Mengapa menggunakan sel

surya?
 Konsumsi energi th1850 - 2030
Mtoe
dan emisi CO2 1970 - 2020 MtCO2
18000
Nuclear 40000
16000

14000 35000
Renewable
12000
30000
Fossil
10000

25000
8000

6000 20000

4000
15000
2000
Kilde: IEA WEO 2002, BP, WEC

0 10000
1850 1900 1950 2000 2030
Pertumbuhan konsumsi energi dunia
6000
Mtoe

5000
OECD
4000 Non-OECD

3000

2000

1000

0
Source: IEA WEO 2002
1980-2000 2000-2020
Matahari sebagai sumber energi
• Bumi menerima energi Matahari 10.000 kali dari energi
yang sekarang kita gunakan
• Sel surya secara langsung mengubah energi matahari
menjadi energi listrik
• Tidak ada materi yang berpindah, tidak bising, tidak
mencemari, berumur panjang
• Menggunakan bahan dasar silikon – bahan yang melimpah
Situasi energi global
Equivalent Stock of Energy

Annual Energy from the Sun

Source

Uranium Natural Oil Coal Annual Energy Demand

Gas
Penggunaan energi masa depan
Penggunaan energi matahari

Space

Water Pumping Telecom

Solar Home Systems

Penggunaan energi matahari

Commercial Building
Systems (50 kW)

Residential Home PV Power Plants

Systems (2-8 kW) ( > 100 kW)
 Sel Surya

1839, Bequerel , mengamati cahaya matahari yang menyinari

lapisan perak di platina dapat melepaskan elektron
1876, William Adam dan Richard Day, mengamati munculnya arus
ketika selensium ditempelkan ke platina panas.
1894, Charles Fritts, membuat solarcell besar dengan melapiskan
selensium ke emas dan beberapa logam lain.
1914, Goldman dan Brodsky, membuat solarcell dengan
semikonduktor
1950, Penggunaan silikon untuk semikonduktor mendukung
perkembangan sel surya lebih maju lagi
9
 Sifat Elektrik Sel Surya

Photons

n-type External circuit

Junction –
(e.g., battery,
V
lights)
p-type +
I

Diode current
5
BV
AA((eeBV 11))

Diode Amps
– External circuit
A(e BV -1) V (e.g., battery,
Isc
+ lights)
I
0
0.0 Diode Volts 0.6
BV
I  I sc  A(e  1)

10
 Kurva I-V

I I  I sc  A(e BV  1) , where A, B, and especially Isc vary with solar insolation

Increasing
Isc solar insolation

Maximum
Im
power point
Pmax  Vm I m

0
V
0 Vm Voc

11
 • 36 sel disusun seri akan menghasilkan Panel 12V (Voc  19V)

9 cells x 4 cells is a
common configuration

• Dua panel 12V dirangkai seri akan menghasilkan Panel 24V (Voc  38V)

12
 Kurva I-V

Isc

I (V )  5.34  0.00524 e 0.1777V  1 
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

6
Pmax at approx. 30V
Isc 5
Pmax  0.7 • Voc • Isc
4
I - amps

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

V(panel) - volts
Voc

13
 Titik daya Maximum
PV Station 13, Bright Sun, Dec. 6, 2002

140.0
Pmax
120.0

100.0
P(panel) - watts

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0
P=0 at short circuit P=0 at open circuit
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
V(panel) - volts

On a good solar day in Austin, you get about 1kWh

per square meter of solar panels (corresponds to
about 150W rated)
14
 Pemasangan Panel Surya?

Up (−z axis)

zenith
 sun Line perpendicular to
horizontal plane

Horizontal plane

East West
(y axis) azimuth
 sun

Note – because of magnetic declination,

North a compass in Austin points
(x axis) approximately 6º east of north.

Figure 4. Sun Zenith and Azimuth Angles

Sudut Pemasangan Panel sama dengan sudut lintang daerah setempat

15
Solar Noon

16
 Computing Incident Power
GH: Measured sky on horizontal sensor
(includes disk of sun)

Direct normal (DN), global horizontal (GH), and diffuse horizontal (DH), all in
W/m2, are the three important components of solar radiation. DN can be
estimated from GH and DH. (GH − DH): Est. disk of sun
(GH  DH ) component on horizontal sensor
DN est  DH 
zenith
cos( sun )

DH: Measured sky on shadowed Est. disk of sun component on

horizontal sensor (excludes disk of sensor pointed toward sun
sun)

DN: Est. total sky on

sensor pointed toward
sun

17
 Computing Incident Power, cont.

The angle of incidence is the angle between the sun’s rays and a vector normal to
the panel surface (0° means that the sun’s rays are perpendicular to the panel
surface)
 incident

Series of equations to get angle of incidence – see pp. 11-12 in lab doc.

18
 Computing Incident Power, cont.

The incident solar radiation, in kW, on a panel surface is approximated by

Measured sky on shadowed Est. disk of sun component on
horizontal sensor (excludes disk sensor pointed toward sun
of sun)

 (GH  DH )  About 14% is

Pincident   DH   cos( incident )  A panel converted to
zenith
 cos( sun )  electricity

Est. disk of sun component on

panel surface
Est. Watts on Multiply by
panel surface surface area

19
 Practice Problem

December 16 was a brilliant solar day here in Austin. Consider a PV installation that has 60º tilt,
and 225º azimuth (i.e., facing southwest). Use the following equation,
 (GH  DH ) 
Pincident   DH   cos(  incident )W / m 2 ,
zenith
 cos( sun ) 

and the graphs on the following page to estimate

5a. the maximum incident solar power density on the panels (in W/m2), and

5b. the time at which the maximum occurs.

20
 Sun Zenith Angle (Top Curve), and Incident Angle on Panel (Bottom Curve), for Dec. 16
(Panel Tilt and Azimuth = 60 and 225 Degrees, Respectively)

90
85
80
Zenith
75
70
65
60
55
50

Degrees
45
40
35
30
25
Incident
20
15
10
5
0
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17
Hour of Day

Global Horizontal (Top Curve), and Diffuse Horizontal (Bottom Curve), for Dec. 16

650

600

550

500

450
Watts Per Square Meter

400

350

300
GH
250

200

150

100
DH
50

0
11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17
21
Hour of Day
22