PRACTI GAL

~ CHINESE

111 READER

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PRACTICAL CHINESE READER

EI,gMB~NTARY COURSE

Book I

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THE COMMERCIAL PRESS

1986. Beijing

, ,1986<

Published by the Commercial Press, 36 Wanfujing Street, Beijing, China Typeset by the Peijing Languages Institute Printing House, Beijing, China

Distributed by China International Book Trading Corporation (GUOn SHUDIAN)

P. O. Box 399, Beijing, China

Printed in the People's Republic 0/ China

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3

INTRODUCTION

Practical Chinese Reader, with fifty lessons in its Book I & 1f, has been prepared for use with foreign learners in a course of elementary Chinese. It may also be used by foreigners who wish to teach themselves modern Chinese.

The Reader aims at enabling the learner to communicate in Chinese for everyday purposes, and at laying a solid foundation for further studies of the language. These aims are to be accomplished by means of pattern substitution, functional item drilling, grammatical analysis and various types of multiple-purpose exercises. The authors have tried to present the material through various effective foreign language teaching methods and in light of peculiarities of the Chinese language.

This course has been devised on the following principles: 1. The texts are prepared in standard, idiomatic modern Chinese in' current use among native speakers; priority has been given to the most essential language items that the learner will need to express himself in Chinese in everyday social intercourse.

2. This course aims not only to teach the learner speech forms, but more importantly to enable him to use them freely in specific situations. The situations provided

4

centre around two foreign students, Palanka and Gubo, who studied Chinese first in their own country and then -in China where they make friends with native speakers. Palanka and Gubo are represented in Book I as living in other parts of the world, with a view to enabling the learner to use Chinese in his own country.

3. For adult learners it has proved profitable to their studies to observe carefully the basic rules of pronunciation and grammar. While the emphasis is on language practice, care has been taken to include information respecting Chinese phonetics and grammar.

4. In order to ensure good results in language study; some understanding of China's culture and history and present-day condition is neccessary, For this purpose, background information regarding Chinese society, history, scenic spots and historical sites, local customs and conditions has, where possible, been incorporated,'especially in the texts of Book [.

5. The vocabulary, sentence patterns and their extensions, grammar, texts, reading texts and exercises in each lesson are arranged in', such a way as to ensure the recurrence 'of basic vocabulary and sentence patterns.

As students vary from place to place, the teacher is allowed considerable leeway to adapt the book to the needs of actual learners. He may use the whole or only part of the book, _or change the order' of presentation.

Guide to the Book:

TEXT-Most of the texts are written in the form of dialogues so as to facilitate audio-lingual practice while providing an overall grounding in elementary Chinese including reading and writing.

NEW WORDS-Apart from the required lexical items, an optional list of words and expressions is included in each lesson.

NOTES-Following each text are a number of notes that explain difficult sentences and expressions, give additional explanations about grammar items already covered and provide necessary background information, Some difficult sentences may contain grammar items that will be dealt with in later lessons, the students are merely required to understand these sentences.

PRONUNCIATION DRILLS (includeq in Lessons 1-12) & PRONUNCIATION .. and INTONATION-Apart from their focal task of providing practice in conversation and basic sentence patterns, the first twelve lessons contain a concentrated dose of drills in pronunciation and tones, with the emphasis on items that have proved difficult to foreign learners. This type of drill, which is meant to give the learner a reasonably good grounding in phonetics, continues through the rest of the lessons, with drills on intonation added.

CONVERSATION PRACTICE (included in Lessons 1- 12) & SUBSTITUTION and EXTENSION-The mechanical

6

substitutional drills aim at giving the learner a proficient but formal mastery of the basic sentence patterns. These are followed by drills of a situational extension type, which aim at enabling the learner to use the sentence patterns with reasonable freedom.

PHONETICS (included in Lessons 1-12) & GRAMMAR-The phonetics and grammar items included in this book are not treated in an all-round and systematic manner, but are dealt with in a way that best solves the specific difficulties of the foreign learners; due attention has also been given to peculiarities of the Chinese language. The short grammatical summary included in the revision lesson following each unit recapitulates the items that have been taught up to that point.

READING TEXT-Texts of this kind are prepared to ensure the recurrence of some of the lexical items and sentence patterns already taught, and to develop the students' power of reading comprehension and consecutive speaking and writing.

EXERCISES-The various types of exercises are designed to consolidate the main grammar items covered, including the lexical items dealt with in the notes. It is hoped that students will make full use of the illustrations for situational oral practice.

CHARACTERS-A list of stroke-order of the characters is included in each lesson. The Chinese Character Exercise Book contains analyses of the components and structure of Chinese characters and etymological informa-

7

tion, as well as various different types of characterwriting exercises.

Grateful acknowledgements are due to teachers of the Beijing Languages Institute, who offered generous advice and assistance in the course of preparation ofPracticaZ Chinese Reader Book I & ]I. Teachers and students both at home and abroad are earnestly invited to offer criticisms and suggestions which will be invaluable to the revision of these two volumes and the preparation of future volumes.

These books are translated into English by He Peihui, Xiong Wenhua and Mei Xiuxian, and illustrated by Jin Tingting and Zhang Zhizhong.

Compilers February 1981

8

CONTENTS

• - iI Lesson 1 ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• 1

-~ 11 X Text 1$fff z; it ~ Notes

l*'Ii~~!§j~-m~~ Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

Fi lfJ: Initials b p g k h 1 n {f.iJ 1Ij; Finals a 0 i u ao an 1!9, i* 1f Phonetics

Fi~~Il~m: Initials and finals

F ~ Tones

~ ~ Tone changes

_ iI, Lesson 2··· .........•.......•........................... ···10

-, it X Text 1$fffmJ ::, it ~ Notes

tlt1f~~!§j~-m~~ Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

Fl -HJ: lni tial m

{f.iJ lfJ: Finals e uo ie en

1!9, llt 'Ii Phonetics

~ pi Neutral tone ~:=,pi Half srd tone

i*~#,q!il1J Rules of phonetic spelling

1

Ii, m #; Grammar

1. &i?Hl'-Jlnj~ The word order in a Chinese sentence

2. JfI "~IfJ" tr.J~I'r>J{iJ Questions with the interrogative particle "PIfJ"

m .=. i.l Lesson 3 ••••· .. •• .. •••••••••••••••••• .. ····················20

it :Jc Text iB~ttPIfJ it. ;jlf Notes

.::., i*1ft~31-'=ii~ilSt~31 Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

pi £} Initials d t
IF] -II): Finals ou ang
1l9, '£. :ft Phonetics
lR E:I i.!~1f:fQ71~J!~1f The aspirated and unaspirated Ii, itt it Grammar

W~ijijil'1i~HI) Sentences with an adjectival predicate

~ fZg il Lesson 4 29

i* Jt Text u;ll;:ftJIl"lt<: it 1i¥ Notes

Hf1f~*31-I:ii~ilSt~~31 Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

ll9,iff

~ Ji. il Lesson 5 ••• .. • ••• .. • .. •• • .. • .. •••• .. ·39

it )( Text iB,~~~.k;;k;IIIfJ it ff Notes

f,'j: Ini t i a l s zh sh
-II): Finals -i rn iou (-iu)
:ft Phonetics
a eng

i*1ft,ij;31~~ij1i&*31 Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

F -II): Initials (z h) ch (s h) f

~ .ll3: Final ai

2

1m, Uf 1f Phonetics

"/I'"tr.JFflJ!il Tones of "/I''' Ji, itf it. Grammar

"~"*1U (1) "~" sentence type (1) ;tt®ir~*~tr.J~lif Attributives showing possession

1.
2.
m -'- il
"
- , i*
it Lesson 6 ···48

)( Text fl!!.~I!IJ~@)A ~ Notes

l~1i·~:51!5~1Etr.:51 Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

Ff 1IJ Initials (zh ch s h) r

~ .ll3: Finals ti ei o ng

1m, Uf 1f Phonetics

tJj:ljift.Jilllllj Rules of phonetic spelling

~ -l: i.l Lesson 7 58

i* )( Text t3:~{-j-i.J:t!lOO it ~ Notes

ifr1T~;:51-~~iM*:51 Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

F ll3: Initial j

ttJ ll3: Finals ing iang uang jr.:J, i~ 1f Phonetics

Ji, Hf i! Grammar

m~li~]ftlii]~ITiJ1D Questions with an interrogative

pronoun

~ /\ il Lesson 8 ••• oo ~ oo ••••• oo oo 68

,ill! )( Text ir'J'~* it ff Notes

;:::., i~-1'f~;::P5~if,gf)(J] Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

;t l& Initials ( j) q x

fJ -IU: Finals in ian -uan

1l!I. Uf 1f Phonetics

fJf~:J&»lU Rules of phonetic spelling

iii 'JL' iI: Lesson 9 ~ ..•...••...•.•..•....•.•..... : .....•.. 80

-,

ill X Text .~:StM:

icE ~ Notes

Uf1f,*>l~~mt!):] Pronunciation Drills and Conversa tionPrattic e

;S lU: Initials (j q X)

fJ HJ: Finals iao : uei (-ui) . uai uen (-uil) 11e uan Un

1l!I. if 1f Phonetics

tW~:Ji!i!»lU Rules of phonetic spelling

111 + '" Lesson 10 .. '~ ·····.···~···"···············"········88

-, ill X Text ~ft$&%

icE ~ Notes

=.. if1f,*):]~~i!t.t):] Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

Jft lij: Initials z c s

fJ HJ: Finals -s ur er I!!I. if 1f Phonetics

JLftfJ Retroflex final

tJI:~:Ji!i!Jj!IJ Rules of phonetic spelling s: if it. Grammar

iiJiilJiWuf1u Sentences with a verbal predicate

M.+-i!!!: Lesson 11· .. ·•····· .. •·······•··•···· .. ·············••··· 102

-, ill X Text iMiMro;

icE ~ Notes

Uf1f,*>ll§j~~,*):] Pronunciation Drills and

Conversation Practice

F lJJ Initials (z c s)
t1 lJJ Finals ua ia iong
1m. m oft Phonetics
E:I
~t1lJJ Compound finals ~+=il Lesson 12 j[~ Revision 111

~. it )( Text !@{(1:Jl::1IHHmMbc:

it ~ Notes

iilHtJ] Phonetics Revision

1. ~lJJfIlFlJJ/J,#i A brief summary of the finals and initials

2. m~~!i!U,J,#i A brief summary of the rules of phonetic spelling

1m. ii~~J]~~iE~J] Pronunciation Drills and

Conversation Practice

IWI ~iiiEFt1m1r,~,~ Table of the Combinations of the Initials and Finals in Common Spe.ec h

iiiJ~J':j~~ Abbreviations

~+=il Lesson 13 .. • .. •• .. • .... ····························~····· 123

~. it )( Text {$iAiJ1:;f>UiJUik it fI! Notes

liiIiJ"fIJ" The conjunction "fIJ"

tf~~r-Jili Substitution and Extension

I!!l. ~*m)( Reading Text 11.. ii i£ Grammar

1. lEEt}iIUJ1U Affirmative-negative questions

2. lii9J1U Sentences with verbal constructions in series

3. "-IlL"fll"~"I'BUL:it Position of the adverbs"-IlL"and"~" ii~ii"oo Pronunciation and Intonation

iliJtBm~ (1) Word stress (1)

M+l2!lil Lesson 14 144

5

-, il )( Text {IM1=ft~I{1: r± ff Notes

"1it"frJ "1itIt" "it" and ",~1lt"

"r~ .. ·· .. ~" The expression "lilJ .. ·!If" =.~~~r-~ Substitution and Extension ~~~.il)( Reading Text

rm.

Ii. iff i;t; Grammar

1. ":ff"*1U "fl" sentences

2. 1l-iJiJ#i~ Prepositional constructions 7\. RHfiliJ1a Pronunciation and Intonation iJiJ(t.]ll'i:-t- (2) Word stress (2)

M+'Ii.il: Lesson 15················································ 165

-. il )( Text '*')(~1f$&~~ r± ff Notes

"ff";iitlf-ff:{£ ":ff" indicating existence "JL"10"$&" "JL" and "$&"

:IUiJiJ"jJ!" 0) The adverb "jJ!" (1) tf~~r-~ Substitution and Extension

rm. I$}]~~)( Reading Text

u. ilf i;t; Grammar

1. -Eft:J.(I;J(J\Jf1\flt:t. Numeration for numbers under 100

2. fdiiJiJf1=5J::ilf Numeral-measure words as attributives

3. ~~ilfi9JiJiJil'HlfitJ Sentences with a predicate verb taking two objects

ilf'tfilf~ Pronunciation and Intonation

w(t.]lI!1r (3) Word stress (3)

"-"(j\J~tJ1 The «hanges of tones of "-"

M+*il Lesson 16······························ 189

-. il )( Text J!~m-=fM:awA~ = .. r± ~ Notes

6

lllUiiil".:k" The adverb ".:k"

fr¥i.Kftiiilf1':<i!i?f Demonstrati ve pronouns as attributi yes _, 'ili'~!5:ftRi! Substitution and Extension

119, OO*~X Reading Text

11., ilf ~ Grammar

1. "~"*1t1 (2) "~" sentence type (2)

2. 1riJ1)"J.A"(8~ilf Object of the preposition "JA" "ft., ilf{HlfiJm Pronunciation and Intonation

W]A~m:1fr (4) Word stress (4)

M'+-I:::;iI, Lesson 17 209

• i* X Text g[tEJt~ it ~ Notes

~iliJ"j;).Jff" The noun "j;j,Jff"

WlWl"PM" The modal particle "Pliif'

"~R······~il:9" The construction "H[!"'-'~" J!~J"J1]"~:$*" "~$j~." as a sentence with verbal

constructions in series

_" 'ili'~littRi! Substitution and Extension 119, 1R.l*§;lix Reading Text

s: Uf r! Grammar

1.~f.Ul~*it Ways of t e l l i n g the time

2. ~atfFiJI¥-11;ilf}!Jj(;~J.:jJiH'F:I*m- Nouns or numeral-measure words denoting time as adverbial adjuncts

3. ffl " ....•.• ~tnlJ" *~Ii'i] Tag question " •••• ~P1lJ" HHf'miJm Pronunciation and Intonation

iiili'f'.Jl!1fr (5) Word stress (5)

M+J\.il Lesson 18 };[31 Revision 229

i* X Text T~(t'~··;;R

i:t ¥f. Notes

7

=mjf-ftiij"~" The demonstrative pronoun "~" "$"f1i:tE:i.g "$" as an attributive

flOO;@;i5 Talk About These Pictures

1m. m~,j,M' A Brief Summary of Grammar

1. :l:i.g. mift,~i:lt.:tE:Ufftl~tl The subject. predicate, object, att ri bu ti ve and adverbial adjunct

2. :tE:i.gfllM'¥.qJ!lJijiJ"(8" (1) Attributives and the structural particle "(8" (1)

M+:IL il: Lesson 19 247

II )c Text ~~{-f-z,. i1 ff Notes

lW'·· .. ··, )ikP~" *tJHnJ Tag question ""', :l!1!l?," ~iR1~Jtl;lJ~M'~f'F~i.g Verbs or verb-object constructions

as attributives

lf~-"5tJm Substitution and Extension

1m. f#J~m)c Reading Text Pjfr:j:t OOP~Jt 1i. m i! Grammar

1. ~il!~rnJ1U Alternative questions

2. 'MtUf1U Pi vo t al sentences

~. tl{n.goo Pronunciation and Intonation Jlf..!lf1!l{f (1) Sense g rou pst ress (1)

~=+i.l Lesson 20 271

~ :Sc Text 1m fl =+ A'i})iklXlY~~ 13

tt ff Notes

"~u~?"~jf-~yr "N:;U-13?" indicating slight surprise ~~-"51tJR Substitution and Extension

1m. OO~m)( Reading Text T~Mr~~(8f;,{ 1i. m i! Grammar

1. ~. flftl~AA "~", "fI" and "~W1"

2. ~. fl. E • ntt'B!1[!liJ¥ The order of the year, month,

8

day and hour

3. -ttilllilJHHu Sentences with anominal predicate t:;., m=&Hfiffil Pronunciation and Intonation ~li'f:i:=&(2) Sense group stress (2)

m=+-iW: Lesson 21············································· 296

-, i!l'! )( Text i3:J.!rttJL1Hfo1'

it .' ~ Notes

l!Viii]"~E"(1) The modal particle "PE" (1) i'i1iJiilJ"}!" The adverb "!(!"

~~!j:Jt~ Substitution and Extension

1m, ~iMJi)( Readi ng Text --*!ffi.it Ji, ift i! Grammar

1. W$illlilJi~1iJ Sentences with an adjectival predicate

2. :;JJWJ:i::i: Reduplication of verbs

3. libilll, 19]iil]~f;!I])U)(fr'i'jW$i"1ft-Jtift Verbs. verbal constructions or disyllabic adjectives as attributives i~{fHfifoJ P ronunciati on and In t o n at i on

~lI'P:i:=& (3) Sense group st ress (3) illli'l".J:i:if(S) Word stress (5)

.,'

.. = + = iW: Lesson 22··· 321

-

-,

~ )( Text J§-}lltl-'~'i"/j\1tJm it ff Notes

"(l''.l"*~¥1''ft-t!i(8" The "(l'>J" construction "tttOC(8D ~~!j1t~ Substitution and Extension

1m, ~i~~.R)( Reading Text i~.-iJ.I[(r.)m-¥.i' Ii, ift i! Grammar

1. 1iw:iRl Position words

2. ~7f-tHE(8"n]-r Sentences indicating existence

m~iftiJfd Pronunciation and Intonation

9

:tH:lt'f.JI'i:g-(4) Sense group stress (4)

m=+=:~ Lesson 23 .. ••••••••·• .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • .. • ........ • .. • 346

,HI! )( Text ;fIUEtE:Off ft!f!JJuJa t1: ff Notes

i;l]iiiJlll1f"~-~" Another form of reduplication of the verb "~~"

ll}]w]"nE" (2) The modal particle "nE" (2) }j{'Li"J*"}t]."t¥J~'~ emission of "}t]." in position words " .. · .. ·(8nH~" The c o n s t r u c t i o n ""'fl'-JU;j-f~~

_, H~-t::jtt~ Substitution and Extension 1m, I~HiHii)( Reading Text ritli

fL, m ii:; Grammar

1. lifJf'F(l~JtHT The progressi ve aspect of an action

2. m"1lf6"fl'-J~'IB~:~\J~tli'i]1U Elliptical questions formed with the modal particle "I)IB"

3. :ttl1$;lifi:Jf'F5tllf Subject-predicate construction as the attributive

t\, Hfti·miJiJ Pronunciation and Intonation tf:nt£~· (5) Sense grou p st ress (5) jii]fl'~m1f (7) Word stress (7)

~=+IZ9i! Lesson 24 .!f31 Revision 371

i.\I! )( Text ~q,~M'F(8~.C.,

tt: ff Notes

±ifU<'ffi:lf'F~itf Subject-predicate construction as the object

:i:in.J"~" The measure word "~" 'ft'l§g~ii5 Talk About These Pictures

(tl;J, i*f~/j~~ A Brief Summary of Grammar

1. 1II!1i:i]!¥J/,,:f!!t}jii:; The six types of questions

2. JtUHIl~fiJWJiW'U':J" (2)Attributives and the structural

10

particle "alJ" (2)

3. ~mfl'~tlF7IJJ!I!JlJf Word order of a series of attributives

_=+A~ Lesson 25························ 390

-, i* Jt Text fl!!.f1'tJifH}!tf;r-~ it ~ Notes

i*~Wrlllj"l!J5" (1) The modal particle "I!JB" (1) ;r-~i";:ilij"-F..uL~ The indefinite measure word "--,?,UL" 1JUiWN" (1) The ad verb aN" (1)

~~-"5tt~ Substitution and Extension

_,

1m. ~i~~1!Jt Reading Text ti'IJltrf.) Bit. Ji, ii'f f! Grammar

1. f!il.BHHi'f Complement of degree

2. lWi:~ig: Preposed object

~. ij1ftfig:~ Pronunciation and Intonation

1l]1J!J(1) Sentenee tunes (D

_=+7,i* Lesson 26 417

W :t Text llt~·f,)f'J!:>!ll~)(~f! it ~ Notes

J,ljiW'BS" (2) The adverb "BS" (2)

)!lJil·llX.~-"frl"i£,'j'c::" The conjunctions "'dxAf' and "ifh'.::" lJiHjj]"~lt" (1) The adverb "Jlf,~" (I)

~~.1:Ht 1M Su bstitu ti on and Extension

[lY. KiJi~f;ltt Reading Text l{k5lX Ji. ili fiE. Grammar

mlJ[t;milil Optative verbs

~, ilf1fiZfOO Pronunciation and Intonation tJiJ!tl(2) Sentence tunes (2)

~=++'il I .... essen 27·········,,··································· 443

i* )( Text rI:!.][;fl!ttl[mb tt f.f Notes

11

1tiftl"f.J" The preposition "f.J~

"X" (l};fl1"fIf" (D The adverbs "X" (1) and "fIfO (1) ~~~:ft~ Substitution and Extension

1m. r~Ji.~~:t Reading Text Icf'!'fJ* Ii. , Hf r! Grammar

llbf1:a95c~ The perfect aspect of an acti on fr" iftffiifiFj] Pronunciation and Intonation 1UiJlil(3) Sentence tunes (3)

M=+J\il Lesson 28·e •••• "tt, •••• , •••••••••••••••••••••• 1) •••••••• 472

-.

i!t! )( Text ~xtiu- ~:f;~'t¥- T tt f~ Notes

(,'lll1liJ"~~" (2) The adverb "hlA;" (2) t#~-~:ft~ Suhstitution and Extension

-

-.

f/_g. BlJi~~:t Reading Text ~ ~AA~ s: m it. Grammar

iftE(J!fJiii)"y" (1) The modal particle "T" (1)

fr,. ifr'fHlfiJl\l Pronunciation and Intonation

1lJiffil(4) Sentence tunes (4) :=:'1':=:'FI;j<n':=:'I'J,:J.l:a1::::'J.l'ijig9:3£iJIiI Continuous changes of tones of three or more than three 3rd tone syllables

~=+1L~ Lesson 23 · .. ·· .. ,,····································500

-. i!t! )( T ext ~ tTL~Jt~ if.9 ~ T (± ~ Notes

flE!a.\?JJiJl]"m!~" The optative verb "lTI.\:\ll:" fig~4biJl]";&" The optative verb ";&" fjg~llbiW'~" The optative verb .~.

~~-~1J'.~ Substitution and Extension OOi~*Jl)( Reading Text tEq:tl3il~f!itftU~ml:

m 1£ Grammar

1. "~ ..• T' ;tUj~4b{'F1lHtc~:&1£ "~"'1" indicating an

12

action is going to take place in a short time

2. m~WJiWT" (2) The modal particle -r- (2) 3 • .:l:ifliflm1U Sentences with a subject-predicate construction as its predicate

t\. mifiifiJlil Pronunciation and Intonation 1UiJ.! (5) Sentence tunes (5)

.. .=: + il Lesson 30 1[3] Revision 527

• ill )( Text ~M:k::k~T it ~ Notes

fl-iIll"." The preposition "~" f\:iil.l"~c." The pronoun "~c." ~mmm Talk About These Pictures

I!!!. iifi'!!h#i A Brief Summary of Grammar

1. 1!!!f'lt1U-=f The four kinds of simple sentences

2. ldJiiiJifliIf1.J(1) Sentences with a verbal predicate 0)

3. i'iIJ~WJii\l"T"1Ilijl'f~lYJii1J"T" 0) The aspect particle "T" and t he modal particle "T" (1)

4. ntj!i'iIJiliJ Optative verbs

13

~ ~ i* Lesson 1

-,~:>c Text

Pal6nkil: G::Jbo, nl hilo!

Gub6, 1~ -kt 1

t

Gub6: NT hao, PCilonka! 1~ 1t, PCiIonka!

~i6J New Words

1. 1~

2. -kt

<to nj

you (sing.)

em) hao

good, well

't'..t Proper Names

1. Gub6

2. Palonka

a personal name a personal name

"f$~!"

"How are you?" or "Good morning (good afternoon or good evening)."

~~&mm~ffl~~.m, ~~¥~. *¥.~~mWMB Rft:J.fflo :xt1i~@I~-&~"1*~" 0

"f$~" is a common greeting. It may be used in the morning, in the afternoon or in the evening. The answer to it from the person addressed is also "f$!if" .

.=. i~~~3d~~i5~33

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

F-HJ: Initials b p 9 k h I n 'WJ-HJ: Finals a 0 U 00 an

2

1. 1m F The four tones

bo A eight

bo f}l ba ~

to pull out target

ba '* father

4- ¥-~ Mid-high-pitch

3 J:j:t Middle-pitch

2 *-1ft Mid-low-pitch

1. 1ft Low-pitch
-:~-F tst tone , : ~=F 2nd tone
v: ~':::'F 3rd tone ... : ~lmFi 4th tone
nT nr nT nl I nT hao
hao hoo hao hac
gO gG gu gQ J Gub6
bo b6 b6 be)
pa po (pO) pa )
I
(Ian) Ian Ian Ian ~ Palonka
I
ka ko ka (ko) J a

2. ~~ Sound discrimination

bo - po IT - nT

pa- bil lan-nan

gu - ku ka -- go

hu - gu ha - ka

3. ~J$iffil (;;Y~-)~5f!1!:fn!-l1it) Tone discrimination (j st tone and 4th tone)

bo - bo po - pa pT - pi

ko -_ kll goo - gao kan - kiln

4. ':'Ziffil Tone changes

~~::::F -1- 1r:::'F-!li'r::~.J¥r + ~r=:'p'i Sed tone plus another 3rd tonc:---->2nd tone plus 3rd tone

nT hao--,>nl hao

5. WI*r5IJ1iJ~I- Read out t11:,: following sentences NT hoc.

Gubo, nl hco, Pill6nka, nl hco,

(=:)

1i:iJ3ff Exchanging greetings

(1) ;g ~ ~iE Say as much as you can about each of the fcllowing pictures:

A: NT hao.

B:

A: •

B: Nl hco.

(2) Pal6nka *[1 Gub6 li:fl'lrii] ~J Imagine yourselves to be Palanka and Gubo and greet each other

Gub6: Pal6nka, nT haol Pal6nka: NT hoo, GubO.

Pal6nko: Gilbo:

(3) 7H1l.li:fi=lIi=i]~ Practise the greeting in pairs.

rm, i.~.:g. Phonetics

1. F £3: *ng1] £;I: Ini rials and finals

~!iH£:&ID~iill.iE;Pf 400 $1-~*{f'i'Jo &iftt¥J1f1J*$~t?:; ~F£3:~ •• m~ffi~~, 1f1J*~~.1f&F£3:,~~.~t?:; ••• ~~: ~,~~b&F., cA •••

There are more than 400 basic syllables in the common speech of modern Chinese. A syllable in Chinese is usually composed of an initial, which is a consonant that begins the syllable, and a final, which covers the rest of the syllable. In the syllable "bo", for instance, "b" is an initial and "0" is a final.

&m~F£3:fi&~-1-~.*~~~.&m~~~~~~. 5C1f (p4~·JliJfij:, 3m 0), 1ffl~NdI~5C1f (P4~B1]~, ~!l oo) , fla~:Jl:7G1f1JucS\$ffi1f (114 ~ti)fij:, 1m an).

The in\tial of a Chinese syllable is always a consonant.

5

The final is a vowel, which may be a simple vowel (known as a "simple final", e.g. "a"), a compound vowel (known as a "compound final", e.g. "00") or a vowel followed by a nasal consonant (known as a "nasal final", e.g. "on").

~ft&m~fl21~~~, 38~~~o -~~~~~Rfl~ ~, i!lflF~' ffi~figi!lfl~:tJ~o

In modern Chinese, there are altogether 21 initials and 38 finals. A syllable can stand without an initial, but no sy Hable will do without a final.

2. ~tf~~.Yi How to pronounce these initials and finals Ffm: b[pJ g[k] Initials b[pJ and g[k] £~j2i4:.if1~1f, ~*~iMmo

These are both unaspirated plosives, and they are voiceless consonants, Le., the vocal cords do not vibrate in pronouncing them.

pm: o[p'J k[k'J Initials pCp'] and k[k'J £j2i4:.m~1f, F*~.m, m~Mmh~lli4:.~o

These are voiceless plosives, but they are aspirated, i.e., they are followed by a puff of suddenly released breath. lfl{fiJm: ao[au] Compound final ao[au] fi&~a~0~~6~8~oMm~a~.~.afi~. m,~.*~~~, mm~o~~.Q~~, •• , ~&~.

~.ftr 0 !ij LJ Zfr:l]o

"co" is produced by natually moving the tongue from "a" in the direction of "0". The tongue-position for "0" in "ao" is a little more to the back than that for the simple vowel "a". "a" is pronounced both longer and louder than

6

"0", which is pronounced much less distinctly, with the tongue a little higher than in the case of the simple vowel

"0" .

J!!..ft.J-ff]: on [an] Nasal final on [an]

J!-1-E~JHro-ff]:o J'G~ 0, E {jL ~t ~ 5I: if 0 t;!; ffrJ, ~~f! .E~~~@U, ~M~g~~, ft~~~.~~llio

This is an alveolar nasal final, produced by pronouncing "0" first, with the tongue-position a little more to the front than in the case of the simple vowel "0", then raising the tip of the tongue against the gum and lowering the soft palate at the same time to let the air out through the nasal cavity.

3. FiftiJ Tones

&mJ!~Fw~m~oFW~g~.~~~m, a~~.

Ti, Fifti]/f-~~~-lf1/f-~o ~tffim.1f[91-£*Fifti], :$}~ljfflF iftiJ~'5-" - (~-F)~ (~'::::'F)~ (~~F)~'" (~

Chinese is a language wi th different tones that are capable of differenciating meanings. A syllable, when pronounced in a different tone, has a different meaning even if it is composed of the same initial and final. In the Beijing dialect there are four basic tones, represented respecti ve1y by the following tone-graphs: "-" (the 1st tone), a ; " (the 2nd tone), " v " (the 3rd tone) and " '- " (the 4th tone).

~-1-.TiR1f-~5I:.M, Fifti]~%5~5I:.~~.i J:fliftiJ%M~;t.f!j! i ~~m:, 3m nl) , -1-.TiI't~fru-ff]:flVJ31-W:

VJ31-~J:~5I:.M, Fifti]~%~5~~~~~~5I:ifJ:,~*n !l~*~5I:. j:, ~tl hco,

7

When a syllable contains a single vowel only, the tonegraph is placed directly above the vowel sound. (The dot over the vowel "j" should be dropped if the tone-graph is placed above it, as in "nT".) When the final of a syllable is composed of two or more vowels (that is, when it is a diphthong or triphthong), the tone-graph should be placed above the main vowel (namely the one pronounced with the mouth widest open), e.g. "hao".

4. ~ifti] Tone changes

~~.~~.*~~-~H, fi-~.~~~~.=~(OO %-rum" v "), ~U nT hao 1Y'.l~~~.7~ nf haoo

A 3rd tone, when immediately followed by another 3rd tone, should be pronounced in the 2nd tone, but with the tone-graph" v " remaining unchanged. "nT hco", for example, becomes "nf hoc" in actual pronunciation.

$)t*~Jllm~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

1

1 )

2

8

4'-~~~~~~~~~~ II DO YOU KNOW? II ~~~~~~~~~~'II

The Chinese Language

What is usually referred to as Chinese is in fact the language of China's largest nationality, the Hans. It is the main language spoken in China and one of the world's major languages, ranking among the official as well as working languages at the united Nations and other international organs.

The Chinese language is one of the oldest languages in the world, its earliest written records going as far back as more than 3,000 years ago. During this long period of time, Chinese has seen constant development, but its grammar, vocabulary and writing system have in the main retained their basic features. What we propose to teach in this textbook is what is known as "the common speech", the kind of modern Chinese with "the Beijing speech sounds as the standard sounds, the Northern dialect as the basic dialect and modern classic works written in the vernacular as its grammatical models".

~ =: 1* Lesson 2

-, 'k~Jt Text

GLib5: -- NT h50
rna?
1~ -fif \111; 'l
PCil6nko: W6 hen hoo, nT ne?
~ itt -kt, 1~ ~'?
Gub5: ye hen hao.
-l!L if<- -fifo
10:' ~w New Words
1. ".:; (!!h) ma an interrogative particle
2. .~ (ft) w~ I, me
3. 1~ OM) hen very
4. ~ (!!h) ne a modal particle
~ ~ ,
5. ~ -GM}- ya _______ . also, too ~:Ef¥ Notes

"How are you?"

J3 -&)HQ] f@ffflitto @I ~ -~}ik";ft fiat" z ~ I¥-J :gmo

"f$fltu.!b?" is also a common greeting, and one of t~ commonly used answers is ":ftili!lt".

2. "f$IlJB?"

"And (how are) you?"

S. "-\!1tIHfo"

a (I'm) very well, too."

J31'-1U-=f~'1II! T:±m "~~" 0 ?~ m Pmr:j:t ~i.4~~j;Jt~~Bt, :±m'&'it~'lII!o ~ r:j:t1¥-J ":ft fli fit" -& RT*,'a~;Yg"fliM-" 0

"-l1!~Ii!lt" is an elliptical sentence in which the subject "~" is omitted. In colloquial speech in Chinese, subjects of this kind are often omitted if the context leaves no room for misunderstanding. ":ft1Ii!lt" in the text can also be further shortened to "iii !It".

11

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

(-) .. ~
Pf-HJ: Initial m
rJ-HJ: Finals e uo Ie en 1. ImPf The four tones
n1 nr nJ nl )
I
hoo hao hao hao t nr hao ma
I
ma ma ma ma J
wo w6 WQ wo
(ne) ne (ne) ne nJ ne
(hen) hen hen hen
ye ye ye ye - ye hen hap 2. m=€f Sound discrimination

he - hen ble - pie

I~ - Ii~ ken - ken

ben - pen ge - ke guo - kUQ

mo - mao

3. ~iP3 Tone changes

~ :::?F Half srd tone

NT ne?

mao

Hac ma?
\~
Glibo
~Ff~=Ff A 3rd tone changing into a 2nd tone
NT hao. (Nf hao.)
Hen hac. (Hen hoo.)
Wo hen hac. (W6 hen hao.)
Ye hac. (Ye hco.)
Ye hen hac. (Ye hen hao.) <=)
r!5l if Exchanging greetings
(1) A: NT hac ma?
B: - '1
A: Ye hen hao.
(2) A: Nl hac ma?
B:
A: Gubo ne?
B:
(3) A: Gubo hac ma?
B:
A: Palonka ne?
B:
"",
[l!;I, ~~ Phonetics 1. ~{f~~ How to pronounce these final!; 1ti~tij:e[1f] Simple final e[1f]

;l:-~1-E{ft*r.li, /F1M1~a9m:7G{fo :9G~ 0 , 15'w:i*~~~,

r..&JJiJg:E13 mJ1effifi, NPPJ~I:B "e" 0

e[ ... ] is a back, unrounded vowel, formed with the tongue in a mid-high position. It is produced by pronouncing "0" first, then changing from lip rounding to lip spreading, but with the tongue-position remaining the same.

j[~-H3:ie[if:] Compound final ie[i£]

j!lI!!lli e £~~-1'tJlY$3!R~ffl!lli~. ~ iij: e[£] Crl¥-7f, IlIff'1nUf, E~;j1£r-~oI~)o ~ ie at, 1G~ r , ftHt.t~i1t ~ eo e It i J!1l]fi]:;t, £*0

The "e" in "ie" is a simple final "e" [£] which is seldom used alone (with the mouth half-open, the corners of the mouth spread wide, the tip of the tongue against the back of the lower teeth). "ie" is produced by pronouncing "i" first, then promptly sliding in the direction of "e", which is pronounced louder and longer than "i".

~1m-H3: uo[uoJ Compound final uo[uo]

)t~u-t-, 1tH*?1fiPJo, obtu~~f~j.!)iI1J, J!~o

It is produced by pronouncing "u" first, then promptly sliding in the direction of "0", which is pronounced louder and longer than "u".

2. ~F Neutral tone

•• mm~-@~~~~X~X~, ~~Q~o ~F~~OO %0 ~Il: NT ne? Hco ma?

In the Chinese common speech there are a number of syllables which are unstressed and take a feeble tone. This is known as the neutral tone which is shown by the absence of a tone-graph, as in "NY ne?" and "Hao ma?".

,3~ #==pi: Half 3rd tone

.~~~.-,=,~~~~*S~~~*M~M,~~~ ~~~,~~~~W-*.~~~~-~~OOo%~~.~~~~ ~m«~~m~m~~&(~~~.~~~~~~~*~~.M :;t*.~~), *$~·tfmr:m~~¥~Fo ~~~{Jjm. ~~

00%0

A 3rd tone, when followed by a 1st, 2nd or 4th tone or most neutral tones, "Usually becomes a half 3rd torie, that is, the tone that only falls but does not rise. The 3rd tone is seldom used in full unless it occurs as an independent tone or when followed by a long pause. In most cases it is changed into a half 3rd tone, but with its tone-graph unchanged.

4. m~m!i!IJ Rules of phonetic spelling

I ~-1'"1fl1jf~It.t~~jf~,b:X: r, j{Q Ie-yeo I .5t~ 1f l11t.t ~~!& yl, j{Q yTo

At the beginning of a syllable, "I" is written as "Y", e.g. "Ie-~ye". "I" is written as "YI" when it forms a syllable all by itself, e.g, "yT".

u ~-1'"1fl1jf~It.t~~jf~!& W, .tm uo-e-wo, u .5'tJtt1fl'i 1t.t~~Jtt WU, j{1l wUo

At the beginning of a syllable, "u" is written as "w"; e.g. "uo-e-wo". "u" is written as "wu" when it forms a syllable all by itself, e.g. "wu".

3i., t85! Grammar

1. &m~Wff The word order in a Chinese sentence &i:gm;t!~~*!f,fB~i!l:~ A#, It.t~, .~, ~, m~%~ ~{to' fF~-::ppi!jt~a, ifil~g~~~£~(f.J~mo

The Chinese language is characterized by its total lack of inflectional endings employed by other languages to express person, tense, gender, number and case. Word order, or the arrangement of words, in a sentence, is thus an extremely important means in expressing the various grammatical relationships.

&.W~ -~.A~.~~ •• ~go.~:

A Chinese sentence usually begins with the subject followed by the predicate. E.g.

i~-it 0 ~~~-ito

(~) -dL~~ -it 0

j!=:1-1ij.:r-(f.J"~", "~" £~., a~" ;lk •• 3:::f;~7to jll W"-&", "{Li"fF:tJt •• {~tffi •• %~W"~" 0 MUW~®i~1£'Em f~tffi (f.J W. ( idJ W ~ % ~ 00 ~ ) (f.nru jft 0

In the three sentences above, "~" and "ft" are the subjects while "if" is the main element of the predicates. The adverbs "-&" and "~" function as adverbial adjuncts to qualify the predicative adjective "~". In Chinese, an adverb must precede what it qualifies (usually a verb or an adjective) .

2. JW'&" (f.J~rii] 1ij Questions with the interrogative particle "!Ill," 1£~i&1ij1ij~1J[ll:~~~IR]itf~(f.JWJoo"~". ~htT&.(f.J -~~~1ij. j!~~~1ijm~(f.J31ij~W~~~-~o.~'

16

When the interrogative particle "P~" is added at the end of a declarative sentence, it becomes a general question. The word order of such a question is exactly the same as that of the answer to it. E.g.

{~*o {~*\1J;?

$_.~~* 0

N*~J@i~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

1 I \1J; r u ( , f1 u) i ~~
--
I \ ~ (""1 L1 ~)
2 I ~ I ~ ~' l' .or A~~
3 1 ~~ I ~ (" j ~ )
I 1
I I R ( -r =7 sr r ~ R)
I
--
4 I ~ 1 u
I
I I J'6 I P ( -p zr P)
I I I ~ ( ~ t..)
5 I ~I A At ~ 17

Chinese Characters

Chinese, which is formed of characters, is among the world's oldest written languages. Generally speaking, each character stands for a meaningful syllable. The total number of Chinese characters is estimated at more than 50,000 of which only 5,000-8,000 are in common use. Of these merely 3,000 are used for everyday purposes.

The Chinese characters in use today developed from the pictographs cut on oracle bones dating from over 3,000 years ago and the pictographs found on ancient bronze vessels dating a little later. In the course of their history of develop-

_c_
f'~~ 0 ~ * ~ ~ ~
~
, ,
..... e ~ :¥. !
if~~:t '" ~
113 e JD W J(' ~ ~
I \
*~ a A ~ ;JK ,if, lb·
;/:1;\:.1& . a J1 ~~ Jf Jb
1:1 18

ment, Chinese characters evolved from pictographs into characters formed of strokes, with their structures very much simpler. Most of the present-day Chinese characters are known as pictophonetic characters, each formed of two elements, with one indicating the meaning and the other the sound.

Chinese characters have made great contributions to the long history of the Chinese nation and Chinese culture, and Chinese calligraphy is a highly developed art. But Chinese characters have serious drawbacks. It is very difficult to learn, to read and to write and still more difficult to memorize. Reforms should be carried out to make the characters

easier.

19

~ i* Lesson 3

-,il~ Text
1~ 'j'c ~~
Gubo: NT mang ma?
1~ 1j'C ~~?
Paianka: (Wo) bu mango
(~) ~ Ife 0
Gub6: NT gege hOo ma?
1~ ~~ +t ~~?
Paianka: To hen hoc,
~ 1tt +to NT gege, nT dldl hao ma?

1~ ~~,,1* ~~ +t ~~?

",:,
Gub6: Tdrnen d6u hen hao.
~1n ~ 1tt +to I
20 ~lfiJ New Words
1. 1Ji: (~) mong busy
2. ~ (;11) bQ not, no
3. ~~ (~) gege elder brother
4. ~ (it) to he, him
5. ~~ <~) didl younger brother
6. ~1n <it) tcrnen they, them
7. ~ <liilj) dou all
~f¥ Notes
1. "f$ m: m::!If ~~?"
&WA~it~~~~*~~*ffi*.~~~~~~ili. *~
~.~~o 1JiJ~r:l"1fF5f}5f}", "iXm:m:" , "flJ?5f}5f}" ~o In Chinese, a personal pronoun can be put immediately before nouns indicating family relationships as an attributive to show possession, e.g. "f$5f}5f}". ";ftilifm:" and "'f\l!.5f}5f}" etc.

2. "flJ?11l:m1tHf 0"

"They are all very well."

"tI5" !1O~~tE:l:W;t.m. i~W~im!!Y:~?ii=i~;t.wro ;1j~"W" /FfmtttE:l:i*wr. /Ffmm "Wflkfn1LHf" 0

The adverb "$" must follow the subject but precede the predicative verb or predicative adjective. It is never found

21

before the subject and it is wrong to Say ":fftHt.MmIHf".

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

(-)

-

F-HJ: Initials d

fiJ-fij: Finals

ou ang

1. IrnFi The four tones
ge ge ge ge gege
dT d'f dT di -- dl dl
to t6 to to
men men (men) , } tamen
men
[8[3.
IDl
i n
l- I +--
I men

d6u

dou

(mong) mang mong (mong) -- bQ mong

dou _- d6u hen hOo

d6u

2. m. Sound discrimination

d] - n do - to

ke - ge kou - gou t6u - dou

bang - pang bu - pQ

hen - ken

3. tJ$t}liJ (~ggF;fIJ~=F) Tone discrimination (4th tone and znd tone)

22

di - d1
bu - be.
men - men
4. ~l)Iij-~~Ff
nT gege
nT did;
NT .mang ma? me; - m6

tang - tang he;u - h6u

Tone changes-half 3rd tone wegege

we did;

We bu mang~

5. lmFf;fU$£Ff The four tones and neutral tone

NT gege hoc ma? To dldi hoc ma? Tornen hao ma?

T-agegem£mg. ma? NT did; mang ma? Tdrnen rnang ma?

<=)

r~f~ Exchanging greetings .
(1) A: NT hoo ma?
B:
A: NT gege hoo rno?
B: ;
A: To mang ma?
B:
A: NYmen d5u mang ma?
----_.-_._-_,,---
B:
(2) A: NY didi mang m{J?
B:
A: To hao rna?
B:
A: NT didi ye hao mo?
23 B:
A: Ternen dou hoo mat
B:
(3) A: NT mang ma?
B:
A: Palonka mong ma?
B:
A: Palanka hao ma?
B:
(4) A: NT hao!
B:
A: NY mang ma?
B: ?
A: Ye bu mango '.
A: ?
B: Hen mango NT ne?
A:
A: Glibo mong ma?
B:
A: Palanka ne?
B:
(5) A: Ta gege hao ma?
B:
A: TO dtd, ne?
B:
24 1m, i§1f Phonetics

1. ~lW~~ How to pronounce these finals jlff,tJ-£a: ou[~uJ Compound final ouj'cu]

MW~o~ •• ~o.M.W~~, .*.*OO~~,€W ~u.*m~,~,~~, ~.&~.~uM~~~®o

In pronouncing the "0" in "ou", the lips are not so rounded as in the case of the simple final "0". Moreover, "0" is pronounced long and loud whereas "u" is pronounced light, short and somewhat indistinct with the lips a little laxer than for the simple final "u".

If.ff,tJ-£a: ong[alJJ Nasal final ong[alJJ ~A-~%*.~-£a:o ~~%~ft€-~~o, .m.%~ tt§~, Em~M~~, ~M~~~¥, li~~~.~~lli*o

ong[alJJ is a velar nasal final. It is produced by pronouncing "0" first, with the tongue-position a little more to the back, then promptly retracting the tongue backward, with the root of the tongue against the soft palate, and lowering the soft palate at the same time to let the air out through the nasal cavity.

2. :i!~.~~j!'={.. the aspirated and unaspirated

F-£a: b, p, d[tJ, t[t'J, g, k (~C)'€~.~~!J ~ zh, ch; J, q; z, c )AJLilif§xt~~::r-~~.lr]jli~lWo 4jHllW3~$iti~~~ .$tL7i5~-ff, _RAtE~ p, t, k (C)'& ch, q, c) fIt ~ ~ m 1Jn±.lli, ¥J\~"*'={..", ffii~ b, d, 9 (C)'& zh, J, z) atEtitil ~ffiilli, ~~~, ¥J\~ ";;r-i!~."o *~·tE:tt.at~m -*/J, ~~~tE~~~, ~~~~Etit~llio

25

r- r ,

The unaspirated "b" and aspirated "p" are pronounced in exactly the same manner as regards tongue-positions. So are ad" [tJ and at" [t'J, "c" and "k" (and "zh" and "ch", "j" and "q" and "z" and "c" to be introduced in later lessons). The only difference is that, in pronouncing the aspirated "p, t, k (and ch, qand c as well)", the air is puffed out strongly, whereas with the unaspirated "b, d, 9 (and zh, j and Z-)" the air is let out with a pop through the lips. Learners can put a small piece of paper in front of the mouth to see if the puffing is properly done or not.

~~ &m~~~~~AM.~, ~~~~.~m~o

Note that in Chinese, the unaspirated are also voiceless consonants. The vocal cords do not vibrate when they are pronounced.

'Ii., i~5~ Grammar

%$iii]-mmtJ Sentences with an adjectival predicate iWm±~ px.7tA%$1iI)a~tJ-=flt4%$1iI)-mm1l], ~tl;

A sentence in which the main element of the predicate is an adjective is known as a sentence with an adjectival predicate. E.g.

26

1fJ;g iPJi~ m 1o!'t.J::a It *1 j\.~:{£% $ lmwr;U1l J: :a Itlltl ilil "~", tlll: "llt~·rto"

Sentences of this kind are made negative by putting the

adverb "~" before the predicative adjective, as in "llt~ft".

. '"

£ Wl WZ ft.ilrl i MU iiij % $ UfJ fliJ iiij
Nouns or I
I Adverbs Adjectives Particle
pronouns j
.'.0:.
~ ,ftt -ito
1* -it ~~'?
.1~ i :JG I Iti: 0 I **~m~$~!'t.J~~ R~MT~~~m~m~~~o

Tables in the grammar sections of this book include only

those sentence patterns dealt with in the initial stage.

27

;JU~~l@!~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

1 i 'ti: I ·t (. I' 't )
I ! .. ( ~ - i:")
i -c
I i -
2 i ~ I 1, T ;r /G
I I
I~ I w (- .. W).
3 j .0 . I _ .. _, ..
I -r
! I
4 I 1~ I 1
I I~
5 I ~ I ,~ ( , ,~ )
I -
I I jp ( -? ~ ~ sp ,p)
6 I 11'1 ! 1 I 1"
I
I I 1'1 ( , f 1'1)
7 i I I
;iJs I ;t -f. ( - ~ J:- -)' )
I
I I I
I u ( I n A 8 )
I I r ( ~ r) 28

~ 1m i* Lesson 4

-, iljc Text

pal6nkCi: Zhe sht WQ bobo.

~ k ~ -g--g-o

29

Zhe shi wo mama.
~ ~ ~ ~r;~I;o
Zhe shi wo pengyou-Gubo;
~ ~ ~ ~~~ -Guboo
'(}ubo: Nlrrten hao!
1~1f1 -kt,
.
Baba . NT hao!
Mama 1~ -kt! iEi51 New Words
1. ~ (it) zhe this
2. ~ (l;J]) shl to be
3 . AA~ (~) pengyou 'friend
4. -€-~ <.$.) baba father
5. ~I;~I; (~) mama mother
6. 1~1n (it) nTmen you (pI.)
30 ~t¥ Notes

1. "3!£~~~o"

"This is my father."

~§}lj)d1'1tggat1¥;m"3!£···"·" «('£" *~wDo jnJ;£§ ~1tgg, ttill."~£······" 0

The expression "3!£ ... " is usually used to introduce one person - to another, and the expression "~:&.~." is used when one introduces oneself. "£" in both expressions is pronounced light.

2. "{$fflflf 0"

jnJ;xt1JT> Jl:__'~ A, rillftMr1IPJflfatm "'ffi\ff1f1f" 0

"'ffi\{f13!f" is used to greet more than one person.

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

ffJffJ: Finals

-i[tJ tou (-IU) eng

FffJ: Initials zh sh

1. [9F*rJ~F The four tones and neutral tone
zhe zhe zhe zhEi } zhEi sh]
shT shf shT shl
ba be bCi ba -- bcbc
-31 mO rna rna rna -- mama

peng peng pang pang

you you you you

} pengyou

2. m-tf Sound discrimination

zhan -- zhang dang -- dang

shuo -- sheu IIG -- 16u

zhT -- zhe she -- shf

3. mi,ijem=Jl'flOm-pt) Tone discrimination e2nd tone and 1st tone)

peng

pang

zh! -- zhT sheng -- shang

we mama

we gage wo pengyou wc3 dtdt

we bcbo

women

hoc rna

she -- shs zh6u -- zh5u shan -- shan

Tone changes-s-half 3rd tone nT mama

nT gage

nT pengyou nT didi

nJ bcbc nTmen

nT ne

5. WH~r1Jji\i]~: Read out the foUowing phrases:

ta mama ta baba

ta pengyou ta hao

32

1. mi.A.AJ:l1#o Identifying people or objects

c=)

GLibo: Zhe shi wo bcbo,
zhe shi wo mama.
i Palanko: Zhe shi ta baba,
zhe sht to mama.
GLibo: Palanko:

A:

B:

2. ~§jIJA1l"m Introducing one person to another A: Zhe sht

Zhe shi

-------'

B: NT hool

C: NT hoot

3. rPl§JIJA1l"m § c. Introducing oneself

A: NT hoo, wi!> sh7 • '

33

4. ·~iI Greeting each other

B: NT hao, wo sh] _

(1)

(2) NT bobo mang ma?

Wo bobc t-renmang;-

.' -. --.~ ... ~ .. - . __ ...

(3) A: NT babah8o' ma?

B: TO hen hco.

A: NT mama ne? B: Ta ye hen hco.

(4) A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B: A:

B:

A:

B.C.D:_~ ~

mama

l

pengyou

drdt gege,

mama, pengyou

dtdt, penqyou

NT mang ma?"

Wo bu mang; _._ _ .

NT penqyou mang ma?

TO bu mango

NT gege, nT didi ne? Tam~Il...bu rnang;

34

1m, i~~ Phonetics

The initial zh [t~J is a blade-palatal, unaspirated voiceless affricate. It is produced by curling the tip of the tongue and raising

it against the front part of the hard palate, allowing a narrow opening between the tongue-tip and the hard palate for the air to squeeze .out, The vocal cords do not vibrate in pronouncing it.

FfH3: sh[~J Initial sh[~J

~~~§ffl~m •• , ~~~~~~. ~~~n~~, ~~~~, ~~ •• ~W~ F*/F~X;Vo

The initial sh[n is a blade-palatal

voiceless fricative. It is produced by curling the tip of the tongue and raising it to the hard palate, leaving a narrow open-

ing between them to allow the air to squeeze out through it. The vocal cords do not vibrate in pronouncing it,

lM;-t£3: -i [1] - Simple final -( [tJ

zh, sh <1iFFj1iji*-*,"f~"f'!~IJa~ ch, r) ~p1~§iID~E~m5C

~5

~'€f~~ How to pronounce these initials and finals F£t zh[t~J Initial zh[t~J

~~~§m/F*~~~~~~o ~~~E ~~~~L., mft~n~~, ~~~E~~ ~n~~*~~~~, ~~~Wo Ff*/F~ X;Vo

~tm-aJ: tn. ffl * -aJ: I * ~ ~ (~11& I [iJ [~J}Ij, .~1It 1iJ ~ ft! "-1")0 tE~ zht, sht ~~=¥illt~i'£~: ~~I±lWIit1tf.J$m~m, IS~~~~iW, ~~re -I *~.tm-aJ: l[iJo 1i!tm-aJ: I 7k)&~~ I±l~ tE zh, ch, sh, r zm 0

The letter "j" is used to stand for the blade-palata le vowel [1J after the initials ash, zh" (and "ch" and "r" to be introduced in the next two lessons) .In order to distinguish the simple final "i[l]" from the simple final "l[iJ", "I [1J" is written as "-I" when it stands alone. In pronouncing such syllables as "zhl" and "chi", the tongue is kept still, and care must be taken not to pronounce it as the simple final "I[i]" which is never found after "zh, ch, sh" or "r".

j;[tm-lU: lou[iau] Compound final 10u[i:mJ

IS'mm I ~l1tl 0, Nm 0 'ttl1U UO lou tH&piil3:*IHjflltjWj15~ Iu, OO%~tEJff~JC1f 1:, 3UlIIQo

The compound final "iou[iauJ" is produced by first lowering the tongue from the position of "I" to that for "0", then raising the tongue fom the position of "0" to that of "u". The compound final "iou" is written as "iu" when it comes after an initial and the tone-graph is placed on the last element, e.g. "liQ".

N*~J®i~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

I i!. I 5( «(_ ;.. 7 ;j: ) ._,_
1 I 1-!.
I
I I 1.._. C 1 i_)
- I 36

2 I ~ 1 E1
f I ~ (- ..,... -,::' s= ~)
I ~ I ~ ... ( , , .. y' §._)
3 »:
..... I
I I ._.
~ ( -? "If 17 ~)
4 I ~~ 11 I ~.!!;
I I~
5 fAAi}] ( ) )] JI }])
I I}]
6 Ih.. I r (- ;t)
I ----~-
f I 5l.)
I 5l. ( 7 •

•

•

*-~~~~~~~~~~ Ii DO YOU KNOW? ii G: . :1

~Gi~_~@~GS@_~

t Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet

"The Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet", which was adopted at the First Plenary Session of the First National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China on February 21, 1958, is a set of symbols used to transliterate Chinese characters and combine the speech sounds of the com-

S7

mon speech into syllables. The scheme makes use of the_I.l'l_t!_l1 alphabet, modified to meet the needs of the Chinese language. the-scheme, which will form thefoundation for the creatioriof a Chinese alphabetic system of writing, is being used throughout the country to facilitate the learning of Chinese characters, help unify pronunciation and popularize the common speech. The scheme has for years been used among foreign learners of Chinese as well and has been found much useful and helpful.

: ~ 'c _ .. . ','

~ Ii if Lesson 5

Gilbo: Zhe shi nT de che rna?
~ ;t 1* a~ if- \1117
Pal6nka: Zhe bCi sh] WQ de che,
~ ;r: ~ ~ a~ if-,
39 zhe shr WQ mama de chs.

~ ~ ~ ~!b~~ ~~ 4--0

Gubo: No shi to de shu rna?
~ ~ -Itt!!. ~V -:f7 tr~'l
PalcnkiJ: No sh] to de sho.
" k -M!. ~V -:f7o
Gube;: NT mama shl' dOlfu rna?
1~ ~~~ k k*. tr~'l
PCl!6nkiJ: Shi, to shi dOlfu.
~ ~ k ««.
~,
~i&1 New Words
1. klt (~) daifu doctor
2. ~ (llfJ) de a structural particle
3. :t- (~) che vehicle
4. " (it) no that
5. ~ (it) ta she, her -.
-
40
. 6. -11 (£) sho book
~; *~ 1f.iPl Supplementary Words
1. boo (£) newspaper
2. zhT (£) paper
3. chT (£) ruler
4. bT (£) pen, pencil, w.riting brush It" Notes

1. "~£~(tg:$P1?J?"

"Is this your car?"

":$" £~fP:$$Piit8.~,f$o tE~YE:E~i~1rfif-~ m, -li2 ilJ~J~f* t~rt:$~ jC$~ § 1T:$~o *il£t~/J\ft:$o

":$" is a general term for land vehicles of all kinds. In different context, it may refer to a motor-car, a train or a bicycle. In the present lesson ":$" refers to a sedan.

2. "JJ~£~tB(tg ~~l3?"

"Is that her book?"

~::::.Af$"ta" :ffj1ij1-&*: ~1-/~"ff1?", f't~ ~ i~b -1- £"~", 1-t~::9:i1:o

In Chinese, there are two different characters for the singular third person pronoun "to": one is "fJ!!." denoting a male person, the other is "~" denoting a female person. Both "ftP." and "~" are sounded exactly the same.

41

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

(-)

rJ-!.ij: Final 01

F-!.ij: Initials (zh) ch (sh) f

1. IrnF The four tones
che ch§ che che
ba bCi bu bu -- bCi sh]
no no no no
sha shCi shu shu
dOi doi doi dOi }
dotfu
fa fCi fu fu 2. m-tf Sound discrimination

zhT - chT bT - pT

boo - pco zhoi - cho:

gOi - kol ch6u - sh6u

3. miftiJ (~lrnF;ftl~-F) Tone discrimination (4th tone and 1 st tone)

che - che doi - dOl

chi - chT fen - fen

shu - sho chang - chong

4. ~iJJ---*-~:F~$.£F Tone changes - half 3rd tone and neutral tone

42

nT de shn WQ de she to de sho

nTmen de che women de che tornen de che

5. AA~r"7Ij1iJ.:t-: Read out the following sentences: (1) A: NT gege shl dOifu ma?

B: Wo gege bCi sh] dOifu, wo pengyou sh] dOifu.

(2) A: No shl nT de sho ma?

B: No bti sht wo de shu, no shl wo dtdt de shu,

1. 'f1$tAA.~4fu Identifying people or objects

(1) A: Zhe sht sho ma?

B:

A: No sh] bT ma?

",,-

B:

43

A: Na shl bao ma?

(2) A: Zhe sh] ni de cha ma? bi
sho
B: Zhe bCi shl WQ de chao
chi zhT
Zhe shl to de chao
(3) A: Na sh] ta gage rna? r::l
B: Na bCi shl to gage. _."y ..
Na sh] to pengyou. a

(4) A: TO sh] nT pengyou ma?
gage
B: TO bCi shl wo pengyou. didi
TO sht wo mcrno de pengyou. baba 2. ~ rPJ J{}!jl'. Asking about someone's occupation

A: Nl shl dolf u ma? B: Shit wo shi dolfu.

~o

I nlrnen

tornen n'f bobo

1m, is'll Phonetics

1. ~1f~~ How to pronounce the initial and final 'F-H3: ch [t~'J Initial ch [t~']

JHt! zh*I'!~!'l~j!"'t1fQ

44

The initial "ch[t~'J" is the correspondent aspirated to the unaspi rated "zh".

~ffi)-If1: ai[aiJ Compound final ai[aiJ

~OO~a~.~aM~~&.~, ~~~~~ •• *m*~ .~omOO~i.~mft,m, .~o

The compound final "ai[ai]" is produced by first articulating "0", a front vowel pronounced long and loud with the tongue-position a little more to the front than for "0" as an independent final, then gliding in the direction of "I" which is pronounced light, short and somewhat indistinct.

2. "/F" ~Fi1iJ Tones of "/F" "~.m~~.-.=,~FOO~.~F, ~fi~F (~~ fi~:F3£*~~F) OO~fi=F, J(O: bQ mong, bQ hoc, bG Sh10

":IF" is pronounced in the 4th tone when it stands by itself or precedes a rsr, 2nd or 3rd tone, but is pronounced in the 2nd tone when it precedes another 4th tone (or a neutral tone that is originally a ~th tone), c.g. "bQ mongOl, "bu hoc", "bG shl",

"Ii.. ift5t Grammar

1. "!l'::"*tJCl) "!l'::" sentence type (1) z;fJim"~"*QA:~W~mi!-j@¥-JJ~t~m~m-Tp4 "i!" *m, "~"*-f&:$2*o "~"+tJtY>J:aJt%AJl::~"~"~:lJO"~" u

A sentence in which the predicate is made up of the verb "Jl::" and one other word or phrase is known as a "Jl::" sentence. In a "!l'::" sentence, the verb "~" is usually pronounced light. Such a sentence is made negative by putting "/F"

45

in front of "£".

15 W!lIt fhW1 jiJ W 10W";lik" 15 iIU !lit fe iW1 11}] W
Noujis or Adverb Verb Nouns or Particle
pronouns "£" pronouns
i!. ~ 1~ a~ if- ~J;,?
i!. ~ ,t ~ a~ if-o
~ ~ ~;i~ 450 2. *®il.it~~I¥J~m Attributives showing possession feW, £Wf'F'JEm~Vj~®i~ ~ ~ at, J§" 00 ~ 1lP!-li #J 11}] W "I¥J" 0 ~tl"'ifJ'I¥J$", "-f@.a~::W, "~~a~$" 0

When a noun or a pronoun is used attributively to - show possession, it must take after it the structural particle "I¥J", as in "'ifJ'I¥J$" , "-f@.a~=#" and "~~~$".

A~feWf'F~m,~*~bm£*~~~~~~~~!lIt. f*,~{ft~~15Wat, ~mJ§"I'iJt.:)':;f~ffl"I¥J" 0 t£1l"~ ~~", "'ifJ'~

If" 0

When a personal pronoun is used attributively to show

possession, it is used without "I¥J" if the qualified word denotes a family relationship or a unit of which the speaker (or the person spoken to or of) is a member, e.g. "~~~",

"1$~~"· ~m-~~~~~M.~I¥J~bml¥J~~o

In Chinese, an attributive must precede what it quali-

fies.

N¥~JlWi~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

IJ ~V I ~ ( '. . (! n. H ~,)
J j~ ( , 'J 0)
2 I ~ I --- i: If ~ It-
3 I ~ I }] (7 ~ =I }] )
I I ~
41 ~ I ~
I I~
51-111 ~ 0-17-11 It:
6 I kI --- + k
7 I *- I - ~ f :k 47

~ A 1* Lesson 6

-, i~j{ Text

1-t!!. 7Z vHi~ 1!1 A

48

Pol6nka: No shi shei?
}jfS -,;1 i11 ?
7Z
Guba: No shi women laoshT;
1JJS 'f1 ;f~ 11'1 3;' ~f
7Z ::AS 0
Pal6nkc: To shi nc guo ren?
1~ k \1fl~ @J A.?
Guba: To shi ZhSngguo reno
1~ k Zhongguo J...._o
Pal6nka~ TCi shi Honyu Icosh! ma?
1~ ~ iJ_ i-g- t,. Y'fi 1111; ?
Guba: To shl HOilYU looshf .
1~ 'f1 ~if; . J-,l- lJrp
7Z ~. 0
~i61 New Words
L \1fl~ ( 1\:) no which
~) I!l (.f~) guo country. state
~o
3 A. (£) ren person
.
4. i11 (f\:) shel who
5. ~1f1 (it) women w" us
~.
6. ::t- viJl (~) loosht teacher
7. ~ itt (~) Hanyu Chinese (language)
49 ~-t Proper NAmes
Zhonggu6 China
*~1fi5J Supplementary Words
1. Degu6 <=Ii -1';) Germany
2. Fagu6 < =Ii -1';) France
3. MiHgu6 <=Ii $t) the united States of Arne-
rica
4. MalT <=Ii -1';) Mali
5. Riben (=Ii -45) Japan ~" Notes

1. "~~;ljkifh"

"Who is that person?"

2. "fili.£IW~OOA?"

"What's his nationality?"

3. "fili.£ Zhonggu6 A:' "He is a Chinese."

. &uH[~JF";tOOA"-lNtEOO~JjifJo"A" 0

To express the idea of "a certain person of a certain nationality", Chinese requires the addition of the word "A" to the name of the country.

4. "fIB£1.:z.m~9ffi"l?J?"

"Is he a teacher of Chinese?"

50

"& ~~Vijj" :&t~"~'{d~itHf.J:t~ijj" 0

"&m~Vijj" means "a teacher who teaches Chinese",

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

Ff-Ht Initials (zh ch sh) r

:g5J-Ht Finals

U el ong

1. ImFf The four tones
zhong zhong zhong zhong } ZhOogg,6
guo guo guo guo ren
(ren) ren ren ren
han han han han } Honyu
yo yei yil yLl
lao lao lao lao lcosh] 2. m~ Sound discrimination bel - pel

lai - lel

rao - shoo

nll - nil

la - III

rong - reng

zhl - chi - sh] - rl' zhe - de - she - re

51

3. ~HJ~ (~-?q;U~=f'1) Tone discrimination (1st tone and 2nd tone)

guo

guo

tong - tong

rang - rang fei - fei

chong - ch6ng yO - yCi

4. ~ifoj---¥:::F*U$£.F Tone changes--half 3rd tone and neutral tone

women laoshT nTmen laoshT

wo gege nT did I

tcrnen laoshT to pengyou

5. M*rJIJiJ.ili1f: Read out the following words and phrases:

na guo r en Deguo ren Fagu6 ren Zhongguo ren

Melguo r en Moli r en RTben ren

1. mt\}...$i.4m Identifying people or objects

(1)

B:

52

A: To sht shel? B:

A: To shl sbet?

B:

(2) A: No shi shel?

B: Na sh] women laoshT;

A: TO shl shel?

B: ,

nlmen t ornen

Hanyu Zh6ngguo

2. iilJi'r:tJOOfi Asking about nationalities

(1)

A: To sht no guo r en?

B:

A: ?

B: TO shl Riben reno

53

A: To sht no guo ren? B:

A: Ta sht no guo ren? B:

(2) A: NT hac.
B: NT hac.
A: NT shi no guo ren?
B: We, shl reno NT ne?
--~~
A: We, sh] reno
(3) A: NT shi no guo r en?
B: We, shi reno
----
A: TO ye shi ---- ren mo?
B: TO ye shi reno
A: NTmen d6u sht ren ma?
B: Women d6u sht reno \ I !-, ,4

1m, iff ~ Phonetics

1. ~ 1f~~Yi How to pronounce these initial and finals Ff-H1 r[l • .J Initial r[~J

54

The initial "r[~J" is a voiced fricative, pronounced in the same way as "sh", but with a very slight friction. The vocal cords vibrate.

$§5Jfl3: U[y] Simple final u[y]

~~i~ ~&*ffl~~, ~§~.~.~~BR, .~~ f:Ij u,

The simple final "u[y]" is produced by first articulating "i", then rounding and protruding the lips as much as possible, leaving a very small opening, but with the tongue kept -still.

~§5Jfl3: ei[ei] Compound final ei[ei]

iVIjft!8 e * [eJ. *1~*ffijP(fi];t, §jftl¥-J I *f~~,§;iLm:filJlo

The "e" in "ei" is pronounced as [eJ. tIe" is pronounced both long and loud whereas "i" is pronounced light, short and indistinct .

• §5Jfl3: ong[ulJJ Nasal final ong[ulJ]

~~o, *~.~.~~o.~.~~ul¥-J~~ .m~B ~m~. ~m~~~~. ~~~~r¥.~~~~.~lli*o

The nasal final "ong[ulJ]" is produced by first pronouncing "0", with the opening of the mouth somewhat smaller than in the case of the simple vowel "0" but about the same as for "u", then promptly retracting the tongue backward to press the back of the tongue against the soft palate and lowering the soft palate at the same time to let the air out through the nasal cavity.

2.#f~:AA\lJ1lj Rules of phonetic spelling

55

u 13 nX:1fi'J!!Jtt£~1-1fTi1fi.kat, ~px; yu, j{1l Hanylie

When forming a syllable by itself or when occuring at the beginning of a syllable, "u" is written as "yu", as in "Hanyu".

N,*~II~~ Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

1 I ~~ I 0
"' , ~
I 00 I oln Ii1 00 I~
2 I
I
I I ~ (- - ~ .£ ~)
-
3 I A I J A
I
i
I 111 i . ( . i ) I %1-
4 ! 1.
I I 11 (1 r t- "f- r if 11)
5 1~1jt-
I [ t:.
I
.,
6 I Yrp I Y ( I Y ) I ~ifi
I I
I
I I rp I -
, I I til ( 1 r1 ~)
I ~ I . c . ~ ) I ~~
7 , .
I I .'J._ 56

8

* s. (- T 11 Iz_)

China's Dialect Areas

The Chinese language has eight major dial).Cts. The eight dialect areas are: North China (for the Northern dialect), -Iiangsu-Zhejiang (for the Wu dialect), Hunan (for the Hunan dialect), Jiangxi (for the Jiangxi dialect), Kejia (for the Kejia dialect, a form of Chinese spoken by descendants of northerners who moved to Guangdong and nearby provinces centuries ago), northern Fujian (for the northern Fujian dialect), southern Fujian (for the southern Fujian dialect) and Guangdong (for the vue, another name of Guangdong Province, dialect). Of all the Chinese-speaking population, about 70 % speak the Northern dialect, which is the reason why it has been made the basis of the common speech.

The vocabulary and grammar are basically the same in all the dialects, the chief difference being in pronunciation. In order to remove barr ies caused by dialectal differences and to facilitate and bring about a further political, cultural and economic development, a nation-wide campaign has been started to popularize the common speech.

57

~ -I::; i* Lesson 7

-, iljc Text

Zhe sh] she! de dHu?
i!. ~ i1t U9 Je I!l?
Zhe shl Gubo de dittl.
i!. ~ Gubo U9 JeffiQ
7Z
58 Zhe shi shenrne ditu?
~ ,;7 1t~ l~ I!l 'l
/Z.
Zhe sht Zh6ngguo dttti,
~ ,;7 Zh6ngguo J~ I!l 0
7Z
NT ken, zhe shl BeljTng, no shl Shonghal.
i~ ~, i!. ,;7 BeljTng, JJfS ~ Shonghalo
/Z.
Zhe sht Chang Jiang ma?
~ ~ Chang Jiang ~~'l
BCi shl, zhe shi Huang He, no sht Chang Jiang.
~ ,;7 ~ ~ Huang He, }3~ ~ Chang Jiang 0
/Z.,
Zhe shi shenrne?
i!. ~ 1t2.. 'l
Zhe sht Changcheng;
i!. ,;7 Changchengo
/Z. _~;\1
~iP.I New Words 1. 1t~ (fit) shenrne what
2. J~1!l ('£) dltCi map
3. ~ (~) ken to see, to look, to have
look, to read, to watch "'ti~ Proper Names

1. BeiJing

Beijing

59

2. Shanghai
3. Chong Jiang
4. Huang He
5. Changcheng Shanghai

the Changjiang (Yangtze) River the Huanghe (Yellow) River the Grea t Wall

*~:!Eiiij Supplementary Words

1. shijie <-1S) world
2. Ou Zhou <~ -1S) Europe
3. Fei Zhou (~-1S) Africa
4. Doyang Zhou (~ -1S) Oceania
5. Nan M~H Zhou (~ -1S) South America ~±~ Notes

1. " Q;: 1i': ttt :')'=1 ttl! ~ ? " "Whose map is this?"

2 • "j3: 1! ft ~\ !tH~l i' "What map is this?"

"Look (you)."

=

-,

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

(-)

Ini tial Finals

60

1. [fiFf The four tones
jTng Ifn9 ling ling Beijing
liang Jiang Jiang Jiang Chang Jiang
huang huang huang huang -- Huang He
chang chang chang chang -- Changcheng
shen shen shen shen shenrne 2. ~1f Sound discrimination

bTng pTng

zhuong chuang

boo - peo

kong - gong

tie - die

guo - kuo

lang - li6ng ren - reng dou - diu nan - nang yu - wli rnclIlg - rneng

hai - hOi

3. m'iltij (5g =F;fll~ ~F) Tone discrimination (2nd tone and 3rd tone)

chuang - chuang fang - fang yang - yang

mel - mel

jle - lie

4. ~iJj Tone changes
(1) nT hoo (3) nl de che
hen hao w6 de ditu
ye hoo
(2) nT dldi (4) no guo ren
w6 pe1gyOU Fogu6 ren
women lcoshr Melguo ren
nlrnen laosnT
':)1 1. mtAA~~ Identifying people or objects

(1)

A: Zhe sht shenrne? A: No shl shenrr.e?
B: Zhe sh] B: No shl

(2) A: Zhe shl shel de che? dalfu
to
B: Zhe sht wo de che. lcosht to pengyou 62

(3) A: Na sht shenmedltCi?

B: Na shl ZhOngguo ditCi.

Beijing shlJle

Ou Zhou

Fel ZhOu Dayong ZhOu Non Mel Zhou

2. ifuf!1J1ff{.!lk. ~. Asking about occupations and nationalities

(1) @l~r1Ijf!1JJm: Answer the following questions: palonka shl shel?

palonka de mama shl laoshT ma? No shl Palonka de eM ma?

Na sht shel de ehe?

Ta shi laoshT ma?

Shel shl nTmen laoshT?

Hanyu laoshT shl Melguo ren ma? Hanyu laoshT shl no guo ren?

(2) WH~rlIJ)(;j-m: Read out the following dialogue:

A: NT mong ma?

B: BO mong, nT ne?
A: Wo hen mango NT bobc, mama hao ma?
B: Tcrnen dou hen hco.
A: Na sht she;?
B: Na shl Palanka de bcbo,
A: Ta ye sht daifu ma?
B: BCi shl, to shi lcosbt. 63

A: To sh] shei?

B: To shi GubO de laoshT. A: To shi Zhonggu6 ren ma? B: Sh], to sht Zhonggu6 reno

(3) ~OO*ff~mOfL.l:ffl%rJqllliim): Make up dialogues on each of the following pictures, using the words given in brackets:

@

1m, i~~ Phonetics

(j3, £)

~ .. :/]

/'

"

_.

64

~~~~ How to pronounce the initial

F-BJ: JttG] Initial JCtGJ

~1ti1VI~m5~fi!)J';, ~~]J{r~1r, ~m ~~~*-~$ ••• Wllio~~~~~o

The initial J[tG] is produced by first raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate and pressing the tip of the tongue against the back of the lower teeth, then loosing the tongue to let the air squeeze out through the channel between the tongueand hard palate. The vocal cords do not vibrate in pronouncing this sound.

1. JlH~H~ftiiij(Br~fiJ Questions with an interrogative pronoun

&mffl.~ftiiij(B~fiJ,~w~m~~fiJ-~ore~~fiJ~ ••• ~(B~~&~.~ft~ ~~T.~~o~~'

In Chinese, a question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as that of a declarative sentence. Questions of this kind can be formed by substituting an interrogative pronoun for the word or phrase in the declarative sentence to be asked about. E.g.

1tt;:it Gub5 0 --;j{t;:it i1t?

•

65

~.~ Zhongguo Ao --~~ !9J~ 1!1 A?

... .. .

2. ftili.l Pronouns

A ~ ft iIi.l Jil~ftili.l mmftili.l
Personal pronouns Interrogative Demonstrative
pronouns pronouns
..
~ 1~ ~. ~ lift 1t ~ !9J~ it JJF
I
~1n 1~1n ~1n -M!.fn ~,

I N*~It~ Table of Stroke-order of

I

Chinese Characters

1 11t 11
I 1+ (- +)
2 I e. J/ -z e: 1J!
3 I ~ I J:: (- ... J, )
I I~
4 1 III 101 III
l 1 Jr-.. I A ( / . .7 A)
I I I ~ ( . ~. )
-- 66

5 I ~ I ~

( .#

~)

I I El

( I

n

n

FI El)

•

•

•

~~~~~~~~~~~ Beijing, Shanghai, the Changjiang Ii DO YOU KNOW? II (Yangtze) River, the Huanghe

~ ••••••••• ., (Yellow) River and the

Great Wall· ,"'

Beijing is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the country's chief political, economic and cultural centre.

Shanghai is China's biggest city, and her largest industrial centre as well.

The Changjiang (Yangtze) River, whose total length is 6,300 kilometres, is the longest river in China and one of the longest rivers in the world.

The Huanghe (Yellow) River is the second largest with a total length of 5,464 kilometres. The Huanghe valley was the cradle of the ancient Chinese civilization.

The Great Wall, which was built Over 2,000 years ago, is one of the world's wonders in ancient architecture. Its total length is more than 2,500 kilometres, but quite a number of places are made up of several walls, the actual length comes to Over 6,000 kilometres (more than 12,000 li), And for this reason it is also known as the "Great Wall of Ten Thousand li).

61

~ Jl i* Lesson 8

-, ~jc Text

Cube: Wang l.ooshr , nln hao!

Wang :1€ YiJi , 1~ -ff I

Wang: NT hac,

1~ -ff,

qTng j1'n.

it lill

68

Gubo: Zhe sht wo
~ ~ ~
pengyou-Palanka.
JJJJ ~ -pal6nko 0
Wang: Huanylng, huanylng.
~kif!:, .#~if!:o
QYng he chao
lk v~ /J....
it, 0
Palanka: Xiexie.
iH~to
Wang: BCi keql. NY xT yan rna?
:;;r:: ~~o 1~ J9l 1~ \111; ?
Palanka: WO bli xi yon.
~ :;;r:: ~ 1~o ~i.5] New Words
1. m (~) qTng please
2. 11~ (~) he to drink
3. /J.... (~) cha tea
.'1",
4. 1$ (it) nln polite form of "{$"
I~""
5. l!. (lib) lin to enter, to come in
69 I",.,
6. ~.ki!f. (7;/]) huonyfng to welcome
7. i#* (7;/] ) xlexle to thank
8. ~tt (~) keql poli te, courteous
9. ~~ xT yon to smoke
1t~ Prope~ ~.ames
Wang a surname
*~1t:i.5.J Suppl~entary Words
1. kafel (~) coffee
2. pljiU (~) beer
3. nlunal (~) milk
4. xlCinsheng (~) Mr., sir, gentleman
5. toital (~) Mrs., madame 1. "Wang ~iJrIj, f~H!"

&.~~~ ~re~ •• ~.~~ft~o ~"~*~". "T jt~" 0

In Chinese, the surname precedes instead of following any form of address, e.g. "Wang DOifu", "DTng Xlonsheng (Mr. Ding)" .

"~" :N::~::A.f\':im"ffF" ~#.o )i-m-xt~.{p.A~*~tjJ:i! ."f~", ~1t"~H" 0 ~ T ~7F1Lf5f, ~ ~ ra e.~i~HfH1fIY-J,A., ¥i'

70

~IJ:J!t£ 1JJ <X 9il.WIJot -ill. Rf ffl "~" f$ ~ 0

"~" is the polite form of the pronoun for the second person singular "~". It is normally used to address one's elders and betters, as in "~ff". For the sake of politeness or courtesy it is also used to address someone of one's own age, especially when meeting him or her for the first time.

2. "if)£l"

"Come in, please."

"if " :J! -f'it ~~ $2 ~~!f.J ~ 1F~)jt !f.J ffl iI 0

"if " is an expression of polite request.

3. "~~~o"

§jUA~ § C.~1F~WIJotRft:).rm:a:"~~~" 0

"~~~" is used in polite reply to expressions of thanks from others.

4. "~IJ!HIN~?"

"Do you smoke?"

Pronunciation Drills and Conversation Practice

(-)

Ff-lU: Initials (J)

q

x

~-lU: Finals

In

Ian uan

I'

1. Il9 Ff The four tones

71

qing JTn

q'fng jfn

xle

xle

xT

xf yon

yon

ke qT

ke qf

huon yTng

huon yfng

qTng jTn

xle

xT yon

ke qT

huon yTng

qlng }

, qTng Jln

lin

xle--xlexle

XI yon

} xT yon

ke ql

} keql

huon }

huonyfng

Ylng

2. Fi)iijm~ Combinations of tones

" -" +" ..... "

xT yon

kafEll

"

"+" ... "

,,_ "+" .... 11

jiq! (machine)

ITngju (Beijing opera)

Zhongguo

huonyfng

qlonbT(pencil)

tTngxle (to have

, dictation)

tomen

xlonsheng .

3. ~OO--~=F Tone changes--half 3rd tone qrng fin

qrng he cho

• "0" tE*ll&1J.'€~i.la9"FOO~ll~" qttf5ft~~pro

"0" in the "Combinations of Tones" of this lesson and t~ later lessons stands for the neutral tone.

72

qTng xi yon

4. ~r~lj~ -!f~ifiliif: Read out the following disyllabic words:

Kan Ilan (to see) nlanqTng (young) xThuan (to like) dianyTng (film, movie) y'fnh6ng (bank)

xtnxt (to rest)

ql chuang (to get up) shtxf (to practise)

duanlian (to take exercise) jTnnian (this year)

Try to pronounce the following polysyllables in quick succession:

(I'll read it.)

Wo nlan.

NTmen tTng. Gen wo nlan. QTng nT nlan. Hen hoc.

(You'll listen, please.) (Read it after me.) (You please read it.) (Very good.)

MH;f~ A Entertaining a guest (1) A: Wang LaoshT, ntn haOI B: Huanying, huanyrng.

QTng Jlnl .

(2) A: Nin he shenme?

B: Wo he kafel.

Wang DOlfu Qlan Taltal JTn Xlansheng

-, ' ... ,".

,.

ch6 pillu

nlunal

73

(3) A: JTn Xlonsheng, qYng he ch6.

B: Xlt9xle. kofel

A: SCi keql. p1Jlu

(4) A: NT xT yan ma?

B: XleXle, wo btl xT(yan).

he che. he PIJIU

he nlCinal

(5) A: Wang LooshT shT no gu6 ren?

B: Wang Lcosht shT Zhonggu6 reno

Wang OClifu JTn LaoshT

Jiang Xlonsheng

1l!J, ila Phonetics

1. ~1fJf~ How to pronounce these initials

F-HJ: q[tla'] Initial q[W]

The initial "q[w]" is the correspondent aspirated to the

unaspirated "J".

J!!~ x[la] Initial x[la]

74

x

~OOft •• ~.~ .d- •• ~~ ilf.~ffij llio F*~fJliidJo

The initial "x[G]" is produced by raising the' front of the tongue to (but not touching) the hard palate leaving a narrow opening through which the air escapes causing audible friction. The vocal cords do not vibrate in producing this

sound;

2. m~!~Hti!~!j Rules of phonetic spelling In, Ing § JVt-'«r111ij7HJU~nX: yin, ylngo

When forming syllables by themselves, "'In" and "'ing" are written as "yin" and "ying" respectively.

f

.' 1

N*~JI@i~Table of Stroke-order of Chinese Characters

~~-~--~.-----------------------------~----~

1 I-ij- I 1- I -Hi

- --~-----------~------------~----I

i I -k I

I I I

..J!- (_

..J!-)

-

-

~ ( J

n

1'3

·2 111~ I P

I I ~ I

E(\

E)

I ! I

~)

(--

~)

"

75

I I ~IA-
I 1 1$ (- -t IT $)
4 I ~ I 1i~
I - I es (, I\,> I~ I\;)
5 lilt· I *(- - 4=- *) 1l1!
-
I Ii_
6 I ~k I 5l I lit
I I k. 1 t; ( , ""')
I I IA.
7 ~ i 'r I ( ( , ( )
I \ I p ( ? P )
I I .
Ij__.
-81~tli I ~t
I I·M·ljf(' ( 1 1 ~ ~ ~)
I l-t (- + -t)
9 ~Ir ( . I' r)
I I~I~
I I iU
10 I ~I_' r r.: r.: Ill!
""1.. 76.