INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1) Hindustan Shipyard Limited
1.2) The Organisation
1.3) Ship Building Methodology
1.4) Ships

2. HULL SHOP LAYOUT

2.1) Hull Shop

2.2) Bay 1 Machines And Specifications
2.3) Bay 2 Machines And Specifications
2.4) Bay 3 Machines And Specifications
2.5) Bay 4 Machines And Specifications

3. HULL SHOP PROCESS

3.1) Heat Treatment Line
3.2) Plasma Arc Cutting Machine
3.3) NC Programming
3.4) CNC Flame Cutting Machine
3.5) Hydraulic Guillotine Shear

4. SUMMARY
4.1) Synopsis
4.2) Conclusions
4.3) Bibliography

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1. INTRODUCTION

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 HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED

INDIAN SHIP BUILDING INDUSTRY:

There are five major shipyards owned by the Central Government. Hindustan Shipyard Limited
(HSL) and Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) are commercial units. While the rest-GRSE.
Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL) and Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL) are Defense yards where in
95% of the orders of which pertain to building of warships for the navy and patrol vessels for
Coastguard.

The defense yards have no competitors and need not bid for international tenders to secure
orders. There is an element of support to that defense yard in terms of material cost and currency
the estimated cost. That way they are better placed than the two civilian yards in respect of order
book position.

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1.1) Hindustan Shipyard Limited
(A Government of India Undertaking)

1.1.1) Introduction:
Hindustan Shipyard Limited is strategically located on the east coast of India at Visakhapatnam
in Andhra Pradesh. Original set-up under private management in 1941. The Shipyard was taken
over by the government of India in 1952. The shipyard functions under the administrative control
of ministry of shipping, Road Transport and Highway, Govt. of India.

Hindustan shipyard Limited is the pioneer ship building industry in India. It is located on the east
coast on 83.17’E latitude,73.41’N latitude. It is one of the prestigious industries in
Visakhapatnam.HSL is the part of the natural harbour of Visakhapatnam port and naval
Dockyard mating with it.

Dr. BABU RAJENDRA PRASAD, The president of India National Congress laid the foundation
stone on 21st June 1941 for Scindia Steam Navigation at Visakhapatnam. Mr. Walchand
Hirachand Scindia was the founder of Shipyard.

In 1947 the Government sought the advice of French Ship building Expert on the development of
Lf to ship building in India would be fully development at Visakhapatnam .In 1949, there were
4000 men employed and 9 British engineer including Mr. Compher (the chief Manager of
shipyard). In march 1950, Government with the formation of Eastern Shipping,Corporation
entered the field of shipping .It was a joint venture with Government holding 74% of the capital
and Scindia 26% of the capital. Scindia Steam Navigation Company (SSNC) was established at
the present place of HSL later it was taken over by late Sri Walchand Hirachand, who opened a
boat building Company with the collaboration of M/S .Sir Alexander & partners consulting
engineers in U.K. The keel of the ship names “JALA USHA’’ was launched on 14 th March 1948
by late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru our first PM.

1.1.2) Background:
The shipyard has built and delivered so far 137 ship aggregating over 1.27 million DWT. The
shipyard has built big ships, small crafts, tugs, dredges, naval vessels, passenger ships, training
ship, drill ship, off shore patrol support-cum-stand by vessels etc. of different designs for
owners.HSL has undergrone modernization at a coast of approximately 100 crores. The shipyard
is at present capable of building bulk carriers up to 80,000 DWT.HSL with expertise skill ,sound
technology and a host of hull engineering back up facilities also offers excellence ship repairs

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and dry dock services.The recent orders were MOT, Research vessels, A&N administration for
barges,utility boards. Tour ships of 30,000 DWT cargo’s for GEMI and acquiring repairs for
Indian Navy of INS Sindukranti division. Now, one of the main ship building industries in India
is going to emerge into Indian security forces for Indian Navy Wing as efficient work and faster
outputs. HSL is awarded as ISO-9001 certified industry by LLOYD’s register of quality
assurance (LRQA) London for construction.

1.1.3) Infrastructure Details:

HSL’s yard is spread over an area of 3,00,000 square meter. Workshops and facilities are
systematically planned and functionally laid out to ensure unidirectional flow of material.

The steel processing facilities consists of a stock yard to hold 30,000 tones of steel modern plate
and section treatment plant gas cutting machines, heavy duty presses self-elevating trucks
capable of handling blocks of up to 250 tonnes and large pre-fabrication shops with overheard
travelling cranes of adequate capacity.

The hull construction facility includes a modern covered building dock and three shipways.
Cutting, wedding and assembly of steel to any specification are handled with care and accuracy
by skilled operation, with are continuously trained to upgrade their skills.

The long out fitting quay is equipped with attendant self contained services and facilities i.e. hull
fitting, engineering and electrical shops.

1.1.4) Principle of a Ship:

Any body that is lighter floats in the water. The principle is that when a body floats in water it
displaces certain amount of water. The weight of which is equal to the weight of the floating
body. By this principal ship was made of material heavier than water such as steel float on water.
The Discovery of principal was made by Archimedes, the floating body should have property
that if it is slightly displaced from its position of rest it must come back to that position of. Then
it is said to be stable.

1.1.5) QUALITY:

Accreditation from Llods and Indian Register of shipping signify quality systems at HSL. With
all facilities for Mechanical testing, Paint testing, NDT etc, HSL is poised for total Quality
Management with accreditation for ISO-9000 on the threshold.

1.1.6) THE DESIGN CAPABILITY:

A remarkable achievement in the field ship design is the development of “HS-Standard flexible
design” acclaimed for its excellence for its Hydrodynamic characteristics by HSVA ship model
testing tank established at Hamburg ,Germanys.Seven, 27000WT bulk carriers of this design

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were built for various costumers. HSL’s design capability embraces a wide spectrum of general
and special purpose vessels like medium size bulk carriers up to 70,000 DWT, Product tankers,
container vessels, dredgers, passengers vessels, survey vessels, etc. it is backed up by latest
CAD/CAM software a part from AUTOKON with independent work stations.

1.1.7) THE OFFSHORE PLATEFORMS:

HSL has emerged as one of the leading manufactures of Offshore Oil/Gas production platforms
providing advanced technologies and up-to-date facilities. HSL’s offshore facility is geared to
take on offshore projects on turn key basis covering design, procurement, fabrication, load out
and instillation.Its expertise and quality standard are world class. Over twenty offshore structures
fabricated in HSL’s exclusive yard are in operation at Bombay High, Southern and Eastern
regions of India.

1.1.8) THE INDUSTRIAL STRCTURES AND OTHER DIVERSIFIED

AREAS:
With accredited experience and technology absorbed through Shipbuilding, Ship repairs and
Offshore platforms coupled with skilled manpower and modern facilities. HSL’s business
activities are now being large diversified into the manufacture of large scale plants and structure
such as plants and equipments, bridge girders and other steel structures. HSL also offers
consultancy services for design, training, port development etc.

1.1.9) MODERNISATION:

To enable HSL to serve the growing needs of maritime industry a massive expansion
modernization program at a cost of 80 corers was undertaken during 1981-86 with technical
consultation from M/s Livescy & Henderson. UK and M/s Seadrec, Scotland. At present the yard
is capable of about 1,30,000 dwt constructing 7 ships per annum with its modern equipments and
along with other infrastructure facilities.

THE OBJECTIVES OF MODERNIZATION AND EXPANSION ARE AS FOLLOWS:

a) To achieve an output of 6 to 7 1/2 ships amounting to about 1,30,000 DWT per

annum.

b) To increase the through out of steel to around 30,000tonne per annum.

c) To achieve substance reduction in the shipyard cycle time.

d) To reduce coast of construction.

e) To update Technology .

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 f) To eliminate presents constraints limitations and facilities building of bigger vessels
upto 45,000 DWT.

1.2) THE ORGANISATION

Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, A public sector understanding under the administrative control of
ministry of Shipyard Govt. of India.

HSL has following divisions:

• Ship building divisions

• Ship repair divisions

• Retrofit divisions

• Offshore platform division

• Structural fabrication division

1.2.1) SHIPBUILDING DIVISIONS:

• Capacity to construct vessels up to 50,000tonnes DWT.

• Two slipways (164*24m) have capacity for construction of vessels up to

30,000tonnes DWT

• One slipway (140*22.7m) for small crafts.

• Building Dock (247*53*11.25m) has capacity up to 50,000tonnes dead weight.

1.2.2) SHIP REPAIR DIVISION:

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It has the following facilities

• Dry dock (244*38*11.6m): up to 57,000tonnes DWT

• Wet basin has the capacity to accommodate for repair it’s afloat

• .HSL’s repair ship development has accomplished maintenance & repair jobs on

• various variety of naval vessels including submarines, merchant ships and oil rigs.

1.2.3) OFFSHORE PLATFORM DIVISION:

It has been engaged in the constructions of platform, jackets and other related structure. It has
well established and experienced production organization with adequate facilities and is
supported by necessary expertise divisions of.

• Planning

• Purchase

• Production

• Q.A&Q.C

1.2.4) STUCTURAL FABRICATION DIVISION:

HSL has diversified its activities into industries structures of:

• Railway bridge girders.

• Pipes of the flow out of dredged materials.

• Steel structure construction for process plants.

1.2.5) ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:

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A well defined organization with horizontal and vertical linkage taken care of all activities,
operations functions of the HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD. Senior management persons in the ranks
of executive directors, General Managers, Deputy Managers and Chief Manager placed in
change of various groups and divisions, the objective behind the divisionalisation is to make to
heads more accountable and responsible for their decision as well as to raise the output of each
team group under their control divisions.

1.3) SHIP BUILDING MEHODOLOGY

The construction activities of the ship fall into categories namely, Steel complex and Outfit
complex. The major activities of the Steel complex are processing of steel plates assembly of
plates and elements into fully welded panels, erections alignment and full welding of these
panels on building berths as complete Hull. Survey, pressure tests and launching etc. In the
outfit complex installation of main and auxiliary machinery, piping system ventilation, electrical,
communication system, accommodation works, work survey, tests and trails of equipments dock
trails, sea trails and delivery to the owners. After the design and drawing are complete ship’s
hull form is screwed on the mould loft wooden floor to the scale development of critical shapes
are done. Wooden templates and markups are made to full size to process the element of the
ship’s hull

Certain elements are drawn on films to 1:10 scale in mini loft drawings officers nesting’s
elements thus drawn to 1:10 scale on films are used for cutting elements on electronic tracer type
automatic gas cutting machine to full size. The hull processing shop having a floor 13,700 Sq.mt
has four bays with 10Tand 5T capacities electrical operated over head travelling cranes fitted
with magnet beam. Steel plates and sections from steel stock yard are fed to these bays though
conveyer system via magnets (Captivator, Hydro leveler and Driver) mechanic shot blasting
machine and sprayed with primer. The shop is equipped with number of gas cutting machine
most sophisticated among them being Computer Numerical Control (CNC) flame cutting
machines which cuts simultaneously 4 off pieces from 1/10 scale drawing prepared on special
paper in mini loft drawing office to full size. Other elements marked on the Steel plates using the
wooden templates prepared in mould loft and cut in other gas cutting machine. There are
Hydraulic presses with various capacities and up to maximum 2000tones forming the plates.
Rolling machines, cold frame bending machines, shearing machines, cambering machines,
straightening machines, plate preparation plate, section preparation plant etc. are the important
machines, in the shop, there are assembly shops. One of which is 194.5 27 m and is intended for
the assembly of panels up to a maximum weight of 45 tones and fitted with one number 45T on

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and 3 No’s 10Ton each electrically operated over head travelling cranes at two levels. The shop
is installed with 80 ton & 40 ton electrically operated over head traveling cranes. The addition to
assembly of peak panels, air turning and compounding of units up to 100-150 tons are done in
the shop. Welding is done by automatic and semiautomatic welding equipment in addition to
manual welding.

The elements proceeded in the Hull processing shop and Assembly units inspected for their
workmanship of the steel complex, dimensional accuracy by the quality control on the steel
complex and presented to the classification society surveyor for inspection because they
dispatched to block storage for Assembly Erection.

The Pre Fabrication units (called panels/blocks) are transported to storage area./berth from the
assembly shop by 100 Ton &150 Ton capacity self elevation & propelling low bed trailers. They
can load and unload themselves without the help of any cranes. Thus the fabrication panels can
be transported without much difficulty.

HSL has three building berth /slipways for construction of ships up to maximum 30,000DWT.
These berths are served by 5 no’s of heavy duty cranes of 35 Tons to 100 Tons. Capacity of level
fluffing and hammer headtype cranes. Each assembly a crow type staging are provided inside
and outside the ship under construction on berth. It is surveyed by the surveyors of classification
society in various stages ensuring quality of the structure and weld joints including Non
Destructive Testing .The ship tanks in addition to dry surveyors are pressure tested with air and
water. After the assembly & inspection, the ship outside hull portion is painted scheme. The
launching is being done at present by conventions method with 2 launching ways consisting of
timber standing, sliding ways, base and slip coast grease applied in between.

For the purpose of fitting out the ship after launching, the shipyard has an Out fitting quality of
1500 ft. Long and capable of accommodating 3 pioneer of 21500 DWT. The jetty has a 125 ton
fixed hammer head crane and four level bluffing cranes of 50ton, 10 ton and 5 ton capacity each.
Along the length of the jetty, the out fitting infrastructures like Engineering Department,
Plumbing sheet metal, electrical, carpentry, rigging and black smith. Galvanizing and painting
departments and shops are situated. All these departments and their shops as well equipped with
good number of machines for the fast and efficient working.

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1.3.1) TRANSPORTATION OF PANELS/UNITS:

There are two self elevating and propelling low bed trailers (KAMAG make from Germany).
One of 100 T and other of 150T for transporting the units from Prefabricate shops to slip ways
jetty and building docks. These trailers are provided with most sophisticated Electronic multi
layer Hydraulic Steering gear system. A coupling arrangement is provided for random operation
of both the trailers for transporting units of order of 200T to 250T with one operator from 150 T
trailer.

1.3.2) SHIP BUILDING BERTHS:

These are 3 slipways / building available for construction of vessels 30000DWT.

AREA:

Berth No. 11 140 M long *22.7M wide.

Berth No. 111 185 M long *25 M wide.

Berth No. 1v 185 M long * 25 M wide.

1.3.3) TERMINOLOGY USED IN SHIPYARD:

Hull: The body of the ship, the comprising

shell plating, bulk heads tube.
Ship: A ship may be regarded as hollow
structure to float on water capable of
transporting goods from one place to another
across the surface of water. Keel: The back of the ship, the principle
fore and after member that connects the
stern and stern tube.

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Rudder: Fitting hinged to stern frame and Drydock: A dock into which a vessels is
used for steering the ship. floated , the water is removed to allow
work to be done at the bottom.

Propeller: A rotating device that drives the

ship through the water. It consists of three or Knot: A speed of the vessel measured in
nautical miles per hour (1 knot=1.852 m/s).

Propulsion: An arrangement of the main

engine, propeller shafts coupled to the
propeller in the propulsion system.

Sea Keeping: The required property of a sea

going ship or to keep in straight direction
four blades, resembling those of an electric movement, the part played by the rudder is
fan, sometimes called screw or wheel. called maneuverability of the ship.

Aperture: The space provided between the Anchoring: Keep the ship in equilibrium
rudder and the stern frame for the propeller. condition we use anchors which is termed as
anchoring.

Port: The left hand side of the ship, looking

forward standing at the centre line of the Retrofitting: Retrofitting is refitting activity
ship. of damaged portions of the ship.

Starboard: The right hand side of the ship DWT: DWT is dead weight in tons
looking forward standing at the centre line including hull, machinery, outfitting
of the ship. equipment, crew and cargo

Steargear: An aperture to control the rudder Tugs: Tugs are small size tractor size ships
while steering the vessel. used for pushing of big ships.

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Floating Cranes: Cranes mounted on small
ship used for loading and unloading
operation in the sea.
Draught: It is the immersed depth in the sea
water denoted as T measured in meters.
VCG: Vertical centre of gravity of ship
measured from mid ship in meters.
LCG: Longitudinal centre of gravity of ship
measured from mid ship in meters.
CL: It is the abbreviation for the centre line
of the ship.
Bow Thruster: It is a small type propeller
for easy turning of ship and arranged as
forward zone.
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Aft And Ford: Back end of the ship is
called aft end. Front end of the ship is called
forward end.
Drag And Lift Force: The component off
the total force in the direction of the motion
is called Drag. The component of the total
force in the direction perpendicular to the
motion is called lift.
Ahead And Astern: The forward travel of
the ship is called Ahead condition and the
backward travel of the ship is called Astern
condition.
Superstructure: The housing and the
structure above main dock is called
superstructure. This arrangement meant for
crew accommodation and officers such as
steering , ratio rooms etc.
Camber : a transverse curvature or crown to
the decks for the purpose of draining rain or
sea water to sides
Hatch: Opening in the deck for the passage of
Cargo into the hull is known as hatch.
Bracket: A triangular piece of plate used to
connect rigidly two or more parts that meet at
some angle with one and other. For example a
deck beam connected to frame and frame to
margin plate.
 Beam: It is a transverse horizontal member
supporting a deck or a flat extreme width of
deck.

Coaming: The vertical boundary of the

hatch or skylight or for any other openings is
known as coaming

1.3.4) Materials used in ship building:

1) Wood
2) Iron
3) Wrought iron
4) Steel
5) Copper
6) Bronze(gun metal)
7) Brass
8) Phosphor bronze
9) Aluminium alloys

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 1)
1.4) SHIP

1.4.1) Ship-Vessel-Boat
From a ship builder’s point of view, a ship is in any way a structure of metal, usually steel or
wood that will float in water and carry a load i.e. a large sea going vessel, suitable for deep water
navigation.

A ship whose main power is steam is termed as steam ship or steamer. A ship propelled by diesel
is known as motor ship.

The term vessel is also used in similar meaning. Vessels used for purpose of transportation but
provided by no means of propulsion are called barges. These are usually moved by towing.

The term boat means any water craft. Generally it indicates a small open vessel, moved by oars
or pedals, but often by sail or some power mechanism.

1.4.2) Type of Ships

1) Cargo ships

2) Three islands type ships

3) Shelter Deck (open and closed)

4) Gram Cargo Ship

5) Passenger Ship

6) Tankers

7) Tugs

8) Other types

1.4.3) Three Linear Motions

1) Surge (x-axis) , Lengthwise

Propulsion and drag act along this axis. Surfing is an example of surge caused by a wave

2) Sway (y-axis ) , sideways

Generally a minor movement in a large vessel caused due to wave and wind loads

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 3) Heave (z-axis) , up and down

The wave motion causing the whole ship to rise and fall

1.4.4) Three Rotation Motion

1) Roll (Around x)

The most significant stability criterion – capsize. It is caused by waves, wind and can be
induced by yaw

2) Pitch (Around y)

It is a rocking motion between bow and stern of the ship. It is mostly wave induced.

3) Yaw (Around z)

This is what the rudder is supported to do. Rudder corrections for course keeping illustrate
that wind and waves can cause yawing motions

1.4.5) Principle Dimensions of the ship

i. Shell
The Principle function of the shell is to act as a watertight skin. It also gives strength to the
construction of intermediate parts. Shape or contour, Transverses are not all the same
distance apart ;amidships, where there is the greatest strain, they are spaced more closely .
The transverses are cut or notched where they connect on the shell, to allow the longitudinal
to pass through. They are strengthened by clips at these pointes.
ii. Longitudinal
These run force and aft from bulkhead to bulkhead, except in the shelter and upper deck,
where some are broken by hatch interference. They give strength and rigidity to the
framework and shell. They are connected and welded at the flange of the channel to the shell
or deck.

iii. Bulkheads

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 The vertical partitions that divide the hull into separate compartments are called bulkheads
are watertight. These water-tight bulkheads are so arranged that in case of accident at sea,
water would be confined bulkhead to one compartment only. The collision bulkhead in the
front end is constructed to withstand heavy strain and shock in case the bow is staved in.
iv. Double Bottom
The double bottom extends from the flat keel to the tank top. It is strongly constructed and is
water tight so that in case of accident causing an inrush of water into the double bottom, the
ship would still be able to keep afloat. The principal parts of the double bottom are the flat
keel, vertical keel, floors, intercostals girders, bilge, brackets, tank top, longitudinal,
bounding bars and angle clip.

v. Lines Drawing
It is a plan showing, in three views, the moulded surface of the vessels.

vi. Moulded Surface

It is the inside of the skin or plating in a ship. The moulded surface has no thickness, and is
fair and smooth. Actually, when the ship has been built, the thickness of the plating will
extend outside of the moulded surface. “outside “ strakes of plating do not They get their
name from the fact that shell “frames “ or ribs usually are made to this shape and installed
transversely in the ship. The lines drawing consists of three views; a half-breath plan, a
profile view, and a body plan. These views each show only one side of the ship (usually, the
port side), because all dimensions for the starboard are equal and to the opposite ‘hand’; that
is, ship is symmetrical about the centre line.
vii. Profile
It is a view showing at the moulded lines from starboard to port. The waterlines and the
frame lines are straight when observed from this direction. The deck line or “Sheer “curve
shows up clearly in the profile, Which for this reason is sometimes called the sheer plan.
viii. Body Plan
It is a view showing the shapes of the frame lines. The body plan is made in two parts. The
right-hand part is a view looking directly aft at the force port side of moulded surface,
while the left-hand part is a view looking directly forward at the after half of the port
side. This arrangement prevents the frame lines at the after end from obliterating or fouling

17
 the frame lines at the forward end. This view shows buttocks and waterlines straight, while
the frame lines appear in their true shape.

ix. Half-breadth or waterline plan

It is a view looking down on the moulded surface. Here the frame lines and buttocks appear
straight, while the waterlines show their true shape.
x. Load Waterline(LWL)
The waterline at which the ship will float when loaded to its designed draft .
xi. Forward perpendicular (FP)
It is a vertical lines at the point where the load waterlines crosses the for most part of the
moulded surface.

xii. Freeboard (moulded)

It is the difference between the moulded depth and the moulded draft (it is the height of the
side of the vessels which is above the water when she floats at her load the water when she
floats at her load water lines).
xiii. Camber
It is the curvature of the deck transversely. It is measured by the difference in height
xiv. Transverses
These are the ribs or frames of the ship and when placed in position gives the principle touch
the moulded surface if they have a liner against the shell frame .The heel of each shell frame
is in this moulded surface (unless joggled). It should be remembered that this moulded
surface is not an actual part of the ship. It is almost exactly the shape which a thin piece of
sheet rubber would take if stretched tightly over the shell frames and main deck beams with
no planning in place.
xv. Base Line
It is a straight horizontal line at or near the bottom of the moulded surface from which
vertical heights are measured . Usually , The base line is the very lowest part of the moulded
surface .
xvi. Waterline

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 It is the interaction of the moulded surface with a horizontal plane at a given height above the
base line . The six foot water line is exactly six feet higher than the base line
xvii. Center line
It is a straight line running from bow to steam , midway between the sides of the ship . All
transverse horizontal dimensions are taken from the centre line . The centre line as applied to
a transverse bulkhead is a vertical line in the middle of the ship .
xviii. Buttock
It is the interaction of the moulded surface with a vertical plane at a given distance from
the centerline of the ship .Buttock are shown in the profile in the lines drawing . Ship – fitters
use a buttock merely as a distance from the centerline . Thus, they have buttocks marked on
bulkheads , decks , foundation , etc. , for setting and alignment . The buttocks and the
waterlines which are marked on the steel members for regulating and setting are usually of
some dimension expressed in even feet .
xix. Frame line
It is the intersection of the moulded surface with a vertical plane perpendicular to the
centerline (transverse plane) . Frame lines are shown in the lines drawing .
xx. After perpendicular (AP)
It is a vertical line usually at the after end of the rudder post . Of there is on rudder post ,it
usually is taken at the centre of the rudder stock .
xxi. Length between perpendiculars(LBP)
It is the distance from forward perpendicular to the after perpendicular. To the designer,this
length is very important ,since it largely depends upon the amount of power needed to
drive the ship
xxii. Length Over-All (LOA)
It is the total length of the ship from one end to the other, including bow and stern overhang.
xxiii. Mid ship Section
A transverse section exactly half way between the F. P and the A. P . Almost invariably , this
is the widest part of the ship .
xxiv. Parallel middle body
The straight part at the centre of the ship where the water lines and buttock have no curvature
that is , where all the forces and aft lines are parallel.

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 xxv. Dead rise
It is the rise of bottom .It is the difference in height between the base line and the point where
the straight line through the bottom flat surface intersects the vertical line through the side of
the moulded surface at its widest point .
xxvi. Depth
It is the height of the ship at the mid ship section from the base line to the moulded line of the
deck at side (underneath).
xxvii. Draft (moulded)
It is the height from the base line to the load water line between the deck at centre at side .
xxviii. Tumble Home
The amount the top of the side shell slopes back toward the centerline between the point of
widest breadth and the deck at side.

2. HULL SHOP LAYOUT

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21
22
2.1)

2.1.1) Description of steel co

In Hindustan shipyard limited (HS
building a ship. Also they are ca
prefabrication chamber by welding
shop where in turn steel plates an
from steel stock yard where all stee
In general steel complex is divided

1) Steel stock yard

2) Hull shop
23

3) Pre- fabrication Chamber

 The plates and sections brought from the hull are assembled here by welding process with
different welding techniques . In Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL ) the welding
processes used are

1) Shielded metal arc welding

2) Gas metal arc welding

3) Submerged arc welding

2.1.5) Hull Shop Process:

The hull shop process can be sequenced as shown below.

Plate Treatment

Marking and Cutting

Bevel Cutting (Optional)

Forming

Bending Rolling Shearing

Binning

Delivery to Pre-Fabrication

Hull shop process

Generally steel drawing office will allocate the material as per the schedule. The steel stores will
issue the material in requisition of Hull shop.

All plates are then mangled, shot blasted and painted. At this process is being done to prevent
corrosion.

24
Markers will mark the plates and sections with the help of templates and drawing. They will
write complete process on marking, material, type of edge preparation, forming, cutting lines,
dispatching, destination, etc.

Hull shop consists several machines for such as flame cutting machines, ignition machines, sheet
pres, 2000Ton press, joggling machine, flanging machine, Guiltione shearing machine, cold
forming or bending machine, punching machine, etc

The computer numerical control (CNC) flame cutting machines can simultaneously 4 off pieces
from 1/10 scale drawing prepared on special paper in mini loft drawing office to full size. Other
elements are marked on the steel plates using the wooden templates prepared in mould loft and
cut in other gas cutting machines.

There are Hydraulic Presses with various capacities and up to maximum 2000Tons forming
the plates. Rolling machines, cold frame bending machines, shearing machines, cambering
machines, straightening machines, plate preparation plant etc. are the important machines in the
shop which have the capacity to produce elements up to 2500Tones per month. Adjacent to
this shop, there are two assembly shops. One at which 194.5 * 27 m and is intended for the
assembly of panels up to a maximum weight of 45 Tones and fitted with one number 45Ton
and 3No’s 10Ton each electrically operated over head travelling cranes. The shop is installed
with 80 Ton & 40 Ton electrically operated over head travelling at two levels. In addition to
assembly of peak panels, air turning and compound of units up to 100-50 Tons are done in the
shop. Welding is done by automatic welding equipment in addition to manual welding.

The elements proceeded in the hull processing shop and assembly units inspected for their
workmanship of the steel complex , complex , dimensional accuracy by the quality control of
the steel complex and presented to the classification society surveyor for inspection are lore
they dispatched to block storage area or berth for assembly erection.

The pre fabrication units ( called panels /blocks ) are transported to storage tea/berth from the
assembly shop by 100 Ton & 150 Ton capacity self elevating & propelling low bed trailer on
trestles. They can load unload themselves without the help of any cranes. Thus the fabrication
panels can be transported without much difficulty.

25
2.1.6) Hull Shop and its departments:

The various departments linked to hull shop are

a. Design office (DO)

b. Production planning and control department (PPCD)

c. Stress Stores (SS)

d. Material Shop (MES)

e. Pre- fabrication (PF)

f. Quality control (QC)

g. Inspection

a. Design Office:

For coastal nation, the ship building industry is essential for defense purpose. However, to run a
shipyard efficiently is not an easy job due to several of its characteristic. They are
1) The product (a ship) size is very large both in volume and weight and each product has

thousand of different compound.

26
 2) The design, planning and manufacturing process overlap very significantly and the

Concept of ‘’ Teamwork’’ is therefore greatly emphasized

3) The production process is very complex and complicated with very many
interdependences with these characteristics, the method of ‘’ design for quality ‘’ and
‘’design for manufacture’’ seem to be ideal tools for the shipbuilding industry to
maintain product quality while raising the shipyard’s efficiency.

b. Production Planning and control department:

With the program ‘’ Auto CAD’’ one can generate the complete project from the lines plans
until the ‘’Cutting files’’, one can have the possibility to make complete 3- dimensional design
of the hull for necessary presentations or to create a clearer view for the customer.

Also by digitalizing the handmade construction drawing, from paper to Auto Cad, one can
completely customize the design.

3-D Drawing of Hull

Small of larger adjustment that occur during the construction of a hull must often be clarified by
means of a construction drawing . These construction drawing can be easily made and

27
adjusted by Auto Cad during the inspection period of a hull, without having to call in an
extra construction of design agency.

c. Pre- fabrication Department:

The cut plates and sections are initially welded together based on drawing on drawings so as
to convert then in to pre- fabricated units (also called as blocks ) . These blocks are then
forward to erection section where actual and complete welding of them takes places and the
structure of ship starts to form

d. Steel Store :

These departments meet the requirements of Hull Shop. One issue of schedule necessary plates
are issued from the storage yard to the Hull shop. Each plate is clearly marked and tracked.
Every detail, such as batch number, plate number, dimensions, grade and quality are marked.
The necessary operations to be performed on the plate are also marked so that no confusion
comes While it travels trough different sections in hull shop.

e. Material shop:

This department ensure continuous supply of material to Hull shop. It is necessary to analyze the
demand and the purchase of material. Because in less demand huge amounts of material is
not required, as pilling of material is caused . During high demands, insufficient material can
lead to stoppage of work, delaying the whole shipbuilding process.

f. Quality Control:

During every and inspection various measurements will be carried out, including measuring
the length , breath of the body . material thickness will be measured will be measured and
compared with value on the construction drawing.

28
 g. Inspection:

After the painting of the plates quality control department will again look very carefully at the
thickness of the body. At the same time the planting works will be checked. The micron
thickness will be measured and compared with the values in the painting scheme.

During the construction of the body it will check if all welding seems are according
shipbuilding quality and they will , where necessary , be grinded. When the welding is
finished, the welding seams and all possible damages will be covered with the strip
coasting mentioned in the painting scheme . Of all inspection then surveyor will make well
organized reports.

2.2) MACHINES AND SPECIFICATIONS

BAY 1

Plasma cutting machine

Binning
Hook Crane
EOT Crane
10T

10T

Gas cutting Bevel Cutting Double V 300 T

machine(x2)

29
 BAY 1

In Bay 1, almost all operations are cutting operations and are performed automatically by
Machines. Plates from treatment plant are directly hauled and brought to necessary cutting
machines by Over Head EOT Cranes. The machines present in Bay 1 are CNC Plasma Arc
cutting machines and CNC Flam cutting machines.

The plates are first checked, then the drawing is fed into the CNC machines and accordingly
cutting is performed. The cut plates are then moved forward for manual cutting where small
cutting operations are done such as chamfering. Manual cutting is done for some required
designs only.

The completed cut plates are stored in the binning and transferred to pre-fabrication section
whenever required.

Inspection is done after every operation is performed. Unless confirmed that the plates meets
necessary standards, it is not moved forward to the next operation.

30
2.2.1) PLASMA ARC CUTTING MACHINE:

Specifications:
Thickness capacity 5 mm to 40 mm
Plate width 3250 mm
Skid Area 50 m x 4.5 m
Torch 1 no
Marking Pattern Powder marking
Power supply 50Hz, 3 phase,400V
Coolant Kjellfrost
Mass 534 kg
Ignition Pilot arc ignition
Efficiency 0.9

31
 2.2.2) CNC FLAME CUTTING MACHINE:

Specifications:
Number of machines : 2 no
Make : M S Gresham, West Germany
Type : Omnimat
Main structure : Portal type
Driving system : both sided driver
Operation mode : optical 1:1 and 1:10 and NC tape
NC unit : MG 12 SG
Effective cutting length : 1400 mm
Effective cutting width : 2 x 3650 mm
Cutting thickness : 6 to 300 mm
Travel fast speed : 6m/min
Rail span : 8800 mm
Number of torches : 4 bevel cutting = 2 high speed
Cutting : Straight line
Apparatus for vertical : automatic height

32
Location : sensor pneumatic operated

2.2.3) OVER HEAD MAGNETIC CRANES(COMMON TO ALL BAYS) :

Specifications:

Safe working load: 10 Tons

Magnetic lifting capacity: 5 Tons

33
 2.3) MACHINES AND SPECIFICATIONS

BAY 2

storage Convert loft 2000 T 800 T 250 T

EOT Crane 10 T

marking Half rolling knuckles Rolling

Gas cutting bars Pug Rolling

machine machine

BAY 2

In Bay 2 the material flow is same as that of Bay 1. Here the operations performed are cutting,
bending and rolling. There are 3 Gas cutting machines for cutting operations, a 2000 Ton and
800 Ton press for rolling and bending operations.

The plates from the plate treatment plant are brought over by over head magnetic cranes. Though
the cutting operations are done automatically, the bending operations are done manually. In
bending straight plates are cut into required shapes and then pressed in pressing machines. The
plates are pressed gradually until the required curvature is obtained. While one operator operates
the press other operator looks on the bending and checks the required curvature with pre
designed templates.

The cut and bent parts then stored in binning area and transferred to pre-fabrication section
whenever required.

Inspection is done after every operation is performed. Unless confirmed that the plat meets
necessary standards, it is not moved forward to the next operation.

34
2.3.1) VARIOSEC-AUXILLARY PORTAL:

Specifications:

Type :SH 8800

Length of the track :60m
Gauge :8.8mts
Working width :2x3.65m
Track level :500m
Cutting table level :700mm
Wt.of the machine without track :HAPO 3440KG, HIPO1=1180KG,HIPO2=1180KG
Rate of speed :75,250mm
supply voltage :3*220v
connection power :3kva
Material cutting thickness :3 to 100mm
Torches :M/S Brerer/ Torch732/110,Vadura 1210 A,
Acetylene
Nozzles :vadura 1210 A
Connection power : 3 KVA
Input : 220V,50 Hz, 1KVA

35
2.3.2) 2000 TONS HYDRAULIC PRESS:

This machine is for making flange and semi circular sections

Specifications:

Plant no :1426
Equipment :2000 Tons hydraulic press
Machine no. :186-0-83
Suppliers : M/S HUGH SMITH
Type :2000 Tons Hydraulic Rolling And Flanging Press
Power Of The Motor : 30 HP
Pressing speed : 6.7 mm/s
Working press : 5000 psi
Approach speed : 75 mm/s
Return speed : 95 mm/s
Approx press speed : 7 mm/s
Weight of press : 40 T
Length of stroke : 224 mm
Throat clearance diameter :320 mm

36
2.3.3) 800 TON HEAD FLANGING PRESS:

Specifications:

Plant no. :786

Equipment :800T BULK HEAD FLANGING PRESS
Machine no. :C25927
Suppliers :M/S HUGH SMITH AND CO.GLASGOW
Capacity :10Mx800 Tons
Main ram :19 ½ mm
Length of each die : 79 ½ mm
Stroke :145/8
No. of dies :5
Total flanging length :260mm

37
2.4) MACHINES AND SPECIFICATIONS
BAY 3

Binning Edge 500

EOT Cranes 10T

Hook Crane

preparation T
Rollers

Plane Hydraulic Hydraulic

(2)

cutting jack shearing cutting

machine m/c

In Bay 3 the main operation performed is bevel cutting. Also other operations are performed too
which are cutting, bending and rolling. Cutting is done by plasma cutting machine. This cutting
machine is newer and latest version of the plasma cutting machine than the machine present in
Bay 1. On this machine cutting is performed more easily and fastly.

Bending, shearing and rolling operations are performed by 500 Ton press, hydraulic shearing
machine and pressing machines.

Bevel cutting is done on pug machine. The edge of the plate is given a bevel cut (a chamfering
operation to the edge of plate). On the requirement the bevel cut may be both sides (SVOS) and
singular cut (SUOS).

The plates from the plate treatment are brought over by over head magnetic cranes. The required
operations are performed. The cut and bent parts are then stored in binning area and transferred
to pre-fabrication section whenever required.

Inspection is done after every operation is performed. Unless confirmed that the plate meets
necessary standards, it is not moved forward to the next operation

38
2.4.1) 500 TONS HYDRAULIC PRESS:

SPECIFICATIONS:
Plant no 2445
Equipment 500 T Hydraulic Press
Machine no MT 4608
Type suppliers M/S Indian sugar & General Engg Co.Ltd
Load of press 500Tons
Working pressure 320 Kg/sq cm
Stroke 900 mm
Bed area 1850x1550 mm
Table 1200x1550 mm
Offset from main ram to main frame 1300 mm
Return load 30 Tons

39
Main ram diameter 450
Return ram diameter 160x140

40
2.4.2) Hydraulic guillotine shearing machine:

SPECIFICATIONS:

Type A.S.2550*20
Suppliers M/S Mager & Weremever Bremen, Germany
Plant no 917
Equipment Hydraulic Guillotine Shearing machine
Machine no 1308
Length Of The Blade 2600 mm
Free space between stops 2350mm
Gap in end frames 400mm
Max pressure in Hydraulic system 250atm
Max pressure in hold down system 90 atm
pressure in return stroke 130atm
capacity of accumulator 10 L
capacity of oil tank 600 L
weight of machine 17,700 kg
Oil quality (hydrated oil) -4.50 E at 500

41
 2.5) MACHINE AND SPECIFICATIONS
BAY 4

Frame Bending Cambering 400 T Cold Frame

Machine Machine Bending Machine
EOT Crane 10 T

Binning
Profile Cutting Manual Marking
Machine and Labeling Punching

BAY 4

In Bay 4 manual work is done. Here collective to all bays cutting, bending, rolling, bevel cutting
and forming operations are performed. The sequence of operations is similar to other bays but
the only difference here is that they are performed manually. The plates from the treatment plant
arrive here by over head magnetic cranes. These plates are called as sections. Mainly the parts
made here are frames, beams, pipe sections etc. firstly the section are made, labeled properly.
Then they are transferred to respective machines to perform necessary operations. The finished
products are inspected, necessary changes made and then sent directly to pre-fabrication section.

Inspection is done after every operation is performed. Unless confirmed that the plate meets
necessary standards, it is not moved forward to the next operation.

42
2.5.1) 400 Tons Hydraulic Cold Frame Bender

SPECIFICATIONS:

Plant no. 1158

Equipment 400 Ton Hydraulic Cold Frame Bender
Machine no. 627022
Suppliers M/S HUGH SMITH AND CO.
Bending capacity cold flat frame up to 17 inches
Bending capacity cold angles up to 15"X15" and in pairs
Weight 21 Tons
Output Of Pump 4300cu/min
Tank Capacity 150 gallons
HP of the motor 40 HP
Horizontal stroke 16"
Forward stroke 36"/sec
Working pressure 4500 psi
3 clamps ram each 3"stroke
Clamp Pressure 4500 psi
Clamp Speed 0.092"/sec
Bar speed gear 13"/sec
Min. bending radius out side 6",inside 10

43
3. HULL SHOP PROCESSES

44
3.1) PLATE TREATMENT LINE

Steel plates are first transferred to heat treatment line to de-scale the plates from rust, dust and
impurities. It is the first step for any plate before it is used for any process in the hull shop. The
De-scaling process also includes a hydro leveler and spray painting section.

In Plate treatment line steel plates are

processed under various machineries
to make them fit for production of ship
panels. The following are the
various machinery sections that are
present in the plate treatment line.

Captivator

Hydro Leveler

Heating Chamber

Blasting Chamber

Spray Painting Section

Dry Chamber

PLATE TREATMENT LINE PROCESS LAYOUT

3.1.1) Captivator :

45
The steel plates from the steel storage yard are lifted onto the captivator by a magnet and placed
onto the inclined portion (the head section) of the captivator. The head section consists of three
important rollers namely free roller, magnetic roller and motorized rollers.

The plate first lands inclined onto the head section. The magnetic roller holds the plate and pulls
the plate onto the ‘hip’ section of the captivator. The free roller enables easy access of the plate
to roll while lifting off the ground. The motorized rollers push the plate towards the hydro leveler

Specifications :

Maximum plate load : 10 Tons

Maximum plate size : length 14 m, width 3.65 m
Maximum plate size : length 3.65 m, width 1.5 m
Plate thickness : Max-50 mm, min-5 mm
Hoisting speed : 8/4 m/min
Travelling speed : 90/30 m/min
Roller speed : 30 m/min
Trolley speed : 30 m/min
Number of piles :3
Max height of piles : 600 mm
Main voltage : 3x440 V, 50Hz
Pilot voltage : 220 V, 50Hz
Power supply : cast on cable drums automatic operation is controlled
through Programming Looping Systems(PLS)

3.1.2) Hydro-Leveler :

A Hydro-Leveler is a 80 Ton capacity hydraulic powdered machine to level the plates and free them from
any curves, bends and distortions so as to make the plate perfectly flat.
It consists of 5 rollers, 2 at the bottom and 3 at the top as shown in figure.

Top rollers (press)

46
 Bottom rollers Plate movement

The bottom rollers can rotate clockwise or anti-clockwise such that the plate travels in left or
right direction. The top rollers apply pressure onto the plates while the plate moves along the
bottom rollers making them flat. The minimum width of the plates that can pass through the
rollers is 6 mm and max width is 21 mm. Though higher thickness plates can pass through these
rollers (upto50 mm) the plates cannot be leveled. Plates with large thickness need not be leveled
because the disorientation can be neglected when compared to thickness

Specifications :

Hydraulic pressure : 315 bars and 100 bars

Hydraulic medium : mineral oil
Test pressure Centre beam : 395 bars
Working pressure centre beam : 100 bars
Test pressure : 125 bars
Working pressure : 315 bars
Test pressure : 395/395 bars
Down/up speed : 9.1 m/min

3.1.3) Heat chamber:

The plates are then moved into a heating chamber where they are heated so as to remove moisture content
and other liquid material such as oils from the surface of the plates. Moisture causes plates to rust and
corrode and makes the plate useless. It has a capacity of 96 KW and facility with manual operation.

3.1.4) Blasting chamber:

47
Blasting is an important step in heat treatment line. It removes all the impurities on the surface and
makes the surface clean and pure. It consists of 8 roto blasts, four on top and four on bottom. Small
spherical grits made of mild steel are made to incident on plates with great force and high velocity. This
will result in the removal of rust and mill scales. The grit is fed from overhead tank then into a motor
(impeller). It has axial entry and radial exit. Its equipment is used for the purpose of removal of rust and
dust particles from the plate.

Wet plate subjected to blasting will cause the formation of grit material, which is undesirable
so in order to prevent the formation of grit material the plates are usually passed through heating
template before entering the blasting chamber.Grits are recycled until they become powder
blasting process is said to be completed successfully if the plate has asilver white colored looks
otherwise the plate is sent back and the blasting process is repeated.

Specifications :
Material : mild steel to be dry and oil free
Maximum plate thickness : 5 to 50 mm
Maximum plate width : 3.65 m
Maximum conveyor load : 1000 kg/linear meter

48
Maximum working length : 2500 mm
No of roto blast wheels/power : 8/37 KW
Separation type : air wash
Separation size : 7 inches
Ventilation requirement : 41,650 m3/hr

3.1.5) Spray painting unit :

The blast is equipped with micro computer which enables paint spray in both directions i.e. top
and bottomafter cleaning. This has 8 no’s airless spray film thickness of 25 microns can be
achieved. The treatment line is also provided with the pre heater before shot blasting and drying
chambers after painting. The grits that are spherical in shape while removing rust and scale may
also form some indentation on the plate. The indentation formed on the plate is covered during
spray painting. Painting is done to avoid corrosion of plates.using two nozzles on the top and two
on bottom, spray painting is done

Paint to nozzle issupplied by pump. There are 2 pumps one will supply paint to the top nozzle
and other will supply to the bottom nozzle. The paint used is zinc rich prime (costlier, long life,
9-12 months), zinc silicate primer (cheap, short life, 6 months). After spray painting the plate is
fed to the drying chamber where the plate gets dried , the smell of paint is also removed and it is
made to pass into the atmosphere through chimney. It is used to paint the plate in perfection
without wasting the paint by controlling electronically.

Specifications :

Type : air less

Number of spray guns :4
Number of paint pumps :2
Speed of spray guns 1.5 m/s

49
 3.2) PLASMA ARC CUTTING MACHINE

Plasma is defined as a gas having atoms and molecules which are partly split into ions and
electrons therefore having high electrical conductivity Plasma cutting is a process that is used to
cut steel and other metals of different thicknesses (or sometimes other materials) using a plasma
torch. In this process, an inert gas (in some units, compressed air)becomes heated up extremely
and blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc is formed through that
gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to plasma. The plasma is
sufficiently hot to melt the metal being cut and moves sufficiently fast to blow molten metal
away from the cut.

The plasma are hereby is transformed from the cathode, installed in the plasma torch and
conducted the negative pole of plasma power source to the work piece(transferred arc). The
Plasma Cutting is a technology for cutting of electrically conductive metals, like constructional
steels ,stainless steels, aluminum, copper etc. it is suitable profile template and bevel cutting. So
plates, tubes, profiles, formed and casted parts can be cut or worked.

50
 contents
3.2.1) Plasma Cutting witout
SecondaryGas
3.2.2) Swirl Gas Technology
3.2.3) CNC Cutting methods
3.2.4) Coolant
3.2.5) Features and Advantages
3.2.6) Applications
3.2.7) Safety
3.2.8) New technology
3.2.9) NC Programming

3.2.1) Plasma Cutting without Secondary Gas:

Freehand cut of a thick steel plate

51
The HF Contact type uses a high-frequency, high-voltage spark to ionise the air through the torch
head and initiate an arc. These require the torch to be in contact with the job material when
starting, and so are not suitable for applications involving CNC cutting.

The Pilot Arc type uses a two cycle approach to producing plasma, avoiding the need for initial
contact. First, a high-voltage, low current circuits used to initialize a very small high-intensity
spark within the torch body, thereby generating a small pocket of plasma gas. This is referred to
as the Pilot arc .The pilot arc has a return electrical path built into the torch head. The pilot arc
will maintain itself until it is brought into proximity of the workpiece where it ignites the main
plasma cutting arc. Plasma arcs are extremely hot and are in the range of 25,000 °C (45,000 °F).

Plasma is an effective means of cutting thin and thick materials alike. Hand-held torches can
usually cut up to 2 in (48 mm) thick steel plate, and stronger computer-controlled torches can
cut steel up to 6 inches (150 mm) thick. Since plasma cutters produce a very hot and much
localized "cone" to cut with, they are extremely useful for cutting sheet metal in curved or angled
shapes.
3.2.2) Plasma Cutting with Secondary Gas(Swirl Gas Technology):
Plasma torches for the secondary gas technology are using a swirl gas for shielding the plasma
arc from the atmosphere with the conventional Dry plasma cutting. The plasma arc is directly
transferred from the nozzle to the work piece. Spatter and upcoming material can lead to double
arcing and to reduce nozzle life and poor cutting quality. Plasma torches using the swirl gas cap
and the surrounding swirl against the upcoming material, especially when cutting starts by
piercing. Flow rate and composition of the swirl gas can be optimized to obtain best cutting
results on different materials.

It shows the principle of the swirl gas technology in comparison to conventional dry plasma
cutting. The underwater cutting process reduces the pollution of the environment, the noise level
of the process and the light radiation considerably in comparison to the dry cutting. The
distortion of the cutting material is very low. Since the consumption of electrical energy is
higher.

One of the advantages of the swirl gas technology is the fact that plasma torch suitable for the
dry cutting and the underwater cutting as well without any adaption to the torch. Furthermore the
cutting process grants highest stability, ensuring optimum cutting quality for both dry and
underwater.

3.2.3) CNC cutting methods:

52
Plasma cutters have also been used in CNC (computer numerically controlled) machinery.
Manufacturers build CNC cutting tables, some with the cutter built in to the table. The idea
behind CNC tables is to allow a computer to control the torch head making clean sharp cuts.
Modern CNC plasma equipment is capable of multi-axis cutting of thick material, allowing
opportunities for complex welding seams on CNC welding equipment that is not possible
otherwise.

Plasma cutting with a CNC machine Plasma cutting with a tilting head

For thinner material cutting, plasma cutting is being progressively replaced by laser cutting, due
mainly to the laser cutter's superior hole-cutting abilities.
Software will process information on ductwork and create flat patterns to be cut on the cutting
table by the plasma torch. This technology has enormously increased productivity within the
industry .
In recent years there has been even more development in the area of CNC Plasma Cutting
Machinery. Traditionally the machines' cutting tables were horizontal but now due to further
research and development Vertical CNC Plasma Cutting Machines are available. This
advancement provides a machine with a small footprint, increased flexibility, optimum safety,
faster operation.

3.2.4) Coolant:
Kjellberg finsterwalde is used for all liquid cooled units and torches. The new coolant Kjellfrost,
is acting additionally as antifreeze. It is nearly a colorless liquid. It contains anodic and cathodic
inhibitors. They are protecting in a very efficient way all the components of the circuits against
corrosion ,even when components are mixed materials such as steel, copper, and copper alloys.
The coolant should be changed once in a year.

3.2.5) Features and Advantages:

53
The application of fine process principle generates extremely high energy densities and offers numerous
technological advantages. These include:

• Double Straight effect

• Narrow cutting joints
• Low material loss
• Low heat input
• Low distortion
• High cutting speed
• Excellent Cutting Flow
Further technological advantages are gained from the secondary gas technology in dry and under water
plasma cutting by utilizing XL-Life-System for plasma cutting with oxygen.

3.2.6) Applications:
The plasma arc cutting can be used everywhere where Dry Plasma Cutting and Under Water
cutting are performed.All plasma torches are suitable for flying start and piercing. Straight,
bevel, contour and position cuts can be carried out as well as fusion drilling and gouging of
welding seams. Semi finished products such as sheet metal, pipes, profiles, forged and formed
parts, sheet stacks, scrap products and castings can be thermally separated.

3.3.7) Safety:
Proper eye protection such as welding goggles and face shields are needed to prevent eye
damage called Arc eye as well as damage from debris.

3.2.8) New Technology:

54
 Hand held plasma cutter High performance cut

In the past decade plasma torch manufacturers have engineered new models with a smaller
nozzle and a thinner plasma arc. This allows near-laser precision on plasma cut edges. Several
manufacturers have combined precision CNC control with these torches to allow fabricators to
produce parts that require little or no finishing.
3.2.9) N.C PROGRAMMING
Program Aim
An NC program to mark a 500 x 500 mm marking line(yellow) and perform cutting on 1000 x
1000 mm(red) such that both the operations are concentric as shown in figure.
Program:
%
01500(square.ess)
G92X0.YO.
G90
G00X260.00Y260.00
M27
M23
M00
F15000
M210
G01X760.00Y260.00
G01X760.00Y760.00
G01X260.00Y760.00

55
G01X260.00Y260.00
M22
M28
M24
M00
G00X10.00Y10.00
G42D17
M17
F2300
G01X1010.00Y10.00
G01X1010.00Y1010.00
G01X10.00Y1010.00
G01X10.00Y10.00
M18
G40
G0OXO.OOYO.OO
M30
%
Program Description:
01500(square.ess) : program file name
G92 : Reference point (00)
G90 : Absolute mode
G00 : Rapid movement
M27 : Marking torch off-set ON
M23 : Preheat On
M00 : machine stop
F : feed
M21 : marking on
G01 : linear interpolation to specified coordinate
M22 : marking off
M28, m24 : m28-priority torch off set off, m24-pre heat off
G42 : kerf on
G40 : kerf off
56
M17 : cutting start
M18 : cutting stop
M30 : program stop end
Initially the torch is set reference point (0,0) by G92 command. Then measurement parameter is
set to absolute mode (G90). This means that the exact coordinates are given for torch movement.
Torch is set to reference point and a 10x10 tolerances given to as to enable cutting. Always the
movement of torch is directed from inside to outside. So, first the inner marking patterns drawn.
Torch is moved along the square by giving the absolute co-ordinates (260,260), (760,260),
(760,760), (260, 760). The torch is set into making mode (M27), powder marking is enabled
(M23). The respective feed is given by the F15000 (15000mm/min) (since it is only
markingspeed set to machine’s maximum speed). Then torch is moved to theouter square for
cutting. Similarto the marking pattern, cutting is also done. Here cutting torch is enabled (M17).
Torch is moved along the co-ordinates (10,10), (1010,10), (1010,1010), (10,1010). Feed is set to
F2300 (2300 mm/min). After the completion of program ,program stop command is given
(M30).
Though the NC Commands are same for all the NC machines, torch commands and cutting
commands are specified to type of machine and changes from manufacturer to manufacturer.
3.4) CNC FLAME CUTTING MACHINE

Computerized Numerically Controlled (CNC) Gas Cutting Machine:

The Painted plate from plate treatment line is transferred to CNC gas cutting machine where the
marking and cutting takes place from where it is sent to forming and fabrication department.

For cutting plates there are three methods:

3.4.1)Optical system

3.4.2)Co-ordinate system

3.4.3)CNC Numerical system

3.4.1)Optical system:

The sketch of the required shape is made on a film. The optical system mandated the
magnetically lines on the film and the required cut is obtained.

3.4.2) Co-ordinate system:

The plate is cut by manual operation that is by moving the gas cutting nozzle in X and Y
coordinates, the above two methods have certainly disadvantages and doesnot give an accurate
cut so CNC numerical systemis used which is accurate gives the high quality and high

57
production. The cutting of plate takes by passing gas through the nozzle, the distance between
the nozzle and the plate is generally 1/8th of inch.

The nozzle is selected depending on the plate thickness. Dot punch is done on the plates that
serves as marking for further more operations to be performed after which the gas cutting the
plate is transferred to forming where the plate is deformed into required shapes.

3.4.3) Numerical system

Implementation Of Cutting Technologies:

In order to cut the elements various codes are used as mentioned below:

G-code, or preparatory code or function are functions in the numerical control programming
language. The G-codes are the codes that position the tool and do the actual work, as opposed to
M-codes, that manages the machine. T for tool-related codes. S and F are tool-speed and tool-
feed and finally D-codes for tool compensation.

The programming language of Numerical Control (NC) is sometimes informally called G-code
but in actuality, G-codes are only a part of the NC-programming language that controls NC and
CNC machine tools. The term Numerical control was coined at the MIT servomechanisms
laboratory. And several versions of NC were and are still developed independently by CNC-
machine manufacturers.

There are other codes. This type codes can be thought of all registers in a computer.

X- Absolute position
Y- Absolute position
Z- Absolute position
A- position (rotary around X)
B- position (rotary around Y)
C – position (rotary around Z)
U - relative axis parallel to X
V - relative axis parallel to Y

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 W- relative axis parallel to Z

3.5) Hydraulic Guillotine shear

The machine is used for cutting sheets with thickness from 1 mm to 20 mm and width less than
3200 mm. the tensile strength of the sheet need to be cut is 4500 MPa. If the machine is used for
cutting the order tensile strength of material, the thickness of the sheet should vary
correspondingly.

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The machine has higher productivity and is ideal sheet cutting equipment widely used in the air
craft industry, automobile industry, ship building, electrical appliances, machinery and light
industry.

Features:

The frame of machine is a welded construction with steel plate and the machine is driven by
hydraulic system, the machine working steady and reliably with low noise and easy to operate

The machine is equipped with front and back gauge and is controlled by NC system N20 and is
adjusted conveniently, accurately and reliably.

The front gauges use a gauge ruler to measure and stop to finger to positioning.

The stroke of upper beam can be adjusted steeples to improve the strokes when cutting narrow
sheets.

The safety barrier gauge is installed at the blade area of machine safety operation

Structure and working principle:

The main parts of machine are welded with steel plate with high strength and good rigidity.

Frame:

It is welded with steel plates and good rigidity. Main and auxiliary cylinder are fixed on the
frame. The supporting arms and rolling balls are mounted on the table and east to operate

Upper blade beam:

It is driven by main and auxiliary cylinder for cycle movement. To complete shearing and rake
angle of the upper blade beam is 1.50
To guarantee the quality of the cross-section of the sheet.
The beam is supported by the 3 point rolling guide way and the front pivot is spring gear to
eliminate the guide way gap

Gap adjustment mechanism:

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The adjustable handle of the gap can be rotated to make the lever to drive the eccentric pivot and
swing to adjust the blades gap. The user can adjust it accordingly to the gauge of adjusting
handle of the machine.

Front gauge:

It is located on the work table. The gauge valve is indicated on the gauge ruler and the sliding
stop finger can be moved to desired position. It is very convenient to use the front gauge when
cutting thin sheets

Back gauge:

It is mounted on the upper blade beam and can move up and down with the upper blade beam.
The back gauge is driven by a motor whose power is 0.75 KW to move the sheet through the
gear box and screw bar. The back gauge is controlled by the NC system E20. When machine is
cutting thick sheets back gauge is very important.

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4. SUMMARY

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4.1) Synopsis
Production is performed confirming to the documents, pertinent drawing material and allocations
received from PP & PM with emphasis on the quality standards, work instructions and the
quality plan from inspection activity.

Firstly, the plates and sections are blasted and primed in preparation plant before taking up the
production. All unprimed steel plates and sections issued by steel stores are processed through
mangling, de scaling, spray painting and drying process before processing elements. Surface
condition after shot blasting and priming is checked for flaking, pitting and visual laminations
and wherever they are observed on the plates, such plates are sent back to steel stores through
NCRR for replacement and rectification. Uniformity of priming and dry film thickness are
checked and recorded by hull shop. Record of inspection is maintained on relevant inspection
record sheets for plates and sections.

Using the floppies and formats elements are generated on CNC machine. Elements are generated
on CNC machine with pertinent floppies and formats supplied BY Mini Loft (MLDO) in a
controlled manner through PP & PM second level. Checking dimensions for CNC floppies and
formats in a panel are be issued by MLDO and vitrified after processing the elements and
approximately recording at Hull shop. Using the PMC drawing the marking and cutting of
elements are carried out.

Pug gas cutting machines, variosec machines are deployed. Using the bending data supplied in
the relevant part list drawing, the templates are prepared for checking correctness of rolling and
bending after the forming of elements from both plates and sections.

Forming of elements (plates and sections) are performed and checked as per the templates
prepared on the basis of relevant data in part lists prior to checking. Records of inspection are
maintained in relevant inspection record sheets. Marking and cutting of sections are carried out
as per the relevant part list drawing. Inspections are carried out on completion of various
processes as per the quality plan and are recorded in relevant inspection records. Non-
conformances noticed, if any are reported in the relevant non-conformances report. Corrective

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actions recommended in the non-conformances report are taken and the feedback is given to
quality assurance after completion of the corrective action.

Rejected material, if any as per the resolution are identified as rejected and stored separately. The
identity of materials are maintained after blasting and priming of plates and subsequently identity
transferred to generate elements in plate. Processed elements meeting specified requirements of
that stage are dispatched to pre-fabrication department panel wise / assembly wise and to other
departments drawing wise as per the internal works order. The process elements for other
drawings are dispatched to the respective departments as per internal works order. The off cuts
generated from PM & NC is kept in Hull shop with code number as given by MES. These cut
pieces are used per the MES allocation. Accounting of these off cuts is carried out by Hull shop,
and relevant records are maintained.

4.2) CONCLUSIONS:
The total ship manufacturing process is observed while visiting HSL, Visakhapatnam and the
conclusions are

• Visited Hull Manufacturing Shop, Pre Fabrication Department and Erection Department.

• Identified the Plasma Arc Cutting, CNC Flame Cutting during Hull manufacturing.

• The Plasma Cutting is an automatic process and its working is verified using NC codes.

• Developed a computer code for cutting parts of new Hull body

• By the use of the Computer Codes Plasma Cutting can be done faster and accurately.

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 4.3) BIBLIOGRAPHY

4.3.1) Books and Material

1) CNC Plasma arc cutting machine, instruction manual

2) Variosec- Gas cutting machine, instruction manual

3) Lamba press(Hydraulic Guillotine shear), instruction manual

4) Hull shop department procedure and regulations

5) Hull shop manual, prepared by various managers.

4.3.2) Internet

1) Google maps

a) http://hsl.nic.in/

b) http://hsl.nic.in/aboutus

c) http://hsl.nic.in/gallery

2) Quality control shipbuilding

a) http://www.qualitycontrolshipbuilding.com/index.htm

b) http://www.qualitycontrolshipbuilding.com/international.htm

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6)

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