195 4

I~PYMA EYrENI~OY

XPYIOYN METAAAION AKAflHMIAI A0HNON

npOAorO~/~YMATO~EYrEN~OY

o Euytvloe; Euyevl6'1e;, 0 16pur~e; Kal XOP'1yoe; rou .4~pU#larOe; Euyevl6ou», noM V'.IJp{e; npotf3).el/Je Kal C1X'1#l0nOe mv nenol9'1o'1 on '1 opna KaropnO'1 rwv reXVlKwv uac, oe ouv6uao#lo #le mv e9vlK~ aywyr7, ea 1}rav avaYKaloe; Kal anoq>aolorlKoe; napoytJ.'v Yla mv npoo60 rou 'E9voue; #lae;.

T'1v nenol9'1o~ rou aun1 0 Euyevl6'1e; eK6~Awoe #le tn yewaloq>pova npo~'1 euepywlae;, va KAr7pooon7oel oellaoro noaa Yla m ouora0'7/6pu#laIOe;, nou ea elXe we; OKono va oU#lIl6Me1 OT'7V reXVIK~ emal6eu0'7 rwv vtwv me; EM06ae;.

'Erol, ro fJ>ellpouoplo rou 1956 ouom9'1Ke r.) "/6pu#la Euyevl6ou», TOU onolou m 81OIK'10'1 avtAalle '1 a6eAq>rj rou Map. ~l#Jou, oU#lq>wva ue mv em9u#lla TOU 6la9tm. To tpyo rou /6pu#laIOe; ouvexl~el ana ro 19810 K. NLKoAaoe; BepvlKOe; - EuyevI6'1e;.

Ano ro 1956 twe; orj#lepa '1 oU#llloArj IOU /6pu#laroe; OT'7v reXVIKrj emaI8eu0'1 ttpovuatonouita: #le 610q>opee; 6paor'1Plor'1ree;. 'O#lWe; an' aurte; '1 O'1#la,vrIKorep'1, ttou Kp{9'1Ke :::to mv apxrj we; npwr'1e; avoYK'1e;, elval '1 tK6oo'1 IlillAlwv Yla roue; #la9'1rte; rwv TeXVIKwv «a: :;nayyeAjJanKwv ~xoAwv Kal AUKt;lwv.

Mtxpl orj#lepa, #le r'1 oovepvaok: ue ra Ynoupvela E9v1Krje; nal&{ae; Kal 0p'10Ke'J#l0rwv Kat E#lnopIKrje; NaunAlae;, eKM9'1KaV eKarovr06ee; rO#lollllllAlwv, ttou txouv 810re9el oe noMa eKar0#l#lupla avrlruna. Ta IllllAla aura KaAumav rj KaAumouv aVOyK&e; rwv Karwrtpwv Kat Mtowv TeXVIKWv ~xoAwv IOU yn. nat8elae;, rwv ~xoAwv IOU Opyavl0#l0U AnaoxoArjoewc; EpyanKou lluva#lIKOU (OAEtJ.), iw'l TeXVIKWv Kal Enayy&AjJanKwv AUKelwv, rwv TeXVIKWv EnayyeAjJanKwv ~xoAwv scu rwv ll'1#loolwv IxoAwv E#lnoplKou NaurIKOU.

Mova81Krj q>povrl6a rou /8pU#larOe; 0' aun1 tnv eK~orlKrj rou npoon09&la,f-:av Kal eisa: '1 ouyypaq>rj Kat tK8oo'1lll/lAlwV nOIOmrae;, ana onol/J'1 eSXI #leSvov E;.m0T'7#lc.'IKrj, nat8aywYIKrj Kat yAWOOIK~, aMo «cu we; npoc; tnv e#lq>ovl0'1, ware rp IllllAlo ~.J . aycn'19&1 ana roue; #la9'1rte;.

flu tnv &nt0T'7#lOVIKrj Kat nal6aywYIK~ apnor'1ra rw ' IlI/lAlwv ra Kel#leva unollclAAovol oe noMte; ene~&pyaol&e; KallleAnwvovral tux« ane l.age vta b:8t::'1'1 ou#lrrAr7- poupeva KaraMrjAwC;.

/8.o{rep'1 onuaoia ant8woe 'ro '/8pu#la ana tnv apm otn yAwOOIKrj 8larunw0'7 rwv M3Alwv, vtati tuateue: on «a: ra reXVlKo {:lflAla, oravelval ypa#l#ltva oe vAwooa OWCTrj xcu O#lOIO#lOPq>'1 aMa «a: Kar6MryAry Yla r'1 ar09#l'1 rwv #la9'1rwv, pnopoUv va (fu#llloMouv otn yAwooIKrj KaropnO'1 rwv #la9'1rwv.

'£701, ue anoq>ao'1 nou {oxuoe ~6;1 I.lno ro 1956, oAa ta IlI/lAla r'1e; BL/lAL09rjK'1e; rou Texvlr'1, 6'1Aa8rj ra IllflAla Yla ne; reSre Karwrepee; Te)(VIKte; ~xoAte;, onwe; apyi:.n:pa KOI Yla rle; ~xoAte; IOU OAEll, 1}ravypa#llltva oeyAwooa 6'1#lonK~, #le 1l00'7. tr; Yf.Cl#l#lanK~ IOU Tplavraq>uMI&:" evw oAa rc oMa IlI/lAla ~rav ypa#l#ltva OT'7v ari'ArjKa9apeLi~uoq. ~~#lepa aKoAougelrai '1 ypaJ..!#lanK~ nou 616cloKeral eta axoAela tnc; ~eurepoIl09#llae; eKna.6euoewe;. H .yAWOOIKrj ene~epyaola rwv IlillAlwv avar{ge-

TOI oe rpLAoAOyour; TOU l~pUpaTOr; Kal tTOl eE,aOrpa.Ai<eTal T] evtaia ouvraE,T] tuu opoAoyla KoBe KaTT]yoplar; {31{3AlWV.

H n016TT]Ta TOU xapnou, TO el6or; TWV TunO~/~(JrplKWV or01Xelwv, re oworo oxr1J.larc, T] KaAaloBT]TT] oeAt~onolT]OT], TO eE,wrpuMo Kal TO ptyeBor; TOU {3t{3Alou, nepoau{3ovovral Kal aura orlr; rppovrl&r; TOU l~pupaTOr; Kal oup{36Mow OTT] OWon1

«AelTOUPY1K6TT]Ta» TWV {3t{3Alwv. .

To '/~pupa BewpT]oe 6n elval unoxp£wof] TOU, ouprpwva pe TO nveupa TOU I~Purf] TOU, va BtoT] OTT] ~loBeoT] TOU Kp6Tour; 6AT] aurf] TT]V tuipa TOU TWV 20 eTwv, avaAap{3ovovrar; TO 1978 Kal TT]v tK~OOT] TWV {3tf3Alwv Yla nr; vter; TeXVLKtr; EnayyeApaTLKtr; IxoAtr; «cu rc TeXVLKo Kal EnayyeAparl,;:!:: l\uKela, ouprpwva novroTe pe re eYKeKPlJ.ltva AVaAurlKO npoypoppara TOU Il.l. Kal TOU YnEne.

EniTPOnH EK60IEnN 16PYMATOI EyrENI60Y

MlxCll\A Ayyd6nouAoc;, 011. Ko9r!yrrn'le: EMn, np6&6poc:.

AAt~avapoc; ITaupbnouAoc;, 011. K09nvlll1'le: nOVentOTTIIJlou nelpolc.ix;, AVTlnp6t:6poc:. IwlIvvrIe; TcybnouAoe;, Ko9nvlll1'le: EMn.

ITapirTlle; naAalOKpaoilc;, HMKTpoA6yoc:; MllxoVIK6<;, IUIl~ouAoc: nOlOOyc.o>YIKOU IVOTlTolrtou. XpI\C7TOe; IlytlAac;, 6Ivtf)e: In. 6eUT. EKnol6eu0t:c.o><: vnEne.

Iu~uAoc: eKMoec.o>v TOU 16puIJ(ITOC: K. A. MavOpIle;, Ko9r]y. <l>1A. IxoN'le: nov/lJlou A9r]vwv. rpOlllloTtOe: tile: EntTponl'1e:, rcwpYloe; AvlSpcGKOe;.

61GTCAtoaVTa ptAll 1\ oup8ouAOi Tile; EmTponfIe;

reciJp'(lCX; KQKPIc51)c;(1955-1959) Ko9r]YIll1'le: EMn, J\yyeACX; KaAoyepaC;(1957-1970) Koe.,me: EMn, L1'1~I)rplCX; NtaVlac; (1957-1965) Ko9nvlll1'le: EMn, M1xal)A .rm:rottp'1c;' (1956-1959), NIK6Aao(, SaOIciJmc; (1960-1967), et:6c5wpoc; Kou(tAT7c; (1968-1976) MTJX. HA. EMn, navaYlciJTf1c; Xar('1IWaWOU (1977-1982) MTJX. HA. EMn, AAt~avc5pcx; I. nannac;(1955-1983) Koe.,mc; EMn, XpuoOorOllot;Ka{3ouv(c5'1C; (1955-1984) MTJX. HA. EMn, reciJpYloc; POUOOOC; (1970-1987) XTJIl.-MTJX. EMn, t:.p.6eoc500loc;' narrage0c5oo{ou (1982-1984) t:.IVTf1c; Inou6wv t:.euTepo~691l10C; Emol6euollalC; vnEne, Iyvarlcx; Xar{f1&UOTpar{ou (1985-1988) MllxovoMyoc:;, t:.IVTf1e: Inou6wv t:.t:UTepo~9j.toc; EKn0l6euoec.o>c; VnEfle, reci1pYloc; Ira/Jor(ou (1988-1990) HMKTpoMyoc: EMn, 6Ivtf)e: InouSwv t:.t:UTt:pO~91l10C; EKnol6euoec.o>c; vnEne, Iwr. rKAa{3ac; (1989-1993) <l>1A6AoyoC;, 6Ivtf)e: Inoll)wv t:.t:uTepo~691l10C; EKnol6euaec.o>c; vnEne.

RAE KTPOTEXN IA II

renrrtnr KONINOr KOKKINAKH T AKTIKOY KA8HrHTor nANIMIOY nATPQN

rscrrror lOAN. KApr~H ~mA. HAEKTPOAOrOY MHXANIKOY

A9HNA 1999

A' EKdOIH 1979

..

neosoros

To PIPAio aUTO yp6¢T'1KE UUf.J¢Wva f.JE T'1V U),'1 TTOU Ka80pIUE TO YTTOUPYEIO na/(5Efa~ v,a T'1 ou5auKa),{a TOU f.Ja8r'/f.JaTO~ T'1~ HAEKTpoTExvfa~ T'1~ B' Kal T' ttifEW~ TWV TEXVIKWV «at ETTaYYE),f.JaTIKWV /luKEfwv. H u),'1 aurn fEKIVO ono T/~ TTO),U paUIKE~ EVVO/E~ TOU HMI(TPIUf.JOU (TI etvat peupa, TOU'1, ovrtoraon. IdlTT.), TTEpvd aTT6 TO UUVEXE~ pEUf.Ja, TO f.JaYV'1TIKO TTEOfo, TOU~ TTUKVWTE~, TO f.J0Vo¢apiK'O ¥al rpirpaUIKO EvaMauu0f.JEVO pEUf.Ja «a, KaTa},r'/YEI UE EIOIKO 8Ef.Jara HMKTPOTExvfa~. IKOTTO~ T'1~ etvat va OWUEI oro f.Ja8'1Tr'/ TOU TEXVlKOU /wselou T/~ attapatmrec '1AEKTpOTEXVIKE~ YVWUE/~ vta T'1V TTapaKo),ou8'1U'1 d),),wv ttto EIOIKEUf.JEVWV f.Ja(}'1f.J0- TWV «at pEpaia T/~ YVWUE/~ TTOU 8a TOU XPElau(}ouv «aromv ornv dUK'1U'1 TOU ETTayyE),f.JaTO~ TOU. AKOf.Ja EXEI oav UKOTTO va OWUEI YEPE~ POUE/~ H),EKTPOTExvfa~ UE ooouc 8a aKO),OU(}r'/uouv aVWTEpE~ «at aVWTaTE~ UTTOUOE~.

. ATTO rnv U),'1 TTOU ava¢Ep(}'1KE, 0 f.Ja(}f1Tr'/~ T'1~ B' Kal T' TofEW~ TEXVIKOU /lu«elou EXEI riO'1 OPIUf.JEVE~ YVWUE/~, TTOU aTTOK0f.JIUE aTTO T'1 oioauKaMa TWV f.Ja(}'1f.J0- TWV «¢UUIKr'/ nElpaf.JaTIKr'/» T'1~ I" Fuuvoatou. «H),EKTPIKE~ E¢apf.JOyE~» T'1~ A ' TEXVIKOU «at ErraYYE),f.JaTIKOU Auseto», K.d. 01 YVWUE/~ aUTE~ ErravaAaf.JpovOVTai EOclJ 0),),0 mo UUVOTTTIKO, uurre 0 f.Ja(}'1Tr'/~ va EXEI O),OK),'1PWf.J€V'1 T'1V aTTapafT'1T'1 U),'1 T'1~ H),EKTPOTExvla~ UE Eva PIPMo xat va f.J'1V XPElo(ETal va avaTpEXEI UE d),AE~ TT'1yE~.

IOlaiTEP'1 TTpOuTTo(}Ela KaTap),fJ(}'1KE oro va yivouv ra olo¢opa aVTIKEif.JEva duo TO ouvaTOV mo aTT),O «a) KaTa),'1TTTO, xwpi~ </JUUIKO va ('1f.J1W(}Ei'1 Op80T'1TO TOU~, «at oxopa aro va napouoiaoeouv f.JE· TOV TPOTTO TTOU Evola(/JEpEI Eva TEXVIKO - H),EKTP0),0YO. Erat 'I TTEPlYpa¢r'/ Kal EPf.Jf/VEia TWV ola¢opwv </JaIV0f.JEVWV OEV Eival 'EOW aUTouKoTTO~ oma« am oioauKa),ia TOU H),EKTPIUf.J0U «a! MaYV'1TIUf.JOU am ¢UUIKr'/, aMo TO f.JEUO YIG va (/J(}OUEI o f.Ja(}'1Tr'/~ UUVT0f.Ja stu f.JE ra anapotrnra E(/Jooia .aT/~ TTpaKTIKE~ E(/Japf.JoyE~.

0, YVWUE/~ TTOU TTpOaTTGlTOUVTal via T'1V avavvuion TOU PIP),/ou aurou EXOUV ri0'1 oloaX(}E; ora TT),aiula TWV f.Ja(}'1f.J0TWV «Ma(}'1f.JaTIKO» «a! «¢UUIKr'/» TOU Fupvaoiou IWI T'1~ ~'TofEW~ TOU TEXVIKO'; Kal ETTaYYE),f.JaTIKOU /lUKEiou. /olaiTEpa etvat anapatrnro trrotyeia OlaVUUf.JaTIKOU ),oYIUf.J0U Kal UTOIXEia f.J1yaolKou ),0YIUf.JOU. 0 ua(}'1Tr'/r; (}a oiamarWUEI ETTfu'1~ dTI XP'1UIf.J0TTOIOUVTal arOIXEIWO'1 ola¢opiKO Kal 0- ),ol(),fJPWf.Jara. 0, EVVOIE~ TOU ola¢oplKOU «a) TOU o),ol(),'1pWf.JaTO~ EXOUV ri0'1 OO(}E; arnv A' Tof'1 TOU TEXVIKOU «at ETTaYYE),J.K1TIJ(OU Ausetou, uurre OEV TTPETTEI va TTapouoiaoee! KavoViKO ouuKoMa arnv aVTIf.J~Wmul1 TOU~ EOW. nap' d),a aUTO 'I «arovonon TWV aVTIKEIf.JEVWV TTOU TTEPlYparp.o'vTal OEV ar'1Pi(Hal UE ola¢oplKa ri 0- ),OI<),'1PWf.JaTa, TTOU f.JTTOPOUV ETUI va rr.apa),EI</J86uv UE TTEpfTTTWUf/ TTOU 01 f.Ja(}'1TE~ OEV fJa EXOUV ru; aTTOITOUf.JEVE~ tvvoIEr;.

To PIPA/O attoresetttu ano E{! fJEpf] nou EXOUV XWPIU(JEI UE OUO TOfJOU~. 0 rrpwTO~ TOfJO~ rrEplAafJpOVEI T/~ rrpwTE~ paulKE~ f]AEKTpOTEXVIKE~ YVWUE/~, TO UUVEXE~ PEUfJa Kal TO fJaYVf]TIKO rrEO/O, 0 OEUTEPO~ TOfJO~ TOU~ rrUKVWTE~, TO EvaMauuOfJEVO pEUfJa Kal EIOIKO (JEfJara (aVOp(JWTE~, (JEPfJOUTOIXEla).

ria E{OUKf]Uf] UTf] XPf]UlfJorrO/f]Uf] TWV romav Kal TWV fJOVOOWV Kal v,a va aTTOKTI'IUEI 0 fJa(Jf]T!'}~ avr/Af]tpf] Tf]~ TO{EW~ fJEYE(JOU~ TWV ola(/J0pwv f]AEKTPOTEXVIKWV fJEYE(JWV UE rrpaKTIKE~ rrEp,"TWUE/~, o/vovra; UTO TEAo~ KO(JE oopaypo(/Jou apl(JfJf]TIKE~ E(/JaPfJoyE~. Err/uf]~ UTO TEAo~ KO(JE TOfJOU urrOPXEI UE oopapTf]fJa uuAAoy!'} aUK!'}UEWV ttpo; AUUf] arro TOU~ fJa(Jf]TE~. IE KO(JE OUKf]Uf] O/VETal TO onoreseouo v,a va uttope! va EAEYX(JEI f] Op(JOTf]Ta Tf]~ AUUEW~.

A v Af](/J(JEI un' otpf] 0 Xpovo~ ttou ypO(/JTf]KE Kal EKOO(Jf]KE TO PIPA/o aUTO, (Ja npette) va urrapxouv rrEpl(Jwpla OIOp(JWUEW~ Turroypa(/JIKWV #CArr. Aa(Jwv, omo« Kal PEATIWUEWV UTf]V napouokum Tf]~ uAf]~. frol eivo) EurrpOUOEKTf] KO(JE urrODEI{f] ttpo« Tf]V KaTEu(JuVUf] aUT!'}, WUTE va Af](/J(JEI utt' Otpf] UE ErrOfJEVf] EKOOOf].

0, uuyypa(/JE/~

TETAPTO MEPOl:

TO HAEKTPIKO TIE~IO - TIYKNnTEI:

KEcllAAAIO ~n~EKATO

TO HAEKTPIKO TIE~IO

12.1 OPl0J10C; eou TJlEK'tPlKOU 1t£Oiou.

I:'tTJV nupaypa<po 1.2 'tOU nprotoo touou ~a9u~E on, uv OE svn TJM:1C'tPl1(O eoprio Q 1 nATJO"laOO~E riU.o TJAEK'tPl1CO <pop'tio Q2' 9u UOKTJ9d ~E'tU~U nov 5uo

_.

ooprkov OptO~EVTJ 06vu~TJ F. H 06vu~TJ U\)'t" Opi~E'tUt uno 'to VO~O ron COUlomb, oruv Ka9E ooprlo etvci OUYKEV'tPW~EVO OE noM ~tKPO xwpo (9EWPTJnKa 0"1: svu OTJ~Eio, onere AtYE'tUt a"pslaICo f{Jopno T1 o'tTJV npa~TJ n.x. OE ~tU ~tKP" ocuipn).

H 8uvu~TJ non uoxsitm OE TJAEK'tptKO ooprio E~Ut'tiue; riAAOU ooptiou OEXO~U09E ott OEV ~E'tuptPa~Eml E~ unoO'taOEWe; uno 'to eve eoprto oro riAAO, uAM on 8TJ~.llOupYEimt sni ronou oro oTJ~Eio ron xropou, nou PpiOKE'tat 'to ooptio nou u<pio'tu'tat 'tTJ 06vu~TJ. AKOIlU 8EXOlluo9E on TJ UOKOUIlEVTJ 06vu~TJ o<pEiAE'tat OE ,d,ofl'l-ra rtou iXEt 0 xwpoe; oro oTJJ.1Eio curo, va UOKEi 8uvaJ.1TJ OE TJAEK'tPtKO ooprio. TTJV tOto'tTJ'ta uu't" OiVEt O'tO yupw xwpo ron orrotoofptora TJAEK'tPtKO ooprio lIE uno'tEAEolla 'tTJ OTJJ.1toupyiu "leIC-rp'ICorJ udiov.

HleIC-rp,ICo nedio ovop~-ra, yev,IC" 0 xtiJpor; piaa oto» onoio -rono8e-rovpevo "leIC-rp,ICo f{Jop-rio Vf{JiMa-ra, dvvap".

'Ornv 'to TJAE1C'tptKO nEoio OTJlltOuPYEi'tat uno <pop'tiu OE npsuic, on we; etvm n.x. 'to nEoio yupw uno J.1tU <popnOJ.1EvTJ oocipc, ro'rs OVOJ.1a~E'tat "leIC-rpoo-ra-r,IC6 nedio. H 86VUIlTJ nou ucxeirm OE TJAEK'tP1KO ooprlo ano 'to TJAEK'tpoO'tunKO nE8io sivut O'tU9EP" XPoV1Ka OE Ka9E OTJIlEio rou. Av, uV'ti9E'tU~ 'to TJAEK'tP1KO m:8io 8TJJ.110UPYEl'tUt uno eoprtc non ~E'tUPUAAOV'tUl xpovlKa, OVOJ.1U~E'tUt pe-rapallopevo "leIC-rpIICo nedio. I:'tTJv nEpi7t'twoTJ au't" TJ 06va~TJ, nou UO"KEi 'to nsoio Of: onoioofptore OTJ~Eio rou, J.1E'tupaAM:ml XPovlKa.

, H ~ 0TJlltoUpyia TJAEK'tP1KOU nEoiou unnrrsi nrrvrote KumVaAWoTJ EvEpYElae;. H EVEpYEla uu." anMapl£ve-ra, a-ro "leIC-rp,ICo .dio Kat un08ioE'tUl, orov 'to nE8io Kumo'tpE<pE'tUt.

2

12.2 EVtClCJTl 'roU '11£1n:pucou n.£5iou.

Eva llAEKtPlKO nEOlo t.moPOUj.lE va 'to nEplypO.lj10llE, av ~tpOIl& rn ouvallll nou aaKEi ee KaSE 0'111lE10 'tal) OE oprousvo llMKtPlKO eoprio, Ka'ta IlfrpO, OlE6- Suva" xm Ipopa. TTl 06vallll au't~ IlnOPOUIlE va npooOlOpioOIlE nElpa~a'tlKa IlE' rpwvtac; 'tTl OUVallTl rtou a(JIc&i'tai 0'& Eva yvroOtO &"aptumlCO fHJfnio q rtou IlEtUlClVOUIl& IlEaa OtO n&oio. En&lO~ 11 1p0pU 't1l<; OUVall&<m; s~aptQtal ano to av to eoprto &iVai SUlKO ri apVTJtlKO, XP11O"lIlOnol&ital oUIl~atIKU TtciVtO'tE 6ewcO fJofnio•

To oOKlllao'tlKo eopno npt1t&l vc eivoi apKE'ta IllKPO Kat va EXElnOA.U nepioPlOIlEVEC; OtaOtaOElC; (SEroPlltlKa npEnEl v~ avci Eva f}..UXlO'tO O'11IlElaKO eoprio), cOO'tE va Il11V En11pEU~Et IlE to nd;io 'tau, to apXIKo nEoio IlEoa oro orroio EtcruYE'tal.

-

H OUvallll F rtou aOK&i1:al Enuvro oro OOKlIlao'tUCO copno q anooEIKVUEtal

uno to nsipcuc on &ivat avuAoYTl tOU ooortou cntou:

I F = E . q r (1)

-

o OUVtEA.&O~<; E OVOIlU~Etai e'v'fam, 'fOP "lelC'fpucov 1U8iou Kat ElVal xapa-

lC'tllPlO'tllCO Il£YE90<; 'tOU m:oiou OE Ka9E 0111lE10 tau. Ano rnv (l) npOlC\)1t'tEl on

-

11 EVta011 E sivm Survoeuanxo IlEydtoc; IlE OlEU9uvO'11lCU\ (j)opu tOta Ils EKEiVTJ

-

tll<; OUVUIlEroc; F rtou ucxeitm ano 1'0 nEoio OE 8s'fucO (fJO)-r{o 'tonOSE't1lIlEVO OtO

-

SEroPOUIlEVO 0111lEio. To I!ttpO tll<; E npOlCUntEl ano t11V (1) ro<; to nllA.iKO tau

IlEtpOU F tll<; ouvallEro<; nou aOKEital O"W eoprto q OtU tau oopriou uutou,

I E~: I (2)

Eto OUO't11lla S.1. 11 ouvall11 ustpdrm OE Newton (N) 1(Ul to ecpno as Coulomb (C). Apa Ilovuoa tll<; EVtaoEOJ<; E sivrn 1 N/C.

-

To 0X11lla 12.2a (a IlEXPl 0) &EixvEl tnv Evta011 tOU llMlCtPlKOU ndliou E xm

@

J

®

IX. 12.2a.

tn Mvall1l F 1tOD uO')eEi'tut at SEttleO Kat UPV1lttKO eoprio q, orcv to 1tEOlO 01l~ utoupvsttm U1tO 9t'ttKO Kat UPV1lttKO <pOP'tio Q. OI1OlQIlOP(J)U KUtnVEllllllEvO Enuvw at !-ltU IlE'tUAAlKil o<puipu.

To IJ.EtpO E tau 1tEoiou oro Es,m'tEplKo t11~ o<puipu<; !CUt at unoo'taOT( r U1tO 'to rctVtpO t11<; O(vE'tm uno tOV tuno:

4

E= Q

41t . E . r2

Q

(3)

= -----

41t . Eo . Er . r2

01tOU Q to ooprio tTlC; aq>atpac; Kat E = Eo . Er TI OtTlAeKtPl1Cit ata9Epa tOU Xci>pou yupro a1tO tTl aq>aipa (Eo = OtTlA.EKtptKit ata9Epa 'tOU KEVOU Kat Er = aXEttKit OtTlAeKtP1Kit ata9Epa).

I:tO eororspuco 'tl1C; aq>aipac; OEV OTl~10UPYEitat TlAeKtPtKO 1tEoio, 01troc; 9a vvoiptooue ornv 1tapaypaq>o 12.4.

H OtEu9uvOTt tTlC; ouva~Eroc; Kat tOU 1tEoiou ppiaKEtal E1tavro ernv w9Eia, 1tOU EVci>VEt to KtVtPO tTlC; aq>aipac; ~E to 9EropOU~EVO onueio. H q>opa tTlC; ouva~Eroc; El;aptlltat a1tO to nv tu q>optla Q Kat q eivrn srsprovuuu, (mOtE EA.KOVtat, T1 ourovouu, 01tOtE a1tro90uvtat. I:TI~Eia tOU Xci>pou, 1tOU a1ttxouv E~iaou a- 1t0 rn ~EtaA.A.lKli aq>aipa, OTlA.aoit O~OKEV'tPEC; ~E autitv aq>atptKEc; E1ttq>O.VEtEC;, E-

-+

XOUV EVtaaTl E ~E to ioto ~ttPO Kal iota q>opa aua Otaq>opE'ttKlt otEu9uvaTl.

-+

H svrcon 'tOU TlA.EKtptKOU 1tEoiou E stvct ata9Epli XPOVtKa os Ka9E OTt~Eio E-

VOC; TlA.EK'tpOata'ttKou 1tEoiou, EVci> ~EtapaA.Aetat oro 1EtapaA.A.0~EVO TlA.EKtptKO 1tEoio. A v os Eva TlAeKtpOata'ttKo 1tEoio TI EvtaOTt E etvm iota os oA.a tOU rc onusin, OTlAaoi] EXEt to tOtO uerpo, rnv iota OlEU9uvOTt Kat q>opa, to 1tEOlO OVO~a~Etat opoyevir; T1 0PO,OPOfN/Jo. ~laq>opE'ttKa OVO~a.~Etat avopo,oyevir; T1 avoPOIOPOfN/JO.

Ap,(Jp,I'CUCQ. napaieiypafa. Hapooe,ypa 1.

<l>optio q = 2 . 10-8 C uoictutm os opiousvo OTt~Eio TlAeKtP1KOU 1tEoiou 06- va~TI F = 6 . 10-3 N. Na U1toA.oYla9&i TI svruon E 'tOU TlAeKtP1KOU 1tEoiou oro onueio auto.

AUf11I.

A1to tOV tU1tO (2) EXO~&:

F 6.10-3 N N

E =-- = = 3 . lOs

q 2· 10-8 C C

N E= 3.103-C

HapOOe,ypa 2.

I:nc; KOpUq>tC; A Kat B rou la01tAeUpoU tP1Yci>VOU ABr tOU axit~atoc; 12.2p

-+

u1tapxouv q>optia Q = 8 . 10-9 C. Na 1tpoaolopta9El TI EVtaOTt E tOU TlAeKtPl-

KOU 1tEoiou crnv KOpUq>it F, nv to rpiyrovo ppiOKEtal orov uspc (s, = 1).

5

A

1:x. 12..2p.

A6a".

To Cj>OPtlO Q tOU onustoo A oru.J.lOupye( OtO (JrU.1do I' EVtUO"T] EA us uerpo, O"\)J.Hp(J)va J.1E tov turro (3):

Q

N =8- C

41teo r2

1 Cl

4rc . ---=-_. 32 m2

4rr ·9 . 109 Nm2

To <poPtiO Q tOU O"T]J.1ElOU B 01lJ.1l0UPY&\ OtO O"T]J.1Eio r EVtUOll EB °IlE uerpo:

N EB =EA =8-C

Ano tl1 OlUVU0J.1Uttk:1l1tpo09EO"T] t(J)V Ev.aOEO>V EA ,EB rrpOK01tl"E111 OAlKil EVtaOl1 E OtO onueio I":

E Jf

-- = EB ouv300 = EB --

2 ' 2

ICUI

6

N E= 13,85C

12.3 HA8K-rPL1cE~ 8UVOJLl~ ypal1~

To TJA.eKtPl1(O 7tEOtO Oa I.17tOpOUOaIlE va to 7tapaonioollE IlE olavuUllata to- 7tOOEtTJIlEVa OE apKEta ~IlEia tOU, 7tOU Oa towav to IlEtpO, tTJ OlEUOUVOTJ Kat

...

tTJ <popa tTJ~ EVtaoEro~ E OE Kci9E OTJIlEiO. Eivat ollro~ <pavEpo on E<pOOOV tn Ota-

vuouutu Oa Eixav t07tOOEtTJOEl OtTJv tUXTJ, O6oKoM Oa 1l7t0POUOE vo avnA.TJ<pOEi

...

KavEi~ 'tTl IlEta~OA.Tt 'tTl~ E OtO xropo Kat vc 0XTJllattoEl Illa eucovc tOU 7tEOtOU.

flu to A.oyo auto XPTJOlll07t010UIlE yta rnv 7tapaotaOTJ tOU TJAtlCtP1KOU 7tEOtOU n~ "kKfprxsr; 8ovtJplICsr; ypappir;, 07tro~ XPTJOlIlO7totTtoaIlE tl~ llaYVTJtlKE~ ypallllE~ Yla rnv 7tapaotaOTJ tOU llaYVTJtlKOl> 7ttOtou.

Mia "kKfPuaj 80vapuaj ypapptj eival pia ypapptj pitla (If 0 "kIC'Cprxo ne810, tie O1UIloMjno'Ce ql'eio f'lr; onolar; " inaq 'Coo ne8ioo eival e,u'Col's"l.

Av a<pTtOOIlE tva oOKlllaonKo eoptio vc K1VTJOEi IlEoa OE Eva TJA.eKtPIKO 7tEOtO ~EK1VOOVta~ a7to Ka7toto OTJIlEio, to <poPtlO Oa olaypa\jlEl Illa tpOXla 7tOU 9a OtVEl 'tTl oUvalllKTt ypallllTt. 7tOU nspvu a7to to onusio EKKlvftOEroC;. Auto E~TJYE1- tat roc; E~liC;:

I:tO OTJIlEio EKlClvftoEro~ uexstttn OtO oOKlllaOtlKO ooprlo 0P10IlEVTJ O6vallTJ

...

F a7to to 7tEOlo. A7tOtEAEOlla Eivat vc KIVTJOEi to eoprto OtTJ OlEUOUVOTJ tTJC; ou-

v"'aIlEroC; autli~ IlEXPl to E7t0IlEVO OTJIlEio, 7tOU aA.M~El TJ OlEUOUVOTJ tTJ~ ouvaIlEroC;. 07tOtE to eoprto xwstnn OtTJ via OlEUOUVOTJ. Etot OE KaOE OTJIlE10 tTJC; tpoxui~ TJ O6vallTJ 7tOU cexettm OtO oOKlllaonKo ooptto Kat Kata OUVE7tEla TJ EVtaOTJ tOU 7tEOiou eivai E<Pa7ttOIlEVTJ OtTJv tpOXla.

A v 0XEolaoollE UPKEtEC; ouvalllKE~ ypallllE~ OE tva E7tt7tEOO IlEoa OtO 7tEOtO, nuipvous Illa 7tapaOtatlKTt sucovc tTJC; 1l0P<PTi~ tOU 7tEOtOU OtO E7tt7tEOO auto. rupro 7t.X. a7to Illa <popnOIlEVTJ oecipu 01 ouvalllK£~ ypallllE~ EXOUV OlEUOUVOTJ KaOEtTJ O'tTlV E7t1<paVEla tTJC; o<patpa~ [oX. 12.3a(a)]. MEta~u, 060 O<palPOOV a<p' EVO~ IlE EtEpOOVUJ,la <poptta Kal a<p' EtEPOU J,lE oJ,loovuJ,la <poptia Ot ouValltKEC; ypaJ,lJ,lEC; EXOUV tTJ J,lOP<PTt 7tOU <patVEtat ota 0XTtllata 12.3a(~) Kat 12.3a(y). MEta~u 060 <popnollEvrov 7tMKOOV ot ouValltKEC; ypaJ,lIlE~ E1Vat 7tapaA.A.TJAtc;

[OX. 12.3a(0»). ~

...

I:TJIlEtOOVOVta~ OE KaOE ouValltKTt ypallJ,lTt tTJ <popa 'tTlC; EVtaoEroe; E J,lE Eva ~E-

A.Oe; nntpvoue J,lla 7tapaotanKit EtKOVa 'tTle; <p~ae; OE OA.OKA.TJpO to 7tEOtO. I:ull<prova IlE tOY opiouo tTJe; <popae; tTJe; EVtaoEroe; E 7tOU orooallE, we; TJ <popa tTJe; ouVaJ,lEroc; 7tOU aOKEi to 7tEOtO OE OEnKo OOlClJ,laOnKO eoprto, oi OUVaJ,ltKEe; ypall- 1lEe; a7tEPXOVtat a7to OEttKa eopn«, EVro 7tPOOEPXOVtat OE apVTJtlKa ooprtc,

An088rxvrie'Cai on 01 "kIC'Cprxir; 8ovapucir; ypappir; ~lCIvo6v ntJnOfe an6 ,,,inolo fJ8fllCO tfIOpno ICallCa'CaJ.Jjyovv tie ICtuwlO ap"l'Crxo tfIOPfio. Eivrn OTJA.aOTt aV01KtEe; ypallllEe; OE aVttOEOTJ IlE ne; J,laYVTJtlKEe; ypclJ.1J,lEe;. 7tOU ElVat KA.etOtEe; ypaJ,lIlEe;.

®.

7

®

EX- 12.3a.

UTI(O~ ernv m:pl.ntWOTj rou llaYVTlttlCOU m;oio\) ).11tOpOUIlE va nupucrnooue lCal to pirpo nt~ livrooew, roo T)AeICtPlICOU m:oiou ~E TIl pOllOEta trov llAElCtPlxorv ypa~~<i>v. Fur 'to O"lCono a\)'to Opi~Oj.1E tOY UPIO~OtWV O\)VUj.1llCrov YPUIlIlWV, rtou nspvouv uno tTj Ilovaoa I:lta~ EnupaVElac; lCaOE'tll~ Ott~ ypa~IlEc;. rtou ronotlersttm OE lCaOE onuao 'tOU nt~iou, lCata tEtOLO rpono, oiore va tivat uvdAOyOC; tTjt; tv'taO(:w~ too 1tEoiou o-ro OSWPOUIlEVO OllJ.lsio. ME tOY rpeno auto ere cnueta rtou T) EVta<Y1l sivm IlEyaA.UtEpT) OL ypallllE~ Elval 1tulCv6ttps<; 1C0l cvnorpoeo. Ilsipcuunxd tTl ~op<p~ tOU llA.tK'tPIICOU nEolOu ce Eva EninsOo 1l1t0POUIlE va 1tapOIlE, av tonoOs1ll(0).ls· OtO sninEoo auto uin nA.alCa an6 uoVW'tIICO DALKO, n.x., yuaA.l, Kat oxopnicous Enavro tTl~ SOOllu'ta EVO~ ICpuotUA.A.lICOO uovomxou UA.lICOU. 1t.X. IClj.1wA.iuC;. Ta ~Uo).lu'ta <pop'ti~oV'tut ue OEtUCa lCat upvntucri <poptiu OtU d.ICpa rouq, onrot; Oa vvoipioous crnv EnOJ.lEVTl nupaypu<po. A::otEA.EOlla Si.VUl va a01Ctitul os KaeE suolla Eva ~tuyo~ avn8strov ouvnusoiv uno TO TJAeICtPIICO 1tEoio Kat 'to ~UO!lU va npooavUtOA.i~EtUl (UOtspa an6 EA.a<ppa ICtDn1lllatU OTTJV 1tA.aKU) O'tT) OIEU8uv<Y1l 'tOD nsoiou. Etot 01l).lIOUP-

8

youv'tat OUV(llJ.tKEt; ypalJ.lJ.&~, 01tro~ cpai verm am OXrlIJ.a 12.3~, nou OeiXVEt TTl 1J.0PCP~ rou 1tEOlOU IJ.Eta!;U 060 E'tEProvUlJ.rov coprtov,

Tovi~Etat Kat EOOO, 01tro~ OtEUKptvioG"KE "fla tt~ lJ.aYVl1tlKt~ ypalJ.j..lE~, ott Ol llA.eK'tptK&C; 8uValltKE~ ypaf.lf.lE~ OEV sivci qmffiKo f.l~dJo~ (lJJ:..6: XPllffif.lEUOUV IlOVO yta vc UnEtKOvioouv 1tupaOtanK6. 'tllV EV'tacrTl E tOU llA.eK'tPlKOO 1tEO{OU, 1tOU Eivat tEtOlO f.ltyESO~.

1:x. 12.3~.

Otav ooprtoous Eva ayroY1llo OOOf.la, n.x. f.lta f.lEtUAAIK~ ocpaipa, uxopoeus vo otamOtroo0f.lE 1tElpaf.lattK6., Ott to ooprto - npvnnxo ~ SE'ttKo - OUYKEVrprovsnn cmv E1ttcpo.vEla tou orof.latO~. AUTo ocp&lA.eTal OtO Ott ro Of.lOOVUf.lU cpopTia U1troSoOVtal Kill a1t0llaKpuvovTIll 000 eivm ouva'tov to Eva anD 'to riA.A.o, IlE (l1t0'tE4olla vc cp8aoouv OTllV E1ttcpo.vEta (aX. 12.4a).

EX. 11.40.

9

I:'to sorcrepuco tOU OOOI-Ul'tO~ OEV aVamUOOEtal llAElCtPllCO m:.oio, E<POOOV 1tESio stvm ouvato va 011~.noUPY119Ei J..LOVO J..L&'ta~6 avn9Etrov <pop'tirov lCat O'tTJV £- 1tt<puvEla tou OOOJ..Lato~ U1tUPXOUV a1tOlCAelO'tllCU OJ..LOOvuJ..La <popTia. A v U1tTlPX& nEOla cto EOro't&PIlCO Oa EnpE1tE va to ~apaonioaJ..L£ J..L& OUVaJ..LIlCEt; ypaJ..LJ..LE~ 1tOU en SEKI vouon v 1t. X. U1tO SUllCU <po pria xrn Sa l((ltEATlya vnUAl O£ OEtlKo. eo prfu,

I:& Eva 11AEKtpOOtanlCo m:oio, n.x. oro TrEOlO J..LEta~6 000 uvriS&Ta eopnoueveov mpatp<i>v '[OX. 12.4~(a)] 't01t09£TOUJ..LE Toopa iva OUOEtEPO ayooYlJ..Lo oroJ,la,. 1t.X. !lia a<popTIO'tTJ J..LETaAAlIcTt o<paipa [OX. 12.4P(~)]. TIapatllPO\)J..LE on rn £- 469Epa TjAEKTp6vta Tll~ o<p~ipa~ aut1\~ EAKOVtat aTro m OE1"1lCU <popnoJ..LEVll

I i

t \ I \

®

--

/---'................. -: <,

/ --....__,_ -_-- _...__ "

/' • /' <, \

II/--- :::_ ---'_---,"

I ~ ,-- ,

\

I;X. 12.4p.

o<puipa Kat OUYKEVtpOOVaVtO.l crnv E1tl<pUVElU tTj~, rtou ~piOlCEtat npoc tTjV 1tAWPU 'tTJ~ eEtlK1't~ o<paipu~. Auto EXEl onv a1tOtEAeOJ..La, 11 UnOAOll!T1 E1tl<paVEta tll~ J..LEtaAAIK1i~ o<paipa~. 1tOU Pp"iolCEtal 1tpO~ rrtv 1tAeUPU 'tTj~ UpVTj'tlKT]~ o<paipa~ vc qlopn09El 9E1"1lCU. Etoi 1] J,lEtaAAIKTt o<paipa 1tapOUmU~ETat twpa eopnOJ..LEV11 IlE loa Kat avri8&ta llAElCtpucu eoprtc. To ,<pUlVOJ..LEVa auto OVOJ..La~ETUl 'IAtKtpoataruilflJ1UOpatIF/ •

IU

Kat at11V nEpintroc:Tll autil rc fPoptia KataVEJ.lOVtat anOKA£tattKa at11V smfPaVEta t11~ afPaipa~. HA£KtPtKO m:oio avantUaaEtat J.lOVO oro ~rotEPtKO t11~ afPaipa~ J.lEta~U ttov fPOptirov 'tll~ Kat rmv avn9Etrov fPoptirov reov 060 afPatpow, onro~'o£ixvouv 01 OUVaJ.ltKE~ ypaJ.lJ.l~ oro ax1iJ.la 12.3~(~).1:tO EarotEp1KO 'tll~ afPaipa~ OEV 0l1J.ltoupYEitat neOio.

To fPatVOJ.lEVO auto XP110lJ.l0n010UJ.lE Y1a va npOatatEUa0J.lE opvcvc ri auaKEuE~ ano t11V Eniopac:Tll E~rotEP1Kci>v 11A£KtP1KOOV nEoirov. To opvavo KA.n., nsplKA.£ioJ.lE J.lE Eva J.lEtaU1Ko nA£yJ.la ri EA.aaJ.la, nou E~aafPaAi~£l "ulCrpllaj 8C11- pcUe·tIII.

Oi EVV01~ tOU OUVaJ.l1KOU Kat t11~ OlafPOpa~ OUVaJ.l1KOU, nou ElXaJ.lE yvropia£l crnv napciypafPo 3.1 Xropi~ va EPJ.l11vEUa0J.lE 'tll fPumKfl tOU~ a11J.laaia, yivovtat aVt1A11ntE~ J.lE t11 ~oil9E1a tOU 11A£KtP1KOU nEoiou. I'in va OlEUKOAUV0J.lE nsptooctspo t11V Katavo11ali tOU~, E~Eta~OJ.lE tt~ EVVOlE~ aUtE~ npci>ta oro alio fJaPUf"fO" nou napouOla~E1 nolli~ aVaA.oyiE~ J.lE to 11A£KtP1KO nEOio Kat Eivat ri011 yvroato ano to J.lao"J.la t11~ cI»umKTt~.

To nEOio ~apu'tlltac; EXEl t11V lOlO'tllta va uoxei O6vaJ.l11 oe J.la~a, rtou ~piaKEtat J.lEaa oro nEoio.

EEpOJ.lE Ott J.lla J.la~a aE oprousvo onusto tOU nEOiou ~apu'tllta~ EXEl opiousV11 8uvapuaj BVipYB.O. H EVEpYE1a autil sivct ic:Tll J.lE to epyo nou anattil911KE Y1a va J.lEtafPEp9Ei 11 J.la~a avti9Eta a'tll O6vaJ.l11 ~apUt11'ta~ ano Eva cnusto evafPopa~ J.lE ouvaJ.llKiI EVEpYEla J.l110EV J.lEXPl to 9EroPOUJ.lEVO onueio. To n11AiKo tOU EPYOU ola 'tll~ J.la~a~ eivat Eva ata9Epo xapaKt11PlattKO J.lEYE90~ Ka9E a11- usiou tOU nEoiou Kal OVOJ.la~Etat 8uvapuai fOU a8iou /kJ.p6rqfo,. H ap19.J.l11ttKit tOU tlJ.lit avci ic:Tll J.lE rn OuvaJ.llKiI EVEpYEla, nou EXEl 11 J.lovaOa t11~ J.la~a~ cs Eva cnuao tOU nEOiou. To OUvaJ.llKO eivoi J.lOVOJ.lE'tPO J.lEyE90~, Opi~E'tat 0l1Aaoil !lOVO J.lE to J.lEtpO tOU Kal OEV EX£l olEu9uvc:TIl Kat fPopa.

I'in vc J.lE'tafPEp9ti J.lla Ila~a urto Eva c:TIlJ.lEio J.lt xaJ.l11A.O'ttpO OUVaJ.llKO cs Eva onueio J.lE U\jl11A.O'tEPO OUVaJ.llKO xpEla~E'tat va Ka'tavaAro9Ei EPYO. To xutnvcArovOJ.lEVO EPYO si val ioo J.lt 't11 8.atpopO. fWV OOVapllCciJV ttov 060 c:TIlJ.lEirov Eni 'tll J.la~a. To EPYO au 'to anOOiOE'tal orcv 11 J.la~a KlVtl'tal uno 'to c:TIlJ.ltlO J.lE 'to U\jl11- AOtEPO OUVaJ.llKO npo~ to c:TIlJ.ltto J.lE to xaJ.l11AO'tEpO OUVaJ.llKo.

EnEloil to EPYO nou npoafPEpE'tal cs J.lla J.la~a ri anoOioE'tal ano uurnv Ka'ta 't11 J.lE'taKiv11ail 't11C; J.lE'ta~u 060 c:TIlJ.l£irov E~ap'ta'tat J.lOVO ano 'to OUVaJ.llKO teov ouo O11J.lEirov, OEV EXE1 a11J.laaia 11 8.a8po/Ui nou 9a aKoAou91iaEl 11 J.la~a yla va fP9aaEl ano 'to Eva onusto oro d.Uo. 1:'t0 axTtJ.la 12.5a n.x. to 1010 EPYO Ka'tavaAOOVEtal yta va fP9aaEl 11 J.la~a ano to A oro B aKoAou9ffivtac; 'tll olaopoJ.lil a ri ~ ri y.

Av 11 J.la'a aUJ.lnA11pOOaEl J.lla dB'anI 8.a8po/Ui ~EKlvrov'tac; n.x. ano 'to A (ax. 12.5a). <l>9avov'tac; oro B Kat t1tla'tpEfPOv'tac; oro A, 'to OA1KO EPYO nou 9a

II

lCa'tavaAro9ei avot (00 JlE JlT)OEV. nan 000 spjo 1tpOOCPEPE'tat yta vn cp9aOEl T) Jlul;a a1to 'to A 0't0 B, reeo epyo a1tooioE'tat lCa'ta 'tT)V E1tlO'tPOCPll 'tT)C; a1to 'to B o'to A.

B

1:x. 12.Sa.

A vaAoya, OE eva 'tI).eIC'CPUCO ne,su'-Ka9E onueto tXEt OptOJlEVO ,sv'apuco. To OUVaJlllCO <f>a EVOC; onusiou a sivm (00 JlE 'to 1tT)AilCO ron spyou Ao,a 1tOU xpeu1l;E'tal va lCa'tavaAro9Et yta va JlE'tacpEp9ei 8enKo 'Poprio Q a1to eva onusto avacpopac; JlE OUVaJlllCO JlT)OEV Jl&XPl 'to 9EroPOUJlEVO O'T)JlEio a, Ota roo ooprtou,

~ _ Ao.a (1- Q

(1)

H ,s,atpopa ,sVl'apIKOV 'Pa - 'Pp JlE'ta~u 060 oT)JlEirov a, ~ stvm (O'T) JlE 'to 1tT)AilCO ron spvoo Aa.~ 1tOU lCa'tavaAcOvE'tat yta va JlE'tacpEp9Ei 9E'tllCO eoprio Q uno 'to O'T)JlElO ~ JlE 'to xaJlT)A.O'tEpO OUVaJltlCO oro O'T)JlEio a JlE 'to U'lfllA.O'tEPO Suvcuoco, OU1 tou ooprioo,

= _Ao___.,_a_

Q

Ao,~ Q

(2)

E1tEtOll T) rcon U JlE'tO~U 060 OT)Jleirov sivei (OT) E~ opiouou JlE 'tTl Otacpopa OUvaJltlCOU rov 060 oT)JlEirov, 1taipVOJlE a1to tT)V (2) 'tTl OXEO'T):

I U·.P ='Pa -'I'p = ~P

(3)

'Otnv 9E'ttlCO eoprio uernxtvettrn a1to U\jlT)A.O'tEPO OUVOJltlCO OE XOJlT)A.OtEPO OUVaJltlCO anoa,ie'Ccu ipyo (00 JlE rn otocpopa troy OUVaJltlC<Ov torv 060 oT)JlEirov E1ti 'to oopno.

'GAa rn oT)Jleio EVOC; 1tEOiou, 1tOU exouv 'to tOtO OUVaJltlCO, oXT)Jlatil;ouv sm-

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

12

q>O.V&lE<; 1tOU OVOj.la~OV'tal UJo&'PfIIluci~ £,"""e"~. 01 taOOUvaj.ltKt<; Emq>O.VEIE<; 1t.l. rou 1tE&iou yi>pro a1tO j.lia cpopt1a~eVTJ acpa{pa dval at E1t1W&lE<; OJ.lOK£Vtpoiv acpatpwv (ax. 12.5~(a»). Oi lao&uVaj.lllC£<; E1ttcpavelE<; tOU 1tEoiou j.leta!;o 000 1tapaA.A:ftA.rov 1tA.aKWV swm emq>O.VEte<; 1tapaUllA.e<; an<; 1tA.UKe<; [ax- 12.5~(~)]. Oi &uVaj.ltKtc; ypaj.lj.ltc; t&j.lVOUV MfJera tl<; tao&UVaj.llKE:<; emcpaVetec;, 01troc; cpa(VEtat otn 000 axllj.lata.

1:x. 12..5p.

12.6 I:XEm, Ileta~ 't0a8(O(j IClI\ EV'r0a~ 'lA.mc-tPlICOU m6iou.

AC; qlavtaaBOUj.lE on BEttK6 eoprto Q KIVElta1 j.l£aa os oj.loyevte; 11A.elCtpIlC6 1tE&io evtaaero<; E a1t6 to U\jIllA.6'tEPO &\waj.ltlCo a 1tpOC; to Xaj.lTjA.otepo &uvaj.ltKO ~ 1tapaAAl1A.a atl(; llA.eKtPtlCE:<; ypaj.lj.l&<; (crX. 12.60,). To tpyo 1tO\) a1to&iOetal Kata t11 j.lE'tmdVTjO'11 tOU eopttou a1to to O'1'lj.lEio a ero ~ sivct:

(1)

01tOU F 11 oovaj.lTj 1tOU ccxsttm a1to 'to 1teoio oro ooprio Q lCal I 11 a1tOOtaO'11 rov al]j.letrov a,~.

E1tEIOit. croj.l<prova j.lE tOUe; t01tO\)<; (2) tlle; 12.2 Kat (3) t1l<; 12.5:

F = E· Q Aa.~ = Ua.~ . Q

(2) (3)

1taipvoj.l& aVLtKaOtcrtrovt'CIe; Lt<; (2) Kat (3) ornv (1):

I Ua,~ = E . / I (4)

Eotm tropa Ott to eoprio Q KIV&ltat ICCIt'a j.lTiKO<; j.lla<; &lU&p0j.lTt<;, 1tOU aX11-

I

~----! -----I I

I

r r

-~-----I~

a.---- .. r

CIopt~o Q ~ IOOflu;-'CllJI'K£'_---~ ert L",aVElEl;

IJ

1---- louva --- ......

EX. 12.6fJ·

I·Hl'ti~Et yoovia a IlE n<; 11MKt pi Kte; 'Y palllll:c; (ax. 12 .6~).

-

H 06vall11 F nou aaKtitat oro ooptio Q uno to, nEOla avaAuEtUl aE l.na ou-

vall11 at11 ou:u9uva11 tllC; KlvtiaEooc; a - ~, 11 onoic napaYEl ip'YO Kat as I.no ouvafI11 Ka9Et11 orn OlEU6uVCfTl aut", rtou &:v napaysl ep'Y0. Etm to OAIKO tpyo, nou CL1tOOiOE'tat Kata '11 fIEtaKtv11crT] tOU oopnou ano 'to a oro J3 stvut:

A R = F . euvc . I ~,t-'

(5)

Kat 1l tnall fIsta~u rrov a,p.:

lr-u-().,-~ -=-E-'-I-' a-u-v-u""", (6)

Anc tu; (4) xm (6) auvayollE on:

H tamr rf 8Jaf{Jopa 8vvapuc06 PSf~ 860 tItI/U{Wil a,fJ 01lO'lBvo6t; 7UJ8wv siVal tat, JU TO piTp6 flit; BVfaaBwt; fOU ,,).8.l(tPIICO,} ne8{ou Bn{ ntv a1Uiafaaq fWV lao-

8UVDpIlCliJil 87U(pailBUbil TWII 800 aqpe{wv. _ _

'Oruv OEV EXOIlE 0IlOYEvl:C; 11MnpOatUnKo nsoio 11 evrcon E IlEtaJ3aWtUl crro cnusto as onusio.: Etoi IlOVO Y1a at01XElciJO&C; tllTlllu dl tTlC; otaopOIlTle; unopouus vc &c:paPlloaoIlE tOV tuno (6) ym to onoio rtutpvous a'tolXE1roOTl tnCfTl au

dU = E . ouvc dl

(7)

H taCfTl 1l&'ta~6 nov CfTlIlEioov a,p PpiaK&'tCll at11V n.sp{m.ooOll aut1l. av nBpot-

14

aOIlE DAtC; nc; a'tOlXEtc.i>OElC; 'taaEtC; Ka'ta llilKOC;. tTl<; 8Wl)i 'OIlTJC;, O'lA.aOll av 0A.<r KA.'lPc.i>aoIlE rnv (7) IlE'ta~u ttov onuekov a,~.

~

Ua,~ = J E ouvo dl = <Pa - <pp

a

(8)

Apl(J""mai 7UZpOO8IY/UJ •

. MVE'tat OIlOYEvtC; 'lAtK'tPtKO 1tEOio EV'taaEooc; E = 100 V 1m.

E'to 1tEOlO au'to xiveitm 'lAtK'tPOVtO Ka'ta IlrlKOC; trov 'lAtK'tPl1C'roV ypallllcOV Kat OtaVUEt a1toa'ta<JTJ IlE'ta~u 060 <JTJIlEioov, 1tOU exouv Otaq>opa ouValltKOU IV. Na u1toA.oyta9Ei:

a) H a1toa'ta<JTJ 1 reov 060 <JTJIlEioov.

~) To epyo 1tOU a1tOOioE'tat a1to 'to 1tEOlO Ka'ta rn IlE'ta1ClVTJ<JTJ 'tOU 'lAtK'tPOviou (e = 1,6 10-19 C).

y) H 'tEA.t1CfJ 'taxu't'l'ta u roo 'lAtlC'tpoviou, av 'l apXt1CfJ 'tOU 'taxu't'l'ta rl'tav Il'lotv (lla1;a 'lPElliac; roo 'lAtK'tPOVlOU: m, = 9,1083 10-31 kg).

A6mt.

a) A1tO rnv E~iaoo<JTJ (4) 1taipvoIlE:

U 1

1=-- = --=0,01 m

E 100

1 = 1 em

~) H E~iaooa'l (3) OiVEl:

A = U . Q = U . e = 1 . 1,6' 10-19 Ws

A= 1,6 '1O-19J

y) H IClV'l'tt1CfJ EvtpYEta tou 'lAtK'tpoviou oro 'ttplla 't'lC; otaopollilc; sivm: roo u2

A =-..:._-

2

Ape:

U = r;-:;: =. j 2·1,6· 1O-1~

V ~ _ ___;_--- = 5,93 . 105 m/s

mo 9,1083 . 10-31

U = 593 km/s

(EE 'taxu't'l'tEC; U> 2 . 108 m/s 1tEpi1tOU, 'l lla1;a ~ap'ta'tat a1tO 'tTJv 'taXU't'l'ta Kat U1toA.oyi1;E'tat a1tO rov 'tU1tO:

m=mo----

~

e2

01tOU e = 3 . 108 m/s 'l -raxu't'l'ta OtaOOaEooc; 'tOU q>oo'tOC;).

KE41AAAJO IlEKA TO TPITO

IIYKNOTEI:

13.1 Eloay(t)yi).

MIa Olam~1l U1tO 060 ayooyoo<; 't01t08E't1lIl€VOI)<; OE /lll(Pit u1too-racr" 0 evac; a1to 'tOY ci~Ao /lE'tu~6 trov oxokov 1taPEJ.I~aAA£'tul aEpa<; Tj ciAAo /lOVooTIKO I)AtKO (Ol1lAElC'tPlKO) OVO/lc:i~E'tm 1WKVW'fIiC;. Oi UyooYOl 1tOU unopsi va EX0I)V 01t01Ubit1tO'tE /lOpq>it. ovo/la~ovmt O1IAltlpoi'tou 1tUKVoon'J. I:'tllv 'tEXVtKit ol)VuVta/lE auvitSoo<; E1t{1tEOOU<;, KUAlVOPUWO<; xm ocpmplKoo<; 1tUKVoo't€<;. I:tou<; E1tim:ool)<; rtUKVoo't€<; Ol 01tAIOIlOi sivoi E1ti1tEOE<; xm 1tUpUAA1lA.e<; rtAaKE<; [OX. 13.1a(u)]. LtOU<; KUAIVOPIKOOC; ltUKVWtE<; 01 OrtAIOIlOi Eivat 000 olloai;ovtKoi KUAIVOpOl lox. 13.1 a(~)]. EVro Otou<; O<PUtPlKOOC; 1tUKVoo'tE<; Eivm 060 O/lOKEV'tpE<; oq>uipE; I ax· 13.1 a(y)]'

+
---
+
- --~
+
+ f11 ! H#111111 t
-
- +
+

+

+
- -

® ® CY>
I:x. 13.111. Evcq rtUKVootitg unops! vc q>op'tl0'8Ei, 01lAaoit vc rtPOO'MPEl 1lAEK'tPU(O <p0Prio, nv OI)VMOO/lE '(01)e; 01tAtO'/lOOC; '(01) IlE roue rtOAOUC; /lta<; 1tllY1i<; OUVEXOOC; pEOllatOC;. 0 1tUKVoo'titC; Ola'tTJPEi to eoprto 'tOU Tj 1tUpall€vtt fJOpmJllivoC;, 01t<O<; M:"H:, K01 j.lE'ta rnv a1tOOOvoEoit tOI) a1to rnv 1t1lyit, 01tWC; Sa OOUj.lE 0'1:'11 O'I)VE.XEla.

M E'tUS,O tOW OrtAtOIlOW EVOC; CPOpttOj..lEVOU 1tUKV<O'C'; O'XTJ j..Ia'ti~E'tat. ";'£.I(''''p,,,O

16

a8io. Eto 7u;oio UUtO U7tOtu~m;U&tat, 07t0>C; YVo>piouJ.1& ornv 7tupa'Ypa<po 12.1 &V&P'Yelu, 7tOU J.17top&i va U7toooO&i uv OUVO&OOUV U'YOO'YlJ.1U J.1&tU~U tOUC; Ol OrtA,loJ.1oi tOU 7tU1CVo>tTJ. Et1lv 7t&pi1ttO>01l UUtTJ J.1&lOOV&tat pU'YOaiu to eoprio tOU 7tU1CVo>tTJ, ~&XPlC; OtOU J.11l0&VlOO&i, 01lAaOTJ 0 7tU1CVo>tTJC; &1C<popti~&tat ~vro to nsoio &~u<puvi~&tat.

Tooc 7tU1CVo>t&c; 7tUplOtaV0J.1& OtU llA.&1CtPOt&XVl1Ca 0XWlU J.1& to OUJ.1~OAO tOU 0XTJJ.1UtOC; 13.1~.

13.2 Xmpl1'tl1(O'tl1'tO 1n)1(vomi - MovOOl'Ji xmp1l'tlKO'ttt't~

0) Xwp"wcM"ro.

TlC; lOlOt1lt&<; &VOC; 7tU1CVo>tli J.17tOPOUJ.1& VU J.1&A.&tTJOOJ.1& &U1COAa J.1& rn ~OTJO&lU EVOC; E7ti7t&oou 7tU1CVO>tl'J, 7tOU &iVat 0 7tl0 U7tAOC; 1Cat 1COlVOC; 7tU1CVo>tTtC;.

A v OUVO&OOJ.1E tlC; 060 U'YOO'YlJ.1EC; 7tAa1CEC; (07tAl0J.10UC;) EVOC; E7ti7tEOOU 7tU1CVWtli J.1E tOUC; 7tOAOUC; J.1lUC; llA.&1CtPl1CTJC; 7t1l'Y1ic; OUVEX0UC; PEUJ.1UtOC; (OX. 13.2u), 9a 7tUPUtllpTJOOJ.1E on on'YJ.1luiu to UJ.17tEpOJ.1&tpO A tOU 1CU1CAOOJ.1UtOC; E1Ctp&7tEtat. Auto O&ixv&l on 7tEpVa U7tO to UJ.17tEpOJ.1EtpO PEUJ.1U i 7tOU OJ.1O>C; 7tOAU 'YPTt'Yopa J.11l0Evi~EtUl (i = 0).

MEta to J.11l0EVl0J.10 tOU PEUJ.1UtOC; 7tUPUt1lPOUJ.1E, on to ~OAtOJ.1EtPO, 7tOU siVUl OUvO&J.1&VO J.1&tU~U tmv u'YO>'YiJ.1O>V 7tAa1CCoV, O&iXVEl J.1lU ta01l U 7tOU aver i01l J.1E rnv H.E.~ E tllC; 7tll'YtlC; OUVEXOUC; P&UJ.1UtOC; (U = E). H EJ.1<pQVlO1l t1lC; taO&O>C; U U7tOOEl1CVU&l rnv nupoooto llA.&1CtPl1COOV <poptio>v E7tavo> OtlC; 060 UYOOYlflEC; 7tAa1CEC;. H 7tAa1CU, 7tOU etvm OUVO&J.1&V1l J.1& to OEtl1CO 7tOAO t1lC; 7tll'YTic;, EX&l <popnoO&i OEn1Ca, EVro 11 dUll 7tAa1CU, 7tOU ouvo&ttat J.1E tOY uPV1ln1Co 7tOAO, upVlltl1Ca.

Av OlU1CO'l'OJ.1E to 1CU1CAo>J.1U OtU O1lfl&iu 7t.x. T - T' (OX. 13.2u) xm U7t0flU1CPUVOflE tOY 7tU1CVo>tTt U7tO rnv 7tllY'; E, au 7tUPUtllPTt00J.1E on 0 7tU1CVo>tTtC; 7tUPUJ.1&VEl tpOfmtlpiro,- Tu llA.&1Ctpl1Ca <poptiu 7tOU ~pi01COVtat Imavo> onc; UyOOYlJ.1&<; 7tAa1C&C; txouv 7tuYlO&u9Ei., u<pou OEV U7tapX&l OUVUtOtlltU OlU<pU'Y1iC; roue,

A V tOOPU OUVO&OOJ.1E J.1E tvu UYOO'YlflO OUpJ.1U tOUC; 060 <popnoJ.1&VOUC; 07tAtOflOUC; tOU 7tU1CVWtTJ (OX, 13~2~), Ou 7tUPUtllPTJ00J.1E on to Ufl7tEpOJ.1EtpO tOU 1CU1CAOOJ.1UtOC; E1Ctp&7tEtUt 1CUta rnv UVti9Et1l <popa U7tO t1l <popa <pOPtiOEO>C; 1CUt OEiXV&l on nspva OPlOJ.1&VO p&uJ.1u.To PEUJ.1U UUtO Otup1C&i tMXtOtU, 01lAUOTJ 000 xpEla~Etat vo E~lOO>OOUV rc ooprtu onc; 060 7tAa1C&<;, 07tOt& 0 7tU1CVO>tTJC; tX&l E1C<popnoOEi..

T

E

I:x. 13.20.

17

tx. 13.2P.

Tnv nooonxf 0XE01l J.lE'tn1;u rmv T}A.tKtP1KIDV eopruov Q 1tOU OUO'OOOPEUOVtat OtOU~ 01tA10J.lOU~ Ev6~ 1tUKVooni Kat 't11~ taoEOO~ U J.lEta;U tmv 01tA10J.lOOV 1tpoaotOpi~OJ.lE 1tElpuJ.lutl1ca 00<; E1;~~:

I:tOU~ 01tAl<JJ.l0U<; tOU 1tUKVootT\ aUvOeOJ.lE OlUOOX1K6. ·1tT}yE<; J.lE olacpopSttK"; HEA, E]I E2, E) ...... ME Kat6.AAT}AO OPYUVO J.lEtpOUJ.lS to cpoptio Qi' Q2' Q3·'.···· 1tOU U1tOtuJ.ltEUEtO:l K6.0S cpop6. as K6.0S 01tAlaJ.lO Kat J.lE Eva T}A.tKtPOO"tUttKO ~OA rouerpo J.lEtPOUJ.lE "tT\V uvtiatotXT\ t6.crTJ J.l&tu1;u rov 01tAt0J.lOOV U I' U 2' U 3'.... A v OXT}J.lunooJ.l& OE K6.0& J.lEtpT}aT} to 1tT}AiKO roo ooprtoo OlatT}t; uvtiatotXT}<; t6.0&00<;, Ota1tlo"trovo~E. Ott to 1tT}AiKO UUtO 1tUpUJ,lEVEl OtUOEPO Of: oAt<; r«; J.l&tpi!crw;.

~=_g:_=~ = = _g_=C

UI U2 U; U

To cna(Jepo qliKo fOIJ rpoPflOIJ Q nov eil'tU fUUJfapl8Vpil'O tie eva 1WKl'wuj dui rill; rcUrewl; U nov Bnllcparei flfOV," tnU.Ulpo6, fOV, Ol'opdtHtU XWP'I'RICbn}fa. fOV 1WlCl'Wnj Ka. avpfJolir;SftU Ps fO yJHippa. C.

H (1) ypa<p&"tUt &1ti01l<;:

Kat

IQ = C· ul

I u= ~ I

(1)

(2)

(3)

18

Ano mv (2) napa't11Pou~E on uno 0''ta8EPit 'taO'TJ U, 00'0 ~EYaAU'tEP11 sivrn 11 XooP11'tl1COtTI'ta C EVOe; nmcvoonl, roco ~EYaA.u'tEpo 11A.EIC'tPlICO ooprio Q nnoru~lEUE'tat O''toue; OnA.10'~OUe; roo. H xooP11nICo't11'ta A.OlnOV EICq>pa~El 'to ICa'ta no- 0'0 O'E Eva nUICvootit ~nopEi va ano't~~lEu8~t ri va «XOOptO'El» nEplO'O'o'tEPO ri A.1- yO'tEPO ooptio.

H XOOP11nICO'tTJ'ta EVOe; nUICvoonl E~ap'tatal, onooe; 8a yvOOpiO'O~E O''t11V napaypaq>o 13.4; ano ro YEoo~E'tplICa O''tOlXEia xm ano 'to ~OVOO'tlICO (8l11A.EIC'tP1ICO), non UnaPXEl ~E'ta~u rev OnA.lO'~<i>v lOU.

P) MO,ti8B~ %CIIP'lmaif1lfa~.

I'm 't11 ~t'tP11O'TJ tTle; xooP11nICO't11'tae; XP110'l~OnolEi'ta1 ero O'uO''tTJ~a S.1. 11 uova8a Farad (q>apav't), 'tl~l1'tlICa Yla tov AyyA.o EPEuV11tit Faraday (1791 - 186 7), ~E (Ju~~OA.O 'to A.an vtICO ICEcpaA.aio ypa~~a F. H ~ova8a F npolCun'tEl ano rov 'tuno (1):

[QI CA· s s

[CI =- = - = - = -= F (Farad)

[UI V V n

Evae; nUICvoo'tite; tXEl XOOP11'tlICo't11'ta 1 F, orcv 11 'taO'TJ ~E'ta~u rerv OnA.lO'~<i>v roo Eival 1 V ICal 'to q>op'tio EnaVOO O''toue; OnA.lO'~OUe; ton 1 C (1 A ·s).

H ~ova8a Farad [FI sivrn fEpclO''tla, ytati 11 ~ova8a Coulomb eivct noA.u ~EyaA.11, onooe; an08Ei~a~E O''t11V napaypaq>o 1.2. I:tTlV npa~l1 8EV sivm 8uva'to va ICa.'tODICEOO0'80i>v nUICvoo'tte; ~E 'tOO'O ~EYaA.11 xooP11nICotTI'ta, Ylati sivrn a06va'to va O'uYKpa'titO'o~E tlB 'IPBpia EnaVOO 0'£ O'cO~a'ta q>optia tTle; 'ta~EOOe; too £voe; C. ( A v'ti8E'ta Ei Vat EUICOA.o va ~E'taq>epo~E ano O'TJ~Eio O'E O'TJ~Eto ~EYaA.a eoprio, Ano rnv 'to~it EVOe; ayooyou n.x. nou 8lapP£E'tal ano pEu~a 1 A ~epo~£ on

nEpva 0'£ 1 s ooprto: Q = I . t = 1 C).

I:ne; npaICnICee; Eq>ap~oyee; XP11m~onOloi>~E yta rn ~e'tP11O'TJ tTle; XOOP11'tlICO't11-

'tae; rn E~tle; unonoUanA.ama tou Farad. - To ~lICpocpapav't (~F) = 10-6 F

- To vcvooupcvr (oF) = 10-3 ~F = 10-9 F

- To 1tlICoq>apclv't (PF) = 10-6 ~F = 10-3 of = 10-12 F.

Fin va ~EA.E'titO'O~E rnv Eni8paO'TJ, nou tXEl 'to 8l11A.EIC'tPlICO ~E'ta~u nov OnA.louerv EVOe; nUICvmt1'l 0''t11 xooP11nICO't11'ta rou, E1C'tEA.oU~E 'to ~tle; nEipa~a:

Iluipvous tva Eninooo nUICvootit ~E aepa ~E'ta~u reov nA.aICcOv 'tOU ICat rov O'uvotO~E O'E n11yit ~£ nOA.lICit taO'TJ U [O'X. 13. 3a( a»).

ME'ta tTl q>opnoit roo anoO'uv8£0~E rnv n11Yit ICat ~E'tPOU~E 'to ooprio rou Qo ICat rnv 'taO'TJ U ~E'ta~u ttov OnA.10'~<i>v. I:u~q>oova ~E tTl O'xeO'TJ (1) 't11e; napaypaq>ou 13.2 11 Xt9P11nICo'tTJ'ta rou nUICvoonl Eivat:

19

• Qo

Co=_· _.

U

(I)

ElC!flOp'ti~OIJ..EtOOpU 'tOV 7tUKVOlti! KUt 'tOV O'UVOEO~H: 7tO:At O'tT[V lOla 7t11Yli, UA~ f,LE'tU!;UtOlV 7tA.ulCOOV 'COU t01t08&'tOUf,LE Ko'.1tOlO f,LOVOOtlKO UAnCO [O'X. l3.3a(p)]. MEta .Tl1 q'lopnoli roo unoO'uvotO).lE 't11V 1t1lY1l Kat f,LEtpO,IJ.E n:O:Al 'to ooprto KUt rnv 'C6.011 'tau 1tUKW.ouj.

Q. +

Q+

/

-Q

'----+-il_ u

®

I

+

u

@

IX. 13.3a.

OUPU'C·11POUIJ.E on TJ 'to'O'TJ eivnt (om, onoo<; 1tP01lYOUIJ.Evoo~. Ylatt .x~11O'lIlO- 1tOIl;OaIJ.E rnv iOla1Uwli Kat am:or; ~tpOIJ.E a 1tUKvrot1ir;q'lopti~E'tUl ).lEXplr; orou 11 'CClOll'tOU &~lO'ro8Ei ).lEt11V 1'6:011 mr; 1tllYTlr;. To eopeto olloor; EXEl 'Cwpu ).lla ).l&yaAU'CEP11 nlJ.';. Q. 'Apa 11 XCOP11ttlC0Tl1'CU tau 1tUKvoon; uu~,;6TJlCE ).i.e: rnv 1tClpouoiu _1'01) 1J.0Voo'ttKOU Kat 8yt VE:

c =__g__ U

(2)

Av E1tUVUA6.PO).lE to ndpulJ.a IlE dAAou~ 1tUKVOOtE~ 1(0,1 dUer; 1t11yt<; aUa IJ.E to lOW n6.v·w uovemxo UAlICO,OlamOtWVOIlE Ott to 1t11AlKO:

I *=i-=~I

1tapalJ.tvEt O'tu8epo. To 1t11A(KO auto olVEt t11 oxen", dl'lMKTPuaj cnaDspti tOU UAtKOU, 1tOI) YVroplO'UIJ.E r;011 O't11V 1tUpaypaq'lO 1.2 1(U'Ca 'tTJV m:ptypaq'l" tOU voIJ.OI) tau Coulomb. 'Ap« 11 O'XE'tlKTj OtllAEK'tpUCTt O'tu8&pa Er EVOr; UA1KOO Opi~El nOO'Er; c,oopt~ UU!;6.VE'tUl 'to ooptto r; 11 XOOPll'tlKOtl1tU EVOr; 1tUlcvoon; IJ.E OlTJAEK'CptKO to UAUCO auto, O'UYKPltUCO, IJ.E to <poptio ·I(Ut 'tTJ XOOpTJ'!tKOtTJta tau nuKVrot1'! .~e: Otl1A£KtPIKO tOY atpa. H &r sivm aoulO''tUtO J.lEyE80~, 01t{Or;. <paivE'tul uno 'tTJV (3).

(3)

20

H alJl;llCTll tOU q>optiou Kat £1tO~£V(IlI; 'tTJe; XOlPlltlKO'tTJtue; too nUKVOltn 0- q>et.6.£'tat O£ Eva emvousvo rtou £~q>avi~£tat oro OI1lA.EK'tPIK6 Kat ovo~a~£tat 6111"IC'tpuaj ,w).uxnt.

Eva ~OVOltIK6 UA.UC6 OEV ola9f:'tu oumao'tlKa eA.E69Epa llA.£Ktp6vla, onOle; ~f:POIl£. Ta '1]MKtp6vta tOU EiVat 8EOIlEull.f:Va etc 1l6pm ~E lO"XUp~ 8uvullue; rtou aOKOOV Of: auto. avrio'tOtxa 9£nKQ copriu. Etm 'to llA.EICtP1KO nEoio, nOU 011lll0uPyeitat ~£ta~u rov OltA.10IlOOV tOU ltUKvOOnj lcal aOKEi BUvall11 era 1]A.txrpovic, OEV unopst vu tn altOOnaOEl ano rn uopro; onOle; ou~~aivEl IlE tn EA.eU9Epa 11A.elCtp6vta tOlV'ayOlYoov. Mnopei o~ooe; va ,"fafoniaBl K<inOle; rn 11A.eICtp6VlU OE q>opa aVri9£'tTJ uno 'tTJ q>apu tOU nE8iou (ueou EXOUV apV11ttKo eoptio) xm rc 9EtlKU q>optia O'tTJ q>opa rou 1tEOlou. Auto EXEl Ole; ano't£Mo~a va anoK"tilou' Kq9£ ~6plO rou OI11A.£K'tP1KOO OEnKo eoptlo orn q>Opa rou nEoiou lcal apV11ttK6 o£ 'avt{9£tTl Cj)opa.

Erei, uv q>flvtaOOoull£ KaOE jlOP10 env jltKpTJ oq>aipa, npoKum£l 1] xcrovo- 1111 rov eopnrov rtou odxvu to oxri un 13. 3 ~.

---E

+

eee9 e~~e e-~@ e

9988

IX. 13.1p.

H ~Eta't07tlCTll teiv q>optirov Eival avaA.oYT] t11e; EVtUOEOle; rou nEOiou Kat Otalla'tci orcv El;looppon11000v oi avti8£'t&e; ouvaIlUe;, nou aOKOUVtat ore ooprta. 'Oruv olaKonci 'to llA.£nplK6 nEoio, rn q>optia E7tlO'tPf:qlOUV ernv apX11CTJ 'toue; 9f:CTIl. 'Ape 11 ~E'ta't67tlCTll £ivaI EA.aOtlKTJ.

H Bltunuaj p8fafOnU1ll fPOPf{w, piaa tlB 6111"IC'tpuro KdfW aM Df" B1£i6patnt 'I"KfPUCOIJ ns6iov o'Opd{efCU 6111"IC'tpiloi ,w).wtnt.

'Onooe; qlaiV£tal OtO OXtllla 13.3~, 0"1:0 EOOlTEPIK6 tOU 1l0VOlt\KOU &~OUO&t£pdrvovtm to avtiO&Ta qloptia YU'tOvtKOlV uopkov, Avti9E'ta ~nopouv. va opUooov npoe; rc t~OO ro q>optia, rtou ~pioKOVtal one; E~ron:plKf:e; £mqltivEl£e; tOO uovomcou anf:vavn an6 roue onA.to~o()e;. Anevavn ano TO OEnKO 111.£lC'tpoolO E~q>avi~Etat apV11tllCO eoprlo xm uvriotpooc. Ta q>op'tia tOU Ol11A.£lC'tpl"x:06 &~OUOEtf:pci>voov ne; opaO&lI; tOOU Ilf:POUC; eoprkov ttov OnA.10~Olv. ETOI Ol onA.lo~oi ~nopo()v va npooA.<ij3ouv Ent nA.£ov qlO prto , 000 sivrn to ooprto nOU ~ouo£n:pci>e"KE 0& KaOE OnA.IOjlO a1tO rc q>optia nOA.rooEOlC;. IlpcvllatUCU, av 0& iva 'f(ol1 eopnousvo 1tUICVOln; atpa, nco £ivaI OUVOE~£VOC; OE

21

T]A£K1:pUCl1rcT]rtt, E10aYO)l& KarcOlo uovornxo, eu rcuPUtT]PTtOO)l& Ott O"tty)ltuia pe&t P&U)lU OtT]V Kut&66uvOT] <poptio&roe; tOO nl)KvrotTj. Al)to UnOO&IKV6&1 on 0 )"t:UKvrot1le;. cpoptit;&tut &nt nAtov uno to eoprio nOI) n01"J&i;~&.

13.4 0 £mmOoC; 7tUKVon:iJc;.

a) H XWP'ltl"Ontta'rDV enmedov.7WKVwnj.

n&lpU)lOtlKO: KOt 6&roPT]tlK6: ClnOO&IKV6&tOI on T] XropT]t1KOtT]tO C &Vo<; 1[UKvrotT] &SOptUtUl onone; otaOtaOEl<; to I) 1\0.1 ono tTl OlT]A£KtPIKTJ OtUe&pa tOI) )lovro:nKo6 ).1&,u~6 reov OnAIO)lWv roo.

Til axeoll ).1&,u~6 rov )l&y&eWV o.u,Wv ).l1tOpOU).1& va npooolopioo)lE nopCl)lClnKa orov enlnedo 1WKPwnj ro<; Esr;e;: M&'pa).1E tTl XropT]tlKOtT]ta C )lIUC; oopa.e; &1ttneowv nl)levro,rov, rtou ot 01tAto)J,oi tOI)e; EXOUV OtUCPOP&t1KO ).1eYE80c;, ota<pop&nKij unocr'tUO'Tl )lEtuS6 'to\)<; xrn Ota<pop&ttKo uovomxo, Kutomv oUYKpivo)l& tn Ct1W1"eA.eo),.t(ua rov ).1EtpijaErov )lE Lte; OluOtaO&tC;. IWI tT] OIT]A£K1"PIKij 01"u8&.pa. A v T] anoo'tuoT] )J,&tuI;6 tWV 01tA.lO)lWV EivCll 1toM ).11K·PTt Ol)yiCpltlKa ).1& ne; OIUcrtUcr&lC; tT]<; &m<pav&tae; roue, otamcrtrovO).1E on T] XroPT]1"lKOtT],U "t01) EnlrcE- 000 1tOKvrotr; &lVCtI o.VUAOyT] tT]e; E1tl<pavEUle; S tou EVOe; ano tOUe; 01tAto).106e;, nvaA.oYT] 'T]<; OlllAEKtptKr;C; Otu9Epae;E Kat uvrtorpoeo uvo.i\oYll 111C; (lnOOtaowc; o J.1&ta~6 tOW 560 onA10llOOv (crX. 13.4a):

(1)

5

fQ

:Ex. 13.4(1.

TTl OI11A&KtptKij o,a8&pa s (ovollo.t;e,ul &nid'TIC; arcoA.I)t1l. OtTlA&KtP1KTt O"ta8&pn) EXO),.t& ri_0T] yvropio&\ crnv rcupaypa<po 1.2.

A v ).lEtaSU rov nAQ1eOOV \)mipXEIK&VO ri uepuc; 11 (1) 'Y pa<p&tat.:

I c,~,,+ I

(2)

07tOU Eo tiva\ 11 O\llAsKtpucil oro9£pcl tOU K£VOU Kat Il£ ll£'YaA.ll 7tPOO&yy1.01l tOU atpa.

A7t6 tOUC; tU7tOUC; (1) ICat (2) U7tOA.oyi~ovta\ 0\ ota9£pec; s ICal Eo UOt£pa a7t6 IlttPl101l tTlC; XroPllttIC6tTltac; £voC; £7ti7teOOu 7tUICvrotit "Il£ yvrootec; ,olaotaO£lC;.

M£ ll£tPiloEtC; aICp\~ciac; tXEt ppe9ti on 11 Eo tXEt rnv nllil:

1

F pF

. -= 8,85419 -

m m

(3)

Eo = ~---:-::- 36 .7t . 109

F C2

( H Ilovaoa -- £ival \oo06vallll OtO OU0tTllla S.I. Il£ 't1] Ilovaoo 2 '

m N·m

7tOU 7tPOICU7tt£l yta rnv Eo a7t6 to VOIlO tOU Coulomb, 7tOU £iXall£ OcOOEt 0tTlV 7tapaypacpo 1.2).

Av olalptooll£ ICata lleAll nc; (1) xm (2) ICat~~oll£ U7tO'lf11 tTl oXt01l (3) tTlC; 7tapaypacpou 13.3 7tPOICU7tt£t:

C £

--=--=£r

Co Eo

1£=Eo·£rl

(4)

(5)

H O\llAsICtpt1CfJ ota9£pa o7tOtouoil7tot£ 1l0VOlTlICOU UA.tICOU £ivat lleyaA.Ut£Pll a7t6 tTl OtllAsICtpt1CfJ ota9£pa tOU IC£VOU ICat 7tpo~.U7tt£t a7tO to ytvOIl£vo tTlC; 0\11- AsICtPtICT\C; ota9£pac; tOU IC£VOU £7tl tTl ox£nlCi}' OtllA.eICtpt1CfJ ota9£pa tOU UA.tICOU.

o tU7tOC; (1) yiv£ta\ Il£ rnv (5):

(6)

A7tO rnv (6) 7tPOICU7tt£t on 11 xrop.11nICOtllta svoc £7tl7t£OOU 7tUICVron\ a\)~6.vet, 000 IltICpaiv£t 11 a7tOOta01l 0 ll£ta~U ttov 07tA.tOllc.OV, 0llA.aoil to 7taXOC; tOU 1l0vron1C;pu 1\ tOU OtprollatOC; tOU atpa.

1:tTlv7tpa~ll o£v £ivat ouvato va £A.attrovoll£ unepiopurru to 7taxoC; tOU 1l0- vomxoo, ytati auto £~aptata\ dll£oa a7to rnv td01l, 7tOU £illa09£ aVa'YICaolltvOt 'va £cpapIl6ooll£ OtOV 7tUlCVrotit. A vtlA.oya Il£ rnv £cpaPIl0~61l£V1l ttlOll a7tatt£ltat ICat opiouevo 7ttlXOC; tOU 1l0vronICou 1\ tOU OtprollatOC; atpa. 1:£ IltICPOt£PO 7ttlXOC; to 1l0vronICo o£v sivm o£ 9t01l va o\atTlpilo£\ XroptOlltva ta ooprtu ttov 060 07tA.tollc.OV. HAsICtptICa cpoptia 7t£PVOUV a7t6 tOV tva 07tA.tOIlO OtOV dUo IlOOa a7t6 to OtllAsICtp\ICO Il£ a7tOttA.eolla rnv ICataotpocpi) roo. 1:tTlV 7t£pi7ttro- 011 autil MIl£ Ott to O\llA.elCtptlCo cJUJnCirGL

P) To ,,).S1CfP'1C6 malo fOD snmeoov no~n1.

To TlA.eK'tPllCO m:oio £vo~ £7ti7t£oou nUKvron'l jJ.E. jJ.1KPit a7tOOtaOT\ jJ.E'ta~u ttov nAaKwv <luYlCI't'tlKa jJ.E n~ otaOtna£l~ 'tTl~ Emcpav£la~ 'tOO, etvm rrpaKtlKa OpDuJ..

~ -

!lopfPO. H evrcon E tOU nEoioo EXEt OE 07tOlOOit1tOtE anl.u:{o rou xoopoo jJ.£'ta~6

troy nAuKoov (07tAtO'Il00V) 'to i010 jJ.EtpO xrn 'tTlv iota cpopci .. H ou:uSuvaTl rou 1t£oiou tlVat KnSEt11 O''to~ 01tAlajJ.ouc; KatTl cpopn 'tau sivat ana to StnKO 07tAlOjJ.6 7tpOC; tOY upvnmco, Ol11A.eK'tptK£C; ypalljJ.Et; £ivai 1tapiiUTl~ xm at (a~ nnocrcos«; IlEta~U LOUC;, eoocov to nEOio ei vat OIlOlOIlOPCPO Kat KaSET~ aTOUC; 0- 7tAlaIlOOC; (ax. 13.4~). Oi looouvalllK£C; t1tlCPUVf:l~ Ei VOl no. paU 11A.eC; O'tOOC; 0- TCAlO"Il00C;.

~x. 13.4(1.

I

,

~

To usrpo 'tTlC; EV'tU<lEroC; E 1tpmcu1t'tEt, aUIlCProva jJ.E 'tTl 0XEan (4) 'tTl~ nnpu-

YP(il:pou 12.6, uno rnv 'taan U Ilt'ta~u 'troy 07tA10llcbv Kat 'tTlv anooTaait 'toue; O.

! I E~ ~ I (7)

Ilcpurnpooue on uno a'taSEPit 'taan U 11 EVTaan 'tau TlAEK'tptKot) ntoioo Evoe; tTti7tEOOO nUKvroT1'! Eivat rooo jJ.EyaA.u'tEPTl, oeo 1l1KPOtEPTI Eivat Tl anoo'taen Ilttac;O TerN 07tAlallcDV tOO.

API'Il'I't:J1Cti 1Capa&eiYllafa. iJaptiaetYllo 1.

No. U7tOAoYla6Ei 11 E7tlcpnvEla S KaeE onAlollou £voC; E7tintOou rruKvron'l, omv Tl xroPTlnKO'tTlTn TOU C = I F, Tl O'XEnKit 0111A£KtP1KTj O'TaeEpQ TOU Ol'rlMKTplKOU TaU Er = 2 Kat Tl a1t60Ta<JTJ IltTa~u troy 01tA10IlOOV tOU 0 = 10-· m.

24.

C . 0 1 F . 10-4 m

s=--- =

Eb,'Er 1 F

---·--·2

36 .1t ,109 m

= 18· 1t • 105 m2 = 5,65 . 106 m2

s = 5,65 km2

B&pata &vac; 1tU1CVrorilC; ~E t&tOla E1t1cpcivE1a rorv 1tA.alCcOV tOU OEV etvoi ouvato va lCatamcEooa6Ei. BU1tO~E A.Ol1tOV 1toao ~E"(ciA.Tl EiVat Tl ~ovaOa 1 F.

A v Tl XroPTltllCOtT1ta EiVat C = 1 ~F tOtE Tl E1tlcpcivE1a recv 1tA.alCWV yivEtal S = 5,65 m2, 01]A.a&1; Eva ~tyE9oC; 1tOU sivat ouvato va lCatamcEooa6Ei.

, .

napOAB..,,,a 2.

MEta~U tmv 01tA.la~cOV EVOC; E1ti1tEOoU 1tUlCvrof'l\, XroPTltllC0tT1taC; C = 200 pF, EcpaPJl6~Etal taCJTt U = 1000 V. Na ppE90uv:

a) To TlMlCtPllCO cpoptio Q 1tOU ~1topEi va a1tota~lEUaE1 0 1tU1CVron;C;.

P) H &vtaCJTt tOU TlMlCtPllCOU 1tEoiou E, oeev Tl a1tootaCJTt ~Eta~U rorv 1tA.alCcOV tOU 1tUlCvrot1't Eival 0 = '0,5 mm.

y) H aXEt11CTt OlTlMlCtP11CTt ata9Epa tOU 1tapE~paA.MJ.1EVOU ~Eta~U reov 1tA.alCcOV uovcrnxou Er , drcv Tl E1t1cpcivEla lCa9E 01tA.la~OU tOU 1tUlCvrof'l\ EiVat S = 2 em',

Arimt·

A -s

a) Q = CU = 200 . 10-12 • 1000 --' V = 200 nC ·V

Q = 200 nC

U 1000 V V

P) E=- = =2.106-

o 0,5 . 10-3 m m

E = 2 . 106 Vim

36 . 1t • 109 • 0 . C

Y) Er = S =

36 . 1t' • 109 ·0,5 . 10-3 • 200 . 10-12

2 . 10-4 ' = 56,52

Er = 56,52

25

13.5 HJ.£K'tpom:O'tlK1l EVEpY810 1tUKVQ)'t";.

'01tUl~ 110Tl avu<ptpar.u:, Ka'tu 'tTl q>opnoTl EVO~ 1tUKVUl'tT] 1tpOOq>tPE'tat svspyt.ta uno rnv TlA.EK'tPtKTJ 1tTlYTJ orov 1tUKVUl'tTJ J..ltxPt~ orou Tl 'tUOT) O'tOU~ 01tA.lOliOU~ 'tOU yivEl tOT) J..lE rnv 'tuoTl 'tT)~ 1tT)Yil~. H EvtpYEta au'tTJ XPTlOlJ..lEUEl o'tT) 0TlJ..ltO\lpyia 'tOU llA.EK'tptKOU 1tEoiou 'tOU 1tUKVUl'til Kat 1tapaJ..ltvEl a1tO'taJ..llEUJ..leVT) O'tC' T)h:K'tPlKO 1td5io.

H a1to'taJ..ltEUJ..ltv;' TlMK'tpoo'tanKTJ EvepYEta a1tOOioE'tat Ka'tU 'tT)V EKq>OP'tlOT) rou 1t\)KVUlTil, 01tO'tE J..lE'ta'tpt1tE'tUt OE dA.A.E~ J..lopq>e~ EvepYEta~, 1t.X. OE eEPJ..lO'tTlru Of: tva uvnordrn 1tOU OUVOec'tal· J..lE'ta~u ttov 01tA.l0J..lWV.

A v Q stvctto T)MK'tPlKO eoptio EVO~ 1tUKVUl'ttl, C T) XUlpT)nKo'tT)'tu 'tOU Kat U TI 'tUOT) J..lf:ta~u rrov 01tA.l0J..lWV 'tOU, Tl EvepYEla 'tOU TlMK'tPlKOU 1tEoiou 'tOU 1tUKVUl'tl'j OiVE'tal a1to mv E~ioUlOT):

I A~+Q'U~+C'U21 (I)

Ano 'tTl OxeoT) aU'tTJ 1tPOKU1t'tEl, on J..lOVUOO J..lE'tpTJOEUl~ 'tT)~ TlA.EK'tPoo'tanKT]~ EVtpYEta~ O'tO oUcr'tT)J..la S.l. stvci to Joule (J).

As

([Al = [Cl [UF =_y2 = Ws = J) v

Ap,(Jpqr:uc6. napa08{ypar:a. Hapoo81ypa 1.

f\.h:'ta~u TUlV 1tA.aKWV EVO~ E1ti1tEOOU 1tUKVUlT1'! E(j)apJ..lO~E'tat TUOT) U = 50.000 Y. H E1t\q>uvEla KUeE 1tA.UKa~ 'tOU 1tUKVUlTTJ etvm S = 1130 ern? xut n a1tOOTaOT) J.lE'ta~u TUlV 1tA.aKWV sivct 0 = 10 em. 'Omv TO 1tapEJ..l~aA.A.6J.lEVO J..l0VUlTlKO stVat 0 uspnc, vu ~pEeOUV:

a) H XUlPTlnKOTTlTa 'tOU 1tUKVUlT1'!.

~) To TlMKTPlKO ooprlo Q 1tOU J.l1topEi vo U1to'taJ.llEUOEl 0 1tUKVUlTTJ~. y) H evtnon TOU T)A.EK'tPlKOU 1tEoiou.

0) H llA.EK'tpOOmnKTJ EvtpYEla 'tOU 1tUKVUlTil.

AVa".

S

a) Co = Eo-- =

o

Co = 10 pF

~) Q = C . U = 10.10-12 • 5.104 = 50.10-8 C = 0,5 J..lC

26

u

y) E =-0-=

V kV

= 500.000 - = 500-

m m

kV E=500- m

I I

0) A =-2- Q . U = -2-50,10-8 As 5·1()4 V = 125'1O-4Ws

A = 125.10-4 J

napGdBry/UI 2.

MEta~O reov 07tA.tallcilv Ev6~ E7ti7tEOou 7tUICVO>n1 uspc, XO>Pl1tuc6t11ta~ Co = 102 pF, EqxlPIl6l;Etat Ilia taOTJ Uo = 1000 V. Av 11 a7t6ataOTJ IlEta~O to>V 07tA.tallow Eivat 0 = 5 mm, va ~pE9oi>v:

a) H evtaOTJ tOU 11A.EKtptlco6 7tEoiou.

~) H l1A.ElCtpoatanKit &vtpy£ta tOU 7tUICVO>t1').

y) To 11A.EKtplK6 oopno Q, 7tOU Il7tOpEi va a7tOtallt&oaEl 0 7tUKVo>t1l~. A7toouVO&OIl& tOY 7tUKVO>t1l a7t6 mv taOTJ cpoptiaEci>~ tOU Kat 7tapEIl~aUo-

IlE IlEta~O tcov 07tA.tallrov tOU eva Oll1A.EKtptK6, 7taxo~ 01 = 0 = 5 mm Kal aXEttKit~ Otl1A.EKtPtKit~ ata9Epa~ er = 10. Na ~pt906v:

0) H XO>Pl1nK6t11ta C 1 tOU 7tUKVo>tTt.

E) H taOTJ U 1 7tOU 9a 7tapoumaa9tt IlEta~O to>V 07tA.tallrov roo. at) H EVtaOTJ E, tOU l1A.EKtPtKOO 7tEO{OU.

~) H l1A.EKtpootanKit &vtpy£ta Al tOU 7tUKVo>tit.

A.6mt.

u, 1000

a) E=-s::-=~~

u 5'10-3

V

= 200 kV m

m

. kV

E=200- m

lIAs

~) A =-2- Co U~ = -2-102,10-12 .106-y-V2 = 50'1O-6Ws

A = 50 III

27

•

y) Q = Co Vo = 102.10-12• 1000 = 10-7 = 100.10-9

Q = 100 nC

0)

C. = 1000 pF

E) Aeo» 0 1tOlCV(J)ti!C; lCata rnv Eloayroyi! tOO OlllA.ElCtPllCOU fJEta~6 rov.o-

1tA.10fJO>V tOO OEY OOVOEEtat J.1f. rnv 1tllYll, ea 01atllPEi to eoprlo tOO Q.

100.10-9

1000'10-12 = 100 V

u, = 100 V

~)

I:tTlV tEXV1lCi! o1tapxoov tpE1C; tP01tOl OOVOEoEroC; troy nuxvcmov OE tva lCUlCA.rofJa.

a) I';"~BtIII 1fvKVwnb" tiS tls"a.

To 1tapalCatro crxilfJa 13.6a OEixvEl tTl OOVOEofJ0A.oyia 1tOlCVrotc.OV OE cape. 'Oruv 11 ofJaOa troy OE oElpa OOVOEfJEVroV 1tOlCvrotrov q>optl0eEi tOtE lCaeE 1tOlCVroti!C; q>EP&l to (010 q>optio Q. IIpaYfJantca orcv crnv ofJaOa Eq>apfJOOeEl ta- 011 V, q>opti~oVtat 0tTlV apxi! 01 &~rotEPllCOi 01tA.10fJoi troy alCpairov nuxvortcrv C1 xm C4 fJE (oa lCat avti8&ta ooprtc Q. Ta q>optia auta 1tpOlCaA.OUV afJEoroc; xuromv, A.6yro tllC; llA.ElCtpoCltatl1C1')c; &mopao&roc; 1tOU yvropioafJ£ ornv 1tapa-

ypmpo 12.4, 'tTl 'P6pnO'1l EVaUm(tllCa ~E avti9Eta ipopua nov u1toAoi1tcov 01tl\l~ o~rov. cOOtE tEAtlCa OAO\ O\1tulCvcote~ EXOUV to WlO ipoptio Q.

EUllipCOva I,lE rnv ¢,ioroCrfl (2) tll~ 1tapayp(:upou 13.2 etvar:

Q = V I C I = V2 C1 = V3. C] = V4 C4 lCal E1tOl..leVco~:

Q Q Q ~

UI =--, V2 =--, VJ =--. V4 =-- (I)

CI C2 C] C4

07tOU UI• Vz, UJ• U4 at t<iOEt~ 1tOU E~ipavt~ovtm I,lEta~U tCOV a1tA.101100v rev-reoo<ipcov 1tuICvrotrov I,lE'ta 'tTl ip6pnc.n; 'tOU~ I1E 'to. eopno Q.

[_Ul

j

j

I +

Q

+ U

IX. 13.60.

.tu~iprova I1E to. OeUtEpa xcvovc tau Kirchhoff'n 1taA.tKi! taO'1l U tn; 1tl"lYti~ tpaipaoatiloeco~ eivQl to'1l IlE 'to. ci9pOtOila tCOV ntcbOECOV taOEco~ otau~ 7tUICVCO~ tEe;:

V = VI + V2 + U] + V4 (2)

Avttlca6totcbvta~ tt~ t<ioEl~ UI ~EXPI V4 tT!~ (1) otT! (2) naipvous:

u =_g_ + _g_ + _g_ + _g_ (3)

C1 C2 C] C4

Tnv o.l1a&1 'trov Q"UVOEIlEvrov Of: o&tpa 1tUICVCOtroV ll1tapOUIlf: vc avnKatao'til~ 001..lf: us eva 1tUKvronll..lE ,,,o&.;PGpIJ xwWuWntfa 1tpO~ auti! nl~ auvo6oll0AO~ yia~.

laoOOvapII XWprJRKOU/fG pm, opMa~ tllJNepil1WP Jl8faOJ f~ .vKl1W'l'WP elva, " XfIJP'lfucOrqfa C nO, 2W~, 0 O1UJfo, .rmO u/p .a,a fam, U acntlpl.ever fO 1310 fIOfYtW Q. daw~ " opd8a.

29

Apu:

Kat jlE rnv (3) EXOjlE: 11111

--=--+--+--+--

C C1 C2 C3 C4

~TlA.aoij: Kata "'I a6viefl1/ fWV 1WICVWtWV ae aerpa, to amatpotpo t'lC; laoi6- vap'lC; XWP'InICO"'ltac;, elval lao /Ie to dfJpola/la tWV amatptHpwv tWV XWP'ItIICO-

Q

u=-

C

(4)

trjtWV touc;.

P-I =--l~-=-~-n --1-. -~- _-. -1~-+-_-1~-+-_-1=--+-.- .. -+=--1~--'1

. C ""r Cn . C1 C2 C3 Co_

@

(5)

.H to'oouvajlTl X<OPTI'ttKO'tTl'ta 'tTlC; O'UVOEO'jlOA.oyiae; 1tUKV<O'tOOV O'E O'Etpa E{VUt mivru j . .llKpO'tEPTl Kat U1tO TTt jltKPO'tEPTI X<OPTlnKO'tTl'ta 'tTle; O'uvOEO'jloA.oyiac;. E1tOjlEV<OC; otuv eEA.OjlE va jlEtroO'OjlE 'tTl X<OPTlnKO'tTl'ta EVOC; 1tUKV<O'tTt, Evac; 'tP01tOC; E1Vat va O'UVOSO'OJ..LE svcv it aUouc; 1tUKV<O'ttC; O'E osipu us uutov,

A v uic O'uvoEO'jloA.oyia O'Etpae; EXEt jlOVO 1tUKV<O'ttC; jlE TTtV tOta X<OPTI'ttKO'tTlrn C, 'to'tE TI t<JoouvajlTl X<OPTI'ttKO'tTl'ta sivat:

I CM ~+

01tOU n 0 aptejlOC; 't<OV 1tUKV<O'tOOV.

(6)

P) Hap6JJ.'I;''I a6viea'l 1WICVWtWV.

To 1tapaKa't<O O'xllJ..La 13.6~ OEiXVEt utu 1tapaA.A.TlA.TI 0'6VOE<JTt 'tptOOV 1tUKV<O-

't<OV. I

Eivm 1tpo<pavtc; on jlEm~6 't<OV 01tA.tO'jlrov KaeE 1tUKV<O'tTl Eq>apJio~E'tat TI (Bta 'taO'TI U.

:Ex. 13.6p.

Tu TlAEK'tptKa eoprte 1tOU q>tpouv jlE'ta rn q>opnO'ij roue oi 1tUKV<otte; stvai:

(7)

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

30

To O\)VOA.l1CO 11A.eKtPl1CO eoprio 7tO\) a7tOtaJ,ll£UEtat otTt ouita~l1 etvci:

Q = Q, + Q2 + Q3 = CU 07tO\) C 11 tOOOUVaJ,ll1 xroPlltu::0tTtta tTtC; Otata~E<OC;.

A7to rnv (7) 1(at (8) tXOJ,lE:

C U = C, U + C2 U + C3 U

. tl C = C, + C2 + C3

•

:.4pa, " UloooVflllll X~fa ",at; &Ulf~Wt; p8 gpcW.q).a twrtSephout;

1W"'WfBt; BBtu 1m, p8 fO diJPOltlpa fW' XWP'IfUCOf'ifw, fW' 1W"'WfW' f'lt; &,af~BWt;.

(8)

I e ~ ~en ~ e, + e, + e, + .... + en I E7toJ,ltvroe; orcv 9tA.0J,lE va a\)~,,;oOJ,lE rn xroPlltt1(otTtta EVOe; 7t\)1(vrot'!i, tOtE O\)VOtOJ,lE tvav dA.A.o tl dUo\)C; 7t\)1(vrot£C; 7tapaA.A.11A.a.

1:E ~.lla 7tapaA.A.11A.11 O\)VOEoJ,loA.oyia, 7t0\) OA.Ot oi 7t\)1(vrotte; tXO\)V rnv (Ota xroP11tl1(OtTtta C, 11toOOUVaJ,lll XroPlltl1(O~l1ta COA stvci:

I COA':= nC I (10)

07t0\) n 0 apt9J,loe; ttov 7t\)1(vrotrov tTte; 7tapaA.A.11A.11e; O\)VOEOJ,lOA.oyiae;.

(9)

y) Mucni tWNBmt 1WICPWfW,.

Min O\)VOEoJ,loA.oyia 7t\)1(vrotrov sivm J,lt1(tli, orcv a7totdEitat a7to 7t\)1(vrot£C;

C3
.__ c2 f---O

C4 c5

C,
--
- ... _ + U

1:x. 13.6y.

7t0\) eivm O\)VOEJ,ltvOl OE OEtpa 1(at 7tapaA.A.11A.a (OX. 13.6y). Eq>aPJ,lo~ovtae; otaOOXt1(a to\)e; 1(avovE<; 7t0\) avacptpaJ,lE Otte; 7tEpt7ttWOEte; O\)VOtoEroe; 7t\)1(vrotrov

31

ce Oe1po. Kat Ttapo.A.A.llA.a, ~piOKOllt 'tTIV 100&6va1l1l XCOPll't1KO'tTI'ta 't1lC; 1l1K'titC; Ol>:vOeOlloAoyiac;. Tt·X· O'tTIV TttpiTt'tcoOll 't1lC; Ol>VOeOIl0A.oyiac; ton OXTtlla'tOC; 13.6y:

01 Ttl>KVCO'ttC; C1 Kat C2 Ol>VotoV'tal TtapaA.A.llA.a: C1,2 = C1 + C2

01 Ttl>KVCO'ttC; C1,2' C4 Kat C~ Ol>VotoV'tat ee osrpd:

1 1 1 1

--- =-- + -- +--

C1,2,4,S C1,2 C4 C~

01 Ttl>KVCO'ttC; C1,2,4,S Kal C3 Ol>VotOV'tat TtapaA.A.llA.a:

Cl,2.3,4,~ = C1,2,4,S + C3

Ap.8/D1wca 1UIpMeiYPOfO. Hapcile.ypo 1.

~ive'tat 11 TtapaKo.'tco Ol>VOeOIlOA.oyia roo OXTtlla'toc; 13.60 OTtOl>: C1 = 3 IlF, C2 = 2 IlF, C3 = 1 IlF, C4 = 0,5 IlF Kal U = 220 V. Na ~.p£606v:

A

IC2

_.,...._ C3

_c, I

I .

B

a) H 100OUVall1l XCOPll'tlKO'tTI'ta COA. 't1lC; ol>VOeOIlOA.oyiac;. ttov emTtoocov Ttl>KVO>'tcOV.

~) To llA.eKtPllCO oopdo QOA. , nou IlTtOpei va aTto'tallle6oe11l ol>VOeoll0"-<>yia. y) To llA.eK'tPllCO ooprlo KaOt Ttl>KVCOn'j Q~, Q2'_ Q3' Q4 KaOroc; Ka11l 'ta01l TtOl> e(j)apllo~e'ta1 lle'ta~6 reov OTtA.10llcOV KaOe Ttl>Kvrop; U I' U 2' U 3' U 4·

ArkJ".

a) 01 Ttl>KVCO'ttC; C1 Ka1 C2 Ol>votoV'ta1 es PElp<i:

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

32

1 1 111

-- = -- + -- = -- + --= 0,8333

C),2 C) C2 3 2

Kat C),2 = 1,2" IlF

C),2 Kat C3 OUVOEOVtat napaA.A:f1A.a:

C),2,3 = C),2 + C3 = 1,2 + 1 = 2,2 o C),2,3 Kat 0 C4 OUVOEOVtat 0& O&lpe::

1 111 1

-- = -- + -- = -- + --= 2,4545

COA C),2,3 C4 2,2 0,5

COA = 0,407 IlF

B) QOA = COA . V = 0,407'10-6 F· 220 V = 89,54'10-6 C

y) 01 nUKVCOtt; C4 Kat C),2,3' onco; npoavacpEpall& OUVOEOVtat 0& O&lpa.

EnOIlEVCO; to llA.&KtP1K6 ooprto tOU C4 sivrn lOO Il& to OA.1K6 ooprto (Q4 = QOA. ) KaOci:J; &niOll<; to llA&KtP1K6 CPOpt{O tOU C ),1,3 avci lOO Il& to OA.1K6 CPOprto (Q),2,3 = QOA ).

89,54 0,5

= 179,08 V

H taoll nou &cpapIl6~&ta1 ll&ta~6 A-B (oXlllla 13.60) stvm:

VAB = V - V4 = 220 -179,08 = 40,92 V

if taoll aun, &tva1 lOll Kat Il& t11V taOll V3 nou &cpapIl6~&tat ll&ta~6 tCOV 0- nA.10llcOV tOU C3. ~llA.a01i sivm:

V3 = 40,92 V

Q3 = V3 . C3 = 40,92'V'1 IlF = 40,92 IlC

.

Q),2 = Q) = Q1 = C),2 . VAB = 1,2IlF·40,92 V = 49,1041lC

Etvm A.ol1t6v:

49,104

3 = 16,368 V

49,104

2 = 24,552 V

V) = 16,368 V V2 = 24,552 V V3 = 40,92 V V4 = 179,08 V

HapaoelYlla 2 .

.1iVE'tUt ivu<; EninEooc; 1tUKvron'le; IlE XroPl]ttKO't11'ta C, xm Ol11MK'tPIKO UEpa-.

Kn8E 1tAaKU tou 1tUKVCD't1'l tXEl E1tlCP~VElU S = u·~. H IllU OtUO"'tUOTl 't'tJ<; 1tAaKUC; E[VClt ~ = 10 em ICUl 11 u1toa-ruo11 IlETUc;,O nov 1tAUICWV EiVCll .0 = 3 mm. Eve Iltpoe; tOU 1tUICV9)'t"l'j ~u8i~E't"Ul Ilto:u os MOL, axe't"lKr;C; O~l1)"EK't"PlJcTje; atu8epae; lOr = 4,5. No ~p£8Ei nooo 1tpt1t£t vu pu81a8Et 0 1tUKvro-ri]e; (unooTuOTl X aTO aXTtJIu 13.6e, roaTE 11 XWPlltlICO't"llTU C2 1tOU 0l1JIIOUpyEi't"ui vu EtVCll tpEte; cpO pte; IlEYUA.UT£Pl] uno trtv XWpl]'tlIC6'tl]tu C I (C2 = 3C I)'

Ar5fr'l.

IX. 13.6&

H UPXllCf} XroP11ttK6tl]'tu IlE Oll]A.EKt.ptK6 tOV utpu etvm: u·~

C1 = Eo 0

H XroP11ttK6't"TltU C2 ElVUt d8pOlallu 060 nupOA/I.T\A.Ct cruvSf.l.J.~vrov nUKvrotcOV IlE :x;roPT\TlICOtl]tU C; KUl C;· . (C2 = C; . + C;').

C; EivUl 1'( :x;roPlltlK6't"T(TU tOU nUlCvroTT( noo tXEt OlT(MK'tPlK6 utpu KUl EIl~U- 56v tOW nAUlccOv TOU, to JIT( ~U9101ltVO 0't0 MBt tlll]llu TOU UPXtICou nulCvron, . .1T(AaBil EX0j.J.E:

C;' £lVClt l] Xropl]'ttK6tT\tu tOU nUKvoonl, rtou EXEl BIT\A.EKTP11C6 to AciBt KUl Ej.J.~u06v rtov 1tAUICOW rou, TO ~\)elOI.U3:VO oro MBt tllTJIlU 'tOU UPXlKOU 1tUKVCD'tT( . .111AUBf} swui:

X'U C;' = Er Eo-S-

C2 = C; + c;' = Eo~ a (IJ - x + &r -x)

H XroPTI"[\KOtTjta C2 1t·pi1tEl va Eivat tpl1tAama tTj~ C1 (C2 = 3CI)

Eo'a a'~

& (~ - x + Er • x) = 3Eo &

P -x + Er = 3p

X (Er -1) = 2P

2P 20 em 20

x= = ---- = --=5,715 em

Er - 1 4,5 - 1 3,5

x = 5,715 em

Hapti4Brypa J.

ME'ta~u torv 01tAlO'IlOOV EVO~ E1tl1tEOOU 1tUKVro't1'! E<papll6l;EtUl tllOT! U I = 470 V. H KallE E1tt<pllvEla tOU 01tAtO'IlOU tOU Eivat S = 800 em2 Kat 11 a1tOOtaOT!IlE"[a~u troy 01tA\OIlOOV tOU EiVat & = 2 mm. Na ppteouv:

a) H EVtaOT! tOU11AEKtP1K06 1tE&[OU.

P) To 11AEKtPUCO <poptio Q 1tOU Il1tOpEi va a1tOtalllEuOEl 0 1tuKvrotilc;. MEto rn <pop"[tO'11.a1t0j.1aKpUvOIlE tOY 1tUKVro-n; ano '11v tOOT! <pOptiOEOOC; tOU

Kat 1tapEIlPOAAOIlE lleta~U rorv Q1tAlO'Ilc.i>v tOU j.1ta llovronlC'li 1tAaKa 1tIlXOUC; &2 = 1,6 m m Kal O'XEnKTi~ &l11AEK"[pucTiC; O'taeEpO~ Er = 18 (O'X. 13. 60't).

r

61l_ ------- __ 112

EX. 13.601:.

y) Na ~pE9d 11 "[aOT! Vz• nou 1tapOuma~Etat IlE"[a~u troy 01tA10'1l0>V.

A6mt.

VI 470 V V kV

a) E=-=--=235-=235-

5 2 mm mm m

kV E=235- m

S 1 800.10-4

C=to-0-=361t.l09 2.10-3 P:;:::3,539·1O-10P

Q = 470.3,539.10-10 As = 166,37 nC

Q = 166,37 nC

y) I:'tTJv 1ttpi1t'tcoaTJ aun; &xo~t 060 1tUKVCO'tt~ auvot~tvou~ at atlpn. 0 1tUKVCO'tiJ~ C1 us 01TJUlC'tP1KO atpa Kat 01 = 0 - O2 = 2 - 1,6 = 0,4 mm Kat 0 1tUKVCOn;~ C2 ue 01TJA.tK'tP1KO 'tTJ ~ovconK1i 1tA.nKa tr = 18.

1 1 1 109

--=--+--= +

C c, C2 1,7692

109 7,9617

C = 1,447 nF

To TJAtK'tP1KO eopdo Q 1tapa~tvt1 'to (010:

Q 166,37

U2 =-- = ---= 114,975

C 1,447

U2 = 114,975 V

HapOljelYIla 4.

~ivt'tat TJ 1tapaKn'tco aUVOta~oAoyia t1tl1ttocov 1t,UKVCO'tC.OV (ax. 13.6~) onoo:

C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = 5 ~F Kat C, = 10 ~F

Mt'ta~6 nov 01tA.la~rov rou 1tUKVCOnl C 1 t<pap~o~e'tal ~ta 'tnO'TJ U 1 = 10 V. Na ~pte06v:

To TJA.tlC'tP1KO <pop'tio 1tOU ~1top£i vo U1to'ta~ltOOt1 Knee 1tUKVCOn;~, Kaero~ Kat ll1tOAtx:,; 'tnO'TJ U A-B.

ADa".

Oi 1tUKVCO'tt~ C, Kat C2 auyotov'tat at atlpn:

A •

I

5
C, A

~B
C3

0.2

B' u

B

1:x. 13.6~

C1 'C2

C I 2 = C = 2,5 ~F

, 1+ C1

01 rruKvro'tE~ C] xm C, cruvOOOV'ta1 rrapaAAT'lM.:

C3" = C] + C, = ,10 ~F

01 Xeo PT'l'tlKO'tT'l'tE<; C 3,' xm C 3 GUVOEOV't(ll O'E O'Elp6.:

C3, 'Cs

C)' s =' = 5 ~F

, , C3,4 + C5

To tpoptio QI (nou Eival to'o xm us 'to eopno Q2' yta'tl at 060 rruKVro'tE<; C1 Klll C2 O'UVOEOV'tat O'E GElpa) stvct:

QI = VI' CI = 10,5 = 50 ~C

VAB =20V

H 'taO'T'I V AS E<papj.l.O~Et(ll cr'ta d1cpa 'tT'l~ XroPT'l't1K0'tT1'tac; C 3,4,5' To <poptio Q),4,3 stvm ico IlE 'to Qs = VAB Cl,4,S = 20·5 = 100 IlC

37

V3 = V4 = VA'B'

Q3 = V3 . C3 = 10·5 = 50

13.7 TUMI mJlCVonmv.

Ava'A.oya ~E 'tl~ a1tatti!crEt~ ro~ 1tpO~ tll XroPlltuc6t11ta, rnv avncrtacrll tOU Otll'A.EKtpucou, rnv avtoxi! tOU ee OtamtacrTl an6 EqKip~0~6~&VE~ tacrEt~, K'A.1t. KatacrKEuci~ovtat otaq>opm tu1tm 1tUKvrotroV. Ot cr1tOuo<n6tEpm &iVat oi e;1i~:

a) nrJKVfJJfi~ XtJlnIOO.

Oi 1tUKVrott~ XaptWU exouv ouv 01t'A.tcr~ou~ 060 tatviE~ a1t6 ~EtaUtKa q>u'A.'A.a, 1t.x. a1t6 a'A.ou~i~o. Oi tatviE~ aut~ tu'A.iyovtat ~a~i ~E apKEtt~ t..&1ttt~ tatViE~ Xap'tlOU, eunonousvoo ~E 1tapaq>iVTl, 1tOU XPllm~EUEt oc Otll'A.EKtptK6, 6- 1tro~ q>aiVEtat oro crXll~a 13.7a. To tu'A.ty~a au~mt~Etat auviJ9ro~ es ~opq>iJ KU- 130U Kat t01tOOEtEitat os eva ~Eta'A.'A.tK6 OOXElO, 1tOU YE~i~Etat ~E ~ovro'tlKiJ ~a~fl. Erot a1toq>EUYEtat 11 a1tOppoq>llcrTl uypacria~ a1to to ~ovronKo Xapti, 1tOU J,!.EtOOVEt tll ~ovronKiJ tOU tKaVOt11ta.

"uUc a).oullivlou

1:x. 13.70.

Oi' 1tUKVrot~ Xaptt<?u sivm q>tllviJ KatacrKEui!, sivct o~ro~ lCataull'A.ot ~ovo ym xa~llM~ cruXVOtlltE~. 'Otnv Otacr1tacrOEl to Otllt..&KtptK6 tOU~, lCatacrtptq>ovtat, ytati I3paXUlCUKA.cOVOVtat Ol o1t'A.ta~oi.

P) nVKVfJJfi~ puallov - XtJlnIOU.

Etov tU1tO auto tOU 1tUKvrot1'! Oll~touPyEitat ~E EtOtKiJ OtaotKacria eva 1to'A.U 'A.E1ttO crtpc.i>~a ~EtaUOu ('A.E1ttOtEPO a1to 0,1 urn) crn~ 060 E1ttq>aVEt&~ ~w~ 'A.oupioa~ uovomxou xapnou. H 'A.oupioo tu'A.iy&tat Kat Ota~opq>OOVEtal cs lCU130, 0- 1tro~ 1tpollyou~tvro~.· IOtaitEpo yvooplcr~a tOU 1tUKvrotTJ Eiv~n onavf08ep(UU1vefal ~Eta U1tO Otacr1tacrTl tOU uovomxou roo. EUYK&lCpl~tva to 611~.tOuPYoU~&VO

l(atci t11 ouio1ta011 llA&Ktp1.K6 t6~0 KaiEl. to JlEtaU1.K6 otpci>Jla 1t£p1.006t£po a- 1t6 to xapti, 01t0>~ qKliv£ta1. oro 0X1'jJla 13.7p. A1totwoJla tiva1.va 1tci'l'oUV ta llA&Ktp601.a va PpiOlCovta1. es £1taqn; Ka1. ve otaJlan10£1. to PpaXuKud.O>Jla.

1:x. 13.7"

yJ HJ.sK:rpomruco{ 1WICVuni,.

HJ.slCfpoJmucoi 1WKffIIfi, XPl101.Jl01t01.0uvta1. os ouv£X~ p£uJla. 0 9£nK~ 01tA.lOJl~ tOU 1tUKVo>tlt, 11 d~, a1tOttUita1. a1t6 tva q>UUO aA.ouJl1.viou A (oX. 13.7y). 0 apVTIt1.K6~ 01tA.loJl6C;, lllCtiIJoIo" £ival 0 "J.slCfpoJ.6rq" iva uyp6 ouiA.uJla p6paKa 1\ U1t£po~El.oiou tOU varpiou, M£ tOY llA.£1CtPOA.Ut11 ola7to'ti~£'till Eva £1.0lK6 a7toppo'PTInK6 xap'ti X, 1tOU t07t09£ttltal avciJl£oa ernv dvofo Ka1 es Eva Jl£'taA.A.tK6 q>uUo K, 7tOU Jl£ au't60uvou'ta1 0 apVTInK6c; 1t6A.oC; t11C; 7tll'Y1\C;. Ta tpin q>uMa 'tUA.iyov'tal Jla~i Kat 0 p6A.oc; 't01t09£'ttl'ta1 cs tva Jl£'taA.~ A.1.K6 ooXdo, 7tOU (JUvou'ta1 Jl£ rnv Kci9000. Etm 'to 7t£pipA.llJla rou 7tUKVO>~ 7taipV£l apVTInK6 OUVaJl1K6.

o 7tUKVO>n1C;, ouvOb:'tat ot11 ouvtX£la us 1tllYlt ouv£XouC; p£uJla'toc;, Jl£ uno'twoJla t11v llA.tK'tp6A.U011 roo OlaA.UJla't<>t; Ka1 'tTl futJl1.oupyia 0t11v dvoOo £v~ A.t7ttOU otpci>Jla'tOt; 0 O~El.O{ou roo aA.ouJllviou. To o'tpooJla aut6 a7to'ttAti 'to OlTJA.tK'tPlK6 ron 7tU1CVo>tl\. I1POOOXlt Xp£1.ci~Etal ornv XPl101.Jlo1tol£i'tal 0 7tOKVO>n1C; Ka'tci 't~ ouvo£m; tOU on,v-1tTJYlt, cOot£ va ouvotovta1 01 avt{0'tOlX01 1t6A.0l. Fi' aU't6 Kal 0 7tUKvO>n1C; ovoJlci~£'ta1. 1CDAoJPWX; JrVImInJj,- Av ouvo£- 906v avti9£'ta oi 7t6A.ol Ka'tao'tp£q>£'tal 'to OlllA&K'tplK6 o'tpcOJla Kal 0 7tUKVO>'t1iC; PpaXUKUKA.roV£'ta1.

01 7tOA.roJltvOl 7tUKVO>'t£C; XPl101.JlO1t010Uvtat Jl6vo ee ouv£X~ p£UJla 1\ o£ Jl£'tapaA.A.6Jl£VO p£UJla, 7tOU OEY aA.M~El. 1tOA.1.K6t11'ta.

I:'tOUC; JlII1UIAoJPJOU, 1WICJIOni, tlVat Ka1. 'to q>uUo K a7t6 aA.oUJliVlO. A vciA.oya Jl£ rnv 7t0A.lK6t11'ta 01lJl10upyti'tal to Jlovo>nK6 o'tpcOJla tOU o~El.oiou, sree 0't0 q>uUo A £i't£ oro q>uUo K. E't01. oi 7tU1CVO>'ttc; aU'toi Jl7t0PODV va XPTlOlJlO- 7tQlll90uv Xo>piC; va Ka'taotpaq>ouv Ka1 es KUKA.roJla'ta, 1tOU £JlqKlvi~£'tal aA.A.aYlt t11C; 7t0A.lK6t11'tac;. 0 Jlll 1tOA.roJ.Ltv<>t; 1tU1CVO>n1C; avno'tOlXtl os 060 avti9£'ta OUVO£Jl£VOUC; 7tOA.O>JltvouC; 7tU1CVO>'t£C; (OX. 13.70).

1:x. 13.7S.

39

1:x. 13.7&

6) Me-ca/JA"ro{ 1fVlCJWrir;.

o 7tUKVcoti)e; a7totEA.eitat a7tO Eva cru'¥"p0tTIJ.1a a7to 7tMKEe; aWuJ.1wiou to- 7t09EtTJJ.1EVEe; TJ J.1iu Ol7tAa omv dUTJ Kat Eva crtPEcpOJ.1EVO 7tEpi d~ova cru,¥"POtTJJ.1a 7tAaKcOV aA.OUJ.11v{OU, 7tOU KlVOUVtat cvcuseo crt1e; 7tMKEc; tOU crta9Epou crUYKpOtTtJ.1atOe;. H XCOPTltlKOtTJta tOU 7tUKVCOnl J.1Eta~aA.A.etat avaA.oya J.1E to J.1EYE90e; tTJe; E7tlcpavE1ae; tCOV 07tA.1crJ.1cOV, 7tOU ~picrKOVtat KaOE cpopa 0 Evue; a7tEvcvn crov dA.A.o (crX. 13.7E). 01 7tUKVCOtEe; ourot XPTJcrtJ.107t010UVtat, orcv a7ta1- rouvrm cruxva J.1Eta~OA.ee; tTIe; XCOPTJtlKOtTItue;, 7t.X. oro KUKA.COJ.1a crUVtOV1crJ.10U EVOe; paOtocpCOV1KOU OEKtTI.

13.8 Kall1tU~ «POP'ti(J8Ol~ KeD. £I(<<poptio~ mJ1CVonfj - I:'ta9sp6 xp6vou «pop'ti(J8Ol/i, £l(cpoptio~.

Ftc va OlEPEUvTtcrOJ.1E to J.1TJxav1crJ.10 CPOpticrEcoe; Kat EKCPOpticrEcoe; EVOe; 7tUKVCOnj, E~Eta~OJ.1E to 7tapaKatCO KUKA.roJ.1a tOU crxTtJ.1atOe; 13.8a 07tOU C Eiva1 TJ XCOPTJt1KotTIta tOU 7tUKVCOnj, R TJ CO~lKft avticrtucrTJ OA.OKA.TJpOU tOU KUKA.cOJ.1atOe;, 7tOU tTJV 7taptcrtaVOJ.1E J.1E tOV aVtlcrtatTI R Kat U TJ 7t0A.1Kft tacrTJ tTle; 7tTJY1'te; ou'VExOUe; pEUJ.1atOe;. To yuA.~aVOJ.1E'tpO G J.1ac; OEixvE1 tTl pon roo pEUJ.1atOC;. 0 OlQ1(07t'tTJe; S EiVal emv apXTt aVOlKtOc;.

'Oruv to7t09Eti)croJ.1E to OlaK07ttTJ orov aKpoOEKtTJ 1 KA.EiVEl to KUKA.COJ.1a 7tTJYite; - 7tUKVCO'tTJ, J.1E a7totEA.ecrJ.1a va apxicrEl va pm pEUJ.1a oro KUKA.roJ.1a Ka1 va J.1EtacpEpEtat cpoptio crov 7tUK\!COti). H EvtacrTJ tOU pEUJ.1atOe; OEV 7tapaJ.1EvEl cr'ta9EPTt XPoVlKa, aAM J.1ElOOVEtat cruvExcOe;, 07tCOe; 1\OTJ avucptpaJ.1E, yt' au'to 't!l cruJ.1~oA.i~oJ.1E. J.1E to J.11KPO A.atlVlKO ypaJ.1J.1a i. (fEVlKa J.1EYt6rt 7tOU J.1Eta~aUovtat XP0v\Ka 'ta cruJ.1{3oAi~oJ.1E J.1E J.11KpQ ypQJ.1J.1ata, EVcO J.1syt6rt crta9spa XPoVlKa tn cruJ.1~oA.i~o~ J.1E KEcpaAaia).

. H J.1EicocrTJ tou pEUJ.1atOC; ocpEiA.Sta1 emv aU~TJcrTJ tTJe; tacrEcoc; Uc crtu dxpu tOU 7tUKVCO'tTt, ooo au~avE1 to oopdo, 7tOU EXS1 a7tOtaJ.11SuOEi crtOUe; 07tA.1crJ.10UC;

R

E

I
UR
+
Uc T
•• u I
-
2 ~
• ®
- 5
- (..)

c

rx. 13.8a.

tOO. 'Orcv 11 t"UOTj Uc E~\(J(08ei us 't11V avti8Et"11 1tOAlK1l 'taOTj U tTl<; n11Ytl<; otaj.1ata 11 pOT] tau pEUj.1atO<; Kal 11 CPOptlOTj tOU nUKV<on;.

Auto Y{VEtal dj.looa aVtlAl11t'tO a1to 't1'\v E~io<ocir] (1) rtou 1tPOKU1ttEl ano rnv Ecpapj.1oyi! tOO 200 xcvovc tOU Kirchhoff oto K'UKA<Olla too axT]j.1ato<; 13.8a.

U = lie + UR = lie + iR (1)

Tic U = Uc eival i = 0 Kal UR = 0 (2)

AVti8Eta, UlCPl~<i:l<; tTl XPOVlK'Tt O'tlYjlT]·1tOU KAEivetat 'to KUK'A<Olla n11Y1i<; - 1tUK'v<ottl, 0 nUKv<oti!C; Eival eV'tEAID<; ueopnoro; KUl 11 't6.a1'\ tOU eival Illl0EV (Ue = 0). 'Ape:

(3)

Me I oUj.1poAi~oj.le to peuj.la nou ptet 'tTl OtlYj.lTi t = 0 nou upx(~el11 cpoptlOTj.

L\11A.aoi! tTl XPOVlKT] onYj.lT] t = 0 OAOKA11Pll 11 t6.OTj U ecpupj.lo~etat ere dKpa tOU roj.11KOU aVtlOtU'tTl R. 0 acp6pt"lo'tOC; nUKv<ot"ti<; oev napoumu~et uvrtorcen Kal q.lcpavi~et"at va sivrn ppaXUKOKAOlj.lEVOC;.

H EV'taOl1 Cj>op'daero<; i anooEtlcvuetm Ott j.lEl00VEtat eK8enKu Ile 'to Xpovo oUj.1Cj><ova ue rnv e;io<oOl1.

(4)

To e OtOV tuno (4) eiva1 11 P6.011 'troy CPOatKIDV tl vsnspkov Aoyapi8j.1OlV (e =' 2,718). To T ovoj.1a~e'tal ota6ep6. XP6vou Ka1 sivm ieo j.1E 'to ytvoj.1evo 'tl'l<; nvno'taoe<oc; R tOU KOKAOOjla.toc;, e1ti 'tTl XroP11nKo'tl1t"a C rou nUKv<ot"Tj.

T = R· C

A1to 'tllV (5) cpa{vEtat on 11 ota6ep6. Xpovou j.1etptEtm oe s,

(5)

41

n ·s

([T] = [R] [C] = - = s) n

o ,uno<; (4) aiyu yta t = T

i = Ie-I = I . 0,368 = I . 36,8%

(6)

Apa ,,·o"raeepa. Xpovou T eivrn i011l-u:; to Xpovo rtou umnrsitm "(1.0. va uaro£lei" €vtaOTJ q>optim:ro<; (JtO 36,8% t% apxuC1'l<; 't11<; 'tlj..LTj<;. To (Jx1'!J.la 13.8~ aiVEl 't11 ypaq>tK1lnapci(Jta<JT) tT)<; e~t(Jro(Jero<; (4). Ilcpampooue on 11 &q>an'tOJ.lEVT) tT)<; Kaj..L1tUA~<; ceo <J11j..Leio t = 0, 't£j..LVEl tOV d~ova tou Xpovou (J't0 OTJj..LEio t = T YlU 'to ortoio 'to psouc q>OPtl(JEW<; eivm i = I . 36,8%. A1tO auto auv6:YQj..L& O'tl T) (Jtae&pci XP6vou &ivat &niOTJ<; lOTJ j..LE 'to Xpovo, 1tOU flo. xp&la~o't.av vo q>optl(Jed EVtu..OO<; 0 1tUKVroti)<;, av 'tOV q>opti~aj..LE (JUVEXro<; us (Jtafl&pi) EVtaOTJ i ~ I.

I=~ R

'\ \ \ \ \ \

----~--

\ \

u _1. -e T R

tgo=..L T

Ka,mu)." 'IlOptLCEW!; i =- f (t)

u _1. --e T R

l:x. 13.Sp.

An6 tOV tuno (4) lCal rnv lCaJ.l,nUA1'I npolCUntt:t on 1'1 <p6pnOT) tOU nU1CVrotiJ O'uvt:xi~t:tat Ot:roP1'lnlCci t:n' dnapov, ytati to pt:uJ.I,a <poptiO't:ro~ i ot:V J.l,1'I0t:vi~t:tat nOtE, 00'0 J.l,t:yciA.o~ 1C\ av yiV£\ 0 Xp6v~ t, nap' OAo Ott 1'1 nJ.l,i}'tou yivt:tat t:MXt- 0't11. l:t11V npci~1'I J.l,nopouJ.I,t: va Ot:ropi}O'OJ.l,t: Ott 1'1 <p6pnOT) O'taJ.l,ata J.l,Etci an6 XP6vo t = 4T ro~ t = 8T. l:uvi}Oro~ O'tOU~ unoAoytO'J.I,Ot)(; XPTtO'tJ.l,onotouJ.I,t: t11v ttJ.l,i} t = ST.

An6 rnv ~iO'roOT) (1) npolCUntt:t yta rnv tciOT) <poptiO't:ro~ tOU nUlCvroti} lie , uO'tt:pa an6 aVttlCatciO'taOT) tOU pt:uJ.l,ato~ i O'uJ.l,<prova us to tuno (4):

(7)

IIapat11poUJ.I,t: on 1'1 lie J.l,t:tapciUt:tat t:niOT)~ t:1COenlCci, onro~ to peUJ.I,a i, aW avtiOeta an6 aut6, au~civetat J.l,e to xp6vo teivovtCi~ npo~ rnv nJ.l,i} U. fta t = T naipvoJ.l,e an6 tOV tuno (7).

lie = U ·0,632 = U ·63,2%

(8)

H O'taOepci T etvat enOJ.l,Evro~ lOT) J.l,e to XP6vo noo xpt:tci~etat 1'1 tciOT) <poptiO'ero~ yta va a~1'IOet O'tO 63,2% t11~ teA.t1Ci}~ t11~ nJ.l,TJ~.

To O'x1\J.I,a 13.8y oeixvt:t t11 XPOVt1Ci} J.l,etapoAi} t11~ lie . Fin t11 O'taOepci T npolCUntt:t Ott etvat lQTI t:niOT)~ J.l,t: to XP6vo nou Oa xpt:ta~6tav va <popttaOet evteA.ro~ 0 nUlCvroti}~, av tOV <popti~aJ.l,e O'uvt:Xci>~ J.l,e O'taOepi} tciOT) Uc = U.

A v tci>pa J.l,etci t11 <p6pnOT) tOU nulCvrot'T\ tonoOeti}O'oJ.l,e to otalC6nt11 S O'tOV alCpoOElCt1'l 2, 0 nUlCvroti}~ Oa apxiO't:t va elC<popti~etal. To peuJ.l,a e1C<poptiO'ero~ i' t:iVal 10'0 lCat avtiOeto np~ to peuJ.I,a <poptiO'ero~ i.

'Apa:

I

r=-i=-IeT

U _~

=- --e T

R

(9)

l:tO lCUlCAroJ.l,a t:lC<poptiO'ero~ npolCUntel an6 'to 2 lCav6va tOU Kirchhoff:

u'c = - i' R (10)

AvnlCa9tO'troVta~ to peuJ.I,a i t11~ (10) J.l,t: rnv (9) npolCUntet:

I u'c ;, U . e--j- I (11)

Ta O'xi}J.I,ata 13.8p lCat 13.8y lHvouv t11 ypa<pt1Ci} napciO'taOT) trov (9) lC~t (11).

Metci xp6vo T 1'1 tltOT) lCat" 1'1 evtaOT) e1(<poptiO'ero~ exouv <p9ciO't:t O'tO 36,8% t11~ apxtlC1\~ tOU~ ttJ.l,i}~. H O'taOepci XP6vou T J.l,nopt:i va optaSci en{OT)~ ro~ 0 Xp6-

Uc

_~ ------l __ ._. ._. _._. _

~~U (1-;t)

U =U C

U·36,S"'. -

t -y

EX. 13.8y.

VO~, rtou U1tClln:i"tal va EKipOpnO"Oei 0 1tUKVroni~ un6 O"taOep-it EV"tamt "" tllcrTl

€KQ)Op"tlO"eroC;.

.

Ap181U1f",d 1fapabelypa"a.

napti6Erypa 1.

Nn. ~peOEi 11 O"tOOEpa Xpovou T tOU 1tapOJcatro "UKA.cOf.1atO~ (O"X. 1.3.80) Kat to XPOVlK6 olaO"t11lla rtou 01tOltEttat "flO vc ipopncr9Ei 0 nu"vro"t"fJ~.

L· fw;C I • lc

E T I

~--~ . ._--------~

R=40kQ C=200~F

Ex. 13.8li.

A6t1'!.

_ S

T = R . C = 40 . 103.Q ·200·· 106--= 8 s n

T = 8 s

'01tro~ npoQVQQ)Epalle,. O"uvftero~ roc; xp6voc; "'IPOp·tio"E<O~ J...o.Il~aVelat: t = 5T = 5 . 8 = 40 s

t = 40 s

Na oxtBtaagei 11 tam, <!,optioeroc; tOU :n:UlCVron'l tOO napmcatro OXTtf.latOC; 13 Be, Uc = f{t).

! + L:-· Tl

,

Uc =U-Uel'

T = R . C = 10 . 103 n . 1 . 10-6 F = 10- 2 S

I

Uc = 25 - 25 e-iO-' = 25 - 25 e-ulOt

tlsl 0 O,5T = 0,5 ·10'2 IT= 10-' 2T=2·IO" ;."IT=3·10'' 4T= 4·10"' 5T = 5·10-'
.,
uc [VI 0 9.84 15,8 ,
21,6 23,75 24,54 24.83 20V

~UC=25-25e-tOot

U:.25V "----------------- - ---- ---

IOV

~------_r------_+--------~------,--------+----~~t

. 0

tx. I3.Bm.

45

Hapad6Jypo J.

Na oX£btamki Tl EV'tUOTl <pop'tio£roS rou 1tUKVrotl't 'tOI) crxTIIlU'tOC; 13.8~, i = f{t).

+ r .-r
5
E
- l R=lkO

- -".- ..

L.._----<it-------------T_. C=11LF'

U 220

=---

0,22 A = 220 rnA

R 1000

T = R . C = 1000 . 10-6 = 10-3 S i = 0,22 e-1ooot A = 220 e-H1oot rnA

t lsi 0 IT = 10'] 2T= 2 -lO'J 4T= 4·10', 5T=5·IO',
1:-- i 1m >'1 220 81,18 29,8 4 1,48 i(mA)

220m

100

t (5)

o

10

1: X. I3 .811.

nEMnTO MEPOI:

TO ENAMAI:I:OMENO PEYMA

KECI»AAAIO ~EKATO TETAPTO

nAPAfOfH ENAAAAI:I:OMENOY PEYMATOI: - XAPAKTHPII:TIKEI: TIMEI: KAI nAPAI:TAI:H ENAAAAI:I:OMENON MEfE90N

14.1 M8tapall6J18Va ICCIl avaUaoaoJ18Va p86pcna.

I:'to npro'to Iltpo~ too ~\~Aiou &iXall& KaV&l rn olaKpIOTl Il&'ta~o oUV&xoi>~ Kat 1l&'ta~aAAOIl&VOU p&6Ila'to~:

To t1f)VBXi~ pBvpa pEEl Tt(lV'to't& ornv iOla Ka't&6euvOTl, ano 'to O&nKO npo~ 'tOV apV11't1KO nOAo 'tTI~ n11Y1l~ (oull~a'ttKit <popa roo auv&x06~ p&6Ila'to~) Kat tX&l o'taO&pli XPoVlKa svrcon I, To oX11lla 14.1a(a) o&iXV&t 'tTl ouvcpmon I = f(t).

I:'to PBfafJallOpBVO P'Ppa 1l&'ta~aU&'tat XPovlKa srts 11 tV'taOTl, &i't& 11 <popel, srrs Kat rn 060 Ila~i. A v O&ropliooll& O&'t1Ke~ 'tl~ 'tlll~ 'tTI~ &v'tao&ro~ i, ornv 'to p&i>lla pe&t 0& Ilta Ka't&60uV011 Kat apv11'tlKt~ orcv PEEt emv avtiO&'t11 Ka't&60uv- 011, unopoous va napao'tlioOIl& 'tTl oUvap'tTIOTl i = f(t) &VO~ 1l&'ta~aAAOIl&VOU p&6Ila'to~ 0& tva oOo't11lla opOoyrovirov a~ovrov, onro~ <paiv&'tat O'tO oX1llla 14.la(~-0't).

I:'to oX1'IJ,la 14.1a(~) O&V aAM~&l11 <popa, J,l&'ta~aU&'tat ollro~ oUV&xro~ 11 tv'tao11 rou p&oJ,la'to~. I:'to oX1llla 14.1a(y) J,l&'ta~aAA&'tat Ka'ta olao'tliJ,la'ta 11 eopa tou p&6Ila'to~, aAM 11 tV'taali tou 1tapalleV&l o'taO&pli. I:'to oX11J,ta, 'ttA~, 14.1a(0, e Kat or) 1l&'ta~aU&'tat rceo 11 <popa 000 Kal11 svrcon. H 'ttilli 't1l~ &V'tao&io~ &VO~ 1l&'ta~aAA6J,l&vou p&6Ila'tO~ KanOta XPOVtKit onYllli OVOlla~&'tat tTrlYI"aia 'fIIDi tTl~ &v'tao&ro~ ton p&Olla'to~ .•

H o'ttYJ,ltaia 'tlilli 'tTI~ &v'tao&ro~ oUIl~OA{~&'tat J,l& 'to IltKPO ypaJ,lJ,la i 0& uvttOlao'toAli npoq 't11V tV'taOTl I &VO~ oUV&XOU~ p&6Ila'to~. H onYlllaia ttilli i oiv&'tat ano rov 'to no (1) non yvrop{oall& 11011 crnv napci.ypa<po 2.3.

~ (1)

onou: dQ 'to oopno nou n&pv6. ano J,lia ola'toilli ron ayroyoi> 0& nOA6 J,ltKPO (anstpocre) olllotTlJ,la dt.

T
-I "2-1
T
-i
e ®
·1 • j I

~----------------~~t

@

1----- T ---

-I

47

®

-I

];x. 14.10.

48

'OtUV at attyl.Uut£e; TIIlEe; Ev6e; jlEtUPUAJ..OIlEVOU PEUIlUtOe; ETtaVUAaIlPaVOVtat IlE (ao. KUt OtUOOXtKCL XPOV1Kil OtuOtTJIlUtU, t6tE to PEOIlU OVOIlIl~EtUt mpwluco~ I:E uvti9Etlln&pintCOO1l OVOlla~Etul (UUJploluco. To IlXTJlla 14.1u(0, E) SsiXVEl 860 n&plOOtKa P&Ollo.'t"U KUl to 0Xr1IlU 14.1u (P,llt) OUO unEplooiKa.

To XPOV1KO OtaOtlllla IlEta!;O &60 icev OlUOoXlKWV anYlllo.ioov tll,.L(OV Ev6e; TI&Pl~~lKOO PEUllo.tO~ uvolla~Etal n6piOOo~ ~Q.\ aUJlPoAi~Etut IlE to ypalllla T. I:E Ol~lltlllla IlLac; TIEpt600u aUIlTIAllProvEtat uin 1tATJPlle; IlEto.~OATJ tOU PEUllo.toq, rtou ovolla~EtQ.\ "VIClo~. MEta UTI9 EVa KOKAO E1tUVUA.aIl~aVOVtat OlUOOX1- Ka at' t'fitEt; IlttYlllUiEt; t11l.ee;, om.oe; 6t()V npOllYOOIlEVO KUKAO K.O.K.

I:tO IlXtlllu 14.1 P Ev6C; 1tEptOOtKOO IlEtU~aAA.6IlEVOU P&UJ.LUtOC; EXEl Ilx&otaa6&l ue J.Laupo XPwIla J.LtU nOAu IltKPTJ (unEtpoll'tTJ) Emc:pcivEla dF, TCOU npoKuntEl an6 'to y~vollEvO tlle; IltlYlllUio.C; ttll~e; 'nrc; EvaoEcoc; i ETIl EVUTIOAU IltKp6 olaa'tllJ.Lu dt:

dF = idt

(2)

T ll+~~_~------'- t

I I I

.I .I ' I 2 ----f.--" 2 I

dt

To ytV61lEVO o.ut6 stvci OUIlC:PCOVU IlE tOY tuno (1) (1l0 IlE to eopno dQ nou IlE'taKLVEttat1tpOe; tTl 9EtlKTJ KUtEU9uvIl11 os XpOvo dt. 'Ape OAOKAllP" II Ka9Eto. olaypo.J.LJ.LtIlIlE_V1'l. ETI~c:pa~tU +F OtO SEnKo tlltlJ.LU tOU OtuypaJ.Lllato<;, nou npoKUntEt un6 rnv d9pmOlt OAOOV tOO~ aTCElpOlltrov E1!lc:paVElcOV dF, 1taptlltaVEt to qN~6 ooorio +Q rtou IlEtUKtvEitUl OE XIlQ\'o T/2 ttpOe; tlliktl1CTJ KUtEU9uVaTl .

• ~O:tUV O'E ~va !tEptOOlK6 peUIlU to c:popno'+Q nOU~~'tUKtvEit_at ,1tpOe; t11 Bsn-

49

KTJ Ko.U:USUVOll (EnUpUW:1U +F) stvrn too IlE to !pop'do -Q nou IlE'taJC1VEi:tUl npoq 'tT1V o.pvnTIKTJ Ko.'tEu90VOll (E1tl!pUVElU -F) os olucr't1lIlU 1l10.C; ltEptOOOU, 'ton; 1"0 psuun OVOIlU~E1:o.t eva.Uaaaop6vo. 1:£ !lV'tiOE't11 1[Epilt'tm011 OVOIlU~E'tUl PIKfO peupa.

,I

1:;(. 14.1y.

To crXiJllo. 14.l~ OciXV£l &Vo. Evo.Uo.crcr61lEVO, 1"0 oXiJllo. 14. I'}' EVo.Il1K't0 pEU- 110.. TIo.po.'tTlPOOJ.lE, on oro EVo.A.A.o.O'crollEVO psoun oev IlE'to.!pepE'tUl OOVOA.IKU !popno Of: J.llU oOYKf:KPtIlEvn lCo.'tEu6uVOll. o1[me; oUJ.l~aiVEl oro OUvEXtc; psouo, AV'tiSE'ta, 0"1"0 Illlc'to u1[£ptO'XUEl 'to !popno rtou IlE'ta!ptpdat ltpOe; J.llU Ka't£USOVOTI. It.x. 'tTl SEnICTJ, onmc; 01"0 0XiJllu 14.ly. Etm J.lnOpOOIlE va 9£mp"ooj..LE-, ott 'to 1l1K1:0 P£UIlU alt01:EAE1'tal a~o Eva cruv£XEe; pEulla I, nou pEElnpoc; 't1l 1110. lCat£OSOVO'll Kat uno EVU t;vo.A.A.o.OOOIlEVO psuuu 1[OU npOOti9EtUt OtO OUVEXEe;.

H mo onooouiu 1l0P!PTi EVUA.A.aOOOIlEVOO pEOlla1"OC; nou XPTlcrtJ.lOnOlEhat EUpurnrc O't11V npU/;l1 stvoi to 'IPlfOVucti eva.U.aaoopsvo peupa (OX.· 14.lo}

H O't'lYJ.I.lo.{u TIIlTi i 1"00 pEUllatoc;. nutou J.lEtapdUEtal XPOV1KU-aUIl!Provu 11£ f,llUTJIl11:0VtlCTJ 1C001lnuA.TJ. EEIC1Vc.OVtU~ uno 't11V ttll" 1l110EV a U/;UVEt 0.1 11 EV'tU011 i (lCat TJ taXO't11tU por,C; rrov 11AEKtPOV~rov. 1[OU onroe; /;tpOIlE stvoi avaA.0Yll 'tne; EVtUm:roe;) IlEXPl IltU IlEytOt11 ttllti + 1m . Kuromv IlEtc.OVEtat 11 svrcon, £VO:> to pEUl:la E/;aKOA.ou6£1 va pEEL O''t11v,io1a ICUtE090V011. IltXP1<; 01"OU 1l116Evt~E'tat. 1:'t11 cruvi:XEta UA.AU~El 11 !popu tOU pEOJlU1"Oe; (ru 11AEIC'tPOVl6. ICLVOOVtUl OE uvti- 9E't11 Ka'tEu6uvOll) KUl 11 svrcon UU/;UV£tUl ornv ICUtE09uV011 UO'tTt Il&XP1e; 01"OU !p91l0El tnv IlEylO't1l nJlTt -1m. Ano rnv 'ttIlTt UO't'Tt IlEtc.OVEtal ltllA.1 yto. vo (j)9UOEl rnv nllTJ 1l116tv. Erm OOIl1tA11PO:>VEtat 11(0. ltATJP11e; IlEta~OA.TJ 1"00 P£UIlUtOC;. 0nAa0Tt Evac; K';Klo~.

T

----.---r-

2 I

1---- .I. ---I 2

1-0------ T ---------1

-j

tx. 14.l&.

MEta. ano Eva KUKI..O EnaVaA.aIl136.V&tat 11 iota 111.L1tOV1Kli IlEtOPOI..ti no\) n&plYPa.lVall&, cOono\) va 0\)llnl..~pro9Ei EVO~ VEO~ K6KA.O~ K.O.K.

IIapo'TTlPoollE Otl 0& K0.9& 9&nKlt onYl.Lloio nllil (n.x. + i1) ovnotOlx&i Illa i011 apV11tlKil, (- il), non EIl(j)avt~EtQ\ Il&ta anD xp6vo T /2, &VO::'- 1l10la. nll1l (9&-

tlK'li Tj apV11nK1\) &1J,(j)Qv{~Eta\ IJ,Eto. an6 Xp6vo T. .

E't11 O\)VEXEta tOU P1P)"lou I1l)tOO IlE tOV ope II"BPG.Uao-aopeJ'O p8UfUUI Xapa-

K't11pi~oIJ,E to 111lttoV1KO Eva!J..aoOOIJ,EVO peolJ,a. •.

To &VIlI..A.a.OOOIJ,&VO P&UIlU nUpo.YEtlllano &to\KE~ IJ,TJxuve~, nou OVOIJ,U~OVtal yemTrPIBi BPa.UoaaOJIBl'OU PBDpo.'tOi Tj emll.cum;PBi.

14.2 nopaymyfj 8Volla(xn)l'8"oupsUf1mo~

H napayroy;,&VaAA.a.OOoIJ.SVOU p&ul.Lato~ ano .Ilta llA.OaplKlt yeVViltplaOtllpi~&tm OtO (j)alVOIJ,~VO 't11~ lJ,arvt1tllCij~ EnayroyriC; 1tOU yvropioall£ otnvnapa.ypa(j)o 10.1. To 0XTtlJ,a 14.20 oEiXV&l 'TTlv apxill..&ttol)pyiac; Illac; y&vvi!tptac; &~ vaAAa.OOOIlEVOI) PEOlJ,otOo;.

Eva nllvlo IJ,E Ilia onEipa, nouExEt oxr,lla op90yroV10U 1tA.alO{OI), nEplOtpE(j)EtQ\ IlE ota9&p,; yrovtoldj tOxu't11ta lJ,eOQ 0& Eva olJ,oy&vto; lJ,aYV11nKO nEo(o Il& ).laYvnnldj&nayroy;, B. To dKpa roonnvlou OUVO&OVtllt jJ.E 060 IJ,EtalllKo. 00- KtUAtola, ,nou &<paPIl6~ouv 0't1l9&po. no.vro crov ru;ova 1t&P10tpoqn,o; ).lEOOO 060 ).lOVOOnKcOv O(OlCOOV. Eta. ).lEta.)),uci a.Uta OOlCtUA.{O,lQ Eqxl.7ttOVtOl 060 tEjJ.aXla areo flOIKO lCcippouvo Tj XaAlCO, noo OVO).lU1;OvtQl ",,'"Pli- 0, lVllKtpSC; nopajJ.evouv advnt&e;Kat IlnOteAoOV "touo; n6A.ot>o; 't11o; 11A.&IC"tP1Kl')o; .OWto.;EroC;. IIo.voo O£

51

1:x. 14.2a.

al).~ OI)VO&&1"a\ 'to &~oo't&PllCO KUKAoollCl (0 KCltaVaAoon;C;), 01t00C; otiXVEt to OxtilJa 14.2a.

'Otnv to 1tAatmo 1t&PlOtp&Q)Etat !lEOa OtO O!l0Y&VEC; lJaYVI'1tUcQ 1t&6to, usru~UAAe'tUt 1'\ j.1aYVTJnKT! POll 1t01) 'to Ola1tEpVU "at ava1t'tUOOEtat OE auto ,&nClYOO"(LKO pEUjla i. H jlOPQ)l1 ,,:at TJ Q)opa tOU PEullqtOC; i 1tp008lOp{~OVtat dOjlQ)oovU IlE OOU avaQ)&paIJE OtTJV napa"(puQ)o 11.1 ,,(ui rnv KlVl'1O'TJ eopnou OE f,.laYV1'\nKO nEoio. Tc TJAEKtPOVlQ tOU 1tEPLotPEQ)OIJEVOU 1tAatolou a1tOn:AQuv <popna 1ClVO~IJEva IJEOa 0.0 Of,.lO"(EVEC; IJUYVl'1ttKO 1tEoio.

A<; e~EtaoOIlE 1tprota 't01)<; 060 1tAEUP1KOU<; a"(ooyouc; A Kat B roe 1tAatoiol).

H 'YPUIlf,.llK1i tuxutllta 1tEptO'tpOQ)1'je; u ttov uyooyc.Ov EivQl tmn6xpova 11 mxurnru KaeE llAeK'tPOVtOl) o't'TJ oopd 1tEPIO'tpO<pi)e;. H 6lE69uvO'TJ tlle; taxutTJtac; aunic; eivrn 1tanO.E E<pa1ttof,.lEVll crnv KU1CAtK1i ,poXla rou 1tAatoiol) Kal TJ Q)Opu tTJe; ervm II Q)opa 1tEptOtpOQ)i]e; roo .1tAalmOl). To oxtif,.lU 14.2~ 6cixvEl tTJV taX6tTJta u Yla KiVllO'TJ tou 1tAaloiol) av'tigetll 1tpOC; tTJV K1VllOll tmv OE1Ktc.OV tou pOAOytOU.

Ee KUSE TJAEKtp6vto troy ayroywv A, B aOlCdtat a1tOto j..IO.M'tllcO 1tE6lo 06-

-

valJTJ F 1t01) '[0 IlEtPO tlle; OiVEtat ano tOY '[U1to:

(1)

01t0\): e .0 eoprio '[01) llAeKtpovio\) Kat a 1'\ yoovia rtou oXlllla'[i~Et TJ taxutllta I) IlE to lJaYVT]nKo 1tE6(0 B. Tov tono (1) iXOf,.lE~01'\ YVropiOEl o'L'TJv 1tapaypa<po 11.1.

- - -

H OtE09l)VOll 'L'TJC; 6l)VUIl&roe; F Eival Ku8EtTJ 01'0 E1t£1I:EOO rorv B Kat I) Kat 1'\

Q)opu tllC; 1tpOKun,[El oUIlQ)oova IlE tOY Kavova rou 6e;lOotpoQ)0l) KOXAta ti tOY xcvovc roo npiorspo» XEplOU.

5.2

ll.uyalJ,,, F CJ\JIJ,<PC9va j.lE tOY tuno (I) amc:Eitat Kat ata "MnpOVla tOOV E'YKapairo\.' ayroyrov 'r Kat tl. ( H 'taxor"tU OlJ,ro<; Tteglatpo<p1'j<; u KaSE "A.tli:tpov{oo siVat d~ro blalPOPEtUcTt, avawya us 'TTlV anoatatn't tOU ano tOV ci~ova nsptetpo<Ptl<; rou nAalaiou).

Ano to. Oxi1J.wta 14.20., 14.2~ Kat 'taavro'tEpro 1tPOKUTttE1 Ot1 " ouvalJ," TtO\) aaK&ltat etc "A.EK'tpOV\Il'trov nMuplKOOV ayroyoov rou TtMtaiOU A Ka1 B txa tllv tOW lhEi>9UVa" IJ,E tOu<; ayroy06<; aut06<;, EVro E(VQt KaSEr" atOu<; EYKap·

A----

I
'~ .
. ~
':-;.
I . r'--
'V ~"""" ~~. ,~
/ ,1 >~. r\
II
v ~ le let
V ~"'v -
/ I
1\ v v~V
~~ V
!"it--. , .... y
_....
r'\ I
I r'\
, r--..r-.,
i
B u ----t,

tx. 14.2P.

O"lOU<; ayooyo6<; I', tl. AnoTf:M:.olJ,a Eivat TO. TlMKtp6v1a nov 1tMuPU(rov ayroyoov va K1 VOUvTat KaTa IJ,tlKOC;' nov ayroyrov autrov KaTro anD rnv EniopaCJTI tTI<; ou--

-+. -f'

vaj.l£ro<; F .. H <popa tOUr; ~ivat (Om ).LE "t11 <papa tll<; F os KclSE ayroyo. "ETm 3,,·

j.ltoupyEi tal' OTOU<; nMU Pl150U<; ayroyou<; ETtClyroytKO peUjlCl i jlE OUjl ~tUCtl eo p(1 an{(J"'I ano autit Trov "!-tKtpovirov, rtou npOKU7ttEl )J.E TOU<; mo navro K<L_VQ. VE<;.

kTOU<; eytapmou<; ayroy06<; bEV 01llUOupYEttal &TtayroY1iCo peOlla £<pOOOV TO.

"MKTpOVla bEV unopoov vc K1Vll600VKa6ETa atOu<; ayroy06<; or" Bu:66uvO"ll

-+

tll<; BuvallE<O<; F. Mtaa ano tou<; nyroyour; nUToo<; ptouv 91l0l<; to. EnayroytKa

pEU)J.aTa Trov nMUr;J1KOOV .ayroycbv.

k"tO ax:rl)J.a 14.2~ TO 1tM1lmo tXEl atpa<p&l KaTa. tTl yoovia <po ~EKlvchv"ta<; ano T1l OEm, A . A'. IIapa'TTlpou)J.E ott" yrovi.a <p stvoi ion )J.E tTl yrovia 1800 - a (01

53

1tAEUPEC; ttov OUO YOOV1(OV stvm Ka9EtEC;) Kat TIIHP = Till (180° - U) = TJltU. "'Arm'!) (2) ypaq>Etat:

F = e· B·u ·TJI.up

(2),

Eoooov, tOOPU, OE Kage TJAEKtpOVlO, OTJA.aOTl OE TJAEKtptKO eoptio, UOKEltui" O6VUIlTJ F, f#tf.tat en oro eOOOtEptKo tOOV uyooyoov U1taPXEt TJA.EKtpUCO 1iEoio, OUIlq>oovU IlE OOU uVUq>EPUIlE OtTJv 1tupaypuq>o 12.1. To 1tEoio uUto OTJlllO\)PYEtrm «E~ E1tuYOOyTtC;» Kuta rnv 1tEPt~tpOq>Tl tOU 7tTJv{ou IlEOU OtO IlU"(VTJttKO 1tEoio.

H EVtUcrT) tOU E Op{~Etat U1tO tOY tU1tO (2) tTJe; 1tupuypaq>ou 12.2.

F = E'e E~tooovovtuC; nc; (2) Kat (3) nnipvous:

E =B,u'TJIlq>

(3)

(4)

E~at tiue; tTJe; E UVU7ttUOOEtat ern UKPU Ka9E 1tA.EUptKOU uyooyO\) A - B tacrT) uAB ' OUIlq>OOVU IlE tOY tU1tO (4) tT)e; 1tupuypaq>ou 12.6:

uAB = E·/ (5)

onou: I to IlTtKOe; rou 1tAEUptKOU uyooyO\).

H OA.tKTl tacrT) U otn UKPU tOU 1tA.atcriou stvm icrT) IlE to U9pmollU tOOV 060 rcceoiv uAB . Etm nntpvous U1tO rnv (4) Kat (5):

(6)

IluputTJPOUIlE Ott II taoTJ U IlEtu(3aA.A.Etat runrovucd OUIlq>oovu IlE t~ yooviu 1tEptOtpOq>Tte; tOU 1tA.atoiou q> (ox. 14.2y).

Fur q> = 0°, 180°, 360°, 01tOtE to 1tA.aimo stvm Ka9EtO one; IlUYVllnKEe; vpcuIlEe; [OX· 14.2y(u,y,E)] etvoi TJIlq> = 0 Kat U = o.

I'tu q> = 900, 01tOtE to 1tA.aimo stvet 1tUpaA.ATJA.O one; lluyvTJnKEe; YPUIlIlEC; [oX. 14.2y«(3)1 EiVat TJIlq> = 1 Kat

U = Om = 2B·u··[

I:tll 9EcrT) uUtTlll ta01l1tuipvEt tT) IlEytotT) 'ttIlTl tT)e; Urn . I'm rp = 270° [OX. 14.2y(0)] aver TJIlq> = -1 Kat

U = - Urn = -2B·u·[

(7)

(8)

I:tTJ 9EcrT) num n tacrT) U EXEt IlEytorit ttllTl, 01tOOe; otT) 9EcrT) q> = 90°, u'JJ.iJ.. uvti9EtTJ KUtEU9uvoll.

A1tO tte; (6) xm (7) 1tPOKU1ttEt:

r-I u-=-U-m-ll-Il-CP""" (9)

H (9) OiVEt tll YEVtKTl 1l0PCPTl tllC; EVUAAUOOOIlEVTJe; taOEooc; 1tOU 0TJlltOUPYEttat E1tuyooytKa OtO 1tEptotPEq>OIlEVO 1tA.uimo.

B

oN
.... ..-r" ...... "
/ .. ~
/

: ""
~ ... B ~V
A

N
.-
V I\J .~ .... \
~
\; ~M~t-'V .
S~ A

N
/" r-"- ...
·1\

. ,f \f.o.
~ B ~
'-i::-'t .. y
S <!J @
N N
..... ~rrr-r--
I [\J 1\
B 1\
~ ...... II 1t~iI
S
r ®

u

1;X. 14.2y.

AvaAOya jl£ TIlV'EvaAAaOaOjl£V'll ta<J11 u pta oro 1tAaiqlO Kat otov xcrnvaA.tonl R (ax. 14.2a) EvaAi..adaollEVO p£i)lla i, 1tOU EXEt TIl jlOpqtl]:

Ii = Im 11jlqt r (10)

1m. stvm 11 '"'fum, nP'i 1tOU nuipvEl to PEOjlU KUta TIl lletapoA"; tOU. H jltytO'tTl !till] £vor; EvaAi..aaOOjlevou IlEYtOour; OVOlla~etat E1ti<J11r; ~ltifO' tOU ll£i't90uC;.

Eto o.-VUlU 14.2y etvat OTlIlElrolltV'll " qtopa. tOU pEUjlatOr; oe KaeE 1tM:UPlKO ayroyo O't'lC; Otaqtoper; 9toelr; tOU nAa\alou. Katd t11V 1teptotpoqt"; roo 1tAatcrlou IJ.Eta~6 troy 9tgerov (c) Kat (y), onate ()O <qt< 180°, 0 1tM:UPtKOC; (}yroy6r; A rtou sivrn auvoElltvor; Ile rnv 'l'l]Ktpa 1 (OX. 14.2a), unotWi- to (JeRICO MAo. EVro 0 1tM:UPtKOC; uyroyoC; B. 1tOU £ivat O'l)VOeIlEVoc; jle TIlV 'IIl]Ktpa 2 U1tOte,Ati tOY apvqmco xO'Ao. Kata 't'llV 1te_iP0'P1i roo 1tAatolOu IlE'tU!;,U troy Otaerov (y) Kat ~),

01tO-tE 180o<<p<360°, 0 7tA.EUpt1(O~ aycoyo~ A a7totEAEi rov ap",ruc6 MAo, EVCO o aycoyo~ B to fJBmcti MAo.

A1tO auta yiVEta1 lCa1 07tttlCa ullEoa <pavEp6, ott to pEulla 7tOU pm OE eva lCUKA,COJ,la ouvoElltvo otOU~ 7tOA.OU~ t11~ YEvvittp1a~ Eivat eVaAAaOOOIlEVO.

H 1tEpiooo~ T evo~ EvallaooollEvOU Ileytaou~ (pEUllatO~, ttlOEt:o~) eiVQ1, 0- 1tCO~ ava<ptpallE 1tpo11youlltvco~, 0 xpovo~ OtOV onoto OUIl7tA.11ProvEta1 tva~ lCUlCA.O~, 011MOTJ 1l1a 7tA.TJP11~ IlEta~OA.TJ tOU Ileyteou~. H 7tEpiooo~ IlEtpcitat os oeutEp0A.E1tta.

o ap,fJ"or; falt1 IC6da1t1 at1d dBVfBp6J.£1CfO Ot1OpciCBfai ~a f. Apu 11 OUxv0t11ta oiVEtat a7to tOY tU7to:

EB

(1)

.

Movaoa IlEtpiJoECO~ t11~ auxv0t11ta~ rivat to Herz (XEP't~) IlE OU~~OA.O to Hz.

1

1 Hz= __ =S-1

s

Avrtcrpoec, yta rnv 7tEpiooo T 7tPOlCU7t'tEt a7to t11V (1):

I h ~ I (2)

I:t11V 7tEpi7ttCOO11 ton OtpE<POIlEVOU 7tM10iou etOallE Ott tva~ lCUlCA.O~ OUIl- 1tA.11ProvE'tat ~EtO: a7to Ilta 7tA.TJP11 7tEptOtPO<pTJ tOU 7tMtalOU. 'Apa 0 aptallo~ rmv o'tpo<prov tQU 7tA.atoiol) n avO: OEl)tEpOA.E7t'tO Eivat ioo~ IlE t11 Ol)xvot11ta f rou EVaA.Ma00J.lEVOI) pEulla'to~, 7tOU 011 1l101)pyEitat.

Eoooov 'to 7tMimo 7tEP10tpt<pE'tat IlE OtaeEPTJ ycovtalCTJ taxut11'ta co, olaypa<pEt ce iaa XPOV1lCO: olaOtTJllata t iaE~ yCOviE~ 7tEP10tpO<pTt~ <po

H yoovtaKiJ '(01) 'taxu't11'ta 00, 011MOTJ 11 ycovia 7t01) Otaypci<pEl o't111l0vo:oa tOI) XPOVOI), OiVE'tat a7to 'to yvooa'to tU7tO t11~ ~l)m1dt~:

<p

co=--

t

(3)

'Apa:

<p = cot

(4)

H yoovia <p OVoIlO:~E'tat mo E101lCO: ycot1{a ,ciaBCOr; " ,am, '(01) EvallaaoollEVOl) J,lEyteoU~. To 7t11A.ilCO co = __!_ OiVEt E7tOJ.ltVCO~ t11IlEta~OA.TJ (au~l1011) t11~ t

<po:aEco~ '(01) Ileyteo~ at11 J.lovO:oo tOU Xpovou xm OVOIlO:~Etat ernv 11A.ElCtPOtt:xvia J(uJCJ.uaj fI~fa. T11 ycovia <p IlE'tpCtIlE ol)viJeco~ 0X1 os 1l0tP~, aUci fiB

cucrlwa (rad). Onro~ dVal yvro(Jt6 !-ua ytovia <p oivttal (Jt rad an6 to n11A.iKO tOU t6~ou S &v6~ KUKA.oU, nou avtt(JtolX&i (Jtll yrovia <p oUl tll~ aKtiva~ r tOU KUKA.OU:

s

<p= _'_ rad

r

1:& yrovia <p = 3600 aVtl(JtOlXd t6~o (JO us rnv n&pl<ptptla tOU KUKA.oU, 011- A.aoi} 2nr. 'Apn yrovia 3600 aVtl(JtOlX&i (J&:

2nr

<p = = 2n rad = 6,28 rad

r

360

I rad = = 57,2950

6,28

'Orcv to nA.aimo (Ju~nA.11proV&l ~ia nA.i}P11 n&pl(Jtpocpit, £Xtl olaypa\jl&l yrovia <p = 2n xm £X&l n&pa(J&l Xp6vo~ T. Eno~tvro~ (Ju~<prova ~& tt~ (3) xm (I):

Or t:~l(Jro(J&l~ (9) Kal (l0) rev &vaA.A.a(J(Jo~tvrov ~&y&9rov tll~ napaypa<pou 14.2 yivovtal ue tt~ (JXt(J&l~ (4,) Kal (6):

U= Urn nurot = Urn 11~ 2nft (7)

EIJ

I ro = 2itf I

(5)

(6)

i = 1m l1~rot = 1m 11~ 2nft

(8)

To (Jxit~a 14.3a(a ro~ 0) O&iXV&l tt~ (Juvapti}(J&l~ U = f{rot), u = f(t), i = f(rot) xm i = f(t).

Ap,(Jp1IfllCa napdei'lPtJ'rtJ. napOA8I'IptJ 1.

Mia &vaA.A.a(J(J6~&V11 ta011 u = Urn l1~rot £X&l ~£yt(Jtll tt~i} Urn = /2.220 V Kal (Juxv6tllta f = 50 Hz. Na ~p&90uv Ol (JtlY~lai&~ tl~t~ t11~ Yla tl = 1O-2s, t2 = 1O-3s, t3 = 1O-4s Kal t4 = 15 .1O-3s.

A6mt.

• u = U l1~rot

Urn = 7fu = y'f.220 V

0) = 2nf= 2n·50 = 314 s"

fla t, = 10-2s

U1 = fiU11~rot = v'2-220'11~rot = /2.220 '11~(314'10-2) = = V2·220 l1~n = 0

57

n-

2w W I

I 1 .0:1--- t ____,

--_ T ------1

u=f(l}

n·

• I

....

·l;X. 14.,1.

r\U t2 = lO-ls

u2 = v'1 . 220 TJ~(114 . 10-3) =' Vi . 220 . Tl~(0,314) = = /2 . 220 11~18° = .y12 . 220 . 0,309 = 96 V

U2 = 96 V

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

58

Fm t3 = 10-·8

U3 = vfi . 220 11~(314 . 10-4) = vfi . 220 11~(1.8°) = 9.75 V

u3 = 9.75 V

fla t. = 15 . 10-38

U. = vI· 220 11~(314 . 15 . 10-3) = vfi . 220 11~(4.71) = . = V2' 220 11~2700 = vfi· 220 (-1) = -311 V

u, = -311 V

llapdd.rypa 2.

~(vEtat 11 Evau.aooO~EVTJ taOTJ U = IOTJ~I000t. Na ~pE90uv: a) H OUxv0tTlta f.

~) H 1tEptoOOC; T.

'Y) H n~1i t11C; taOEcoc; 'Yta t) = 6,28 . 10-38 Kat ~ = 1.2 . 10-28. 0) Na 0XEOtao9ei. 11 ouvdprnon U = f'(oit).

A6mt. a)

co = 1000 1/8

co = 21tf

f=~ = 1000 = 159.23

21t 6.28

f= 159.23 Hz

1 1

~) T = - = = 6.28 . 10-3

f 159,23

'Y) t) = 6.28 . 10-38

rad

cot) = 1000-·6.28· 10-38 = 6,28 rad = 3600 8

U) = IOTJ~360 = 0

T = 6,28 . 10-3 8

t2 = 1.2 . 10-2 8

cot2 = 1000 . 1.2 . 10-2 = 12 rad = 6880 U = lQr1~688 = 10(-0.53) = -5.3 V

U2 = - 5.3 V

0) I:xl'J~a 14.3~ Urn = IOV

Ut = 0 = Uo = 10 11~0 = 0

o

• 270-

14.4 6La.vuofla'tuC11 napO:maCJ11 &VallacraophtfDv fl£Yll:9rov - 6Lacpop6: ~~ a) napcUnfU1fl 8valllUltlOpnOO pS),i80vt; p£ 8uIJ7Vtlpa.

Tll XPOV\Kll ~E'ta~OAtl' EVOe;; EVaA.AaO'O'o~tVO\) ~E"(E90o<; 1tapaO''tnO'a~E ere nponvoousvc ~E ~ta 11~ltOVtKi1 KaJl1tUAll. To Ki>plO 1tAtOVEKtllJla tll<; a1tttKovi- 0'6COC; aut1'!c; &ivat Ott yta Ka96 XPOVtKi) O'nYIli) ~1tOpOi>~E va npocoioptcous aJlEO'COC; rnv av-rtO'totXll O'tlYJltaia 'tlJli) tOU EVaAA.aO'O'o~EVOU ~EyE90uC;. Tlpucn- 1C0. OflOOC; 1tapouO'lo.~OVt(ll OOO'KOA1E<; ornv aKpt~ll YEOOf.lEtpUcTl xo.pal;11 't11<; l1JlltOVlKr,C; lCaJl1tUA "C;.

Evac; ciAAoC; UTtAOe;; -rp01tOe;; U1tElKOVlO'EOOC; EvuUaO'O'0flEVOOV JlEye9cov,Ttoo XPllO'tJlO1tou;i.-rUl euputata,eivat " U1tEtICOVlCTll ~E olavuO'~atu. !:to O'xliJlu 14.4u EPJl"veOUUl 0 tP01tOC; aotOC; ~E t" ~0i)8elu tv6e;; EvaiJ..aO'0'6JlEVOU psouuto<;:

i = 1m "Jloot

(1)

T" JlEylG't11 ttJli) tOU peuJlatoc; 1m nnpurmvoue OTtO ICAillalCa ~E eva OUlvuGJla OA GE eva GUG't11lla op8oycov{cov a;ovrov x-y. To Olo:voO'~a au'to OEx6flaG8E Ott TtEPlO'tpE<pE'tat Ka'to. rnv avti9EtT) <popa TtEptG'tPO<pi]<; tmv OEtlCtWV 'tOU pOAOytOU IlE ycoVtalCi} 'taxu't11'ta iGll ~E rnv ICOICAllCi} Guxv6tT)'ta 00 tOU PEOJlUto<;.

®

®

];x. 14.40.

Av II ou:66uV01'1 TOU ~luv6a}lUTO~ 1m TTl XPOVlrij anY}l'; t = 0 aU}lninTEl J.lE tOY ci~ovax, }lETa ana Xpovo tx. eo. EXEt Omypa'VEl YOlvui <p = ootx Imt aa EX&l EABEl O'TTl. 6£01'1 nou O&iXVEl TO O'X1'IJ.la 14.4a( a). r; TTl 6£01'1 auu, II n POPOA'; ",:0 = AS tOU otavuO"llulOC; 1m EnaVOl orov ci~ova y stvnt (all IlE 1m l'UJ.rot:

OllAUO'; i01'1 jl:£tll o'nYIJ.lai(l nil'; tOU PEUIJ,UtOC; i TTl XPOV1Ki1 anY}l'; I:x . 'Apa ylU va (3pOUj.J.E 'tll a'[1Ylllu[U '[11.1.11 EVO~ EvalJ..aooollEVOU }lE"(t90uc; KanouJ. XpOV1- rij OtlYIJ'; apK&l va TonoOe't'itoO}lE rn q>6:01'1 <p = rot TOU IJEyt90UC; ro~ npo~ TOV ci~ova x Imt va <pepollE rnv npOpOATt tOU omvoolJatOC; tllC; jl:f;ylO"tllC; Tl}lT\c; OtOV d~ova y.

Av napoll8 nc; npopoAtc; yta otaQ)Op~ f¢_OEIC; rot Kill ttC; tOnoOEu,aOIJ,£ os Eva. OUOtlllla a~6voov navoo ano nc; aVnOtOlX6C; q>6:ouc; au npoKu'VEl TIllIJ1TOV1- K'; KaIlnUATJ., onooc; <pai.vStal ate OXrilla 14.4a«(3).

P) ElIa.lltuJatipevo piysfJor; p8 apxuaj ,daq.

Av tTJ. XPOVlK'; O"tt,(Il';. t = 0, 0TTlv onoia apxi~ollS tTl }lETPllCrqtOU Xpovou, 'to evaAAUOOO}lEVO IJtyEOO~ OEV &XSl TTJ.v nllTt }lllotv aUO KanOla UAAll TlIJ'; il• TOtE 'to OlaVUO}la 1m Sa aXTatUnsSt TTJ. OtlYIJ'; aut,; KQnOta yroviaq>l .IJE tOY ti~ova x, nou Sa aVT10"tOlXEt OTTJ. onYlltaia tllJ.1l ij [ax·. 14.413(a)]. H yoovta (jll 0- VOlJo.sEtal anuai ,am, tOUEVaAMOOOIlEVO\) jJ.E"(tOoUC;.

H llf:tpTJ.01'1 rou XP6vou apxiSEl ana TTJ.v apXlrij <p0.01'1. 'Etm jJ.E'tci ana Xpovo t 'to oUlvOO"Jla 1m 6a EXEt Olu,(pa'VEt yroviu rot KUl TJ.Q)(101'1 <p rou EVIlAMOO"O}lEVOU }lsyt90uc; 9a stvci:

(2)

61

@

IX. 14.4ji.

H E~(o"OlO11 1"OU EVaM(l0"0"6~EVOU ~E)'t90uC;; emv 1tEpi1t!OlCtl'l aun't ElV(ll:

(3)

nap(l1"T\POU~E on " ll~l1"OVlK1'l J(a~1tUAll dval ~E1"a!01tlO'~tVTJ 0lC;; 1tpOC;; 1"T\v apxli !OlV as6vOlv (011~E(o ).1T\otv) 1((l1"0. YOlvia <PI [OX. 14.4~(~)].

Ha.{JtWsrypa 1.

6.t VOV!(ll tn Eva1J..a.O'o6~Eva ~E)'t9TJ: u = 220rll.l.(377t + 60°) xnt

i = 22o,,~(lOO1tt + 45°),

Na ~pEaci 11 O'tlY~l(li(l n~li !Que;; Yl(l t = 10-2 s.

A6tJ".

u = 2201l~(3 77t + 60°)

Olt = 3 77t=3 77· 10-2 = 3,77 rad = 21·6°

u = 2201l~(216 + 60) = 22011~ 276° u = 220(--0,9945) = -218,8

u = -218,8 V

i = 22o,,~(I001tt + 45°)

eot = 100nt= lOOn '10-2 '= n = 180°

= 22011).1(180 + 45°) = 220,,).1(225°) = 220(--0,707) = -155,5 V

i = -155,5 V

napOOllI'Ipa 2.

Na 0X£Otaa6el lJ j.lt:tCI~OA" tOU p£u).1ato<; i = 1m l'J1J.(cot - 3(0).

A6mt.

fla t = 0, rot = 0 KCIlio = 1m lJlJ.(-300) = - -~-

En,iOTl<;: i = 0 yta lJlJ.(rot - 30°) = 0 Ti. rot - 3d=' = n1800

onou; n = 0, 1,,2,3 ...

'ApCI: i = 0 ym cot = 300, 210°,.3900 ...

i = 1m 'Yla lJlJ.(rot - 3(0) = 1 Ti rot - 30° = 0900

oxoo: 0 = 1,5,9, ...

'ApCI: i = 1m. yta cot = 1200,450°,810°, ...

i.= - 1m ytCIl1lJ.(cot - 30°) = - 1 Ti rot - 300 = n90°

onou: r!'= 3,7,11. ..

Ape: L= - 1m 'Y1O cot = 300°, 6600, 930°, 10200.

I

1'20" I

..1. _

390°

T

'I) Evallatlaopsl'fl JIE'IifIrJ a8 tpam"

'EOtCO tropa Ott £1CtOt; ano to p£ujJ.a tllt; ¢,loroo£CO<; (1), EX0jJ.& Kal Eva O£Ut&po £vaAAaoo0lJ.evo peujJ.a IJ.£ tllvEl;ioCOOTl:

(4)

To ).1&y&90<; aota jJ.1topoujJ.£ VCI to 1tapao't"i!oojJ.e £nlOTlt; I.U: eva O"tpe!pOj.t£vo ouivUO"Jla I'm 0'[0 iOlO oUO"'t1'JJla a;6vrov x-y, 01troc; KQl to i (ax, 14.4y(a)].

63

Em:t0it tu 060 lleyt&r).tXOUV rnv (Ota ouxvo'tll'ta co, 'ta OtaVUolla'tU 'toue; 1m Kat I'm OlUYpUq>OUV (fE; (O'a OlaO'nllla'ta t (m:t; ycoW:r;' cot. E1tEl0it Ulcoj.la tl1 O''ttYllit t = 0 ·'ta 060 lleYEart EXOUV rnv iOta apXlIci! qxlO'1'l qI = 0, 'ta BlavuO'llaw. 'tOUt; O'uj.l1tbt'touv. Etm o1totaBit1ton: XPOVl!Cft O''tl,,(llit t Kat 'ta 060 IlE"(t&r) eXOUV TTlV iOla qlaOTl cot. A1to't&A.saj.la ElVal 'Itt; (01£t; XpOVlKf;~ O''tl,,(llt~ va j.lT)OEvi~OV'tUl (otcv llj.lcot = 0) Kal nt; lOU:t; XpOVIKtr; O'tl,,(Iltr; va 1ta{pvouv 'tit; j.l£y\0''tEt; UIlEt; 'to~ (oenv T)!lrot ~ I), 01trot; qlaiv£'tat oto O'xilf.1.Il 14.4"(~).

'lilt

@

®

1:x. 14.41"

A v TTl XPOVt Kit on ,,(Ilit t = 0 ta BUD auto' IlEYt&r) EXOUV TTl v (Bla apxucit qlaall <PI' 1taAl rc 0l41vUO'llata tOUt; Oa O'UIl1t{1ttOUV Kill 1taAl nt; iOta; Xpovuctc; an Ylltt; Oa nuipvouv 'ttC; j.l T)BEvlKtt; Kal 'tlt; ll£ylO'tEt; nllEC; roue,

. .Joo 8,allaa6oll8Pa lleyitJr,. 7WU lfxou, nt' Ibm ,ritrq 68 O1WuuSrj1Un8 XfIOmai 6fJyflli. 'J.ipe on fJp{6lCOVftu 68 ,ritrq.

,.

8) Evaliaa60lllIFa peyitJr, pe 61a,opa ,cUJ8W~.

Ecroi tropa on ta 060 pEUllata txouv ola<popEtlKtC; apxucEt; qxlO'Elt; <PI' <P2' oT)AaBit oi vovnn a1to 'tlt; E~tO'roO'Elt;:

i = 1m T)1l(cot + <PI)

(5)

Kat 01tOU:

i' = I'm T)!l(rot + ql2) qll > <P2

tout; Ka'ta 'tTl yrovia:

<p' = <PI - ql2

(6)

ETtEtOfJ ,!UIJ:EY~ exouv rnv (Ola O'UXVOtTl'tU ro, O'E lO'O~ XpOVOU., Otuypa.<pOUV lO'er;; yroV{Er;; rot KUt 11 yrov{a <p' TtUpalJ.EVEl UIJ.E~.6.p.h.11tTlKatO 't1]V 1tEPIO'tpO<Pi! troY OlUVUO'IJ:O'trov. Etot TtOnO'!E 'to oUivuO'lla 1m Ttpol1y€itUl Kal 'to OlOVuO'lla I'm aKOh.OUeeC A1to't£A.£O'IlU elval 'to IJ.tyclJOt; j va Tta{pVEl nt; IJ.TlOEVU::EC;; 1('(l1 nc;; gEYUJtEC;; nllEr;; tOU Tta.VtOt€ VropltEpa OTtO tOlJtyclJor;; i' KatO 't11. yroViCl <p', omor;; <paiVEtCll Clno tl., TlllltOVU(E.; KClJlTttlh.er;; troy 060 IJEYEaWV O'tO O'XTlIlCl 14.40(P).

y

1,1

.!L 2

3Tt_ 2

®

®

IX. 14.4t;,

J.lio flvallaaaOJleva JlByi(Jq nou BlooV a'GflOpewct/ ClfIXIKIj rpam, JIB aM'Ci1eapa va ftcuPVOI)V 'Clr; pBY'tI'C8r; lau eAaxuner; npir; fO~ ee dUJlpOpefllCi. XpowKi.

anypir;. Ups Of' napoumcitOI)V dlCupopa .,daeOJr;. .

H OlCl<pOpU <p6.oero., Kaeopi.~El rn atOll evor;; lltyt90uc;; roc;; 7tpOr;; svc dUoIJ.EYE60<; KClt P piOKEtal a v a<patpEO'OIlE mv UPXlIO; cpQO'Tr toU EVO<; JlE"ft60u<; aTto TTlV aPX1Kil q>6.0'11 tOU dUou.. A v 'to anOttA.oolla Eivat 9EttKO (eEtlKij olaq>opd q>UO'Eror;;) to t:1tyclJoC;; 7tOU 11 q>CtO'Tl roo El.VCll 0 arpOlpE.tEO<; nPOllyEital tOU dh.h.oU t:1EyteOUC; .. EE avti6EtTl1tEpimwO'Tt (apV11tl1CTt Ola<popci 1,PCl0ewc;)to IltyclJPC; auto e1tEtat roo ah.AOU lleyt60uc;.

8) JlavvapafllCO d,dypappa - Hptit19ur'l e)laJ..\aaaopBVOJv PSYB(JfiJV.

ME tOV (OtO tP0TtO nob Ttapa:O''tiJoaJlE IJE OtavUO'JlCl't(l 060 evaUa.oOOIJ.Eva.IJ.Eyttn,. Il1tOPOOIlE va napao'tiJoOJlE 0,0 i010 OOO't11Jl(l a~ovwvooaOiJnOtE EVah.h.aOOOIJ.Eva JlEyt9r) .• Jl& 'tTIv npou1t69&0'Tl on exauv rnv (om Ol)xvo'tTIta. Elm np01cQ1ttEl eva ouiypalllJ.a 1tOO OVOIla.!;Etal dUJJIf)(JJl4wcO.8u:iyfHJlllUJo

A1tO LO OtaVUOllatlKO olCiypalllla I..l1tOPO\)flE va xpooetopiooue LTl OtacPoP<i q>O.O'ECO<; EV~<; flEyteOU<; wc; 1tpo<; eva QMo IlEye9oc; flupdwtaC; tTl ycovia flE'ta~6 tOUC;. E1tiOT]<; I..l1tOPOUflE va 1tPOOOLOpioOIlE 'tTl onyfltala nfl"; 01tOLouo..;nOLE ue-

yt90uC;, ~piaKOVtac; 'tTlV n:poPOA."; tOU OtOV d~ovil. y. ~

Av 8EA.OflE· va 7rpoo8iaopE 060 OJ.LOt.LO''; EVIlAAlloooflEva flEyteTl. n.x. 060 PEUflat(l'il = 1m Tlflrot Kill i2 = 1m Tlll(rot ~ cp) Kill va ~pOOIlE to OA.LKO pEufla

I 2

io" ' 6a 1tpEm;t vc 1tPoaOtOOflE nc; aVtiOtOlXec; onYfl1aiec; tlllE<; roue, 01tCO<; cpai-

vsrm OLO' oxr,jla 14.4E(~). Tnv 1tp008EOT] aun; fl1tOPOOIlE 0IlWC; va KUVOflE 1t0- Al> 7tLO £uKoAa, av npoa9tooflE til. OlaVUOflUta rov 660 IlEYE9rov OtO OlUVOOflUruco Oluypaflfla. H oUVIOtalli:VT] 'tCOV 060 Olavuofl6.tCOV OiVEl L11 flEylOtTl tlfltl LOU OAlIWU EvaAAaoaOIlEVOU IlEYt60uC;, 01troc; cpaiVE't1ll ~10 OXltlla 14.4£(a). H n:POPOA"; tTJC; OtOV d~ova y OiVEl Tn O.TIYlllaill nlll1 LOU OA.IKOU IlEYteou<;, EVc.O 11 yrovia rtou OX11jlo.Ti~EL jlE eva ano jltYE6oC; OiVEl L11 olacpopa paoEroc; roc; 1tpOC; 'to )Ji:ye6o<; auto.

@

®

1:x. 14.4r..

I:tTjV np6.~Tl bEV Evolacptpouv 0\ o'tlYllla{EC; nlltc; rrov evaAAaoo.o·IlEvrov UEY£Boiv, 07tw<; Sa yvcoPiooll£ crnv EnOjl&VTj 1tup6.ypacpo. rt' aUTO napa}J:biolll:i.(J1"I'vTj6ro<; OtO btaVUOllanKo bulyphlllla 'to ouo't11)Ja troy a~ovcov x-y Kaf-ox£5t(l~o

66

J.l& uovo ta OlaVOOJ.lata J.l& nc; Ola<p<>ptc; <pelO&roc; J.l&ta~U tO~.

I:tTlV 1t&pbtt<OO11 aU't'i) !;&1C1.vciJ.l& a1t6 tva olcivooJ.la, 1tOU &1CAtyOJ.l& au6aip&ta rn 9tGTJ tOU, lCa1 ypacpOJ.l& ta U1t6A,O\mi·61aVOOJ.lata OUJ.lcpCJ)va J.l& tTl O\a<p<>pQ <pelO&roc; 1tOU 1tapOUma~OUV roc; 1tpOC; aut6 to OlaVUOJ.la ti roc; 1tpoc; tva ciu.o 010.vueuu, 1tOU tiOTl tXOJ.l& to1t09&n;0&l GtO OlaypaJ.lJ.la.

9&nx:ec; ow<p<>ptc; <pelO&roc; OlaVOOj.Latrov 1tOU 1tpo1top&OOVta1, GTJJW.cOVOJ.l& 0& avti9&tTllCat&OOUVGTJ a1t6 aun; tmv 0&l1C1cOV tOU POAo'YlOU, apV11nlCtc; owcpoptc; CPaO&roc; OlaVOOJ.latrov 1tOU &1tOVtat, 0tTlV lCat&u9uvGTJ aun;. TTl cpopa ornv a- 1tola tva OlaVU0J.la 1tP01top&U&ta1 (avti9&tTl cpopa teov OOlCtcOV tOU pOAo'Yl06) GTJJ.l&lcOVOJ.l& OtO OlaypaJ.lJ.la J.l& tva ptA.oC;.

Ap.fJ/IIIfllCti. 1UIpoABi.,pora. llap6Mqpa 1 •

.1ivOVta1 3 p&uJ.lata J.l& nc; &!;lOcOO&lC;:

il = 1m TlJ.l (rot + 1t/2)

1

i2 = 1m TlJ.lrot

2

i3 = 1m, TlJ.l (rot - 1t/2)

Na U1t0A.0Y109ouv 01 Olacpoptc; <pelO&roc; ttov P&UJ.latrov xm va ooO&i to Olavu- 0J.lan1C6 tOUC; OlaypaJ.lJ.la.

A.6m,.

0) PBUpa il "" 1CptH; p8Upa i2 ti PBVpa ~ "" 1CptH; PBVpa i1•

1t 1t 1t 1t

CPI - CP2 =-2- -0= -2- i1 CP2 -CPI = 0- -2- = - -2-

To il 1tpOTly&ita1 tOU i2 lCata 1t/2 ti to p&uJ.la i2 E1t&ta1 tOU il lCata 1t/2.

P) PBVpa il ai, 1CpO, PBVPO i3 ti PBVpa i3 CO, 1CpO, p8vpa il'

1t 1t 1t 1t

CPI - CP3 =-2- - (-2) = 1t i1 CP3 - CPI =.- -2- - -2-=-1t

To il 1tPOTly&ttat tOU i3 lCata 1t ti to i3 t1t&ta1 tOU il lCata 1t.

1t 1t 1t 1t

CP2 - CP3 = 0 - (--2-) = -2- i1 CP3·- CP2 = - -2- - 0 = --2-

67

To i2 np0'TJy€itUI roo iJ KUto: n/2 rj to i3 E1t8tUt ron iz KUtCt rr./2. dutJllJf1llaruco dui:lfHl/1111l.

fiu mv KUtUOK&UTt tou Elluyp6.llllo'Co~ ll1topmJj.l& vc &KA.t~oll'& 01tOloOi11t0't'& nno m 3 p&61l0to ro~ P&UIlO ova<popaC;. Eto O"Xllll0 14.401' EXOIl& &KA.f:~Q t;lu9ui~ pqo to 13•

~x. 1.4.4m.

Hap6.0tl1lla 2.

'&(vo.v'CQI 'to P&UIlO'tU:

II = 1 Onurot

12 = IOrjJl(rot + 45°) 13 = lOrlll( rot + 135°) i .. = 2OnJ.!.{rot + 225°) is = l511Il(rot - 45°)

0) No U1toA.oytogei 11 OIW.pOp6. (j)O:OEWC;. tou P&UJ,1u'tOC; i2ror; npor; 'to peulla ~ leal 11 OlalpopuqHlO't:roc; tOO i4 roc; npoc; to i,.

P) No 0098i to otaVOOj.lUnKo olo:ypaJlIlO nov P&UJl6.trov.

AIimJ·

0) 1p2 - (j) .. = 45- 225 = - 1800

To P80},t.U iz E1t8'[al tau 14 KU,[6. 1800 rj to p8UJla i .. nponvstrm roo i2 Ko1'6 180°.

(j)4 - (j), = 225 - (-45) = 2700

To p8ulla i4 npoT)'Yeitat tau is KO't6. 2700 rj to peulla is En8tal tOO I.. Kata 2700.

68

P) 6.1ClVOO'I1a.'tuc6 Otaypal-lllCl (O'x.· 14.40·

I~ = lOA

1:x. 14.4t.

E1tE10li TJ. O''ttYlllCl(a tlll1)EVO~ EVClA.A.a.OOOJlEVOl) PEUIlCltO~ ll&tapUWtCll euvEXcil~. O&V 1l1t0POUIl.E O''tTJv npO.~T1 va &1Ctt)11l001l& nooo'tl1(u to &Vcr.U.aOOOIlEVO pEulla anoTTJ O'tlYlllClia tt)1litOl) 6n(l)~ KUVO)1e oro O\)V&X&c; peulla. FmeovaoOOtlKO xapaKtTlP10ll6 Ev6~ evaUao(6)1evou peulla'tOt; xp6ta~Ollaae& Eva. ere- 8epo XPOV1KO: J.lSyt8o~. nou va J.letpatat eUKOA.a !Cal va e!ClPpO.~&l't'TJV OA.llCi) 0\))1.nepupopO. roo peUJ.latO~. 'Eva t&tOlO ll.eyt8oc; e{vm T1e.,epp6~nl"i.1tou npOOOIDpi~&tal an6 ta 8&PIl.11(Q anotellollaro tOU evoJJ..o:ooo!.l&VOUpeUllatoc;.

Eva evaAM000J.l&VO p&OllanOU ptet ueoo ano Eva. (l)lll!C6 aVtlOtcltTj. OTlIlloupyei 8&PIlOtTjtCl, 61tw~ EvaouveXE~ peulla. Erm !.lnopoollE va oUYKpivoJ.l& tTjv EVtClO11 Kat 't'TJV 'taO'11evot; &VClA.A.a.OCSO)l&VOl) pEUJ.la'tOC; .J.l& 't'TJVEvtClCSTJ Kat taO'11 I;:VO~ CSUV&XOU~ pEUllatO~. csullIPWva )l& 't'TJ 8epll.6't'TJta noo nap6:youv ta 660 peujlata. 6.ta!CpivoIlE AolnOV evepyo tljJ.fj &v'tclO'em~Kat &vepyo t1!.l1) taoewr;.

a) E"epp6~ fIIIIi e"cicreCII~. o pi~o 11& on:

69

EVtJPyor; T'II'i ntr; 6J1'cUrtJWr; evcir; Bl'C1U.cuJaopevov PSUpal'" siP4l " intunt evo~ (la08v,apoo) O'lIl'BXOVr; peVpaTOr;. nov ora, luzppie .• ira wpuaj OJ1'UJfaTq)lra opUlp.ivo XPOPuW d,dtJntpa •• Y8' to WW #00'0 8epp6rqTar; pe TO BPallaO'O'o. psvo psupa. thav arno ilappi8' TO' WIO amma"" «no ww XJHTfuW duitm,pa.

T11V Ev&py6 'tl.1.rft trt<;&VtaaEro<; 'tOO evaUaaa61l&VOO pEulla'tOr; aUIlPoA.ll;oIlE IlE to ypalllJ.a I.

MEta!;u trtr; Evepyou 'tl.1l1'l<; I ICUl tTI<; Il€yt0trt<; tlIJ::r\r; 1m ev6r; &vaUaa~ aOIl&VOU P&Ul-tafO<; ta:;(utl 11 0:;(&011:

i I ~ Jr ~ 0,707 1m I

trTJA.acrft 11 &vepyo<; 'ttlJ.tl evor; EvaAMcrcr61l&vou p&ul1a'tor; lcrOUtal IJ.& 'to 70% xsptxou trtr; IJ.Eytcr't1'1r; roo 'tl.1 . .t11r;·

H 0;(£011 (1) npO"U1t'tEt ro<; E!;1i<;: To nocro t11<; OepIJ.6t11ta<; 1t01) Cl1tOO{OtfCll o~ rev O'I)VEXtc; pEulla I OWPP&&l svev aV'ttO'tIl'tT] R &1[i XP6vo tx o[v&'tal a1t6 'to VOIlO '1'01) louie [e~ioO)OTI (2) tn<; 6.51:

Q = 0,239·1O~3 P Rtx kcal (2)

To ox';.!!a 14.5a O&iXV&l tl!; O'l)vaptlJcr&u; I = f (t) Kat p' = f (t) rou OUV&xO~ peuJ.1ato<; .. To eJ.1paoo 1'01) olaypalll.uajJ.Evol) opOoyOOVlOu napall11A6ypaIJ.Il00 npOKl)1tttl an6 to ytv0ll·evo Ptx_ xm &ivat avuJ..oyo tOU noeoo O&PIl6tT]tar; Q IlUIl<PooVCl IJ.& t11V e~tOooOTl (2).

(1)

1,1'

Eto &yaooo€l'0Il&VO peulla lOXUtl e1t1OT1<; 0 VOlJ.o<; tOU Joule, Entlotl 01100<; 11 e;vtClOTl i ll&tapo.AA.ttCll OUV&Xcll(; &1UtpE1[e'tat va eQ)QPllocrOjlE trt 0XEOTI (2) .l1oVO

70

y\a iva noA.u J1UCPO Xpovuco ouiGT1lJ1a dt, J1£Ga GtO oxoto 1) &VtOO1l i J11top&i va 9&rop1)9&i ma9&p'li. ~tO ouiGtTlJ1a autd a~ntooG&ta\ nOGo 9&PJ1otTIta~ dQ Ka\ \GXU&\ 1) GX£GTI:

(3)

To GX1lJ1a 14.5p(a) o&iX-V&l t\~ GUvapt'liG&\~ i = f (t) Ka\ P = f (t) tOU &VaA.A.aGGOJ1&VOU p&uJ1ato~. En&lo'li 1) GUvciPtTIGTI P = f (t) npoKUnt&l ano rnv U'l'roGTI GtO t&tpciyrovo Kci9& Gt\YJ1\aia~ nJ11l~ tTI~ Guvapt'liG&ro~ i = f (t), o~ 0\ nJ1Be; -n(I; dva\ 9&t\K&<;.

H noA.u J11KP'Ii t::nlCpQV&la dF nou &iva1 ivtova GX&o\QGJ1£VT1 ero GXTJJ1a 14.5p (a) npoKUnt&l uno to YlVOJ1&VO Pdt Ka1 GUJ1qKQva J1& tOV tuno (3) &ivai avciA.oYTI tTI~ 9&PJ1otTIta~ dQ nou avantuGG&ta\ GtOV QvnGtcitTI R G& XPOVO dt. napatTIPOU~& Ot1 avciA.oya J1& tTIv n~'Ii i2 ~&tapciUstu\ Kci& xpovtKli GnYJ1'1i 1) &1tlcpcivela dF xm 1) napayoJ1&VT1 9&PJ1otTIta :lQ.

A v a9poiGoJ1& o~ n~ t::MX1Gt~ &n1cpciv~ dF G& &ciGtllJ1a J1\Qg n&p10OoU 9a ncipoJ1& rn lhaypaJ1J1\GJ1BVTI &1tlcpciv&la Kcitro an6 tllv KaJ1nUA.1) P [GX. 14.5p(a»). H &nlcpciv&la aut'li &(Vat avciA.oYTlnpo~ to 0A.1KO nooo 9&PJ1otTItat; Q nou napciy&tal ano to &vaA.A.aGGoJ1&VO psoun O'TOV avnGtcitTI R G& J1\a n&pio- 00.

T1)v &1tlcpciv&la F J1nopouJ1& va avnKataGt'liGoJ1& J1& J11a iGTI &1tlcpciv&la &VO~

Op90YroVlOU napaA.A.1)A.6ypaJ1J10U J1E pciGTI T Kat U'l'~ Pm . H lGOtTIta roiv 060

. 2

E1tlcpaV&\O>v yiv&ta\ cpaV&P'li ano to GXTJ~a 14.5P<P), GtO onoio pA.tnoJ1& Ott to EJ1paOOV a &ivat iGO J1& to a', to p iGO J1E to p-, to y iGO J1& to l' Ka\ to 0 (GO J1& to 0'.

Ano to avrottpro npoKUnt&\ on 1) 9&pJ,l6tT1ta nou anooiO&\ to &vaA.A.aGGo~&vo peouo, to onoio olappt&t ivavavttGtcitTI R &ni Xpovo T, &iVat i<JT( J1& tTl 9&pJ1ot1)ta nou anooi5&l GtO i010 olciGtllJ1a &va GUV&l&<; p&uJ1a J1& tvtaGTI I, onou:

J2

m

2

(4)

H ivtaGTI aut'li tOU GUV&XOU~ p&uJ1ato~ &(va1 OJ1ro~, GUJ1cprova J1& tOV OP1- GJ10, 1) EV&PYO~ t1J1'1i tTI~ &vtciG&ro~ tOU evaA.A.a.GGoj.!.evou p&u~ato~.

'Ape:

1=

(5)

P) ~,~ aI"i fM,~.

A vciA.oya opi~&tat 1) .,en6, aI"i fJI' fMew, &VO~ &vaA.A.aGGo~&VOU pEUJ1atO~.

E,epy6, fam, IN, IWIllaafJol'IND p8VptJfO' emu " fam, e~ (Ul08vWIpOV)

71.

-I

®

~------------------ T ----------------~

72

avvexo6, perJpa,fO,. nov OfaV e,appoagei ae iva OJpuco anunafll R j"pwvpyBl peupa pe inaO'l .tnt lIB f'IV evepyo inaaq fOV e,allatIaOpnPOv pevpaftH;. tira, I,appie, fO' an.afafll R.

ME tnv iOla olaouc:aaia nou nEplypa'l'af.u: Yla TTlV svmon anooEllcvUE'tat on TI EVEPYOC; n~il 'tTlC; EVaA.AaOOO~EVTtC; 'taoEcoc; U etvci:

I U~ J! ~O.707Um I

'Otnv ~lM~E yta 'taaTI " svtnon EVaA.AaOOO~EVO\) pEu~a'toc; EVVOOU~E lCa'ta xnvovc tnv EVEPYO 't\~il U " I. n.X. ornv A.t~E on TI ~.E.H 'tpolpooo't£i 'ta oni't\a ~E 220 V EVVOOU~E on TI EVEPYOC; n~il 'tTlC; 'taoEcoc; sivm 220 V. Av aEA.o~E va ~pOUf.LE rn ~EytO'tTl n~il 'tTlC; aa npEnd va noA.AanAamaOO~E rnv EVEPYO rt-

~il ~E /2: ~

Urn = /2u = /2.220 = 311 V

(6)

KECI»AAAIO ~.EKATO IIEM·IITO

II:XYI: KAI ENEPrEIA TOY ENAAAAI:I:OMENOY PEYMA TOE

IS.I I:'tly,.naia 1(J~

A v ern dxpc ,.nac; Kad'tvui\.ro.aEroc; Eq>apJ.LOaOJ.Le J.L1a evui\.i\.aaaoJ.LevTJ 'tliuTJ U· rote, 01t(OC; ~tpOJ.LE, J.Ltau a1tO 'tTJV Kutavlii\.ro<rTJ ~Util ,9a 1tEpliaet tva Evai\.i\.uaaOJ.LEvO psouu i. H t<JXUC; P 1tOU 1tpoa<ptpetat ernv Kutavlii\.ro<rTJ Klige attYJ.Lil etVat iaTl J.Le 'to YlVOJ.!evo tTlC; a'tlYJ.!laiac; tlJ.!llC; fTJC; tliaEroc; U e1ti tTJ attYJ.!tuia tlJ.!il tTl C; EvtliaEroc; i:

p = u . i

(1)

Aeou ta Evai\.i\.aaa0J.Levu J.Leyt9TJ U KUt iJ.!eta~Iii\.i\.ovtat 1teplOOtKIi J.!e to XPOVO, E1tetat on Kat TJ laxuc; p 9a J.!etupaUetat 1tEPlOOlKa. A v i\.Ol1tOV yvropi~OJ.!E nc; auVapt1laElC; U = ret) Kat i = f(t), unopoous vu npoofnopiooue U1tO fTJ axtaTl (1) 'tTJ auvlipfTJaTJ tTJC; t<JxuoC; p = f(t). Berm 1t.x, on:

Kat

U = Urn TJJ.!rot

i = 1m TJJ.!(rot - <p)

(2)

IIapu'tTJPouJ.!E on TI tli<rTJ U nponvsinn tOU peuJ.!utOC; i KUta tTJ yroviu <p. Eto axTJJ.!u 15.1 nuptoruvsrut ypu<ptKIi TJ l!eta~oi\.i1 fTJC; tliaecoc; U Kat tOU peuJ.!atoc; i J.1E 'to Xpovo t.

H a'tlYJ.!laia 'tlJ.!il tTlC; t<JxuoC; eivat auJ.!<pcovu J.!e tTJV (1):

p = U . i = Urn nurot .1m TJJ.!(rot - <p) A1to rnv tptyrovoJ.!etpiu yvropi~ol!e on:

(3)

1

TJJ.!u . TJJ.!~ =-2- [auv(u - ~) - auv(a+~)]

'Ape TJ e~iaroaTJ (3) ypli<petat I!e rnv (4), 01tOU: a = rot KUl ~ = rot - <p

...

(4)

p=

[auv.<p - auv(2rot -<p)]

(5)

14

TTl ypaqnrit 1tapaataaTl 'tTl~ £l;tacOa&~ (5) 1taipv0J.l& av 1tolla1tAamaaoJ.l& nc; lCaJ.l7toA.t:c; U Kat i tOU axllJ.latOC; 15.1. &rjAa01l av 1tolla7tAamaaoJ.l& KM& anYJ.llaia nJ.lll 'tT'jC; U J.l& 'tTl anYj.uaia nJ.lll 'tTlC; i. mv (Ota XPOVlrit anYJ.lll·

A7t6 rrtv &~iaCJKJ1l (5) Kcit to Oxr1J.lQ 15.1 ola7ttatcOv0J.l& 6n Tllax6c; J.l&'ta~aAMta\ 1t&Plo01K(L xrn J.laAlata J.l& OUxv6'tTlta ol7tMma 'tTlC; auxv6'tT'jtac; 'tT'jC; taO'E~ (COp = 2ro, fp = 20. 6.T1AaOll orcv TJ tQOll 1tpaYJ.lato1tol£i J.ll0'6 ICOKJ..o (XP6voc; a - y = Tl2 tOU axllJ.latoc; 15.1) t6t& T1tax~ 1tpaYJ.la't01tOlei J.l\a 1tAllP11 J.lEta~OAll, OTlM.Oll tva ICOICAO (Xp6voC; a - .y = T'). E7tiOTtC; Ola1tta'tcOVOJ.lE on 11 lCaJ.l7tOATJ t11C; IO'X60C;. nou &iVal, 07troC;7tpoavaq»tpaJ.lE, J.lla 7t&ptOOtrit auVUptTlO11 toe xp6vou, tX&l Kat apV11nlCEc; nJ.lEc; (ern XpoVlICQ OUlmTlJ.la'ta a - ~, Y - 0 K.O.IC, onou oi nJ.lEc; 'tTlC; tuo&roC; Kat pE6J.lato~ £Xouv amO&ta O'T\J.lOO).

u I, p

dF

I-----T·=.!.... ------I 2

T

Ex. 15.1.

ApV11nK'il 10'XOC; tXEI 'tTIv svvoto, on OtO Xpovuc:6 OlUO''tTIJ.la a - ~, Y ..:.... 0 KA1t., 11 KataVaMoOTt Jp ~ nipyBl4 cuc4 f'I' "UKrpuaj DI1'i a.Uti aniIBfa mil ,"fJOJ fJf'I' IIIf1'i BPipy~ &"lo.dJf yiPBfGl .".,,; nin~

Aut6 av'rlO&ta J.l& oon &K9toaJ.l& yux to O'UV&xtc; pEUJ.la, €ivai Eva vto qlQlv6J.l&YO. Sa 1tpt1t&l Aol1t6v va M~OJ.lE un6w-n, Ot1 otn &vallaa0'6J.l&va p&6J.lata u- 1tUPXOUV lCataVal..o>tEc;, 1tOU 0&\1 onoppoecev OUV&xroc; &Vtpy&Ul, aUO. 0'& OPlOJ.ltv&c; XPOVlICEc; anyJ.l£C; tPO<poOotOUV rnv 11MICtPlIcil.n:TlYTl'j.t& &VtpY&la 1tOU EXOUV a1tOtaJ.ll&OO&l 1tPD11youJ.l&vmc;. Ti &lOoU~ dVQ\ curoi 01 lCutaVaArotEc; 9a Y\lmp{o0J.l& 0'1:0 &1t6J.lEVO K&qlQJ..alO.

75

'Otnv TI taXUC; stvet ata9Ep,;, 01tOOC; oro auvExtc; psouc, TI EvtP'YEta unoAoyi~Etat, 01tOOC; ~tPO~E, a1tO to 'YlVO~EVO tTlC; lOXUOC; E1tt to xp6vo. 1:tO EvaUaaao~EVO peuun, E1tEtO'; ~Eta~aAAEtat auvEXroc; TI taXUC; p, ~1tOpOU~E vc U1tOAoyiao~E ~E to 'YlVO~EVO auto ~OVO rnv Evtp'YEta ciA 'Yla Eva 1toM ~t1CpO otaa'tTI~a dt, oro 01tOlO 9EOOpOU~E ata9Ep,; 'tTIV taxu p. Etot EXO~E:

dA = pdt = uidt

(1)

H E1tlq>aVEta dF oro axit~a 15.1, 1tOU 1tpOKU1tt~L uno to 'YlVO~EVO pidt, ElVat avaAo'YTI 'tTIC; Evtp'YE1ac; dA. A v a9poiao~E OAEC; ftC; E1tlq>avE1Ec; dF es OlaatTl~a ~taC; 1tEptOOOU T 1tPOKU1ttEl TI OAtKn E1tlq>aVEta ~Eta~6 'tTIC; Ka~1tUATlC; p Kat tOU u~ova t (ota'Ypa~~ta~tV11 E1tlq>aVEta). H E1tlq>aVEta aut'; stvet avaAo'YTI 'tTIC; E-

vtp'YEtac;:

T

A = f pdt

o

(2)

1tOU nnoppoentm Kat a1tOOiOEtat a1to tOV KataVaAOOt,; ce Otaa'tTI~a ~tac; 1tEptOSou,

Ot 9EttKtC; E1tlq>aVEtEC; oro aX11~a 15.1 avttatOtXouv crnv unoppoeoouevn a- 1tO tOV KataVaA.ooti) Evtp'YEta, EVro oi apV11ttKEc; E1tlq>avEtEc; ernv Q1toot06~EV11 a1to nurov EvtP'YEta. H otaq>opa tOOV 060 E1tlcpaVEtrov oivEt rnv Evtp'YEta 1tOU anoppoodtm aUVOAtKa a1to tOV KataVaA.roti), OTlAaO'; KataVaAcOVEtat EKEi xoopiC; vn E1tlatptq>Et ernv 1tTl'Y';. H EVtP'YEta auti) ~Etatpt1tEtat, 01tOOC; ~tpO~E, es UAATI ~opq>,; EvtP'YEtaC;, 1t.X. os 9Ep~OtTlta, ~TlxavtKi) EvtP'YEta KA1t. H Evtp'YEta 1tOU a1tOOtOEtat (Kat unoppoectm) a1to Eva KatavaA.oot'; E~aptatat a1tO to ~t'YE90C; tTlC; 'YooviaC; q> (otaq>opa q>aaEooc; ~Eta~U taaECOC; Kat EVtaaEooc;).

'Ornv TI taaTl Kat TI svrcon sivm ce q>Q0ll, OTlA.aoit q> = 0 tOtE OEV 1tapOOOla~OVtat apV11ttKtc; tt~tc; tTlC; taxuoC;, 01tOOC; cpaiVEtat oro aX11~a 15.2a. 1:'tTIV nspim:ooaTl aut'; 0 KataVaA.rotitc; cnoppoea auvEXroc; EvtP'YEta, xoopiC; va a1tooioEt nor:i BvipYBla ornv 1tTl'Yit. A vti9Eta, orcv TI otaq>opa q>aaEooc; ~Eta~U taaEooc;

1t 1t .

Kat EVtaaEooc; etvm: -- = 90° 11 - --= - 90° tOtE OEV KataVaAcOVEtat E-

2 2

vspvstn orov KataVaAOOtit, 01tOOC; q>aiVEtat ern ax,;~ata 15.2~ Kat 15.2'Y.

Ilcpumpouus OTlAaO'; Ott oon EvtP'YEta nnoppoe« 0 KataVaAooti)c; OVIV TI taxuc; eivm 9EttK';, roon aKpt~ci:lc; a1tooioEt, orcv TI lOXUC; sivm apvTlttKi).

1t 1t

Otnv TI 'Yoovia q> stvat ~tKpOt'EPTI a1tO -2- (q> < -2-)' 01tOOC; oro axit~a

15.1, tOtE 0 ~ataVaAOOt';~ unoppoed 1tEptaaOtEPTl Evtp'YEta a1to oon a1tooioEt 1tiaoo ornv 1tTl'YTt.

76

u p

IX. 15.la.

P,ll,

.!!.../w _____J

2 I

~------------- T

IX. 15.zp.

77

1 ru p

p

" T

t-'---- T=- 2

T

J;x. 15.21·

IS.3 flpay~aTLIcil, <iqJ'Y11 KOl (jKIlVO~8V1'I l(J~

Ana Tllv e~ioroOll (5) Tllr; napayp6.q>ou 15.1 Ola1tlO"tlOVOlle, on 11 lO"x6r; p npOl(UntE1. anD 1"0 dOpolO"!la ouo OUvtOtroO"OlV:

a) AnD J.ua otaOepTt xpovu:a cuviordion:

p=

OUVq>

(1)

H lOX6r; autit &xet navtote Oe1"lidt tlJ,lit (ytati 11 yrovia q> jJ.nopet va KUJ,laiv£'tal !l€ta~u -900 leal +90°, onors O<ouvq>< 1) Kat OVO!la~etal trpaYllamaj 1- oxV~.

P) Ana utn EvallaO"O"oJ,l€V11 O"uvtO"to>O"a:

p'=-

ouv (2rot - q»

(2)

rtou !lEtapaAAual neplOon.6. !lE TI1 O"uxvoTl1ta 2ro. Ero O"xTIIJ.a 15.3a sf vat oXeOlao!lEVT) 11 npaYJ.lattidt 10"x6r; P, TJ p' Kat 11 OA.tidt lGXUe; p.

IIapat11POUI,U: Ott TJ otlYj.uaia lOX6r; P J.lE'tap6.ll&tat GU!l!lE'tpuc6. yupro anD t11V tlllTt P. 'Ape 11 P &ival" l'itnt rM Tllr; \oX60r; P. oTJAaon 11 n!lTJ noo npo1(u-

78

7ttt:t a7t6 to j.l.too opo OMoV tCOV tlj.l.cOV tT)~ P ot: OIUOtT)j.l.a j.l.ta~ 7tt:pt6oou. I'i' aut6 " 1fIHJ7/14ma; laxU' o1'OptiCnGl '"" pitll/ 'rip" fII' UJ%Vo,"

H t:Vtpy£U1 7tOU aVtlOtotXt:l OtT)V p' ot: ouiotT)j.l.a j.l.ta~ nt:ptooou T t:lvat aVcl-

AO'Y11, oUj.I.(j)cova j.l.t: oeu Dnaj.l.t: 7tpOT)YOUj.l.tvco~, us tT) Otaypaj.l.j.l.tOj.l.tVT) t:7ttlpclVt:Ul . j.I.&tal;6 tT)~ p' ~at tOU dl;ova t.

'p P,P,

~-----------------------T

1:x. 15.3a.

E7tEloit 0\ Ot:tllC~ t:7ttlpclVt:\t:~ stvm io~ j.l.t: tl~ apVT)tlKt~, Ota7ttOtcOVOj.l.& on OUVOAtlCcl O&V lCatavaAci>vt:tat EVtpYEla 0(j)t:tA6j.1.&VT) otT)v p'. 'OOT) &vtpy&ta J,lt:ta(j)tpt:tat ernv lCataVclACOOT), t60T) alCpt~cil~ a7toOiOt:tat mlAt a7t6 autitv crnv 7tT)Ylt.

H &vtpYEla 7tOU avtlototXt:l ornv 7tpaYj.l.atlri) \oX6 P 0& owotT)j.l.a, j.l.tac; 7tt:p\600u T, oivt:tat a7t6 to t:j.I.~a06 tOU OPOoycOVlOU 7tapaAAT)Aoypclj.l.j.l.OU j.I.&tal;6, tT)~ P lCat tOU dl;ova t yta t = T. H &vtpYEla autit &iVat 7tavtott: Ot:ttri), OT)AaOit ptEl an6 tTJV 7tT)Ylt OtOV lCataVaAcotit lCat t:ivat T) ~tpYt:ta 7tOU lCataVaAcOvEl 0 lCatavaAroni~ ee owotT)J,la J,lta~ nt:pt600u Kat tT) J,lt:tatpbtEl 0& dUT) J,lOpqni t:vtpY&tac;. 'Apa T)npaYj.l.attri) tOX~ P t:lvat tva j!hpo Yta to &Pyo 7tOU anoOiOEl £vac; lCataVaAcotit~.

79

u E1crayoVtae; O'tTJV &~{O'roO'Tl (1) rnv &V&pyOttIJ.Tt tTJe; taO'&roe; U = viI lCat rnv

•• k 11m.

evspvo ttlJ.Tl tTJe; &VtuO'&roe; = T21tatPVOIJ.&:

I p = U I O'uvq; I

(3)

H npaypafuaj loxV' lom6v, Bival 1m, Ps fO yw6psvo fII' 8VBPYoV fUBCO, U Bni fIIV 8V8py6 inatR/ 1 8ni fO tlV"'IpifOVO fII' PSf~ fOV, luupopIJ, ,GaBCU, , (abvtp).

To O'uvcp ovolJ.a~&tat avnBABtmj, 'oxOO,.

Tnv 1tpaYlJ.attlCTt lO'XU lJ.&tplllJ.& 0'& ~att (W) IJ.& opyava 1tOU ovolJ.a~OVtal ~attOIJ.&tpa.

H O'XEO'Tl (3) tTle; 1tpaYlJ.att1C1le; lO'XUOe; lJ.ota~&l IJ.& tTJ O'XEO'Tl UI tTle; lO'xUOe; 1tOU yvrop{O'alJ.& O'ta O'UV&XTt p&ulJ.ata. I;tTJv 1t&p{1ttroO'Tl OlJ.roe; troy &VaAAaO'O'OIJ.Evrov psuudrorv 1tpoO'ti8&tal lCal 0 1tapayovtae; tOUO'UVteA&O't1l lO'XUOe; cove, 1tOU lJ.&lOOV&l lCata lCavova rnv 1tpaYlJ.attlCTt lO'XU, &CPOO'ov O~O'UVCP~ 1. 'Apa 0 O'UVt&A.eO't1le; 1crXUOe; O&V etvm &1tlBuIJ.TltO IJ.Ey&Boe;.

'Orcv to p&ulJ.a lCat Tl taO'Tl ~p{O'1COVtal 0'& cpaml' OTlA.aof( cp =0 lCat O'uvcp = 1, stvat P = UI. AutTt TllO'XUe; 1tpocpavooe; &1.Vat lCal TlIJ.EytO'tTllO'XUe; 1tOU IJ.1tOp&i va a1toppoCPTtO'&l svae; lCataVaA.rotTtc; IJ.& OOO'IJ.&VTl rnv taO'Tl U lCat svtaO'Tl I.

TTl IJ.EytO'tTl ~UtTt lO'XU ovolJ.a~olJ.& ,wv6PS"'l 'oxV P, lCal tTJ lJ.&tplllJ.& 0'& ~0A. talJ.1tEp [V A] yta va tTJ olalCp{v0lJ.& U1tO rnv 1tpaYlJ.attlCTt lO'XU, 1tOU, 01troc; noocvcespcue, lJ.&tpl&tal 0'& W.

L\TlA.QOTt stvm:

(4)

H cpatVOIJ.&VTl1crXUe; stvrn Tl lO'xUe; 1tOU 1tpoO'cp&p&tal 0'& IJ.la lCataVaA.roO'Tl evcb Tl 1tpaYlJ.atlKit lO'XUe; etvet Tl 1crXUe; 1tOU a~101totcital Yla rnv 1tapayroy,; spyou. o O'UVt&A.&O'tite; lO'xUOe; stvm to IJ.EtpO Yla to 1toO'o lCaM a~101tote{tal Tl npcO'CP&POIJ.&Vl'l cpalVOIJ.&VTl lO'x6e;.

. Eva UA.A.O lJ.&yeBoe;, 1tOU stvei O'uvaptTJO'Tl tTJe; yroviae; cp, o{V&tal a1to to ytv6-

IJ.&VO:

(5)

To IJ.Ey&Boe; auto &X&l olaO'taO'&le; lO'xUOe;, aA.M O'tTJ 1tpaYlJ.attlC0tTJta O&V &lCcppa~&l lCa1tota lCataVaA.lO'lC0IJ.&VTl 10'XU 1tOU 1tapay&l epyo. Fin to l..6yo auto 0- voi.ui~&tat d.BPY'I'oxV, lCallJ.&tpatal 0'& VAr, yta va olalCp{V&tat a1t6 rnv 1tpaylJ.atllCTt xut tTJ cpalVOIJ.&VTllO'XU (to r O'tTJ 1J.0vaOa V Ar 1tPOEPX&tal a1t6 tOY ayyA.llCO opo reactive power = U&p.y" lO'x6c;). ETlIJ.&lOOV&tal. on ot' 1J.0VclO&C; W, VA xm V Ar. exouv mv iOla aplBJ.1TltlKit tllJ.Tt eeooov 1tPOlCU1ttOUV a1t6 to. ytv61J.&vO

80

1 V . 1 A Kat OlU<pEPOUV ~OVO OtO on XupUKtTlpi~ouv OlU<pop£nKE<; lOX£l<;.

H a£PY11l0XU<; sivci eVU A.oytanKO ~ty£Oo<; 7tOU ~U<; Ol£UKOA.UV£l OtOU<; U7tOA.OytO~OU<;, YlUti OUVOE£tat ~£ tTl <PUlVO~£V'Tl Kat ~£ rnv 7tpUY~UtlKi) lOXU ~£ tTl 'OXEOTt: .

I PJ = p2 + PJ I

07t(O<; £UKOA.a U7tOO£lKVU£tat U7tO n<; 0XEO£l<; (3) (4) KUl (5).

To opOOYOOVlO tpiyrovo tOU oxit~Uto<; 15.3~, 7tOU ovo~a~£tat rp{ywwi .oxOCtlV, OiV£l tTl YPU<PlKi) 7tupaOtU011 tTl<; (6).

(6)

EX. 15.313·

A7tO to rpivorvo UUto Kat U7tO rn 0XEOTt (6) OlU7tlOtOOVO~£ on 000 ~£yuA.6't£P11 £iVat 11 olu<popa '<pcio£ro<; <p, tOOO ~£yUA.U't£P11 stvct 11 a£PY11l0XU<; Kat tooo ~lKpOtEP11 11 7tpUY~UtlKit lOXU<;, 7tOU KU'tUVUA.OOVE'tat OE ~lU KUtUVaA.roOTt U7t6 otuO£Pit <patV6~EV'TllOXU. Fie <p =0 (OUv<p = 1, 11~<P = 0) OA.1111 <palVO~Evrt l- 0Xu<; U7tOOiOEtUl ro<; 7tpuY~UtlKi) lOXU<;. I'm <p = ± 9oo (ouv<p = 0, 11~<P = ± 1) OA.l1 11 <patV6~EV'Tl lOXU<; ~EtUtPE7tEtat OE a£PY11 lOXU .

.4p.SP'lfuc6 1UJ,fHiIB·Ypa·

l:£ evu OiKtUO EVUA.A.aOOO~£vou p£U~Uto<;, oUVOa:tUl KUtUVUA.roti!<; 7tOU 11 7tpuY~UtlKi) tOU lOXU<; etvei P = 8,8 kW. H EVEPYO<; tl~it tTl<; EVUA.A.aOOO~EV11<; taoEro<; tOU OlKtUOU Eivat U = 220 V KUl11 ouxv6t11tU f = 50 Hz. Nu U7tOA.oytaOouv:

u) H EVEPYO<; tl~it tOU p£U~Uto<; I 7tOU pEEl OtOV KUtUVUA.roti! KuOm<; Kat 11 ~tytOt11 tl~it tOU 1m , OtUV 11 aEpyo<; lOXU<; sivci ~110tv (Pa = 0).

~) II <patVO~EV'Tl lOXU<; P<p , 11 EVEPYO<; tl~it I KUl 11 ~EYtatTl tl~it 1m tOU PEU~UtO<;, KUOOO<; Kat 0 OUVtEMoti!<; lOXUO<; euve, OtUV 11 aEpyo<; lOXU<; stvm Pa = 6,6 kVAr.

A 00".

a) P =PIjl = U I, ylU'tl Pa = 0 dpu cruv<p =1.

P 8,8'103

1=-= =40A

U 220

1m =y2I = v'2. 40 = 56,4 A

~)

P 11 . 103

I =--.:L = = 50 A

U 220

1m =J2. I = y'2. 50 = 70,5 A

P = VI cruv<p

P 8,8 . 103

cruv<P =m = 220. 50 = 0,8

15.4 Bo't'tllco 11:01 aq,yo pru"_a.

81

1=40A

1m = 56,4 A

PIjl=l1kVA

I=50A

1m = 70,5 A

auv<p = 0,8

AvStcipecous KaeE 1tA£Upa tOU tptyrovou tcrX6rov IlE mv taOll V nntpvous LO rpiywvo rwv pev,.,arwv tou aXTJllato~ 15.4a:

If3 = IOuli ~

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

A1t6 to tp{yrovo aut6 1tapaTllpoujJ.& on n &V&py6<; EvtaOll I 1tpOICU1ttEl. a1t6 tTl y£roJlEtP\1C'i) li9potOll 860 <JUVlotroOci>V. TTI<; <JUVlOtmoa<;:

(1)

Ip = I<JUv<p

1tOU ovojJ.at&tal fJaff1J1C6 paD"" Kal Tll<; lCa9&T'f1<; 0& aUnlv oUV\otrooa<;:

Ie = ITljJ.<p

(2)

1tOU ovojJ.~l;&ta\ tlqyo "."..

A1t6 n<; (1), (2) Kal n<; (3), (4), (5) Tll<; 1tapayp6:<pQu 15.3 1tPOKU1ttOUV ')'1a n<; 10XEl.<; oi 0XOOEl<;:

Pcp = UI P =U~ Pa =UIe

01tOlOOi}1tOt& T\)..&KtPllC'i) OUOlC&ui} yw va a1to06oEl op\OjJ.&VO EPYO Xp&la~&tal oPloj,dV111lP4YI'4wa1 1Gl'i. Etot av TI tUOll U 0'tTt OUOK&uft riVal ota9&Pit,

r

~~ __ ~ t-

(3)

Q1tQlt&ital OP10,..tv0 ~a't't1.K6 pWjJ.Q ~. A1t6 'tQ 'tpiyrova tOU oxitjJ.a'tOC; 1 5.4~ OW1t\OtrovojJ.&., on ytQ ota9&p6 ~tnK6 ptUjJ.a Ip 'to 0).lK6 pWjJ.a I jJ.& 'to 01tOW 1tpS1tEl va tpo<poOoTll6ri TI OUOlC£Ull &iVal 1'600 jJ.&yaA.u't&po, 000 jJ.&yaA.UtSPTI &iVal TI ywv{a <po Ma~{ jJ.& to I au~av&1'a\ I(a\ 'to dspvo pEujJ.a Ia 1I:0U &tv ouvEl.mptpa 0tTlv napayroyft ~pyou.

H a~l1011 rou O).lKOU pmjJ.a'tOC; I &ivai aoUjJ.<pQPTI. ywn a\)~vouv 0\ anci>~_ FR OtOU~ aycoyo6<; 1t0\) 'tpoqK>OOtOUV 'tTl 0lXJ1C&ui}. Ka~ Kal 11 n'tOOO11

83

'to.cn:CJ)(; IR. I:'tTlV 1tpo.~TI ym vc a1tocpuyo~u: rc J.lElOVeniUla'ta auto. eAA.a't'tcOvous L11 yc.ovia cp, oTlA.aoft fJdfuIJVOPB (~VOp8) fO (JUVfdBtmj UJ%Ifo, (JUVf', CJUVoEovm~ 1tapo.UTlA.a CJL11 CJu(J1ceuft Eva 1tUICVc.otft. TTl opo.CJ11 'tOU 1tUICVc.ot1\ CJL11V m:pi1t'tc.oCJTI autft aa yvc.opiCJo~e apyo'tepa.

KEcz,AAAIO ~EKATO EK TO

KYKAOMATA ENAAAAI:I:OMENOY PEYMATOI:

16.1 E'o,X~ KUd.cot&(nQ)V avaUaoo0JIIVOU paUIlCl't04i.

Ta Kupla GtOlXcia GUv9EG&ro~ &v6~ KUKA.roJ.LatO~ &vaA.A.aGG6J.L&vou p&uJ.Lato~

tiVal: .

a) 0 roJ.LlK6~ nvno .. tatTJ~ J.L& avnGta<J1l R. P) To nllvio J.L& aut&nayro'Yli L.

y) 0 nUKvrotit~ J.L& XroPlltlK6tTJta C.

'Otav Eva KUKA.roJ.La n&plEX&l Eva J.L6vo an6 tn napanavro GtOlx&ta OVOJ.La~&tal adO IC6lCloJpa. &VcO oruv to GUVOEtOUV 060, tpia 1\ n&plGG6n:pa atOlx&ia, auv&&J.LEVa G& G&lpa, napaA.A.llA.a 1\ J.LlKta, OVOJ.La~&tal a6rfJero K6lCloJpa.

I:tTJ GUVEX&la aa &;&taGoJ.L& tTJ GUJ.Ln&pupopa troy tPlcOV pamKcOv GtOlX&irov GtO &vaA.A.aGG6J.L&vo p&uJ.La.

a) 0 w""wt; amcnanJt; tnO e,alluaop81'O pevpa - D"uaj amaramt.

I:ta riKpa &v6~ roJ.LtKOU aVtlGtatTJ R &(jX1PJ.L6~oJ.L& J.Lia &vaA.A.aGG6J.L&Vll ta<J1l:

U = Urn llJ.Lrot (1)

Anot&uGJ.La sivet va &J.L<paVla6&i oro KUKA.roJ.La Eva p&uJ.La i (GX. 16.1a). fta Ka6& GtlYJ.Llaia tlJ.L1l tTJ~ taG&roc; Kal &vtaG&ro~ lGXU&l Kal GtO &VaA.A.aGGOJ.L&VO p&uJ.1a 0 v6J.LO<; rou.Ohm, &1lA.a&1l:·

- I u = i R I (2)

Apu to p&uJ.La nou n&pvQ J.LEGa an6 tOY llvtlGtatTJ. &iV&tal an6 tTJ GXE<J1l:

. U Urn llJ.Lrot

I ~R = R = 1m llJ.Lrot

(3)

napatllPOUJ.L& Ott to psuuu i &iVal &ni<J1l~ &vaA.A.aGG6J.L&vo J.Lty&OO~, onoo<; 11 taGll u, nou J.L&tapauetal J.L& rnv i&la GUxv6tTJta roo H J.L£ytGtll tlJ.L1l tOU pt:6- J.Lato<; &iV&tal an6 tTJ GXE<J1l:

1m = Urn R

(4)

85

ri ClV OtCllPECJO)l£ KCl'ta )lEA11 'tT]V (4)f.1£ V2. a1to 'tT] CJxtCJ1'l:

U I=--R

1tOU OiVEl rnv £v£pyo tt)lT! 'tOU pEU)la't"OC;.

R-

(5)

._ u _

1:x. 16.1a.

'Ape a VO)lOe; 'tau Ohm tOXo£!. 0Xl ~ovo yta nc; o'tlY,llai£c; aUa Kat yta nc; )l£ytO't"EC; !Cat 'tlC; EV£pytC; 'tlIlEC; "tao£(OC; xm p£o, . .ta'tOC;. A1tO nc; E~lOWCJ£tC; (1) Kat (3) Ota1tlCJ'tWVOf.1£ on OEV unuPX£l Ota<popu -r¢.OEroC; )l£'ta~6 nov -U Kat i.

H Taaq (ITa ("cpa ewi,' wpuco6 avnaTaf1/ KCU TO peupa 1WO fO' 8,appiBi /JpiaKOVfar oe rptiaq.

1:1'0 CJxitlla 16.1 ~ naplo-ruvE"tQl 11 I.lE'ta~OAT! rorv U Kat i.

1:x. 16.ltl.

revlKa, av oe iva ICaTal'alonrj £va.Uaa(lopsJOu pBDpaTo, " Tam, fJpiOKBfCU ttB tptiaq pe TO pBvpa, lips on ° KtlTaMAumir; ~I UJ/IlIOj anitnatllf.

... (yre'

{(E3~":;

-: ~~._"r '950\

a&~ lCal p&UJlato<;:

U R=I

(6)

Ecp6aov :r1 ola<pdpa <pQa&cb~ &ivClt JlTt6tv to 6ulVOOJla TTl<; tcia&oo<; O'uJlnintEl Jl& to 6ulvooJla 'lOU p&u)!at~, onoo<; cpaiv&'tal oro O'XTlJla 16.1 y.

'"

w

.-=~~,~~~===.~I~ . U

7 "'R-O

J;x. l6.l,.

fla TTlV laxu nou npooq»tp&tal 0'& eva OOJlllCO aV'tlatciTTlnpolCUntf:l. ano 'lou<; tunou<; (3), (4) kal (5) TTl<; napaypciq»au 15.3 )!E CPR. = 0 (auvfPR = 1.11JlfPR = 0)

Po = UI auvfPR = U I = Pcp (7)

Po = VI l1Jl(JIR = 0 _ (8)

0A6d .. l1P11l1npOO'q»EpOJlEVIl cpalVOJ.l&VIl \ax6<; a!;,lonOWtal orov OOJlllCO nvnatcitTI 00<; npaYJlunril 1axo<;, Xropi<; va &Jl<P<J.vi~Etal cisPYll (ax6<;. H EvtpyE\U nou Q.noppo<pei 0 avnatciTTl<; JlEtatptnEtat oA6d.l1Pl1 es 9EPJlOTTlta. H JlEta~OA.ft. tTI<; atIYllla(a<; n~11<; tTI<; 100X60<; p os tva QV'tlatciTTl naplatcivEtal ow axilIla IS.2a.

fJ) To ""'"' cno r1'tJlla6a6l'8FO p8uplJ - EJUJ7fII7UCJi ammamr.

ElCtEAOUJlE to &;11<; n&ipaJla: :Eta a!Cpa EVO~ nl1viou &cpaPJlO~OJl& ola&oXllCO:

Ilia auvExli taO'1l U !Cal JlW &vaA.A.aOaOJlEVll tciGll:

(9)

U

nou 11 &V&py6<; 'tlJlil 'tT1<; _ ~ rival iO'l1 JlE 'tT1V auvExil tciGll U. [ax. 16.10 (a)].

v2 .

Eotro on to nl1vio 1tapoUOt6.~El noA.u Jl\lC¢l OOJll1CiJ avnotaGll R lCat opla)!tVll autEnayo>Y11 L.

•

®

87

L

j

).

I

u

®

];x. 16.16.

'Omv LO .TtllvlO ~p{(J1(etal UTtO auveX1l taCT) £"upavt~etal oro K()JcAOOJla \axupo peuJla I' , TtOU 11 ttJl1l tOU TteptOpl~'tal aTtOKA.ela'tlKa aTto 't'TJ puqni oo,.uK1l nvrtcraen R:

U 1'=R

(10)

H aute1tayooY'i L tOU 1tllviou Bev &1t11pel:t~El rnv nJl1l tou P&UJla.'tor;. Av n.x. aU~1laOJlE tnv L tOTt09E'tolVtae; Eva mBTJpo1tuP1lva rrto 1tllvio, 1tapatTJPouJ,i£: on TJ Ev'tO.Oll I' JlEVEl aJl&ta~ATJ't'TJ·

X"PSIWmt.

ME TO olo"ponupi!va nou EXEt "u:ytU" l1ayvT\'t\ri) litan£pat6't11ta 11 au~aVEtal " l1aYVl]tI.riI

n~

poi! <I> !Cal oUl.J,cpwva I.J,£ tOY tuno (2) tTlC; 10.5: L = -- 11 aUtEnaywY1i L. I:11'U:UOVOI.J,£ 011<01;

I

on Oil Eva n11vio I1E mo"poltupi!-.:a'l L OEV ElVal ota9£p6 1.J,£y£9oc;, ytali 11 ~ OEV au~av£tat ava-' AOYU I1E to p£u).Ia I !Cal itOI 0 A.6yoC; <I>/IOEV £ivai O'tu9£p6C;, Fie Kli9£ till" I EX0IJ.£ olucpop£tlKli uUT£naywY1i L.

A vtHkra , orov to Ttllvio auvBa:tat OtTJV EVaAAaaaOJleVTJ ta.01l Ttapa't'TJPo6- fJ.E oro aJl1tEpOJlE'tPO, on 11 EVEpyoe; 'tlJl1l I tOU psuJ.1atOC; rtou pEst oro KUKAOOJla, sivrn ltOAU pucp6rep'I altO tTl aUvEX1l svrcen I', EltiOTle; ltapa'tTJpouJle on 11 evrnon I JlEu:ovE'tal lOxupa. orcv au~a.vOJle tTJv aUtEltayooY'i L, tOlt0ge'tcoV'tae; 'to mBll P01tUP1lva oro rrnvio.

H JlE1000ll tOU p&uJla'toc; oro ,:uKAOO,Jla ron £vallaaaoJl&vou ,P&uJlatOr; &~llyEltal roc; ~1lC;:

'Otnv oro '1t11V{O £<papJl0a9ei svq.AM.taaOIlEVTJ 'taOTJ. pEst ueou altO 'to TtllvlO evaA.AaaaOIlEvo pseuc tllC; lOlae; aUXVOtTJ'tur;.

To Evallacrcr6~Evo PEi>tJ.a OTU.l10UPYEi ~la ~E'ta~aAJ..6~EV11 ~a'YV11'tlKit pofl oro 7t11vio ~E a1to'ttA£cr~a va E~cpavlCJ6Ei ee au't6 ~ia "J.sICfPB'1BPfUC1i &;""", B~ CWfBm'1W'1'f~. 01t(Oe; yvcopicra~E ernv 1tapaypaq>o 10.5:

di e=-L-dt

(11)

A1t6 'to KUKA.CO~a ron crxit~a'toe; 16.10$) 1ta(pvo~t:, Eq>ap~6~0V'tae; 'to 2 xuv6va ron Kirchhoff Kal 6ecoprov'tae; a~eA.11'tta·'t11v CO~licit aV't(cr'tacr11 R roo 1t11-

V(OU: •

di

e=-u=-L--

dt

(12)

H 11A.eK'tPE'YEpnKTt Mva~l1 e EiVal 0l1A.aoit aV'ti6ETfl es K6.6E XPOVlKTt cr'tlY~it crnv 'tacr.11 u, ~E a1to'ttA£cr~a 'to. pEi>~a 1tOU 011~lOUP:yEi va ei val rLv'ti6Eto. oro pEi>jJ.a Tfle; 1t11'Y1'1e; Kal va 1tpOKaAEi 't11 M-Eicocrit 'tOU.

A1t6 rn ~EiCOCJ11 ron pEu~a'tOe; cru~1tE'paivo~E O'tl11 uvticr'taCJ11 tou KUKA.ro~a~oe; yivE'tal1tOA.U ~E'YaAU'tEP11 a1t6 rnv R, orcv oro KUKA.CO~a pEEl Evallacrcr6~Evo pEu~a. T11V' aU~l1CJ11 Tfle; uvncr'tacrEcoe; 1tavco a1t6 rnv 'tl~it R, 1tOU oq>EiA.e'tal crnlV ava1t'toocr6~EV1111A.eK'tpE'YEpnKit Mva~l1 E~ aU'tE1tayco'Y1'le; oro 1t11v(0, ovo~a~O~EB1UJ'1wyuaf an{flftunt Kal Tfl cru~~OA.i~O~E ~E x... . T11V OA.lKTt avticr'taCJ11

ton 1CUKA.ro~a'tOe; ovo~a~o~E fI(IIWi","I amMtunt 1i qDUM,tII/. .

H cpalv6~EV11 avticr'taCJ11 cru~~OA.i~E'tal ~E 'to ypa~~a z Kal U1tOA.oyi~E'tal a- 1t6 'to 1t11A.iKO 't11e; EVEPYOU n~1\e; Tfle; 'tacrEcoe; Ola Tfle; EVEPYOi> n~tle; Tfle; EV'tacrECOe;:

u z=I

(13)

ME 'tOV oplCJ~6 au't6 't11e; q>alV6~EV11e; avncr'tacrEcoe; E1tEK'tEivE'tal 0 v6~0e; ton Ohm Kal cr'ta Evallacrcr6~Eva pEu~a'ta. IlElpa~anKa a1tOOEl1CVUE'tal O'tl11Bm'1C11"/uai amMatll/ ,{Pal a,t:iA.o7'I f'I~ 1Q)JC1uat~ tIfJ%l'6rrIfa~ OJ foo P,6"(lfO~ Ie'"

, .,

f'I~ CWfBm'1C11"/'1~ L fOO 1UfI'IOPJ

XL = coL (14)

~l1A.aOit 11 E1taYCO'YlKTt avticr'taCJ11 au~avE-tal 000 au~avEl 11 cruxv6Tfl'ta tou pEu~a'tOC; Kal 11 au'tE1tayco'Yit ron 1t11v(OU. rta co ~ 00 (XL ~ 00) 'to 1t11v(0 a1to'teA.ei OlaK01tit roo KUKA.ro~a'tOC; EVro 'Yla co = 0 (crUVEXtc; pEi>~a), XL = 0, 0l1A.a0it 'to 1t11v(O OEV 1tapE~~aA.A.el Ka~la aV'ticr'taCJ11 oro crUVExte; pEU~a.

H E1tayCO'YlKTt avticr'taCJ11 ~E'tpO.'tal ee n, 01tCOe; KQl11 CO~lKTt uvriotnon, 01tCOe; 1tPOKU1t'tEl a1t6 'tOV 'tU1tO (14):

89

1 Wb V

[XL l =[00] [L] =- . - = -=0

's A A

A v TJ ooJ,ltJCit cvrtercen tOU nnvtou &lVat aJ,l&A.TJtEa, tOtE TJ q)(llVOJ,l&VTJ nvriOtaOTJ etvci iOTJ J,l& TTJV &n(,l'yooytJCit uvttcmcn:

Z=XL

xm yta to p&uJ,la I npoKUnt&l ano n<; (13) Kat (14)

(15)

U 1=ooL

Fin tTJ oxtOTJ J,l&ta~u TTJ<; to:O&oo<; U Kal tOU p&uJ,lato<; i naipvoue ano TTJv (12):

(16)

di u=L-dt

To nTJAiKO di/dt OtOV tuno (I 7) &K<PpO:~&l TTJV taxuTTJta J,l&ta~OAtl<; tOU P&UJ,lato<; i. 000 J,l&yaAUt&PTJ OVal TJ J,l&ta~oAit eli tOU p&uJ,lato<; 0& Xpovo dt, tOOO J,lEyaA.6t&pTJ OVal TJ taxutTJta J,l& tTJV onoin J,l&ta~o:U&tat to psouu, tOOO J,l&yaAUt&pTJ sivrn TJ TJA&KtP&Y&PttKit ouvaJ,lTJ &~ aut&nayooYTJ<;, otnv 0 OUVt&A&Otit<; aut&nayoo'Y1i<; L &lvat ota6&po J,lty&60<; tOU nnviou,

To 0XTJJ,la 16.1& naptoto:v&t to &VaAAaOOOJ,l&VO p&uJ,la i nou ptEt OtO nnvio.

H to:OTJ u stvm, onoo<; ava<pEpaJ,l&, &nioTJ<; Bvallatltl6pevo piYBfJor;, OEV <paiv&tal OJ,loo<; duson ano roo; npoTJYouJ,l&Vou<; tunou<;, av unO:PX&l xm note, 8uupopti. ,OOBClJr; J,l&ta~u tTJ<; to:O&oo<; U Kat tOU p&UJ,lato<; i.

Fie va anaVt1tooJ,l& OtO &pc.OTTJJ,la auto &pya~oJ,la06& 00<; &~tl<;: To Oto:oTTJJ,la T /2 J,lta<; TJJ,ll1t&ptooou tOU pEUJ,lato<; i xoopi~oJ,l& OE nOAu J,ltKPO: (oa XPOVlKO: otaotitJ,lata dt. I'm K0:6& Oto:otTJJ,la dt npooOtopi~oJ,l& OtOV u~ova i to aVtiOtOlXO Oto:otTJJ,la di. IIapaTTJPouJ,l&, on ~&K\Vc.Ovta<; ano TTJV nJ,lit J,lTJotv tOU oxitJ,lato<;, to J,ltYE60<; tmv otaotTJJ,lo:tooV di J,l&lc.OV&tal OUV&XcO<; 000 nATJmo:~OJ,l& tTJ J,lEytOTTJ tlJ,lit 1m, OtTJV onoin xm J,lTJO&vi~&tat. Enouevex, seocov 0 Xpovo<; dt napaJ,lEV&t ota6&po<; TJ taxutTJta J,l&ta~OAtl<; di/dt EX&t tTJ J,lEytOtTJ tlJ,lit tTJ<; ornv i = 0 xm yiv&tal J,lTJotv orcv i = 1m .

AnotEA&oJ,la eivm TJ to:OTJ U nou npoKUnt&l ano tOV tuno (17) va EX&t TTJ J,ltytOTTJ nJ,lit tTJ<; yta i = 0 xm tTJV nJ,lit J,lTJotv yta i = 1m. En&loit to p&uJ,la au~o:vEl ano 0 00<; 1m tn olaOtitJ,lata dt &iVat 6&nKO: (n.x. to p&uJ,la i2 stvat J,l&yaAUt&pO tOU i, xm di, = i2 - i, eivet 6&nKo) xm TJ to:OTJ U &iVal &niOTJ<; 6&tlKit·

A vtiorpoeu omv to p&uJ,la i J,l&lc.Ov&tat OTTJ ouvtX&ta, nnparn POUJ,l& Ott tu

otao'titJ,lata di au~o:vouv Kal nnipvouv TTJ J,ltylOt1t tou<; nllit yta i = O. Erm TJ to:oTJ u nnipvst tTJ J,lEytOtTJ 'tlJ,lit tTJ<; nO:Al yta i = O. En&loit OJ,loo<; 'to psoun usuovetm ano 1m 00<; 0 rc otaotitJ,lata di stvrn apVTJnKO: (n.x. to p&uJ,la i, &lVat J,llKPOt&PO tOU i6 Kal di, = i, - i6 stvrn apVTJttKo) xm TJ to:OTJ U OVal apvTJnJCit oro XPOVtKO Oto:otTJJ,la T/4 00<; T/2.

(17)

90

.M£ aVclAoYO tpOno OtamOtrovOJ.l.£ Ott TI tciOTJ U sivm J.l.Tlotv ym t. = 3T/4, 0- not£ to p£uJ.l.a i iXEl rn J.l.f:yt0'tTI aPVTlnKil tou 'tlJ.l.l1, Kat J.l.EytO'tTI ytci t = T, Olt6- rs to p£UJ.I..a &ivat J.l.TlotV.

Ano'tTI J.I.&tal3oAl1 autil 'tTI<; tQO~ yiV£tal <p<lV£PO On 11 tclOT\ U npoTly&itat tOU p£UllatOC; x:a'tQ 900 £vro to p£uJ.l.a i En£tCll x:atci 900 (OX. 16.1£).

La tm qm, '" apl1Itfia Wpuaj arrUnlUlJl " fam, KDO a~CII ara dIcpa fOU, .,;o'l'lalfal rou p8u,mfOr; KDO ro IuJ.ppiI!I ura )'fdna'L = 900 " .12 rad.

u ,

I ... ......_

. d i 4 5' .... or-------.-

13(5)-. dll( 6)

i.2'(6} ~t--..y...+-+-+-~ dI2(7)

1

• I

1---------- T --------1

To oXliJ.l.a 16.10t 61 vel to 6lQ VU0J.l.atlX:o 6uiypo.p.J.l.a troy £v£pyoov nurov tTlt; tCtO£COr; x:at £vtcio£cor;. To PEAc<; &ixv&t tTl CPOPcl nEplOtpoqn'v; tCOV 61aVOOJ.l.atroy, o'tTIv onoia naVtOt& npOTlYEltal TI 'taOT\ U Kata n/2 'tTI<; &vtO.o£co<; I.

E<p6oov 11 61aq»apCt qxio£roc; J.I.&'ta~6 'tCto&m<; xm EVtCtO£COr; &ival 'PI.. = 900 • npox:un't&l "(lu nc; loxdr; ano tOUr; tunoue; (3). (4) Kat (5) 'tTI<; napaypCtcpou 15.3 J.l.E 111l'PL. = I Kat OUV'PI.. = O.

Pa = VI ouv'PL, = 0 (18)

Pa" = VI TlJ.I.<{I[. = U1= Pip (19)

VI

u

~x. 16.ltn.

I:E eva 1t11vio J.l.E a~Ei\11tta 0>J.l.11Ci} avtiOtao11 (R = O), 11 1tpaYJ.l.anK'l) lOXO~ sivat tOT) J,lE 1JT)&tv. LtO 7tT)vio Ssv . KatavaJ...oovetat EvtpYEla, OUTE &T)J.l.tOUPyElTal SEP!J.6tT)ta Joule. OJ...6KJ...T)PT) T) qK1tv6!J.EVT) lOXU~. 1tapoooui~&'tat OtO 1tT)vio ecv ckPY'lltJXV" Fur 'tTJ XPOVlKll !J.uaJ30J...1l tT)~ Otly~uaiar; tt!J.l'J~ tT)C; tOXoo~ p OtO rmvlo tOXUEt TO oxilJ.la 15.2J3 otTJV 1tapciypar.po 15.2, 1tOU &iVEt tT) J.l.EtapoJ...TJ au-

,

-rn YEVtKa. OTa\! 11 TaOT) 1tpoTly£itat TOU pEUJ.laTO~ lenta 90°. H 1tpoor.pepOJ.l.EVT)

11A.e11:TptKi) EVtpYEta ano rnv 1tTJ'YiJ XPT)mJ.101t01EiTal anOKA£lO'tlK6: ym TTl &11- ,.J.loupyia tOU lJaYVTI"tlKO,U nebiou OTO 1t11vio. H Evtpyoa autTl anoial-l.leUEtal OTO J.layVT)'tlK6 1tE&io un6 J.lOPr,pillltJywrruaj, nipyBltJ" orn XPOVlKci &lU0tTllJaW 1tOU 11 tOXUr; ciVUl SEtlICll (n.x: ere olUo't'ftj.1ata p - y, & --: E tOU OXlil-1atoc; 15.2J3). Lta xpovlKa olaonilJata nco 11tOXUC; £tval apVTltllCit (n.x. ere olaOti)lJata 0.- p, Y - & TaU oxi)j.1atOC; 15.2J3) 11 anOtalllEUJ.l.8VT1 j.1aYVTI'tlKi) EVtpyew perarpinBJaJ tlB "lBICrpJlai erip"IBla KUl anO&{OEtat an6 to 1tT)vio Ot11V 1t11yi).

'A.pa 'f0 "",,0 tie K6dwpa BPa.Uao-tlO,uB1'OU pepparo, muna,aepeJ 7UJpw8ucti Bvip"IB1tJ ftOU naipV81 cuW T'I' "MIC'fPua; 'ItIfYFi I(QJ tJ1UJdi&n T'I' eriP"lBIa a»'fIj M).., mtlllJ tJ"fII'I1 7f11Y'i,

Ano&olCvoetat Ott 11 lJaYVTl"tlKi) EVtpYElU .xou eiVat anOtaJ.llEUJ.l.EVTI OtO 1t11- vio KanOta xpovtK1l O'tlYIli) &iVEtal ano 'tTJ OXEOT):

(20)

onou i 11 OtlYIlUlia tljJ.ll tau pe:Ullatoc; 0'tTJ eeoopoUj.1EVT) XPOV1K1l OtlYjJ.i).

H llayvTl'tlICi) EYEPYEta J.l.Etpatat eta OOO'tTJlla S.1. OE Joule (lJ = IWs), er.p6-

( Vs ) .

oov Tl aun:1tayooyi) j.1&tpcital OE Henry I H = 1 -- Kat Tl £Vta011 roo peouc-

A

TOe; i O£ A:

Vs

[Am.1 = [L] [i7'] =TA2 = Ws = J

Ap,(JP'IflI'6 ~e,ypa.

I:'ta QKpa &VO~ 1t11viou, aU't&1ta'YroYll~ L = 1 H, &<papJ.10~&'tal J.1la &vallaooo- 1l&\ITI 'tcio11 evepvoe 'tllltl~ U = 220 V. Na U1toAoyt06ti 11 &V&P'YO<; nJ.1Tt ron P&i>Ila'to~ I 1tOU 1t&pva IlEoa a1to 'to 1t11vio, yta OUxvo't1l'ta f = 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 50 kHz Kat 100 kHz.

A6tJq.

XL = roL = 21tfL

f [Hz] 50 60 50· 1()3 100 . 103
XL [nJ 314 376,8 314.103 628 . 1()3
I[A] 0,7 0,583 0,7 .. 10-3 0,35 . 10-3 y) 0 _lCWOuj, tnO eW&lltura61"11O pevpa - XWPllmai avrimamt.

I:'ta QKpa &VO~ 1tUKVro'tTt XroP11'tlKO't1l'ta~ C &<papJ.10~OIl& olaBoXlKci Ilia OUV&XTt 'tci01l U Kat J.1ia &VallaooOIl&\ITI 'tci01l:

U = Urn 111lrot 01tro~ <pai V&'tQl O'tO OXTtlla 16.1~.

(21)

-+

·U

-----,

e-------{v}-----

c

1:x. 16.1t,