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CURRENCY FUTURES
Forex Trading India Group
Global Markets, Treasury
CF CONNECT
Table of contents
• INTRODUCTION
• FORWARD CONTRACT
• FUTURES
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUTURES & FORWARDS
• CURRENCY FUTURES
• EXAMPLE
• FEATURES
• MARGIN REQUIREMENT
• PURPOSE
• HEDGING
• ARBITRAGE
• FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
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INTRODUCTION
Difference between Futures & Forwards?
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FORWARD CONTRACT
• A forward contract is an agreement between two parties to
buy or sell an asset at a specified point of time in the future.
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FUTURES
• An agreement to buy or sell a standard quantity of a specific
asset at a specified future date and at a price agreed on an
Exchange.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FUTURES & FORWARDS
• Future contracts are Exchange Traded
• Standardized
• Counter‐party risk is absent (Settlement of trades on
organized exchanges is guaranteed)
• Marked‐to‐Market everyday
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CURRENCY FUTURES
• An agreement to make or take delivery of a standard
quantity of a specific foreign currency at a
specified future date and at a price agreed on an
Exchange.
• Example
• Features
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EXAMPLE
If A has to sell 100 contracts of USDINR expiring on 24/02/09,
he will sell at the Best Bid rate 48.6525.
If A has to buy 100 contracts of USDINR expiring on 24/02/09,
he will buy at the Best Offer rate 48.6550.
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FEATURES
Category Description
Underlying Rate of exchange between 1 USD and INR
Contract Size USD 1000
Contract months 12 near calendar months
Expiry 12:00 noon of Last Trading day of the month
Min Price Fluctuations 0.25 ps or INR 0.0025
1 Contract = USD 1000
USDINR = 48.5925
Contract Value = 1000*48.5925 = 48592.50 INR
If there is 1 tick movement then gain/loss:
Tick Value = 1,000 x 0.0025 = INR 2.50/contract
Margin requirement Initial, Calendar , Extreme Loss, Marked to Market
Features Contd.
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FEATURES
Settlement Cash settled in INR. No physical delivery of the underlying currency
Settlement Price RBI Reference Rate of Last Trading Day.
Last Trading Day Two Business days before the Final Settlement day of the contract
Final Settlement Last Business day of the month for interbank Forex settlement (as
Day per FEDAI guidelines).
Position Limits Client Level: The gross open positions of the client across all
contracts should not exceed 6% of the total open interest or 10
million USD, whichever is higher.
Trading Member level: The gross open positions of the trading
member across all contracts should not exceed 15% of the total
open interest or 50* million USD whichever is higher. (*In case of a
Bank it is USD100 million)
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MARGIN REQUIREMENT
• Initial margin
• Calendar Spread
• Extreme Loss Margin
• Marked to Market
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INITIAL MARGIN
• The initial margin so computed would be subject to a
minimum of 1.75% on the first day of currency futures
trading and 1 % thereafter. At present the initial margin is
in the range of 3% ‐ 5%.
• Cash / Collateral deposited against short term price
movement.
• Initial margin for each contract is set by the Exchange.
Exchange has the right to vary initial margins at its
discretion, either for the whole market or for individual
members.
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CALENDAR SPREAD
• When a CF position at one maturity is hedged by an offsetting
position at a different maturity, Rs. 250/‐ Calendar Spread
Margin per Calendar Spread contract is charged.
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EXTREME LOSS MARGIN
• Extreme Loss Margin is computed at 1% on the MTM value of
the gross open position.
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MARKED TO MARKET
• Default risk is reduced by marking to market.
• MTM value would be calculated on the basis of the last half an
hour weighted average traded price of the futures contract.
• MTM value is used for calculation of Profit / loss on open
positions.
• T+1 settlement (pay in / out) with exchange through Trading
Member.
MTM Explained
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MTM Explained
Jun $/Rs. futures @ 48.00
Number of Contracts: 100
Initial Margin = (say) 5% * 48 * 1000 * 100 = 240,000 INR
MTM : Change in USDINR rate × 1000 × No. of Contracts
Position: Sell Jun $/Rs. Futures @ 48.00
Deposit Rs. 240,000/‐ as initial margin
Market Participants
• Hedgers (Importers)
Importer To pay USD 1 mio for Oil What happens if USD strengthens?
imports in March. He loses money.
• Hedgers (Exporters)
Exporter To receive USD 1 mio What happens if USD weakens?
for exports in April. He loses money.
• Investors
• Speculators and Day Traders
• Arbitragers
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PURPOSE
• Hedge against risks ‐ (exporters, importers, corporates) ‐
(Allows hedge for near 12 months)
• Arbitrage
• Financial Leverage (Use of Margin to trade)
• Efficient management of funds and risk
(Due to daily margining and daily exchange of MTM value),
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HEDGING
• Hedge means “to minimize loss or risk”. It means taking a
position in the futures market that is opposite to a position in
the physical market with a view to reduce or limit risk
associated with unpredictable changes in the exchange rate.
• Hence, it entails 2 positions:
– Underlying Position
– Hedging Position i.e. position opposite from the underlying
position.
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Overall portfolio in HEDGING
Underlying Hedging
Participant Risk
Position Position
Importer INR will
Short in Fx Long in CF
Long Hedger weaken
Exporter
INR will
Short Hedger Long in Fx Short in CF
strengthen
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HOW TO HEDGE?
Example:
The importer will buy November CF Contract : 1 USD = Rs. 40
25th November OTC market ongoing rate = Rs. 42
The importer will book actual import at Rs. 42.
The importer will wind up the futures contract at Rs. 42. Thereby generating a profit of Rs. 2.
Effective rate of import = Rs. 42 – Rs. 2 (profit on CF) = Rs. 40
(This is very simplified example, just to introduce the concept.)
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How to choose a contract if payment is
in the middle of the month, say 15th July ?
• It is advisable to book July end contract, instead of June end
contract.
• Reason: The contracts towards their maturity are liquid.
• It covers its physical position in OTC market (with Axis Bank)
for value 15th July.
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ARBITRAGE
• It means locking in a profit by simultaneously entering into
transactions in two or more markets where there is price
differential of the same underlying.
• If the relation between forward prices and futures price
differs, it gives rise to arbitrage opportunities.
• If there is price differential between two exchanges, it gives
rise to arbitrage opportunities.
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ARBITRAGE Explained
USDINR Spot = INR 44.325 1 Month Forward Premium = 3 paisa
1 month USDINR Outright Forward Rate = INR 44.355
1 month USDINR Currency Futures = INR 44.4625
BUY OUTRIGHT FORWARDS AND SELL FUTURES.
Profit per contract = 1000*0.1075 = 107.50 INR
(Example assumes that both outright and futures contracts are co terminus.
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ARBITRAGE STRATEGY
OUTRIGHT FORWARD BUY IN
OUTRIGHT FORWARDS
RATE IS LESS THAN
AND
FUTURES PRICE SELL IN FUTURES
FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
• By putting an upfront margin of (say) 5%, a
client can trade in currency futures. Thereby,
leveraging his capital.
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BENEFITS
• No requirement of an underlying to trade in
currency futures.
• No requirement of a non fund based limit
• MTM Settlement
• Minimal cost of trading
– Fees for corporate clients and individual clients
tailored to suit their requirements
– (Govt./Exchange taxes, charges, levies extra, as applicable)
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THANK YOU