The TCP/IP Reference Model

A Bit of History
The TCP/IP Model was develop by the Department
of Defense in the late 60s’ to ensure data
communications would not be interrupted even
under the worse circumstances.
Since then, TCP/IP has become the de facto
method we use for data communications on the
Internet.
The Four Layers of TCP/IP
Includes all the functions
Application of the OSI’s Application,
Presentation, & Session
layers including:
• Data representation
• Data encryption and
• Dialog control
The Four Layers of TCP/IP
Application Uses the TCP protocol
and is responsible for
quality of service issues
Transport including:
• Reliability
• Flow Control and
• Error Correction
The Four Layers of TCP/IP
Application

Transport
Uses the IP protocol and
is responsible for:
Internet • Path determination and
• Packet switching.
The Four Layers of TCP/IP
Application Includes all the
functions of the OSI’s
Data Link & Physical
Transport layers including:
• processes required by
IP to ensure a packet
Internet reaches its destination.
• all the various LAN &
WAN Technologies
Network Access such as 100BaseTX &
Frame Relay.
Protocols For Each Layer
FTP-File Transfer
Application
Protocol
HTTP-Hypertext
Transfer Protocol
SMTP-Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol
DNS-Domain Name
Service
TFTP-Trivial File
Transfer Protocol
Protocols For Each Layer
Application
TCP-Transmission
Transport Control Protocol
UDP-User Datagram
Protocol
Protocols For Each Layer
Application

Transport

Internet IP-Internet Protocol

 Protocols For Each Layer
Application

Transport

Internet

LAN & WAN

Network Access
Technologies
 TCP/IP OSI
Application
Application Presentation
Session
Transport Transport
Internet Network
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
 Why Two Models!!
TCP/IP is the most popular “protocol
specific” model used on the Internet.
However, TCP/IP does not cover all the
protocols and standards we will be
exploring.
The OSI Model is “protocol independent.”
Therefore, all topics covered in the
curriculum can fit into its framework.
Thank You