Digital Electronics

SIMPLIFYING LOGIC CIRCUITS

 BOOLEAN THEOREMS

•Logic circuits can be constructed from Boolean expressions.

•Simpler expressions mean simpler circuits.

A
B X=ABC
C
C

•Boolean Theorems are useful in simplifying expressions

and logic circuits.
SUM-OF-PRODUCTS FORM
•Logic expression consisting of two or more AND terms
(products) that are Ored (summed) together.

ABC ABC
AB ABC  CD  D
AB  CD  EF GK  H L

•Vinculums can only cover a single variable

•The method of logic circuit simplification we study requires

logic expressions to be in the sum-of-products form.
 THEOREMS
FIRST 8 THEOREMS = SINGLE VARIABLE

AND OR
 THEOREMS
(1) AND INHIBIT (2) AND ENABLE

5V 5V
+V +V
14

CP1Q1 A A 14
CP2Q2 1 CP1Q1 1
3 CP2Q2 3
2 2
B B
7 VCC 7

THEOREM 1: X*0=0 THEOREM 2: X*1=X

 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

A B 0  0 A( B  B )
F G 0 H  0 A(1)
ABC  0  0 A
C ( D  1)
C (1)
C
 THEOREMS

5V
5v +V
+V

14 14
1 CP1Q1 1
CP1Q1 3 CP2Q2 3
CP2Q2
5V
+V 14
2 2 7
7
7
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

ABCB  ABC AB( AB)  0

DD  D
C (C  E E )
C C  CE E
000
 THEOREMS
(5) OR ENABLE (6) OR INHIBIT

5V
5V +V
+V
14 14
CP1Q1
CP1Q1 1 CP2Q2
CP2Q2 3 1
'32 3
2 2 '32
5V
7
7
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

MN  0  MN C  CD
C (1  D )
A(0  1) C (1)
A(1) C
A
 THEOREMS

5V
+V 5V
+V
14
1
CP1Q1 3 CP1Q1 1 14
CP2Q2 2 '32 CP2Q2 3
2 '32
7 5V
+V 14 7
1 2
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

AB  CB  A B A BD  A B D
AB  CB AB( D  D)
A B (1)
AB
 THEOREMS
THEOREMS 9 AND 10: COMMUTATIVE
•If it’s the same function, it doesn’t matter which input
•To use, must have same function
9. X  Y  Y  X 10. X  Y  Y  X
 THEOREMS
THEOREMS 11 AND 12: ASSOCIATIVE
•If it’s a single operation, it doesn’t matter which terms are combined first.

X Y  Z
 THEOREMS
THEOREMS 11 AND 12: ASSOCIATIVE
•If it’s a single operation, it doesn’t matter which terms are combined first.
 THEOREMS
THEOREM 13: DISTRIBUTIVE
•This theorem is used to covert between sum-of-product and product-of-sum
•One of the most important theorems
13.( a ) X (Y  Z )  XY  XZ

POS

SOP
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

13.(a ) X (Y  Z )  XY  XZ

A BD  A B D
AB( D  D)
A B (1)
AB
 THEOREM 13: DISTRIBUTIVE
•This theorem is used to covert between sum-of-product and product-of-sum
FOIL= FIRST, OUTER, INNER, LAST

13.(b) (W  X )(Y  Z )  WY  WZ  XY  XZ

W
X
POS Y
Z
W
Y
W
SOP Z
X
Y
X
Z
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

13.(b) (W  X )(Y  Z )  WY  WZ  XY  XZ
( A  B )( A  B )
AA  AB  AB  BB
0  AB  AB  B
B ( A  A  1)
B (1)
B
THEOREMS
THEOREM 14

X  XY  X
X 1 Y 
X 1
X
 THEOREMS
THEOREM 15

X Y OUT
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 THEOREMS
16 & 17: DEMORGAN’S THEOREMS
•Simplifying expressions in which a product or sum of variables is inverted.
•“Break the line and change the sign.”
 THEOREMS
Expression Simplification Examples

AB  C
AB  C
( A  B)  C
( A  B)  C
AC  BC
 THEOREMS
THEOREM 18
•A quantity inverted twice equals the original quantity

XX
 STEPS FOR
REDUCING EXPRESSIONS
1. Go to SOP (sum of products) form.

( A  B)(C  D)  AC  AD  BC  BD

2. Check for exact duplicates and drop.

AB  CB  A B
AB  CB
 STEPS FOR
REDUCING EXPRESSIONS
3. See if one of the terms is entirely contained in another.
AC  ACE
If it is, factor it out.
AC (1  E )
4. See if two of the terms are different by only by a not function.
ABC  ABC
If it is, factor out all the similar terms.
AB(C  C )
 TEST

Simplify the expression:

A BD  A B D
AB( D  D) (13a)

AB (1) (8)

AB (2)
 TEST

Simplify the expression:

( A  B )( A  B )
AA  AB  AB  BB (13b)

0  B( A  A  1) (4), (13a)

B (1) (6)

B (2)
 TEST

Simplify the expression:

ACD  ABCD
CD ( A  AB ) (13a)

CD ( A  B ) (15)

ACD  BCD (13a)

 BOOLEAN THEOREMS

1. X 0  0 8. X  X  1 14. X  XY  X
2. X 1  X 9. X  Y  Y  X 15. X  X Y  X  Y
3. X  X  X 10. X  Y  Y  X 16. X  Y  X Y
4. X  X  0 11. X   Y  Z    X  Y   Z  X  Y  Z 17. XY  X  Y
5. X  0  X 12. X  YZ    XY  Z  XYZ
18. A  A
6. X 1 1 13a. X  Y  Z   XY  XZ
7. X  X  X 13b. W  X   Y  Z   WY  XY  WZ  XZ