V - - - w ( t + 't/2) - 4·03 mls

The frame K must clearly be moving in a direction opposite to the train so that if (for

example) the origin of the frame coincides with the point Xl on the earth at time t, it coincides with the point x2 at time t + 'to

1.IS (a) One good way to solve the problem is to work in the elevator's frame having the observer at its bottom (Fig.).

b h - 2·7 m. and the acceleration

o From the kinematical formula

- (- ) - (w) - - + w)

So,

0'

or,

At the moment the bolt loses contact with the elevator it has alread a uired the

velocity equal to elevatoJgiv~n by :

v - 1·2 2 - 2·4m/s

f

er ea 1 or

(ground) and pointing the y-axis upward, we have for

when it loses

Obviously the total distance covered by the bolt during its free fall time

e at pomts

7

om

3

J " A ~
~, r!!'}. D ~
2- f ..
fA .A I r
.t;<:: 10' f ~ /
-> fJ & /"2
,
I ;;. ./" ~7
~~ ~~ V
"' ..
B .,...... ~ ~ r 0 V2
-E-";-- - 1. ,
~ .,
v.
From Fig. (b), V'~ ,.~ and tan e - .....!. (1)
v12 - vI + v2 , v?
The shortest distartce
AP - AM sin 9 - (OA - OM) sin 9 - (12 - 11 cot 9) sin 9
I , VI 12 - v2Il
~. AD , , V2 VI I' •• ~:~~ 1 \
'Va «:0..& ~ ·1 V " V~+~ VV2+V2 \""''''''6 .&.,
1 1 2
The sought time can be obtained directly from the condition that (11 - VI t)2 + (~ - V2 t)2
1 ...... 1 ..
is minimum. This gives t - '1 1 '2 '2
,,'- • tJ~ .
J. ~
1 1,., T _t- t-1. ... "'ft. +,.. ... ""ff +1. .. 1. : ... 1. .... n .. n+ ft A:~+n .. ,..,. "" 4-" .. "" ..... +1. ..... ~: ... n
....... ~ ............ _a .... a .. 'V&.L .......... ""'6&0 ' .. , ................ aa_ ".. .... "&oa .&0" y...,,,aa' .....
So CD - X and if the speed of the car in the field is V then the time taken bv the car
to cover the distance AC - AD -x on the highway
AD-x (1)
tl - ..."u I'" ~ -v- ...
'. " " ~ -.,._ -, n
and the time taken to travel the distance CB 1"\ -, \ - I'
~n tl. .. f':..,.1,1
... ~ ..... ~ ....... ; \
" I 'l. ~ .,;;.
t2 V (2) ~~
~n th .. tnh.l t1wn .... 1",n"p,l tn ft1n,,.. th .. I"",r f'rnft1 nnint A tn R 1
, -£ r ~\ "
An v "12~,;z
t - tl + t2 - • + ~\

llV v
For t to be minimum \ ~ "
dt 0 1 1 x - 0
-;;:- or - --+
.'J 'J
IAoA- " II V I +X
2 2 .2 2 I
UT 'JI A: -, .,. X OT x-
V 112 - 1 9

1.18 To plot x (r), 8 (t) and Wx (t) let us partion the given plot Vx (t) into five segments (for detailed analysis) as shown in the figure.

For the part oa : Wx - 1 and Vx == t - V t

Thus, Axl (r) = f vxdt - f dt - t; - 81 (r) o

Putting t .. 1, we get, Il. xl - 8 - ~ unit

For the part ab :

VX' 1 o -f

-2

a b
V r\. e'
1 2 3 4- ~ 6 j 7
r\ if d

W - 0 and v - v - constant - 1

Thus

~ (t) - Jvx dt - Jdt - (t - 1) - ~ (t)

1

Putting

For the part b4 :

Thus

Putting

t - 4, A x3 - x3 - 2 unit

So,

v x - 1 and v x - - (1 - 4) = 4 - 1 v... I v x I = t - 4 for t > 4

For the part 4d .

Similarly

t

I t2

A x4 (t) == (1 - t) dt - 4 t - "2 - 8

4

t = 6, Ax4 .. -1 t

84 (t) = II VX I dt .. f (t - 4) dt ... ~ - 4t + 8

4 t - 6, 84 - 2 unit

Wx = 2 and v x - - 2 + 2 (t - 6) - 2 (t - 7) v ... I Vx 1- 2 (7 - t) for t +- 7

6

Thus

Putting

Putting

For the part d 7 :

Now,

l\X (t ) - f2 (t - 7) dt - t 2 - 14t + 48

Putting

t 4, Axs - -1

6

Similally

Putting t = 7, s5 - 1

On the baSIS of these obtamed expressions w,r (t), x (t) and 8 (t) plots can be easily plotted

as shown in the figure of answersheet

10
1.1' (a) Mean velocity
-
<V> = Iotal distance covered i' RA
Time elapsed
S «« (1) Var / ,
- -_ -_ 50cm/s
t "t
• V
(b) Modulus of mean velocity vector l +
.. I Art 2R #
l<v>l- - - 32cm/s (2)
At "t
(c) Let the pomt moves from l to f along the half circle (Fig.) and Vo and v be the spe
• 1. . .. , .... .t .
aL un ... ~ ""''''1'''''''''' "", .. }.
dv
we nave --:h - w,
.-
.... .. .. u. f { ... '" u, i", ... "n",~ ... ft~ ............... ,HftlY b" ~h .. nr,,'hl .. n'l \
- .. , U I· \-- I -- , -------ae. ,- .~- r·~~--·aL~
I
f (vo + w,t) dt Vo + (vo + wI) vo+ v
c- o /'
\olIV, .... " .... - I - 2 - 2 v
r
JDl
0
So, from (1) and (3)
Vo + v xR -
- ~..1
2 't
,NOW IDe mocuius 01 we mean vector 01 torai acceleration
I A ::-'t IV--~I v, + v
r<w>l- I ...... I_ u u (see Fi~.) {S
=
/1t "t 't " - ...
TTn~_~ IA\ ~ .. 1,\ n, ....... + •
"""'U'b ,-" ..... '"" " ~ ~~ .. .
"'" I~~ .... I- 2xR
I I .(2
.. 4A / .. ' 1- -. -. /1 ~,
.L •• V \OJ W~ UOY"" I - «, \~ -""
So, -.dTat
v = 7 - a 1 - 2 a I)
"J
-. dv -.
ana w- - ","a a
dt
(b) From the equation _,.
r = a t (1 - at), 1
r = 0, at t = 0 and also at t = Ilt = -
a
,.. .. . 1
.:>u, urc _0' Il UUlt:: tiI.- a
....
As V= a(l-Zat)
a (1 - 2 a t) for t S '/n
So, v = I vl = 1
a (2 a t -1) fort> 2~ 11

Hence, the sought distance

s = r v dt = r a ( 1 - 2 a t) dt + r a (2 a t - 1) dt

r.r J

o 1/2 a

Simplify ing, we get, s

a

2a

1.21 (a) AS the particle leaves the ongm at t - 0 r

(1)

=+ =+( t)

As v = Vo 1 - :; ,

where V; is directed towards the we x axis

So,

(2)

From (1) and (2),

o Hence x coordinate of the particle at t 6 s.

(3)

Similarly at t = 10 s

( IU J

x = 10 x 10 1 - -- = 0

_ 2 x 5_

and at

t= 20 s

x-

( 20 1

10 x 201 - 2 x 5 - - 200 em = - 2 m

(b) At the moments the particle is at a distance of 10 em &om the origin, x +- 10 em.

Putting x = + 10 in Eq. (3)

10 - lOt (1 :0) or, t2 lOt + 10 0,

So,

10 ± v' 100 - 40 5 - ¥S

t - t.. 2 = ± v 1.,) S

Now putting

x = - lOin Eqn (3)

- 10 = 10 (1 - .L \

~ lOr

On solving,

t- 5 ± m s

As t C3lUlOt be negative, so,

t = (5 + v'35 ) s

12

Hence the particle IS at a distance of 10 em from the origin at three moments of time:

t == ~ :t: "l~ s, ~ + "3~ s

(c) We have

I

V+_~1_i.

v 't \

I

...

for t s 't

1::1

I" 1

v, I! _ 1 I for t > 't

t

t- I t

So

t

and

~ ,I t- I

s - I v, It .!_ tit + Vft I t 1 dt for t » 1:

o ' I 't I

• _ r1 (1 tL\21 I,., F ....... ,--","-

o " L.A. \.L ... , J I ... ..'V.. "

4 4

r

,I t- I

t. r .; t.,..

1: I W - J ~v I ~ - 51 at - " .. em,

I 0 \

Alta ror 1 - lS S

5

8

(1n( ..

,

.. -1.

5 -- r J .LV 5

~

.L .....

I

On integrating and simplifying, we get

s - 34 em.

On the basis of Eqs. (3) and (4), x (t) and s (t) plots can be drawn as shown in the answer

sheet

.. __ • ~ • t·

.

• _.. _t _. Lf. • _.. .._ •

.I. ... ", ru; pilnJ\;JC J~ III t = 0, x - 0

11. J:t _ ._ DIVIIO LU~ ""-GAm all LU~ Ollie • .tU at

dv

so,

dX = x - s, ana dt - w

Therefore,

v = av x = a 'IS

..1. -1.

or,

w- ~- ~!!:!.- ~

dt 2Vi dt 2Vi

av

naVi

-

-

-

zvs

'zvs

A

dt 2

v

r r n2

On integrating,

J dv == J 2: dt or,

o 0

V= -t

2

(1 \

(2)

13

(b) Let s be the time to cover first s m of the path. From the Eq.

s = ] vdt

r 2 2 2

(using 2)

o

or

t= l.y;

(3)

The mean velocity of particle

J v (t) tit + f ttit !J. Va

<V> = = ---

r dt 2-{ila - 2

J

1.23 According to the problem

v ~v .. a {; (as v decreases with time)

or,

-JVvdv= aJds

v

On integrating we get s ... 3a v~/2

Again according to the problem

_ d v ... a V v or _ d v .. a dt

dt W

or,

o.

a

rnus

l=

1.U (a) As - ...... 2 ...... 0 ~
r= a t i=b t J ------L~
2 /i\ .:A,..
SO, X= at, y = - b t
...
and therefore -bx'" / : \
y- 2 I
u 14
which is Eq. of a parabola, whose graph is shown in the Fig.
(b) As __. ...... 2 ......
r= atl-bt }
__.
_ dr ...... ...... (1)
v= -;-= al-2btj
Ut
So, v = Va ~ ( - 2 b t r = V a ~ + 4 b ~ t"
Diff. Eq. (1) w.r.t. time, we get
_ d~ ......
w- "'-1.Oj
dt
So, Iwl=w=2b

-- (a~2btjj'(-2bJj
(c) V'w
cos u » ---
vw /,/ 2 A L 2 2\ ,,)J..
\'U T"'YU' l ":
- .
or, cosa= L.OC
'\/n2~L1h2t2 '

~
so, tan a .., ~
2bt

- 11 a
or, a= tan ., h t

(d) The mean velocity vector
~ ......
r- .. I (al-2btj)dt
- J VUl -0 ...... b .....
<v > = LO "" - al- t)
J at ,
Hence, I<V->I- Va2+ (_bt)2 = Va2+b2t2

1.25 (a \ WE': have
" ,
X = a t and y... a t (1 - at) (1)
Hence, y (x ) becomes,
" ax I 1 ax v a v 2 (n'lO"'lOh,,1'lO \
/ a \ a a 'J' "
(b) Dirferentiating Eq. (1) we get
v x = a and v y = a ( 1 - 2 at) (2) lJiC

So v_ "v2~v--z =aV1 +(1 ?rrt\2
x y
T"\:~ 1:l_ """ •• 1. ........
....,~.u.. ~. \~J ""~UlAl -c ..u ~uu~
wx= 0 and w = -2aa
y

So, w- V w}+ 2 2aa
Wv ..


(c) From Eqs. (2) and (3)
We have ~ a:+a71 2ad; and w- 2an;
J J
-- , .. .... , ....
So, 3t 1 V·W - u \ ~ - ~ u. '0 , ~ u u.
COS 4 = -:;r:; = ---
vW ,,"1 ( 1 ") ,.., # \2 "),, rw
... - . ~ ,.L ... ..,. .0 I -- voo
On simplifying. 1-2ato- :t:l
As, tn .. 0, 1
to= -
u.
1 ?It. n.L"L"- 11"'",1"1n« ft'ln1"1nn 1",,,,, • ,.. "" n ~in " ... f' " ... n ( 1 _ ,..n~ 1' ... f' \ ""1th yp~nprt tn timf"
'0 , J' " -c
V = a ro cos rot, v y" a ro sin rot
x
~,.. ~_ ~,. ,., .. " .... ,# ~ " .... , .. ~ .. r ... # ~ 11\
'"'''', u ~ ~~~., - ..... un ....... J '~I
• r1 ,,"\
iUIU v= uw- \~J
Differentiating Eq. (1) with respect to time
~
- av 2. ~ 2 cos rotT (3)
W = A# = _ a ro sm rot 1 + a ro

(a) The distance s traversed by the point during the time 't is given by
f ~
s- vdt- faoodt- aoo't (using 2)
~ ""0
(b) Takinz inner nroduct of v* and -+
w
- - -
We get, ~ W - (a 00 cos rot i + a 00 sin rot j ). ( a 002 sin oot ( - i ) + a 002 cos oot _ j )
So, ~ W = _ a2 ro2 sin rot cos rot + a2 ro3 sin rot cos rot = 0
Thus, v*l. iV, i.e., the angle between velocity vector and acceleration vector equals ~ .
1.27 Accordiing to the problem
__.,
w=w(-i)
"
dv dv
So, w .. ~=O and w .. --La -w (1)
x dt y dt
......... ". . . -- .. . 1_ 2 '.:1. ... .
,'-&U& .... &£.6 .cq. UJ. o.&aJ"''''' .. v~J, y - ".A. - U.A. , W IUA -c LU Ulll~
Au nn,.. £I,..
=..L_ -2bx - (2)
dt dt tit 16

So, dy dx
Ai = a-
A,.
- x-a -- x-o
. Again differentiating with respect to time
.2 .2 I 2 .2
U L= u a A-_2b( UA- I - 2 b x U A.
1'1,2 1'1,2 dt 1'1,2
,
In, "" L dX,2 "" L In' r, 1,\
U.l, "' - u \V, ~UI dt ~ U A- \ v, \. UiU.lI5 ~,
I
r---
nO' ax ... ,,\! w (l1~;nlY 1 \ (-
-., dt y 2b ' ''''O~' ,-
I ,--
Using (3) in (2) ~ = aV; (~
dt
... - u
Hence, the velocity of the particle at the origin
I 2 2
v=V I ax +1 sz yw 2W (using Eqns (3) and (4»
dt dt = 2h + a 2h
IX- U , IX- U

Iw ?,
rience, v- V ",,\ 1 +a-)
~
~ 10 A .1. 1. ..I. • ..I e .1, ,4-,' --. :4-' .1 : ... .4- ..I ..I' .1
4 ...... ~ ........ uvuJ "'0> uu ...... '" 5 .. aY"'~J VA. LUVU is , I.~ 0> y ... l.v .... "'~J v ....... ~VI. auu U""'1'''' ,
vectors are:
v..,..= v: + I!t (1:
~
", ... .1 A~ ~ ~t 1 ,..t2 (~ (\ ",t t m r-»
_AL_ _. 'u - 20' " ~ -~ ~, '-J
--.
So, <v> over the first t seconds
.l --. --. --.
--. UI , --. 5!:. (3)
<v> = -=-= v +
Ilt t 0 2
.....
Hence from Eq. (3), <v> over the first t seconds I~ 1J
--. --. g_ I'A'\
.... v .... yo 2 " \', VO_
For evaluatino t. take ~/ <,
..., r -,
,,?.~ (~ ~\,(;-+ ~\ ,2 " (~.;;to,. ,..2,.2
~ \"0 0·/ \~O 0·/ U - \'0 0/· o • A.~ x
2 2 (-gj 2 2 I 1- tc=', _\ \;
or, v = Vo + Vo'g t + g t '"
... , . -, "
v cr.:V) r' y~'
But we have v = v at t = 0 and ~~ \
v vo
Also at t = "t (Fig.) (also from energy conservation)
17

TT ,0 .• • T"" ,~'
ll.CUU; UI)Ulg LUll) 1'IUpCly 111 0li. \...J)
,.. .... .... ....
V~ = V~ + 2 (vn·£J 't + £"'1:'"'

..,~.;;t
.1.4;1 .... ~ fl 4;1n .... - _ .. ,r 0 01
, , ;1.
0
Puttinz this value of t in Ea. (4). the averaze velocity over the time of Ilizht
-+ -+
-+ -+ _JYo· g)
<v> - Vo g 2
g

rue oooy tnrown in air wnn velncfty Vo 31 an angie a rrom me horizontal iancs at point
J.~~y
P nn th .. P~rih'4;1 Cllrf~roP ~t C~tnP \, . .t~1 1 .. up1 mill' \ 'rh .. nn;nt n-f nrn; .. rotinn i~ t~1r .. n
• v ·0·,. r r -.I
.. •
al) urigm, I)U, LU. = A. auu uy - y
1 ...,
(a) From the bq. ~y - vn.1 + ~ w t "
~ .-
1 -"'l'
0- . ... 2't~ (J ,~
v"sm aT --
v L. yo
"" . f
A n .. .& ~ Yo ..,Ul U I~I ~
rL> ,,_ v, 03V, uua,", va. UaVLJVU " e // I •• "
..... u In ,
to) A.I me maximum neigm or ascent, Vy = u "I.. ! \t)
'" ,.. .- , 1 I \' ..
so, from the Eq. v'"' = v:i., + 2 w" ~y V -...,...,_ t-e-QI ... -+I "][
., -'p -.......... -'#I
n I. .\2 "" rr d- ~, ...
v \Yo .,111 U, - ~ 5 ,U Ir_. ..... "on
W-:=Q
v~ s.in~ ct. (T
Hence maximum heizht H = v
L.g
~ .0- . ~ ... .. . ,1 -' ,. ., .. .1 :11 1-
UU.lll10 LIlC LllllC VI. .lllVllVU LIlC JlCL UV.l.lLVllld.l Ul"'l'ld' Vl llVl I. aU5 "', W.lU v,",
obtained by the equation

Av"", 11 t .1 t.V .... 2
UX 2 x

2 "". ..., '"
"' .. 11 - " ron" N .... .1 (1)\ .... 2 " ron~ N .... o ., ..... ~ VI<
~&, .. U ,~ 2 "" U I!

l.Ilhpn 11 - 1-1

2 • 2 2 . 2
vOsm u Vo MIl U A .. , -lA
0 70 VI. Lau U - "'T, .,V, U Lal.l "T
0 ·0

{r>\ J<'n .. th .. hl'uh, v (t\ ~11r1 ,,(t\ ~ .....
"-, oJ' ,-, J ,-,
X= V" COS at (1)
v 18

1 ?
ana y == Vo sin a. I - - g1 (2)
2
Hence putting the value of t from (1) into (2) we get,
...
1 I ,.. 8. x:l
X X
Y= vosina -",g == xtana- _'1_ .a. ,
"1) ""., 'lAo ~ "0 ""., 'lAo L. Vo cos a
, J
Which is the sought equation of trajectory i.e. y (x)
(d) As the body thrown in air follows a curve, it has some normal acceleration at all the
.. .~ ... ...I, . . , · .
LI.o3 VJ. UUI.'" UUI.I.I.'5 ,n.., J,LLVUVU Ul au.
At the initial noint tx = 0 v = 0), from the eouation .
& a
v2 / __ .. n' d. _t. ~
Wn - R ' ~ WllICU; .n l~ WIC H1UJU~ Ul. \,;UIVd\UIIC)
'" "
v'" v'"
g cos a:=: RO (see Fig.) or Ro:=: 0

o g cos a
At the peak point vy:=: 0, v:=: V;x = Vo cos a and the angential acceleration is zero.
Now from the Eq, v2
W .. :=: -;::-
1\
2 2 J. 2
"0 \.No;) 'lAo R= "0 ,",v., 'lAo
g:=: R , or
f!
...
-~ TTP .. ~ · .. _I' -"'-
rxore : we may use me jormuta 01 curvature raatus 01 a trajectory Y lX), co SOlve
Dart Id).
3
r 2 ,?,
R- [1 + (dy / dx) J
....... r. ""7 .•. · I tY'y/tlr' I
.J. • ..7U VVIC uavc, "x "0 "U~ u, Vy - Vo ~1l1 U g'
A ~" J\ .11 +\. .+, .e +:
~ " I I "', au un .. V.L Ul. ... ~.
Thus 2 2 . 2 2
v = V,2 - gt Vn sm a + g' t
'O.T dv, 1 d , _, 1 , _2 . '\
l~UW, w, dt 2 v dt \V,""' v \g , g Vo ~111 UJ
I I
= - g (vn sin a - R t)- Vy
-R-
v, v,
I v, I
Hence I W, I = g v

... / " ,,~
Now wn:=: Vw.t"-wt- V g.t"._g.t".j'
\J
or wn - g -=- (where v :=: "v:l_v~)
v, x I Y (2)

On the basis of obtained expressions or facts the sought plots can be drawn as shown in

1.31 The ball strikes the inclined plane (Ox) at point 0 (origin) with velocity "o = Y 2gh (1)

the normal or yaxis (Fig.). Let the ball strikes the incline second time at P, which is at distance 1 sa from the oint 0 alon the incline. From the e uation

As

Vo 't;l!! 0, so, 't = --

(2)

Now from the equation.

1. . 2

= Vo sm a 't + 2 g sm a 't

so,

1 . 2 Vo 1 . 2 "o

- "o sm a g + 2 g sm a g

g

ence the sou ht distance 1- 4 (2 gh) Sill a = 8h sin a

1.32 Total time of motion

V sm a

2x 240

't-

g

R 5100 85

R .. Vo cos a't or cos a - - = -- ..

From Eqs. (1) and (2)

20

Solving for 't2 we get :

2 2400 % ...; 1425000 2400 % 1194

Thus

't = 42·39 s - 0·71 min and

't = 24·55 s - 0·41 min depending on the angle Q.

1.33 Let the shells collide at the point P (x, y). If the first shell takes t s to collide with second and M be the time interval between the firings, then

X= vOcos81t= vOcos82(t-At) (1)

. 8 1 2

and y = "o sin 1 t - 2 gt

= Vo sin 82 (t - At) - !. g (t - M)2 (2)

as At -. 0

1.34 According to the problem (a) 1i = Vo or dy = "o dt

Integrating

Y t

! dy- vo! dt or Y= vot

(1)

And also we have

(using 1)

x t

So,

r r

1 2 1 a y

x = a Vo t - (using 1)

2 2 Vo

(b)

J dx - a Vo J t cit, or,

o 0

According to the problem

Vy = Vo and v x = a y

V= V V;+v; = V v~+a2y2

dv a2 Y 9I. a2 Y

(2)

So,

Therefore

Diff. Eq. (2) with respect to time.

dv dv

y = w = 0 and x = W

dt 0

So,

dt y dt x

w- I wxl- avo

ft.
- ...
I "
Hence wn - " vi- - w: - V a2 ~ - aY' avo
2 -
I
~+(aYIVo\ v ~+(aYIVo\
\ / \ /
.. "Ia' r : '\ '" _1 . ~ .:I- • _1
.a........ \OJ .J.ll~ y,.,,~v,,~~, Y""~V.l V ... ~,." paJ.u"J~
..................
v - a i + bxj
So, dx = a: ~= bx (1)
dt dt
x t
r> r>
From (1) Idx-aldt or x = at (2)
J J
0 0
And dy - bx dt· batdt
v t
Integra ting f dv = ab ftdt 1 2 (3)
or, v ... -ab t
~ J L-
v v
i;
From Bas. (2) and (3), we aet, v· ..:::_~ (4)
:IA r
(1.,.\ Tl. ... ,. .. _, ......... _A~.,I'" n.~ .. . .. .... /v\~"'.
\VI ... ~"" ............... "" ...... u ..... ~ ........ J..- ..... .., .. J J \"'" .....
3
r 1 ..L 1,1 .. 1,111'\2 ,.2
R _ L - "~J -, J (5)
rP \J I flyll
./ I
Let us differentiate the path Eq. y. :n x2 with respect to x,
e.: bx J2y b (6)
and --= -
,111' n ~ 2 n
~ - UA. -
From Eqs. (5) and (6), the sought curvature radius:
.,
z:
'b 2 2
a
1(-1. ~+ ~x
v u
1.36 In accordance with the nroblem
............
wt = a' 't
v dv
tlut wt• ds or vav· wtas
~, ,I. _ 1:;':.;:-'\ A.. _ :;': "l;:'"
... v, .. ,_ v, ..... ... ...
......
nl' 1J flU n ; • fl ~ n fly (hPl'!UHI.P n-;!O: ~.' ... i-,.n .... A'" thp y_~Y;!O:\
, " -,
v x
r r
So, J vdv = a J ax
0 0
Hence v2• 2ax or, v - "'2 ax 22

1.37 The velocity of the particle v - at

dt

(1)

From

(2)

And

S-Jvdt

o

So,

(3)

From Eqs. (2) and (3) wIt - 43ta11

Hence w - Vi W; + .W!'

1.31 According to the problem

I wt 1- I wIt I

For v (t),

-dv

-

dt

R

Integrating this equation from vo:$ V:$ v and 0:$ t:$ t

ntegratmg IS equation om Vo s v s v an

s ss S

\I

so,

- R1Jds Of, In ~= - §_

Vo R

o

Hence

v- voe

(2)

(b) The normal acceleration of the pomt

2 2 -2s/R

And as accordance with the problem

" "

Iwtl-lw,,1 and W,"tl.w"",,

so,

2

oM oM Vo - ']sIR oM V

W= v£. W = v2-e = v2 -

"R R

1.39 From the equation v,. a VS

dv' a ds a -Ii fi2

As wt is a positive constant, the speed of the particle increases with time, and the tangential

acceleration vector and velocity vector coincides in direction.

Hence the angle between vand W is equal to between w, lit an w: and a can be found

I w" I a2 siR 2s

by means of the formula : tan a ,. -I -, - 2 ,. -

W, a 12 R

1.48 From the equation

1- a sin co t

dt - V= a 00 cos 00 t

S dv 2 • d

0, Wt - dt - - a 00 SID 00 t, an

(1)

(2)

w.. -

"R R

(a) At the point 1- 0, sin 00 t .. 0 and cos 00 t - ± 1 so, oot ... 0, 1t etc.

Hence

w- w ---

" R

Similarly at 1- ± fl, sin rot - ± 1 and cos rot - 0, so, w" - 0

1.41 As w," a and at t... 0, the point is at rest

So,

v (r) and s (t) are, v .. at a~d s= 2 at2

(1)

Let R be the curvature radius, then

v2 a2t2 2 as .

w ,. -,. -- -(usmg 1)

" R R R

But according to the problem

2 2

S bt4 = !!!_

0, R

a2 a2

or, R = bt2'" 2 bs (using 1)

(2)

Therefore w - V W; + W; ... V a2 + (2 as / R)2 - V a2 + ( 4 bs2 / a2t(USing 2)

J ( s2 3t

24
1.42 (a) Let us differentiate twice the path equation y (x) with respect to time.
'"
dv dx trv dx - d~x
-;; - L. ax .rl*; 7. 2 - L.tI .rl* +X 7.2
... .... u, .... ur
,
Since the particle moves uniformly, its acceleration at all points of the path is normal and
at the point x - 0 it coincides with the direction of derivative d2 Yldt2• Keeping in mind
,/".
that at the point x - O. - - V.
1M
a
WI' (1'Pt ""- s.z _ ? n ,,2 _ UJ
co dt2 "
%. 0
So, 2 v2 1
w,,-2av-D, or R - ,.,~
..... ....-
Note that we can also calculate it from the formula of problem (1.35 b)
I ... , n:c&. .. ~"...: .. ~ ..... ~ ~~ .. ".: .......... ~ ..... ~ ._. .,,: ..... .n· ~ ........ : n,·~ n .. ~ ..... " •
''''' ........ 6 ............... "I ....... 'V&O 'VA. ............... J ................. J , ............ 'r ...... ..uu..... • ....... ~ .... _ ..........
b2x dx + a2y ~ _ 0 (1)
dt dt
which implies 2 ..... 2 11 is normal to the velocity vector
that the vector (b x I + a y)
.... .1 . .J.
V = ......... 1 .... + !Z, .... which of course is alone the ...... ~ ... nt. Thus the former vactor is alone
at at" .... ... ~
thl' nnnn~1 ~ntl thl' nnnn~1 IPnt nf .. ~~,l ... ·• .. tinn 11:. r1p~r1v
-r -.;
b2 fix 2 fiy
XtJ?+aYdl-
w -
n , t; 4 ~ ~4 ~ ,II2
, ........... -; J
~ ~/ I =+t A n L .a n
V.ll. U"J..ll!) "'n - "' n / ,n ,. L"1" .... - v, y - ... v au .... "v ........ - v
W - !!2
n :i: di-
]C- 0
Differentiating (1)
" '"
'"' dr- '"' d~I ,"" dv '"' ~"
D' 1 .J. + D-~ ., + a1 ~ 1+ ay ? = u
u, at· J ~ ar
I
Also from (1) ~- 0 at x- 0
dt
C' ax f, • .... . 1 .1 . : .. ,." ... - \
.... v dt .... y \~J..l''''''' .., ,.. .. ...... ""' ... ] .~ .................... ,
I
d!'" b .,
IDUS 2' = ± 2V
dt a
I
and IWnl - b;- ;-
-- -
a2 R
1 nis gives .l{ - .,
a /0. e e with x axis at the moment shown.

angular velocity w-

taking

anticlockwise sense of angular displacement as

Also from the geometry of the triangle OAC

---

sin e

Let us write,

Differentiatin

-

dr

dt

or, v ==

So,

-

I v I or v - 2 eo R - 0·4 m / s.

As 00 is constant, v is also constant and w, - ~ - 0,

R - 0·32 mls

So

the circle C becomes

d(2e) dJ

Thus we have the problem of finding the velocity and acceleration of a particle moving

along a circle of radius R with constant angular velocity 2 00.

ence

v==

1.44 Differentiating q> ( t ) with respect to time

For fixed axis rotation, the speed of the point A:

v - 00 R - 2 a t R or R - -- 2a t

25

(2)

26
....... _ . .
I. laLln~ WIW ~I W mne
-.I("
.
u. av ,)"p r. lu~'"'' 1\
I dt __ 6~ t ' \----0 ~,
But v2 v2 - 2atv (using 2)
w --. vl2at
" R
Sn w _ " w 2 • w 2 _" { 11 I t \2 • ( ., n t 11 \2
-> l " , , , ,

_ V 1+4a~t4
t
1.4! The shell acquires a constant angular acceleration at the same time as it accelerates linearly.
""'- - ~ .. 1- r. . 1.. .... 1.. ...,
.1.1.1" I.WV a~~ ~I U] \.0.,.,' _ UUUI O~~ >)
w B
,-~
• ~" .. n
Where w - linear acceleration and ~ - _angular acceleration
00 - " 2'~ 2 3t n - V 2'~ ( 2 3t n )2
Then,
1
-r.. 2 .... I • - ..
DUl V II:.G w', LllUlJIY

23tnv
00- I
.
1.46 Let us take the rotation axis as z-axis whose positive direction is associated with the
positive direction of the cordinate cp, the rotation angle, in accordance with the right-hand
screw rule (Fig.)
f .. \ T'\ .cc. . . f~\ :.1. .
\OJ ~' 'WB5 't' \ .. } ,"uou &'-'Ol"'- 0." U&LI.~. ...
dm ? II
ch • a - .j 0 I - 00% ti} ana
d2CP d ta, (2)
-= -II: ~ .. -6bt
d t2 dt z
r=
'&' ...... .- 11 \ +l.~ ....... 1~ .. + ....... + ... _ .. + A 4- 4- va
... .&V'£&& \.&-} ................ _ "" """'1' .... ~ • . y 3b ~ .. _
l ]'1'
The angular velocity OJ II: a-3bt1., for 0 $ t $Val3b "--" .

v'arb
" (a - 3b r)d t I
J os a t "'0 ~ _va/3b I
so, < (0 >- *" '- • lat-l1t J I v a 1.j11 - 'za/»
J at " /'2J. u
... -'("'';1 4-
-l ....
0
Similarly ~ - I ~z 1- 6b t for all values of t. So,

Val,)b

Cftdt ~ 6bt dt =

Jdt ~

,

o

(b) From Eq. (2) ~z - - 6b t

So,

Hence

1.47 Angle a is related WIth I wt I and wli by means of the fomUla :

WII 2

tan a - I Wt I' where wli - 00 R and I wt ,- fJ R

(1)

where R is the radius of the circle which an arbitrary point of the body circumscribes.

From the given equation fl- ~ ~ - at (here fl- ~ ~ , as fl is positlve for aU values of t)

to t 1 2

Integrating within the limit .[ d 00 - a I t d t or, 00 - '2 at

So,

(a t2)

WIt - 002 R - T

I W, 1- ft R - a t R

and

Putting the values of I w, I and wli in Eq. (1), we get,

a2 t 4 RI4 a t 3 [ ( 4 ) 1

tan o « a t R - 4 or, t- ;; tana

1.48 In accordance with the problem, fL < 0

Thus - ~ ~ - k w, where k is proportionality constant

or,

(1)

Wh 0 I· f' 2VOOO

en (a) - ,tota time 0 rotation t - "t - k

28

f rodt

Average angular velocity < ro > .. ..

fdt

..

2rw;/k

Hence < co >-

1.49 Vv'e have 00 .. 000 _ a c:p .. dp

Integratin this Eq. within its limit for ('P) t

r d 'P = r d t or In roo - k qJ _ _ k t

Hence

(1)

(b) From the Eg., ro... 000 ~ k q> and Eg. (1) or by differentiating Eq. (1)

1.50 !:tl us choose the positive direction of z-axis (stationary rotation axis) along the vector

60, In accordance with the equation

or,

Integrating this Eq. within its limit for

or, d t» .. cos qJd qJ
0 0
2
z ~o sin qJ
or) --
Hence to - ± " 2 ~o sin qJ
z The plot Wz (q» is shown hi the Fig. It can be seen that as the angle c:p grows, the vector

wfirst increases, coinciding with the direction of the vector ~ (wz > 0), reaches the maximum

at qJ - qJ/2, then starts decreasing and finally turns into zero at qJ" 3t. After that the body starts rotating in the opposite dire(:tjon in a similar fashion (oo.z < 0). As a result, the body

will oscillate about the position qJ" «v/2 with an amplitude equal to 3t/2.

..I.' ... .oJ.l _. .e.'I. .1'..1 ..1.'1. ' .'L.

... ...... .. .

... 'L. _'L. ... 'L. 'r' 1. ' .....

1.S1 Rotatina disc moves a10n2 the x-axis. in plane motion in x - V plane. Plane motion of a

solid can be unagmed to be m pure rotation about a point (say 1) at a certain mstant

lWOWIl. as mstamaneous centre 01 roranon, rne mstantaneous axis wnose posmve sense IS

Ull~"""'U -D UI U~ I.ll~ ~UJIU 41lU Wlll"ll c

LIllUUI:).ll W~ YUIllL.l, J':' AUUWU 4~ Ill'"

'U"

V}

"1 beretore the velOCity vector of an arbitrary point (p) of the solid can be represented as :

,.. •• • • .. ..... ~.. .. •• .... ... , I'¥o. ".

VII we UClOSIOS Ul oq. \J.} lur me ~. JVl. \ \,..} 01

the disc

:u

-

According to the nroblem v'" t t i and

1'-" ,

(0 f f k: i.e, (Olx - y plane, so to satisy the

'1" ... .I 0 .1..1..c

/ 'Y fd \

in Eq. (2), we get

v \ v v

J

\ "

I

/

.......... ,

"c

1'1\

r c 'UoI.T VA .T

\VJ

(a) From the aneular kinematical eauation

(0 - (0 ... + 6 t

(4)

, , - -

.. - ...

I ... _ A. f

r

On the other band x - v t, (where x IS the x coordinate of the CoM.)

v

or.

(5)

A. ...

From Bas. (4) and (5). (0 _ .r:..::..

v

"

TT. ' .. 1.. 0 .1. .C 0 n. "'2' • Vc V

v , 11. _11..~ '\

R yo \ &&111"'·..,"'·0 ,

.-

(b) As centre C moves With constant acceleration w. with zero initial velocity

•. *

2 rl. .. •• - "c

.

u _ UI",/~.A. _ ~" _ •.

4 ... ,

11 .1---"'-

J.lpnl'P

and rotation about C.M.

- - - So, we may write VA = Vc + VAC

respect to

em Vc. V-

Let the point A touches the horizontal surface at t - 0, further let us locate the point A

When it makes e - 0> t at the centre of the wheel.

AC

- Vl+O> -

-

or,

v - Vl+O>

- -

- (v - cos wt) i + V sin rot j (as v - roR)

2

= v

Hence distance covered by the point A during T - 2x/w

s-

2 v sin(wt/2) tit - _! - SR.

00'

1.53 Let us fix the co-ordinate axis xyz as shown in the fig. As the ball rolls without slipping

VctWR=VA

accordance with the problem,

(a)

so

ow

So,

v; - 2 Vc r: 2 wt i (using 1)

..... ..... ..... .....

- Vc i + roR (- j) - Vc i + Vc (- j)

2 WI and vB is at an angle

2..... C"

- 00 (- roc) - - (- uoc) (using 1)

where ~oc is the unit vector along ~

directed towards the centre of the ball

-

..... .....

i + fiR (- j) (using 1)

31

of problem 1.53.

o

W=" R

so, for point A,

Similarly for point B,

velocity of the body 1 with respect to the body 2 is clearly.

JS

where S' is a frame corotating with the second body and S is a space fixed frame with origin coinciding with the point of intersection of the two axes,

Since S ' rotates with angular ;elocity W; . However

~

dt

... 0 as the first body rotates

12 == 0) 1 x 0)2'

Note that for any vector ~ the relation in space forced frame (k) and a frame (/C) rotating with angular velocity 00 is

1.56 We have

- - 2-

0) - at i + bt j

-

r dO) .... -

p - - - a I + 2 ht j dt

and f'1,-lO. -1'3rad/s2

1.S7 (a) Let the axis of the cone (OC) rotates in anticlockwise sense with constant angular velocity 00' and the cone itself about it's own axis (OC) in clockwise sense with angular

-

As the rolling is pure the magnitudes of the

-' -

vectors (0 and (00 can be easily found from

0)' - , 0)0 - viR (2)

Rcota

(1)

(2)

J ( V )2 ~~~2 V

¥ + J - - 2·3 rad/s

R cot a R cos o

(b) Vector of angular acceleration

-' -

;:,+ _ d W.. d (w + Wo ) _'

P' dt dt (as w - constant.)

The vector &>0 which rotates about the 00' axis with the angular velocity 00', retains i

magnitude. This increment in the time interval dt is equal to

- - -,-

1 tl Wo 1- woo w' tit or in vector Conn tl Wo - (00 x (00) dt.

Thus rr- oj' x 0>0

The magnitude of the vector If'is equal to

-' -

~ - 00' 000 (as 00 .1 Wo )

(3

So,

P - R v ~ - 2 tan a - 2·3 Jad/s

cot a R

•

And the angular acceleration.

- d (-' -) _., d -

r- dw _ W +wo _ dw +~

dt dt dt at

d- -'

000 _, _ dw;:,+

But -;It - 00 x 000, and dt - Po t