Typical Types of Degradation: Motion Blur

How does motion blur occur ?

• A camera works by exposing a sheet of light sensitive film to a scene, for a short
period of time.
• The light from the scene, hitting the film, causes the film to change chemically,
and eventually results in a picture representation of the scene.
• This is known as an exposure.
• If the scene changes during that exposure, a blurred image will result, since light
from many scenes hit the film.
Typical Types of Degradation:
Atmospheric Turbulence
negligible
  k  0.0025
distortion

k  0.001   k  0.00025
Typical Types of Degradation:
Uniform Out of Focus Blur
periodic in frequency  periodic in time
Periodic Extension of Signals: Wrong!
Periodic Extension of Signals: Correct!
Extension is
done by zero-
padding
 The proof is in the notes
based on the following points
• The eigenvalues of a circulant matrix are the DFT
values of the signal that forms the matrix.

• The eigenvectors of a circulant matrix are the DFT

basis functions!

• Diagonalisation of the degradation matrix yields the

proof circular convolution DFT
2-D Case
 Example
• Image 256x256
• Degradation 3x3

• Finally both at least

(256+3-1)x(256+3-1)=258x258
and also periodic
Example
NON
-BLI
ND !!
Problems – Suppose there isn’t any additive noise
Problems – Suppose THERE IS ADDITIVE NOISE

CAN BE HUGE !!
Pseudo-inverse Filtering with Different Thresholds

Obs
erve
the
gho
sts!
!!
Pseudo-inverse Filtering
in the Presence of Noise
( H (u , v)   C (u , v) ) F (u , v)  H  (u , v)Y (u , v) 
2 2

H  (u , v)
F (u , v)  2 2
Y (u , v)
( H (u , v)   C (u , v) )
( )

variance of
degraded
noiseless signal
 ITERATIVE METHODS

new estimate=old estimate+function(old estimate)

• There is no need to explicitly implement the inverse of an operator. The

restoration process is monitored as it progresses. Termination of the
algorithm may take place before convergence.

• The effects of noise can be controlled in each iteration.

• The algorithms used can be spatially adaptive.

• The problem specifications are very flexible with respect to the type of
degradation. Iterative techniques can be applied in cases of spatially
varying or nonlinear degradations or in cases where the type of degradation
is completely unknown (blind restoration).