London Underground

London Underground station passengers

Underground Station Passengers Numbers

The graph shows the fluctuation 1 in the number of people at a London underground station
over the course of a day.

The busiest time of the day is in the morning .There is a graph increase 2 between 06:00 and
3
08:00,with 400 people using the station at 8 o'clock . After this the number drop quickly to
less than 200 at 10 o'clock .Between 11 am and 3pm the number rises , with a plateau of just
under 300 people using the station .

In the afternoon ,numbers decline 4, with less than 100 using the station at 4 pm . There is then
5 6 7 8
a rapid rise to a peak of 380 at 6 pm. After 7 pm, numbers fall significantly ,with only a
9
slight increase again at 8 pm, tailing off after 9 pm.
10
Overall ,the graph shows that the station is most crowded in the early morning and early
evening periods.

1. fluctuation: vacillation, instability, change

2.increase: to become larger

3.drop: fall, go down

4.decline: go down decrease

5.rapid: quick, fast

6.rise: move upward

7.peak: top, summit

8.significantly: remarkably

9.Tail off: to reduce in amount , become lower in level

10.Overall: in general , generally

‫براي مشاهده كامل ادامه مطلب را كليك كنيد‬...

North American Fish Catch

Annual fish catch (millions of tonnes):North America

North American fisheries have been in severe decline since the late 1980s, with at least one-
third of all species overfished.

North American fish catchers

The graph shows changes in fish catches for the US and Canada over the last 30 years.

The most significant feature is that fish catches have declined drastically in both the US and
Canada since the mid-1980s.Although Canadian production is much lower ,its echoes US figures,
declining or increasing at the same rate.

Between 1972 and 1977, US fish catches averaged between 2.5 and 2.75 million tonnes per
year, while Canadian landings fluctuated between 800,000 and 1.1 million tonnes .In 1997,
however , there was a big increase in fish caught in the US, this rise continued up to a peak of
5.5 million tonnes in 1987 . During the same period , Canada 's catch increased from 1 million
tonnes to 1.5 million tonnes, an increase of 50%.

From 1987 onwards , there was a sudden decline in both countries .US figures tumbled 1 to 4
million tonnes in 1995 , a drop of 28% , and Canadian catches plunged 2 to 0.5 million
tonnes , a drop of 66%. In the following four years , US catches fluctuated around the 4 million
tone mark , while Canadian catches rose very slightly.
3
In general, both Canadian and the much larger US catch have declined dramatically since
their peak in the mid -1980s.

202 words

1.tumble : to fall quickly

2.plunge : to move or fall suddenly

3.dramatically : suddenly or obviously

Heart Attacks by Age and Gender, USA

The graph shows how age and gender influence the frequency of heart attacks in the US.

Less than 6% of all heart attacks occur in the 29-44 age group .The number of women who
suffer heart attacks in this group is negligible 1 -only 3000 per year ,compared to 123,000
men.

However the proportion 2 of men and women with heart attacks rises dramatically 3 between
45 and 64, with over half a million per year. Over 420,000 men a year in this age group have
heart attacks .The incidence amongst women increases - women have one heart attack for
every three men in this age group.

Over the age of 65 , the number of men suffering heart attacks only increases slightly .
However there is a huge increase in the number of women with heart attacks –they comprise
over 40% of all victims.

In conclusion , men are more likely to be the victims of heart attacks at all ages, but women are
increasingly likely over the age of 65.

168 words

1.negligible : too small in amount

2.proportion : amount, size

3.dramatically : suddenly or obviously

Fertility Rates (Births per Woman) in Gulf Countries, 1990-2000

Fertility Rates

The chart shows striking 1 changes in the fertility rate of women in six Gulf countries –Saudi
Arabia, the UAE, Oman ,Qatar, Kuwait and Bahrain between 1990 and 2000.

In the ten year period , there was a decline 2 in the number of births per woman in all
countries . The biggest decline were in two countries which had low fertility rates at the start of
the decade, Bahrain and the UAE.

Fertility rates vary greatly 3 between the six countries . Oman and Saudi Arabia had the
highest rates, with over seven births per woman in 1990.this compared with around 4 births
per woman in Bahrain and the UAE, and just 3.75 in Kuwait.

By 2000, the rate had fallen below three births per woman in Kuwait ,Bahrain and UAE, with a
drop of over 25% in a decade in the UAE . However , in Saudi Arabia and Oman ,the rates fell by
just 20% from 7.0 to 5.5.

In summary 4 , there were major decreases in birth rates in all countries ,but some countries in
the region have double the fertility rate of others.

1.striking : more attractive than usual

2.decline: decrease, go down

3.greatly: very much extremely

4.in summary: in brief

162 words
Oil Production

Oil Production Capacity (estimated)

Oil Production Capacity

The graph shows oil production capacity in millions of barrels per day for selected Gulf
countries .There are several features 1 in this graph.
2
The most significant feature is that oil production will increase sharply in almost all the
3
countries shown. Kuwait and Iraq are both expected to double their output between 1990
and 2010, with Kuwait 's production rising from 1.8 million barrels per day (bpd) in 1990 to 3.8 in
4
2010.Iran will also increase its output by a slightly smaller amount .After remaining steady
at 2.5 million bpd from 1990 to 2000 , the UAE 's output is expected to approach 5 4.0 million
bpd in 2010.only Qatar 's production is predicted to fall, back to 0.8 million bpd after a slight
rise in 2000.

However , the greatest increase will be from Saudi Arabia . In 1990, its output capacity at 8.5
million bpd exceeded 6 the combined production of Iran ,Iraq and Kuwait. This lead is
expected to continue with a 75% increase in production to 14.5 million bpd 2010.

In summary ,while most of the countries are expected to show increases, Saudi Arabia will
maintain7 and strengthen 8 its position as the major producer.

1.feature: shape

2.sharply: suddenly

3.expected to double: anticipated becoming twice

4.slightly : alittle

5.approach: to come near

6. . exceed: to be greater than a number or amount , go beyond

7.maintain: sustain, keep in existence

8.strengthen: make strong

US Spending Patterns, 1966-1996

US Spending Patterns 1966-1996

The pie charts show changes in American spending patterns between 1966 and 1996.
1
Food and cars made up the two biggest items of expenditure in both years. Together they
2
comprised over half of household spending .Food accounted for 3 44% of spending in 1966,
but this dropped by two thirds to 14%in 1996.However, the outlay on cars doubled ,rising
from 23%in 1966 to 45%in 1996.

Other areas changed significantly . Spending on eating out doubled , climbing from 7% to 14% .
4
The proportion of salary spent on computers increased dramatically , up from 1% in 1996 to
5
10% in 1996.However, as computer expenditure rose , the percentage of outlay on books
6
plunged from 6% to 1%.
7 8
Some areas remained relatively unchanged .Americans spent approximately the same
amount of salary on petrol and furniture in both years.

In conclusion , increased amounts spent on cars , computers , and eating out were made up for
9
by drops in expenditure on food and books.

1.make up sth : to form amount or number as a whole

2.comprise: include, be composed of

3.account for : to form the total of something

4.dramatically: suddenly or obviously

5.outlay:expended money

6.plunge: to fall suddenly

7.relatively: comparatively

8.approximately: nearly

9:make up for something : compensate

Total Graduate by Level

Higher College Graduates

The charts show student enrolment by gender and level in different colleges of the Higher
Colleges of Technology colleges in the UAE.

There are clear differences in male and female enrolment . Females outnumber 1 men in all
colleges , with almost 25% more students in Dubai Women's college than in Dubai Men's . Ras
Al-Khaimah Women's college has almost 180 students , compared to only 100 in the Men 's
college

Females also outnumber males by level , with almost double the number of men at Higher
Diploma level (330 compared to 181). Only at Diploma level does the number of men slightly
exceed that of women.

Over half the students are in Certificate level , with less than a quarter at Higher Diploma or
Bachelor level.
2
In conclusion , most students in the Higher Colleges are enrolled at Diploma level or below ,
3
and the majority of students are women.

143 words

1.outnumber: exceed in number

2.in conclusion: in result

3. majority : greater part or number

UAE Moves Ahead in Health, Education

January 22, 2003

The graphs show health and education spending and changes in life expectancy 1 and infant 2

mortality 3 in the UAE. Overall, as the percentage spent on health and education increases ,
infant mortality and life expectancy improve.

Graph 1 shows the percentage of GDP 4 spent on health and education between 1985 and 1993 .
There were big increases in both areas. Health spending stood at about 8%in 1985 but rose to
9% in 1990 and 10% in 1993. Spending on education was even higher. It was 10% in 1985, and
5
shot up to 14% in 1990 and 15% in 1993, a 50% increase in just 8 years.

Graph 2 shows improvements in life expectancy and infant mortality between 1970 and 1992.
Life expectancy was just 60 in 1970 but rose to almost 72 in 1992.In contrast 6 , the number of
babies dying dropped dramatically , from 60 per 1000 in 1970 to only 22 in 1992.

In conclusion, people in the UAE are living longer and healthier lives because of the government
's spending on education and medical facilities.

1.expectancy:hope,anticipation

2.infant: babyish

3.mortality:rate of death

4. GDP: ABBREVIATION for Gross Domestic Product ,the total value of goods and services
produced by a country in a year
5.shoot up : to increase

6.in contrast: in compare

Fast Food UK; Quantity

Consumption of Fast Food in the UK in Grams per week ,1970 to 1990

The graph shows changes in the amount of fast food consumed in the UK between 1970 and
1990. Several trends are apparent . First, Brintons are eating more and more fast food .
Secondly, the type of fast food has changed.

In 1970, the most popular fast food was fish and chips. Over 300g were consumed each week.
By 1990,however, this had fallen to just over 200g-a50% drop. Consumption of other fast foods
such as pizza and hamburgers increased , however. The amount of pizza eaten shot up from
about 20 g a week to more than 270g, overtaking fish and chips in the late 1980s.Hamburgur
consumption also increased ,rising from about 80g in 1970 to almost 300g in 1990.

Accompanying this change in the choice of foods was an increase in the amount of fast foods
consumed. In 1970,British consumers ate about 450g a week of fast food. In 1990, on the other
hand, this had more than doubled , to 1000g.

163 words
IELTS Graph

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The chart below shows estimated world literacy rates by region and by gender for the
year 2000.

Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.

You should write at least 150 words.

model answer:

In this report I will describe a bar1 chart 2

that shows the estimated 3
world illiteracy rates4 by
gender and region for the year 2000.

First I will look at male illiteracy for the 6 areas shown. The lowest rates were in Developed
Countries, Latin America/Caribbean and East Asia/Oceania with rates of 1% (approximately 5),
10% and 8% (approximately) respectively. The rates for the next three areas were much higher
and quite similar to each other. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab States and South Asia had rates of
approximately 31%, 29% and 34%.

6
Female illiteracy was much higher relatively in each area except Latin America/Caribbean
where it was only slightly higher. The lowest rates for female illiteracy were again Developed
Countries, Latin America/Caribbean and East Asia/Oceania with rates of approximately 2%, 12%
and 20%. Again the rates for the next three areas were much higher and quite similar to each
other. Sub-Saharan Africa, the Arab States and South Asia had rates of approximately 48%, 52%
and 56%.

This ends my report.

(168 words)

1.bar: rod

2.chart: graph, diagram

3.estimated: calculated approximately

4.rate: ratio, proportion between two things

5.approximately: nearly

6.relatively: comparatively, not completely

Glossary

1. .account for : to form the total of something

2. .approach: to come near

3. .approximately: nearly

1. bar: rod

1. .chart: graph, diagram

2. .comprise: include, be composed of

1. .decline: decrease, go down

2. .dramatically : suddenly or obviously

3. .drop: fall, go down

1. .estimated: calculated approximately

2. . exceed: to be greater than a number or amount , go beyond

3. expected to double: anticipated becoming twice

.feature: shape 1

2. . fluctuation: vacillation, instability, change

1. .greatly: very much extremely

I
1. .in conclusion: in result

2. .in contrast: in compare

3. .increase: to become larger

4. .in summary: in brief

1. .maintain: sustain, keep in existence

2. . majority : greater part or number

3. make up for something : compensate

4. .make up sth : to form amount or number as a whole

1. negligible : too small in amount

1. .outlay: expended money

2. .outnumber: exceed in number

3. .Overall: in general , generally

1. .peak: top, summit

2. .plunge : to move or fall suddenly

3. .proportion : amount, size

1. .rapid: quick, fast

2. .rate: ratio, proportion between two things

3. .rise: move upward

1. .sharply: suddenly

2. shoot up : to increase

3. .significantly: remarkably

4. .striking : more attractive than usual

5. .slightly : a little

6. .strengthen: make strong

1. .Tail off: to reduce in amount , become lower in level

2. .tumble : to fall quickly

 Task 1: A table comparing economic and social features of two
Indian Ocean Countries.

Task 1: a graph comparing the value of videos for sale and rental in
the U.S and EU between 1992 and 2000 (it consisted of 4 graphs in
one).

Task 1: A diagram about some forest which has burnt out and
started to grow again. After 50, 100, 150 and 300 years of time, the
forest has reached its pre-fire status.

Task 1: rainfall and temperature changes in two different countries

(Nigeria and Brazil) _ the graph included in the group files.

Task 1: a table showing the increasing number of elderly aged

more than 100, by gender in UK in four consequent different years
in 20th century.

Task 1: two charts comparing the number of UK households across

2 different years: 1981, 2001

IELTS WRITING TASK 2

1. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new
experiences , career preparation, increased knowledge).

Why do you think people attend college or university?

--you should give reasons for your answer using your own ideas and experience.

Answer

People attend college for a lot of different reasons . I believe that the three most common
reasons are to prepare for a career , to have new experiences , and to increase their knowledge
of themselves and of the world around them.

Career preparation is probably the primary reason that people attend college . These days ,
the job market is very competitive . Careers such as information technology will need many new
workers in the near future . At college, students can learn new skills for these careers and
increase their opportunities for the future.

Students also go to college to have new experiences. For many , it is their first time away from
home. At college , they can meet new people from many different places. They can see what
life is like in a different city. They can learn to live on their own and take care of themselves
without having their family always nearly.
At college , students have the opportunity to increase their knowledge. As they decide what
2
they want to study, pursue their studies, and interact with their classmates , they learn a lot
about themselves . They also, of course , have the opportunity to learn about many subjects in
their classes . In addition to the skills and knowledge related to their career , college students
also have the chance to take classes in other areas . For many , this will be their last chance to
study different subjects.

College offer much more than career preparation . They offer the opportunity to have new
experiences and to learn many kinds of things. I think all of these are reasons why people
attend college.

2. Nowadays food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way
people live?

--you should give reasons for your using your own ideas and experience.

Answer

Food is a basic part of life, so it follows that improved methods of food preparation have made
our lives better. Nowadays we can prepare meals much faster than we could in the past .We
can also enjoy a greater variety of food and eat more healthfully , all because of modern
methods of food preparation.

Microwave ovens have made it possible to prepare delicious food quickly. People these days
rarely have time to shop and prepare meals the old-fashioned way. We live very fast lives. We
are busy working , caring for our families, travelling , playing sports ,and many other things.
Because of microwave ovens , we have time to enjoy a good meal with our family and then
play soccer , go to a movie, study ,or do anything else we want to afterwards.

Modern methods of preserving food have made it possible to enjoy a wide variety of food .
Because of refrigerators, freezers, canning, and freeze-drying, we can eat fruits and vegetables
that come from away places. We can prepare a meal one day and save the leftovers in the
refrigerator or the freezer to eat at another time. We can keep different kinds of food in the
refrigerator or on the shelf. Its easy to always have food available and to be able to eat
completely different meals every day.

Healthful eating is easier now than it ever was . Because of modern transportation methods ,
fresh fruits and vegetables are available all year round. Modern kitchen appliances make it easy
to prepare fruits and vegetables for cooking. Bread machines make it possible to enjoy
healthful, home-baked bread whenever we like. We can eat fresh and healthful food everyday
because modern methods have made preparation easy.
Our lifestyle is fast, but people still like good food . New food preparation methods have given
4
us more choices . Today we can prepare food that is more convenient, healthier, and of
greater variety than ever before in history.

3.as computers are being used more and more in education , there will be soon no
role for teachers in the classroom.

--you should give reasons for your using your own ideas and experience.

Answer

There have been immense advances in technology in most aspects of people 's lives , especially
in the field of education. Nowadays , an increasing number of students rely on computers to
research for information and to produce a perfect paper for school purposes. Others have
decided to leave the original way of learning to get knowledge through online schools. These
changes in the learning process have brought a special concern regarding the possible
decrease of importance of teachers in the classroom.

Some people believe the role of teachers started to fade because computers have been helping
some students to progress in their studies quicker than when compared with an original
classrooms. For example , in the same classroom , students have different intellectual
capacities , thus some would be tied to a slow advance in their studies because of other's
incapacity of understanding. In this way , pupils could progress in their acquisition of
knowledge at their own pace using computers instead of learning from teachers.

However , the presence of teacher is essential for students because the human contact
influences them in positive ways. Firstly, students realize that they are not dealing with a
machine but with a human being who deserves attention and respect. They also learn the
importance of studying in group and respect other students, which helps them to improve their
social skills.

Moreover, teachers are required in the learning process because they acknowledge some
student's deficiencies and help them to solve their problems by repeating the same explanation
, giving extra exercises or even suggesting a private tutor. Hence, students can have a bigger
chance not to fail in a subject.

In conclusion , the role for teachers in the learning process is still very important and it will
continue to be in the future because on machine can replace the human interaction and its
consequences.
4. The rising levels of congestion and air pollution found in most of the world's cities
can be attributed directly to the rapidly increasing number of private cars in use. In
order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts must be made to
encourage people to use their cars less and public transport more.

Discuss possible ways to encourage the use of public transport.

Anyone who lives in a city is aware of the increasing number of cars on the road and the kinds
of problems this creates: traffic jams, air pollution and longer commuting periods. As
economies grow and access to cars spreads to increasing numbers of people , this trend is likely
to worsen . The solution , it would seem, is for government to encourage the use of public
transport in urban areas , thus decreasing dependence on the car.

One way to stimulate public transport use is to make private car use more expensive and
inconvenient .The introduction of tolls along urban motorways has been successfully employed
in many cities . Other such measures are high-priced permits for parking in urban areas and the
restriction of parking to a limited number of cars. Faced with high costs or no place to park
,commuters would perhaps be more Willing to abandon their cars in favour of buses or trains.

There are also less punishing ways of spurring public transport use. The construction of free
carparks at suburban train stations has proven successful in quite a number of countries . This
allows commuters to drive part of the way , but take public transport into the central , most
congested , urban areas.

Indeed, making public transport more comfortable and convenient should work to attract more
commuters and decrease traffic congestion. Public transport that is convenient and comfortable
retains its passengers , much like any business that satisfies its customers. The more
commuters committed to taking public transport, the less congestion on city streets.
5. The mass media , including television , radio and newspapers, have great
influence in shaping people 's ideas.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

The mass media have a powerful influence in almost instantly providing information about
events around the world is largely taken for granted. But in our dependence on the media we
have allowed them to mould our notions and opinions of events, places and people. Though
few of us probably think about it ,our conceptions of, say ,our elected officials spring from
television images and newspaper stories .Most of us will never meet prime ministers or
presidents , but anyone who is regularly exposed to the media will have an opinion of them
.When it is time to cast our vote, we will make our decision based on how the media portray the
candidates . We are similarly swayed by coverage of wars. The media , representing the values
of their owners , societies and governments , tend to report wars with a bias; which is the good
side and which the bad is determined for us by reporters , editors and commentators, and sure
enough the public begins to form opinions that reflect the coverage they see, hear and read in
the major media.

The media are also influential in the way they facilitate the spread of culture and lifestyle . The
so-called global youth culture , in which one finds young people around the world displaying a
common interest in music, clothing style and films , is an example of the media's enormous
sway in this regard. A popular figure such as Michael Jackson would never be so well known
were it not for the media's extensive reach into every society on the globe.

Thus I would argue that the mass media 's influence is certainly great. Indeed, with
technological advancements such as the Internet bringing even more forms of electronic media
to our homes and workplaces , it is likely the media 's influence will grow even stronger.

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

6. Without capital punishment (the death penalty ) our lives are less secure and
crimes of violence increase . Capital punishment in essential to control violence in
society.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Before talking about the essential role of death penalty , you have to think about the meaning,
and the purpose , of any kind of punishment . If you consider that the purpose is to prevent the
guilty from being nasty again , you can be seduced by an argumentation in favor of the
suppression of capital punishment . But you have to think about another aspect of problem : a
punishment is also useful to impress people ,to make them fear the law. In fact, let's take the
example of a young misfit which has grown in a violent atmosphere, influenced by older
delinquents, etc…He lives in the streets , he 's got no aim but to survive . this is the kind of
person who could possibly kill someone for money, or eve for fun …Why would he fear prison?
Life would be easier for him there . In addition , in many cases , when you behave normally ,
you can benefit from penalty reductions. This young misfit needs to be impressed , he needs to
know that the law is frontier . When you cross it, you can lose your life . That is why capital
punishment helps keeping a distance between robbery and murder . If you abolish it , you
suppress the difference between these two types of crime, which are completely different.

But there is also a limit to define: even if death penalty is unavoidable , it would be a crime to
apply it to adequate cases .If there is no premeditation or past facts which can justify such a
punishment , it is far too strict to apply death penalty. That is why the lawmakers have to
establish precisely the context in which capital punishment car be pronounced . That is the
precise to pay to limit violence without using excessive violence.

Comment:

This is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a band 8 score . Here is the examiner's
comment:

This response is very fluent and well expressed in an appropriate register. A range of relevant
issues is skillfully presented and discussed . The arrangement is logically developed and well
organized. A wide range of structures and vocabulary are used appropriately and accurately
with only minor flaws.

7. The earth is being filled with waste material such as plastic bags and other
rubbish .Is this really happening ? What are some solutions to this problem?

Give reasons for your answer and any relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience.

Over the past few decades, the increasing amount of industrial wastes and household garbage
has become a major problem in many countries . People have questioned what caused this
problem and what can be done to improve the situation. In many opinion, two of the most
critical causes of this waste material problem are the increased consumption and the shortage
of space for landfill.

To begin with , modern lifestyle has contributed greatly to the increasing amount of waste
and garbage we produce every day. In other words, we have turned in to a materialistic and
mass-consumption society where we use more and throw away more than ever before.
Moreover, countries are running out of space to store garbage and waste material. I n fact,
securing land for waste disposal raises controversies in many countries.

To solve this intractable problem, every citizen needs to participate in producing less garbage.
For example , we can bring our own personal shopping bags instead of using plastic bags
provided by stores and shops. Besides, the government can enforce stricter laws on
companies to use biodegradable packing or use recycled material. Indeed, this alone can
eliminate much of the waste which is sent to at landfills. Companies can also contribute by
developing new raw material which is recyclable and will ultimately lead to less garbage. One
good example of this is that tire companies develop new tires for cars which are not made of
rubber but of new biodegradable material.

As discussed above, individuals, business and the government can share the responsibility to
reduce the amount of waste material and to save the earth. I hope that in the future our
offspring will be better off with the well-preserved environment.

(282 words)

8. Children who are brought up in the family that do not have a lot of money are
better prepared to deal with problems when they become adults than children who
are brought up by wealthy parent.

Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Give reasons for your answer and any relevant examples from your own knowledge
or experience.

Over the past few decades , along with growing interest in child education , people's attention
to the family environment where a child is brought up has also significantly increased. Some
people have begun to feel that a child who has grown up in a poor family tend to be better
prepared to deal with problems . In my opinion , however, family environment alone does
not much influence a child's ability to solve problem.

A child who was born into a poor family would have had more situations where they had to
solve a problem or make a decision on their own. This is because in most unfortunate families ,
both parents are usually working and children are put in situations where they have to take care
of themselves. By contrast , due to their wealth, rich children can experience and learn things
that unfortunate children cannot. For example, they usually go to the best schools and
receive a higher education there, which prepare them better for solving problems in their life.

However , few would disagree with the fact that each individual is different. That is, problem
solving skills come more from life experience. That is, the more a person experiences in life, the
more they can use these experiences to adjust , to adapt and to solve problems they encounter.
Personality also can be a factor in dealing with problems. A person who is optimistic, outgoing,
confident and open minded can look at and solve problems more effectively.

As discussed above, nature and nurture have an equal influence on a child 's ability to face
challenges. Parents should spare no effort to figure out how they can help their children to be
independent. I hope that in the future the next generation will grow up as citizens.

(291 words)

9. Every day, traffic seems to get worse on our roads. How can we reduce the
number of cars on our roads today? What alternatives can we offer car drivers?

The more people that there are in the world, the more cars there are on the road. People are
richer too and often families have more than one car. It has been proved that building more
roads does not work; it just makes more traffic.

So, what can we do? People like their cars and the freedom and independence that cars give
them. One possibility would be to raise car taxes and fuel taxes so that people do not want to
spend the extra money . Taxes on new car sales as well could be increased in order to
discourage people from buying. Perhaps a used car sales tax could be introduced too. In the
same way motorways could have tolls charged for using them although this may just increase
congestion on smaller roads as people try and avoid the motorways. The government that
introduces such ideas will not be popular though and would probably lose power .
Governments would therefore be unlikely to set up such new measures.

I think it would be better to try and change people 's attitudes and offer them alternatives.
Educate them more about the pollution and waste that they are causing. Persuade them to car
share, use public transport or even cycle if the distances are not too long. Countries such as
Holland and Denmark are well known for how their citizens are passionate about green issues
and hoe the use bicycles when they can.

Reducing traffic is a difficult task. I don’t think it is possible realistically to reduce car numbers
but I do think that we can change people's attitudes and get them to use different ways of
travelling.

(275)
10. Some people say that advertising encourage us to buy things we really do not
need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve
our lives. Which viewpoint do you agree with?

Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

I think that everyone can divide all advertising products and services into useless ones and
useful ones. It is like looking through an information desk when you pay attention to those
messages that interest you. Take me for example.

I don’t like jewelry. It does not mean I do not have it at all, I have a couple of inexpensive rings
as gifts from my parents. I just think, people pay too much attention to this stuff. I believe it is
the result of mass advertising. Every day when I am watching TV , listening to the radio or
reading the paper I notice many ads about getting an expensive rings , chain, necklace or
earrings. From my point of view these kinds of advertising contaminate people's minds. In
this case , you are encouraged to buy things you do not really need. They make you believe
you need such products in order to succeed or be happy.

From the other side, I think that advertisements of the new detergents with up-to-date
formulates to help you maintain your cloth in perfect conditions, the new cars with some extra
futures that make your travelling more comfortable and sports goods that make your life
healthier may help you to improve your life.

Recently my husband and I saw an ad on the Internet about a very interesting and inexpensive
vocation to Japan for a week. Is not it awesome? We like travelling. So now we are planning to
find out more about it and , may be , make reservations. I believe that without
advertisements we would be unaware about plenty of opportunities that may make your life
happier, easier and less stressful.

My point is that every person has his own scale of values. So if he is vegetarian he will consider
an ad about meat products useless for him.

(305 words)

Common conjunctions that are usually used in writing :

Conjunctions as a summary of ideas :

In (As a ) summary, ………

In (As a ) conclusion, ……….

Briefly then, ……………

Conjunctions as a chronology of ide

First, ….

In the beginning, ………..

Then, ……..

The next, ………..

Another, ………

Following, ………

At last, ……

Finally, …….

Ultimately, ….

Conjunctions as results of ideas :

Therefore, ………

Consequently, ……..

As a result, ……..

Because, ………..

Since, ………..

Thus, ………

Hence, ………

Accordingly, ……….

As, ………

Conjunctions as a contrast of ideas :

On the other hand, ……….

On the one hand, ………..

Although, ……….

But, ……….

However,………..

Nevertheless, ……..

Still, ………

Conjunctions as an addition :

And

As well as

Besides

Moreover

Furthermore
In fact : Used to emphasize something or to show the opposite

Indeed : Often used to emphasize some thing

Say : Used to attract attention to something or express surprise

Task 2: Governments have to place the same number of men and

women in different fields of study in universities. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?

Task 2: smoking tobacco like other dangerous drugs should be

made illegal. Agree or disagree?

Task 2: some people argue that governments should spend money

only on medicine and education and that things like theaters and
sports stadiums are luxurious. agree or disagree?

Task 2: nowadays, the gap between countryside and cities has

increased in many countries. is it the same in your country? What
can governments do to reverse this?
Or
There is a gap in standards of living between countryside and cities.
How true is this in your country? What measures should be taken to
reduce this gap?

Task 2: young people are encouraged to travel or work for one

year after high school and before university studies. write the
advantages and disadvantages of this matter.

Task 2: with the advent of computers the role of teachers are

going to be faded in classrooms. Agree or disagree?

Task 2: language and culture are respected less in comparison

with the past. Do you agree or disagree?

Task 2: killing animals and using their flesh for food is not right. Do
you agree or disagree?

Task 2: the British police do not carry guns. do you think it is good
or bad?

Task 2: nowadays environmental problems are too big to be

managed by individual persons or individual countries. In other
words, it is an international problem. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?

Task 2: juvenile delinquents should undertake such punishments

as cleaning the streets or such rather than be imprisoned. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?