Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2. Mercantile Empires
naval wars.
(b) Created large navies and resulted in many
Three centuries
slaves.
Native
Americans marginalized.
(e) Atlantic economy and society were European and African.
1
(f ) Both British and Spanish colonies declared independence.
(g) Ended during 1820s.
(c) Formally based on free labor , but indigenous still treated harshly.
4. Decolonization (1950+)
(b) Destroy existing culture due to greed, religion, politics. These ac-
tions remain signicant factors in relationship between Europe and
its colonies and U.S. today.
2 Mercantile Empires
(b) Control Central America, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, eastern His-
paniola (Dominican Republic).
4. French controlled St. Lawrence River valley, Ohio and Mississippi River
valleys. Western Hispaniola (Haiti), Guadeloupe, Martinique, posts on
India and West Africa.
6. Dutch control Suriname (Dutch Guiana), Cope Colony (South Africa), Sri
Lanka, Bengal.
2
(b) Opened these markets in 1600s.
3. Assumed scarcity and limits, zero-sum game. Only modest growth possi-
ble. Predated industrial/agricultural revolution.
(c) English colonists could buy sugar more cheaply from French West
Indies.
3
4. India
(c) Indian trade only marginal, but still tried to make prot.
Had rigid laws, but actual practice was informal. Monopoly frequently breached.
Primary purpose until 1750s was to supply Spain with metals.
4
(a) Flota (commerce eet) escorted by warships carry Spanish merchan-
dise to few specic ports (Portobello, Veracruz, Cartagena).
(c) Loaded with bullion, spent winter in fortied Caribbean ports, sailed
back.
(b) 1765 abolished Seville monopoly; opened ports other than Cádiz.
5
4 Black African Slavery, The Plantation System,
1. Slavery exist in parts of Europe since ancient; little stigma until 1700s.
Mediterranean traditional sole source of slaves.
3. Portuguese import African slaves from Canary Islands and West Africa.
(a) Political and military conditions and wars in Africa create slave sup-
ply.
(d) Increased in Brazil, Caribbean for sugar and gold mining. Prosperity
and slavery went hand in hand.
6
4.2 Slavery and the Transatlantic Economy
1. Portuguese and Spanish most involved in slave trade in 16th; Dutch in
17th; England in late 17th and 18th.
2. Triangle trade:
(a) European goods (often gun) traded for slaves in West Africa.
(b) Slaves taken to West Indies; traded for sugar and tropical products;
shipped to Europe.
(c) Also went to New England for sh, rum, and lumber to trade for
sugar in West Indies.
3. Cotton, tobacco, and sugar (and their consumer goods) all depended on
slavery.
(c) African leaders conducted slave raids to raise money for weapons.
3. Always more men → could not preserve traditional extended family. Later,
tried to recreate even though not actual family.
7
6. Language and Culture
(a) Plantation isolated; but could visit other slaves on market days.
Thus, recently arrived slaves could sustain their own culture for a
while.
(b) More people spoke African language south of W. Indies. Take over
two generation for European languag.
1739
iii. Enabled communication during revolts.
7. Daily Life
(a) Diered from colonies.
(c) Spanish church tried to protect, but more concerned about Native.
(d) British and French had slave codes, but more assuring dominance.
Limited protection.
(k) Today, accepted that life sucked equally for most slaves.
8. Conversion to Christianity
(a) Spanish, French, Portugeuse: Catholic.
(c) Slaves must accept society and natural hierarchy of master at top.
8
crushed non-European values in con-
text of New World economics and society.
(f ) Like Native Americans,
(d) Created unique society dependant on slave labor and racial dierence.
Had not existed before.
(e) Ended:
5 Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
1. Unstable relations.
3. Professional armies and navies; rarely aected civilians much. Did not
harm domestically.
5. Overseas empires and central Europe overlapped and inuenced each other.
2. 1731 Fight during search; Robert Jenkins's ear cut o. Carried ear
in brandy.
1815
5. Inherently minor, but due to circumstances, opened a series of world-wide
wars until .
9
5.2 The War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48)
1. Frederick 2 invaded Habsburg Silesia . Upset pragmatic sanction; he
treated Habsburg as just another state rather than dominant power. Up-
set balance of power.
ii. Brought Britain into continental war; they wanted to make sure
Netherlands were Austrian, not French.
10
(a) Geroge 2 feared French.
(b) France agreed because Frederick had not consulted with French min-
isters before allying with Britain.
1762
i. Britain gave substantial money.
Peter 3
ii. Elizabeth of Russia (r 1741-62) died. Successor Tsar
(killed in same year) admired Frederick and immediately
peace.
(d) Sent over 40,000 English and colonial troops; highest ever for colo-
nial war.
i. Corrupt administration.
11
(g) Also captured French West Indies. French trade fell by 80% from
1755-60.
(c) Britain get Canada, Ohio River Valley, eastern half of Mississippi
River valley.
4. IMPACTS
(a) 10,000s soldiers and sailors died in major battles across globe.
(b) Prussia took Silesia and turned Holy Roman Empire empty, at great
sacrice.
(e) Spanish Empire intact, but British still wanted its markets.
WWII.
new territories in New World.
12
2. 1764 Sugar Act rigorous collection of lower tax. Smugglers tried
in Admiralty court w/o jury.
5. 1766 Repeal stamp act; Declaratory Act still held power to legislate
colonies.
6. Pattern:
(d) With each clash, less reconcilable. Americans think more liberty.
13
(c) Organize colonial army, navy.
(e) In Britain, ignored because public thought they were freest people in
world.
(b) Ignore Whigs that ran country since 1715 sought aid of politicians
Parli hated.
(e) George III try to restore royal inuence, but not really tyrant.
14
(a) Wilkes criticize Lord North's peace negotiations with France.
1768
(e) Wilkes ed and outlawed, but enjoyed popular support.
1774.
(g) Popular and aristocratic support.
(b) Wilkes and Colonists protest same things large, self-elected aris-
tocratic body; popular support.
(d) Failed during 1780s because members not willing to appeal to public.
5. 1783 Lord North ally with Charles James Fox, critic of monarch.
(a) 1783 King appoint William Pitt the Younger to manage House of
Commons
1780s
(c) Tried a reform in 1785; failed and he gave up reforming.
increase.
(e) Great cost. Popular sovereignty; colonies lost.
15
6.5 Broader Impact of the American Revolution
1. Establish title less non-hereditary government based on documents based
on popular consent and sovereignty.
7 In Perspective
Mid-18th-century wars
increasing revolutionary discontent. Prussia, Austria, and Russia pursued ac-
Portobello is ordinarily sparsely populated (tiempo muerto ) but each year during
the fair, it becomes one of the most populous places. A tent is erected from
the ship's sales. Mules drag gold and silver to unload; the authors say nobody
steals or loses the bullion. The harbor then lls with many other vessels to
distribute goods elsewhere. The Spanish ships also facilitate trade from the
fellow American port of Carthagena. The merchants of Peru, deputies and
commodore of ship announce price.
Cacao, quinquina, Jesuit's bark, Vicuña wool, bezoar stones are sold. The
system is inecient because such a large amount of goods are sold centrally and
trade between American ports can only take place through Spanish ships, once
a year. Chatas and bongos, vessels that carry the goods away from the port
to colonial settlement, can easily be used for smuggling since the Spanish ships
soon leave, leaving no guard.
16
B Buccaneers Prowl the High Seas
Left with 480 men, 220 women; had to promise to return next year with English
goods. Great disease; 320 died, so they lost a lot of money. Blacks survived
smallpox but did not survived white ux. Sick people got as much water as
they wanted and some oil to annoint wounds. They claim to have taken great
care to feed and house the slaves, yet consider their conditions when they walk
through a parcel of creatures nastier than swine, and after all our expectations
to be defeated by their mortality . . . Carrying slaves is lthy, dicult task;
when they die, life really sucks for you.
Average 78 × 16. Shackles prevented suicide. 609 slaves could be carried
on ship designed for 450.
liament
17