A PACKAGE OF AIRFRAME PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND

ANALYSIS FOR AEROSPACE ENGINEERING STUDENTS

Dr. S.J. Guo

Aerospace, Civil & Mechanical Engineering
University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts

May 2001

INTRODUCTION

Aircraft design is a typical course offered by many universities for final year
undergraduates studying Aerospace Eng. In the course, one of the main
design tasks is to carry out preliminary sizing and stressing of airframes such
as wing and fuselage structures. Because of the facility and time limit
however, students may find that the use of a computer package based on
finite element method is not suitable for the task. Alternatively it is easier to
employ the method for thin-walled structural analysis [1, 2]. To make the
work even easier, a few computer programs based on the analysis have been
developed and packed together as a design tool for students to use. The
package contains four visual basic programs. Each of the programs namely
Wingloads.exe, TWPanels.exe, TWBooms.exe and TWBoxs.exe is purposely
developed for wing (aerodynamic) loading, skin-stringer panel sizing, boom
locating and stressing of a single-cell thin-walled box structure respectively.
An additional program TWBoxs2.exe is for 2-cell thin-walled box structures.
The package is aimed at making the teaching & learning of the course more
efficient and effective. Hopefully students will find this package user-friendly
and useful in their aircraft design and similar courses.

This document contains two parts:

1. Theoretical basis of the programs;
2. Users’ manual and examples;
At the end of each part, some notes about limitations of the theory and
programs are given. A list of references, websites and E-mail address for
further study and technical advice are also provided.
1. Theoretical Basis of the Programs

1.1 Loads acting on a wing (Wingloads1.exe)

According to the wing theory [3], the lift force acting on a wing of chord C and semi-span
SP can be approximated by
1
L    V 2  Cl  C  SP (1)
2
In order to calculate the shear force, bending moment and torque distribution on the wing,
we divide the wing spanwise into number of sections (areas) such as total of NS sections
as shown in Fig.1.1. It is assumed that the lift from each of the section areas acts at the
area center along the line of the wing aerodynamic center.
Z 0
The shear force due to lift applied to A.C.

Root chord
gle
L -E An
each of the sections such as section-i Li E.A.
equals to the sum of lift forces from X
Section 1
those outboard section areas beyond Section i
Section NS T-E An gle
section-i:
Semi-Span

Fi  ins1 L j Figure 1.1 Lift distribution spanwise

The bending moment applied to section-i can be calculated by

M i  ins1 L j  D j / 2 where Dj is the distance between section J and J+1.

The torque at each of the sections such as section-i can be calculated by

Ti  ins1 L j  AD j where ADj is the distance between aerodynamic

center line and elastic axis at section-j.

The position of aerodynamic center is normally provided together with the airfoil section.
The position of elastic axis depends on the wing box structure and can be calculated by the
Program Wingboxs1.exe (to be introduced later). At this stage, an approximate value may
be taken (e.g. 30 - 40% of chord from leading edge).

If the spanwise elliptic distribution of lift as illustrated in Fig.1.2 is considered [4], the lift Lj
hence the force Fi, Mi and Ti acting at section-i should be multiplied by the following factor
f. The total lift and loadings on the wing would be smaller.

Elliptical
f  [1  (Z i / SP) 2 ]1 / 2 distribution

where SP represents semi-span, Zi represents

the span-wise distance of section i from root. Figure 1.2
1.2 Skin-Stringer Panel Sizing (TWPanels.exe)

In the preliminary design of a wing box structure, the dominating axial load acting on the
top and bottom skin-stringer panels must be considered. For the bottom panels in tension
during flight, sizing under strength criteria is simple. For the top panels in compression
however, sizing against buckling is relatively complicated. Regarding the stringers, there
are many options of cross sections in terms of structural efficiency values as shown in Fig.
2.1 below [1].

Y-section e = 1.23 I-section e = 1.0 Hat-section e = 0.93

Z-section e = 0.91 J-section e = 0.79 Corrugated-section e = 0.69

However, the final selection of stringers should also

depends upon other factors such as ease of manufacture
and assembly, repair and maintenance, damage tolerance, blade-section e = 0.66
load transfer between skin and stringer. Focusing on those
most popular stringers, the following notes may be useful. Figure 2.1

The Z- and J-section stringers are the most popular ones used in current structural design,
especially the Z-section having relatively high structural efficiency as shown above. The
Z-stringer is normally used in fuselage construction. Although having relatively low
structural efficiency, the J-section stringer has good fail-safe behaviour due to its stronger
attachment to skin. It is suitable for reinforcement of joint skins such as wing skins
spanwise. The I-stringer is used on some transports but the difficulty of attachment to rib
in a wing box structure is a concern. Although having higher efficiency values, the use of
Y- and hat-section stringers is limited mainly due to the difficulty of corrosion inspection.
Once the stringer section is selected, initial sizing of the skin-stringer panels can be carried
out before the process of stressing. The guidelines for preliminary sizing of compressive
skin-stringer panels are presented below in Table 1 and Fig. 2.2 [1].

ta ba/ta bw/tw bf/tf bf/bw Ast /Ask

Table 1
0.7t £10 18 - 22 6-8 0.4 0.5

bf
tf

Figure 2.2 tw bw Ast

Ask = spacing x t
ta
t
ba
spacing
1.3 Booms Transformed from Skins (TWBooms.exe)

Boom Cross-Section Area In the analysis of an idealized wing or fuselage box structure,
the roles of stringers and skins are separated. The skins are assumed to carry shear load
only and their contribution to resisting direct stress is counted in booms together with
stringers. The formula for calculating the boom cross-section areas B1 & B1 shown in
Fig.3.1b from a skin panel shown in Fig.3.1a is given below [2].

b
b

1 B1 .
tD=t
2 t
1 B2
( tD = 0 ) 2
Figure 3.1a Original skin panel Figure 3.1b Idealized skin-boom panel

t b  t b 
B1  D (2  2 ) B2  D (2  1 )
6 1 6 2

To avoid numerical overflow problem when 1 or 2 is close to zero, an approximation of

1  2 is taken hence Bi = tD x b/2 is adapted in the program. The booms may be
positioned together with stringers to resist direct stress.

Boom Location In the subsequent wing box stress analysis, the location of stringers
(booms) at the root and tip sections will be required. Based on the stringer spacing
obtained in previous stage, it is easy to locate the stringers (booms) at root section where
X-Y-Z coordinate origin locates. For a wing box with stringers parallel to Z-axis as shown
in Fig.3.2, the X-Y-coordinates of booms at tip section are the same as those at root.

Z 0 Z 0
L-E Angle L-E Angle
Root Chord

R-Chord

stringers XLE
T-Chord

T-E Angle X X
T-E Angle
Semi-Span

Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3

For a skin panel with swept and tapered

stringers arrangement as shown in Fig.3.3, Y
centroid
the boom coordinates at tip section is Yc
different from, and not as easy to locate 0 X
as the root section. If we assume the depth
of a wing box as shown in Fig.3.4 tapers Figure 3.4
spanwise about a horizontal axis through the centroid in the same taper ratio as the chord,
the boom coordinates at tip section can be calculated using the following expressions.
 XTi = XLE + XRi * Taper
YTi = Yc + (YRi – Yc) * Taper = YRi * Taper + Yc (1-Taper)

XTi, YTi ---- X & Y coordinates of the ith boom at tip section;
XRi, YRi ---- X & Y coordinates of the ith boom at root section (input data for Booms.exe);
XLE ----- X-coordinate of leading edge at tip section (to be calculated);
Yc ------ Y-coordinate of the horizontal axis through the centroid of wing box section;
R-Chord ---- Chord at root section (input data for Booms.exe);
T-Chord ---- Chord at tip section (to be calculated based on R-chord, L-angle & T-angle);
Taper = T-Chord / R-Chord ---- taper ratio (to be calculated);

TWBooms.exe produces an output file Boomout.Txt, which gives boom cross-section area
from skin, boom coordinates tip section (or any outboard section if the distance of the
section from root is used instead of semi-span) and material volume of the box structure.

1.4 Thin-walled Box Structure Stressing (TWBoxs.exe)

For an idealized thin-walled structure, only boom areas are taken account into the
calculation of geometrical property such as first and second moments of area of the wing
box sectional area.
Y 3 4
5 Y
2
X inboard
X
1
8 7
6 Sy Z
Sy Z
4 5 6
3 7 8 9
2

1
Sx
outboard 15 14 13 12 11 10

Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2

For a symmetrical box section as shown in Fig. 4.1, the formula for shear flow in skin
panels can be written as [2]
Sy n S n
qs    Ar  yr  x  Ar  xr  q0
I x r 1 Iy r 1

For an un-symmetrical box section as shown in Fig. 4.2, the formula for shear flow in skin
panels becomes more complicated as expressed below.
Iy I xy
q s  (  Sy   S x ) nr1 Ar  yr )
2 2
I x I y  I xy I x I y  I xy
Ix I xy
(  Sx   S y ) nr1 Ar  xr  q0
2 2
I x I y  I xy I x I y  I xy
where Ar is the rth boom c-s area; yr and xr are the distance of the rth boom (centre) from
X and Y-axis respectively; Sx and Sy are shear forces applied in X and Y-directions; Ix, Iy
and Ixy are the second moment and product moment of section area about X and Y -axis
respectively.

References
1. M C.Y.Niu, Airframe Stress Analysis and Sizing, Conmilit Press Ltd,
ISBN 962-7128-07-4
2. T.H.G. Megson, Aircraft Structures for engineering students, Edward Arnold,
ISBN 0-7131-3681-2 (2nd Edition); ISBN 0-470 34937 9 (3rd Edition);
3. A.Robinson, J.A.Laurmann, Wing Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1956
4. J.Katz, A.Plotkin, Low-Speed Aerodynamics, Cambridge University Press,
ISBN 0 521 66552 3, 2001
Website www.aerodesign.main-page.com E-mail: s.guo@herts.ac.uk

2. User’s Manual and Examples

The analysis covered by the four programs may be divided into four stages – airframe
loading, sizing, idealizing and stressing as illustrated in the diagram below. Iteration may
be necessary for the best solution.

Input Input
Wing Geometry & Flight Condition Skin thickness and stringer size ratio

WINGL TWPA
OADS NELS

Output Output
Stringer sizing and spacing
Shear force (lift), B.M. & Torque

Shear force,
B.M. and Create data file: Wingboxd.txt
Torque TWBO to provide coordinates and c-s
XS areas of the stringers at root &
Diagrams
tip section (may take the same
data for both sections initially)
Output (Wingboxr.txt):
Direct stress in stringers,
shear stress in skins, shear Update
centre and the volume of TWBOO Wingbox
structural material MS Data file

Output (Boomout.txt)
Strength and Buckling Stringers’ coordinates at tip section
Analysis Satisfied ? and idealized boom c-s areas
Y N
END Re-sizing the Panel
EXAMPLE

The following example is taken to demonstrate how to use the programs.

Design & Analysis Task:

Preliminary sizing and stressing of a wing box structure for an aircraft of maximum take-off
mass (MTOM) 275 Kg.

Technical Data

The wing airfoil section NACA 4412 y

has been selected with geometry x NACA 4412
details listed below.
a.c. position x/c=0.247

Airfoil section geometry

x/c % 0 1.25 2.5 5.0 7.5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
+y 0 2.4 3.4 4.7 5.7 6.6 7.9 8.8 9.4 9.7 9.8 9.2 8.1 6.7 4.9 2.7 0.0
-y 0 -1.4 -2.0 -2.5 -2.7 -2.8 -2.9 -2.7 -2.5 -2.3 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0 -0.7 -0.4 -0.2 0.0

 Wing semi-span is 2.7 m and chord at wing root is 1 m as shown below;

 The wing tapered symmetrically from root to tip has a mounting incidence of 2
degree, zero dihedral and swept angles;
 The materials chosen for the wing structure is 7075-T6 with properties listed below.

Young’s modulus Shear modulus Strength (MPa) Material

E (GPa) G (GPa) Tension Shear Density (kg/m3)
72 28 500 330 2800

When calculating the loads consider the following flight condition:

Flight Speed: V=165 km/h; Air density =1.20 kg/m3; Cl = 0.5 at =2o

2.7 m

A.C. E.C.

C=1 m
2.1 Loading of a Wing Box Structure Using Wingloads.exe

To evaluate the loadings on a wing structure due to lifting force, double-click the V.B.
icon Wingloads. A window as shown below will appear on the screen. Type the wing
geometry data and flight conditions such as semi-span, chord, leading- and trailing-edge
angles, flight speed … into the specified data boxes and then click the command button
RUN for a solution. Use the bottom box to choose spanwise lift distribution -- elliptical or
not (Ref. section 1.1). The calculated lift and loadings with elliptic distribution (choose
Yes) would be less than that without elliptic distribution (choose No).

Notes for input data:

 In this program, SI unit (N, m, Kg and Degree) is recommended;
 The elastic axis (E.A.) is unknown yet, hence an approximate value is chosen;
 In this example, the wing has been divided spanwise into 10 sections (areas). No
elliptical distribution was chosen.
 The swept-forward trailing-edge angle is negative (e.g. –4.29o).
Notes for output data:
 Total lift of 1348.7 N from one wing was achieved by adjusting the L-E and T-E
angles (2697.3 N from both wings to meet the requirement of MTOM of 275 Kg).
 The shear force, B.M. and torque at each of the sections provide a set of load
distribution data for plotting force diagrams and the subsequent stress analysis.
2.2 Sizing of Skin-Stringer Panels Using Panels.exe

For preliminary sizing of a skin-stringer panel, double-click the V.B. icon TWPanels. A
window as shown below will appear on the screen. Firstly choose a stringer section shape
(see section 1.2 for details) from the first data box. For example a Z-section was chosen as
shown below. Secondly input an initial skin and stringer web thickness such as 1.5 mm in
this example in the following data boxes. Then choose the dimension ratios given in the
data boxes, which are based on the sizing guideline for compressive panels. Click
command button RUN will activate the program and the sizing result and geometry
properties of the stringer will be displayed in the picture box of the window.

Notes for input data:

 In this program, the dimension unit ‘mm’ is recommended since it has been used in
the output display. In this version only Z-, J- & I-section stringers are available.

Notes for output data:

 The most useful sizing results for the next stage stress analysis are the cross-
section areas of skins and stringers and spacing. In this example, they are
Ask=170.83 mm2, Ast = 85.42 mm2 and 113.89 mm as shown above.
2.3 Idealizing of Wing Box Section Using TWBooms.exe
The use of next stressing program requires a data (text) file, which must contains the
stringers’ or booms’ cross-section areas and locations (X- & Y-coordinates) at both root
and tip sections (assuming constant swept angle). The aim of using TWBooms.exe at this
stage is to locate the booms at tip section (see section 1.3 for details). The results will be
used to create or update the input data file TwBoxdat.txt for stressing.

Stringer Numbers and Locations From the stringer spacing of 113.9 mm calculated in
previous stage, we can start to position stringers along the skin circumference at root
section. If we position the first stringer at x=50 mm from leading edge along the top skin,
another 8 stringers with about 114 mm spacing in X-direction can be accommodated.
Same number of stringers was chosen to reinforce the bottom skin. The total number of
stringers in the section will be up to 18 as illustrated below.

Create Data File Y 2 3 4 5 6 7

These stringers’ position in terms of 1
X
8 9
X- and Y-coordinates needs to be 13 12 11 10
18 17 16 15 14
typed into the input data file:
TWBoxdat.txt as shown below.
The first line of the data file is a title line describing the input data. The 2 nd line is the total
number of stringers (booms) used to reinforce (idealize) the skin such as 18 in this
example. Starting from the 3 rd line, the first column of data is the stringer (boom) No. The
2nd and 3rd columns give the X- and Y-coordinates for each of the stringers (booms) in the
root section. The 4th column gives the cross-section area of stringers (booms) (85.4 mm2
was obtained by using Panels.exe in this example). The 5 - 6th columns give the X- and Y-
coordinates of the stringers at tip section. At this stage, we used the same X- & Y-
coordinates of stringers (booms) as that at root section before we could locate them
(assuming no taper, no swept). The correct data will be obtained after using the program
TWBooms.exe.

Boom No. X-Y coord. at inboard & outboard sections

18
1.00 50.00 47.30 85.4 50.00 47.30
2.00 160.00 80.00 85.4 160.00 80.00
3.00 270.00 96.00 85.4 270.00 96.00
4.00 383.00 98.00 85.4 383.00 98.00
5.00 495.00 92.00 85.4 495.00 92.00
6.00 608.00 81.00 85.4 608.00 81.00
7.00 721.00 64.00 85.4 721.00 64.00
8.00 834.00 42.00 85.4 834.00 42.00
9.00 976.00 7.00 85.4 976.00 7.00
10.00 976.00 -0.20 85.4 976.00 -0.20
11.00 834.00 -3.30 85.4 834.00 -3.30
12.00 721.00 -5.60 85.4 721.00 -5.60
13.00 608.00 -9.80 85.4 608.00 -9.80
14.00 495.00 -14.50 85.4 495.00 -14.50
15.00 383.00 -19.00 85.4 383.00 -19.00
16.00 270.00 -24.20 85.4 270.00 -24.20
17.00 160.00 -28.40 85.4 160.00 -28.40
18.00 50.00 -25.00 85.4 50.00 -25.00
Once the above data file is created, name it as TWBoxdat.txt and save it in C- or A-
directory. Double-click the V.B. icon TWBooms will bring the application window as
shown below onto the screen. Type in the wing semi-span, chord and edge angles in the data
boxes (for fuselage, type in box length and diameter instead). Then click command button
RUN. The program will collect the data from TWBoxdat.txt and calculate the centroid of
the wing box section, booms’ cross-section areas from skins and their X-Y-coordinates at tip
section. These results are displayed in the picture box as shown below and also saved
automatically in an output file Boomout.txt in your specified directory (see Appendix A.1).

Notes for input data:

 In this program, the dimension unit ‘mm’ and ‘degree’ are recommended

Notes for output data (Boomout.txt):

 The boom cross-section areas from skins are presented in the output file (vary from
10.8 to 219.37 mm2 in this example). They should replace the stringers c-s areas (Ast
= 85.4 mm2) when calculating shear stress in skins, or together with the stringers
when calculating direct stress in stringers;
 The booms’ coordinates at root section remain the same. The coordinates at tip
section may be changed in the output if the stringers are arranged as shown in Fig 3.3
2.4 Airframe Stressing Using TWBoxs.exe

Input Data Update Based on the results from TWBooms.exe, the original data file
TWBoxdat.txt can be updated. To calculate the shear stress in skins, simply replace the
whole block of data from the 3 rd line to the end of TWBoxdat.txt by the data from
Boomout.txt. To calculate the direct stress in stringers, replace the last two columns of
data (stringers’ coordinates at tip section) by the data from Boomout.txt. The booms’
cross-section areas from skins given by Boomout.txt should be added on top of the
stringer areas in TWBoxdat.txt.

Stress Analysis Double-click the V.B. icon TWBoxs.exe and then type in the loading
values obtained from Wingloads (minus the wing weight), their positions, box length and
skin thickness in the data boxes as shown below. Once the command button RUN is
clicked, the program will collect the data from TWBoxdat.txt and calculate the direct
stress in each of the stringers and shear stress in each of the skin panels between booms.

Case-1 In the first case concerning the direct stress in stringers, the original stringers’ c-s
areas are kept the same in the input data file TWBoxdat.txt (see Appendix A2.1).

As displayed above and also in the output file TWBoxout.txt (see Appendix A2.2 for
details), the maximum compressive stress is 35.8 MPa in the 4 th stringer.
Case-2 In the 2nd case concerning shear stress in skins, the original stringers’ c-s areas were
replaced by booms in the input data file TWBoxdat.txt (see Appendix A3.1 for details).
Since the picture box shown below is not large enough to fully display the results, we need
to look at the output file TWBoxout.txt (see Appendix A3.2) for details. It shows that the
maximum shear stress is only 4.12 MPa between the boom 1 & 18.

Notes for input data:

 In this program, the unit ‘N’ and ‘mm’ are recommended. The B.M. and torque with
unit N.m from Wingloads need to be converted to N.mm;
 Take the load value as positive if it agrees with the load direction illustrated in the
application window;
 You can type in zero or ignore the data box for the loads to be ignored;
 You can click the button ‘click to show input data’ to display data file
TWBoxdat.txt to make sure it is ready and correct.

Analyzing (Notes for output data):

 The calculated shear center of the wing box section can be used to correct the
approximate E.A. position used in the first program Wingloads1. The shear center
 from case-2, which may be different from case-1, is recommended to use in the
iterative process.
 In the input loadings, structural weight has not yet been considered. The shear
force and B.M. due to weight has to be worked out by other means and used
together with the aerodynamic loadings to update stress analysis in the iterative
process.
 The load factor has not yet been considered in this example. The user can either
multiply the loading values by a load factor before using Wingboxs1 or multiply
the resulting stress by a safety factor. In this example, if we take a safety factor of
3.5, the maximum tensile stress in stringers and shear stress in skins would be 30 x
3.5 =105 MPa and 4.12 x 3.5=14.4 MPa. Both are well below the given strength
limit (500 and 330 MPa). The skin-stringer size may be reduced in the next
iteration of analysis for minimum weight design.
 In the result, a maximum (assume uniform stringer c-s area spanwise) and
minimum (tapered stringer c-s area spanwise) volume of material are given. The
structural weight covering the skin and stringers only can be calculated by
multiplying material density.

2.5 Another Example of Using TWBoxs.exe

The program Wingboxs.exe can be also used as a tool to solve problems in the study of
course topic: Shear Stress of Closed-section Thin-walled Structures [1,2]. The following
example is to demonstrate how to use Wingboxs.exe to solve a problem as shown below
given in Ref. [2] (2nd edition: Example 8.15, p286; 3 rd edition: Example 9.14, p338).
Y 3
As recommended, we set the X-Y origin 2
4
5
at the most left and lowest boom and X inboard
number it as boom-1 as shown. The rest 1
8 7
6
Sy Z
of booms are then numbered clockwise.
That makes the boom number 5, 4, 3, 2,
1, 8, 7, 6 given in the reference book
Sx
replaced by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 as shown. outboard
The shear forces are Sy=10 kN, Sx=0.
The data file Wingboxd.txt containing the
details of boom coordinates and c-s areas is created as shown below.

Boom No. X-Z coordinates and c-s area of the booms inboard & outboard
8
1 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 100 100.0 0.0 100
3 120 150 400.0 120 150
4 360 150 250.0 360 150
5 600 80.0 200.0 600 80
6 600 20.0 200.0 600 20
7 360 -50.0 250.0 360 -50
8 120 -50.0 400.0 120 -50
For stress analysis, double-click the V.B. icon Wingboxs and type in the loadings in the
data boxes such as Sy=10 kN acting at X=120 mm. The box length does not affect the
result for uniform box hence any value such as 2000 mm is selected. Since the skin
thickness affects the shear stress, t=1 mm was chosen to make the shear stress have the
same value as shear flow for comparison.

The results as displayed show that:

 Direct stress in boom is zero since no B.M. is applied;
 Shear stress in the same value of shear flow matches very well with that given
in the reference book;
 The details of calculation results such as basic shear flows can be found from
the output file TWBoxout.txt as shown in Appendix A4. It provides results for
comparison with hand-calculation step by step.

Note: For a double-cell box structure, use TWBoxs2.exe and add one more line
of data at the bottom of input data file TWBoxdat.txt as follows:
B1, B2, T2 --- representing the No. of booms connected to the min-wall and
the thickness of the mid-wall (mm).
 Appendix A

1. Output Data File c:\Boomout.txt

--- STRINGERS' LOCATION RESULTS AT TIP SECTION ---

Wing Semi-Span =2700.00 (mm)

Wing Root-Chord =1000.00 (mm)
Wing Tip-Chord =585.44 (mm)
L-E Angle =4.39 (degree)
T-E Angle =-4.39 (degree)
Taper Ratio = .59
Skin Thickness =1.50 (mm)
Centroid Coordinates Xc= 499.67 Yc= 26.52 mm
Skin and Stringer Volume = 6.25E+06 4.15E+06 mm^3
Thin-Walled Box Total Volume = 1.04E+07 mm^3

----- original boom area ------

Number of Booms NB= 18

Boom No. X-Y-coord. at Root Boom Area X-Y-coord. at Tip

1 50.00 47.30 85.40 236.55 38.68
2 160.00 80.00 85.40 300.95 57.83
3 270.00 96.00 85.40 365.35 67.19
4 383.00 98.00 85.40 431.50 68.37
5 495.00 92.00 85.40 497.07 64.85
6 608.00 81.00 85.40 563.23 58.41
7 721.00 64.00 85.40 629.38 48.46
8 834.00 42.00 85.40 695.54 35.58
9 976.00 7.00 85.40 778.67 15.09
10 976.00 -.20 85.40 778.67 10.88
11 834.00 -3.30 85.40 695.54 9.06
12 721.00 -5.60 85.40 629.38 7.71
13 608.00 -9.80 85.40 563.23 5.26
14 495.00 -14.50 85.40 497.07 2.50
15 383.00 -19.00 85.40 431.50 -.13
16 270.00 -24.20 85.40 365.35 -3.17
17 160.00 -28.40 85.40 300.95 -5.63
18 50.00 -25.00 85.40 236.55 -3.64

----- Use boom area from skin to replace original ones ------
Number of Booms NB= 18

Boom No. X-Y-coord. at Root Boom Area X-Y-coord. at Tip

1 50.00 47.30 172.14 236.55 38.68
2 160.00 80.00 166.74 300.95 57.83
3 270.00 96.00 169.53 365.35 67.19
 4 383.00 98.00 168.24 431.50 68.37
5 495.00 92.00 170.30 497.07 64.85
6 608.00 81.00 171.41 563.23 58.41
7 721.00 64.00 172.68 629.38 48.46
8 834.00 42.00 219.37 695.54 35.58
9 976.00 7.00 10.80 778.67 15.09
10 976.00 -.20 213.05 778.67 10.88
11 834.00 -3.30 169.54 695.54 9.06
12 721.00 -5.60 169.62 629.38 7.71
13 608.00 -9.80 169.65 563.23 5.26
14 495.00 -14.50 168.14 497.07 2.50
15 383.00 -19.00 169.68 431.50 -.13
16 270.00 -24.20 165.12 365.35 -3.17
17 160.00 -28.40 165.08 300.95 -5.63
18 50.00 -25.00 108.45 236.55 -3.64

-------- END OF RESULTS -------

2.1 Updated Input Data File c:\TWBoxdat.text (case-1)

Boom No. X-Y coord. at inboard & outboard sections

18
1 50.00 47.30 85.05 236.55 38.68
2 160.00 80.00 85.05 300.95 57.83
3 270.00 96.00 85.05 365.35 67.19
4 383.00 98.00 85.05 431.50 68.37
5 495.00 92.00 85.05 497.07 64.85
6 608.00 81.00 85.05 563.23 58.41
7 721.00 64.00 85.05 629.38 48.46
8 834.00 42.00 85.05 695.54 35.58
9 976.00 7.00 85.05 778.67 15.09
10 976.00 -.20 85.05 778.67 10.88
11 834.00 -3.30 85.05 695.54 9.06
12 721.00 -5.60 85.05 629.38 7.71
13 608.00 -9.80 85.05 563.23 5.26
14 495.00 -14.50 85.05 497.07 2.50
15 383.00 -19.00 85.05 431.50 -.13
16 270.00 -24.20 85.05 365.35 -3.17
17 160.00 -28.40 85.05 300.95 -5.63
18 50.00 -25.00 85.05 236.55 -3.64
2.2 --- STRESS RESULTS OF THE WING-BOX (TWBoxout.txt)

Number of Booms NB= 18

Centroid Coordinates Xc= 499.67 Yc= 26.52 mm
2nd Moment of Area Ixx, Iyy, Ixy (mm^4)
3271165 1.332478E+08 -1429333

Mean Area at Root = 78858.7010935521 mm^2

Mean Area at Tip = 27027.9024124346 mm^2

--- Direct Stress in Stringers ---

Stringer No. Stress(MPa)

1 -8.17431
2 -25.50166
3 -34.2677
4 -35.89362
5 -33.43548
6 -28.43748
7 -20.37767
8 -9.756678
9 7.381117
10 11.0699
11 13.42039
12 15.20613
13 17.96534
14 20.98388
15 23.90108
16 27.19075
17 29.96374
18 28.85711

--- Basic Shear Flows ---

Skin Panel No. Basic Shear Flow QB (N/mm)

1-2 0
2-3 -1.42334
3-4 -3.33731
4-5 -5.343014
5-6 -7.211678
6-7 -8.800817
7-8 -9.939082
8-9 -10.48368
9 - 10 -10.07224
10 - 11 -9.455177
11 - 12 -8.706084
12 - 13 -7.85669
13 - 14 -6.852734
14 - 15 -5.679937
15 - 16 -4.344318
16 - 17 -2.825579
17 - 18 -1.153197
18 - 1 0.455784
Constant Shear Flow Q0= 6.52705310139307 (N/mm)

----- Shear Stress in Skins -----

Skin Panel No. Shear Stress (MPa)

1-2 3.875412
2-3 2.926519
3-4 1.650539
4-5 0.3134028
5-6 -0.9323733
6-7 -1.9918
7-8 -2.750643
8-9 -3.113708
9 - 10 -2.839414
10 - 11 -2.42804
11 - 12 -1.928644
12 - 13 -1.362381
13 - 14 -0.6930774
14 - 15 8.878705E-02
15 - 16 0.9792001
16 - 17 1.991693
17 - 18 3.106614
18 - 1 4.179268

C-S Area at root section = 4.450E+03 mm^2

C-S Area at tip section = 3.240E+03 mm^2
Reduced C-S Area at tip = 1.111E+03 mm^2

SHEAR CENTRE (X-coordinates) SCX=310.24 mm

----------- End of Result Output ----------

3.1 Updated Input Data File c:\TWBoxdat.txt (Case-2)

Boom No. X-Y coord. at inboard & outboard sections
18
1 50.00 47.30 172.14 236.55 38.68
2 160.00 80.00 166.74 300.95 57.83
3 270.00 96.00 169.53 365.35 67.19
4 383.00 98.00 168.24 431.50 68.37
5 495.00 92.00 170.30 497.07 64.85
6 608.00 81.00 171.41 563.23 58.41
7 721.00 64.00 172.68 629.38 48.46
8 834.00 42.00 219.37 695.54 35.58
9 976.00 7.00 10.80 778.67 15.09
10 976.00 -.20 213.05 778.67 10.88
11 834.00 -3.30 169.54 695.54 9.06
12 721.00 -5.60 169.62 629.38 7.71
13 608.00 -9.80 169.65 563.23 5.26
 14 495.00 -14.50 168.14 497.07 2.50
15 383.00 -19.00 169.68 431.50 -.13
16 270.00 -24.20 165.12 365.35 -3.17
17 160.00 -28.40 165.08 300.95 -5.63
18 50.00 -25.00 108.45 236.55 -3.64

3.2 --- STRESS RESULTS OF THE WING-BOX (TWBoxout.txt)

Number of Booms NB= 18

Centroid Coordinates Xc= 497.14 Yc= 28.73 mm
2nd Moment of Area Ixx, Iyy, Ixy (mm^4)
6299945 2.322919E+08 -3128953
Mean Area at Root = 78858.7010935521 mm^2
Mean Area at Tip = 27027.9024124346 mm^2

--- Direct Stress in Stringers ---

Stringer No. Stress(MPa)
1 -3.344813
2 -12.44119
3 -17.08287
4 -18.01158
5 -16.81444
6 -14.2964
7 -10.18525
8 -4.741529
9 4.071619
10 5.990835
11 7.317133
12 8.32843
13 9.846232
14 11.49907
15 13.09863
16 14.89296
17 16.41658
18 15.92207
--- Basic Shear Flows ---

Skin Panel No. Basic Shear Flow QB (N/mm)

1-2 0
2-3 -1.361342
3-4 -3.263223
4-5 -5.254153
5-6 -7.135835
6-7 -8.745959
7-8 -9.901082
8-9 -10.58373
9 - 10 -10.55491
10 - 11 -9.718381
11 - 12 -8.904222
12 - 13 -7.976418
13 - 14 -6.878856
14 - 15 -5.608293
 15 - 16 -4.147976
16 - 17 -2.532992
17 - 18 -0.7545403
18 - 1 0.377476

Constant Shear Flow Q0= 6.52786950668375 (N/mm)

----- Shear Stress in Skins -----

Skin Panel No. Shear Stress (MPa)

1-2 3.875956
2-3 2.968395
3-4 1.700474
4-5 0.3731874
5-6 -0.8812672
6-7 -1.954683
7-8 -2.724765
8-9 -3.179862
9 - 10 -3.160648
10 - 11 -2.602964
11 - 12 -2.060191
12 - 13 -1.441656
13 - 14 -0.7099479
14 - 15 0.1370942
15 - 16 1.110639
16 - 17 2.187295
17 - 18 3.372929
18 - 1 4.127607

C-S Area at root section = 5.839E+03 mm^2

C-S Area at tip section = 4.629E+03 mm^2
Reduced C-S Area at tip = 1.586E+03 mm^2

SHEAR CENTRE (X-coordinates) SCX=313.66 mm

----------- End of Result Output ----------

4. --- STRESS RESULTS OF THE BOX EXAMPLE (TWBoxout.txt)

Number of Booms NB= 8

Centroid Coordinates Xc= 271.58 Yc= 50.00 mm

2nd Moment of Area Ixx, Iyy, Ixy (mm^4)
1.386E+07 8.018526E+07 5.820766E-09
Mean Area at Root = 97200.0014336412 mm^2
Mean Area at Tip = 97200 mm^2

--- Direct Stress in Stringers ---

Stringer No. Stress(MPa)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
 5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0

--- Basic Shear Flows ---

Skin Panel No. Basic Shear Flow QB (N/mm)
1-2 0
2-3 -3.607504
3-4 -32.46753
4-5 -50.50505
5-6 -54.83405
6-7 -50.50505
7-8 -32.46753
8-1 -3.607504

Constant Shear Flow Q0= 37.7852589551324 (N/mm)

----- Shear Stress in Skins -----

Skin Panel No. Shear Stress (MPa)

1-2 37.78526
2-3 34.17775
3-4 5.317726
4-5 -12.71979
5-6 -17.04879
6-7 -12.71979
7-8 5.317726
8-1 34.17775

C-S Area at root section = 3.300E+03 mm^2

C-S Area at tip section = 3.300E+03 mm^2
Reduced C-S Area at tip = 3.300E+03 mm^2

SHEAR CENTRE (X-coordinates) SCX=228.79 mm

----------- End of Result Output ----------