Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ARRANGED BY
WD NUR SYAMSI .R
A1D207152
HALUOLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2010
SECTION I
WHAT IS ESP
SECTION II
COURSE DESIGN
8. The Syllabus
a. What do we mean by a Syllabus?
A syllabus is a document which says what will (or at least what should) be
learnt. But in fact, there are several different ways in which syllabus can be defined.
• The evaluation syallbus. It states what successful learner will know by the end
of the course. In effect, t puts on record the basis on which success or failure
will be evaluated.
• The organisational syllabus. It carries assumptions about the nature of learning
as well as language, since in organising the items in a syllabus, it is necessary
to consider factors which depend upon a view of how peple learn.
• The materials syllabus. The first person to interpret the syllabus is usually the
materials writer. In writing materials, the author adds yet assumptions about
the nature of language, language learning and language use. The author
decides the contexts in which the language will appear, the relative
weightings, and integration of skills, the number and type of exercises to be
spent on any aspect of language, the degree of recycling or revision.
• The teacher syllabus. It refers to the teachers’ rule as a mediator. The teacher
can influence the clarity, intencity and frequency of any item, and thereby
affect the image that the learners receive.
• The classroom syllabus. The classroom is not simply a neutral channel for the
passage of information from teacher to learner. It is a dynamic, interactive,
environment, which affects the nature both of what is taught and what is
learnt. The classroom thus generates its own syllabus.
• The learner syllabus. It is the network of knowledge that develops in the
learner’s brain and which enables that learner to comprehend and store the
later kknowledge. It is a retrospective record of what has been learnt rather
than a prospective plan of what will be learnt.
b. Why Should We Have a Syllabus?
• Language is a complex entity. It can not be learnt in one go. We have to have
some way of breaking down the complex into managable units.
• In addition to its practical benefits, a syllabus also gives moral support to the
teacher and learner , in that it makes the language learning task appear
managable.
• A syllabus particular an ESP syllabus, also has a cosmetic role. Sponsors and
students will want some reassurance that their investment of money and time
will be worthwhile.
• Returning to our analogy of learning as a journey.
• A syllabus is an implicit statement of views on the nature of language and
learning.
• A syllabus provides a set of criteri for materials selection and writing.
• Uniformity is a nescessary condition of any institutionalised activity, such as
education.
• Provides a visible basis for testing.
d. On What Criteria can a syllabus be organised?
Some lists below are illustrating the different criteria that can be used. Topic
syllabus (i.e The Rig or Fishing Job). Structural/ situational syllabus(i.e The Hotel and
the staff which generates about patterns of the verb ‘to be’; demonstrative. Skill and
strategy (i.e who do you think you are? Exercises in personal evaluation.
9. materials Evaluations
Evaluation is a matter of judging the fitness of something of a particular
purpose. A cereful evaluation can save a lot of expense and fustation. On the positive
side, it can also help in justifying requests to sponsors or other members of an ESP
team for money to buy materials or time to write them. We can divide the evaluation
process into four major steps
• defining criteria
• subjective analysis
• objective analysis
• matching
10. Materials Design
Some techniques for producing useful and creative ESP materials.
a. Defining objectives
b. A material design model. The model consists of four elements : input, content,
focus, language focus, task.
• Input. This may be a text, dialogue, video recording, diagram or any place of
communication data, depending on the needs you have defined in your
analysis.
• Content focus. Language is not an end in itself, but a means of conveying
informations and feelings about something. Non linguistic content should be
exploited to generate meaningful communication in the classroom.
• Language focus : our aim is to enable learners to use language, but it is unfair
to give learners communicative tasks and activities for which they do not have
enough for necessary language knowledge.
• Task. The ultimate purpose of language learning is language use. Materials
should be designed to lead towards a communicative task in which learners
use the content and language knowledhge they have built up through the units.
11. Evaluation
Two levels of evaluation have thus been brought into prominence:
• Learner assessment. As with any language course there is a need to assess
students performance at strategic points in the course for example, at the
beginning and at the end.
• Course evaluation. A second important form of evaluation helps to assess
whether the course objectives are being met whether the course, in other
words, is doing what it was designed to do.
Learners assessment
In ESP there are three basic types of assessment.
a. placement tests. These are used to pace learners in the ESP course most
suited to their needs. The placement test normally comes at the beginning of the
course.
b. Achievement tests. These test how well the learner is keeping up with
the syllabus and can be administered anytime through the course.
c. Proficiency tests. These assess whether or not the students can cope
with the demands of a particular situation, for example study at the university or
reading technical manual.