Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BY
DISSERTATION
Submitted to
the Marathwada Agricultural University
in partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
(Agriculture)
IN
HORTICULTURE
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
MARATHWADA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
PARBHANI 431 402 (M.S.), INDIA.
2001
Prof. D. M. NAIK
M.Sc. (Agri.)
Assistant Professor,
Department of Horticulture,
Marathwada Agricultural University,
Parbhani - 431 402 (M.S.).
CERTIFICATE-I
( ) Prof. D. M. NAIK
External Examiner Research Guide
Advisory committee:
Dr. N. N. SHINDE
Dr. R. S. RAUT
Dr. H. S. ACHARYA
previously submitted by
me for a degree of
any University.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-4
4 RESULTS 30-46
5 DISCUSSION 47-60
APPENDIX I
Chapter-I
INTRODUCTION
alkaloid `capsaicin' and red colour in fruits due to the pigment `capsanthin'. The green
India is one of the leading chilli growing country of the world. Important
chilli growing states are Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Karnataka, Tamilnadu,
produced 9.45 lakh tonnes of dry chilli over an area of 9.565 lakh hectares spread over 23
sates. Maharashtra produced 1.02 lakh tonnes of chilli over the area of 1.08 lakh
hectares. Nashik, Ahmednagar, Solapur, Aurangabad, Nanded and Amravati are major
The targeted production of India is 11.5 lakh tonnes during 1998-99 and
this is expected to reach 15 lakh tonnes by 2000. The world demand is also going up.
The estimated world import of chilli is one lakh tonnes which is 22.22 per cent of the
total world import of spices. India exports only 2.75 per cent to 7.50 per cent of it's total
production of chillies. India made the record of export of 51900 tonnes of dry chillies in
nutrient source to the crops to supplement the natural supply available through soil and
atmosphere. This system of low nutrient supply can only sustain low productivity of
crops. Increasing needs for enhanced crop productivity due to ever increasing population
necessitated the breeding of high-yielding varieties of crops which requires high amounts
Continuous use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides alone is not the best
way to sustain agricultural production consistent with maintenance of soil fertility, health
acid deposition in air, green house effect, depletion of ozone layer in stratosphere, soil
Due to the ever increasing demand for crop nutrients in generally low
forms of nutrients and the concern about environmental degradation and pollution, the
nutrients through crop residues, dung, city compost, green manuring and the use of
bacterial fertilizers constitute a potential renewable source of nutrient supply to the crops
supply a range of nutrients, including trace elements through the small amounts.
agriculture development.
manures which have the capability of supplying a range of nutrients and improving the
physiological and biological properties of soil. However, at the high level of crop
production, these nutrient sources are not adequate. Chemical fertilizers, being the
source of high nutrient content, have obvious uses. Due to some of the well-known
advantages of organic manures and some possible areas of risk in the use of high
chemical fertilizers, the integration of these sources of nutrients is the best method to
and chemical fertilizers (Sharma and Rana, 1993). Particularly chilli needs heavy
manuring for better plant growth and high yield. Use of judicious combinations of
organic and inorganic fertilizer sources are essential not only to maintain the soil health
less information is available on use of organic and inorganic fertilizer and their
some basic information on application of organic and inorganic fertilizer and their
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
important role in increasing the growth, yield and quality of different vegetable crops. In
the light of the proposed experiment, the following literature has been reviewed under
different heads.
retarded the formation of vegetative organ and subsequently of reproductive organ. FYM
favourably affected vegetative mass, dry weight, plant height, rate of dry matter
of leaves, number of branches per plant in okra were accounted by application of both
inorganic and organic form of nitrogen. Among the organic sources 20 kg N as poultry
manure with 20 kg N as ammonium sulphate stimulated better response than FYM and
soil and seedling with 70 kg N/ha and NAA 5 ppm increased the plant height, number of
Application of half N (50 kg)/ha as poultry manure and half N (50 kg)/ha
+ 56 kg N/ha recorded the highest plant height and number of primary branches per plant
in chilli.
improved the growth parameter as height and number of branches per plant of capsicum
in companion cropping.
NPK/ha showed maximum plant height of chilli and vermicompost 10 t/ha alone showed
minimum plant height. The number of branches per plant were maximum at plot
receiving Vikas 1.5 t/ha + 75:25:25 kg NPK/ha and were minimum at plot receiving 30 t
FYM/ha alone.
(100:50:25 kg NPK/ha)boosted the height of the okra plant than FYM and glyricidia
Umap (1998) worked on chilli and reported that the plant height and
number of branches per plant in chilli were maximum at plot applied with super digested
litter compost of Shivan @ 15 t/ha and Karanj @ 15 t/ha with 50% NPK/ha.
Hu ShiYou et al. (1999) showed that in capsicum, plant height and
number of leaves per plant were 20.9 cm and 17.8 leaves per plant respectively, in plants
supplied with organic manures, compared with 19.3 cm and 14.2 leaves/plant
respectively, in plants supplied with inorganic fertilizer, and 16.4 cm and 14.3
manure followed by substitution of 60% urea N by FYM were found maximum plant
FYM/ha in combination with PSB bio-fertilizer were effective for enhancing height of
to 50 % flowering
Khan and Suryanarayana (1977) reported that the highest level of 120 kg
N/ha with 45 kg of P2O5 and K2O per hectare resulted in earlier flowering in chilli.
inoculation to seed, soil and seedling with 75 kg N/ha and NAA 5 ppm induced earliness
biofertilizer.
Khan and Suryanarayana (1977) observed that the highest level of 120
kg/ha of nitrogen with 45 kg/ha each of phosphorus and potassium resulted in maximum
number of fruits per plant, maximum fruit size in terms of length and girth and highest
per plant, number of fruits per plant and length and girth of Okra fruit were significantly
N/ha as ammonium sulphate than the other combinations with FYM and horse manure.
inoculation to seed, soil and seedling + 75 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm increased the number
of flowers, number of fruits per plant, weight of the fruit, length and girth of fruit and
kg/ha), Cu (3 kg/ha) or FYM (30 t/ha) to the basic NPK (220:160:100 kg/ha) were
size were higher in sweet pepper with organic manures than with chemical fertilizers.
Fugro (1996) revealed that the plot applied with Vikas 1.5 t/ha + 75:25:25
kg NPK/ha gave the maximum number of fruits (324.13) per plant and higher the fruit
breadth (0.91 cm). And the plot applied with Neemcake 4 t/ha alone found maximum
Raut (1998) observed that the number of flowers per plant were higher at
Umap (1998) found that the number of flowers, fruits per plant and length
and breadth of fruits were higher in chilli when plants applied with superdigested litter
flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, number of fruits per plant and fruit weight of brinjal
were highest when organic and inorganic fertilizers applied with combinations.
Barekar (2000) observed that the higher the number of fruits per plant and
maximum length and breadth of chilli fruits were found at plants supplied with 150:50:50
Cerna (1980) stated that Capsicum Cv. Jubilantka applied with 3 rates of
NPK were found more effective when applied with 40t/ha FYM than without FYM.
Subbiah et al. (1982) found that the fruit yield of chilli was highest (60
t/ha) when plot applied with 12t of FYM + 50% RDF per hectare and control plot yields
Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) observed that the plot applied with NPK +
FYM yields (40.55t/ha) more than plot without FYM (29.60 t/ha) and proportions of first
Narasappa et al. (1985) observed that when nitrogen at 50-250 kg/ha was
added to basal dose consisting of P and K at 100 kg/ha + FYM at 10 t/ha, the yield of
green chilli fruits rises with N rate to the maximum at 150 kg N/ha and then declined.
N through ammonium sulphate plus 20 kg of N through poultry manure gave the highest
inoculation to seed + soil + seedling + 70 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm gave the maximum
yield of chilli.
Damke et al. (1988) observed that the yield of dry chilli pod were highest
when plot applied with 9 t/ha FYM + 50:50:50 kg NPK/ha as basal dose.
Darley et al. (1988) found that the highest yield (51.03 t/ha) of brinjal fruit
was recorded by the plants supplied with 50 kg N as poultry manure and 50 kg N as urea
followed by plants applied with 50 kg N as pig manure and 50 kg N as urea (45.80 t/ha).
between two treatment as goat manure at 20 t/ha and goat manure 20 t/ha + 270:630:270
kg NPK/ha and yield ranged from 6930 kg/ha for Ruby King to 10152 kg/ha for
Agronomico-10 G.
Nair and Peter (1990) observed that the application of 15 t/ha FYM +
175:40:25 kg NPK/ha gave the higher yield of chilli and increased the storage life of
green fruits.
Natrajan (1990) found that the basal dose of NPK 75:35:33 kg/ha + 25 t/ha
FYM through soil gave the highest yield of dry chilli (1.83 t/ha) than control.
Maynard (1991) observed higher yield of capsicum when plot applied with
spent mushroom compost (50 t/acre) than the control. Addition of half of the inorganic
fertilizer (650 lb/acre) with spent mushroom compost at 25 t/acre yields more than
Ahmed (1993) revealed that the fruit yield of tomato were greatest (19.01
t/ha) with FYM, followed by 20 t/ha coir pith (16.97 t/ha). Coir pith improved soil
Anonymous (1993) showed that full dung + Urine applied to okra gave
maximum fruit yield (92.25 t/ha) followed by half dung + urine (76.88 t/ha) over the
control.
Hsieh ChingFang et al. (1994) observed that yield of sweet pepper were
slurry at 25% level has increased chilli pod yield by 47% over the control.
cropping applied with NPK + FYM gave maximum yield and improved growth and yield
of chilli.
Popescu et al. (1995) observed that the plants grown on organic substrate
produced more than twice the yield of those grown in soil and harvesting was two week
Trpeski et al. (1995) were used fertilizers like worm casts (10t/ha),
manures (40t/ha), Std. NPK and 27% URAS or KAN. And they concluded that the
organic fertilizers were very expensive and the best economic results were obtained with
mineral fertilizers, which increases the yield by 4554 kg/ha over the unfertilized control.
Warade et al. (1995) found the highest onion bulb yield was obtained with
Zn increased with increasing application rates of both organic manures and irrigation
75:25:25 kg NPK/ha gave highest yield (166.23 q/ha) and increased keeping quality of
chilli. Application of Celrich 3t/ha alone gave lowest yield (39.87 q/ha) over all the
treatments.
Tupe (1996) reported that application of Celrich 2t/ha + RDF 100:50:25
kg NPK/ha gave maximum yield of okra than FYM and Glyricidia alone and
Dixit (1997) showed that the yield increased with increasing N rate and
Varu et al. (1997) revealed that half dose of NPK with 95 t of FYM/ha
plus Dhartidhara at 2 t/ha gave maximum onion bulb yield and yield contributing
components.
based NPK combined with zinc sulphate (50 kg/ha), Borax (10 kg/ha) and composted
FYM + 75 kg N/ha through urea was found beneficial in increasing yield and nutrient
uptake of chilli.
each of coir pith and gypsum, along with 25 t/ha each of FYM and pressmud resulted in
application of 100 % RDF together with organic fertilizers like FYM, vermicompost, red
gram stalk and biogas slurry increased dry yield of chilli significantly over 50 % and 0 %
RDF.
@ 15t/ha and karanj @ 15 t/ha with 50 % NPK/ha were found best treatments in
Hu ShiYou et al. (1999) observed that yield of capsicum were 273.6 g/plot
in plant supplied with organic manures, 265 g/plot with inorganic fertilizer and 108.9
brinjal was increased due to application of organic sources of nutrients namely FYM
Patil et al. (1999) observed that the application of biofertilizer one lit.
slurry + FYM in addition to 50 kg N/ha was found to be beneficial for getting higher
commercial manures (2.5 t of Italpollina/ha + 1.0 t of Phenix /ha) resulted in final total
manures favoured the rapid formation of Nitrates in root zone, particularly during early
growth stages.
poultry manure followed by substitution of 60% urea N by FYM were found increased
yield of brinjal.
Barekar (2000) observed that application of 150:50:50 kg NPK/ha + 10 t
FYM/ha in combination with PSB gave maximum yield of chill (Cv. Jayanti).
nitrate, 1099 kg of superphosphate and 249 kg of potassium sulphate was found to rise
application of FYM and inorganic fertilizer increased the ascorbic acid content in tomato
tomatoes with highest content of ascorbic acid (26.5 mg/100g) (Tolkynbaev, 1973).
Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) found that plot receiving NPK along with
the highest ascorbic acid content in brinjal fruits (Darley Jose, 1984).
increased the ascorbic acid content of fruit. In general, poultry manure with inorganic
form registered higher acid content compared with FYM and horse manure. The fruits of
okra plants applied with inorganic form alone recorded the lowest ascorbic acid content
inoculation to seed, soil and seedling + 70 kg N/ha + NAA 5 ppm found highest content
increases in ascorbic acid content were observed in eggplant (Ogbadu and Easman,
1989).
Kannan (1990) found that application of 12.5 t/ha poultry manure plus 50
kg N/ha registered higher amount of ascorbic acid content in okra fruit compared with
fertilizers was applied. Increase N rate produced significantly negative linear trends with
quality of tomato fruit also decreased when N applied in any form (Montagu and Goh,
1990).
Rankov et al. (1992) stated that the unfertilized control plot registered
Malewar et al. (1998) revealed that ascorbic acid content was highest in
chilli when plot applied with 75 kg N/ha through FYM + 75 kg N/ha through urea.
2.4.2 Effect on Chlorophyll content
43.4 mg/g in plants supplied with organic manures and inorganic fertilizers alone and
The present investigation was carried out to study the "Effect of organic
and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)". The details
of material used and methods adopted during the course of present investigation are
2000-2001.
it is situated between 19o 16' N latitude and 76o 47' E longitude and comes under
The Parbhani area receives rainfall mainly from South - West monsoon
The data on temperature, humidity and rainfall during entire crop growth
3.3 Soil
Soil type of experimental plot was fairly uniform, medium black cotton
from `O' to `25' cm deep strata of soil at random all over the experimental area before
layout the experiment. The composite soil sample was then prepared by quadrant method
and analysed for various chemical properties. The relevant data are presented in Table 1.
___________________________________________________________
No.
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6. pH 8.48
___________________________________________________________
From the above data, the fertility status of soil was medium in nitrogen
Plant to plant 45 cm
cross between NP 46 A and Puri Red. The plants are dwarf and spreading in habit. The
fruits are long, thin, and usually curved. The dried fruits have shrunken skin which is not
liked by traders and hence more suited as green chilli for export purpose (Muthukrishnan
et al., 1986).
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Teracare each)
___________________________________________________________
120 : 80 : 50 kg NPK/ha.
FYM = 40 t/ha
Celrich = 2 t/ha
MAU, Parbhani. Raised beds of 3.0 x 1.0 x 0.15 m3 (L x B X H) size were prepared. The
upper layer of 5 cm of each bed was mixed with equal quantity of well rotted FYM and
sieved soil. Seeds of Pusa Jwala were sown in rows to 10 cm apart on 20th May, 2000
considering seed rate 1 kg/ha. watering was done regularly by rose can. Raised beds were
kept clean by weeding regularly. The seedlings were kept healthy by taking spray of
Area of experiment was ploughed deeply and was harrowed thrice to bring
the soil to fine tilth. The field was divided into plots as per required dimensions - by
using the measuring tape, rope and pegs,. The flat beds of 2.5 x 2.5 m2 were prepared by
Organic manures like FYM, Celrich and Teracare each were applied at 25
per cent, 50 per cent and 33.33 per cent to the plots of given treatment before 10 days of
transplanting and light irrigation was given. 33.33 per cent of each combination of
a) FYM:
of farm animals along with the litter (bedding material) and left over material from
roughages or fodder fed to the cattle. On an average, well rotted FYM contains 0.5 per
cent N, 0.2 per cent P2O5 and 0.5 per cent K2O, 100 per cent dose of FYM is 40 t/ha.
b) Celrich
It is bio-organic soil enricher contains 30 per cent organic matter, 25 per
cent moisture and 45 per cent inorganic sand. It also inoculated with bio-fertilizers like
2 t/ha.
c) Teracare
micronutrients. It has much water holding capacity than FYM. The recommended dose of
The recommended dose of N, P2O5 and K2O were applied through Urea,
single super phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. It was applied 100 per cent
alone, 75 per cent with plot receiving 25 per cent organic manures and 50 per cent with
plot receiving 50 per cent organic manures. Half dose of N and full dose of P2O5 and
K2O were applied 3 days before transplanting. Remaining half dose of N was applied 35
3.8 Transplanting
40 days old uniform and healthy seedlings were selected and transplanted
on flat beds on 30th June, 2000. Before transplanting irrigation was given and seedling
were transplanted at spacing 45 x 45 cm and light irrigation was given till the seedlings
were established. Gap filling was done with healthy seedlings wherever required.
fruiting stage the spraying of malathion were done to control whiteflies vector of
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No.
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3.11 Biometric observations
Five plants were selected from each plot as observational plant and were
labelled. the observations in respect to growth, yield and quality parameters was
recorded.
ground level upto growing point at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting.
count from the observational plants of each plot at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after
transplanting.
considered as day to flower initiation from transplanting. Plants were observed daily for
this observation and first flower appearance on any one plant of a plot was taken as date
Days to 50 per cent flowering in each treatment were recorded and from
these dates, days required for 50 per cent flowering were obtained.
From number of flowers and actual fruit produced on each plant in each
plants of each plot and length of fruits (excluding pedicel) were recorded by using scale
in cm.
plants of each plot and length of pedicel (non edible part) were recorded using scale in
cm.
plants of each plot and breadth of fruits were measured by using `vernier caliper' in cm.
plants of each plot and number of seeds per fruit were counted.
Fruits which are suitable for marketing were calculated in grams per plant
on the basis of number of marketable fruits per plant and number of marketable fruits per
100 g.
3.11.13 Unmarketable yield per plant
Fruits which were not suitable for marketing viz., damaged, diseased,
wrinkled and reddish coloured were calculated in grams per plant on the basis of number
of unmarketable fruits per plant and number unmarketable fruits per 100 g.
Sum of average marketable yield per plant and average unmarketable yield
per plant in each treatment were taken for calculating the total yield per plant in grams.
yield per hectare in each treatment were taken for calculating the total yield per hectare in
quintals.
10 g of fruit sample (i.e. two fruits from each observational plant of each
plot and mixed plot wise) were taken at second picking for estimation of ascorbic acid
Fruits samples were taken from observational plants at second picking and
procedure described by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The analysis of variance was carried
RESULTS
chill (Capsicum annuum L.)", has been presented in this chapter under suitable heads
plant (cm), number of primary branches per plant (at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after
transplanting), days to flower initiation and 50 per cent flowering has been presented in
Table 2, 3 and 4.
by different treatments, clearly indicated that the inorganic fertilizers along with organic
manures influenced the height of plant, recorded at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after
transplanting.
At 20 days after transplanting, the highest height of the plant was found in
treatment T6 (15.80 cm) and was at par with treatment T5 (15.40 cm) followed by
treatment T2 (15.06 cm). The lowest height of the plant was noted in .pn31
treatment T8 (13.06 cm) and was at par with treatments T7 (14.33 cm) and T3 (14.33
cm).
No. ---------------------------------------
20 40 60 80 100
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
At 40 days after transplanting, the maximum height of the plant was found
in treatment T6 (25.10 cm) and was at par with treatments T5 (24.53cm) and T2
(24.26cm) and significantly minimum plant height (21.00 cm) was observed in treatment
T8.
At 60 days after transplanting, the highest plant height (32.13 cm) was
recorded in treatment T6 and was found to be significantly superior over all the
treatments, followed by T5 (30.86 cm) and it was at par with treatments T7 (30.53 cm)
and T2 (30.33cm). Lowest plant height (26.46 cm) was noted in treatment T8.
treatment T6 (37.60 cm) and was found to be superior over all the treatments, followed
by T5 (35.86 cm) and significantly minimum plant height was observed in treatment T8
(29.53 cm).
found highest plant height (39.93 cm) over all the treatments followed by treatment T5
(38.13 cm) and T7 (36.40 cm), T2 (36.20 cm) and T3 (35.40 cm) which were statistically
at par with each other. Whereas treatment T8 was found with minimum plant height
(31.20 cm).
fertilizer and their combinations influenced the number of primary branches at various
period of observations, i.e. at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting.
per plant were found in treatment T6 (4.06) and was at par with treatment T5 (3.93)
followed by treatment T7 (3.66) which was at par with treatment T2 (3.60). The
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No. ---------------------------------------
20 40 60 80 100
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
branches per plant (6.13) were recorded in treatment T6, followed by T5 (5.86) which
was at par with treatment T7 (5.80). Lowest number of primary branches (4.86) were
were observed in treatment T6 (8.46) which was found to be superior over all the
branches per plant (9.13) were recorded in treatment T6 and was at par with T5 (9.06).
emerged significantly superior over all other treatments except T5 (9.66) which was
and inorganic fertilizer and their combinations by different treatments presented in the
Table 4.
The data presented in Table 4, revealed that the early flower initiation
(33.33 DAT) was recorded in treatment T6 and was at par with treatment T5(33.66
DAT), while maximum days requires to flower initiation (37.66) was recorded in
treatment T1.
resulted in production of 50 per cent of flowers significantly at earliest i.e. 37.66 days
Significantly more number of days were taken for 50 per cent flowering
___________________________________________________________
(DAT) (DAT)
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
of flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, length of the fruit (cm), length of the pedicel (cm),
breadth of the fruit (cm), number of seeds per fruit, total number of marketable and
unmarketable fruits per plant and total number of marketable and unmarketable fruits per
The data pertaining mean number of flowers per plant in Table 5, showed
that the treatment T6 produced more number of flowers (274.93) per plant which was
superior over all the treatments, except T5 (267.73), it was at par with treatment T6.
Significantly lowest number of flowers per plant (205.20)were recorded in treatment T8.
Data regarding per cent fruit set per plant as affected by different
treatments presented in Table 5, clearly indicated that the highest fruit set was observed
in the treatment T6 (61.22%) which was at par with treatment T5 (59.26%). The lowest
___________________________________________________________
plant set
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
maximum number of marketable fruits per plant and significantly superior over all the
From the data presented in Table 6 it is found that the maximum number
The data presented in Table 6 clearly showed that the total number of
fruits per plant were higher in treatment T6 (168.33) which was superior over all the
treatments followed by treatment T5 (158.70). The lowest total number of fruits per plant
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No. ---------------------------
table
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Data presented in Table 7, indicated that the maximum length of fruit was
found in the treatment T6 (8.95 cm) was significantly superior over all the treatments
The minimum length of fruit was found in the treatment T1 (6.99 cm).
Treatments T8 (8.26cm) and T7 (8.22 cm) were at par with each other.
From the table 7 it is revealed that the maximum length of the pedicel
(2.70 cm) was recorded in treatment T6 followed by treatment T5 (2.68 cm) which are
superior over all the treatments. The minimum length of the pedicel (2.33 cm) was
The data from Table 7, showed that the maximum breadth of the fruit was
observed in treatment T6 (0.743 cm) followed by treatment T5 (0.723 cm) which was at
par with treatments T8 (0.720 cm) and T7 (0.716 cm). The minimum breadth of the fruit
treatments
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
seeds per fruit were recorded in treatment T6 (70.66) followed by treatment T5 (68.60).
The lowest number of seeds per fruit were recorded in treatment T1 (65.66). The
treatments T8 (67.53), T2 (67.40) and T3 (67.06) were statistically similar and at par with
each other.
Table 8, it is revealed that, the minimum number of marketable fruits per 100 g were
recorded in treatment T6 (45.66) which was superior over all the treatments. The
maximum number of fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T1 (62.83) followed by
___________________________________________________________
No. -----------------------
Marketable Unmarketable
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
The data presented in table 8, clearly showed that the minimum number of
fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T5 (52.66) and was at par with T6 (54.99).
The maximum number of fruits per 100 g were observed in treatment T1 (72.27)
4.3 Yield
total yield per plant and per hectare were influenced by application of organic and
inorganic fertilizer and their combinations. The data has been presented in Table 9 and
10.
The data presented in Table 9, revealed that the marketable yield per plant
was significantly superior in treatment T6 (332.82 g), followed by T5 (296.26 g). The
lowest marketable yield per plant was observed in treatment T1 (142.02 g) and was at par
The data in Table 9, showed that the highest unmarketable yield per plant
was observed in treatment T4 (35.04 g) and was at per with treatments T1 (34.50), T3
(34.21 g) and T5 (33.97 g). The lowest unmarketable yield was observed in treatment T8
___________________________________________________________
No. ---------------------------
table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
From the Table 9, it is observed that the highest total yield per plant was
significantly superior over all the treatments. The lowest total yield per plant was
recorded in treatment T8 (176.30 g) and was at par with treatment T1 (176.53 g).
The data presented in Table 10, clearly indicated that the highest
marketable yield per hectare was observed in treatment T6 (164.35 q) and was found to
be superior over all the treatments followed by treatment T5 (146.30 q). The lowest
marketable yield per hectare was recorded in treatment T1 (70.13 q) and was at per with
___________________________________________________________
Tr. Treatments Yield per hectare (q)
No. ---------------------------
table
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
From the data in Table 10, clearly showed that the lowest unmarketable
yield per hectare was observed in treatment T8 (14.68 q) followed by T6 (14.73 q). The
highest unmarketable yield per hectare was recorded in treatment T4 (17.30 q) and was at
Data presented in Table 10, regarding yield per hectare (q) as influenced
by various treatments and concluded that the maximum total yield per hectare was found
in treatment T6 (179.09 q) was superior over all the treatments, followed by treatment T5
(163.07 q). The minimum total yield per hectare was found in treatment T8 (87.05 q) and
fertilizer and their combinations. The data have been presented in Table 11.
The data presented in Table 11, revealed that the highest ascorbic acid
content in fruits was obtained in treatment T6 (154.95 mg/100g) and was superior over
all the treatments followed by treatment T8 (133.33 mg/100g) which was at par with
(76.57 mg/100g).
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
The data presented in Table 11, concluded that the effect of organic and
inorganic fertilizer and their combinations were non significant on chlorophyll content in
chilli fruit.
Chapter-V
DISCUSSION
diverted the attention of cultivator to the renewable sources like organic manures,
biofertlizers, crop residues and green manures. The use of organic manures along with
chilli and to study the nutrients effect on quality of chilli. The effect of FYM, Celrich
and Teracare were compared with inorganic fertilizers when applied alone and in
combinations. The results obtained in the present study are discussed in this chapter,
the plant. The data recorded in present investigation on height of the plant are presented
.pn48
in Table 2 and it was observed that, the height of the plant was increased at increasing
rate upto 40 DAT and later on it was increased by decreasing rate upto 100 DAT.
plant were maximum when the plants applied with organic fertilizer along with inorganic
fertilizer than both applied alone. In general, the height of the plant was found to be
highest when plot was applied with 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent
Azatobactor and phosphobacteria in Celrich. Azospirillum has nitrogen fixing ability also
produces growth promoting substances, which favour better growth of crop (Anandan,
Natarajan (1993) in chilli and Raut (1998) in okra which conform the present findings.
and make it available to plants. The solubilization effect is generally due to production of
organic acid by these organisms. They are also known to produce amino acids, vitamins
and growth promoting substances like IAA and GA, which help in better growth of plants
Another merit with Celrich might be the presence of more amount of NPK
compared with FYM and Teracare which and increased the availability of NPK and
The height of the plant were minimum in plants under organic and
primary branches per plant were accounted by the application of organic and inorganic
fertilizers in combination. Among the organic sources, Celrich stimulated better response
plants under the treatment T6 which received 50 per cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50
rate as organic matter decomposed in soil with the subsequent release of nitrogen helps
for growth and number of primary branches. Organic manures were applied with
inorganic fertilizers the effectiveness of inorganic manures was high (Robert and
Stephen, 1953).
The result also attributed to the highest amount of plant growth hormones
like IAA, IBA produced by Azospirillum (Fallik et al., 1989) those are present in Celrich.
number of branches of the plants. Whereas the treatments in which the recommended
dose have been reduced 50 per cent with application of 50 per cent organic manures was
found superior than they applied alone. The similar results are obtained in treatments T5
and T7 and this results are agreement with the findings of Cerna (1981) in Capsicum,
Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra, Damke et al. (1988) in chilli, Darley et al.
(1988) in brinjal, Mallangouda et al. (1995), Fugro (1996) and Umap (1998) in chilli.
flowering
The Table 4 showed that, the flower initiation and 50 per cent flowering
was found to be earlier when plants applied with 50 per cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50
per cent of Celrich or FYM and late flowering occurs in plants supplied with inorganic
fertilizer alone.
growth substances like cytokinin to the axillary buds and the break of apical dominance.
This resulted in a better sink for faster mobilisation of photosynthates, which resulted in
early transformation from vegetative to reproductive phase (Preethi et al., 1999). The
similar result have been reported by Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Darley et al.
In respect of number of flowers per plant (Table 5), which is one of the
most vital attributes, was considerably increased due to the combined application of
organic and inorganic fertilizer. The maximum number of flowers observed when 50 per
cent RDF (inorganic source) + 50 per cent Celrich or FYM as organic manure applied to
the plants. This is in accordance with the findings of Darley et al. (1988), who found an
increase in productive flowers in brinjal was recorded in the treatment with half of the
dose of organic and other half of the dose of inorganic fertilizer. The similar result have
been reported by Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra and Umap (1998) in chilli.
The reason for the floriferous might be due to the combined effect of
application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Early vigours growth seen in these
treatments would have helped to synthesis more cytokinin by these plants which might
phosphorus through xylem vessels and the accumulation of cytokinins and phosphorus in
these axillary buds would have favoured the plants to enter into reproductive phase
Amirthalingam (1988) in chili, and Raut (1998) in okra which also support the present
findings.
increased the number of flowers per plant than they applied alone.
The per cent fruit set (Table 5) is one of the important yield determining
factors. This also varied significantly among the treatments. The fruit set was
significantly improved in the crop fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers in
combination than both applied alone. In general, when 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic
source) + 50 per cent Celrich or FYM was applied to the plants, the per cent fruit set was
from FYM, the organic phosphorus through, phosphobacteria and IAA from Azospirillum
content in Celrich might have increased the various indigenous hormonal levels in the
plant tissue, which was found responsible for increased fruit set (Rajagopal and Rao,
1974). The similar result have been reported by Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham
The number of fruits per plant (Table 6), is the most important
determinant of the yield in chilli which is greatly influenced by various levels of organic
application of organic and inorganic fertilizer than both applied alone. The number of
marketable fruits per plant found maximum when plot applied with 50 per cent RDF
(inorganic source) + 50 percent Celrich and followed by 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent
FYM. It may be due to the increase in height of the plants, earliness in production of
fruits, and as well as accumulation of cytokinin in the active sinks namely the productive
flowers due to better root activity and this could have caused increased number of fruits
(Nanthakumar and Veeraragavathatham , 1999). Higher fruit set may also increased the
number of fruits per plant. The similar results have been reported by Abusaleha and
in tomato, Hsieh ChingFang et al. (1994) in sweet pepper, Fugro (1996), Umap (1998)
The number of unmarketable fruits were maximum when 100 per cent
RDF applied to the plants and it was minimum when plants applied with 50 per cent
available to substantiate the influence of 100 per cent RDF which gave maximum number
of unmarketable fruits per plant and combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer
parameter. From the result it is revealed that the length of fruit and pedicel was found
maximum when plants supplied with 50 per cent of inorganic and 50 per cent of organic
fertilizer than they both supplied alone. In general, 50 per cent RDF + 50 per cent Celrich
or FYM increased the length of fruit and pedicel. From the Table 7, it is concluded that,
Breadth of fruit (Table 7) was found maximum when plants applied with
50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent of Celrich or FYM than 100 per cent
manure was found to be superior in increasing length and breadth of fruit. The similar
Amirthalingum (1988) in chilli, Hsieh Ching Fang et al. (1994) in sweet pepper, Fugro
(1996) in chilli, Raut (1998) in okra, Umap (1998)and Barekar (2000) in chilli.
Number of seeds per fruit (Table 7), increased with length of the fruit.
Maximum number of seeds per fruit was obtained when plants applied with 50 per cent
organic and 50 per cent of inorganic fertilizer than both applied alone. The similar result
The present study revealed that the fruit weight (Table 8), could be
plants fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and organic manures alone recorded the lowest
fruit weight among the treatments. The maximum fruit weight was recorded in the crop
fertilized with both 50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) and 50 per cent of Celrich or
photosynthates from the source to the sink as influenced by the growth hormone, released
The weight of unmarketable fruits were lower than marketable fruits due
to minimum length , small size and less seed content of the unmarketable fruits.
yield of chilli
The yield per plant and per hectare (Table 9 and 10) was significantly
increased due to application of inorganic and organic fertilizer in combinations than they
applied alone. In general, yield per plant and per hectare was found to be maximum when
plants supplied with 50 per cent of RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 percent Celrich or FYM
(T6 yields 363.66 g/plant and 179.09 Q/ha and T5 yields330.23 g/plant and 163.07 q/ha).
Combination of 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer with 50 per cent of Celrich gave 9 % more
yield than that applied with 50% per cent FYM. It is attributed to biofertilizer content in
favourable ffect on growth and yield contributing parameters such as plant height,
number of branches per plant, early flower initiation, 50 per cent flowering, number of
flowers per plant, per cent fruit set, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight, length
and breadth of the fruit which was obtained with 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer in
combination with 50 per cent of organic manures. Many studies indicated that yield is
highly correlated with fruit number per plant rather than individual fruit weight (Munshi,
1998).
Celrich. Azospirillum could be attributed to the effect of growth hormones like IAA,
vitamin B 12 (Sankaram, 1960), auxin (Naumova et al, 1962), gibberellin (Barea et al.
1976). The phytohormones produced by Azospirillum also stimulate root growth and
induce changes in root morphology, which in turn improve the assimilation of nutrients
and thus yield increased (Summer, 1990). The phosphobacteria in Celrich solubilize and
increases the availability of organic phosphorus to the plants (Golebiowska et al. 1964).
Similar findings have been reported by Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Raut (1998) in
be due to 30 per cent organic matter content in it. The microbial population increases at
tremendous rate as organic matter decomposed in soil with the subsequent release of
nitrogen for growth and yield. When organic manures applied to the soil, various organic
solubilization of native and applied nutrients and their subsequent uptake. (Subbiah et al.
1982) and (Nair and Peter, 1990) in chilli. Similar effects with the addition of organic
manures were also reported by Cerna (1980), Valsikova and Ivanic (1982), Narasappa et
al. (1985), Damke et al. (1988), Natrajan (1990), Mallangouda et al. (1995), fugro
(1996), Malewar et al. (1998) and Shashidhara et al. (1998) in chilli which supports the
current findings.
quality of chilli
Ascorbic acid content in chilli pods (Table 11), was found highest when
plants applied with 50 per cent RDF (Inorganic source) + 50 per cent Celrich i.e. in
treatment T6 (154.95 mg/100 g). In general, the combination of organic and inorganic
fertilizers increased the ascorbic acid of fruit. The fruits of the plants applied with
inorganic fertilizer alone recorded the lowest ascorbic acid content compared with
organic manures. Similar results have been reported by Valsikova and Ivanic (1982) in
chilli, Darley et al. (1994) in brinjal, Abusaleha and Shanmugavelu (1988) in okra,
Amirthalingam (1988) in chilli, Kannan (1990) in okra and Malewar et al. (1998) in
chilli.
This effect might be due to physiological influence of Azospirillum and
higher where, length of the fruit was more. It is an established fact that ascorbic acid
content in green fruits is strongly correlated with the length of fruit (Askand, 1984).
significant. But it was more in combination of 50 % organic and inorganic fertilizer than
Summary
fertilizer on yield and quality of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)", was conducted during
University, Parbhani.
appropriate combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer to increase the green yield of
The experiment was carried out in simple Randomized Block Design with
three (3) replications and eight (8) treatments with the plot size of 2.5 x 2.5 m2
at 45 x 45 cm spacing. The Pusa Jwala variety selected to study the effect of organic and
as under.
Height (cm)
significantly superior in height of the plant (39.93 cm) at 100 DAT followed by
treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM) (38.13 cm). The lowest height observed in
Primary branches
(50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) being statistically similar to treatment T5 (50% RDF
50% OM FYM) emerged significantly superior over all the treatments and lowest number
6.2 Flowering
Flower initiation
earliest in flower initiation (33.33 DAT) and was at par with treatment T5 (50% RDF +
50% OM as FYM). The late flower initiation reported in treatment T1 (100% RDF).
Celrich) emerged significantly superior in earliest 50 per cent flowering (37.66 DAT).
Next superior treatment was T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM). The late 50 per cent
T6 (50 RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) and was statistically at par with treatment T5 (50%
RDF + 50 % OM as FYM) and lowest number of flowers per plant recorded in treatment
T8 (100% OM)
number of fruit set (61.22 %) which was at par with treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50 %
treatment was T5 (50% RDF +50% OM as FYM). Lowest number of unmarketable fruits
fruits per plant. The lowest number of unmarketable fruits obtained in treatment T6 (50%
observed in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Next superior treatment was
T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM). The lowest number of fruits per plant recorded in
breadth of the fruit (0.743 cm). Next superior treatment was T5 and was at par with
treatments T8 and T7. Lowest breadth of the fruit was recorded in treatment T1 (100%
(50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich) and highest number of marketable fruits per 100 g
treatment T5 (50% RDF + 50% OM as FYM)and was at par with treatment T6 (50%
RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The maximum number of unmarketable fruits per 100 g
6.4 Yield
6.4.1 Yield per plant (g)
The marketable yield per plant was significantly superior (332.82 g/plant)
in treatment T6 (50 RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). Next superior treatment was T5 (50%
(100% RDF) i.e. 142.02 g/plant and was at par with treatment T8 (100 % OM) i.e. 146.56
g/plant.
plant (29.74 g/plant) and was at par with treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich)
i.e. 29.84 g/plant. The highest unmarketable yield per plant was found in treatment T4
(75% RDF + 25% OM as Teracare) i.e. 35.04 g/plant and was at par with treatments T1,
T3 and T5.
treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The lowest total yield per plant (176.30
g) was recorded in treatment T8 (100% OM) and was at par with treatment T1 (100%
treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The lowest marketable yield (70.13 q)
was observed in treatment T1 (100% RDF) and was at par with treatment T8 (100% OM
treatment T8 (100% OM) and was at par with treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as
Celrich) i.e. 14.73 q/ha. The highest unmarketable yield per hectare (17.30 q) was
observed in treatment T4 (75% RDF + 25% OM as Teracare) and was at par with
The highest total yield per hectare (179.09 q) was observed in treatment
as FYM) (163.07 q/ha). The lowest total yield per hectare (87.05) was recorded in
treatment T8 (100% RDF) and was at par with treatment T1 (100 % RDP) i.e. 87.17 q/ha.
6.5 Quality
recorded (154.95 mg/100g) in treatment T6 (50% RDF + 50% OM as Celrich). The next
superior treatment was T8 (100% OM ) and was at par with T5 (50% + RDF + 50%OM
as FYM) i.e. 133.33 and 132.43 mg/100 g. The lowest ascorbic acid content was
CONCLUSION
cultivation of chilli Var. Pusa Jwala, under Parbhani condition that the application of
50% RDF (inorganic source) + 50% organic manures as Celrich was significantly
effective for enhancing growth, yield attributing parameters, green yield and quality of
chilli.
As the study was undertaken only for one season, it needs further
confirmation.
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