$QDOHOH8QLYHUVLWáêLL6SLUX+DUHW

6HULD6RFLRORJLH3VLKRORJLH


1U

(',785$)81'$é,(,520œ1,$'(0œ,1(
%8&85(ì7,
&2/(&7,98/5('$& ,21$/
COLEGIUL DIRECTOR
0RXHWWH %DUDERII )UDQ D ,OLH % GHVFX $XUHOLDQ *K %RQGUHD 5DGX &LXFHDQX /HWL LD
'REUDQLFL &DUPHQ )XUWXQ  0LKDL *ROX $QWRLQH +HHPHU\FN )UDQ D %HUQDUG +RXUV
)UDQ D0DULD/DULRQHVFX0LKDL0LOFD-HDQ-0LFKHO6HUYHW)UDQ D*KHRUJKH6LVHúWHDQ
$OH[DQGUX6XUGX)ORULDQ7 Q VHVFX

DIRECTOR
FloriaQ7 Q VHVFX

REDACTOR-ù()
Grigore Nicola

&20,7(78/'(5('$& ,(
Redactori: Corina Bistriceanu–3DQWHOLPRQ%RJGDQ'DQFLX/HWL LD'REUDQLFL
Beatrice Manu, Cristinel Pantelimon, Elena-Claudia Rusu, Mihaela-&RULQD X X
Secretariat: Laura Goran-% ] UHD'DQLela Pârlea-Buzatu
Secretariat tehnic: Alexandru Dumitru

‹(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine, 2008

(GLWXU DFUHGLWDW de 0LQLVWHUXO(GXFD LHL&HUFHW ULLúL7LQHUHWXOXL
prin &RQVLOLXO1D LRQDODO&HUFHW ULLùWLLQ LILFH
GLQÌQY PkQWXO6XSHULRU

ReprRGXFHUHDLQWHJUDO VDXIUDJPHQWDU SULQRULFHIRUP 

úLSULQRULFHPLMORDFHWHKQLFHHVWHVWULFWLQWHU]LV 
úLVHSHGHSVHúWHFRQIRUPOHJLL

5 VSXQGHUHDSHQWUXFRQ LQXWXOúLRULJLQDOLWDWHDWH[WXOXL
revine exclusiv autorului/autorilor.

(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine, 2008

ISSN: 1582-6635

5HGDFWRU2FWDYLDQ&+( $1
Tehnoredactor: Georgiana GÎRJOI
Bun de tipar: 12.12.2008; Coli tipar: 17,5
Format: 16/70x100

(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine

%XOHYDUGXO7LPLúRDUD1U%XFXUHúWL, Sector 6
Tel./Fax.: 021/444.20.91; www.spiruharet.ro
E-mail: contact@edituraromaniademaine.ro
 CUPRINS

3URIXQLYGU $85(/,$1 *+ %21'5($ 3UHúHGLQWHOH )XQGD LHL România de

Mâine, 5HFWRUXO 8QLYHUVLW LL Spiru Haret, Directorul general al Institutului de
6RFLRORJLHúL2SLQLH3XEOLF 2SUREOHP IXQGDPHQWDO PHUHXWHUJLYHUVDW ........… 9

678',,ù,$57,&2/(
6RFLRORJLDWUDQ]L LHL
DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU, ÌQWUHSULQGHULOH LQGXVWULDOH URPkQHúWL vQWUH
HYROX LHúLLQYROX LH ………………………………………………………………….. 25
$172,1(+((0(5<&.)UDQ DUne analyse des rapports hiérarchiques dans
une firme multinationale de Pologne: légitimation des effets micro-politiques du
marché .....................………………………………………………………………… 35
0,+$(/$ &25,1$ 8 8 Evaluarea stilurilor manageriale în context
VLWXD LRQDO ..........…………………………………………………………………….. 53
Sociologia familiei
'$152ù&$)DPLOLDúLVRFLDOL]DUHDFRSLOXOXL, ................................................... 63
BEATRICE MANU, 6WXGLL úL FHUFHW UL DVXSUD YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH UHDOL]DWH vQ
România .............…………………………………………………………………….. 73
SociologLDFXOWXULLúLHGXFD LHL
$1&8 $ 3/ (ù8 Tinerii din România – YDORUL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH GLQ VIHUD
culturii politice ..…………………………………………………………………….. 95
MARIA COBIANU-% &$18(GXFD LDúLFXOWXUDQD LRQDO vQ(XURSD8QLW ...... 107
Filosofie - psihologie sRFLDO
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU-GALICENI, *HQH]D VRFLDO  D WUHEXLQ HORU
umane (I) …………………………………………………………………………….. 111
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA), The Power of Authentic Dialogue ........………… 125
CRISTI PANTELIMON, &RUSRUDWLVPXO úL UHLHUDKL]DUHD VRFLHW LL în viziunea lui
Julius Evola …………………………………………………………………………. 131
1(/$ 0,5&,&  &RQILJXUDUHD VRFLRORJLHL vQ JkQGLUHD ILORVRILF  D OXL $XJXVWH
Comte ......……………………………………………………………………………. 147
%2*'$1 '$1&,8 0$5*$5(7$ ',1&  &RQFHSW úL PHWRGRORJLH vQ VWXGLXO
strategiilor de coping ...................................................................................………… 153
3VLKRORJLDSHUVRQDOLW LL
MIHAI GOLU, &RPSOH[LWDWH úL SUHGLFWLELOLWDWH FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  vQ VLVWHPXO
SHUVRQDOLW LL ………………………………………………………………………… 161
NICOLETA GHEORGHE, &HVXQWMRFXULOHSVLKRORJLFHúLGHFHOHMXF P"5HOD LD
GLQWUHMRFXULDWDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPLH......................................................................... 173

3
&RQVLOLHUHSVLKRORJLF úLSVLKRWHUDSLH
RODICA MATEI, 6XV LQHUHúLLQWHUSUHWDUHvQGHPHUVXOSVLKDQDOLWLF ........................ 183
AMALIA GABOR, De la scenariu la autonomie .................................…………….. 189
IOANA OMER, &RPXQLFDUHD GLDJQRVWLFXOXL GH FDQFHU úL HIHFWHOH VDOH DVXSUD
UHOD LHLWHUDSHXWLFHODDGXO LLGHSUHVLYLLQWHUQD LvQVHF LLOHGHRQFRORJLH,....…….. 201
,VWRULHVRFLDO
MONICA POPA, 2EúWHDúLFRPXQLWDWHDGHDYHUH6WXGLXFRPSDUDWLY ...................... 215
AUREL V. DAVID, 6WDUHDVRFLDO DXQHLDúH] ULUXUDOHGLQMXGH XO6 ODMvQDQXO
1938 ...........………………………………………………………………………….. 227
*HRSROLWLF
)/25,$1 7 1 6(6&8 6ROX LL DOWHUQDWLYH SULYLQG UHJOHPHQWDUHD IURQWLHUHL
româno-EXOJDUH vQ 'REURJHD OD VIkUúLWXO FHOXL GH DO 'RLOHD 5 ]ERL 0RQGLDO vQ
viziunea Departamentului de Stat al S.U.A. .……………………………………….. 235

DEZBATERI
ù7()$1&267($9LLWRUXOXQLYHUVLW LL– universitatea viitorului ……………….. 247

9,$ $ù7,,1 ,),&

ELENA-CLAUDIA RUSU, &RQIHULQ D 1D LRQDO  GH $QDOL]  7UDQ]DF LRQDO  –
Ä$WDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPie” (29 noiembrie – 3 decembrie 2007) .....................……… 251
JOHN PARR (Anglia), 'LVFXUVXOGHGHVFKLGHUHOD&RQIHULQ D1D LRQDO GH$QDOL] 
7UDQ]DF LRQDO –Ä$WDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPLH´..……………………………………… 253
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA), Discurs la închidHUHD &RQIHULQ HL 1D LRQDOH GH
$QDOL] 7UDQ]DF LRQDO –Ä$WDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPLH´………………………………. 259
ù7()$1&267($A XVIII-D&RQIHULQ ,QWHUQD LRQDO D$OLDQ HL8QLYHUVLW LORU
SHQWUX'HPRFUD LH(Cluj, 4-7 noiembrie 2007) .....................……………………….. 261
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON, ùFRDOD$FDGHPLF GH6RFLRORJLHGHOD
Bran, octombrie, 2007 ................................…………………………………………. 265

5(&(1=,,127('(/(&785
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON, Virgiliu Constantinescu-Galiceni:
SociologLDFRPXQLW LORUUXUDOH...........…………………………………………….. 267
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON, Avram Cristea, Jan Nicolae,
3ULQDO LLVSUHVLQH....……………………………………………………………….. 269
DIANA GAVAJEC, „Semnele Timpului” -UHYLVW GHDQDOL] úLRSLQLHFUHúWLQ  271
CLAUDIA BUZOIANU, ANCA COMAN, George Kohlrieser, 6ROX LRQDUHD
FRQIOLFWHORUúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HL0HWRGHED]DWHSHQHJRFLHUHDGHRVWDWLFL …... 273

4
 CONTENU

Professeur Univ. Dr. AURELIAN GH. BONDREA, Président de La Roumanie de

Demain, Recteur de l’Université Spiru Haret, Directeur général de l'Institut de
Sociologie et d’Opinion publique: Une question fondamentale toujours ajournée ..... 9

ÉTUDES ET ARTICLES
Sociologie de la transition
DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU: Les entreprises industrielles roumaines entre
évolution et involution ............................................................................................….. 25
ANTOINE HEEMERYCK (France): Une analyse des rapports hiérarchiques dans
une firme multinationale de Pologne: légitimation des effets micro-politiques du
marché ............................…………………………………………………………….. 35
0,+$(/$&25,1$ 8 8Évaluation des styles managériaux dans un contexte
situationnel ………………………………………………………………………….. 53
Sociologie de la famille
'$152ù&$La famille et la socialisation de l’enfant (I) .......................………… 63
BEATRICE MANU: Études et recherches roumaines sur la violence domestique .... 73
Sociologie de la culture et de l'éducation
$1&8 $ 3/ (ù8 Culture politique – valeurs et comportements des jeunes
roumains .........................…………………………………………………………….. 95
MARIA COBIANU-% &$18 L’éducation et la culture nationale dans l'Europe
unie ..........................………………………………………………………………… 107
Philosophie - psychologie sociale
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU: Genèse sociale des besoins humains (I) .....……. 111
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (États-Unis): Le pouvoir du dialogue authentique ............ 125
CRISTI PANTELIMON: Le corporatisme et la re-hiérarchisation de la société
dans la vision de Jules Evola ........................................……………………………... 131
NELA0,5&,& La configuration de la sociologie dans la pensée philosophique
d'Auguste Comte ...........……………………………………………………………... 147
%2*'$1 '$1&,8 0$5*$5(7$ ',1&  Concept et méthodologie dans
l'étude des stratégies de coping ...................................………………………………. 153
Psychologie de personnalité
MIHAI GOLU: Complexité et prévisibilité comportementale dans le système de la
personnalité .............................................……………………………………………. 161
NICOLETA GHEORGHE: Que sont les jeux psychologiques et pourquoi y joue-t-on ? Le
rapport entre les jeux, l’attachement et l’autonomie..............................…….. 173

5
Consultation psychologiques et psychothérapie
RODICA MATEI: Soutien et interprétation dans la démarche psychanalytique ....... 183
AMALIA GABOR: Du scénario à l’autonomie ............................………………….. 189
IOANA OMER: La communication du diagnostique du cancer et ses effets sur la
relation thérapeutique aux patients dépressifs internés dans les départements
d'oncologie (I) .....................................................……………………………………. 201
Histoire sociale
MONICA POPA: La collectivité et la communauté de biens. Une étude
comparative ……....................………………………………………………………. 215
AUREL V. DAVID: État social d'un établissement rural dans le département de
S laj, 1938 .....................…………………………………………………………….. 227
Géopolitique
)/25,$1 7 1 6(6&8 Les solutions alternatives au règlement de la frontière
Roumaine-Bulgare en Dobroudja à la fin de la deuxième guerre mondiale dans la
vision du département d'État des États-Unis ……………………………………….. 235

DISCUSSIONS
ù7()$1&267($Le futur de l'université, l'université du futur .................………. 247

LA VIE SCIENTIFIQUE
ELENA-CLAUDIA RUSU: La conférence nationale d'analyse transactionnelle
„Attachement et autonomie” (29 novembre - 3 décembre 2007) ................................ 251
JOHN PARR (Anglia): Discours d'ouverture à la conférence nationale d'analyse
transactionnelle „Attachement et autonomie”..........................................…………... 253
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (États-Unis): Discours de clôture à la conférence
nationale d'analyse transactionnelle „Attachement et autonomie” .................……... 259
ù7()$1 &267($ La XVIIIème conférence internationale de l'Alliance des
Universités pour la Démocratie (Cluj, 4-7 novembre 2007) ............................……. 261
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: L’école académique de sociologie de
Bran, octobre 2007............................……………………………………………….. 265

RECENSIONS, NOTES DE LECTURE

CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Virgiliu Constantinescu-Galiceni: Sociologie
des Communautés rurales ...........................................………………….……………… 267
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Avram Cristea, Jan Nicolae, 269
Par les autres vers soi ……………………………………………………………….
DIANA GAVAJEC: „Les signes du Temps” – Revue d’analyse et d’opinion chrétienne…… 271
CLAUDIA BUZOIANU, ANCA COMAN: George Kohlrieser, Résolution des
conflits et accroissement des performances. Méthodes basées sur la négociation
d’otages ...................................................……………………………………………. 273

6
 SUMMARY

Professor AURELIAN GH. BONDREA, Ph. D., President of Romania Tomorrow Fonda-
tion, Rector of Spiru Haret, University, General Manager of the Institute of Sociology and
Public Opinion: An Always Postponed Fundamental Issue .......................……………… 9

STUDIES AND ARTICLES

Sociology of transition
DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU: Romanian Industrial Enterprises between
Evolution and Involution ......................……………………………………………… 25
$172,1( +((0(5<&. )UDQ D An Analysis of the Hierchical Reports/Ratios
in a Multinational Firm of Poland: Legitimation of the Microphone-Policies Effects
of the Market .........................................................................................…………….. 35
0,+$(/$ &25,1$ 8 8 Evaluation of the Leadership Styles in a Situational
Context ........................................................................................................…………. 53
Sociology of the family
'$152ù&$Familiy and Child’s Socialization (I) ........................................…….. 63
BEATRICE MANU: Romanian Studies and Research on Domestic Violence .…….. 73
Sociology of culture and education
$1&8 $3/ (ù8Political Culture – Values and Behaviour of Romanian Young
People ..................................................................................................................……. 95
MARIA COBIANU-% &$18Education and National Culture within the United
Europe ..............................…………………………………………………………… 107
Philosophy-Social psychology
VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU: Social Genesis of the Human Needs (I) .....…….. 111
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA): The Power of Authentic Dialogue ..............…….. 125
CRISTI PANTELIMON: The Corporatism and Re-setting Social Hierarchy in
Julius Evola’s Vision ............................................................................................…… 131
NELA MIRCIC  The Configuration of Sociology in Auguste Comte’
Philosophical Thinking ................................................................................................ 147
%2*'$1 '$1&,8 0$5*$5(7$ ',1&  Concept and Methodology in the
Study of Coping Behaviour ........................................................................................ 153
Personality psychology
MIHAI GOLU: Behavioural Complexity and Predictability in the Personality
System ........................................................................................................................... 161
NICOLETA GHEORGHE: What are the Psychological Games and Why Are We
Playing Them? The Relationship Between Psychological Games, Attachement and
Autonomy ...........................................................................………………………….. 173
7
Psychological counseling and psychotherapy
RODICA MATEI: Support and Interpretation within the Psychoanalytical 183
Approach……………………………………….................................................……..
AMALIA GABOR: From Script to Authonomy .............................................……… 189
IOANA OMER: The Communication of Cancer Diagnostics and its Effects upon
the Therapeutic Relation at the Depressive Patients in the Departments of Oncology
(I) ...................................................................................................................……….. 201
Social history
MONICA POPA: &RPPXQLW\ %DVHG ,QVWLWXWLRQ REúWH DQG &RPPXQDO 3URSHUW\
Comparative Study ........................................................................................………... 215
AUREL V. DAVID: 6RFLDO&RQGLWLRQRID5XUDO&RPPXQLW\LQ6 ODM&RXQW\… 227
Geopolitics
)/25,$17 1 6(6&8U.S.A. State Department Opinion on Alternatives in the
Romanian-Bulgarian Border Regulation in Dobruja at the End of the Second World
War ....………………………………………………………………………… 235

DISCUSSIONS
ù7()$1&267($The Future of the University, the University of the Future ........ 247

SCIENTIFIC LIFE
ELENA-CLAUDIA RUSU: The National Conference of Transactional Analysis
”Attachement and Authonomy” (November 29th- December 3rd 2007) ..........………. 251
JOHN PARR (Anglia): The Opening Speech at The National Conference of
Transactional Analysis ” Attchement and Authonomy” ............................................. 253
GEORGE KOHLRIESER (SUA): The Closing Speech at The National Conference
of Transactional Analysis ” Attachament and Authonomy” .....................…………... 259
ù7()$1 &267($ The 18-th International Conference of the Universities
Alliance foe Democracy (Cluj, 4-7 november 2007) ................……………………... 261
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Academic School of Sociology, Bran,
October 2007 ......................................................................................................…….. 265

REVIEWS, LECTURE NOTES

CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Virgiliu Constantinescu-Galiceni:
Socilogy of Rural Communities ........................................................................…….. 267
CORINA BISTRICEANU-PANTELIMON: Avram Cristea, Jan Nicolae,
Trough Others to Oneself ........................................................................................…. 269
DIANA GAVAJEC: „Time Signs” – Magazine of Analysis and Opinion ................. 271
CLAUDIA BUZOIANU, ANCA COMAN: George Kohlrieser, Hostage at the Table.
How Leaders can Overcom Conflict, Influence Others, and Raise Performance ………. 273

8
 2352%/(0 )81'$0(17$/
0(5(87(5*,9(56$7

Prof.univ.dr. AURELIAN GH. BONDREA

ABSTRACT
In Romanian history, one of the current issue, the subject of public dialogues, of
social, political and cultural approaches, a problem caused by the birth and evolution of
the nation, of the state, by the specificity and originality of social structures was and still is
the peasant issue, the socio-economical destiny of a large part of the population: the rural
people. Spiru Haret approached this issue in his work (1915) anastatically published in the
previous pages as a proof in that era, a work with a great historical and sociological
significance, very valuable and actual in many ways as we’ve presented below.

1. ChestiunHD U QHDVF –VXELHFWÄILHUELQWH´DOLVWRULHLQD LRQDOH

/RFXLWRULL VDWHORU DX UHSUH]HQWDW L]YRUXO LVWRULF úL ED]D GHPRJUDILF  D

vQWHPHLHULLúLGH]YROW ULLQD LXQLLURPkQH6XELPSXOVXOPRGHUQL] ULLYLH LLVRFLDO-
HFRQRPLFH úL SROLWLFH vQFHSkQG vQGHRVHEL FX R D GRXD MXP WDWH D VHFROXOXL DO
XIX-OHD DO SUHVLXQLL DUWLILFLDOHORU ÄIRUPH I U  IRQG´ úL DO DVDOWXOXL DFDSDUDWRU DO
ÄS WXULORU VXSHUSXVH´ IU PkQW ULOH GH SURIXQ]LPH DOH XQHL UL ÄHPLQDPHQWH
DJUDUH´DXYHVWLWúLJHQHUDWWHQVLXQLFUL]HúLFRQIOLFWHVXFFHVLYHFXXUP ULVRFLR-
HFRQRPLFHGHDGkQFLPHUHVLP LWHúLDFXPODvQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXLDO;;,-lea.
1HFHVLWDWHD LVWRULF  D UHVWUXFWXU ULL VLVWHPXOXL DJUDU DVSLUD LLOH GH GUHSWDWH
VRFLDO  úL GH ULGLFDUH D QLYHOXOXL GH YLD  DO V WHQLORU FRQGL LLOH JUHOH GH PXQF 
SUDFWLFLOH QHRLRE JLHL SUHOXQJLWH DX I FXW GLQ U QLPH úL VLWXD LD HL XQ VXELHFW
ÄILHUELQWH´ DO LVWRULHL QD LRQDOH DO GLVSXWHORU VRFLDO-politice, rareori urmate de
P VXULSUDFWLFH
ÌQFHSkQG FX SULPD MXP WDWH D VHFROXOXL DO ;,;-lea, „chestiXQHD U QHDVF ´
în România s-D GRYHGLW D IL XQD FUXFLDO  GH D F UHL UH]ROYDUH GHSLQGHD KRW UkWRU
YLLWRUXO ULL
'XS  FXP VXEOLQLD]  LVWRULFLL1 vQU XW LUHD VLWXD LHL U QLPLL GXS   úL
DJUDYDUHD UHJLPXOXL FO FLL VH H[SOLF  SULQWU-R FDX]  VWULFW HFRQRPLF  SURSULHWDULL
DXP ULWFODFDDWkWFDQXP UGH]LOHFkWúLFDQRUP GHRDUHFHQXDYHDXQLFLXQDOW
PLMORFODGLVSR]L LHSHQWUXSXQHUHDUDSLG vQYDORDUHDPRúLHL/LSVL LúLGHFDSLWDO
úL GH XWLODMH úL GH SULFHSHUH HFRQRPLF  HL DX J VLW VROX LD problemei în boieresc
FODF  0HWRGD D DGXV GHVLJXU SH WHUPHQ VFXUW YHQLWXULOH DúWHSWDWH HD D

∗
3RVWID ODOXFUDUHD&KHVWLD U QHDVF  de Spiru Haret(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia
de Mâine%XFXUHúWL
1
Vlad Georgescu,VWRULDURPkQLORU'HODRULJLQLSkQ vQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHHGL LDD,,,-a,
Editura Humanitas%XFXUHúWLS-144.
9
UHSUH]HQWDW vQV  SH WHUPHQ OXQJ R VHULRDV  IUkQ  vQ FDOHD GH]YROW ULL OLEHUH D
DJULFXOWXULL $ vQVHPQDW GH DVHPHQHD LSRWHFDUHD UHOD LLORU VRFLDOH FX R LQVWLWX LH
YHFKHGHQDWXU IHXGDO UHIUDFWDU FXUVXOXLLVWRULFDOPRGHUQL] ULL
9UHPHGHSHVWHWUHLGHFHQLLSkQ vQERLHUHVFXODUHSUH]HQWDWSULQFLSDOD
SUREOHP  VRFLDO  D 3ULQFLSDWHORU U QLPHD D FHUXW GHVILLQ DUHD OXL úL vPSURSULH-
W ULUHDSHORFXULOHDYXWHvQIRORVLQ 3URSULHWDULLvQVFKLPEO-au considerat drept o
FKLULHSO WLW GH UDQSHQWUXIRORVLUHDXQHLS U LDPRúLHLDVXSUDF UHLDGHIDSWQX
aveau nici un drept juridic de proprietate. Mai mult chiar, ei au cerut în repetate
rânduri,SULQIRUPXODÄOLEHUWDWHDPXQFLL´OLEHUWDWHDSURSULHW LLDQXODUHDREOLJD LHL
GHDGLVWULEXLORWXUL UDQLORUúLLQWURGXFHUHDXQHLQRLUHOD LLGHWLSFDSLWDOLVWvQWUH
V WHQL úL SURSULHWDUL &HL GLQWkL DU IL DYXW GH YkQ]DUH PXQFD FHL GH SH XUP  DU IL
cXPS UDW-o, prin salariul oferit, pentru a-úL SXQH vQ YDORDUH PRúLLOH (UD vQ IRQG
YHFKHDFDOHHQJOH] GHGH]YROWDUHDDJULFXOWXULLH[SURSULHUHD UDQLORUúLWUDQVIRU-
PDUHDORUvQSUROHWDULDJULFROL1HvQGRLHOQLFHUDRFDOHGXUHURDV GDUFDUHDUILGXV
la victoria capitalismului în agricultura României.
0DUHDPDMRULWDWHDFODVHLFRQGXF WRDUHúLGHVLJXUúLLQWHOHFWXDOLLDXUHVSLQV
vQV DFHDVW UDGLFDO PRGLILFDUHDUHOD LLORUGLQWUHSURSULHWDUúL UDQRSWkQGSHQWUX
XQWLSGHUHIRUP DJUDU FDUHV WUDQVIHUHWRWXúLRSDUWHDSURSULHW LLF WUHFO FDúL
'LVFX LLOH DVXSUD PRGDOLW LORU UHIRUPHL DX IRVW IRDUWH DSULQVH vQ FXUVXO UHYROX LHL
PXQWHQH GH OD  FkQG SR]L LLOH SURSULHWDULORU úL DOH UDQLORU V-au înfruntat în
FDGUXOFRPLVLHLSURSULHW LLFRQYRFDWHGHJXYHUQXOSURYL]RULXI U DVHSXWHDvQV 
DMXQJHODRKRW UkUH
ÌQQRLOHJLXLULDJUDUHDXXúXUDWvQWUXFkWYDVLWXD LD UDQLORUP ULQGORWXO
SH FDUH PRúLHUXO WUHEXLD V -O GHD vQ IRORVLQ  UHGXFkQG XQHOH REOLJD LL úL
simplificând formelH GH VWU PXWDUH (VHQ D YHFKLXOXL UHJLP DJUDU D U PDV vQV 
QHVFKLPEDW  UDQXO FRQWLQXkQG D IL VRFRWLW FKLULDú SH PRúLH úL WUHEXLQG V  SO -
WHDVF vQPXQF SHQWUXS PkQWXOSULPLW'LVFX LLOHSULYLQGUHVWUXFWXUDUHDUHOD LLORU
agrare au continuat infructuos vQ DQLL SUHPHUJ WRUL 8QLULL GLQ  úL vQ FHL GH
domnie ai lui Cuza. Neputându-se ajunge la un consens, la sfatul lui Mihai
.RJ OQLFHDQXGRPQLWRUXODGL]ROYDWSDUODPHQWXOvQPDLúLDSURPXOJDWSULQ
GHFUHW R UHODWLY UDGLFDO  UHIRUP  DJUDU  V WHQLL SULPHDX vQ SURSULHWDWH GHSOLQ 
ORWXULOHSHFDUHOHDYXVHVHU SkQ DWXQFLvQIRORVLQ OLPLWkQGX-VHvQV VXSUDID D
H[SURSULDELO  OD PD[LPXP  GLQ PRúLH H[FOXVLY S GXULOH ORWXO QX VH SXWHD
vQVWU LQD WLPS GH  GH DQL &ODFD SUHFXP úL RULFH DOWH YHFKL VHUYLWX L IHXGDOH VH
GHVILLQ DX vQ VFKLPEXO XQHL GHVS JXELUL $X IRVW vPSURSULHW UL L FX  GH
KHFWDUHXQQXP UGHGH UDQLÌQXUPDUHIRUPHLSURSULHWDWHD U QHDVF D
DMXQVV UHSUH]LQWHGLQVXSUDID DFXOWLYDW D ULLUHVWXOGHU PkQkQGvQ
VW SkQLUHPRúLHUHDVF ÌQDFHVWIHOV-DSURGXVRSULP EUHú vQVWUXFWXULOHIHXGDOH
vQFKLVWDWHI FkQGORFIRU HORUQRXOXL–FDSLWDOLVPXOúLLQGXVWULDOL]DUHD
3ULQFLSDOXOGHIHFWDOOHJLLDJUDUHGLQDIRVWvQ]HVWUDUHD UDQLORUFXSUHD
SX LQ S PkQW 3HQWUX D-úL VDWLVIDFH QHYRLOH HL DX IRVW IRU D L V  IDF  vQYRLHOL
VXSOLPHQWDUH FX SURSULHWDUXO SHQWUX PDL PXOW S PkQW vQYRLHOL vQURELWRDUH
5 VFRDOHOH U QHúWLGLQDXGXVODRRDUHFDUHXúXUDUHDUHJLPXOXLWRFPHOLORU
agricole, dar repDUWL LD SURSULHW LL D FRQWLQXDW V  ILH QHHFKLWDELO  vQ GHIDYRDUHD
U QLPLL
10
 ÌQvQFKLDUDQXOU VFRDOHL U QHúWLSURSULHWDWHDIXQFLDU HUDUHSDUWL]DW 
astfel:
–SkQ ODKHFWDUH–GLQWRWDOXOVXSUDIH HFXOWLYDWH
– între 11–50 hectare – 8,84%;
– între 51–100 hectare – 2,13%;
– între 101–500 hectare – 10,43%;
– peste 500 hectare – 38,26%.
ÌQIDSWGLQWUH UDQLQXDYHDXGHORFS PkQWLDUVW SkQHDX
GRDUvQWUHúLKHFWDUH
6LWXD LD U QLPLLHUDDJUDYDW úLGHH[LVWHQ DLQVWLWX LHLDUHQG úLHLSULQFDUH
SURSULHWDULL XUP UHDX RE LQHUHD XQXL FkúWLJ IL[ VLJXU I U  HIRUW ÌQ SUHDMPD
U VFRDOHLGLQGLQPDULOHSURSULHW LPROGRYHQHHUDXGDWHvQDUHQG 
ODDUHQGDúLURPkQLODDUHQGDúLHYUHLODDUHQGDúLVWU LQLFUHúWLQL1XPDL
GLQFHLGHPDULSURSULHWDULGLQ%XFXUHúWLvúLOXFUDXPRúLLOHUHVWXOSUHIHUkQG
V  OH DUHQGH]H ÌQ 0ROGRYD PDL DOHV IXQF LRQDX DGHY UDWH WUXVWXUL GH DUHQGDúL
dintre care cel mai cunoscut era tUXVWXO )LVFKHU ÌQ  HO GH LQHD vQ DUHQG  QX
PDLSX LQGHKHFWDUH2VLWXD LHVLPLODU VHvQUHJLVWUDúLvQ0XQWHQLD
ÌQ DFHVWH vPSUHMXU UL OD vQWUHEDUHD ILUHDVF  GHFHOHJHDUXUDO GLQQXD
UH]ROYDWQHPXO XPLULOHúLQXDSXVFDS WÄFKHVWLXQLL U QHúWL´6SLUX+DUHWU VSXQGH
Ä&KHVWLD U QHDVF  QX HRFKHVWLHVLPSO úLQXVHSRDWHUH]ROYDSULQWU-RIRUPXO 
XQLF GLQFDUHV GHFXUJ FDúLFRQVHFLQ HVROX LLOHWXWXURUGLILFXOW LORU´21.
&HD PDL YHFKH GLVFX LH DVXSUD DFHVWHL SUREOHPH VH GDWRUHD]  OXL 1LFRODH
% OFHVFX– 6WDUHDVRFLDO DPXQFLWRULORUSOXJDULvQ3ULQFLSDWH, 1845, iar cea mai
ERJDW SURGXF LHOLWHUDU DSDUHvQWUHúLFkQGRDPHQLLSROLWLFLGLQ DU úL
IRUXULOH SROLWLFH GLQ VWU LQ WDWH DX IRVW SUHRFXSD L V  J VHDVF  PLMloace de a
vPEXQ W LVWDUHD UDQLORU
ùL GH DFHDVW  GDW  1LFRODH % OFHVFX GHVFKLGH GLVFX LD SULQ OXFUDUHD VD
WLS ULW  OD 3DULV vQ  Question économique des Principautés danubiennes.
$FXPVHPDQLIHVWDOXSWDvQWUHSXQFWHGHYHGHUHGHRVHELWHGXS FXPDXWRULLvPS U-
W úHDXLGHLOLEHUDOHVDXFRQVHUYDWRDUH7RWRGDW vQLQWHUYDOXOFkQGV-au discutat în
3DUODPHQWSULQFLSLLOHVDXGHWDOLLOHSURLHFWHORUGHSXVHDXDS UXWQXPHURDVHDUWLFROH
SHDFHDVW WHP vQ]LDUHúLUHYLVWH
Reforma din 1864 poate fi cunoscXW FXDMXWRUXOFROHF LHLGH$FWHúLOHJLXUL
SULYLWRDUH OD FKHVWLD U QHDVF  SXEOLFDW  vQ DQXO  vQ GRX  VHULL GH
D.C. Sturza-ùFKHLDQXúL5DGX5RVHWWL
$FHDVW UHIRUP DDYXWQHYRLHGHDOWHOHJLFDUHV -LvQW UHDVF GLVSR]L LLOHV 
vQO WXUH FDX]HOH FDUH SXWHDX V -i paralizeze sau anuleze efectele (cum era
FKHVWLXQHDGUHSWXOXL UDQLORUGHD-úLYLQGHORWXULOHV SDUWLFLSHúLV SXQ GHDFRUG
FX SULQFLSLLOH HL GLIHULWHOH SUREOHPH FDUH DX DS UXW SH SDUFXUV ÌQWUH DFHVWH SUR-
bleme, FHD PDL vQJULMRU WRDUH HUD FHD D WRFPHOLORU DJULFROH GHRDUHFH „munca
REOLJDWRULHDWUHEXLWV VHvQORFXLDVF FXPXQFDOLEHU ´. Legea care a reglementat
DFHDVW  FKHVWLXQH GLILFLO  D IRVW YRWDW  vQ  GDU XOWHULRU D IRVW PRGLILFDW  GH
mai multe ori.

2
Operele lui Spiru Haret(GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWLYRO9,,,S
11
 Diferitele aspecte ale chestiunii rurale n-DXvQFHWDWV SUHRFXSHHFRQRPLúWLL
VRFLRORJLL RDPHQLL SROLWLFL PDL FX VHDP  SH OD  ,QWHUHVXO D GHYHQLW úL PDL
DFXW GXS  U VFRDOHOH GLQ  SURGXVH vQ PDUWLH vQ MXGH HOH ,DORPL D 3UDKRYD
9ODúFD ,OIRY 7RWRGDW  vQ SUHDMPDvQWLPSXOúLLPHGLDWGXS U VFRDOHOH U QHúWL
GLQ SULP YDUD DQXOXL  DJHQGD GH LGHL D YUHPLL D FRQVHPQDW DSDUL LD XQRU
LQFLWDQWHOXFU UL3UREOHPDDJUDU úLGH]OHJDUHDHL (1903), de Constantin Garoflid;
3URSULHWDWHD UXUDO  úL FKHVWLXQHD U QHDVF   GH *' &UHDQJ ;
3URSULHWDWHD UXUDO  vQ 5RPkQLD (1907), de Constantin Garoflid; Pentru ce s-au
U VFXODW UDQLL(1908), de Radu Rosetti etc. Acestora li s-DUSXWHDDG XJDHVHXOOXL
I.L. Caragiale, 'LQSULP YDU SkQ -QWRDPQ ,GDUúL1HRLRE JLD (1910), de
Constantin Dobrogeanu-*KHUHDúLVHULDGHDQDOL]HGLQUHYLVWD9LD D5RPkQHDVF ,
datorate lui Constantin Stere.
3DUWH GLQ UDSRDUWHOH FRPDQGDQ LORU GH WUXSH FDUH DX IRVW WULPLúL SHQWUX
SRWROLUHD U VFRDOHORU DX IRVW SXEOLFDWH GH 9DVLOH 0 .RJ OQLFHDQX vQ Chestiunea
U QHDVF   5DSRDUWHOH HYLGHQ LD]  DP QXQ LW DF LXQHD U VFXOD LORU
H[FHVHOHORUP VXULOHOXDWHGDUFHOHPDLPXOWHVHRFXS úLGHFDX]HOHPLúF ULORU
6H DILUP  F DXIRVWLQVWLJDWRULORFDOLIRúWLSULPDULFkUFLXPDULHWFúLLQVWLJDWRUL
YHQL L GLQ DOWH VDWH úL SRDWH GLQ %XFXUHúWL 8QLL RIL HUL FUHG F  úL SURSDJDQGD
SROLWLF DSXWXWILIHUPHQWDODJLWD LHL7R LDGDXJ vQV F DFHVWHvPSUHMXU ULQ-ar
IL DYXW FRQVHFLQ H GDF  Q-ar fi existat motive reale GH QHPXO XPLUH DOH V WHQLORU
ÌQWUHDFHVWHDVHFLWHD] DGPLQLVWUD LDUHDOLSVDGHWHUHQSHQWUXOXFUXvQYRLHOLJUHOH
FXDUHQGDúLL$FHVWHFRQVWDW ULH[SOLF P FDUvQSDUWHPDQLIHVW ULOH UDQLORU&H
UH]XOW  GHFL" &LW P GLQ vQFKHLHUHD UDSRUWXOXL WULPLs de colonelul Iacob Lahovari,
FDUH YD IL PLQLVWUX úL IUXQWDú DO SDUWLGXOXL FRQVHUYDWRU „Acest memoriu cuprinde
WRDWH REVHUYD LXQLOH FH DP SXWXW FXOHJH vQ DFHDVW  JUDY  FUL]  DVXSUD F UHLD
RDPHQLL QRúWUL GH VWDW DX PXOW GH JkQGLW úL GH I FXW F FL GLQ Qenorocire, nu se
SRDWH FRQVLGHUD FD VIkUúLW  úL YD IL vQF  DPHQLQ WRDUH SkQ  FH VH YRU SXWHD
vQGHSOLQLP VXULOHPHQLWHDvPEXQ W LVRDUWD UDQXOXLúLDFHOHDFDULWUHEXLHVFV 
ULGLFHDXWRULWDWHDúLUHVSHFWXOIRU HLSXEOLFH´3.
Concluziile formulate de IaFRE/DKRYDULVXQWvPS UW úLWHúLGHDO LLúLDúDVH
H[SOLF GHFHRDPHQLLSROLWLFLvQFHSV PHGLWH]HDVXSUDORU7R LVXQWGHDFRUGF R
UHIRUP WUHEXLHUHDOL]DW QHJUHúLW
ÌQ SURJUDPXO ORU GLQ  OLEHUDOLL DILUP  F  ÄVH YRU FUHD LQVWLWX LXQL
QD LRQDOH FDUH YRU DYHD GUHSW VFRS GH D vQOHVQL UDQLORU FXPS UDUHD GH
SURSULHW L SDUWLFXODUH´ DGLF  R vPSURSULHW ULUH GDU I U  H[SURSULHUH DGLF  I U 
REOLJD LDSHQWUXSURSULHWDULGHDYLQGH UDQLORUPRúLLOHVDXS U LGLQHOH,QVWLWX LD
la care se gândeau ei HUD&DVD5XUDO 
ÌQV vPSUHMXU ULOHQXDXSHUPLVSXQHUHDvQSUDFWLF DSURJUDPXOXLFKHVWLXQHD
U PkQkQGvQVXVSHQVLH
6SLUX+DUHWVHDUDW H[WUHPGHSUHRFXSDWGHSUREOHP ÄÌQWLPSXOGLQXUP  -
scria el - FKHVWLD D OXDW XQ FDUDFWHU DPHQLQ WRU SH FDUH QX-l avea înainte.
6FKLPEDUHD DGXV  vQ FRQGL LLOH VRFLDOH DOH U QLPLL SULQ GLYHUVHOH OHJL GH

3
Gheorghe Adamescu, 9LD D úL DFWLYLWDWHD OXL 6SLUX +DUHW Editura Cartea
5RPkQHDVF %XFXUHúWLS
12
vPSURSULHW ULUH SULQ vQILLQ DUHD GUXPXULORU GH ILHU SULQ O UJLUHD WHUHQXULORU
FXOWLYDWH úL SULQ vQILLQ DUHD GH DGHY UDWH WUXVWXUL GH DUHQGDúL VWUHLQL D SXV OD
orGLQHD]LOHLSUREOHPHFDUHDFXPFk LYDDQLQXHUDXFXQRVFXWHúLDF URUDPkQDUH
constituie un pericol din ce în ce mai mare”.
ùWLXW ILLQG F  UDQLL VH SOkQJHDX GH OLSVD GH S PkQW +DUHW VH RFXS  GH
DFHDVW  FHUHUH úL DUDW  FXP V-DX vQVWU LQDW SURSULHW LOH LQWUDWH vQ VW SkQLUHD
V WHQLORU–SULQYkQ] ULúLSULQDUHQG ULúLFXPV-DXIUDF LRQDWSULQWUHFHUHGHODR
JHQHUD LH OD DOWD (YLGHQ LD]  DSRL QHDMXQVXULOH vPSURSULHW ULULL SULQ H[SURSULHUH
GLQPRúLLOHSDUWLFXODUH6ROX LDHUDFD UDQLLV FXPSHUHS PkQWGLQSURSULHW LOH
VWDWXOXLúLDOHLQVWLWX LLORUSXEOLFHúLGLQSURSULHW LOHSDUWLFXODUHVFRDVHODYkQ]DUH
$FHVWDVHGRYHGHúWHDILSXQFWXOQHYUDOJLFDOSUREOHPHLDVXSUDF UXLD6SLUX
+DUHW VHRSUHúWHúL-OFHUFHWHD] FXWRDW DWHQ LD3RDWHSURSULHWDUXOFDUHGHEXQ -
YRLHvúLYLQGHPRúLDVDXFUHGLWRUXOFDUHRVFRDWHODYkQ]DUHV RYkQG vQORWXUL
DGLF  V  WUDWH]H FX ]HFL GH FXPS U WRUL" 'H XQGH V  LD UDQLL EDQL FD V  DFKLWH
FRVWXOORWXULORUGDF DFHVWOXFUXDUILDGPLVGHF WUHYkQ] WRU"vQtreba Spiru Haret.
/D DFHVWH vQWUHE UL OHJLWLPH V-au formulat, în decursul anilor, mai multe
VROX LL ÌQWUXFkW HUD DSURDSH LPSRVLELO GHSUHVXSXVF YkQ] WRUXODUGRULV YkQG 
PRúLD vQ ORWXUL V-D SURSXV FD V WHQLL V  VH FRQVWLWXLH vQ REúWH ÌQV  FLQH V  dea
V WHQLORUEDQLLQHFHVDULúLFLQHV vPSDUW DSRLS PkQWXOPHPEULORUREúWHL"
3URLHFWXO &DVHL 5XUDOH GLQ  SUHYHGHD FD DFHDVW  LQVWLWX LH V  FXPSHUH
RULFHPRúLHHUDGHYkQ]DUHúLDSRLV RYkQG vQORWXULV WHQLORU8QLLDGYHUVDULDL
Casei Rurale prRSXQHDXFDVWDWXOvQVXúLV IDF DFHVWOXFUX
6SLUX +DUHW D IRVW vPSRWULYD DFHVWRU P VXUL GLQ GRX  PRWLYH  GDF  VWDWXO
HVWH FXPS U WRU GH PRúLL vQ PLQWHD V WHQLORU VH YD vQW UL LGHHD F  DFHVWD DUH
WRWGHDXQDPRúLLúLWUHEXLHV OHGHDFXPS UDUHDPRúLLORUSDUWLFXODUHGHF WUHVWDW
SRDWH IL PLMORF GH VDWLVIDFHUH D LQWHUHVHORU SDUWL]DQLORU SROLWLFL SURSULHWDUL úL SULQ
DFHDVWDYRUILGH]DYDQWDMD LV WHQLLFDUHFXPS U S PkQWFHYRUSO WLSUH XULPDL
PDULVDXYDILS JXELW DYHUHDVWDWXOXLvQFD]XOvQFDUHDFHVWDDUYLQGHPRúLDPDL
LHIWLQGHFkWDFXPS UDW-o.
'H DFHHD 6SLUX +DUHW SURSXQH V  VH vQILLQ H]H R %DQF  U QHDVF  DO F UHL
FDSLWDOV ILHIXUQL]DWGHVWDWúLGHSDUWLFXODUL$WXQFLFkQGRPRúLHHVWHGHYkQ]DUH
V  VH VWDELOHDVF  XQ WHUPHQ SkQ  OD FDUH V  VH FRQVWDWH GDF  VXQW GRULWRUL V-o
FXPSHUH UDQLL GH SH DFHD PRúLH VDX DO LL 'DF  VXQW DVWIHO GH GRULWRUL HL V  VH
FRQVWLWXLHvQDVRFLD LHFRQIRUPOHJLLV WUDWH]HFXSURSULHWDUXOúLGDF VHvQ HOHJ
V GHSXQ RSDUWHGLQSUH LDUUHVWXOV -OLDFXvPSUXPXWGHOD%DQF SO WLQGDSRL
în rate.
ÌQDFHODúLWLPS6SLUX+DUHWFRQVLGHU vQWU-un articol intitulat 8QU VSXQV
d-lui Take IonescuF LQVWLWX LDFDUH-LYDDMXWDSH UDQLV FXPSHUHS PkQWGHOD
proprietari – oricum s-ar numi – treEXLH V  ILH I FXW  FX FDSLWDO URPkQHVF úL FX
participarea statului. &XP" VH vQWUHDE Haret: Ä5H]ROYDUHD FKHVWLHL U QHúWL FHD
PDL YDVW  FHD PDL FRPSOLFDW  úL FHD PDL SHULFXORDV  SUREOHP  GLQ DFHOH FDUH
LQWHUHVHD]  DUDUHJXODUHDUDSRUWXULORUGLQWUHSURSULHWDULúL UDQL«DSODQDUHD
QHvQ HOHJHULLúLQHvQFUHGHULLFDUHGHVSDUWDFXPSHXQLLGHDO LL«GHVOHJDUHDXQHL
VLWXD LXQL GH OD FDUH DWkUQ  vQV úL H[LVWHQ D ULL V  ILH O VDW  OD GLVFUH LD
EDQFKHULORUVWU LQLDF URUVLQJXU SUHRFXSDUHDUILV DLE GLYLGHQGHúLSHQWUX
13
FDUHLQWHUHVHOH ULLQLFLQXYRUH[LVWDvQDLQWHDLQWHUHVXOXLSXQJLLORU´"ùLGXS FH
DUDW WRDWHULVFXULOHXQHLDVHPHQHDLQVWLWX LLDILUP FXW ULHÄ'DWRULDQRDVWU HVWH
V  RSULP FX RULFH SUH  úL SULQ WRDWH PLMORDFHOH SRVLELOH vQI SWXLUHD DFHVWHL
PRQVWUXR]LW LI U SUHFHGHQW´4.
7RWRGDW GHRDUHFHWUDQVPLWHUHDGHSURSULHWDWHVHYDUHDOL]DWUHSWDWúLQXPDL
vQDQXPLWH]RQHDOH ULL+DUHWSURSXQHV VHRIHUH UDQLORUSRVLELOLWDWHDV LDvQ
DUHQG WRWVXEIRUP GHREúWHPRúLLOHFDUHQXSRWILFXOWLYDWHGHSURSULHWDULùLvQ
DFHDVW SULYLQ +DUHWFRQVLGHU F VWDWXODI FXWRPDUHHURDUHGkQGPRúLLOHVDOH
DUHQGDúLORU SULQ OLFLWD LH SHQWUX D RE LQH SUH XUL FkW PDL PDUL„S-a purtat ca cel
PDLU XPDLQHPLORVúLPDLQHSUHY ] WRUSroprietar”.
$FHVWH[HPSOXDOVWDWXOXLDIRVWLPLWDWGHLQVWLWX LLOHFXFDUDFWHUSXEOLFúLGH
proprietarii particulari. Astfel s-au format trusturi, mai ales în Moldova, care –
SHQWUXDRE LQHDUHQ]LOHGLQFHvQFHPDLULGLFDWHFHUXWHGHSURSULHWDUL– au exploatat
FUkQFHQPXQFDV WHQLORU
Studiul &KHVWLD U QHDVF VHRFXS úLGHDOWHSUREOHPHFXUROvQVHPQDWvQ
SURS úLUHD VW ULL UDQLORU V WHQLL V  vQYH H V  DUH ELQH V  DOWHUQH]H FXOWXULOH V 
VHPHQH úL V  FXOHDJ  OD WLPS V  XWLOL]H]H V PkQ  GH FDOLWDWH V  FXOWLYH
OHJXPLQRDVH V  FXOWLYH IkQH H DUWLILFLDOH V  VH DVLJXUH YkQ]DUHD SURGXVHORU OD
SUH XULFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHvQGHS UWkQGX-VHLQWHUPHGLDULLVSHFXODQ L„începând de la
PLVLWXOGHFHUHDOHúLPHUJkQGSkQ ODFkUFLXPDUXOGLQVDW´. În acest scop trebuie
V VHLPSOLFHDVRFLD LLOHGHYkQ]DUHvQFRPXQV OHYLQ vQDMXWRUGLUHF LDGRFXULORU
úLVLOR]XULORUHWF
6SLUX +DUHW DFRUG  R DWHQ LH GHRVHELW  FKHVWLXQLL WRFPHOLORU DJULFROH 6H
ULGLF vQDFHVWFD]SULQFLSLXOOLEHUW LORUvQYRLHOLORU'DU„pentrXFDSULQFLSLXOV 
ILHVLQFHUDSOLFDWWUHEXLHFDFHOHGRX S U LFRQWUDFWDQWHV GLVSXQ vQPRGHJDO
GHOLEHUWDWHDKRW UkULORUORU´'HDFHHD6SLUX+DUHWDSURSXVRVHULHGHP VXULGH
SURWHF LHSHQWUXV WHQL$OWHSURSXQHULVXQWDVLJXUDUHDUHFROWHORUvPpotriva secetei,
JULQGLQLLúLIRFXOXLDVLJXUDUHDDQLPDOHORUvPSRWULYDHSL]RRWLLORUúLIXUWXOXL% QFLOH
SRSXODUHvLYRUDMXWDSHV WHQLúLvQDFHVWIHOOHYRUIDFHRYHULWDELO HGXFD LHSHQWUX
HFRQRPLVLUHúLSHQWUXDILSUHY ] WRUL
Spiru Haret este preRFXSDW úL GH SUREOHPD DGPLQLVWUD LHL UXUDOH FDUH OD
YUHPHD VD O VD PXOW GH GRULW 3UHIHFWXO VXESUHIHFWXO SULPDUXO úL QRWDUXO ILHFDUH
SRDWH úL WUHEXLH V  DLE  XQ PDUH URO vQ YLD D VDWXOXL úL D V WHQLORU vQ SULYLQ D
UDSRUWXULORU GLQWUH HL úL SURSULHWDUL $O WXUL GH HL R FRQWULEX LH PDMRU  WUHEXLH V 
DLE vQY WRULLúLSUHR LL
ÌQ ILQDOXO DQDOL]HL VDOH +DUHW VH RSUHúWH DVXSUD SUREOHPHL DOFRROLVPXOXL GH
FDUHVHRFXSDVHPXOWvQWLPSXOFkQGDIRVWPLQLVWUXDOúFROLORU
3URIXQG  FRQYLQV GH DGHY UXO SUH]HQWDW úL VXV LQXW GH HO vQ  úL 
Spiru Haret s-DVLP LWREOLJDWFkQGDXvQFHSXWPLúF ULOH U QHúWLV SXEOLFHOD
martie 1907, în 9RLQ D 1D LRQDO  XQ DUWLFRO vQ FDUH H[SOLF  IDSWHOH SHWUHFXWH
SUH]LQW P VXULOHHURQDWHOXDWHGHJXYHUQXOFRQVHrvator în 1905–VXV LQkQGF 
JXYHUQXOHVWHUHVSRQVDELOSHQWUXFHHDFHVHvQWkPSO Ä&HOHFHVHvQWkPSO DFXP
au fost prezise; evenimentele s-DXY ]XWYHQLQG´.

4
Operele lui Spiru Haret,YRO9,,,SúLXUP
14
 Prin urmare, vina este a celor care n-DXDYXWFDSDFLWDWHDV YDG „Guvernul a
avut puterea vQPkQ WLPSGHGRLDQLvQHSRFDFHDPDLSURVSHU SHQWUXVWDWGLQ
FkWHVH LQPLQWH$UILSXWXWvQYUHPHDDFHDVWDV IDF IRDUWHPXOWSHQWUXXúXUDUHD
FODVHL U QHúWL«´ùLFHDI FXW"$P ULWLPSR]LWXOIXQFLDUDO UDQLORUDvQILLQ DW
loteria de stat, D SHUVHFXWDW E QFLOH SRSXODUH D vPSLHGLFDW UHXQLUHD UDQLORU vQ
REúWLLSHQWUXDOXDPRúLLvQDUHQG DvQFXUDMDWIRUPDUHDGHWUXVWXULDUHQG úHúWLGH
F WUHVWU LQL
'XS  FXP VH FXQRDúWH U VFRDOD GLQ  vQ EXúLW  FX SUH XO D QHQXP UD L
PRU LúLD]HFLGHVDWHGLVWUXVHDSXVvQFUXG OXPLQ IUDJLOLWDWHDHFKLOLEUXOXLVRFLDO
úL QHFHVLWDWHD UHVWUXFWXU ULL UHOD LLORU DJUDUH 6XE LQIOXHQ D VWkQJLL OLEHUDOH úL FX
DFRUGXO UHJHOXL SURJUDPXO SDUWLGXOXL OLEHUDO GLQ  D DGPLV LGHHD GH UHIRUP 
prin expropriereaPDULLSURSULHW L'HFUHWXOOHJHDIRVWHPLVGH)HUGLQDQGvQ
vQ WUDQúHHOH GLQ 0ROGRYD 5HIRUPD YD IL SXV  vQ DSOLFDUH GXS  SULPXO U ]ERL
mondial, în 1921.
&XPHUDGHDúWHSWDWVWXGLXO&KHVWLD U QHDVF DSURYRFDWGLVFX LLDSULQVHvQ
presa timpului5$GYHUVDULLV LSROLWLFLQ-DXY ]XWLPSRUWDQ DSUREOHPHORUSHFDUH
le-D VHPQDODW +DUHW ÌQ OXFUDUHD VD +DUHW D VXEOLQLDW JUHúHDOD WXWXURU JXYHUQHORU
FDUHDXWHUJLYHUVDWUH]ROYDUHDFKHVWLXQLL U QHúWL2ELHFWLYLWDWHDúLVLQFHULWDWHDOXL
Haret au fost socRWLWH GH XQLL FD R OHF LH GDW  SDUWLGXOXL OLEHUDO úL FD RGRYDG GH
„FXUDM GH DGHY UDW UHYROX LRQDU´ $FHVW FXUDM D IRVW FULWLFDW GH DO LL FX GHRVHELW 
DVSULPH 8Q ]LDU FRQVHUYDWRU FRQVLGHUD F  OXFUDUHD OXL +DUHW vQ FDUH Ähidra
VRFLDOLVPXOXL UkQMHúWH”, este „R ERPE  H[SOR]LELO  DUXQFDW  GH XQ DQDUKLVW
LQFRQúWLHQW´ ED FKLDU IRUPXOHD]  DFX]D LD F  6SLUX +DUHW XUP UHúWH XQ VFRS
SHUVRQDOúLDQWLVRFLDOF GLQWU-un „matematic calculator rece a devenit un agitator
]Y S LDW´
&RQVHUYDWRULLDXULGLFXOL]DWVW UXLQ DOXL+DUHWGHDF XWDRVROX LHPDLEXQ 
SHQWUXDVDWLVIDFHFHULQ D UDQLORUGHDGREkQGLS PkQWGHOXFUX2JD]HW JXYHUQD-
PHQWDO  $F LXQHD GLQ  VFULD UHIHULWRU OD DFHDVW  SUREOHP  Ä'XS  FH D
UHJXODULVLW VRDUWD vQY PkQWXOXL G +DUHW HULMDW în mare om de stat, s-a apucat
DFXPV VWDELOHDVF QRUPDIHULFLULL UDQLORU´.
'HVLJXU SHQWUX FLWLWRUXO GH DVW ]L YD IL GHVWXO GH JUHX V  vQ HOHDJ  FXP
DFHHDúL VFULHUH SXWHD IL vQ DFHODúL WLPS R ÄERPE  DQDUKLVW ´ úL V  VXV LQ  R
„VROX LXQHFRQVHUYDWRDUe”!

&KHVWLXQHD U QHDVF –RFDX] QD LRQDO IXQGDPHQWDO

(VWH SURIXQG VHPQLILFDWLY IDSWXO F  6SLUX +DUHW  PLQLVWUX úL IUXQWDú OLEHUDO
úL-a conceput lucrarea6FDXQPHPRULXSHQWUXSDUWLGXOV XFDRFULWLF GHVFKLV OD
adresa conservatorilor din epRF  ÄvQF  GHSDUWH GH D-úL GD VHDPD GH JUDYLWDWHD
VLWXD LXQLL úL GH vPSUHMXU ULOH vQ FDUH VH DIO  DUD´. El ajungea la concluzia,
HQXQ DW úLFDSUHPLV GHOXFUXSRWULYLWF UHLDUH]ROYDUHDîn întregime a chestiunii

5
Gheorghe Adamescu, op. cit., p. 320-322.
6
Spiru C. Haret, &KHVWLD U QHDVF  Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl,
%XFXUHúWL
15
 U QHúWL ÄLQWURGXFHUHD U QLPLL FD IDctor activ úL LQWHOLJHQW vQ YLD D QRDVWU  GH
stat” constituie o FDX]  QD LRQDO  IXQGDPHQWDO  o întreprindere „destul de
VHULRDV  SHQWUX FD WRDWH SDUWLGHOH SROLWLFH V  XUPH]H GH FRPXQ DFRUG R OLQLH GH
SXUWDUHvQGUHSWDW VSUHDFHODúLVFRS´.
'XS FXPVHFXQRDúWHJHQHURDVDLGHHL-a adus, din partea unor lideri politici
FRQVHUYDWRULDFX]D LDQHGUHDSW GHÄLQVWLJDWRU´ODU VFRDOHLDUSDUWLGXOV XDMXQV
ODSXWHUHvQSOLQ YkOWRDUHúLRFXSDWFXRSULUHDÄSkUMROXOXL´L-a ignorat memoriul,
QX úL-a asumat „libertDWHD GH VSLULW QHFHVDU  SHQWUX D vQWUHSULQGH UH]ROYDUHD
FKHVWLHL U QHúWLvQvQWUHJLPHDHL´.
ÌQ DQDOL]D KDUHWLDQ  GH OD vQFHSXWXO DQXOXL  VFKLPEDUHD DGXV  vQ
FRQGL LLOHVRFLDOHDOH U QLPLLSULQGLYHUVHOHOHJLDQWHULRDUHGHvPSURSULHW ULUHSULQ
înfLLQ DUHDGUXPXULORUGHILHUSULQvQPXO LUHDúLvQOHVQLUHDUHOD LLORUFXVWU LQ WDWHD
SULQO UJLUHDWHUHQXULORUFXOWLYDWHúLXOWHULRUSULQvQILLQ DUHDXQRUDGHY UDWHWUXVWXUL
GHDUHQGDúLVWU LQLÄDXSXVODRUGLQHD]LOHLSUREOHPHFDULDFXPFk LYDDQLQX erau
FXQRVFXWHúLDF URUDPkQDUHFRQVWLWXLHXQSHULFROGLQFHvQFHPDLPDUH´.
$YHUWLVPHQWXOOXL6SLUX+DUHWLQYLWD LDVDODVROX LLFRQFUHWHLPHGLDWHúLGH
SHUVSHFWLY  SRUQHDX GH OD FRQVLGHUHQWXO F  SUREOHPD U QHDVF  OD vQFHSXWXO
secolului al XX-lea, „QX HUD XQD VLPSO ´ úL QX VH SXWHD UH]ROYD ÄSULQ R IRUPXO 
XQLF ”. Ä'LQ FRQWU – scria el –, FODVD U QHDVF  DUH QHYRL PXOWLSOH GH
vQVHPQ WDWHQHHJDOHGDUGLQFDUHQLFLXQDQXWUHEXLHO VDW ODRSDUWHF FLWRDWH
VHOHDJ vQWUHHOHúLUH]ROYDUHDXQRUDLQIOXHQ HD] DVXSUDUH]ROY ULLFHORUODOWH'H
DFHHD DP VRFRWLW F  VH FXYLQH V  QX WUHF VXE W FHUH QLPLF GLQ FHOH FDUL PL V-au
S UXWF SRWFRQWULEXLODUH]ROYDUHDGLILFXOW LORUPDULúLPLFL´.
& O X]LWGHXQDVHPHQHDSULQFLSLXVRFLRORJXOFDUHera Spiru Haret, între-
SULQGHRDQDOL] FRQFUHW DÄFKHVWLXQLL U QHúWL´UHXQLQGFODVLILFkQGúLFRPSDUkQG
GDWHOHÄSUREOHPHL´RIHULQGVROX LLDOWHUQDWLYHGHVFKLVHF WUHrealitatea româneas-
F  vQ PLúFDUH F WUH YLLWRU DSUHFLLQG F  GDWRULW  ÄS PkQWXOXL fertil ce are,
5RPkQLD DU SXWHD KU QL FX vQOHVQLUH R SRSXOD LH GH WUHL RUL PDL PDUH´, dar,
GHRFDPGDW WUHEXLQGDDF LRQDFDÄFHOSX LQSRSXOD LDFHDYHPV WU LDVF ELQHúL
PXO XPLW ”.
ÌQ DFHVW VHQV PHPRULXO KDUHWLVW vQWHPHLDW SH FXQRDúWHUHD UHDOLW LOor,
SURSXQHD XQ DQVDPEOX FRHUHQW GH VROX LL ÄGH D VH vQOHVQL UDQLORU SXWLQ D GH D
GHYHQLSURSULHWDULGHDVHFUHDúLDOLVHvQOHVQLSXWLQ DGHDILDUHQGDúLGHDIL
SXúLvQSR]L LHV VFRDW XQIRORVPDLPDUHGHFkWFHOGHDVW ]LGLQS PkQWXULOHFH
voUFXOWLYDILHFDSURSULHWDULILHFDDUHQGDúLGHDOLVHDVLJXUDVW SkQLUHDHIHFWLY 
D S PkQWXOXL ORU I FkQGX-VH LPSRVLELOH DUHQGDUHD OXL F WUH F P WDUL VDX DOWH
FKLSXULGHH[SURSULHUHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQGLVLPXODW V VHLDP VXULSHQWUXD
se evitDIUDF LRQDUHDLQGHILQLW DSURSULHW LL U QHúWLDVHOXDP VXULFD UDQLL
V ILHVFXWL LFkWPDLPXOWVHYDSXWHDGHH[SORDWDUHDPLMORFLWRULORUGHRULFHIHOFD
HL V  ILH DVLJXUD L FRQWUD QHQRURFLULORU PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX LQ SHULRGLFH VDX
accidentale,FDVHFHWDJULQGLQDIRFXOHSLGHPLLOHHSL]RRWLLOHFDHLV ILHDS UD L
vQ PRG VLJXU FRQWUD IRDPHWHL V  VH SXQ  IUkX DOFRROLVPXOXL V  OL VH DVLJXUH R
MXVWL LHJUDEQLF FRPRG úLLHIWLQ V OLVHDVLJXUHRDGPLQLVWUD LHEXQ úLRQHVW 
V VHU VSkQGHDVF ODVDWHFXOWXUDLQWHOHFWXDO FkW HVWHLQGLVSHQVDELO ´.

16
 (UDXQDGHY UDWSURJUDPFRPSOH[úLFRQVWUXFWLYGHHPDQFLSDUHDYLH LLVDWXOXL
úL U QLPLL DSOLFDELO FX PRGLILF ULOH GH ULJRDUH RULFkQG SH SDUFXUVXO VHFROXOXL
care a trecut, inclusiv în anii tUDQ]L LHLGHGXS GHFHPEULHGDUÄXLWDW´U PDV
în „proiect”.
&DSDFLWDWHD HYLGHQW  GH DQDOL]  úL VLQWH]  D RPXOXL GH úWLLQ  FRQúWLHQW GH
vQGDWRULULOH VDOH VRFLDOH WU V WXUL FH DYHDX V  VH DILUPH úL vQ OXFU UL XOWHULRDUH
îndeosebi în Mecanica social  SRUQHDX GH OD FRQYLQJHUHD F  GDWRULD WXWXURU FHORU
FKHPD LV VHRFXSHGHWUHEXULOHSXEOLFHÄFRQVW vQWUHDOWHOHúLSRDWHvQSULPXOUkQG
vQ D VHPQDOD úL H[DPLQD FX RQHVWLWDWH FDX]HOH FDUH VWDX vQ FDOHD UH]ROY ULL
SUREOHPHORUVRFLDOHDF XWDV GHVFLIUH]HOHJLOHFHJXYHUQHD] ´0DLDOHVF ÄH[LVW 
úLXQLLFDUHGLQVLPSOLWDWHLQWHUHVVDXUHD-FUHGLQ vPSRY UHD] YLD DSXEOLF FX
PXOWHFRQWUDDGHY UXUL«úLDVWIHOFHHDFHVHFKHDP SROLWLF QXHVWHGHPXOWHRUL
GHFkW R WH[WXU  GH H[SHGLHQWH GH PHVFKLQH VXEWLOLW L GH PLFL LQWULJL GH MRVQLFLL
P UXQWH–FDUHGHDOWIHOQXVXQWWRWGHDXQDDWkWGHP UXQWH–vQORFV ILHFHHDFH
DUWUHEXLV ILHRúWLLQ IRDUWHGLILFLO FO GLW vQV SHED]HVLJXUHúLVROLGH´7.
&UH]XOOXL6SLUX+DUHWVSHUDQ DúLidealurile patriotului, îndemnurile sale se
vQGUHSWDX vQ SOLQ SURFHV GH PRGHUQL]DUH D VRFLHW LL URPkQHúWL GH FRQVWUXF LH úL
DILUPDUHDVWDWXOXLQD LRQDOVSUHFXQRDúWHUHDDSURIXQGDW DUHDOLW LORUDREVWDFR-
OHORU vQ FDOHD SURJUHVXOXL úL F XWDUHD XQRU VROX LL LQWHOLJHQWH UD LRQDOH SHQWUX
RULFDUH GLQWUH SUREOHPHOH H[LVWHQ HL VRFLDOH úL LQGLYLGXDOH (O FRQVLGHUD F  vQ
rezolvarea tuturor problemelor, cu atât mai mult a celor vitale, fundamentale, calea
RSWLP  R UHSUH]LQW  PRELOL]DUHD UHVXUVHORU PDWHULDOH úL XPDQH DVLJXUDUHD
LQWHUYHQ LHL DFWLYH D IDFWRULORU HFRQRPLFL LQWHOHFWXDOL úL PRUDOL DGHY UDWH ÄIRU H
generative ale dinamicii sociale”.
3RUQLQGGHODFRQGL LLOHLVWRULFR-sociale ale timpului, urmându-úLFRQVHFYHQW
FRQYLQJHULOHúWLLQ LILFH6SLUX+DUHWúL-a pus întreaga activitate, mai ales din sfera
vQY PkQWXOXL úL HGXFD LHL vQ VHUYLFLXO ÄYLH LL FD IRU  VRFLDO ´ DO VWLPXO ULL
FRQWLQXHDDF LXQLLGHHPDQFLSDUHDLQGLYL]LORU
ÌQFRQFHS LDKDUHWLDQ ÄUHIRUPDVW ULL UDQLORU´QXSXWHDILFRPSOHW GDF 
nu lua în considerare dimensiunile „PRUDO  úL LQWHOHFWXDO ´ GDW  ILLQG WULVWD
UHDOLWDWHF Ä UDQLLDXIRVWQHGUHSW L LSkQ úLODGLVWULEXLUHDvQY WXULLF FLSH
FkQGvQWRDWHFHOHODOWHUDPXULGHvQY PkQWV-DXvQILLQ DWWRDWHúFROLOHQHFHVDUH«
îQY PkQWXO SULPDU UXUDO QX DUH GHFkW GRX  WLSXUL GLQ QXP UXO GH úFROL úL
vQY WRULFDUHDUILQHFHVDULvQWUHJLLSRSXOD LL U QHúWL´CumÄQLFLRUHIRUP QX
SRDWHILWHPHLQLF GDF QXYDILVSULMLQLW SHOXPLQDUHDSRSRUXOXL´, ar fi „imposibil
V DVSLU PODORFXOODFDUHUkYQLPSULQWUHSRSRDUHOHFXOWHSHFkW YUHPHGLQ
SRSRUXOQRVWUXQXúWLHQLFLV FLWHDVF QLFLV VFULH´
/DWRDWHDFHVWHD6SLUX+DUHWDG XJDQHFHVLWDWHDXQRUFXUVXULSHQWUXDGXO LFHUFXUL
úLúH] WRULFXOWXUDOHFXSDUWLFLSDUHDvQY WRULORUúLSUHR LORUDVSHFWGHFDUHV-a ocupat
GLUHFWFDPLQLVWUXDOúFROLORUÌQFRQFHS LDOXLUHIRUPHOHVRFLDOHLQFOXVLYVROX LRQDUHDvQ
SURIXQ]LPHDSUREOHPHL U QHúWLQXVHSXWHDXvPSOLQLGHFkWÄSULQFXOWXU SULQRYLD 
PDLEXQ SULQvQ HOHJHUHDFkWPDLH[DFW DURVWXOXLQRVWUXvQOXPHSULQGH]YROWDUHDFkW
PDLPDUHDVLP XOXLGHLXELUHGH DU úLGHPkQGULHGHQHDP´

7
Spiru Haret, 0HFDQLFDVRFLDO  Editura Gramar, %XFXUHúWLS-10.
17
 3RUQLQG GH OD FRQúWLLQ D FRPSOH[LW LL GH LQWHUHVH vQ VRFLHWDWH GH UHJXO 
GLYHUJHQWH6SLUX+DUHWVHJkQGHDODGDWRULDIRU HORUSXEOLFHGHDXUP ULúLUHVWDELOL
„echilibrul corpului social´ vQGHPQkQG FHUFHWDUHD VRFLRORJLF  VSUH DQDOL]D úL
HYDOXDUHD FRQFUHW  GLIHUHQ LDW  úL UD LRQDO  D IHQRPHQHORU (O SUHFL]D F  „nu
DMXQJHFDVXPDEXQ VW ULLHFRQRPLFHLQWHOHFWXDOHúLPRUDOHDXQHLVRFLHW LV ILH
PDUHPDLHVWHQHFHVDUFDHDV ILHUHSDUWL]DW FkWVHSRDWHGHDUPRQLRVvQPDVD
VRFLDO  F FL HVWH JUHX V  QXPLP ERJDW  VDX FXOW  R VRFLHWDWH vQ FDUH DYX LLOH
FRORVDOHDOHFkWRUYDLQGLYL]LVHULGLF GHDVXSUDXQHLPXO LPLGHvQIRPHWD L sau în
FDUHS WXUDVXE LUHGHLQWHOHFWXDOLPDVFKHD] úLDVFXQGHPDVDGHMRVFDUH]DFHvQ
LJQRUDQ  'DF  YUHXQ LGHDO WUHEXLH XUP ULW HO WUHEXLH F XWDW QXPDL vQ DFHDVW 
GLUHF LH F FL VH SRDWH FRQFHSH IRDUWH ELQH R VWDUH VRFLDO  vQ FDUH LQGLYL]LL V -úL
aiE  SDUWHD ORU VXILFLHQW  GLQ WRDWH IRORDVHOH FLYLOL]D LHL úL GDF  DWLQJHUHD XQXL
DVHPHQHDLGHDODSDUHGLILFLO HVWHWRWXúLSHUPLVV VHIDF PHUHXHIRUWXULSHQWUXD
QHDSURSLDGHHOFkWPDLPXOWFXSXWLQ ´
Ideile haretiene constructive, demersurile prDFWLFHFXUDMRDVHúLLQWHOLJHQWHvúL
DX RULJLQHD vQ VSLULWXO GHPRFUDWLF GH GUHSWDWH VRFLDO  vQ FDSDFLWDWHD FUHDWRDUH
UHPDUFDELO vQGUDJRVWHDGH DU FDUHO-DXDQLPDWWRWWLPSXODFWLYLW LLSXEOLFHSH
Spiru Haret 3RWULYLW XQRU H[HJH L HO D DMXQV OD DFHDVW  SR]L LH SH ED]D XQHL
vQGHOXQJDWHSUDFWLFLVRFLDOHILLQGvQVXIOH LWGHVSLULWXODFWLYLVPXOXLVRFLDOFKLDUGH
OD vQFHSXW DFHDVW  RULHQWDUH FRQVHFYHQW-XPDQLVW  VHUYLQGX-L GUHSW F O X] 
ILORVRILF 3UREDELOF DVHPHQHDvQFOLQD LLV-au dezvoltat împreXQ FRPSOHWkQGX-se
UHFLSURF SHQWUX D VH LQWHJUD vQ FHOH GLQ XUP  vQWU-R FRQFHS LH vQDLQWDW  GHVSUH
OXPHúLYLD vQWHRULDúLPDLDOHVpractica haretismului.

$ERUGDUHDKDUHWLDQ –PRGHOGHDQDOL] FRQVWUXFWLY FKHVWLXQHD

U QHDVF VXELQFLGHQ DLQWHJU ULLHXURSHQH

Studiul lui Spiru Haret, &KHVWLD U QHDVF HVWHFXVLJXUDQ QXQXPDLXQ

YDORURVGRFXPHQWLVWRULFFLúLXQPRGHOGHDQDOL] úLDERUGDUHFRQVWUXFWLY DXQHLD
GLQWUHSUREOHPHOHPDMRUHDOH ULL
ÌQ FRQFHS LD KDUHWLDQ  – YLDELO  úL DVW ]L GXS  RSLQLD QRDVWU  –, problema
U QLPLL D ORFXOXL úL UROXOXL HL vQ FDGUXO QD LXQLL ÄHVWH DúD GH YDVW  úL GH FRP-
SOLFDW  vQFkW VXQW GHVLJXU PXOWH OXFUXUL GH I FXW vQF ´ úL FKLDU GDF  V-DU J VL
ÄSHQWUXD]LRVROX LHFRPSOHFW HDQXYDPDLILVXILFLHQW SHVWHFkWYDWLPSFkQG
UHIDFHUHDvPSUHMXU ULORUYDDGXFHODVXSUDID DOWHQHYRL´.
6SLUX +DUHW HUD FRQYLQV F  DSOLFDUHD HIHFWLY  D SURSXQHULORU VDOH DU IDFH FD
SUREOHPD U QHDVF ÄV SLDUG FDUDFWHUXOHLGHJUDYLWDWH´O VkQGÄFRQGXF WRULORU
ULLWLPSXOúLOLEHUWDWHDGHVSLULWGHDVHJkQGLvQOLQLúWHúLGHDOXDúLDOWHP VXUL´.
,GHHDGRPLQDQW HUDGHDIDFHFDÄODUHDOL]DUHDUHIRUPHLIDFWRUXOSULQFLSDOV ILH
U QLPHDvQV úL´FRQVLGHUDW FDXQFRUSVRFLDO ÄDFWLYLQWHOLJHQWúLFRQúWLHQWvQ
ORFGHDRWUDWDFDSHXQFRUSLQHUWSHQWUXFDUHQXPDLVWDWXOWUHEXLHV IDF WRW´.
5RPkQLDDGH LQXWúLGH LQHSULQDJULFXOWXU RVXUV UHPDUFDELO FDSRWHQ LDO
GHGH]YROWDUH2VXSUDID DJULFRO GHDSURDSHGHKHFWDUHVROXODUDELO
GHEXQ FDOLWDWHFRQGL LLOHSHGRFOLPDWLFHWUDGL LDúLúWLLQ DOXFU ULLS PkQWXOXLVXQW
SUHPLVHWUDLQLFHSHQWUXFD DUDQRDVWU V SRDW RFXSDXQORFGHIUXQWHvQ(XURSD
18
'DU úL vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX WUDQ]L LD D SURGXV WUDQVIRUP UL DPSOH vQ FHD PDL PDUH
parte distUXFWLYH &D úL vQ FD]XO LQGXVWULHL VDX DO DOWRU UDPXUL DOH HFRQRPLHL
QD LRQDOHDúD-]LVHOHUHIRUPHDXvQVHPQDWFDSDFLW LGHSURGXF LHvQFKLVHPDúLQLúL
XWLODMH DJULFROH WUHFXWH OD ILHU YHFKL VXSUDIH H PDUL GH WHUHQ DUDELO O VDWH vQ
SDUDJLQ XQvQWUHJVLVWHPGHLULJD LLGLVWUXVVSHFLDOLúWLvQDJULFXOWXU úL]RRWHKQLH
GHYHQL L úRPHUL I U  QLFL R SHUVSHFWLY  'XS  FXP VH úWLH vQ PHGLXO UXUDO DO
WUDQ]L LHLQXSX LQHDF LXQLGLVWUXFWLYHGHOLEHUDWHVDXÄVSRQWDQH´DXGXVODSLHUGHUL
XULDúHúLODXQSURFHVGHV U FLUHGUDVWLF 
&DSFDQHOHWUDQ]L LHLSRVWVRFLDOLVWHLJQRUDUHDVDXRFROLUHDLQWHUHVXOXLQD LRQDO
DX JHQHUDW vQ Fk LYD DQL GLVIXQF LL PDMRUH vQ SODQ HFRQRPLFR-social, inclusiv în
DJULFXOWXU vQYLD DVDWXOXLURPkQHVF'XS UHVWLWXLUHDS PkQWXOXLF WUHIRúWLL
SURSULHWDULVDXXUPDúLLDFHVWRUDDIRVWvQVR LW GHGUDPHWHQVLXQLúLFRQIOLFWHPXOWH
ajunse la tribunal.
ÌQSURFHVXOvQF GHSDUWHGHDILvQFKHLDWDORULHQW ULLDJULFXOWXULLSHI JDúXO
HFRQRPLHL GH SLD  PDL VXQW PXOWH GH I FXW SHntru fructificarea criteriilor de
HILFLHQ  HFRQRPLF  HFRORJLF  úL VRFLDO  0DMRULWDWHD H[SORDWD LLORU DJULFROH
SDUWLFXODUHVXQWGHIDSWJRVSRG ULLSDUFHODUHGHVXE]LVWHQ LDUSURGXVHOHDJULFROH
DMXQJODRUDúHWUHFkQGSULQVLWDvQURELWRDUHDXQHLUH HOHPDILRWHGHVSHFXODQ L
/DSHVWHXQVHFROGHODDERUGDUHDÄFKHVWLXQLL U QHúWL´GHF WUH6SLUX+DUHW
VH SRDWH VSXQH F  vQ PXOWH SULYLQ H VDWXO URPkQHVF SDUH D VH IL vQWRUV PXOW vQ
WUHFXW 6LWXD LD GHVFULV  GH PRQRJUDILLOH VRFLRORJLFH UHDOL]DWH VXE conducerea lui
'LPLWULH *XVWL HVWH VLPLODU  FHOHL DFWXDOH $FHVWD FRQVWDWD FX DP U FLXQH F 
ÄDVSHFWXO JHQHUDO DO ILHF UHLD GLQ SUREOHPHOH PDUL DOH U QLPLL QRDVWUH
I UkPL DUHD SURSULHW LL PRUWDOLWDWHD H[FHVLY  GHILFLWXO GH QDúWHUL GLQ DQXPLWH
regiuQL DQDOIDEHWLVPXO H GH]E WXW DGHVHRUL /LSVHVF vQV  SUHFL]LXQLOH DVXSUD
U VSkQGLULLúLDFDX]DOLW LLORU&RQVHFLQ DHF QXSRWILvQWUHSULQVHGHFkWDF LXQL
IUDJPHQWDUH úL SX LQ SR]LWLYH FDUH vQO WXU  PDL PXOW VLPSWRPHOH GHFkW FDX]D«
$F LXQLOH HILFDFH FHU R GRFXPHQWDUH WHPHLQLF  $FXP VXSHUILFLDOLWDWHD úL GLOHWDQ-
WLVPXOVXQWPDLPXOWGHFkWvQDLQWHRFULP FRQWUDQD LXQLL´, iar pentru a se ajunge
ODVROX LLVDYDQWXOSDWULRWSOHGDSHQWUX„determinarea focarului problemelor mari
DOH5RPkQLHLUXUDOHúLDFDX]DOLW LLORUFRPSOH[H´8.
$QLL WUDQ]L LHL9 DX vQVHPQDW SHQWUX DJULFXOWXU  VHULRDVH vQWRDUFHUL vQ WUHFXW
GLQWUHFDUHFHDPDLLPSRUWDQW V-DGRYHGLWDILI UkPL DUHDH[FHVLY DSURSULHW LLFX
WRDWH FRQVHFLQ HOH HFRQRPLFR-sociale ce decurg de aici, îndeosebi randamente
VF ]XWHúLV U FLUHFRQWLQX 'LIHUHQ DGHSRWHQ LDOHFRQRPLFvQWUHDJULFXOWRUXOURPkQ
úLFHOHXURSHDQVDXDPHULFDQHVWHvQF PDUHGHODVXSUDID DXQHLH[SORDWD LLSkQ OD
GRWDUHDFXWUDFWRDUHPDúLQLDJULFROHXWLODMHvQJU ú PLQWHFKLPLFHVDXLULJD LL
Potrivit datelor statistice recente10 H[SORDWD LLOH DJULFROH LQGLYLGXDOH
UHSUH]LQW   GLQ WRWDOXO XQLW LORU DJULFROH H[LVWHQWH vQ DU  úL H[SORDWHD] 

8
Dimitrie Gusti, Starea de azi a satului românesc, în 60 de VDWH URPkQHúWL ,
3RSXOD LD,QVWLWXWXOGHùWLLQ H6RFLDOHDO5RPkQLHL%XFXUHúWLS9;,,,
9
$PDERUGDWDFHDVW SUREOHPDWLF vQOXFUDUHD România la începutul secolului XXI.
6WDUHDQD LXQLL(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine%XFXUHúWL004.
10
Anuarul statistic al României, I.N.S., 2006, p. 489-566.
19
GLQVXSUDID DDJULFRO DXIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWHPLOLRDQHGHXQLW LDJUicole,
LPHQVD PDMRULWDWH D DFHVWRUD ILLQG H[SORDWD LL LQGLYLGXDOH DELD  GH XQLW L
UHSUH]LQW  VWUXFWXUL DJULFROH FX SHUVRQDOLWDWH MXULGLF  VRFLHW L VDX DVRFLD LL
DJULFROH VRFLHW L FRPHUFLDOH FX FDSLWDO PDMRULWDU SULYDW VDX GH VWDW XQLW L DOH
aGPLQLVWUD LHLSXEOLFHXQLW LFRRSHUDWLVWH'LQVXSUDID DDJULFRO XWLOL]DW DQXDO
GHPLOLRDQHGHKHFWDUHPLOLRDQHGHKHFWDUHUHYLQHH[SORDWD LLORU
LQGLYLGXDOHúLPLOLRDQHGHKHFWDUHXQLW LORUFXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLF 
ÎnSURSULHWDWHSULYDW VHDIO GLQWHUHQXODUDELOGLQVXSUDID DRFXSDW 
FXS úXQLúLIkQH HQDWXUDOHúLGLQVXSUDID DDORFDW YLLORUúLOLYH]LORU
'DWHOHVWDWLVWLFHUHOHY F vQSUH]HQWVXSUDID DDJULFRO XWLOL]DW vQPHGLHSH
unitate agrLFRO  OD QLYHO QD LRQDO HVWH GH  KHFWDUH H[SORDWD LLOH LQGLYLGXDOH
GH LQkQGKHFWDUHVSUHGHRVHELUHGHXQLW LOHFXSHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLF FHGLVSXQ
de 263,1 de hectare.
ÌQDQXOQXP UXOWUDFWRDUHORUHUDGHDOVHP Q WRULORUGH32
úL DO FRPELQHORU DXWRSURSXOVDWH SHQWUX UHFROWDW FHUHDOH GH  EXF L 'LQWUH
DFHVWHDvQSURSULHWDWHPDMRULWDUSULYDW VHDIO SHVWH
6XSUDID DGHWHUHQDUDELOFHUHYLQHvQPHGLHSHWUDFWRUHVWHGHKHFWDUH
SH DQVDPEOXO XQLW LORU DJULFROH LDU VXSUDID D LULJDW  UHSUH]LQW  DELD  GLQ
VXSUDID DDUDELO D ULLGLQDFHDVWDILLQGvQSURSULHWDWHSULYDW 
'LQWRDWHDFHVWHDUH]XOW RVLWXD LHvQJULMRU WRDUHSUHRFXSDQW SHQWUXSUH]HQW
úL YLLWRU úL DQXPH PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D H[SORDWD Lilor agricole private sunt gospo-
G ULL GH VXE]LVWHQ  I U  GRW UL WHKQLFH DXWRQRPLD ORU HFRQRPLF  LQGLFHOH GH
randament fiind submediocre.
ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS HIHFWLYHOH GH DQLPDOH V-DX UHGXV GUDVWLF vQ DQLL WUDQ]L LHL
VF GHUHD FHD PDL PDUH ILLQG vQUHJLVWUDW  OD ERYLQH úL RYLQH (IHFWLYXO GH RYLQH V-a
GLPLQXDWFXPDLPXOWGHMXP WDWHFHODOERYLQHORUDDMXQVODGLQFHOvQUHJLVWUDW
vQ  vQ WLPS FH QXP UXO GH S V UL D VF ]XW FX DSURDSH  ID  GH  ÌQ
SURSULHWDWHPDMRULWDUSULYDW VHDIO vQ prezent, peste 99% din totalul efectivelor de
DQLPDOHSHQWUXVSHFLLOHERYLQHRYLQHSRUFLQHFDSULQHFDEDOLQHS V ULúLDOELQH
6LWXD LD GLQ DOWH GRPHQLL FXP DU IL VWUXFWXUD VXSUDIH HL DJULFROH SURWHF LD
PHGLH OD KHFWDU SURGXF LD SULQFLSDOHORU SURGXVH VWDUHD ]RRWHKQLHL FRQWULEX LD
VHFWRUXOXLDJUDUODYDORDUHDDG XJDW EUXW vQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQHHYLGHQ LD] 
GLVFUHSDQ HHYLGHQWH
3HQWUX FRPSDUD LH LQkQG VHDPD GH FRQWH[WXO VRFLDO-istoric deosebit, de
FRQGL LLOHúLFRVWXULOHDJULFROHDOHLQWHJU ULLHXURSHQHSRWILFRQFOXGHQWHXQHOHGDWH
statistice cuprinse în tabelele 1-GHODvQFKHLHUHDDFHVWRUFRQVLGHUD LL
ÌQ FH SULYHúWH SRSXOD LD RFXSDW  vQ DJULFXOWXU  DFHDVWD UHSUH]LQW  vQF 
SRWULYLW GDWHORU VWDWLVWLFH GH OD VIkUúLWXO DQXOXL   GLQ WRWDOXO SRSXOD LHL
RFXSDWHD ULL
7RWRGDW  WUHEXLH LQXW VHDPD F  SRSXOD LD UXUDO  D 5RPkQLHL HVWH GH SHVWH
LDUSRQGHUHDSRSXOD LHLXUEDQHV-DDIODWFk LYDDQLvQVF GHUH+DUWDSULYLQG
SRQGHUHD SRSXOD LHL UXUDOH vQ WRWDOXO SRSXOD LHL URPkQHúWL vQ DQXO  LQYLW 
GHVLJXUODUHIOHF LL
7U JkQG FRQFOX]LL DGHFYDWH GLQ DERUGDUHD PRGHUQ  D OXL 6SLUX +DUHW DP
SXWHD VSXQH F  DQDOL]D HFRQRPLF  VRFLDO  úL GHPRJUDILF  D VDWXOXL URPkQHVF
20
DFWXDO D HFRQRPLHL DJUDUH UHOHY  F  vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX HVte nevoie de îmbinarea
VWUDWHJLLORURSHUDWLYHFXFHOHGHSHUVSHFWLY ÌQGH]EDWHULúLFRQIUXQW ULUHFHQWHGH
SROLWLFLDJUDUHvQF SX LQHúLLQIUXFWXRDVHV-DXSURSXVGLYHUVHVROX LLFkQGUHDOLVWH
FkQGIDQWH]LVWH3HQWUXPRGHUQL]DUHDRUJDQLF DVDWXOXLúi a economiei agrare este
QHYRLH GHVLJXU GH LQYHVWL LL ILQDQFLDUH PDVLYH &RQVLGHU P F  cercul vicios al
DJULFXOWXULL I UkPL DWH FDUH SURGXFH V U FLH úL DO V U FLHL FDUH I UkPL HD]  úL
mai mult agricultura, al unui mediu rural perpetuu subdezvoltat, aUSXWHDILGHS úLW
SULQFHOSX LQGRX PHWRGHYHULILFDWHLVWRULFúLvQ DUDQRDVWU úLSHVWHKRWDUH8QD
DU IL DFHHD D FRRSHUDWLYHORU VDX DVRFLD LLORU SURGXF WRULORU úL SURSULHWDULORU GH
WHUHQXUL DJULFROH RUJDQL]DWH SH SULQFLSLLOH HFRQRPLHL GH SLD  0Di este, apoi,
SRVLELO  FXP V-D SURFHGDW vQ XQHOH UL HXURSHQH DFKL]L LRQDUHD SULQ IRQGXUL
speciale de stat sau ale unor mari investitori particulari, de terenuri agricole, de la
SURSULHWDULLFHGRUHVFV OHYkQG ORFXLWRULDLRUDúHORUFDUHQXOXFUHD] S PkQWXO
$FHVWHVXSUDIH HDUSXWHDILFRPDVDWHúLORWL]DWHUD LRQDOFDQXFOHHGHIHUPHDSRL
UHYkQGXWHvQFRQGL LLDYDQWDMRDVHúLVXEFRQWUROSULQFUHGLWHFKLDUFHORUGRUQLFLúL
FDSDELOLV OHH[SORDWH]HHILFLHQW3ULQDVHPHQHDF LGHDF LXQHDUIL posibil ca, în
termen mediu (5-DQLDJULFXOWXUDURPkQHDVF V GHYLQ XQDGHIUXQWHvQ(XURSD
6 UHPHPRU PvQDFHVWFRQWH[WRSLQLDOXL6SLUX+DUHWFDUHVFULDÄAsocia-
LXQLOH U QHúWL VXQW GHVWLQDWH, GXS  S UHUHD PHD V  MRDFH XQ URO FDSLWDO vQ
lucrarea de transformare a clasei rurale… Pentru vânzarea productelor în comun,
SHQWUXFXPS UDUHDGHPDúLQLDJULFROHSHQWUXVHFDUHDE O LORUSODQWDUHDUkSHORU
úL vPEXQ W LUHD S PkQWXULORU VWHUSH SUHFXP úL vQ QHQXP UDWH DOWH RFD]LL
DVRFLD LXQLOH YRU SHUPLWH VDWHORU V  vQWUHSULQG  OXFUXUL OD FDUL DOWIHO QX DU SXWHD
QLFL V  VH JkQGHDVF … 9D WUHEXL FD JXYHUQXO V  VSULMLQH úL V  vQFXUDMH]H
vQILLQ DUHD DVRFLD LXQLORU« ÌQ JHQHUDO RUJDQHOH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH ORFDOH SRW IL GH
mare ajutor prin propaganda ce pot face.”
3ULQSULVPDXQXLDVHPHQHDRUL]RQWGHJkQGLUHúLDF LXQHDSDUHHYLGHQWF OD
începutul secolului al XXI-OHDDYHQLWWLPSXOúLH[LVW úLFRQGL LLOHHODERU ULLXQXL
SURJUDPVSHFLDOFRQVDFUDWUHODQV ULLSURGXF LHLDJULFROHVROX LRQ ULLvQDQVDPEOXD
cheVWLXQLL U QHúWLGH]YROW ULLFRPXQLW LORUUXUDOHF WUHXUEDQLWDWHFDQLYHOGHWUDL
úLFLYLOL]D LH
6H LPSXQ DúDGDU SROLWLFL úL DF LXQL FRHUHQWH SULYLQG FRQVWLWXLUHD H[SORD-
WD LLORU DJULFROH HILFLHQWH GH GLPHQVLXQL YLDELOH HFRQRPLF UHQWDELOH GH WLpul celor
H[LVWHQWHvQ ULOHHXURSHQHGH]YROWDWHSULQDVRFLHUHDOLEHU DSURGXF WRULORUDJULFROL
VDXSULQDUHQGDUHvQVRFLHW LDJULFROHVDXIHUPHIDPLOLDOHSULQVWDELOLUHDXQRUUHOD LL
FRQWUDFWXDOHHFRQRPLFHúLMXULGLFHFDUHV GHOLPLWH]HSUHFLVGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJD LLOH
S U LORU SURSULHWDUL DUHQGDúL DGPLQLVWUDWRUL PDQDJHUL HWF FX JDUDQWDUHD SURSULH-
W LL DVXSUD WHUHQXULORU úL D OLEHUHL RS LXQL D GH LQ WRULORU LQWHJUDUHD SURGXF LHL
DJULFROH YHJHWDOH úL DQLPDOH vQ FLUFXLWXO SLH HL QD LRQDOH SULQ FUHDUHD GH VRFLHW L
DJURLQGXVWULDOH SXWHUQLFH FDSDELOH V  DVLJXUH DSURYL]LRQDUHD SRSXOD LHL OD SUH XUL
FRPSHWLWLYH DVLJXUDUHD UHVXUVHORU ILQDQFLDUH úL VSULMLQLUHD VLVWHPDWLF  D SURGX-
F WRULORUDJULFROLSULQRUJDQL]DUHDXQXLVLVWHPGHVXEYHQ LLSULPHúLDORFD LLVLVWHP
FDUH V  DSOLFH SUDFWLFLOH GLQ ULOH 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH VXV LQHUHD SURGXF WRULORU
DJULFROL SULQ FUHGLWH SH WHUPHQ VFXUW úL SH WHUPHQ OXQJ FX GREkQ]L VF ]XWH SHQWUX
DFKL]L LRQDUHDGHXWLODMHúLPDúLQLDJULFROHSURWHF LDSULQOHJLúLP VXULHFRQRPLFHD
21
SURGXF WRULORU GLUHF L HOLPLQDUHD LQWHUPHGLDULORU D RULF URU IRUPH FDUH SUDFWLF  úL
PHQ LQ VSHFXOD FX SURGXVH DJURDOLPHQWDUH UHIDFHUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD VLVWHPHORU GH
LULJD LL FRPEDWHUHD HUR]LXQLL VROXOXL SURWHF LD vPSRWULYD LQXQGD LLORU úL HIHFWXDUHD
XQRU OXFU UL GXUDELOH GH vPEXQ W LUL IXQFLDUH PHQLWH D S VWUD úL DPHOLRUD FDOLWDWHD
WHUHQXULORUDJULFROHULGLFDUHDQLYHOXOXLGHFLYLOL]D LHúLFXOWXU DOVDWXOXLURPkQHVFúL
LQWHJUDUHDOXLvQFLUFXLWXOYLH LLPRGHUQHQD LRQDOHúLFRQWLnentale.
) U vQGRLDO F vQWUHVWDUHD U QLPLLURPkQHGHODvQFHSXWXOVHFROXOXLWUHFXW
úL FHD GH DVW ]L V-DX DFXPXODW PDUL GHRVHELUL GDU DX IRVW S VWUDWH GDWRULW 
LQFRQVLVWHQ HL UHIRUPHORU vQJULMRU WRDUH DVHP Q UL vQ VHQVXO GH SURFHVH QHJDWLYH
prelunJLWH SHVWH HWDSH úL UHJLPXUL VRFLDO-SROLWLFH $FHDVW  VLWXD LH FX DGHY UDW
DQDFURQLF VROLFLW SURJUDPHUHDOLVWHDGHFYDWHXUP ULQGFRQVWDQWÄELQHOHVRFLDO´
DORDPHQLORUúLDO ULLFXPSUHFRQL]DJHQHURV6SLUX+DUHW9DORURDVDOXLPRúWH-
nire, neoharHWLVPXO FD PRGHO GH DF LXQH VXQW GH QDWXU  D FRQWULEXL OD ÄFUHúWHUHD
SR]LWLY  D FRRUGRQDWHORU VRFLDOH DOH ILHF UXL LQGLYLG´ DOH DQVDPEOXOXL SRSXOD LHL
UXUDOHDOHvQWUHJLLQD LXQL
La începutul secolului al XXI-OHD VDWXO URPkQHVF SRSXOD LD UXUDO  SXQ QRi
SUREOHPHGH]YROW ULLGHDQVDPEOXD5RPkQLHLvQFkWúLDVW ]LFDúLvQXUP FXXQ
secol, FKHVWLXQHD U QHDVF  HVWH XQD IXQGDPHQWDO  LDU LQWHJUDUHD QRDVWU  vQ
8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ VROLFLW FRQúWLLQ DXQRUvQDOWHU VSXQGHULQD LRQDOH
Tabelul nr. 1
3RSXOD LDRFXSDW SHSULQFLSDOHOHDFWLYLW LDOHHFRQRPLHLQD LRQDOH
vQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH

Sursa: Anuarul statistic al României, 2006

22
 Tabelul nr. 2
6WUXFWXUDVXSUDIH HLWRWDOHGXS PRGXOGHIRORVLQ úLSURGXF LDPHGLHODKHFWDUOD
principalele produsHDJULFROHvQDQXOvQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH

Sursa: Anuarul statistic al României, 2006

Tabelul nr. 3
3URGXF LDSULQFLSDOHORUSURGXVHDJULFROHvQDQXO
vQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH

Sursa: Anuarul statistic al României, 2006

23
 Tabelul nr. 4
1XP UXODQLPDOHORUODvQFHSXWXODQXOXL
vQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH
DUD Total (mii capete)
Bovine Porcine 2YLQHúLFDSULQH
Austria 2051 3125 …
Belgia 2695 6332 …
5HSXEOLFD&HK 1397 2877 …
Danemarca 1544 13466 …
)UDQ D 19383 15020 10398
Germania 13035 26858 2812
Irlanda 7000 … …
Italia 6551 9272 9185
Olanda 3862 11153 …
Polonia 5483 18112 …
Regatul Unit 10378 4851 35253
România 2808 6495 8086
Spania 6700 25250 25250
Ungaria … 4059 …
Sursa: Anuarul statistic al României, 2006
Tabelul nr. 5
ContriEX LDSULQFLSDOHORUDFWLYLW LODUHDOL]DUHDYDORULLDG XJDWHEUXWH
vQDQXOvQ ULDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH
–%–
DUD $JULFXOWXU  Industrie, Servicii
VLOYLFXOWXU  inclusiv
YkQ WRDUHSHVFXLW FRQVWUXF LL
Austria 1,9 31,1 67,0
Belgia 1,4 25,4 73,2
Bulgaria 11,1 30,8 58,1
5HSXEOLFD&HK 3,1 38,1 58,8
Danemarca 2,3 24,6 73,1
Estonia 4,3 28,8 66,9
)UDQ D 2,5 21,7 75,8
Germania 1,1 29,1 69,8
Grecia 6,6 23,1 70,4
Irlanda 2,7 41,0 56,3
Italia 2,6 27,8 69,6
Letonia 4,1 22,5 73,4
Lituania 6,2 33,6 60,3
Olanda 2,4 25,6 72,0
Polonia 3,4 32,5 64,1
Portugalia 3,7 26,7 69,6
Regatul Unit 1,0 26,3 72,7
România 13,9 34,3 51,8
Slovacia 3,6 29,7 66,7
Slovenia 2,7 36,8 60,5
Spania 3,5 29,2 67,3
Ungaria 3,3 30,8 65,9
Sursa: Anuarul statistic al României, 2006
24
 678',,ù,$57,&2/(

62&,2/2*,$75$1=, ,(,

Ì175(35,1'(5,/(,1'8675,$/(520Æ1(ù7,
Ì175((92/8 ,(ù,,192/8 ,(

DANIELA PÂRLEA-BUZATU

ABSTRACT
This study emphasizes some socio-humanistic and economic dimensions of human
behaviour within organizations. There are two perspectives on specific social dynamics,
turmoil, leaderships styles, attitude towards property and labour, people involvment in
decision process, communication and so on: one related to the management of the
organization and another one related to the employees. At the end of the study we
summarized some of the conclusions and recommendations, in order to create a larger view
over the present problems of the Romanian organizations, to find the adequate balance
between management and efficiency.

9LD DVRFLR-HFRQRPLF FDúLFHDSROLWLF RFXS XQORFDSDUWHúLELQHGHILQLW

vQ VWXGLLOH GLQ WUHFXW VDX DFWXDOH DOH úWLLQ HORU VRFLR-XPDQH $VW ]L SUHRFXS ULOH
VXQW PDL DFFHQWXDWH  GDWH ILLQG VFKLPE ULOH VSHFWDFXORDVH FH V-au produs în ulti-
mele deFHQLLVFKLPE ULFDUHJHQHUHD] QRLWLSXULGHDERUG ULúLLPSOLFLWGHVROX LL
'H PXOW SUHD PXOW  YUHPH FRQWURYHUVDWD SUREOHPDWLF  D WUDQ]L LHL GH OD
VLVWHPXO VRFLDOLVW OD XQ VLVWHPXO FDSLWDOLVW GH OD HFRQRPLD KLSHUSODQLILFDW  úL
KLSHUFHQWUDOL]DW  OD HFRQRPLD GH SLD  PRGHUQ  úL HILFLHQW  VH DIO  vQ FHQWUXO
DWHQ LHLVSHFLDOLúWLORUGDUPDLDOHVDPLOLRDQHGHRDPHQLGHWHUPLQkQGX-le preocu-
S ULOHúLFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHGLXUQH
3URFHVXO vQ VLQH HVWH XQXO GLILFLO úL HO WUHEXLH vQ HOHV úL DQDOL]DW vQ FRQWH[W
gloEDOúLQD LRQDO
7UDQ]L LDvQ5RPkQLDGHMDLQWUDW vQGHUL]RULXDWkWVXEUDSRUWFRQFHSWXDOFkW
úL SUDFWLF HVWH DúD FXP DILUPDP XQ SURFHV FRPSOH[ FRQWUDGLFWRULX GDU QHFHVDU
VFKLPE ULLDYkQGUROXOGHDUHGHILQLVWUDWHJLDGH]YROW ULLXQHLVRFLHW LFRUHODW FX
XQ WLS QRX DGHFYDW GH RUJDQL]DUH úL IXQF LRQDUH D DFHVWHLD FDUH V  UHIOHFWH V 
UHSUH]LQWHúLV ILHDSW V vPSOLQHDVF DVSLUD LLOHVWUXFWXULORUVRFLDOHIXQGDPHQWDOH
1LFL SHQWUX HXURSHQL QLFL SHQWUX URPkQL WUDQ]L LD GH OD XQ VLVWHP VRFLDO la
altul nu este un proces socio-HFRQRPLF SROLWLF HWF QRX ([LVW  GHMD R H[SHULHQ 
LPSUHVLRQDQW  vQPDJD]LQDW  vQ PLL úL PLL GH SDJLQL VFULVH úL UHIOHFWDW  vQ UHDOLW L
YL]LELOHFDUHUHOHY VXFFHVHVDXHúHFXUL
ÌQ WLPS FH vQ 9HVW FD úL vQ XQHOH VRFLHW L GLQ FHQWUXO úL U V ULWXO (XURSHL
SHULRDGHOHWUDQ]LWRULLDXIRVWXUPDWHGHSHULRDGHGHHYROX LHSR]LWLY DVRFLHW LORU
vQ 5RPkQLD WUDQ]L LD QX D IRVW FRQFHSXW  FD R HWDS  QHFHVDU  UHQRY ULL VRFLHW LL
25
SHQWUX UHJ VLUHD FDGHQ HL VDOH ILUHúWL GH GH]YROWDUH úL SURJUHV YLWDOH SHQWUX
SRSXOD LD ULL FL FD XQ PLMORF GH vQDYX LUH SULQ MDI SHQWUX R PLQRULWDWH FDUH
LPSURSULXHVWHFDOLILFDW HOLW SROLWLF SHFkQGGHIDSWQXHVWHGHFkWRJUXSDUHFDUH
D DFDSDUDW FRQGXFHUHD VWDWDO  vQ SURSULXO EHQHILFLX VFKLPbând pârghiile vitale de
IXQF LRQDUHDVRFLHW LL
'DF  XUP ULP H[SHULHQ D ULORU HVW-HXURSHQH vQ PDWHULH GH WUDQ]L LH
desprindem câteva elemente care descriu acest proces. Este vorba de: liberalizare,
SULYDWL]DUHUHVWUXFWXUDUHXUPDWHGHFHOSX LQRUHODWLY VWDELOLWDWHVRFLR-HFRQRPLF 
FRPSRQHQWH LQGLVSHQVDELOH VFKLPE ULL FDUH vQ 5RPkQLD DX SkQ  vQ SUH]HQW XQ
UH]XOWDWJOREDOFDUHSRDWHILGHILQLWSULQVLQWDJPD©GH]DVWUXQD LRQDOª

&XP ELQH VH FXQRDúWH YLD D HFRQRPLF  VH LQWHUIHUHD]  FX WRDWH FHOHODOWe
JHQXULGHDF LXQLXPDQHVRFLDOHWHKQLFHHGXFDWLYHHWFLDURDPHQLLSDUWLFLS ODHD
SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO LQVWLWX LLORU VDX RUJDQL]D LLORU VRFLDOH 2ULFH WUDQVIRUPDUH FDUH VH
produce într-XQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX VDX VLVWHP DO VRFLHW LL SROLWLF FXOWXUDO HGXFD-
LRQDO HWF VH SRDWH UHDOL]D QXPDL GDF  HVWH VXV LQXW  GH HFRQRPLH $FHVWD HVWH
PRWLYXOSHQWUXFDUHHFRQRPLDLQVWLWX LLOHHFRQRPLFHSUREOHPHOHGHPDQDJHPHQW
DO DFHVWRUD SUREOHPHOH GH HILFLHQWL]DUH D DFWLYLW LORU HFRQRPLFH UHDOL]DWH GH
întreprinderi,LPSXQRDWHQ LHGHRVHELW 
ÌQ ULOHGH]YROWDWHFXRHFRQRPLHGHSLD SXWHUQLF úLPRGHUQ SURSULHWDWHD
SULYDW FHDvQWHPHLDW SHPXQF HVWHFKHLDVXFFHVXOXLDYkQGXQUROKRW UkWRUvQ
IRORVLUHD HILFLHQW  D SRWHQ LDOXOXL HFRQRPLF $FHVWHD SRW RIHUL Xn bun exemplu
SHQWUX ULOHHVW-europene.
9RUELQG GH HILFLHQ D DFWLYLW LL HFRQRPLFH vQ PRG LQGLUHFW QH JkQGLP OD
HILFLHQ DDFWLYLW LLJUXSXULORUGHPXQF DFRPXQLF ULLDVWLOXULORUGHPDQDJHPHQW
FDUH DX LPSOLFD LL SURIXQGH DVXSUD WXWXURU IHQRPHQHORU úi proceselor sociale din
FDGUXO vQWUHSULQGHULORU DVXSUD DWLWXGLQLL úL SHUIRUPDQ HORU RDPHQLORU DVXSUD
PRWLYD LLORUDFHVWRUDHWF
6WXGLXO GH ID  DUH FD SXQFW GH SOHFDUH R FHUFHWDUH HIHFWXDW  vQ FkWHYD
vQWUHSULQGHULURPkQHúWLúLDXUP ULWVXUSULQGHUHDSULncipalelor aspecte ale acestora
vQ SHULRDGD vQF  GH WUDQ]L LH vQ VSHFLDO FHOH GH QDWXU  VRFLR-XPDQ  GLQDPLFD
VRFLDO  VSHFLILF  WHQVLXQLOH úL SUREOHPHOH FX FDUH VH FRQIUXQW  DFHVWHD ÌQWUHSULQ-
GHULOHFDUHDXLQWUDWvQVIHUDFHUFHW ULLúDVHODQXP USUH]LQW FDUDFWHULVWLFLGLIHULWH
DWkWGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOGLPHQVLXQLLFkWúLDOIRUPHLGHSURSULHWDWHVXQWXQLW L
PLFLPLMORFLLúLPDULDXFDSLWDOPDMRULWDUGHVWDWVDXSULYDWLDUDOWHOHFDSLWDOPL[W
Într-RSULP HWDS V-DXUHDOL]DWLQWHUYLXULúLs-DXSXUWDWGLVFX LLFXFDGUHOHGH
FRQGXFHUHGLQvQWUHSULQGHULúHILGHGLYL]LLúLGHSDUWDPHQWHGLUHFWRULDLGLYHUVHORU
FRPSDUWLPHQWHGLUHFWRULJHQHUDOLFRPSOHWDWHXOWHULRUGHRDGRXDHWDS DQFKHWD
SULQ FKHVWLRQDU FDUH D FXSULQV XQ QXP U GH  GH VDODULD L UHSDUWL]D L DVWIHO
muncitori –  FDGUH FX SUHJ WLUH PHGLH –  úL VSHFLDOLúWL FX VWXGLL
superioare –  2 FDUDFWHULVWLF  D HúDQWLRQXOXL HVWH SUHGRPLQDQ D E UED LORU
 úL D FDGUHORU FX R YHFKLPH vQ PXQF  vQWUH - DQL úL SHVWH 15 ani
vQFRQGL LLOHXQHLPHGLLGHYkUVW UHODWLYWLQHUHDQL

26
 1.(ILFLHQ DSUDFWLF ULLVWLOXULORUGHFRQGXFHUH

)LHFDUHvQWUHSULQGHUHvúLGHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHDSRWULYLWXQRUUHJXOLVSHFLILFHúL

într-XQ VSD LX vQ FDUH DFWRULL vúL DX UROXO Oor bine definit, iar succesul acesteia
GHSLQGHGHFDOLWDWHDPRGXOXLORUGHDF LXQH
0DQDJHPHQWXODGHYHQLWvQ]LOHOHQRDVWUHXQFXYkQWXWLOL]DWSHVFDU ODUJ GDU
QXQXPDLDWkWHODGHYHQLWRUHDOLWDWHLQFRQWHVWDELO úLRQHFHVLWDWH
Stilurile de conduceUH UHSUH]LQW  XQ DVSHFW IXQGDPHQWDO vQ IXQF LRQDUHD
RUJDQL]D LLORUúLOHSRDWHLQIOXHQ DvQGLYHUVHGLUHF LLFRH]LXQHDJUXSXOXLPRWLYD LD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLRDPHQLORUQLYHOXOSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLLUHOD LLOHSVLKR-sociale
din cadrul grupului etc.
Epoca mRGHUQ  HVWH PDUFDW  GH WUDQVIRUP UL FRQWLQXH úL SURIXQGH GH
FUHúWHUHD FRPSOH[LW LL WHKQRORJLFH WHKQLFH úL LQIRUPD LRQDOH LDU DFHVW IDSW
GHWHUPLQ  GHSODVDUHD DFFHQWXOXL SH SUREOHPHOH FRQGXFHULL HILFLHQWH úL QX SH FHOH
ale conducerii, la modul general.
DHVLJXUDFHDVW SUREOHPDWLF DSUDFWLF ULLVWLOXULORUGHFRQGXFHUHGXS FXP
GHMDVHúWLHDDWUDVDWHQ LDPXOWRUFHUFHW WRULLDUDVW ]LLPSRUWDQ DHLHVWHDFFHSWDW 
DWkWODQLYHOWHRUHWLFFkWúLSUDFWLF
$X H[LVWDW GLYHUVH FODVLILF UL úL WLSRORJLL DOH Vtilurilor de conducere, dar un
LQWHUHVDSDUWHSUH]LQW PRGHOXOHODERUDWGH5HQVLV/LNHUWFDUHVWDELOHúWHSDWUXWLSXUL
de stiluri de management; primul este stilul autoritar-exploatator, caracterizat prin
IDSWXOF GHFL]LLOHVXQWOXDWHODYkUIXOLHUDUKLHLGXS FDUHWRWGHDLFLHVWHXUP ULW
PRGXO GH vQGHSOLQLUH D ORU VLVWHPXO GH FRPXQLFDUH HVWH VODE VWUXFWXUDW úL DUH R
WUDLHFWRULHGHVFHQGHQW LDUPRGDOLW LOHVWUDWHJLLOHGHPRWLYDUHDOHRDPHQLORUDXOD
ED]  SHQDOL] UL úL VDQF LXQL FHO GH DO GRLOHD HVWe stilul autoritar-binevoitor,
DVHP Q WRUFHOXLDQWHULRUGDUFXXQHOHvPEXQ W LUL$VWIHOVHFUHHD] SRVLELOLWDWHD
XQRU FRQVXOW UL DOH VXERUGRQD LORU LDU VWUDWHJLLOH GH PRWLYDUH VH ED]HD]  úL SH
QHFHVLW L HFRQRPLFH úL GH VWDWXV DOH RDPHQLORU DO WUHLOea este stilul consultativ,
caracterizat printr-R EXQ  LQWHUDF LXQH vQWUH FRQGXFHUH úL VXERUGRQD L SULQWU-o
FRQVXOWDUHDDFHVWRUDGLQXUP úLSRVLELOLWDWHDOX ULLGHFL]LLORUFXUHQWHODQLYHOXULOH
GH ED]  DOH vQWUHSULQGHULL VLVWHPXO GH FRPXQLFDUH HVWH PXOW vPEXQ W LW LDU
SURGXFWLYLWDWHDEXQ XOWLPXODOSDWUXOHDHVWHstilul participativ, considerat cel mai
GHPRFUDWLF vQWUXFkW GHFL]LLOH VXQW OXDWH OD WRDWH QLYHOXULOH LHUDUKLFH LQIRUPD LLOH
FLUFXO úLGHVFHQGHQWúLDVFHQGHQWúLODWHUDOVWUDWHJLLOHGHPRWLYDUHVHED]HD] SH
PRWLYD LHSR]LWLY 
ÌQYLD DRULF UXLJUXSGHPXQF HVWHSX LQSUREDELOFDXQXOGLQDFHVWHVWLOXUL
GHFRQGXFHUHV ILHSUDFWLFDWVDXV VHPDQLIHVWHvQWRWDOLWDWH6XQWPXOWLSOLIDFWRULL
FDUHvOSRWLQIOXHQ DPHGLXOH[WHUQDOvQWUHprinderii, dimensiunea acesteia, tipul de
SURGXF LH GRWDUHD WHKQLF  HWF GH DFHHD vQ PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU VWLOXO GH
conducere practicat nu este unul pur, din cele descrise mai sus spre exemplu, ci este
XQVWLOFHFRPELQ HOHPHQWHVSHFLILFHDGRX VDXchiar mai multe stiluri.
)DFWRULLFDUHLQIOXHQ HD] VWLOXOGHPDQDJHPHQWVXQWPXOWLSOLPHGLXOH[WHUQ
GLPHQVLXQHD vQWUHSULQGHULL WLSXO GH SURGXF LH GRWDUHD WHKQLF  HWF /D UkQGXO V X
VWLOXO GH FRQGXFHUH LQIOXHQ HD]  RUJDQL]D LD vQ FDUH HVWH SUDFWLFDW vn mai multe
27
GLUHF LL QLYHOXO SURGXFWLYLW LL PXQFLL DWLWXGLQLOH VDODULD LORU PRWLYD LD FRPSRU-
WDPHQWXOXL ORU QLYHOXO VDWLVIDF LHL SHUVRQDOH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GHVI úXUDW  vQ FDGUXO
întreprinderii.
3RUQLQGGHODDFHVWHSUHPLVHFHUFHWDUHDDvQFHUFDWV GHVSULQG XQHOHDVSHFWH
DOH PDQDJHPHQWXOXL URPkQHVF GLIHUHQ LHUL DOH VWLOXULORU vQ IXQF LH GH P ULPHD
întreprinderilor, forma de proprietate, starea economico –ILQDQFLDU HWF
&RQWUDUDúWHSW ULORUUH]XOWDWHOHDXSXVvQHYLGHQ SUDFWLFDUHDSHVFDU ODUJ D
XQXLDúLDFHOXLDúLVWLOGHFRQGXFHUHLQGLIHUHQWGHIDFWRULLHQXPHUD LPDLVXV(VWH
YRUEDGHXQPRGHOFDUHVHDSURSLHIRDUWHPXOWGHFHODXWRULWDUvQFDUHúHILLLHUDUKLFL
LDXGHFL]LLúLDSRLXUP UHVFvQGHSOLQLUHDORUPRGHOLGHQWLILFDWúLDSUHFLDWFDDWare de
F WUHGLQQXP UXOFHORUFKHVWLRQD L0DLPXOWGHFkWDWkWGHúLFRPXQLFDUHD
LQWHUSHUVRQDO HVWHROHJ WXU DEVROXWQHFHVDU SHQWUXUHXúLWDXQHLDFWLYLW LREXQ 
FRPXQLFDUH DVLJXUkQG úL R EXQ  FXQRDúWHUH vQWUH RDPHQL úL D SUREOHPHORU ORU
sistHPXO GH FRPXQLFDUH H[LVWHQW vQ vQWUHSULQGHULOH URPkQHúWL SRDWH IL DSUHFLDW FD
ILLQG GHIHFWXRV DSUR[LPDWLY  GLQ FHL FKHVWLRQD L FRQVLGHUkQG FD QX VXQW
LQIRUPD L vQ OHJ WXU  FX SUREOHPHOH LPSRUWDQWH DOH vQWUHSULQGHULL VLWXD LD
HFRQRPLF SULQFLSDOHOHGLILFXOW LFXFDUHVHFRQIUXQW SHUVSHFWLYHHWF
'LQ GLVFX LLOH SXUWDWH FX FDGUHOH GH FRQGXFHUH GLQ vQWUHSULQGHUL D UHLHúLW R
EXQ  FRQFRUGDQ  D U VSXQVXULORU vQ VHQVXO F  VH FRQILUP  SUDFWLFDUHD XQXL VWLO
autoritar, un stil care „permite scurtarea timpulXL GH OXDUH D GHFL]LLORU DVLJXU  R
SURGXFWLYLWDWHRSHUD LRQDO ULGLFDW UHDOL]DUHDODWLPSDVDUFLQLORUúLRGLVFLSOLQ vQ
PXQF  FRQVLGHUDELO ´ ,/ úHI VHUYLFLX RUJDQL]DUH $FWXO GH FRQGXFHUH VH
UHDOL]HD] ODQLYHOXOPDQDJHPHQWXOXLVXSHULRUÄDFWXOGHFRQGXFHUHHVWHDOPHXúL
IDFQXPDLúLQXPDLFHVSXQHXÌQPRPHQWXOvQFDUHVHGHFLGHRDQXPLW GLUHF LHVH
IDFH DúD´ ,* úHI GLYL]LH PHFDQLF  &D úL OD QLYHO GH VRFLHWDWH GXS  S UHUHD
XQRUDRDPHQLLQX LQVHDPDGHFLQHvLFRQGXFHÄQXFRQWHD] FLQHHVWHFRQGXF WRU
HL V  DLE  GH PXQF  úL V  SOHFH FX XQ VDODULX DFDV  (L GRUHVF GRDU V  ILH OLQLúWH
VLQJXUDORUSUHWHQ LHILLQGGDF DXI FXWFHYDvQSOXVV OLVHGHDúLEDQL´*%úHI
divizie aprovizionare)
,GHHD FDUH SUHGRPLQ  vQ UkQGXO IDFWRULORU GH FRQGXFHUH HVWH F  ÄSULQWU-o
FRPXQLFDUH GHVFHQGHQW  R FRPXQLFDUH GRDU OD FHUHUHD FHORU LQWHUHVD L D
VXERUGRQD LORUVHHFRQRPLVHúWHWLPSGHOXFUXIRU úLHQHUJLH3HFDOHLHUDUKLF 
VH LDX GHFL]LLOH VH WUDQVPLW DSRL úHILORU GH GLYL]LL DSRL úHILORr de ateliere care
WUHEXLH V  FRPXQLFH PDL GHSDUWH FHHD FH HVWH GH I FXW´ ,/ úHI VHUYLFLX
RUJDQL]DUH $FHDVW  FRPXQLFDUH GHVFHQGHQW  HVWH Y ]XW  FD XQ OXFUX QRUPDO
SHQWUX F  DOWIHO ÄVH SRDWH DMXQJH OD XQ PRPHQW GDW V  FRQGXFHP WR L V 
FRPXQLF P WR L LDU UH]XOWDWH V  QX ILH DEVROXW GHORF 1X FRPXQLF P VDX
LQIRUP P GRDU GH GUDJXO GH D FRPXQLFD GH D IL WUDQVSDUHQ L úL GH D úWL WRDW 
OXPHD RULFH 3HQWUX F  QX WRDW  OXPHD SRDWH VFKLPED VDX LQIOXHQ D FHYD´ ,*
úHIGLYL]LHPHFDQLF 
'HúLVWLOXODXWRULtar pe termen scurt are efecte oarecum pozitive, asigurând
R SURGXFWLYLWDWH LQWHOHFWXDO  úL RSHUD LRQDO  ULGLFDW  GH]YROWkQG VSLULWXO GH
GLVFLSOLQ úLDVLJXUkQGUHDOL]DUHDHILFLHQW úLODWLPSDVDUFLQLORUSHWHUPHQOXQJ
acesta produce multe efecte negaWLYHVF GHUHDFRH]LXQLLGHJUXSLQVDWLVIDF LHvQ
PXQF DWLWXGLQLQHIDYRUDELOHID GHDFHDVWDFRQIOLFWHúLVW ULGHWHQVLXQH&KLDUGDF
28
ÄSURFHVXO GH GHPRFUDWL]DUH SURFHVXO GH FULVWDOL]DUH D HFRQRPLHL GH SLD  GH
UHRUJDQL]DUH úL UHFRQVWUXF LH D XQRU structuri organizatorice noi merge mult mai
ELQH FX VWLOXO DXWRULWDU´ 1+ úHI GLYL]LH DXWRPDWL] UL DFHDVWD QX SHUPLWH
GH]YROWDUHDúLDILUPDUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLXPDQHDVSLULWXOXLLQRYDWRUFUHDWLYÌQFHHD
FH SULYHúWH FRPXQLFDUHD FHUFHW ULOH DX GHPRQVWUDW F  H[LVWHQ D XQXL EXQ VLVWHP
LQIRUPD LRQDOSRDWHDVLJXUDFLUFXODUHDXQRULQIRUPD LLFRUHFWHQHFHVDUHOX ULLXQRU
GHFL]LLFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHHILFLHQWH
3UREOHPDGH]E WXW PDLVXVHVWHXQDUHDO FRQFUHW 'DUHDPDLDUHRODWXU 
FDUHSULYHúWHGRULQ HOHúLDúWHSW ULOHRDPHQLORUODWXU FDUHQHGHPRQVWUHD] F HLQX
YRUV ILHGRDUQLúWHVLPSOLH[HFXWDQ LFLSDUWLFLSDQ LDFWLYLODYLD DvQWUHSULQGHULLOD
SURFHVXOGHOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUGHFL]LLFDUHvLDIHFWHD] vQPDUHP VXU )RDUWHSX LQL
oameni considHU  F  DX R LQIOXHQ  DVXSUD GHVI úXU ULL DFWLYLW LL vQWUHSULQGHULL
vQWLPSFH&RQVLOLXOGH$GPLQLVWUD LHúL'LUHFWRUXO*HQHUDOvQSHUFHS LD
ORU DX R LQIOXHQ  IRDUWH PDUH  UHVSHFWLY  GDU FHHD FH RDPHQLL vúL
GRUHVF HVWH V  SDUWLFLSH mult mai mult la aceste procese din cadrul întreprinderii
GHVLJXUDO WXULGH&RQVLOLXOGH$GPLQLVWUD LHúL'LUHFWRUXO*HQHUDO
5 VSXQ]kQG OD R vQWUHEDUH FODU  vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWLOXO GH FRQGXFHUH
GH]LUDELOXQSURFHQWGHGLQQXP UXOVDODULD LORUFKHVWLRQD LúL-au exprimat
GRULQ DGHDILFRQVXOWD LGHDSXWHDIRUPXODSURSXQHULFDUHvQXUPDXQHLDQDOL]H
ULJXURDVH V  SRDW  FRQVWLWXL R ED]  SHQWUX DFWLYLW LOH YLLWRDUH DFHVWD HVWH LGHDOXO
spre care ei tind.

2.7HQGLQ HvQPDQLIHVWDUHD comportamentului uman

Participarea indivizilor la activitatea întreprinderii este nu doar o modalitate

GH H[SULPDUH D OLEHUW LORU GH RS LXQH FL úL R PRGDOLWDWH GH VDWLVIDFHUH D QHYRLORU
IL]LRORJLFHGHVLJXUDQ SVLKR-VRFLDOHGHUHFXQRDúWHUHVRFLDO úi de autorealizare.
S-D REVHUYDW F  RDPHQLL DX DVSLUD LL LGHDOXUL GRULQ H LDU JUDGXO GH vQGH-
SOLQLUHDDFHVWRUDOHDIHFWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOvQJHQHUDOúLFHORUJDQL]D LRQDOvQ
SDUWLFXODU 'H DFHHD PRGXO vQ FDUH PDQDJHPHQWXO RUJDQL]D LHL VH RFXS  GH
rH]ROYDUHD ORU LQIOXHQ HD]  SR]LWLY VDX QHJDWLY PRGXO vQ FDUH VH OXFUHD]  vQ
întreprindere.
(YROX LDYLH LLHFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHSROLWLFHDGHWHUPLQDWGHSODVDUHDDWHQ LHLGH
ODIDFWRUXOGHSURGXF LHPDWHULDOVSUHIDFWRUXOXPDQFDUDFWHUL]DWSULQWU-un anumit
FRPSRUWDPHQWDYkQGODED] GXS FXPDPPDLVSXVPRWLYD LLLQWHUHVHVLVWHPH
GHQRUPHúLYDORULHWF
5HOD LDGLQWUHQDWXUDDFHVWXLFRPSRUWDPHQWúLVWLOXOGHFRQGXFHUHSUDFWLFDWD
GH]YROWDWWHRULLFDUHDXFUHDWGLIHULWHLPDJLQLDOHRPXOXLRUJDQL]D LRnal.
0DLvQWkLDDS UXWPRGHOXOGHRPHFRQRPLFúLUD LRQDOSRWULYLWF UXLDRPXO
HVWH PRWLYDW GH VWLPXOL HFRQRPLFL LDU DF LXQHD OXL HVWH vQGUHSWDW  F WUH RE LQHUHD
FkúWLJXOXL HFRQRPLF PD[LP DFHúWL VWLPXOL ILLQG ÄGH LQX L´ GH F WUH RUJDQL]D LH
omul apareFDXQDJHQWSDVLYFDUHSRDWHILFRQWURODWúLPDQLSXODW'LQDFHVWvQWUHJ
DQJUHQDMVHQWLPHQWHOHVXQWH[FOXVHVDXPLQLPL]DWHGDW ILLQGQDWXUDORULUD LRQDO 
FRUHVSXQ] WRU DFHVWXL PRGHO 'RXJODV 0F*UHJRU HODERUHD]  ELQHFXQRVFXWD
29
Teorie X). Modelul a avXWFXPHUDGHDúWHSWDWFRQVHFLQ HQHJDWLYHGLQFDUHFHD
PDL LPSRUWDQW  VH UHIHU  OD IDSWXO F  PXQFLWRULL HUDX SULYL L FD VLPSOL H[HFXWDQ L
nedându-li-se posibilitatea de a-úLDILUPDJkQGLUHDFUHDWRDUHVSLULWXOGHLQL LDWLY úL
GHLQRYD LHvQFRQGL LLOHXQHLFRPSOH[LW LGLQFHvQFHPDLPDUHDPXQFLL
&D XUPDUH D DSDUL LHL QRLORU WHRULL DVXSUD UHOD LLORU XPDQH V-a dezvoltat un
nou model, cel al omului social PRWLYDW GH QHYRL VRFLDOH VDWLVI FXWH QXPDL vQ
UHOD LLOHFXFHLODO L0RGHOXODvQFHUFDWRDSURSLHUHRFRQYHUJHQ vQWUHVHQWLPHQWúL
REOLJD LHGDUPXQFDDU PDVvQHVHQ DFHHDúLRPXQF VLPSOLILFDW GHUXWLQ 
&HUFHW ULOHXOWHULRDUHDXGHPRQVWUDWF SLHUGHUHDVHQVXOXLPXQFLLV-a datorat
WRFPDL QHYRLL GH IRORVLUH D FDSDFLW LL FUHDWRDUH D omului, nevoii de a fi util,
productiv, fapte neglijate în cadrul modelelor anterioare. Modelul de om care se
DXWRDFWXDOL]HD] (Teoria Y vQ FRQFHS LD OXL 0F*UHJRU vine în sprijinul acestei
LGHL úL DUH OD ED]  QX SULQFLSLXO PXQFLL VLPSOLILFDWH FL FHO DO PXQFLL vPERJ LWH
2DPHQLLVXQWvQSULPXOUkQGPRWLYD LGHQHYRLGHDXWRUHDOL]DUHúLDXWRDFWXDOL]DUH
QHYRLGHDILUPDUHDWDOHQWHORUúLDSWLWXGLQLORUORUvQWU-RPXQF FUHDWRDUHFXVHQV
'HDFHHDúLJUDGXOGHUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHID GHPXQF HVWHPDLPare, iar nevoia de
GH]YROWDUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLXPDQHVDWLVI FXW 
7RWXúL SH P VXUD DSOLF ULL DFHVWXL QRX PRGHO V-D FRQVWDWDW IDSWXO F 
RDPHQLL VXQW ILLQ H FRPSOH[H QX QXPDL PXQFD ORU PRWLYD LLOH FDUH vL
DQWUHQHD]  VXQW GLYHUVH úL HL UHDF LRQHD]  GLIHUit nu numai la stimulente de
RUGLQ HFRQRPLF VDX VRFLDO GDU úL vQ VLWXD LL GLIHULWH &D XUPDUH D DS UXW
modelul omului complex, care PDQLIHVW  R PDUH YDULHWDWH úL YDULDELOLWDWH GH
DWLWXGLQL úL PRWLYD LL 3HUIRUPDQ HOH úL VDWLVIDF LD LQ GH GLYHUúL IDFWRUL,
LQGLYLGXDOL úL RUJDQL]D LRQDOL OXD L vQ FRPSOH[D ORU LQWHUDF LXQH FRQIRUP
acestui model, japonezul William G. Ouchi a elaborat Teoria Z, având în centru
JUXSXOUH HDXDúLQXLQGLYLGXO
'DUFHDSOLFD LHDXDFHVWHPRGHOHODvQWUHSULQGHULOHURPkQHúWL ? 5 VSXQVXO
s-DFRQWXUDWRGDW FXHYLGHQ LHUHDÄQRLORU´WHQGLQ HvQPDQDJHPHQWXOURPkQHVF
'HúL 7HRULD ; HUD YDODELO  vQ 68$ vQ XUP  FX  DQL ÄV-a constatat
H[LVWHQ DXQHLH[SHULHQ HDVHP Q WRDUHvQvQWUHSULQGHULOHHVW-europene, care au
IXQF LRQDW vQ HFRQRPLD SODQLILFDW  FHQWUDOL]DW ,QWUDUHD vQWUHSULQGHULORU
URPkQHúWL vQ FRPSHWL LD PRQGLDO  LPSOLF  úL vQORFXLUHD DFHVWRU SUDFWLFL
comportamentale” (P. Nica, 1996).
'HúL VLWXD LD DFWXDO  vQ FDUH VH DIO  5RPkQLD FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQ FUL]H
profunde, dezechilibrare la toate nivelele sistemului social global: economic,
VRFLDOSROLWLFFXOWXUDOHWFLPSXQHFUHDUHDúLGH]YROWDUHDXQHLVWUXFWXULGHWLS=
FDUHV DLE vQSULP-SODQUH HDXDFDUHRUJDQL]HD] FRQGXFHúLFRQWUROHD] vQWUHDJD
DFWLYLWDWH úL WHRULD RPului complex (cunoscut sub toate aspectele sale: social,
psihic etc.), realitatea este alta.
6WLOXO GH FRQGXFHUH DXWRULWDU SULQFLSLXO LQGLYLGXOXL FRQGXF WRU VXQW
SULPRUGLDOHvQPDQDJHPHQWXOURPkQHVFúLGHWHUPLQ XQFRPSRUWDPHQWGLQSDUWHD
VDODULD LORU WUDGL LRQDO XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW GH PXOW GHS úLW vQ ULOH FX R HFRQRPLH
GH]YROWDW FDUHHVWHRvPELQDUHDPRGHOXOXLGHRPHFRQRPLFFXFHOGHRPVRFLDO
7RDWHDFHVWHDVHPDQLIHVW SHIRQGXOXQRUMXGHF LDVXSUDQDWXULLPXQFLLúL
DLFL LQWHUYLQH FRQWUDGLF LD vQ PDUH P VXU  SR]LWLYH 3HVWH  GLQWUH VDODULD L
30
FRQVLGHU F H[LVW REXQ FRQFRUGDQ vQWUHPXQFDúLSUHJ WLUHDORUSURIHVLRQDO 
SHVWHFRQVLGHU F DXRDFWLYLWDWHYDULDW úLLQWHUHVDQW LDUDSUHFLD] F 
PXQFD ORU VROLFLW  QRL FXQRúWLQ H SURIHVionale. Munca nu este doar un simplu
LQVWUXPHQWSULQFDUHRPXORE LQHVDWLVIDF LLPDWHULDOHHDHVWHRDFWLYLWDWHVSHFLILF
XPDQ  SULQ FDUH RPXO GHYLQH R ILLQ  YDORUL]DWRDUH HD HVWH LQWHJUDW  vQ
personalitatea acestuia.
3R]L LD PXQFLL vQ VLVWHPXO DFWLYLW LORU XPDQH RVFLOHD]  vQWUH FHD GH VLPSOX
PLMORF GH VXSUDYLH XLUH úL FHD GH VFRS úL IRU  GH GH]YROWDUH D LQGLYLGXOXL úL
VRFLHW LL
De-D OXQJXO WLPSXOXL vQ FRQ LQXWXO PXQFLL V-DX SURGXV XQHOH VFKLPE UL
importante: a crescut complexitatea acesteia (s-a trecut de la muncitorul mono-
YDOHQW FX VSHFLDOL]DUH vQJXVW  OD PXQFLWRUXO SROLYDOHQW FX R FDOLILFDUH FRPSOH[ 
cu un orizont mai larg tehnico-úWLLQ LILFV-a schimbat raportul dintre consumul de
HQHUJLH IL]LF  úL FHO GH HQHUJLH LQWHOHFWXDO  vQ IDYRDUHD FHOXL GLQ XUP  D FUHVFXW
HILFLHQ D PXQFLL PXQFD DUH URO DFWLY vQ SURGXF LH vQ RUJDQL]DUHD úL XWLOL]DUHD
IDFWRULORU GH SURGXF LH $FHVWH WU V WXUL VXQW VSHFLILFH ULORU FX R HFRQRPLH GH
SLD GH]YROWDW PRGHUQ 
ÌQ 5RPkQLD vQF  GLQ SHULRDGD FRPXQLVPXOXL úL DSRL úL GXS  UHYROX LD GLQ
GHFHPEULH  DWLWXGLQHD ID  GH PXQF  V-D GHWHULRUDW VDX FHO SX LQ QX V-a
vPEXQ W LW QLFL P FDU GXS  SULYDWL]DUHD SDU LDO  VDX WRWDO  D vQWUHSULQGHULORU
 GLQWUH VDODULD L DSUHFLD]  F  JULMD ID  GH FDOLWDWHD SUoduselor a avut o
WUDLHFWRULH FRQVWDQW  OD IHO FD úL LQWHUHVXO VDODULD LORU SULYLQG EXQXO PHUV DO
vQWUHSULQGHULLvQFDUHOXFUHD] –úLDWLWXGLQHDORUID GHPXQF – 50%.
,QWHUHVXO VF ]XW SHQWUX PXQF  D IRVW GHWHUPLQDW GH VLVWHPXO VRFLDOLVW GH
proprieWDWH PRQRSROXO SURSULHW LL GH VWDW FRQGXFHUHD FHQWUDOL]DW  D DFWLYLW LL
HFRQRPLFHGHFDUDFWHUXOQHVWLPXODWLYDOVLVWHPXOXLGHUHSDUWL LHÄGXS PXQF ´úL
QX GXS  UH]XOWDWHOH RE LQXWH VLWXD LH FDUH DU VWLPXOD SDUWLFLSDUHD OD PXQF  GH
GLVFUHSDQ DGLQWUHFHULQ HOHFDQWLWDWLYHFDOLWDWLYHúLGHVWUXFWXU DOHFRQVXPXOXLúL
SURGXF LD UHDOL]DW  vQ 5RPkQLD GH DFXPXODUHD XQRU PDUL FDUHQ H vQ GRPHQLXO
HGXFDWLYvQGHRVHELDHGXFD LHLSHQWUXÄOXFUXOELQHI FXW´
0XOWH GLQ DFHVWH SUREOHPH DX HIHFW úL vQ SUH]HQW vQ HFRQRPLD URPkQHDVF 
ILLQGLQVXILFLHQWSURPRYDWVSUHH[HPSOXFULWHULXOUHSDUWL LHLGXS UH]XOWDWHFULWHULX
FHDUDYHDHIHFWHIDYRUDELOHSHQWUXWR LSDUWLFLSDQ LLODDFWLYLWDWHDHFRQRPLF ILHHL
SURSULHWDULPDQDJHULVDXVDODULD L
/XQJD SHULRDG  GH WUDQ]L LH SH FDUH D WUDYHUVDW-R úL SH FDUH vQF  R PDL
WUDYHUVHD]  DUDQRDVWU SHULRDG vQFDUHV-DFRQWXUDWRS LXQHDSHQWUXRHFRQRPLH
GHSLD DGH]YROWDWFRPSRUWDPHQWHDWLSLFHúLFRQWUDGLFWRULLDOHRDPHQLORU$O WXUL
de elementele specifice modeluOXL GH RP HFRQRPLF úL VRFLDO VH PDQLIHVW  úL
HOHPHQWH VSHFLILFH PRGHOXOXL GH RP FH VH DXWRDFWXDOL]HD]  úL DXWRSHUIHF LRQHD] 
HVWHRvPELQDUHvQWUHFHHDFHRDPHQLLDUGRULV IDF úLFHHDFHVXQWFRQVWUkQúLV 
IDF  SULQWU-R FRQGXFHUH DXWRULWDU  VWULFW  SULQ QDWXUD FRQGL LLORU D PHGLXOXL vQ
FDUH HL PXQFHVF $VWIHO HL VXQW GLVSXúL V  HIHFWXH]H RUH VXSOLPHQWDUH GDU SO WLWH
 GLQ QXP UXOFHORUFKHVWLRQD LvQWLPSFHRUHVXSOLPHQWDUHQHSO WLWHGRDU
V UHQXQ HODFkWHYD]LOHGLQFRQFHGLXOGHRGLKQ VXQWGLVSXúLGLQWUH
31
LQWHUYLHYD LvQVFKLPEV OXFUH]HvQDQXPLWHSHULRDGHVkPE WDúLVDXGXPLQLFD–
úLV VHUHFDOLILFH–$FHOHDúLDWLWXGLQLFRQWUDGLFWRULLV-DXUHPDUFDWúLID 
de unele aspecte importante ale întreprinderii, aspeFWH FDUH DX FRQVWLWXLW R OLVW 
FXSULQ]kQGQRX SUREOHPHÌQRUGLQHDSULRULW LORUVDODULD LLDXvQFOLQDWF WUHJULMD
SHQWUX RE LQHUHD GH FkúWLJXUL E QHúWL FkW PDL ULGLFDWH –  XUPDW  GH
SUHRFXSDUHD SHQWUX FRQGL LLOH GH PXQF  – 15,9%, adaptarea la schLPE UL
tehnologice –H[LJHQ HVSRULWHvQPXQF –úLFDOLWDWHDSURGXVHORU– 6%.
7U LP vQWU-R VRFLHWDWH GHPRFUDWLF  vQ FDUH DFFHQWXO WUHEXLH V  VH SXQ  SH
FRPSHWL LH úL SHUIRUPDQ  SH R FRQWLQX  DGDSWDUH OD FHULQ H úL VLWXD LL QRL 'LQ
S FDWHFHLPDLPXO LRDPHQLVXQWvQFOLQD LVSUHLQHU LHúLLPRELOLWDWHúLSULYHVFFX
WHDP  VLWXD LLOH FH DU LPSXQH DGDSW UL úL F XW UL GH VROX LL QRL ÌQWUHEDUHD FODVLF 
Ä'DF D LDYHDSRVLELOLWDWHDV DOHJH LSHQWUXFHD LRSWDSHQWUXXQORFGHPXQF 
sigur, darPDLSURVWSO WLWVDXXQORFGHPXQF PDLSX LQVLJXUGDUFXXQVDODULX
mare” HVWH HORFYHQW  vQ DFHVW VHQV FHL PDL PXO L GLQWUH FHL FKHVWLRQD L 
DOHJkQGSULPDYDULDQW 
,GHHD FDUH VH GHVSULQGH HVWH DFHHD F  VFKLPEDUHD FDUH HVWH VLQRQLP  FX
tranzi LDvQWkU]LDW vQGRPHQLXOPXQFLLvQ DUDQRDVWU SUHVXSXQHV VHOXFUH]HPDL
PXOW úL PDL HILFLHQW 2DPHQLL YRU WUHEXL V  vQ HOHDJ  FkW PDL UHSHGH F  SURJUHVXO
VRFLHW LLSUHVXSXQHHIRUWXULPDULDGDSWDUHFRQWLQX ODH[LJHQ HVSRULWHODFRQGL LL
QRL úL R PDL PDUH PRELOLWDWH úL GHVFKLGHUH OD SUREOHPHOH VRFLHW LL úL DOH
întreprinderilor noastre.

3. Concluzii

5DSRUWXO GLQWUH PDQDJHPHQW úL HILFLHQ  vQ vQWUHSULQGHULOH LQGXVWULDOH

URPkQHúWL – FD XQ VLPERO DO GH]YROW ULL FRQWHPSRUDQH – YD WUHEXL UHJkQGLW úL
UHGHILQLW0DQDJHPHQWXOSULQDF LXQLOHVDOHLQIOXHQ HD] PRGXOvQFDUHVHOXFUHD] 
într-R vQWUHSULQGHUH 'H DFHHD VH LPSXQH DGHFYDUHD VWLOXOXL OD VSHFLILFXO ILHF UHL
vQWUHSULQGHUL WHKQLFH HFRQRPLFH GH SHUVRQDO úL OD VLWXD LLOH FDUH DSDU vQ FXUVXO
evROX LHLDFHVWHLD
6WLOXO GH PDQDJHPHQW YD WUHEXL V  FXQRDVF  R HYROX LH V  VH DGDSWH]H
FRQGL LLORUGHPHGLXQHFHVLW LORUILUPHORUGDUúLSDUWLFXODULW LORURDPHQLORU9RU
WUHEXL FRPELQDWH HOHPHQWH VSHFLILFH GLIHULWHORU PRGHOH úL FUHDWH PRGHOH QRL
creaWLYHúLHILFLHQWH
'HSODVDUHDDWHQ LHLDVXSUDUHVXUVHORUXPDQHDVXSUDPRWLYD LLORUDVSLUD LLORU
úL DúWHSW ULOH DFHVWRUD YD FRQGXFH OD FUHúWHUHD FDOLW LL SURIHVLRQDOH OD R DWLWXGLQH
PDLEXQ úLUD LRQDO DRDPHQLORUID GHPXQF 
9DILQHFHVDU DVLJXUDUHDXQRUFRQGL LLIDYRUDELOHSDUWLFLS ULLWRWPDLPDULD
VDODULD LORU OD SURFHVHOH FDUH DX ORF vQ vQWUHSULQGHUL úL D XQHL vQ HOHJHUL FkW PDL
H[DFWH D UROXOXL DFWLYLW LORU SURSULL DOH ILHF UXL VDODULDW QHFHVLWDWHD FUH ULL XQXL
cadru psiho-VRFLDO DGHFYDW úL UHDOL] ULL XQXL VLVWHP LQIRUPD LRQDO ELQH FRQWXUDW
1XPDLvQDFHVWHFRQGL LLYRPSXWHDYRUELúLvQFD]XOvQWUHSULQGHULORUURPkQHúWLGH
HILFLHQ FDOLWDWHSURGXFWLYLWDWHúLGHFHQXFRPSHWLWLYLWDWH

32
 BIBLIOGRAFIE

Beckhard, R., Harris, R. (1987), Organizational Transitions, 24 ed., Mass: Adisson –

Wesley, Reading.
%XUGXú ( & SU UHVFX *  )XQGDPHQWHOH PDQDJHPHQWXOXL RUJDQL]D LHL, Editura
(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL
%XUGXú(& SU UHVFX*$QGURQLFHDQX$0LOHV0Managementul schiPE ULL
RUJDQL]D LRQDOH(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL
Burke, W. (1982), Organization Development, Principles and Practices, Mass: Little
Brown, Boston.
&RUQHVFX90LK LOHVFX,6WDQFLX6Management(GLWXUD$FWDPL%XFXUHúWL
Friedberg, E. (1997), 2UJDQL]D LLOH, în Tratat de sociologie, R. Boudon (coord.), Editura
+XPDQLWDV%XFXUHúWL
Johns, G. (1998), &RPSRUWDPHQWRUJDQL]D LRQDO(GLWXUD(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL
Mc.Gregor, D. (1974), La dimenion humaine de l′entrepriseWUDG-$UGRLQRúL0 Lobrat,
Gauthier, Villars.
Nica, P. (1996), Management(GLWXUD6DQYLDO\,DúL
Nicolescu, O., Verboncu, I. (2001), Fundamentele managementului organiza- LLORU, Editura
(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL
Ouchi, W. (1981), Theory Z: How American business can meet Japanese challenge,
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
9O VFHDQX 0  3VLKRVRFLRORJLD RUJDQL]D LLORU úL FRQGXFHULL, Editura Paideea,
%XFXUHúWL
=RUOHQ DQ 7 %XUGXú ( & SU UHVFX *  0DQDJHPHQWXO RUJDQL]D LHL, Editura
(FRQRPLF %XFXUHúWL

33
 UNE ANALYSE DES RAPPORTS HIERARCHIQUES DANS UNE
FIRME MULTINATIONALE DE POLOGNE: LEGITIMATION DES
EFFETS MICRO-POLITIQUES DU MARCHE1

ANTOINE HEEMERYCK

RESUMÉ

Cette contribution s’attache à mettre en lumière, dans une entreprise de Pologne, la

diffraction engendrée par les transformations politiques et économiques impliquées par
l’effondrement du communisme et l’intégration de structures capitalistes au sein des
rapports hiérarchiques et sur leurs formes de légitimation. A travers cette analyse nous
montrons comment des éléments mêlant l’histoire récente (communisme/capitalisme), des
représentations des mutations de la scène internationale et les représentations du pouvoir
imprègnent l’organisation des cette firme multinationale. La légitimation de
l’ordonnancement hiérarchique est le fil conducteur de cette étude.

Depuis la chute de l’URSS, un certain tissu idéologique règne sur les Pays de
l’Est. Il y a quelques années, l’ « adhésion /intégration » de la Pologne, la Tchéquie
et la Hongrie à l’OTAN, préalable à l’intervention militaire en ex-Yougoslavie, est
venue rappeler cette position stratégique qu’occupent ces trois sociétés dans la
conjoncture post-guerre froide. Les considérations intéressées des
diplomaties occidentales ne trompent guère, tout comme la réputation de « bon
élève2 » de la Pologne auprès des institutions économiques internationales,
réputation qui semble esquintée depuis l’élection de Lech Kaczynski.
Disons-le rapidement, la zone des pays de l’Est est toujours écartelée entre
l’Est et l’Ouest. Cette zone géographique aux délimitations un peu floues et
manipulables faisait partie, il y a peu encore, du « bloc soviétique », ensemble
positionné face à l’OTAN avec en arrière plan la Russie face aux Etats-Unis. Dans
cette optique, le cas de la Pologne est à plusieurs égards, forts intéressant. Tout
d’abord, elle faisait partie du système communiste pendant plus de quarante ans, un
système qui reste, et restera peut-être, imparfaitement connu. Sa position, au niveau
international, était inscrite dans des enjeux qui opposaient deux acteurs majeurs : le
bloc soviétique, et les pays occidentaux. Depuis 1989, elle est assignée aux sociétés
dites « postcommunistes » englobée dans les économies de « transition ». Plus
particulièrement, la Pologne se présente à l’Est, après les USA, la Grande-

1
Cet article est tiré d’un mémoire de maîtrise (Cordeau S. & Heemeryck A. 2001)
réalisé sous la direction de Laurent Bazin que nous remercions vivement pour ses lectures
critiques et ses innombrables conseils fructueux. Dans ce mémoire, nous abordions deux
entreprises ainsi que l’investissement de l’ancienne aristocratie roumaine dans la nouvelle
classe d’entrepreneurs. Cet article ne reprend qu’une de ces trois études.
2
La Roumanie représente un contrexemple dans la grille de lecture idéologique
dominant le développement des pays de l’Est. Cf. Heemeryck A. (2007).
35
Bretagne, l’Argentine, comme l’un des premiers pays à mettre en œuvre une
politique néolibérale après la chute du communisme. La Pologne est aussi montrée
comme l’exemple de mouvement démocratique, ce qui est renforcé fortement par
de pesants fantasmes occidentaux ethnocentristes. Nous sommes face à une
dynamique de transformations politiques, économiques et sociales inédites.
Pour tenter d'apporter un « éclairage partiel » à cette situation confuse,
nous nous proposons d’aborder les transformations des formes de
légitimation/d’imposition du pouvoir, des hiérarchies et de la domination à travers
les changements de régime politico-économique, à l’aide des outils de l’anthropo-
logie politique. Dans ce paysage, l’importance des capitaux étrangers, la volonté de
suivre les politiques d’institutions internationales posent la question de la
dépendance à l’Occident.
Autrefois, lieu où s’exerçaient avec force le pouvoir et l’idéologie de
l’État-parti et les mouvements sociaux censés s’y opposer, l’entreprise en Pologne,
comme dans tout contexte d’ailleurs, est un espace social de cristallisation d’enjeux
politiques globaux. Elle apparaît comme une entrée pertinente pour une étude des
changements sociaux contemporains. Les recherches en anthropologie industrielle,
sociologie du travail, de l’entreprise, dans des lieux et conjonctures différentes
l’ont bien montré (Bazin & Sélim 2001).
La problématique de cette enquête consistait à interroger toutes les catégories
de salariés d’une entreprise sur les liens qu’ils entretiennent dans l’entreprise. D’un
point de vue méthodologique, l’entreprise a été considérée comme un champ social
possédant un minimum d’autonomie (Althabe & Sélim 1998). Cette hypothèse
incite à considérer qu’elle ne peut être séparée artificiellement de la société
englobante dont elle reflète les évolutions ; inversement, l’opération d’enquête ne
l’y dissout pas non plus et a pour axe d’observation premier les logiques de
configuration des rapports sociaux qui sont produites dans une situation singulière.
Notons que des enquêtes de terrain de ce type sont peu développées ou
totalement ignorées en Pologne. Au contraire, pendant la période de préadhésion à
l’UE du moins, le champ de la recherche (en « développement » et en sciences
sociales) teinté d’expertisme, est très orienté vers « la construction d'élites », pour
mettre en place les « mécanismes économiques », afin de « faire valoir les intérêts
de la Pologne auprès de l'Union Européenne en vue de l'intégration ». Ce dernier
item idéologique très en vogue en Pologne3 montre l’intériorisation d’un stigmate
global et donc d’une forme de domination entre pays à intégrer à l’Union
Européenne dans « le monde » et les pays intégrés porteurs des modèles considérés
comme socialement, moralement, politiquement et économiquement légitimes.
Après de nombreuses péripéties, c’est par le biais du hasard que nous prenons
contact avec le manager général d’une entreprise. Celle-ci, que nous nommerons
fictivement l’UPEP (Unité de Production en Pologne), fut créée à l’initiative d’un
entrepreneur Belge en 1993-94. C’est une unité qui produit à moindre coût des

3
Bon nombre des productions scientifiques, quelle que soit la manière dont on les
juge, sont teintées de thèmes qui tournent autour de l’Union Européenne.
36
biens (équipements lourds de transport) destinés à être centralisés et vendus dans
l’Union Européenne. Soixante-huit salariés y travaillent.
Cette entreprise importée de l’étranger qui relève d’une configuration
hiérarchique particulière, pose la question des modes de légitimation des pouvoirs,
de leur intrication, et du rapport à la figure symbolique de « l’étranger ».
L’investigation a duré trois semaines. L’enquête reste donc modeste. Les deux
ethnologues se rendent sur le terrain alternativement un jour sur deux, à tour de
rôle. Quinze entretiens formels ont été réalisés, mais la présence continue dans
l’entreprise a été l’occasion de nombreuses discussions fructueuses avec les
employés.
L’UPEP (Unité de Production En Pologne) est aujourd’hui située entre les
villes de Cracovie et de Katowice aux abords d’une petite ville. Pour atteindre
l’entreprise, il faut arpenter sur deux kilomètres une route ancienne formée de
quelques pavillons anciens qui bordent une végétation assez dense. La route se
termine par un complexe industriel, à l’orée d’une modeste forêt. Cet ancien
complexe est assez représentatif des grands chantiers désaffectés que l’on peut
trouver dans des régions à vocation industrielle comme le bassin de la haute
Silésie. C’est ici que se situe l’UPEP, parmi des bâtiments qui constituaient un
centre de production soviétique. Après 1989, le site a été disloqué et les différents
bâtiments ont été vendus, projet de démantèlement industriel qui s’insérait à un
niveau plus général dans « la thérapie de choc ». Autrement dit, la politique de
privatisation accélérée opérée par les anciens membres prestigieux du syndicat
Solidarité avec le parti libéral.
L’UPEP ne figurait pas parmi les premières entreprises installées sur ce site.
Elle fut tout d’abord implantée à Cracovie, en 1995. Les coûts liés à la location des
bâtiments ne cessant d’augmenter, son propriétaire et directeur (Philippe), résidant
en Belgique, décida de transférer l’unité de production. Par la même occasion, le
syndicat local fut supprimé, ce qui amène les ouvriers à s’interroger sur la
possibilité de créer dans d’autres modalités un syndicat. C’est à partir de 1997 que
machines et matériaux commencèrent à arriver de Cracovie. Depuis sa création,
l’entreprise vend la plupart de ses produits à l’entreprise belge appartenant aussi au
directeur et propriétaire de l’UPEP. Une grande majorité des produits fabriqués
dans l’usine est destinée à l’exportation : « On exporte en Belgique, et les Belges
vendent aux Français et aux Hollandais. On vend aussi un peu en Pologne »,
témoigne une des employés de la direction. En fait, les exportations représentent
plus de 90% du chiffre d’affaire. Cette entreprise occidentale comme beaucoup
d’autres s’est implantée pour bénéficier de coûts de production moindres et
notamment d’une main-d’œuvre au rabais. L’UPEP peut être considérée comme
une extension de l’entreprise belge. Même si formellement, elle n’est pas une
filiale, elles ont en commun le propriétaire et fondateur, Philippe. La Pologne
représente l’opportunité pour les entreprises d’Europe occidentale de générer des
profits tout en conservant une bonne « image de marque », « offrant » un travail
stable et rémunéré à une partie de la population dans un pays qui comptait un taux
de chômage officiel de 15,6% en janvier 2001.

37
 L’entreprise se présente comme un centre de production dépendant
principalement du marché occidental. Elle fait partie indirectement d’une grande
compagnie belge qui est un des leaders européens dans son domaine. Les
commandes affluent, l’usine produit en conséquence. La circulation des biens et de
l’argent met en exergue une dépendance objective à l’Ouest dans l’échange. Karel,
jeune manager général belge au niveau de l’entreprise, personnalise cette présence
« étrangère » à l’intérieur de l’entreprise. Il est l’intermédiaire entre le propriétaire
de l’entreprise et les informations centralisées au bureau.

1. Présentation de l’entreprise et mode d’introduction

1 - Distribution de l’effectif
Exposons avant tout la distribution des effectifs en fonction de l’espace. Trois
personnes sont situées dans la partie bureau de l’entreprise : la secrétaire de
direction [Karolina], le directeur de production [Antek], la conceptrice graphique
de produits (qui se charge aussi de travaux administratifs) [Monika]. Le bureau de
Karel, le manager belge est juste à côté de ce secteur. Dans l’atelier, on trouve deux
« brigades » de trente personnes avec chacune un « brigadier », équivalent du
contre-maître en France. Enfin, un chauffeur livreur, passe une à deux fois par
semaine, avant de partir livrer au Benelux, la firme multinationale qui achète les
produits.

2 - Premiers contacts avec les employés de l’UPEP

Lorsque nous arrivons pour la première fois à l’UPEP, Karel, le manager, nous
attend dans son bureau en début d’après-midi. Après une présentation plus en détail
des modalités de l’enquête, Karel nous présente aux salariés de l’UPEP : tout
d’abord, auprès des personnes travaillant dans le bureau qu’il dénomme
« secrétariat ». Celles-ci nous reçoivent avec courtoisie. Le manager s’exprime avec
le sourire à ces employés : « Tout est anonyme, donc vous pouvez parler de toutes
vos frustrations ». La partie production de l’entreprise nous est présentée. Dans un
bruit assourdissant, les ouvriers s’affairent à leurs tâches. Nous suivons le chemin de
la chaîne de production pendant que Karel nous explique son fonctionnement selon
les différents ateliers. Ce qui choque au premier abord, c’est le délabrement et la
hauteur du bâtiment qui ne fait qu’amplifier le bruit des machines. C’est dans cette
grande salle que se trouvent toutes les machines nécessaires aux différentes étapes de
la production : atelier de découpe, de soudure, de peinture et de finition. C’est aussi
le lieu de stockage qui représente au moins un quart de la superficie et sert à
entreposer ce qui « doit être livré ». Nous terminons notre visite par la partie vestiaire
de l’entreprise qui est aussi le lieu où les ouvriers prennent leur repas. Les quatre
personnes travaillant dans le bureau mangent, elles, à l’extérieur de l’entreprise ou
dans le « secrétariat », c’est-à-dire à l’écart des ouvriers.

3 – Figure de l’étranger
Issue d’une famille modeste du Benelux, Karel (âgé de trente ans au moment
de l’enquête) termine ses études par l’équivalent d’un brevet de technicien
38
supérieur (BTS) en management. Sans obligation familiale, il décide après
plusieurs années au service d’une autre entreprise de la compagnie belge de saisir
l’opportunité qui lui est offerte de devenir manager dans une entreprise en Pologne.
Le salaire, l’expérience professionnelle, la « découverte » de la Pologne ont été des
motivations majeures. Mais plus qu’une simple décision, cette expatriation relève
bien d’une stratégie d’évolution de carrière. Maître de ses propres horaires, on peut
dire, après un suivi hors du contexte de l’usine, qu’il profite pleinement de la
liberté qu’il s’accorde. Il n’a pas été rare que celui-ci soit absent de la journée pour
des raisons diverses. Précisons ici que du fait de la proximité d’âge, de langage
avec les enquêteurs, il se montre peu méfiant et nous avoue que parfois il reste tout
simplement chez lui. Investi partiellement dans son travail, Karel représente avant
tout la figure de l’étranger dans l’entreprise. S’il s’adresse parfois aux ouvriers lors
de rares contrôles dans l’atelier de production, il passe généralement par Antek
pour faire suivre ses instructions, quand il ne s’adresse pas directement aux
brigadiers. Sa position de manager n’est effective que dans le sens où son travail
consiste à faire le lien entre la compagnie belge et l’unité de production basée en
Pologne. Il incarne la personne déléguée par la compagnie belge pour assurer une
présence symbolique plutôt que d’assumer la gestion effective de l’unité polonaise.
Ainsi, à chaque instant, sa présence rappelle aux employés que l’entreprise dépend
d’une compagnie étrangère. Il est d’ailleurs remarquable que Karolina le
surnomme à plusieurs reprises « Big brother ». La secrétaire générale fait référence
à une émission télévisée populaire internationale. Que la référence soit 1984 de
Georges Orwell, l’émission télévisé « Wielki Brat » (ce qui ne manque pas de sel),
l’allusion que ce surnom implique est celle d’une « caméra », d’un regard
permanent. La secrétaire de direction exprime ainsi la position de Karel qui
est l’œil de Philippe.

4 - Des modes d’introduction polarisés

Le début de l’enquête est marqué par l’absence de Karel. Le premier
ethnologue(A)4 est très courtoisement accueilli par les trois acteurs au bureau.
Deux femmes (Karolina et Monika) et un homme (Antek) évoluent dans cet
espace. Ces acteurs sont enthousiastes devant l’enquêteur, à tel point que c’est la
secrétaire de direction qui l’introduira auprès des ouvriers, sans qu’il ne l’ait
demandé. C’est au moment où les équipes du matin et de l’après-midi se croisent
que Karolina invite avec empressement l’observateur à la suivre jusqu’au vestiaire
des ouvriers dans un état de délabrement avancé. Là, alors que certains se préparent
à commencer leur journée de travail et que d’autres s’empressent de partir, elles
invitent les ouvriers à cesser leurs activités quelques instants afin de présenter un
étudiant français. Celui-ci explique alors brièvement aux ouvriers l’objet de
l’enquête, et invite spontanément l’un d’entre eux à répondre à quelques questions.
La scène se produit dans le vestiaire des ouvriers. L’homme interrogé est âgé d’une
quarantaine d’années. Lorsque la possibilité d’enregistrer l’entretien est formulée
celui-ci rétorque:

4
Les deux enquêteurs sont différenciés par la lettre (A) ou (B) quand cela s’avérera
nécessaire.
39
 Non, non. Eh ! [il se retourne vers les autres ouvriers] on sait jamais où ils vont
envoyer ça. [il rit légèrement].
Pourtant, il n’émettra aucune réticence à répondre à toutes les questions. Mais
l’introduction par la secrétaire, lui a fourni une opportunité de suspicion fictive et
réelle explicitement assumée envers les dires de l’ethnologue, qu’il a d’ailleurs
rendue public. D’un autre côté, la présence d’un enquêteur français a permis à
Karolina de tenter d’imposer une situation aux ouvriers dans un lieu où elle ne
pénètre jamais habituellement. Elle s’est immiscée dans la partie réservée aux
ouvriers de manière autoritaire et démonstrative, telle une dirigeante, libre de
circuler où bon lui semble. Présentant d’elle-même les objectifs de l’étude, dont
elle n’a qu’une idée très approximative, elle place l’enquêteur dans une position
pour le moins difficile. Pris dans le jeu des relations internes à l’entreprise,
l’ethnologue (A) se voit malgré lui inscrit dans un rapport de proximité avec la
fraction dirigeante de l’entreprise. Or, c’est aussi cette autorité que lui ont refusé
les ouvriers.
Le second enquêteur (B) s’introduit de lui-même auprès des ouvriers. La
scène se déroule dans le vestiaire de l’atelier. Au centre de la pièce est situé un
bureau qui sert de table. C’est là qu’aura lieu la plupart des discussions. Tout
d’abord, très surpris par la présence d’un « étranger », les ouvriers submergent
rapidement l’ethnologue de questions et de demandes d’explications. Les questions
concernent principalement le coût de la vie en France et les explications, faisant
suite aux questions de l’enquêteur, concernent la possibilité de création d’un
syndicat. Cependant, cette discussion tourne rapidement au brouhaha. Finalement,
les rôles s’inversent et l’ethnologue est remercié à de multiples reprises pour les
informations (salaire d’un ouvrier, taux des prêts bancaire en France, etc.) qu’il
fournit aux ouvriers. Voici, un extrait de ce premier contact. Nous sommes à
l’heure du changement de « brigade », par conséquent la salle se remplit
d’employés qui quittent leur travail.
Raphao : Ici, quand je suis arrivé, il n'y avait pas de syndicat. Mais avant à la
fonderie, il y en avait un.
Piotr : Il faudrait un syndicat dans l'entreprise, mais indépendant, parce que...
Leszek, le coupant : Ce syndicat doit être fait par secteur. Parce que si c'est dans
l'entreprise ça peut créer des conflits avec le chef.
Piotr : Et en France ?
Les syndicats ont un pouvoir, mais il y des syndicats par secteur, nationaux, et il y a
aussi des conventions collectives. Il y a pas mal de grèves, et elles sont importantes. C'est
populaire en France.
Piotr : Oui, on sait.
Leszek : Parfois en France, les ouvriers n’ont pas de contacts avec l’administration.
Même l'éducation ne permet pas de toucher le plafond. Mais si tout le monde fait des
études supérieures qui va travailler pour les gens qui ont fait des études supérieures ? On
doit réfléchir à ça.
Piotr : Combien gagne un ouvrier français ?
S’il travaille 35 heures par semaine, parce que, généralement, c'est 35 heures, ou 39
heures en France, c'est 5400 francs.

40
 Piotr : Ca coûte combien la vie d'un Français qui vit dans un HLM ? Loyer ? Téléphone ?
L'électricité ? C'est la base pour vivre. Même la voiture ce n’est pas essentiel. Combien ça coûte
en argent par mois? C'est suffisant 5400 francs par mois pour vivre?
Oui vivre. Mais comment ? Ça dépend des situations.
Leszek : C’est tragique par rapport à la Pologne, et à nos salaires.
La situation est-elle difficile en Pologne ?
Leszek : Moi, je gagne 1200 zlotys par mois. L’appartement me coûte 700 zlotys, le
téléphone 100 zlotys, l’électricité 60 zlotys, la crèche 200 zlotys. Pour le reste, il n’y a pas
d’argent, il n’y a plus [d’argent]. C’est ma femme qui gagne l’argent pour la nourriture.
Piotr : Les crédits sont-ils élevés en France ? Quel est le taux…

La question sur la présence d’un syndicat dans l’entreprise (développée plus

loin) n’est pas sans influence sur les prises de position des acteurs. Aussi, ceux-ci
procèdent à une comparaison entre leur niveau de vie en tant qu’ouvrier en Pologne
et celui d’un ouvrier français. Cette opération passe préalablement par une
identification à la figure de l’étranger. Par la suite, l’enquêteur partagera une
relation de proximité avec les ouvriers.
En revanche, lorsqu’il s’introduit auprès du bureau, l’ethnologue (B) s’attire
quelques regards noirs, furtifs de la part de Karolina, la secrétaire de direction. À
certaines occasions, celle-ci ne se montrera pas très coopérative avec l’étudiant. Par
exemple, lorsque celui-ci voudra accéder aux archives, accès qui était autorisé par
le manager général et le propriétaire. Souvent, sans jamais se montrer agressive,
elle différera la remise des documents. Ce comportement, et les signes d’hostilité
ne furent observés qu’en relation avec le second enquêteur. De même que les
ouvriers n’ont pas manifesté le même enthousiasme avec le premier ethnologue.
Au bureau, les deux conceptions des enquêteurs en tant qu’ils sont dans une
relation particulière avec la population de l’entreprise sont tellement différentes
que parfois, les acteurs leur demandent l’air dubitatif s’ils travaillent bien
ensemble.
Cette introduction, différente pour les deux enquêteurs qui est aussi le fruit
d’une stratégie préalable, conditionne les relations avec les employés de l’UPEP.
Cette projection dans l’enquête montre tout d’abord, la volonté de Karolina de
s’insérer dans celle-ci, et de montrer à « l’ethnologue » (A) un pouvoir sur les
ouvriers qui s’est avéré peu effectif. Sa légitimité s’inspire d’un rapprochement
avec l’étranger. Parce qu’il a été introduit par la secrétaire de direction, l’étudiant
(A) s’est trouvé enfermé symboliquement, par les ouvriers, dans une relation de
proximité avec le personnel de direction. Quant au second ethnologue, parce qu’il
s’est passé de l’intervention de la secrétaire, il s’est vu assigné à une position de
médiation d’« étranger », d’« occidental » voire d’« européen » par les ouvriers, car
le visage « étranger » de la direction n’a aucun contact avec cette catégorie
d’employés. Aussi, comme nous l’avons vu un peu avant l’ethnologue (B) s’avère
être une source d’informations sur la France et les pays de « l’Ouest européen », et
une écoute étrangère aux revendications des ouvriers. En s’introduisant de lui-
même auprès des ouvriers, l’ethnologue (B) a involontairement refusé à Karolina la
possibilité d’user d’une forme de légitimité qu’elle avait utilisée avec l’autre
enquêteur (A).
41
 Cette expérience méthodologique s’est avérée fructueuse pour l’investigation
dans le sens où elle a enclenché une différenciation des positionnements des
acteurs envers les deux ethnologues. Les acteurs se sont pour investis la plupart
d’une manière ou d’une autre dans l’enquête et se sont donc identifiés aux deux
jeunes étudiants français5.

2. Le rapport à une direction étrangère

Lors de nos premiers contacts Karel et Philippe semblaient craindre la

réaction des employés, face à l’introduction des enquêteurs dans l’entreprise.
Ils vont dire : « Ah ! Encore des étrangers ». (Il ajoute parlant du directeur) Il a peur
que les ouvriers se plaignent de leur condition. En plus, il a peur que cela mette une
mauvaise ambiance dans l’atelier et, vous êtes français, ils vont vous demander comment
vous êtes payés en France, et ils vont se plaindre de leur travail, alors il ne faut rien dire sur
la France ou alors il faut baisser le salaire [réel pour en donner un fictif]. (Karel)

Ces propos sont fortement connotés par le rapport autochtone/allochtone, qui

prennent la forme d’une opposition duale entre « Europe occidentale » et « Est ».
Nous « français » et lui « belge » face à « l’Est ». Il joue la carte d’une complicité
factice. Ces propos montrent aussi que la direction a bien conscience qu’il existe
des revendications claires aux échelons inférieurs de la hiérarchie qu’ils tentent de
contenir d’une façon ou d’une autre.
Dans l’atelier, Karel ne communique qu’avec les brigadiers, pour lesquels il a
d’ailleurs de l’estime. La circulation de l’information entre l’atelier et la direction
en Belgique met en scène les brigadiers. Antek, le chef de la production, et Karel,
Directeur et manager, font l’économie de tout contact avec la catégorie des
ouvriers. Karel maîtrise mal la langue polonaise. De plus, toutes les démarches
autres que celles évoquées ci-dessus qui pourraient l’amener à avoir des contacts
avec les ouvriers (la remise des salaires, le règlement des heures supplémentaires)
sont assurées par les employés du bureau. On remarquera que ces « craintes »
concernent les individus avec lesquels la distance sociale est la plus grande. Dans
ces conditions, quels peuvent être pour les employés, les éléments censés légitimer
la position du manager étranger ?

Un présent sous forme de crise

Lorsque les employés sont interrogés sur l’évolution de la société polonaise,
tous mettent en relation le plus souvent leur situation actuelle avec les situations
dans d’autres entreprises en Pologne, et/ou avec la situation à l’UPEP lorsque
celle-ci était encore à Cracovie. Ils soulignent les faillites des entreprises où ils ont
travaillé, le chômage et les bas salaires.
5
Notre démarche s’inspire directement des réflexions de G. Althabe mises en œuvre
dans Oppression et libération dans l’imaginaire. Les communautés villageoises de la côte
orientale de Madagascar. (1969), Paris, François Maspéro. Réflexions épistémologiques
formalisées in Althabe A., Sélim M., 1998 : Démarches ethnologiques au présent.
L’Harmattan, Paris.
42
 Piotr, ouvrier, âgé de 26 ans, est marié et père de deux filles. Il possède
depuis bientôt deux ans une petite entreprise. Il a travaillé dans de nombreuses
professions (il dit vingt-six) dans la région de 0DáR 3ROVND. Il s’exprime sur son
expérience professionnelle passée et en vient à conclure avec une voix pleine de
désarroi:
Je n’ai pas gagné beaucoup d'argent, c'est la chose la plus déprimante. Par contre, il
résume la situation actuelle dans ces propos. Je suis satisfait de ce travail parce que mon
chef me donne un bon salaire. En plus, il donne le salaire à temps et pour toutes ces choses,
il est réglo. Ceux qui ont une firme comprennent leur chef. Tout le monde voudrait gagner
plus, mais la situation est comme elle est. C'est bien d'avoir un travail. Les conditions ne
sont pas les meilleures. Mais je dois travailler ici aussi parce que j'ai une femme et des
enfants. Je veux avoir assez d'argent pour entretenir ma famille. Le plus gros changement,
c'est que je gagne plus, et ça me rend heureux.

Les salaires qui arrivent en temps et en heures, le montant de ce salaire qui

est relativement élevé par rapport au marché local du travail, sont des critères
décisifs pour les acteurs interrogés. Ces éléments forment aussi pour lui, une
différence stricte avec les autres entreprises, toutes polonaises, pour lesquelles il a
travaillé. On remarquera, au passage, que Piotr exprime un rapprochement
symbolique avec le directeur de l’UPEP, puisqu’il est aussi le seul ouvrier à
posséder une entreprise. Ses propos exemplaires mettent en relation le passé (dans
les autres entreprises) et le présent (à l’UPEP).
Prêtons l’oreille à Monika, conceptrice-graphique, célibataire et âgée de 27
ans. Elle vit à Cracovie et travaille à l’UPEP depuis deux ans et demi.
Monika : Avant je travaillais pour un Polonais. Il était propriétaire d'une entreprise de
construction de bâtiments. Cette compagnie avait beaucoup de problèmes financiers et tout
s'est écroulé, c'était la banqueroute avec beaucoup de dettes et de problèmes.
C’est mieux de travailler pour une entreprise à capitaux étrangers?
Monika : Le point positif le plus important est que nous avons beaucoup de
commandes qui nous viennent du Benelux. Les commandes viennent 3 mois à l'avance.
Alors, je n'ai pas peur que l'entreprise disparaisse, qu'on n’ait plus de commandes et que je
perde mon travail. C'est très important parce je sais que le plus gros problème pour les
entreprises polonaises, c'est la vente de la production et surtout pour avoir des clients parce
qu’il y a une très forte concurrence. Généralement, il y a la stagnation en Pologne et je sais
que le plus gros problème pour les entreprises polonaises, c'est la vente de la production et
surtout pour avoir des clients parce qu'il y a une très forte concurrence pour vendre quoi
que ce soit. Je pense que l'avantage principal de notre compagnie, c'est qu'on peut vendre
notre production.

L’explication est certes ici plus détaillée, mais c’est bien dans l’extériorité
qu’est renvoyé le pouvoir légitime. La dépendance est justifiée par la stabilité des
salaires, la sécurité de l’emploi. Ce qui pour les employés la différencie des
entreprises qui évoluent sur le marché polonais. La peur du chômage, tout comme
les sous-rémunérations sont présentes dans tous les esprits. L’entreprise polonaise
est aussi pour ces acteurs et par rapport à leur passé, synonyme de « faillite »,
« banqueroute », de peu d’argent. On pourrait résumer les propos des acteurs dans
une opposition floue, plastique entre d’un côté, la situation polonaise « funeste », et
43
de l’autre, les « bonnes conditions de travail », « les bonnes rémunérations » que
procure le fait de travailler pour un étranger et d’être branché sur le marché
européen. Les propos de ce type traversent toute la hiérarchie de l’entreprise.
Si l’aspect positif de la situation à l’UPEP est bien relevé et justifié par les
acteurs, qu’en est-il de cette situation si catastrophique ? Quels éléments lui sont
associés ?
Deux éléments principaux ressortent des entretiens, l’État d’un côté et de
l’autre, les « investissements étrangers », qui soulignent la dépendance à la figure
symbolique de l’étranger. Nous allons prêter attention à leurs propos dans les
lignes qui suivent.

Une sphère politique illégitime

Prenons l’exemple de Raphao :
Depuis 1989, il y a eu des changements parce qu’il y a eu des investisseurs étrangers
qui sont entrés sur notre marché. Avant 1989, les gens travaillaient moins. Maintenant, on
doit travailler plus parce que la concurrence est grande. Maintenant, on doit respecter son
travail parce qu'il y a le chômage, il y a moins de travail.
Depuis 1989, pour vous quels ont été les changements ?
Raphao : Rien n’a vraiment changé au niveau politique, il y a plus de stress et de
dépression parce qu'on doit toujours penser à son avenir.
Vous avez l’impression que le gouvernement travaille pour changer cette situation ?
Raphao : Non, on gagne des petits salaires et les chefs gagnent des sommes
colossales.

On voit bien, d’un côté, l’association entre investissements étrangers et

changements ; et de l’autre, le niveau politique polonais qui n’a « pas vraiment
changé ». La frontière entre un avant et un après 1989 se dessine aussi. D’une part,
avant « les gens travaillaient moins », et de l’autre « maintenant, on doit travailler
plus », « on doit respecter son travail ». L’inaction politique de l’État se traduit par
une revendication sur la distribution inégalitaire des salaires. Nous reviendrons
plus loin sur ce point.
Revenons maintenant sur Monika, voyons de quelle manière celle-ci
s’exprime sur le sujet.

Mais le pire, c’est le chômage ! Et on voit que le gouvernement ne fait rien pour ça.
Naturellement, ils disent qu'ils font beaucoup, mais en réalité ils ne font rien ! Il n'y a pas
d'effet positif. Par exemple, ils pourraient supprimer certaines taxes. Je ne sais pas. Je ne suis
pas bonne en économie. Je ne sais pas ce qu'ils pourraient faire pour améliorer cette situation.
Ils peuvent utiliser certains outils pour contrer cette situation. Evidemment, ils pourraient faire
beaucoup plus. Mais, maintenant, ils ne font que ce qu'ils sont obligés de faire. S'ils font ça
c'est parce qu'ils ont des intérêts personnels dans tout ça. J'estime tout ça très négatif.
Vous pensez qu’il n’y a aucun changement positif?
Non, par exemple la réduction du temps de travail, ça n'a pas de sens. Peut-être c'était
une propagande pour montrer qu'ils faisaient quelque chose dans ce domaine. La réduction
du temps de travail c'est comme montrer aux gens qui ne connaissent pas ça, qu'ils font
quelque chose dans ce domaine. Mon opinion ? C'est complètement le contraire, parce que
ce n'est absolument pas bénéfique pour les personnes qui travaillent maintenant.
44
 Dans les propos de Monika, l’action politique de l’État est associée à l’intérêt
personnel des agents qui dirigent cette institution. Les réformes « nécessaires »
sont une « propagande » qui trompe les polonais et qui est « totalement négative ».
Pour elle, le gouvernement (puisque État et gouvernement ne sont pas ici dissociés)
ne fait rien, même s’il affirme le contraire. Finalement, l’État et/ou le
gouvernement sont mis en accusation et relégués dans une sphère négative.
Passons maintenant à Marcek. Cet ouvrier est l’un des plus anciens dans
l’entreprise6. Ses propos se différencient des autres acteurs, qui de par leur âge,
n’ont pu connaître de la même manière les changements de la société polonaise.

Marcek : Depuis 1989, je suis parti une seule fois en vacances. C’est plus dur,
l’appartement cher. Avant je pouvais vivre, mais c’était le minimum. Maintenant, c'est très
difficile avec 1200 zlotys par mois. […] Je suis très en colère après Solidarité. Ils ont promis
énormément, et ils n'ont rien donné. Grâce à nous, eux ils ont tout. Ce sont des ouvriers qui
ont profité des ouvriers et maintenant, ils nous ignorent. Vous savez je gagne 1200 zlotys par
mois, ma fille a diplôme d'ingénieur et elle cherche un travail depuis deux ans.

Les propos de cet homme sont orientés dans un sens qui réfère à une histoire
plus ancienne. Le syndicat Solidarité est accusé de s’être accaparé les efforts qu’ont
produits des ouvriers en un temps donné, pour les « ignorer » à l’heure actuelle.
Précisons que, depuis le milieu des années 80, une partie des membres du syndicat se
sont recyclés en hommes politiques, appliquant par la suite une politique de
libéralisation brutale en réponse aux bailleurs de fonds et avec une certaine dose de
naïveté ou de résignation quant aux résultats escomptés (Wedel, 1998).
Il convient de noter que pour tous les employés, les salaires sont plus élevés à
l’UPEP que dans les autres entreprises polonaises, même si pour les ouvriers les
montants ne sont pas assez conséquents.
On voit donc que la domination symbolique et réelle de l’État polonais sur
l’économie, l’entreprise, la production des lois qui concernent le monde du travail
en général, est dans l’imaginaire de ces employés ramené à une sphère négative. A
l’inverse, le dominant « étranger », à la fois dans la hiérarchie et sur l’économie
polonaise, toujours si l’on suit les propos des acteurs, est inscrit dans une sphère
positive parce qu’il se différencie de la situation « funeste » en Pologne, en
fournissant la survie à l’entreprise qui assure elle-même les moyens de subsistance
à ces employés.
Les données que nous venons d’exposer et d’analyser visaient la
compréhension des rapports autochtone/allochtone dans l’entreprise, et la légitimité
que les premiers fournissent aux seconds.
Quelle peut être l’orientation donnée par les acteurs de l’UPEP à leurs
relations dans l’entreprise ? Quelle forme prend la relation entre le propriétaire
(Philippe), le manager général (Karel) et le reste des employés ?

6
Il est dans l’entreprise depuis sa création et il est également un des employés les
plus âgés.
45
 Entre communistes et compétents… Les formes de légitimation hiérarchique

Le cadre allochtonie/autochtonie semble être produit en fonction des rapports

sociaux à l’intérieur de l’UPEP, les échanges avec la Belgique et « l’Ouest » en
général sont recomposés au niveau local dans les relations interpersonnelles.
Cependant, d’autres éléments se confondent, pour former ce tout. C’est aussi dans
un rapport à l’histoire que se présentent la construction de cet « espace de
communication » (Althabe G. 1998). Le rapport « jeunes »/« âgés » se profile dans
cette configuration. Mais cette description reste schématique. C’est pourquoi, il
nous faut passer en revue les propos que les acteurs produisent sur leurs relations
aux autres employés et/ou catégories d’employés. Commençons par les positions
de direction.
Les trois employés du bureau sont tous originaires de la « campagne » pour
reprendre leurs termes. Leurs pères plus que les mères ont mené des études à
Cracovie, s’arrêtant avant le diplôme équivalent au baccalauréat. Le père de
Monika posait des sanitaires pour le gouvernement. Le père d’Antek travaillait à
l’usine Lénine à Nowa Huta, en tant qu’« ouvrier » nous dit d’abord cet acteur.
Mais en réalité, il exerçait la fonction de chef de la production, ce qui sous entend
un certain pouvoir social par rapport à la hiérarchie de l’appareil. De son côté
Karolina, n’a jamais connu son père. Elle vit seule avec sa mère à Cracovie.
Tout d’abord, revenons sur Karolina, la secrétaire de l’entreprise, employée
de l’UPEP depuis juin 1994 soit quasiment depuis sa fondation.

J’ai beaucoup de contacts avec « Big brother » [Karel]. Après, j'ai beaucoup de
contacts avec ma très bonne amie. Mais, je n’en ai pas trop avec le brigadier. Et avec les
ouvriers uniquement lorsque je leur donne leur salaire et aussi avec les compagnies avec
qui on fait des affaires. Je m'occupe des commandes des matériaux.

Karolina créée une proximité avec Karel et ensuite de Monika tandis qu’elle
met à distance les ouvriers. Les observations que nous avons pu mener démentent
catégoriquement cette façade. En effet, Karel ne s’adresse qu’en anglais aux
employés du bureau, or les connaissances de Karolina en cette langue paraissent
bien pauvres en comparaison d’Antek, le directeur de la production. D’ailleurs,
toutes les données communiquées par téléphone à Karel puis au propriétaire de
l’entreprise, ne sont pas transmises par Karolina mais bien par Antek. Exclue en
quelque sorte de la direction productive de l’entreprise, incarnée dans la relation
Karel/Antek, Karolina construisait dans sa relation avec Karel un rapprochement
avec « l’étranger », en dehors de la structure hiérarchique de travail. La proximité
fictive de Karel se présente donc comme un facteur de légitimité pour cette
employée. Sa relation avec la conceptrice graphique relève d’une configuration très
différente. En fait, toutes deux se connaissent de longue date. C’est d’ailleurs, la
secrétaire qui contacta Monika lorsque la place qu’elle occupe à l’heure actuelle,
s’est trouvée vacante. En ce qui concerne ses relations avec d’autres entreprises,
elle ne s’occupe que des démarches administratives (envoi de fax par exemple). En
fait, toutes les commandes et les ventes, et tout ce qui peut être connecté à ces deux
opérations (taxes douanières, achat de matériaux, etc.) est géré concrètement par
46
Antek7. Enfin, ses assertions sur ses contacts avec les ouvriers se sont avérées
fausses. Parfois, certains d’entre eux passent les saluer au bureau.
Karolina par quelques gestes « anodins », tenta de gêner l’un des étudiants
(B). Par exemple, lors de l’entretien avec Monika, celle-ci viendra nous
interrompre à plusieurs reprises, sur un mode très courtois du type : « Je m’excuse,
mais nous devons déjeuner », quelques minutes avant l’heure où elles partent
déjeuner habituellement. L’étonnement fut perceptible sur le visage de Monika
face à la réaction de son « amie », puis une expression désolée qui était adressée à
l’étudiant. Dans les faits, Karolina s’est rapidement aperçue que l’ethnologue était
moins naïf qu’elle ne l’imaginait au début de l’enquête. Les situations qui mettaient
à mal ses propos l’ont amenée à des réactions peu habituelles, auxquelles même
son amie [Monika] n’est pas restée insensible. La réaction de Karolina est sans
doute conditionnée par le fait que Karel en utilisant la langue française avec les
étudiants pose une barrière entre lui, les enquêteurs et le reste des employés.
Revenons, maintenant sur Monika. Voyons comment celle-ci décrit ses
relations avec le propriétaire de l’UPEP.

Est-ce que vous avez déjà eu des conflits avec Philippe ?

Monika: Non, mais une fois il y avait un petit problème. C'était il y a longtemps
maintenant, tout a changé. Mais, il est arrivé qu'on soit en retard avec les commandes. Il y
avait beaucoup de raisons, il n'était pas très satisfait. Bien sûr, il devait nous faire des
remarques là-dessus. Enfin, je n'ai jamais eu de gros conflits avec lui. Parfois, il y a des
erreurs sur les produits, alors il fait des remarques là-dessus. Il était très en colère que tout
ne soit pas fait comme ça devait être fait.

On voit que les actions de Philippe sont, pour cette employée, légitimes.
Monika: Tous les chefs d'entreprises essayent d'éviter de payer les heures
supplémentaires, parce que les employés doivent faire ce qu'ils doivent faire à temps, et s'ils
n'y arrivent pas, ils doivent le faire pendant les heures supplémentaires. Tous les employés
ont un travail à faire pendant la semaine, et s'ils n'arrivent pas à le faire pendant la semaine,
ils doivent venir le samedi.

Pour Monika, l’attitude inappropriée des employés, au passage stigmatisés,

explique l’attitude légitime des chefs d’entreprises et de Philippe. Voyons
comment s’exprime Monika sur une « mentalité polonaise » dans l’entreprise.

Je vois maintenant que la jeune génération est très différente de la plus ancienne.
Parce que, par exemple, les gens qui travaillaient sous le communisme étaient sûrs de
garder leur emploi, ils se sentaient en sécurité, et ils ne pensaient pas qu'ils allaient arrêter
de travailler même pour un jour. Maintenant, il y a une très forte concurrence. Ils voient
l'avenir et espèrent différemment que les plus anciens. Ils doivent avoir de plus en plus de
qualifications, ils doivent être capables d'être compétents.

7
En réalité, Antek ne fait que collecter les données, les transmettre à Karel, et enfin,
toutes décisions sur la vente sont l’apanage du propriétaire de l’UPEP, propriétaire aussi de
la multinationale qui achète pratiquement la totalité des produits, pour les revendre
principalement en France et aux Pays-Bas.
47
 On voit apparaître dans ce discours une dichotomie entre « jeunes » et
« vieux ». D’un côté, les jeunes avec plus de « compétences » et de
« qualifications » sont face à la « concurrence ». De l’autre, les plus « anciens » qui
« travaillaient sous le communisme » qui « se sentaient en sécurité »8. Cependant,
tous vivent dans le même contexte et comme le montre l’exemple de Marcek, tous
sont dans une situation de concurrence sur le marché de l’emploi.
Passons maintenant à Antek, le directeur de la production. Cet homme de 29
ans, marié, est arrivé en octobre 1999 à l’UPEP. Diplômé de l’université
polytechnique de Cracovie, son expérience du monde du travail se limite à trois
entreprises dont l’UPEP. La première entreprise lui servit de stage de fin d’études.
Il a commencé le travail rémunéré à partir de 1997 en tant que vendeur. Ensuite, il
s’est chargé des opérations de transport et de logistique. Le salaire et l’absence de
possibilités de promotion l’ont fait changer d’emploi.

Antek: J’ai trouvé mon deuxième travail dans une annonce dans le journal. Enfin,
c’est ma femme qui l’a trouvé et m’a demandé d’appeler. Je n’avais pas d’augmentation de
salaire, et je suis resté un an et demi à la même place. Je pensais à d’autres choses. Je
voulais travailler dans l’industrie, la maintenance, la robotique et les automates. Je voulais
plus d’expériences, changer ma position, je voulais plus de responsabilités.
Quels problèmes avez-vous dans votre profession ?
Antek: J’ai juste beaucoup à dire sur le directeur (rires). Dans tous les emplois, il y a
des problèmes. Pour moi, c’est avec les ouvriers, à cause de leur mentalité, ils viennent
d’entreprises publiques, ils n’étaient pas préparés.
À quoi ?
Antek: Àh ! Tous ces changements. Avant, ils faisaient une chose à la fois,
maintenant, ils doivent en faire deux ou trois. Ils ne faisaient jamais attention aux machines.
Les plus gros problèmes tournaient autours des machines, alors je devais les reprendre.

Antek est arrivé dans l’entreprise il n’y a qu’un peu moins de deux ans, soit
dix ans après la chute de l’ancien régime, ce qui place la « mentalité » relativement
loin dans le temps et dans son expérience. De plus, il n’a jamais travaillé
officiellement sous le régime communiste. Ces propos réfèrent à un jugement
communément admis. Le passage d’un travail stable et sans pression sur la
production à une exigence de rentabilité assortie à un marché du travail incertain.
Toutefois, l’effectif des ouvriers regroupés à l’UPEP est composé en majorité
d’acteurs dont l’âge ne dépasse pas trente ans. Par conséquent, les acquis
professionnels de cette catégorie d’employés réfèrent à la période 1989-1999. Les
accusations produites par Antek sont fictives et elles attestent d’une volonté de
distanciation du groupe d’employés le plus bas dans la hiérarchie, assigné aux
règles de fonctionnement des entreprises sous l’ancien régime. Et l’on sait que
l’appartenance passé au communisme forme une image d’infériorité sur un plan
national autant qu’international. Antek justifie sa position hiérarchique dans le
cadre des transformations idéalisées des normes et règles de production.

8
Pour éviter toute confusion, précisons que l’on parle de la sécurité de l’emploi.
48
 Parmi ces propos, ceux qui concernent Karel, ont toujours été émis de façon
sarcastique et évasive, notre apparente relation avec le manager général, le
dissuadant d’expliciter la désapprobation ou le mépris qu’il laissait néanmoins
sous-entendre.
On remarque aussi la volonté des acteurs de s’inscrire en rupture avec une
image stéréotypée du « travailleur » de l’ancien régime « socialiste ». Cette image
récurrente est d’autant plus malléable qu’elle réfère à une situation passée. Notons
que la volonté de Karolina et d’Antek de se distancier des ouvriers est strictement
contraire de cette idéologie dite « égalitaire » qu’ils projettent sur les ouvriers.
Cette production idéelle « égalitariste », qui rapprochait « cadres » et « ouvriers » a
sans doute toujours été contestée, mais elle sert ici de corollaire légitimant les
« nouvelles valeurs » portées par ces acteurs. La mise en avant d’un renouveau
revendiqué par Antek s’accompagne de l’injection d’un passé réifié (le
communisme) dans le présent. Le tout étant basé sur un présupposé général
explicité par B. Pudal : « la relation nécessaire entre communisme et classe
ouvrière est un préjugé […] qui ne fait qu’entériner la représentation dominante
que le communisme donnait de lui-même »9. Ce discours est d’autant plus légitime
qu’il est socialement accepté et dans divers lieux de la société polonaise.

Les ouvriers et le syndicat

Une des caractéristiques de cette entreprise réside dans l’absence de syndicat
et dans la pesanteur de cette absence dans l’esprit des employés. Le manager
s’explique sur le sujet :

Il y avait un syndicat, mais on l’a viré [rires]. Avec le syndicat, on ne pouvait pas
virer les gens. […] Alors, on a viré le syndicat, mais il reste des groupes entre les ouvriers.

La fin du syndicat local semble être l’initiative de la direction de l’entreprise.

Nous touchons là un point très important. Solidarité, en prenant le pouvoir
(rappelons la coalition qui était au pouvoir jusque 1995 regroupait l’AWS10, un
parti issu de l’éclatement interne à Solidarité et le parti libéral UW11) a perdu toute
légitimité qui était fondée sur une opposition au système communiste. Cette perte
de légitimité s’exprime avec la disparition de L. Walesa du paysage politique. À
partir du moment où il n’existe plus un opposant qui justifie son existence, ce
syndicat a perdu toute crédibilité de défense des intérêts des ouvriers. Dans la
mémoire de bon nombre d’ouvriers qui ont connu les périodes difficiles d’avant
1989, Solidarité représente aujourd’hui un groupe d’opportunistes qui ont fait
passer leurs intérêts avant ceux des ouvriers.
Les plus jeunes ouvriers, ceux qui ne travaillaient pas avant 1989,
projettent la création d’un syndicat. Cependant, pour eux Solidarité appartient à la

9
Pudal B., 2000: « Politisation ouvrière et communisme » în Le siècle des
communismes, p. 513.
10
Akcja Wyborcza Solidarnosc. Action Electorale Solidarité.
11
Unia Wolnosci, Union pour la Liberté.
49
politique. La plupart déclarent ne pas vouloir s’intéresser à cette politique ou
encore qu’ils prendront le temps de s’en préoccuper une fois en retraite. Ils parlent
plus volontiers d’un syndicat national par secteur d’activité. En effet, l’expérience
du syndicat local disparu, fait qu’ils se retournent vers cette « solution » qui semble
stratégiquement plus viable. On entend souvent dire qu’un syndicat local pourrait
créer des antagonismes avec « le chef », ce qui serait terriblement gênant puisque
ce dernier est, rappelons-le, « réglo ». Les assertions qui s’expriment dans la
relation avec l’« ethnologue » (2) montre que l’enquête devient un support des
revendications qui concernent, entre autres, les salaires. L’attitude de Karel
lorsqu’il nous a demandé de rester silencieux sur la question des salaires, et des
droits salariaux en France prend alors tout son sens. Il se dessine entre les ouvriers
et le manager une relation conflictuelle qui prend la forme d’une
revendication/répression. Les ouvriers de leur côté, placent l’enquêteur dans une
position de médiateur de ce rapport, avec la direction étrangère. Conscients des
avantages relatifs que procure ce travail, ils restent très prudents.

Conclusion

Résumons-nous. Karel symbolise la dépendance des employés à l’étranger.

Sa position est légitimée par le fait qu’il s’inscrit hors de la situation économique
globale polonaise. Les employés du bureau puisent leur légitimité dans une relation
de proximité avec l’étranger, ils seraient porteurs de valeurs en adéquation avec les
nouvelles normes de production, contrairement aux ouvriers qui se voient refoulés,
assignés au « communisme » et à l’incompétence. De par l’absence de syndicat
dans l’entreprise, qui a été supprimé à l’initiative du propriétaire, l’investigation
devient le support des revendications politico-salariales des ouvriers qui ne
trouvent pas de voix d’expression dans l’entreprise. Elle leur permet en même
temps de comparer leur situation à l’UPEP avec leurs expériences professionnelles
précédentes. Les ouvriers dans un sens légitiment la position d’étranger de Karel
par le fait qu’il se différencie de la situation polonaise synonyme de chômage et de
mauvaises conditions de travail. Toutefois, ceux-ci ne perdent pas espoir de trouver
une possibilité de trouver une représentation à leurs revendications, ce dont la
direction a parfaitement conscience, dans un pays où une partie d’un syndicat
devenu parti politique, s’est vite passé des ouvriers au nom de la solidarité.
On remarquera aussi que la dépendance à l’étranger permet de neutraliser la
subordination à l’État, tenu pour responsable de la situation « funeste » en Pologne.
L’allégeance des employés de la direction se double d’accusations envers l’État. La
domination est réinvestie dans l’imaginaire. À un niveau plus général, les
gouvernements successifs en Pologne depuis la chute du mur de Berlin ont fait
preuve d’allégeance aux créditeurs occidentaux, en même temps qu’ils essayaient
d’imposer un pouvoir autochtone. Ces actions ont toujours généré de grandes
contestations.
Comme on le voit, le revirement idéologique ambigu vers l’Ouest forme une
des matières que les acteurs peuvent utiliser pour donner sens à leurs rapports
sociaux. Les changements globaux survenus en Pologne, ont eu pour conséquence
50
la conversion de la supériorité imaginaire idéologique et politico-économique du
capitalisme libéral, sur un autre, le communisme, en mode de
domination/justification du pouvoir et des constructions hiérarchiques. Cette
supériorité se signifie aux yeux des acteurs dans l’effondrement du bloc soviétique
en 1989, mais aussi dans les politiques menées par les gouvernements après cette
date. La « thérapie de choc » plaçait directement la Pologne et son économie dans
une situation de subordination au nouveau système idéologique et politico-
économique. L’image est explicite: on s’occupait alors d’un malade.

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Althabe G., 1969: Oppression et libération dans l’imaginaire. Les communautés

villageoises de la côte orientale de Madagascar. François Maspéro, Paris. (rééd. La
découverte 2002).
Althabe G., Selim M., 1998: Démarches ethnologiques au présent. L’Harmattan,
Paris.
Bazin L., 1998 : Entreprise, politique, parenté : une perspective anthropologique sur
la Côte-d’Ivoire dans le monde actuel. L’Harmattan, Paris.
Bazin L., Selim M., 2001: Motifs économiques en anthropologie, L’Harmattan, Paris.
Cordeau S., Heemeryck A., 2001: La Pologne postcommuniste : dépendance et
formes de domination. Essai d’ethnologie de l’entreprise. Mémoire de maîtrise
d’ethnologie. Université des sciences et technologies de Lille 1, Lille.
Heemeryck A., 2007: La Roumanie entre stigmatisation et réhabilitation :
Démocratisme, État, société et production de soi. Thèse de doctorat réalisée sous la
direction de B. Hours, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Paris.
Pudal B., 2000: « Politisation ouvrière et communisme » in Dreyfus M. et alii. (dir)
Le siècle des communismes, éd. de l’atelier.
Wedel J., 1998: Collision and Collusion. The Strange Case Western Aid to Eastern
Europe 1989-1998. St. Martin’s Press, New-York.

51
52
 EVALUAREA STILURILOR MANAGERIALE
Ì1&217(;76,78$ ,21$/

0,+$(/$&25,1$ 8 8

ABSTRACT

The study of various managerial styles according to various situational features,

based on concrete strategies for decision making and the elaboration of an
interpretative-evaluative model of managerial style in a given situation. To lead is,
basically, to make decisions. The efficiency of decision making as a managerial act
depends on which managerial style is employed, the way decisions are made represents
the fundamental feature of a particular managerial style, so the managerial style is to be
interpreted as a decisional strategy. Any particular managerial style could be modified
by a series of particular circumstances; there is a relationship between the decisional
strategy employed and the managerial style which functions according to the
characteristics of a given situation, resulting in an increase or decrease in efficiency; in
a given situation there is a certain train of logical runthrough of different sequences of
managerial styles that can modify the leadership efficiency.

1. Problematica cercet ULL

&HULQ HOH VRFLHW LL DFWXDOH QHFHVLW  DERUGDUHD SURFHVXOXL PDQDJHULDO FD R
FRPSRQHQW  VWUDWHJLF  vQ FDGUXO VWUXFWXU ULL IXQF LRQ ULL úL HILFLHQWL] ULL
RUJDQL]D LLORU 6H LPSXQH PXWDUHD DFFHQWXOXL GH SH SUREOHPHOH FRQGXFHULL vQ
general, pe cele ale FRQGXFHULL HILFLHQWH vQ VSHFLDO VDX SH FHOH FDUH LPSOLF 
GHVFRSHULUHDGHQRLVWLOXULPDQDJHULDOHDGHFYDWHVRFLHW LORUPRGHUQHGHRDUHFH
OLGHUXO DFWXDO WUHEXLH V  DF LRQH]H vQ SHUPDQHQ  FD XQ IDFWRU GH VFKLPEDUH
SURJUHVúLLQRYDUH$VWIHOUROXOOLGHUXOXLVHLPSXQHDILXQXODFWLYFUHDWLYúLQX
UHDFWLYSDVLY'LQDPLVPXOSURFHVXOXLPDQDJHULDOSUHVXSXQHDFWLYLVPLQL LDWLY 
úLFDSDFLWDWHGHSUHYL]LXQHRULHQWDUHDVSUHFDX] úLQXVSUHHIHFW
3HQWUXDRE LQHHILFLHQ HVWHQHFHVDUFDOLGHUXOV GLVSXQ de capacitatea
GH D LQWHJUD úL FRRUGRQD HIRUWXULOH VXERUGRQD LORU GH D-i implica activ atât în
SURFHVXOGHOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUFkWúLvQLPSOHPHQWDUHDORU
Actul decizional se distinge printr-o mare complexitate, necesitând
HODERUDUHDXQRUVROX LLDOHJHUHDXQHLDGLQWUHHOHPRWLYDUHDDOHJHULLU VSXQGHUHD
SHQWUX DOWHUQDWLYD DOHDV  7RDWH DFHVWHD VH LQVWLWXLH FD DFWH FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH
DOF WXLQGJUXSXOGHFL]LRQDOVROLFLWkQGSDUWLFLSDUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLGHFLGHQ LORUSH
GLUHF LLPXOWLSOH
'LYHUVHOHDERUG UL asupra conducerii, asupra stilurilor manageriale, ne-
DX GHWHUPLQDW V  VLQWHWL] P HYROX LD DFHVWRUD vQWU-un cadru cât mai actualizat,
XUPkQG V  IDFHP R DQDOL]  D VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH vQWU-XQ FRQWH[W VLWXD LRQDO
GDW YL]kQG HILFLHQ D úL IOH[LELOLWDWHD VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH PDQLIHVWDWH GH F WUH
OLGHULLLPSOLFD LvQIXQF LHGHSDUWLFXODULW LOHVLWXD LHL
53
 (ILFDFLWDWHDGHFL]LHLFDDFWGHFRQGXFHUHGHSLQGHvQPDUHP VXU GHVWLOXO
PDQDJHULDOFDUHODUkQGXOV XHVWHGHSHQGHQWQXQXPDLGHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDOideru-
OXLFLúLGHVLWXD LDFXFDUHDFHVWDVHFRQIUXQW 'HDFHHDHVWHHVHQ LDOFDOLGHUXOV 
DGRSWHXQVWLOPDQDJHULDODGHFYDWVLWXD LHLFDvQUHOD LDFXVXERUGRQD LLV SUDFWLFH
XQVWLOPDQDJHULDOFRUHVSXQ] WRUSHQWUXOXDUHDXQHLGHFL]LLRSWLPHHILFDce.
)LHFDUH VLWXD LH QHFHVLW  XQ DQXPLW VWLO PDQDJHULDO 3UDFWLFDUHD DOWXL VWLO
PDQDJHULDO GHFkW FHO FDUH HVWH LPSXV GH VLWXD LH DU SXWHD GXFH OD UHGXFHUHD
FDOLW LL GHFL]LLORU OD VXEHYDOXDUHD HIHFWHORU QHJDWLYH GHWHUPLQDWH GH DSOLFDUHD
deciziei respective, la adoptarea deciziilor cu întârziere, la extinderea timpului
GH GHVI úXUDUH D DF LXQLORU GH LPSOHPHQWDUH D GHFL]LLORU FX SURGXFHUHD XQRU
HYHQWXDOHSDJXEHLPSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDRE LQHvQWLPSXWLORLPDJLQHFODU DVXSUD
HYROX LHLHYHQLPHQWHORU

1.1. Modelul normativ al conducerii

În cadrul modelului managerial decizional 9URRP úL FRODERUDWRULL V L

9URRP<HWWRQ9URRP-DJRSOHDF GHODVXSR]L LDIXQGDPHQWDO 
F RDPHQLLVXQWGHVWXOGHIOH[LELOLDVWIHOvQFkWHLvúLSRWRULHQWDVWLOXOPDQagerial
vQ IXQF LH GH VLWXD LD VSHFLILF  FX FDUH VH FRQIUXQW  $XWRULL DX vQFHUFDW V 
VXUSULQG  R VHULH GH UHJXOL SH ED]D F URUD OLGHULL V  SRDW  VWDELOL JUDGXO GH
SDUWLFLSDUHDVXERUGRQD LORUODOXDUHDGHFL]LHLvQWU-RVLWXD LHGDW 
Stilul managerial, în FRQFHS LDFHORUWUHLDXWRULHVWHGHSHQGHQWGHIDFWRULL
VLWXD LRQDOLLDUHILFLHQ DFRQGXFHULLGHSLQGHGHDGHFYDUHDVWLOXOXLPDQDJHULDOODR
VLWXD LHGDW (LLGHQWLILF FLQFLVWLOXULPDQDJHULDOHGHODFHOHPDLDXWRULWDUHVSUH
FHOFRQVXOWDWLY&úLSkQ la cele mai participative, deciziile de grup (G): cinci
VWLOXUL GH OXDUH D GHFL]LLORU ILHFDUH OLGHU SXWkQG V -úL DOHDJ  V -úL VFKLPEH VDX
V -úLDGDSWH]HVWLOXOvQIXQF LHGHIDFWRULLVLWXD LRQDOL
În modelul propus se au în vedere nu numai stilurile maQDJHULDOH FL úL
FDUDFWHULVWLFLOHVDXDWULEXWHOHVLWXD LHLFDUHUHYHQGLF DGRSWDUHDXQXLVWLOVDXDOWXO
3HQWUX DQDOL]D úL FODVLILFDUHD VLWXD LLORU FDUH GHWHUPLQ  DOHJHUHD XQXL VWLO VDX
DOWXODXWRULLHYLGHQ LD] FDUDFWHULVWLFLFDUHvQRSLQLDORUDUGetermina tipurile
GH VLWXD LL GHFL]LRQDOH úL DQXPH LPSRUWDQWD FDOLW LL GHFL]LHL FH WUHEXLH OXDW 
P VXUD vQ FDUH OLGHUXO GLVSXQH GH VXILFLHQW  LQIRUPD LH SHQWUX D OXD VLQJXU R
GHFL]LH GH FDOLWDWH P VXUD vQ FDUH SUREOHPD HVWH VWUXFWXUDW  P VXUD vQ FDUH
DFFHSWDUHDGHFL]LHLúLDQJDMDUHDVXERUGRQD LORUHVWHLPSRUWDQW SHQWUXLPSOHPHQ-
WDUHDHILFLHQW DDFHVWHLDSUREDELOLWDWHDFHDPDLPDUHFDGHFL]LDGHWLSDXWRULWDU
V  ILH DFFHSWDW  GH VXERUGRQD L P VXUD vQ FDUH VXERUGRQD LL VXQW PRWLYD L V 
realizeze scoSXULOHRUJDQL]D LRQDOHP VXUDvQFDUHHVWHSUREDELOFDVXERUGRQD LL
V  VH vPSRWULYHDVF  GHFL]LHL P VXUD vQ FDUH VXERUGRQD LL GLVSXQ GH VXILFLHQW 
LQIRUPD LHSHQWUXDOXDRGHFL]LHGHvQDOW FDOLWDWH
(ILFLHQ D HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  vQ IXQF LH GH WUHL FULWHULL: calitatea deciziei
UD LRQDOLWDWHD DFFHSWDUHD HL GH F WUH VXERUGRQD L SHULRDGD GH WLPS QHFHVDU 
pentru realizarea deciziei.
$FHVWPRGHODIRVWDVWIHOSURLHFWDWDVWIHOvQFkWDOHJHUHDVWLOXOXLDGHFYDWV 
SURWHMH]HDWkWFDOLWDWHDGHFL]LHLFkWúLDFFHSWDUHDDFHVWHLDGHF WUHVXERUGRQD L
54
 3OHFkQGGHODDUERUHOHGHFL]LRQDOHODERUDWGHFHLWUHLDXWRULvQFDGUXOFHUFHW ULL
GHID DPLGHQWLILFDWúLGHVFULVWLSXULOHGHVLWXD LLSHED]DFHORUFDUDFWHULVWLFLFDUH
GHWHUPLQ  DOHJHUHD XQXL VWLO VDX DOWXO SUHFXP úL VWLOXO DGHFYDW VLWXD LHL GDWH $P
GHILQLWXQQXP UGHVLWXD LLGHFL]LRQDOHSHED]DF URUDV-a construit instrumentul
GHHYDOXDUHDHILFLHQ HLVWLOXOXLFDVWUDWHJLHGHFL]LRQDO RSWLP 

1.2. Nivelurile constitutive ale stilului managerial

Cele GRX  QLYHOXUL FRUHODWH DWLWXGLQDO úL FRPSRUWDPHQWDO DOH VWLOXOXL

PDQDJHULDOVXQWSUHJQDQWHYLGHQ LDWHvQFDGUXOWHRULHLHODERUDWHGH0F*UHJRU
 FX SULYLUH OD IHQRPHQXO FRQGXFHULL (O IRUPXOHD]  WHRULD Ä;´ úL WHRULD
„Y” care trebuie considerate cDUHSUH]HQWkQGH[WUHPDSR]LWLY úLFHDQHJDWLY D
XQXL FRQWLQXXP FH VLPEROL]HD]  filosofia conducerii FRQFHS LD FRQGXF WRUXOXL
GHVSUH QDWXUD XPDQ  7HRULD OXL HVWH UHOHYDQW  SULQ LPSOLFD LLOH SULYLQG PRGXO
de cristalizare a unui stil managerial dominant: VWLOXO DXWRULWDU VH IXQGHD]  SH
teoria „X”, iar stilul democratic-SDUWLFLSDWLYVHIXQGHD] SHWHRULDÄ<´Teoria X
úLWHRULD<QXVXQWVWUDWHJLLPDQDJHULDOH(OHVXQWFUHGLQ HIXQGDPHQWDOHGHVSUH
QDWXUD RPXOXL FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]  FRQGXF WRUXO vQ DGRSWDUHD Xnei strategii
SUHIHUDELO DOWHLD9O VFHDQXS

0HWRGRORJLDFHUFHW ULL

2.1.2ELHFWLYHWHRUHWLFHúLSUDFWLFH

• 6WXGLHUHD VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH vQ UDSRUW FX VLWXD LD vQ FDUH VXQW
H[HUFLWDWH GLPHQVLXQHD SHUVRQDO  D VWLOXOXL ILLQG LQVXILFLHQW  SHQWUX D H[SOLFD
HILFLHQ DDFHVWXLD
• Studierea stilurilor manageriale raportate la strategiile concrete de luare
D GHFL]LLORU DYkQG vQ YHGHUH IDSWXO F  PRGXO vQ FDUH VXQW OXDWH GHFL]LLOH
UHSUH]LQW FDUDFWHULVWLFDIXQGDPHQWDO GHILQLWRULHDVWLOXULORUmanageriale.
• (ODERUDUHD XQHL PRGDOLW L SUDFWLFH GH HYDOXDUH D HILFLHQ HL VWLOXOXL
PDQDJHULDOúLDHILFLHQ HLGHFL]LRQDOHvQFRQWH[WVLWXD LRQDO
• 2SWLPL]DUHD SURFHVXOXL GHFL]LRQDO úL D FRQGXFHULL vQ DQVDPEOXO HL
modelul oferit indicând liderului stilul pHFDUHYDWUHEXLV -ODGRSWHúLFDUHSHQWUX
RVLWXD LHGDW YDILFHOPDLHILFLHQWDGHFYDW

2.2. Ipoteze de cercetare

• &XFkWQLYHOXOLHUDUKLFvQFDGUXORUJDQL]D LHLHVWHPDLvQDOWFXDWkWVWLOXO
PDQDJHULDOHVWHPDLHILFLHQWPDLDGHFYDWVLWXD LHL
• SWLOXULOHPDQDJHULDOHLQHILFLHQWHLQDGHFYDWHVLWXD LHLVXQWH[SUHVLD
stilului managerial dominant (ca expresie a nivelului orientativ – atitudinal).

55
 2.3./RWXOGHVXELHF L

&HUFHWDUHD D IRVW HIHFWXDW  SH XQ ORW GH  GH VXELHF L  E UED L úL 
femei) rHSUH]HQWkQG OLGHULL IRUPDOL DL XQHL RUJDQL]D LL FX SURILO GH FHUFHWDUH úL
PLFURSURGXF LHDPSODVD LSHQLYHOHLHUDUKLFHúLOLQLLLHUDUKLFH
6XELHF LLDXRYkUVW PHGLHGHDQLÌQSULYLQ DVWXGLLORUWR LDXSUHJ WLUH
VXSHULRDU PDMRULWDWHDDYkQGVWudii superioare tehnice. In raport cu vechimea pe
SRVWXOGHFRQGXFHUHVHFRQVWDW RYHFKLPHPHGLHGHDQL

2.4.0HWRGHúLWHKQLFLGHFHUFHWDUH

3HQWUXRE LQHUHDGDWHORUUHOHYDQWHvQUDSRUWFXSUREOHPDWLFDVWXGLDW V-au

XWLOL]DW PHWRGD REVHUYD LHL PHWRGD DQFKHWHL SH ED]  GH FKHVWLRQDU úL PHWRGD
statistico-PDWHPDWLF  $X IRVW DSOLFDWH GRX  LQVWUXPHQWH GH FHUFHWDUH XQ
LQYHQWDU GH LGHQWLILFDUH D VWLOXOXL PDQDJHULDO GRPLQDQW FRQIRUP FRQFHS LHL OXL
0F*UHJRUúLXQLQYHQWDUGHHYDOXDUHDHILFLHQ HLVWLOXOXLPDQDJHULDOvQIXQF LH
GH SDUWLFXODULW LOH VLWXD LLORU GHFL]LRQDOH FRQIRUP WHRULHL HODERUDWH GH 9URRP
<HWWRQúL-DJR
a) Primul inventar (IISMD) cuprinde 10 probleme concrete referitoare la
UHOD LLOH GLQWUH FRQGXF WRUL úL VXERUGRQD L SH FDUH FRQGXF WRUXO WUHEXLH V  OH
UH]ROYH )LHFDUH SUREOHPD HVWH vQVR LW  GH  YDULDQWH GH VROX LL ILHFDUH VROX LH
corespunzând unui anumit stil managerial (autoritar, cooperator sau participativ).
Se poate afla stilul managerial dominant atât pentru fiecare problema în parte,
FkWúLJOREDO
b) În cadrul celui de-al doilea inventar (IEESM) sunt identificate cele 5
VWLOXUL PDQDJHULDOH vQ IXQF LH GH P VXUD FX FDUH OLGHUXO WUHEXLH V  SHUPLW 
VXERUGRQD LORUV SDUWLFLSHODOXDUHDGHFL]LHL,QYHQWDUXOGHVFULHXQQXP UGH
VLWXD LL vQWkOQLWH vQ DFWLYLWDWHD GH FRQGXFHUH úL UHIHULWRDUH OD UHOD LD úHI –
VXERUGRQDW SULYLQG PRGXO GH OXDUH D GHFL]LLORU VLVWHPDWL]DWH vQ IXQF LH 
FDUDFWHULVWLFL'XS FHVHVWDELOHúWHFRQFRUGDQ DQHFRQFRUGDQ DILHF UHLVLWXD LL
cu stilul corespuQ] WRU FHO HILFLHQW VH HIHFWXHD]  R UHJUXSDUH D VWLOXULORU vQ 
VWLOXULPDQDJHULDOHSULQFLSDOHDXWRULWDUFRQVXOWDWLYúLSDUWLFLSDWLY
,QYHQWDUXO XUP UHúWH HYDOXDUHD VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH SULQ GRX  DVSHFWH
GLIHULWH SULQ PRGXO GH SUHOXFUDUH úL DQXPH: adecvarea liderului (a stilului
PDQDJHULDO OD VLWXD LH nHDGHFYDUHD OLGHUXOXL D VWLOXOXL PDQDJHULDO OD VLWXD LH
QHFRQFRUGDQ DVWLOXOXLFXVLWXD LD

3.5H]XOWDWHúLGLVFX LL

ÌQ XUPD DSOLF ULL LQVWUXPHQWHORU GH FHUFHWDUH V-DX RE LQXW XUP WRDUHOH
rezultate:
• /DQLYHOXORUJDQL]D LHLVWLOXOFHOPDLDGHFYDWVLWXD LHLHVWHVWLOXO
DXWRULWDUFHOPDLELQHVXQWUH]ROYDWHVLWXD LLOHFDUHLPSXQXQVWLODXWRULWDU
vQFHHDFHSULYHúWHP VXUDSDUWLFLS ULLVXERUGRQD LORUODOXDUHDGHFL]LLORU

56
 0,44
0,44
0,43 0,42
0,42
media 0,41 0,4
0,4
0,39
0,38
Autoritar Consultativ Participativ
Fig.1 Evaluarea stilului managerial adecvat
situatiei, la nivelul organizatiei

Pe nivele ierarhice s-DX RE LQXW XUP WRDUHOH UH]XOWDWH OD QLYHOHOH ,

PDQDJHUJHQHUDO,,PDQDJHULLH[HFXWLYLúL,,,úHILLGHVHF LLúLVHUYLFLLFHO
PDL DGHFYDWHVWHVWLOXOSDUWLFLSDWLYODQLYHOXO,9úHILLGHODERUDWRDUHFHOPDL
eficient este stilul autoritar.

0,6
0,5 Autoritar
0,4 Consultativ
media 0,3 Participativ

0,2
0,1 Participativ
0 Consultativ
Nivel I Autoritar
Nivel II
Nivel III
Fig.2 Reprezentare comparativa, Nivel
peIVnivele ierarhice,
privind stilul managerial adecvat
situatiei

ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH HILFLHQ D JOREDO  D VWLOXULORU DGHFYDUHD JOREDO  OD
VLWXD LH FHO PDL DGHFYDW VWLO V-D RE LQXW OD QLYHOXO ,, OD QLYHOHOH ,,, úL ,9
HILFLHQ DJOREDO VF ]kQGSURJUHVLYODQLYHOXOFHOPDLvQDOWQLYHOXO,HILFLHQ D
JOREDO  HVWH FHD PDL VF ]XW  FRPSDUDWLY FX FHOHODOWH QLYHOXUL $úDGDU SULPD
LSRWH] VHFRQILUP SDU LDO
• Pentru cea de-DGRXDLSRWH] V-DXRE LQXWXUP WRDUHOHUH]XOWDWH
6WLOXO PDQDJHULDO GRPLQDQW SUDFWLFDW OD QLYHOXO RUJDQL]D LHL HVWH GH WLS
participativ. Deoarece stilul cooperator are un scor foarte apropiat stilului domi-
nant, îl vom considera ca stil sub-dominant.

57
 0,35 0,36
0,4
0,35 0,29
0,3
0,25
media 0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0
Autoritar Cooperator Participativ

Fig.3 Evaluarea stilului managerial dominant

la nivelul organizatiei

Cu referire la stilul dominant pe nivele ierarhice: la primele trei nivele

ierarhice, stilul dominant este partLFLSDWLY DWkW FD RULHQWDUH JHQHUDO  FkW úL FD
modalitate de luare a deciziilor.

0,5

0,4 Autoritar
Cooperator
0,3
Participativ
media
0,2

0,1
Participativ
0 Cooperator
Nivel I Autoritar
Nivel II
Nivel III
Nivel IV
Fig.4 Reprezentare comparativa, pe nivele ierarhice,
privind stilul managerial dominant

$FHVW IDSW YD LQIOXHQ D SR]LWLY JUXSXO GH GHFL]LH úL HILFLHQ D SURFHVXOXL
GHFL]LRQDO GHRDUHFH OD DFHVWH QLYHOH VXQW IDYRUL]DWH GLVFX LLOH FROHFWLYH HVWH
stimXODW GLVFXWDUHDFXVXERUGRQD LLDWXWXURUSUREOHPHORUFRPXQHVFKLPEXOGH
LGHL úL VXJHVWLL SDUWLFLSDUHD DFWLY  D VXERUGRQD LORU vQ SURFHVXO GH GHFL]LH
0DQDJHULLGHODDFHVWHQLYHOXULYRUILFHQWUD LQXQXPDLSHFDOLWDWHDGHFL]LHLFLúL
pe acceptarea eiGHF WUHVXERUGRQD L
'HúL VWLOXO PDQDJHULDO GRPLQDQW OD SULPHOH WUHL QLYHOH HVWH GH WLS
SDUWLFLSDWLYJUDGXOSDUWLFLS ULLVFDGHWUHSWDWGHODQLYHOXOLHUDUKLFFHOPDLvQDOW
SkQ  OD QLYHOXO ,,, 'LIHUHQ LHUHD vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH VWLOXO GRPLQDQW DSDUH OD
XOWLPXO QLYHO LHUDUKLF ,9 XQGH VH RE LQH XQ VWLO FRRSHUDWRU DWkW FD RULHQWDUH
JHQHUDO FkWúLFDPRGDOLWDWHGHOXDUHDGHFL]LLORU$FHDVWDvQVHDPQ F úHILLGH
OD DFHVW QLYHO VXQW UHFHSWLYL OD S UHULOH VXERUGRQD LORU FX SULYLUH OD OXDUHD GH
decizii, HL VH FRQVXOW  FX VXERUGRQD LL vQDLQWH GH D OXDUHD XQHL GHFL]LL GDU
FRPSDUDWLY FX FRQGXF WRULL GH OD FHOHODOWH QLYHOH JUDGXO GH SDUWLFLSDUH DO
VXERUGRQD LORU OD OXDUHD GHFL]LLORU YD IL PDL VF ]XW WHQWD HVWH PDL DXWRULWDU 
58
decât la primele niveluri, condXF WRULL GH OD DFHVW XOWLP QLYHO OXkQG vQ ILQDO R
GHFL]LHFDUHYDUHIOHFWDVDXQXRSLQLLOHúLVXJHVWLLOHVXERUGRQD LORU
3UHFL] PF GHúLFHOPDLvQDOWJUDGGHSDUWLFLSDUHvQWkOQLPODSULPXOQLYHO
FRPSDUDWLYFXFHOHODOWHQLYHOHúLDLFLQLYHOXOSDUWLFLS rii, ca stil dominant, nu se
DSURSLH GH PD[LPXP FL SXWHP YRUEL GH XQ QLYHO PHGLX DúDGDU RULHQWDUHD
VWLOXOGHWLSSDUWLFLSDWLYQXHVWHDEVROXWGHWDúDW GHFHOHODOWHRULHQW ULVWLOXUL
/D QLYHOXO RUJDQL]D LHL FHD PDL PDUH SRQGHUH D VWLOXULORU LQHILFLente
LQDGHFYDWH VLWXD LHL HVWH GDW  GH DFHOH VLWXD LL vQ FDUH OLGHULL DGRSW  XQ VWLO
FRQVXOWDWLYDWXQFLFkQGQXVHQHFHVLW XQDVWIHOGHVWLO

0,5 0,43

0,4

0,3 0,21
media 0,16
0,2

0,1

0
Autoritar Consultativ Participativ
Fig.5 Evaluarea stilului managerial inadecvat
situatiei, la nivelul organizatiei

6XQW DFHOH VLWXD LL FDUH LPSXQ RUL XQ VWLO DXWRULWDU GHFL]LL DXWRULWDUH vQ
care liderul trebuLHV LDGHFL]LDVLQJXULQGHSHQGHQWGHVXERUGRQD LRULXQVWLO
SDUWLFLSDWLYGHFL]LLvQJUXSvQFDUHOLGHUXOWUHEXLHV LDGHFL]LDSULQLPSOLFDUHD
DFWLY DVXERUGRQD LORUvQSURFHVXOGHFL]LRQDO$GRSWkQGXQVWLOFRQVXOWDWLYFkQG
VLWXD LD QX LPSXQH YD DYHD GUHSW FRQVHFLQ  DIHFWDUHD SURFHVXOXLGHFL]LRQDOR
HILFLHQ PDLVF ]XW 
3H QLYHOH LHUDUKLFHVWLOXULOHLQHILFLHQWHLQDGHFYDWHVLWXD LHLVXQWGDWHWRW
GHVLWXD LLOHvQFDUHOLGHULLDGRSW XQVWLOFRQVXOWDWLYDWXQFLFkQGQXVHQHFHVLW XQ
astfel de stil.

0,8
0,7 Autoritar
0,6 Consultativ
0,5 Participativ
media 0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1 Participativ
0 Consultativ
Nivel I Autoritar
Nivel II
Nivel III
Nivel IV
Fig.6 Reprezentare comparativa, pe nivele ierarhice,
privind stilul managerial inadecvat situatiei

59
 ÌQDFHVWVHQVFHOPDLLQDGHFYDWVLWXD LHLDSDUHPDQDJHUXOJHQHUDOQLYHOXO
, &X UHIHULUH OD VWLOXO LQHILFLHQW GDW GH VLWXD LLOH vQ FDUH OLGHUXO DGRSW  XQ VWLO
DXWRULWDUDWXQFLFkQGQXVHQHFHVLW RDVWIHOGHVWUDWHJLHVHFRQVWDW F JUDGXOGH
LQDGHFYDUHGHLQHILFLHQ FUHúWHSURJUHVLYGHODQLYHOXO,SkQ ODQLYHOXO,9
1LYHOXO JOREDO DO LQHILFLHQ HL HVWH FHO PDL ULGLFDW OD QLYHOXO LHUDUKLF , OD
FHOHODOWHQLYHOHLHUDUKLFHJUDGXOLQDGHFY ULLWRWDOHILLQGUHODWLYDSURSLDW
PentrX D YHGHD GDF  LQHILFLHQ D OLGHUXOXL VH GDWRUHD]  VWLOXOXL PDQDJHULDO
dominant s-DXFDOFXODWFRHILFLHQ LLGHFRUHOD LH%UDYDLV– Pearson. S-a constatat
F QXH[LVW RFRUHOD LHVHPQLILFDWLY vQWUHVWLOXOGRPLQDQWDXWRULWDUFRRSHUDWRU
participativ (IISMD)úLVWLOXODGHFYDWDXWRULWDUFRQVXOWDWLYúLUHVSHFWLYSDUWLFL-
SDWLY ,((60 2 FRUHOD LH SR]LWLY  VHPQLILFDWLY  H[LVW  vQV  vQWUH VWLOXO
GRPLQDQW SDUWLFLSDWLY úL VWLOXO DGHFYDW WXWXURU VLWXD LLORU FD VWLO JOREDO FX FkW
stilul dominant este mai particLSDWLYFXDWkWOLGHUXOYDILPDLDGHFYDWVLWXD LHLOD
QLYHOJOREDOODQLYHOXOWXWXURUVLWXD LLORULQGLIHUHQWGHVWLO$GHFYDUHDVWLOXULORU
OD VLWXD LH QX HVWH vQV  PD[LP  QLFL SHQWUX VLWXD LLOH UH]ROYDWH FHO PDL ELQH vQ
PRG DXWRULWDU HILFLHQ D VWLOXOui managerial amplasându-se la un nivel mediu.
Astfel, cea de-DGRXDLSRWH] VHLQILUP 

4. Concluzii

5H]XOWDWHOH FHUFHW ULL HYLGHQ LD]  XUP WRDUHOH DVSHFWH FX UHOHYDQ 
WHRUHWLF úLSUDFWLF 
• VWLOXULOHPDQDJHULDOHQXH[LVW vQVLQHFLVHSDUWLFXODUL]HD] vQIXQF LHGH
VSHFLILFXO VLWXD LHL GHSLQG GH IDFWRULL VLWXD LRQDOL GLPHQVLXQHD SHUVRQDO  D
VWLOXOXLILLQGLQVXILFLHQW SHQWUXH[SOLFDUHDHILFLHQ HL$VWIHOWHRULLOHFRQWLQJHQ HL
sunt cele mai complete din multitudinea de teorii formulate asupra conducerii;
• diferitele stiluri manageriale sunt de fapt strategii de luare a deciziilor,
modul în care sunt luate deciziile reprezentând caracteristica definitorie a diferi-
telor stiluri manageriale;
• VWLOXOPDQDJHULDOVHSRDWHPRGLILFDvQIXQF LHGHVSHFLILFXOVLWXD LHLIDSWXO
F VWLOXOLQHILFLHQWQXHVWHH[SUHVLDVWLOXOXLGRPLQDQWFRUHVSXQ] WRUDUHFDXWLOLWDWH
SUDFWLF IDSWXOF SXWHPVFKLPEDVWLOXOLQDGHFYDWvQWU-un stil managerial eficient;
• H[LVW  XQ UDSRUW GH HILFLHQ  vQWUH VWLOXULOH PDQDJHULDOH úL VWUDWHgiile
GHFL]LRQDOH vQ IXQF LH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH VLWXD LHL DYkQG FD HIHFW FUHúWHUHD VDX
VF GHUHDHILFLHQ HL
&HUFHWDUHD GH ID  IXUQL]HD]  XQ LPSRUWDQW PDWHULDO WHRUHWLF úL SUDFWLF
OHJDW GH FRPSOH[LWDWHD GHRVHELW  D SURFHVXOXL PDQDJHULDO vQ JHQHUDO úL a
VWLOXULORUPDQDJHULDOHvQFRQWH[WVLWXD LRQDOvQVSHFLDO5H]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHSULQ
IDSWXO F  RIHU  R PRGDOLWDWH FRQFUHW  GH HYDOXDUH D VWLOXULORU PDQDJHULDOH úL GH
optimizare a procesului decizional, permit elaborarea unor programe de formare
úLRSWLPL]DUHSVLKRVRFLDO DPDQDJHULORUSHED]DLQWURGXFHULLWUHSWDWHDIDFWRULORU
GHSURJUHVúLDPRGHOHORUGHvQY DUHIRUPDWLY GLULMDW DVWIHOvQFkWPDQDJHULL
V  GLVSXQ  vQ ILQDO GH XQ UHSHUWRULX ERJDW úL YDULDW GH VWLOXUL PDQDJHULDOH
DGDSWDELOVLWXD LLORUGLYHUVHFXFDUHVHFRQIUXQW 

60
 .

$QH[
Tabel 1.
5H]XOWDWHRE LQXWHvQXUPDDSOLF ULLLQVWUXPHQWHORU

61
 BIBLIOGRAFIE

&KLULF  6RILD  3VLKRORJLH RUJDQL]D LRQDO  0RGHOH GH GLDJQR]  úL LQWHUYHQ LH.
Cluj-Napoca, Casa de EdLWXU úL&RQVXOWDQ Ä6WXGLXORUJDQL] ULL´
Hellriegel, D., Slocum, J. W. and Woodman, R. W., (1992), Organizational Behavior
(6th ed.), St. Paul, West Publishing Company.
Johns, Gary., (1996), Organizational Behavior: Understanding and Managing Life at
Work (4th ed.), New York: HarperCollins College Publisher.
Luthans, F. (1985), Organisational behavior, New York: Mc. Graw Hill Inc.
Maier, N. R. F., (1964), Prise collective de décision et direction des groupes. Paris,
Edition Hommes et Techniques.
Mullins, L. J., (1993), Management and organisational behaviour. London,: Pitman
Publishing.
9O VFHDQX 0LKDHOD  3VLKRVRFLRORJLD RUJDQL]D LLORU úL FRQGXFHULL %XFXUHúWL
Editura Paideia.
Zamfir, C W OLQ  3VLKRVRFLRORJLD RUJDQL] ULL úL D conducerii, %XFXUHúWL Editura
3ROLWLF 
Zlate, Mielu & Zlate, Camelia (1982), &XQRDúWHUHD úL DFWivarea grupurilor sociale,.
%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD3ROLWLF 
Zlate, Mielu, /HDGHUVKLSúLPDQDJHPHQW,DúL(GLWXUD3ROLURP
Vroom, V. H. & Yetton, P.W., (1973), Leadership and Decision Making. Pittsburg,
University of Pittsburg Press.
Vroom, V. H. & Jago, A. G., (1988), The New Leadersip: Managing Participation in
Organizations, Englewood Cliffs, N J, Prentice-Hall

62
 SOCIOLOGIA FAMILIEI

)$0,/,$ù,62&,$/,=$5($&23,/8/8,,

'$152ù&$

ABSTRACT

Changes regarding the family standpoint and its part in our society and family life
determined several themes reorientation upon sociological approach. There are many
studies regarding divorces and remarried couples, and a special attention is drawn up to
the divorces consequences or alternative forms of life, apart from classical family
(concubinage, homosexual coabitation, children before or outside the marriage). Very
much connected with alternatives ways of living they show a special importance on
consequences analyse that those alternative had upon children’s socialisation and their
scholar and professional success or their social recognition as well.

1. TeQGLQ HDFWXDOHDOHVWXGLHULLIDPLOLHL

Schimb ULOHOHJDWHDWkWGHSR]L LDIDPLOLHLúLGHUROXODFHVWHLDvQVRFLHWDWHFkW

úL GH YLD D IDPLOLDO  DX GHWHUPLQDW R VHULH GH UHRULHQW UL WHPDWLFH DOH DERUG ULORU
VRFLRORJLFH([LVW WRWPDLPXOWHVWXGLLFHVHFHQWUHD] SHGLYRU LDOLWDWHúLUHF V WR-
ULUH R DWHQ LH VSHFLDO  DFRUGkQGX-VH FRQVHFLQ HORU GLYRU XOXL 'H DVHPHQHD IRU-
PHOHGHYLD DOWHUQDWLYHODIDPLOLDFODVLF FRQFXELQDMXOFRDELWDUHDKRPRVH[XDO 
H[LVWHQ D FRSLLORU vQDLQWHD úL vQ DIDUD IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW  R WHP  GRPLQDQW  D
FHUFHW ULORU DFWXDOH ÌQ VWUkQV  OHJ WXU  FX VWLOXULOH DOWHUQDWLYH GH YLD  SUH]LQW  R
LPSRUWDQ  DSDUWH DQDOL]DUHD FRQVHFLQ HORU SH FDUH DFHVWH DOWHUQDWLYH OH DX DVXSUD
VRFLDOL] ULL FRSLLORU D úDQVHORU ORU GH UHXúLW  úFRODU  SURIHVLRQDO  úL PDL ODUJ
VRFLDO 
De-D OXQJXO YUHPLL WRDWH GLVFLSOLQHOH VRFLRXPDQH DX DERUGDW UHOD LD GLQWUH
S ULQ L úL FRSLL vQWU-XQ VHQV XQLODWHUDO DQXPH GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD GHWHUPLQ ULORU SH
FDUH OH H[HUFLW  S ULQ LL YROXQWDU VDX QX DVXSUD FRSLLORU Studiile se centrau, în
VSHFLDO DVXSUD SULQFLSLLORU GH HGXFD LH DXWRULWDWH VRFLDOL]DUH D FRSLLORU GH F WUH
S ULQ L7RWPDLDGHVHDVHDGXFHvQGLVFX LHIHQRPHQXOÄVRFLDOL] ULL´S ULQ LORUGH
F WUH FRSLL /LWHUDWXUD VRFLRORJLF  UHFHQW  DORF  VSD LL WRW Pai ample studierii
HIHFWHORU UHFLSURFH vQ UHOD LD S ULQ L – FRSLL 3RWULYLW FHUFHW WRULORU - +XEHU úL *
Spitze (1988)1 SULQFLSDOHOH]RQHDOHDFHVWRULQWHUFRQGL LRQ ULVXQWPRGXOvQFDUH
PDULDMXO S ULQ LORU úL VDWLVIDF LD ORU JHQHUDO  vQ YLD  DIHFWHD]  H[LVWHQ D FRSLLORU
PRGXOvQFDUHFRSLLLLQIOXHQ HD] VWDWXWXOPDULWDODOS ULQ LORUF V WRULWQHF V WRULW
UHF V WRULW GLYRU DW LPSDFWXO SH FDUH FRSLLL vO DX DVXSUD VWDWXWXOXL HFRQRPLF DO
S ULQ LORUHIHFWHOHVLWXD LHLHFRQRPLFHDS ULQ LORUDVXSUDcopiilor.

1
J. Huber, G. Spitze, Trends in Family Sociology, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills,
 DSXG 3HWUX ,OX  6RFLRSVLKRORJLD úL DQWURSRORJLD IDPLOLHL (GLWXUD 3ROLURP ,DúL
2005, p. 22.
63
 'LQWUH RULHQW ULOH WHRUHWLFR–metodologice conturate în studiul familiei, le
DPLQWLPSHFHOHIUHFYHQWDWHPDLPXOWGHGLIHUL LFHUFHW WRUL2:
– Paradigmele structural-IXQF LRQDOLVW  úL VLVWHPLF  FDUH DERUGHD]  IDPLOLD
pornind de la perechile de termeni „sistem –VXEVLVWHP´úLÄLQWU UL–LHúLUL´6XQW
DVWIHO VWXGLDWH VWUXFWXULOH úL UHOD LLOH GLQWUH PHPEULL IDPLOLHL GLQWUH JUXSXULOH
UHVWUkQVHVDXO UJLWHGHIDPLOLHÌQDFHODúLVSLULWPXOWHGLQWUHWH[WHOHDQWURSRORJLFH
despre familie folosesc frecveQW FRQFHSWXO GH ÄIXQF LH´ 3H GH DOW  SDUWH WHRULLOH
structural –IXQF LRQDOLVW úLVLVWHPLF DXvQYHGHUHúLIXQF LLOHIDPLOLHLFDLQVWLWX LH
VRFLDO DQFRUDW vQVRFLHW LOHLQGXVWULDO úLSRVWLQGXVWULDO 
– 7HRULD FRQIOLFWXDOLVW  vPEUDF  GRX  IRUPH 3ULma este o orientare, cu
U G FLQL vQ GRFWULQD PDU[LVW  FDUH VXV LQH F  IDPLOLD UHSUH]LQW  PLFURPHGLXO FH
UHIOHFW  H[SORDWDUHD RPXOXL úL FRQIOLFWXO LQHUHQW RULF UHL VRFLHW L FH DUH OD ED] 
FODVHFXLQWHUHVHRSXVH$VWIHOIHPHLOHDUILH[SORDWDWHGHF WUHE UED LLDUFRSLLL
GHF WUHS ULQ L([LVW úLRYDULDQW PDLXPDQ GHDERUGDUHXQDQHPDU[LVW FDUH
DSUHFLD]  F  vQWUH PHPEULL IDPLOLHL DSDU WHQVLXQL LQHYLWDELOH ùL DVWD GHRDUHFH
SDUWLFLSDQ LLODYLD DGHIDPLOLHDXSURILOXULSVLKRFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHGLIHULWHDVSLUD LL
úL LQWHUHVH QX GH SX LQH RUL RSXVH 'HúL vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ  WRW PDL GHV
deciziile familiale sunt luate în mod democratic, prin negociere, puterea membrilor
IDPLOLHL QX HVWH HJDO  LDU UHVXUVHOH VXQW GLIHULWH ÌQ DFHDVW  YDULDQW  FHa
QHPDU[LVW WHUDSLDúLDVLVWHQ DVRFLDO DUSXWHDDPHOLRUDVLWXD LLOHWHQVLRQDWH
− 2DUHFXPGHULYDWHGLQWHRULDFRQIOLFWXDOLVW perspectivele feministe asupra
familiei aduc în prim-SODQLQHFKLW LOHH[LVWHQWHvQGHIDYRDUHDVR LLORUúLDPDPHORU
− Teoria inWHUDF LRQLVPXOXLVLPEROLFDFFHQWXHD] LGHHDHPHUJHQ HLUHDOLW LL
IDPLOLDOHGLQLQWHUDF LXQHDDFWRULORUvQED]DVLPEROXULORUúLDúWHSW ULORUGHURO
− 3DUDGLJPDDQDOL]HLFRVWXULORUúLEHQHILFLLORUUHSUH]LQW vQRSLQLDOXL3HWUX
,OX   FHD PDL HILFLHQW  DERUGDUH VXE UDSRUW HSLVWHPLF $LFL VXQW LQFOXVH
DO WXUL GH FRVWXULOH úL EHQHILFLLOH PDWHULDOH úL FHOH FXOWXUDOH SVLKRORJLFH úL DOWHOH
3RWULYLW WHRULHL DOHJHULL UD LRQDOH &ROHPDQ  DFWRULL VRFLDOL LDX vQ FDOFXO vQ
deciziile lor, raportul dintUH FDSLWDOXO SH FDUH vO GH LQ FRVWXULOH úL EHQHILFLLOH
LPSOLFDWH úL PDL PXOW VXQW FDSDELOL  GH UHJXO  V  DOHDJ  YDULDQWD RSWLP  vQ
realizarea unui scop.
− 2 YDULDQW  DSURSLDW  GH DFHDVWD R UHSUH]LQW  teoria schimbului social.
Potrivit acesteia, interac LXQLOH GLQWUH RDPHQL DVRFLHULOH GLQWUH DFHúWLD DX ORF vQ
ED]DXQXLVFKLPEGHEXQXULúLVHUYLFLL$VWIHOSXWHPH[SOLFDIXQF LRQDUHDvQYLD D
GH]LFX]LDOHJLLUHFLSURFLW LLHX L-DPGDWLDUDFXPP DúWHSWFDúLWXV vPLGDL
− 0DLUDILQDW teoriaHFKLW LL pune accent în special pe egalitatea raportului
GLQWUHÄFkWGDL´úLÄFkWSULPHúWL´$VWIHORFDX] SULQFLSDO DGLVROX LHLIDPLOLHLDUIL
UHSUH]HQWDW  GH VLWXD LD vQ FDUH XQXO VDX DPELL VR L SHUFHS R LQHJDOLWDWH VHYHU  vQ
raportul respectiv.
DiQFROR GH DFHDVW  SUH]HQWDUH VXFFLQW  D FkWRUYD GLQWUH RULHQW ULOH WHRUHWLFR-
PHWRGRORJLFH PDL LPSRUWDQWH vQ DQDOL]D IDPLOLHL H[LVW  R vQWUHEDUH GHRVHELW GH
LPSRUWDQW  SH FDUH R ULGLF  FHUFHW WRULL RFFLGHQWDOL +XEHU úL 6SLW]H YRU SXWHD
PHQ LQH VRFLHW LOH LQGXVWULDOL]DWH R UDW  D IHUWLOLW LL FDUH V  DVLJXUH VLVWHPXO GH
SHQVLRQDUH SHQWUX R SRSXOD LH WRW PDL QXPHURDV " %HQHILFLXO HFRQRPLF GLUHFW DO
FUHúWHULL FRSLLORU VH GXFH vQ SULQFLSDO F WUH VHJPHQWXO SRSXOD LRQDO FRQVWLWXLW GLQ

2
3HWUX,OX op. cit.
64
pensionari. Persoanele FDUH FUHVF FRSLL SULPHVF GLQ SDUWHD VRFLHW LL XQ EHQHILFLX
HFRQRPLFGLUHFWH[WUHPGHUHGXVÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LLVHQDúWHvQWUHEDUHDHVWHFUHúWHUHD
FRSLLORUFRPSHQVDW vQWU-XQDOWPRGSHQWUXDDFRSHULFRVWXULOH"2ULRDOW vQWUHEDUH
H[LVW XQIDFWRUvQQ VFXWFHGHWHUPLQ UHSURGXFHUHDLQGLIHUHQWGHGLILFXOW L"$GHS LL
VRFLRELRORJLVPXOXLQXQXPDLF QXVHvQGRLHVFGHSUH]HQ DXQXLDVHPHQHDIDFWRUFL
PDL PXOW vQFHDUF  V  GRYHGHDVF  IDSWXO F  úL DOWH FRPSRUWDPHQWH FRQVLGHUDWH FD
ILLQGFRQVHFLQ HDOHVRFLDOL] ULLFXPDUILDOWUXLVPXOVXQWGHQDWXU ELRORJLF 

2. Conceptul de socializare

8QXO GLQWUH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH FRQFHSWH FX FDUH RSHUHD]  VRFLRORJLD HVWH
acela de „socializare”.
ÌQ OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH GLQ DUD QRDVWU  QR LXQHD GH socializare
EHQHILFLD] GHXQHOHGHILQL LLúLGHWDOLHULGHRVHELWGHVHPQLILFDWLYH
ÌQ GHILQL LD SURSXV  GH SURIHVRUXO ,RDQ 0LK LOHVFX ÄVRFLDOL]DUHD HVWH XQ
SURFHV GH LQWHUDF LXQH VRFLDO  SULQ FDUH LQGLYLGXO GREkQGHúWH FXQRúWLQ H YDORUL
DWLWXGLQLúLFRPSRUWDPHQWHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXSDUWLFLSDUHDHIHFWLY ODYLD DVRFLDO ´3.
$úDGDUSULQLQWHUPHGLXOVRFLDOL] ULLSXWHPDILUPDF VRFLHWDWHDVHUHSURGXFH
vQFRQILJXUD LDFRPSRUWDPHQWDO úLDWLWXGLQDO DPHPEULORUV L1XPDLFXDMXWRUXO
VRFLDOL] ULL XQ RUJDQLVP HPLQDPHQWH ELRORJLF VH WUDQVIRUP  GHYLQH R ILLQ 
VRFLDO RILLQ FDSDELO V DF LRQH]HvPSUHXQ FXDO LL3URFHVXOGHVRFLDOL]DUHVH
FRQVWLWXLHvQLQWHUPHGLDUDOWUDQVIHUXOXLGHFXOWXU GHODRJHQHUD LHODDOWD2ULFDUH
individ apare pe lume într-R DQXPLW  FXOWXU  $FHDVW  FXOWXU  HVWH SUHOXDW 
LQWHULRUL]DW úLWUDQVPLV JHQHUD LLORUVXFFHGDQWH
ÌQ DFRUG FX GHILQL LD DPLQWLW  SURIHVRUXO ,RDQ 'U JDQ  DSUHFLD]  GH
DVHPHQHD F  ÄVRFLDOL]DUHD UHSUH]LQW  SURFHVXO VRFLDO IXQGDPHQWDO SULQ FDUH RULFH
societaWH vúL SURLHFWHD]  UHSURGXFH úL UHDOL]HD]  SULQ FRQGXLWH DGHFYDWH DOH
PHPEULORUV LPRGHOXOQRUPDWLYúLFXOWXUDO´ 4
3RWULYLW SURIHVRDUHL 0DULD 9RLQHD ÄFRQFHSWXO GH VRFLDOL]DUH GHILQHúWH
SURFHVHOH PHFDQLVPHOH úL LQVWLWX LLOH SULQ FDUH VRFLHWDWHD VH UHproduce în
IL]LRQRPLD SHUVRQDOLW LL XPDQH FDUH vL HVWH VSHFLILF  vQ DQXPLWH VWUXFWXUL GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWFHU VSXQGDúWHSW ULORUúLSUHVFULS LLORUVRFLDOH´5
Într-un cunoscut 'LF LRQDUGHVRFLRORJLHSURIHVRUXO/D] U9O VFHDQXFDUDFWH-
UL]HD]  VRFLDOL]DUHD Fa fiind „proces psihosocial de transmitere-asimilare a
DWLWXGLQLORUYDORULORUFRQFHS LLORUVDXPRGHOHORUGHFRPSRUWDUHVSHFLILFHXQXLJUXS
VDXXQHLFRPXQLW LvQYHGHUHDIRUP ULLDGDSW ULLúLLQWHJU ULLVRFLDOHDXQHLSHUVRD-
ne.”67RWRGDW DXWRUXOSXQHDFFHQWSHIDSWXOF VRFLDOL]DUHDHVWHXQSURFHVLQWHUDFWLY

3
 ,RDQ 0LK LOHVFX 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO , (GLWXUD 8QLYHUVLW LL %XFXUHúWL %XFXUHúWL
2000, p. 96.
4
 ,RDQ 'U JDQ FRRUG 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO  7LSRJUDILD 8QLYHUVLW LL %XFXUHúWL
%XFXUHúWL  apud. Maria Voinea, Sociologia familiei 7LSRJUDILD 8QLYHUVLW LL
%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWLS.
5
Ibidem.
6
& W OLQ=DPILU/D] U9O VFHDQXFRRUG'LF LRQDUGHVRFLRORJLH, Editura Babel,
%XFXUHúWLS
65
GH FRPXQLFDUH SUHVXSXQkQG GXEOD FRQVLGHUDUH D GH]YROW ULL LQGLYLGXDOH úL D
LQIOXHQ HORUVRFLDOHUHVSHFWLYPRGXOSHUVRQDOGHUHFHSWDUHúLLQWHUSUHWDUHDPHVDMHORU
VRFLDOHúLGLQDPLFDYDULDELO DLQWHQVLW LLúLFRQ LQXWXOXLLQIOXHQ HORUVRFLDOH
,QWHUHVDQW HVWH úL SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO (OLVDEHWHL 6W QFLXOHVFX 3ULQ
ÄVRFLDOL]DUH´ DXWRDUHD vQ HOHJH ÄSURFHVXO GH FUHDUH SURGXFHUH D HXOXL VRFLDO D
LGHQWLW LL VRFLDOH D XQXL LQGLYLG HYROX LH D SHUVRQDOLW LL LQGLYLGXDOH SH R
WUDLHFWRULHGHSHQGHQW GHWUDLHFWRULDVDVRFLDO ´7 În sensul cel mai larg, socializarea
DU IL SURFHVXO SULQ FDUH R ILLQ  DVRFLDO  FDUH QX VW SkQHúWH SULQFLSLXOVHQVXO
VWUXFWXULL VRFLDOH GDWH úL QX VH FRPSRUW  vQ PRG VLVWHPDWLF DúD FXP R IDFH
PDMRULWDWHD PHPEULORU FROHFWLYLW LL GHYLQH R ILLQ  VRFLDO  FRUHVSXQGH WLSXOXL
LQGLYLGXDOPHGLXDOFROHFWLYLW LL
5HG P úL FkWHYD GLQ LGHLOH XQRU FHUFHW WRUL vQ úWLLQ HOH VRFLDOH GLQ DOWH UL
Jan Szczepanski8SUH]LQW VRFLDOL]DUHDFDILLQGDFHDSDUWHDLQIOXHQ HLPHGLXOXLFDUH
GHWHUPLQ  LQGLYLGXO V  SDUWLFLSH OD YLD D VRFLDO  vO vQYD  V  vQ HOHDJ  FXOWXUD vO
IDFHFDSDELOV vQGHSOLQHDVF DQXPLWHUROXULVRFLDOH/DUkQGXOV X5REHUW(3DUN
DILUPDÄRPXOQXVHQDúWHXPDQFLGHYLQHvQSURFHVXOHGXFD LHL´9
'XS  FXP DP SXWXW REVHUYD DXWRULL DQWHULRU PHQ LRQD L DERUGHD] 
VRFLDOL]DUHD GUHSW XQ SURFHV IXQGDPHQWDO GH WUDQVPLWHUH D PRúWHQLULL FXOWXUDOH
GUHSWXQPHFDQLVPSULQFDUHFXOWXUDXQHLVRFLHW LIRUPHD] SHUVRQDOLW LOHXPDQH
ÎQWRDWHGHILQL LLOHVHSXQHDFFHQWSHUROXOVRFLDOL]DWRUDOLQVWLWX LLORUVRFLDOH
GDULPSOLFLWVDXúLH[SOLFLWQXVHQHJOLMHD] QLFLLPSRUWDQ DSHFDUHRDUHLQGLYLGXO
vQ SURFHVXO VRFLDOL] ULL VDOH 'H DFHHD VXQWHP GH DFRUG FX LGHHD F  ÄI U 
socializaUHVRFLHWDWHDQXDUSXWHDVXSUDYLH XL'XS FXPQLFLLQGLYLGXOQXDUSXWHD
VXSUDYLH XLvQDIDUDVRFLDOL] ULL´10
6RFLDOL]DUHD HVWH XQ SURFHV FRPSOH[ FDUH FXSULQGH HGXFD LD GDU QX VH
UH]XP QXPDLODDFHDVWDúLFDUHVHPDQLIHVW SHWRWSDUFXUVXOYLH LLXQui individ.
$VSHFWHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHSHFDUHOHFXSULQGHDFHVWSURFHVVXQWXUP WRDUHOH11:
• IRUPHD] HGXFD LDVW SkQLUHDLQVWLQFWHORUúLQHYRLORUVDWLVIDFHUHDDFHVWRUD
într-XQPRGSUHY ]XWDFFHSWDWGHVRFLHWDWHDUHVSHFWLY 
• LQVXIO  DVSLUD LL úL Q ]XLQ H vQ VFRSXO RE LQHULL XQRU EXQXUL VDX FDOLW L D
unui prestigiu;
• IDFHSRVLELO WUDQVPLWHUHDXQRUFXQRúWLQ HúLVDWLVIDFHUHDDQXPLWRUUROXUL
• DMXW  LQGLYLGXO vQ RE LQHUHD XQHL FDOLILF UL SURIHVLRQDOH úL D DOWRU FDOLW L
QHFHVDUHvQYLD 
Socializarea presupXQH vQY DUHD VRFLDO  FD PHFDQLVP IXQGDPHQWDO GH UHD-
lizare, finalizându-se în asimilarea indivizilor în grupuri, mai buna integrare a
JUXSXULORUvQVRFLHWDWHúLFKLDUPDLEXQDIXQF LRQDUHDVRFLHW LL3RWULYLWSURI/D] U

7
(OLVDEHWD6W QFLXOHVFX6RFLRORJLDHGXFD LHLIDPLOLDOHYRO,(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
1997, p. 76.
8
Jan Szczepanski, 1R LXQL HOHPentare de sociologie (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  úL (QFLFOR-
SHGLF %XFXUHúWLapud: Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 61.
9
Apud Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 61.
10
,RDQ0LK LOHVFXop. cit., p. 96.
11
Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 62.
66
9O VFHDQX12vQY DUHDVRFLDO UHSUH]LQW XQSURFHVGHDVLPLODUHDH[SHULHQ HLVRFLDOH
PDQLIHVWDWSULQVFKLPE ULvQFRQGXLW ([SHULHQ DFRQVWLWXLHRELHFWXOvQY ULLVRFLDOH
HDH[SHULHQ DSRDWHILLQGLYLGXDO VDXFROHFWLY FRQVW vQFXQRúWLQ HUHJXOLQRUPH
YDORULHWFúLIDFLOLWHD] ILHDGDSWDUHDXQXLVLVWHPODQRLFRQWH[WHILHDQWLFLSDUHDXQRU
SUREOHPH FX LQFLGHQ  GLUHFW  DVXSUD FRQVWLWXLULL úL IXQF LRQ ULL VLVWHPXOXL
6FKLPE ULOHSURGXVHGHvQY DUHDVRFLDO VXQWUHODWLYVWDELOHúLFRUHVSXQGGLIHULWHORU
FRQ LQXWXUL DOH H[SHULHQ HL 3RVLELOL VXELHF L DL vQY ULL VRFLDOH VXQW LQGLYL]LL
JUXSXULOH RUJDQL]D LLOH FKLDU úL VRFLHW L LQWHJUDOH ÌQ FD]XO vQ FDUH JUXSXULOH
RUJDQL]D LLOHúLPDLDOHVVRFLHW LOHVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHFDILLQGÄVXELHFW´DOvQY ULL
procesul este indivLGXDOL]DWSULQFRQFHSWXOGHÄvQY DUHVRFLHWDO ´
6WXGLXO VRFLRORJLF DO VRFLDOL] ULL VH ED]HD]  SH GLVWLQJHUHD úL FRUHODUHD GH
YDULDELOH FDUH VH UHIHU  OD FDUDFWHULVWLFL LQGLYLGXDOH YkUVW  VH[ PDWXUL]DUH
GH]YROWDUH LQWHOLJHQ  HWF DJHQ L DL VRFLDOL] ULL FXOWXU  QD LXQH RUJDQL]D LL
IDPLOLH JUXSXUL FODVH VRFLDOH úFRDO  PHWRGH úL IRUPH GH WUDQVPLWHUH OLPEDM
PHFDQLVPH GH FRQWURO ULWXDOXUL SUDFWLFL GH FUHúWHUH D FRSLLORU úL GH LQWHJUDUH
VRFLDO  IRUPH GH LPLWD LH GH LGHQWLILFDUH VXEVWLWXLUH LQKLEL LH VDX vQW ULUH
VWUXFWXUL GH DWLWXGLQL YDORUL DF LXQL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH UROXUL úL VWDWXVXUL VRFLDOH
PRUDOLWDWHDUHOD LLORUVRFLDOHHWLFDPXQFLLRULHQW ULSROLWLFR–FLYLFHSHUIRUPDQ H
altruism, integrare, conformare etc.).
$úD FXP DP SXtut observa, conceptului de „socializare” îi pot corespunde
QXPHURDVH úL GLYHUVH GHILQL LL FDUH WRWXúL FRQYHUJ VSUH LGHHD F  SURFHVXO
VRFLDOL] ULL LPSOLF  UHOD LD GLQWUH LQGLYLG úL VRFLHWDWH SH IRQGXO GHWHUPLQDQW DO
VRFLHW LL 3ROLVHPLD FRQFHSWXOXL GH socializare HVWH VWUkQV OHJDW  úL FKLDU
GHWHUPLQDW  GH GLVFLSOLQD VDX VSHFLDOLWDWHD DXWRULORU FDUH GHILQHVF SURFHVXO úL vO
GHOLPLWHD] FRQFHSWXDO
3HGHDOW SDUWHVHSRWGLVWLQJHPDLPXOWHSHUVSHFWLYHDVXSUDVRFLDOL] ULLvQ
IXQF LHQXDWkWGHFRQ LQutul, cât de finalitatea care se atribuie acestui proces.

3.3HUVSHFWLYHDOHVRFLDOL] ULL

9RP WUHFH vQ UHYLVW  vQ FHOH FH XUPHD]  SULQFLSDOHOH SHUVSHFWLYH DQDOLWLFH
asupra conceptului de „socializare”.
D3HUVSHFWLYDDQWURSRORJLF
Din perspectiva DQWURSRORJLF  VRFLDOL] ULL vL HVWH DWULEXLW VHQVXO GH
ÄXPDQL]DUHDPDLPX HL´FDUH]XOWDWDODQWURSRJHQH]HLúLDOVRFLRJHQH]HL13 În acest
FRQWH[WUROXOGHSULP LQVWDQ VRFLDOL]DWRDUHvLUHYLQHPXQFLL
3RWULYLW DFHOHLDúL SHUVSHFWLYH VRFLDOL]DUHD vQVHDPQ  vQ VHQV ODUJ ÄD
transforma un individ dintr-RILLQ DVRFLDO vQWU-XQDVRFLDO LQRFXOkQGX-i moduri
GH JkQGLUH VLP LUH DF LRQDUH´ LDU vQ VHQV UHVWUkQV SULQ ÄVRFLDOL]DUH´ VH vQ HOHJH
ÄLQWHULRUL]DUHDQRUPHORUúLYDORULORUvQVXúLUHDUHJXOLORUVRFLDle”, fapt ce conduce la
FUHúWHUHDVROLGDULW LLGLQWUHPHPEULLJUXSXOXL/DURXVVH'LF LRQDUXOGHVRFLRORJLH,
HGL LDvQOLPEDURPkQ 

12
& W OLQ=DPILU/D] U9O VFHDQX (coord.), op. cit., p. 321.
13
Ioan Jude, 6RFLRORJLHúLDF LXQH(GLWXUD'LGDFWLF úL3HGDJRJLF %XFXUHúWLS
67
 E3HUVSHFWLYDLQWHJUD LRQLVW
'LQ DOW  SHUVSHFWLY  LQWHJUD LRQLVW  VRFLDOL]DUHD HVWH SULYLW  FD LQWHJUDUH D
indivizilor într-o societate anume prin intermediul variatelor grupuri sociale. Prin
VRFLDOL]DUH LQGLYLGXO GHYLQH ÄSHUVRDQ  XPDQ ´ DFKL]L LRQkQG FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH
JUXSDOHúLvQJHQHUHFRQFUHW-istorice, care-OIDFDSWV WU LDVF vQWU-RVRFLHWDWHGDW 
c) PeUVSHFWLYDIXQF LRQDOLVW
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH IXQF LRQDOLVW SULQ ÄVRFLDOL]DUH´ GHVHPQ P JUDGXO vQ
FDUH SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO HL VH UHDOL]HD]  SURFHVXO LQWHJUDWLY – adaptativ, integrarea
ILLQG IDFLOLWDW  GH vQY DUHD úL DVLPLODUHD QRUPHORU úL YDORULORU VRFLDOH DSWH V 
FRQWULEXLHODEXQDIXQF LRQDUHDVRFLHW LL
G3HUVSHFWLYDSVLKRVRFLRORJLF
3RWULYLW DFHVWHL RULHQW UL VRFLDOL]DUHD HVWH LQWHUSUHWDW  FD ILLQG XQ ÄSURFHV
psihosocial de transmitere – DVLPLODUH D DWLWXGLQLORU YDORULORU FRQFHS LLORU VDX
modelelRUGHFRPSRUWDUHVSHFLILFHXQXLJUXSXQHLFRPXQLW LvQYHGHUHDIRUP ULL
DGDSW ULL úL LQWHJU ULL VRFLDOH D XQHL SHUVRDQH´14. Un apreciat 'LF LRQDU GH
SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO 15 SULYHúWH VRFLDOL]DUHD LQGLYLGXOXL FD ILLQG XQ ÄSURFHV RELHFWLY
deosebit de complex pULQ FDUH LQGLYLGXO vQVXúLQGX-úL OLPED FROHFWLYLW LL úL
LQWHULRUL]kQG QRUPH úL PRGHOH VRFLDOH FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH GHYLQH PHPEUXDODFHOHL
VRFLHW L´ 3VLKRORJLD VRFLDO  SULYHúWH UHDOL]DUHD VRFLDOL] ULL OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJLL
SHUVRQDOLW LDLQGLYLGXOXLFXGHRVHELUHODQLYHOXOUHOD LLORUVDOHLQWHUSHUVRQDOHúLDO
FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GH JUXS FD SH R GH]YROWDUH VRFLDO  D ILLQ HL XPDQH H[SUHV  úL
ODWHQW  FRQúWLHQW  úL QHFRQúWLHQWL]DW  FRJQLWLY  DIHFWLY  DWLWXGLQDO  YROLWLY  úL
FUHDWRDUHFDXUPDUHDvQY ULLLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWHGDUúLH[WUDúFRODUH
H3HUVSHFWLYDVRFLRORJLF
Acordându-LRvQVHPQ WDWHGHRVHELW vQVFRSXOIXQF LRQ ULLPHFDQLVPHORUGH
LQWHJUDUH DUPRQLRDV  D LQGLYL]LORU XPDQL vQ FROHFWLYLWDWH úL vQ YHGHUHD DGHFY ULL
FRQGXLWHORU LQGLYLGXDOH úL GH JUXS OD YDORULOH SULQFLSLLOH úL QRUPHOH VRFLDOH VRFLD-
OL] ULL vL UHYLQH XQ URO PDMRU (D HVWH LQWHUSUHWDW  GLQ DFHDVW  SHUVSHFWLY  FD XQ
SURFHV VRFLDO IXQGDPHQWDO SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO F UXLD RULFH VRFLHWDWH vúL SURLHFWHD] 
UHSURGXFHúLUHDOL]HD] SULQFRQGXLWHDGHFYDWHDOHPHPEULORUV LPRGHOXOQRUPDWLY
úL FXOWXUDO 3ULQ DFHVW SURFHV QX QXPDL F  VH SURLHFWHD]  YLLWRUXO úL FKLDU LGHDOXO
social –PRUDODOXQHLVRFLHW LFLHVWHPDLPXOWDVLJXUDW H[LVWHQ DQRUPDO DYLH LL
sociale, creând stabilitate úL IXQF LRQDOLWDWH VWUXFWXULORU VRFLDOH FRH]LXQH LQWHUQ  úL
FRQWLQXLWDWHVRFLHW LL6RFLDOL]DUHDDUHFDILQDOLWDWHGHED] LQWHUQDOL]DUHDVLVWHPXOXL
valorico –QRUPDWLYvQFRQúWLLQ DILHF UXLPHPEUXDOVRFLHW LL

4. Tipuri de socializare

Perspectiva VRFLRORJLF SHUPLWHGHVSULQGHUHDPDLPXOWRUWLSXULGHVRFLDOL]DUH

/HYRPPHQ LRQDSHFHOHPDLVHPQLILFDWLYH

& W OLQ=DPILU/D] U9O VFHDQXFRRUGop. cit., p. 546.

14
15
*** 'LF LRQDU GH SVLKRORJLH VRFLDO  (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  úL (QFLFORSHGLF  %XFXUHúWL
1981, p. 228.
68
 D6RFLDOL]DUHDSULPDU
)RUPD IXQGDPHQWDO  D VRFLDOL] ULL QXPLW  úL ÄVRFLDOL]DUH GH ED] ´ HVWH
HVHQ LDO SHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDIL]LF úLSVLKLF DUPRQLRDV DFRSLOXOXL$FHDVWDHVWH
SULPD HWDS  D SURFHVXOXL GH VRFLDOL]DUH D LQGLYLGXOXL DIODW OD VWDGLXO GH FRSLO
6RFLDOL]DUHD SULPDU  HVWH vQGHSOLQLW  vQ PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D FD]XULORU GH F WUH
IDPLOLHS ULQ LvQSULPLL–DQLGHYLD DLFRSLOXlui. Aceasta permite „desprin-
GHUHDUHJXOLORUGHFRPSRUWDUHDQRUPHORUúLYDORULORUFHSRWILDVLPLODWHODYkUVWH
PLFL úL FDUH FRQVWLWXLH EDJDMXO LQIRUPD LRQDO úL DIHFWLY DO RULF UXL LQGLYLG´16.
)DPLOLD MRDF  UROXO HVHQ LDO vQWUXFkW vQ FDGUXO DFHVWHLD FRSLOXO GHSULQGH vQYD 
PRGHOHSHQWUXWRDWHUHOD LLOHXPDQHIXQGDPHQWDOHVSUHH[HPSOXGHVXERUGRQDUHúL
VXSUDRUGRQDUH GH UHFLSURFLWDWH HWF úL GHVFRSHU  FRPSRUWDPHQWH VRFLDOH HOH-
PHQWDUH UHVSHFWDUHD GUHSWXULORU FHORU FX FDUH LQWHUDF LRQHD]  DS UDUHD propriilor
GUHSWXUL$úDFXPUHPDUF úL(OLVDEHWD6W QFLXOHVFX17SXWHPDSUHFLDF RGDW FX
VRFLDOL]DUHD SULPDU  XQ LQGLYLG ELRORJLF DVRFLDO vQ UDSRUW FX RULFDUH GLQWUH
FROHFWLYLW LOHXPDQHGREkQGHúWHSULPXOV XHXVRFLDOSULPDVDLGHQWLWDWHVRFLDO 
ÌQDFHVWVHQVVRFLDOL]DUHDSULPDU HFKLYDOHD] FXXPDQL]DUHDLQGLYLGXOXL
E6RFLDOL]DUHDVHFXQGDU
(VWHLPSRUWDQWGHUHPDUFDWIDSWXOF VRFLDOL]DUHDQXHVWHUHGXFWLELO ODYkUVWD
FRSLO ULHLODWLSXOGHVRFLDOL]DUHGHED] FLHDFRQWLQX GH-a lungul înWUHJLLYLH LD
LQGLYLGXOXL DYkQG GUHSW ILQDOLWDWH FRQVWLWXLUHD úL FRQVROLGDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL
YRUELPDVWIHOGHÄVRFLDOL]DUHVHFXQGDU ´ÌQDFHVWVHQV1*RRGPDQ18GHOLPLWHD] 
DFHVWWLSGHVRFLDOL]DUHFRQWLQX LGHQWLILFkQG-RFXÄHGXFD LDIRUPDO ´
$úDFXPDUDW SURI0DULD9RLQHDVRFLDOL]DUHDVHFXQGDU HVWHHWDSD
LPHGLDW XUP WRDUH FHOHL SULPDUH ID]  vQ FDUH WkQ UXO úL XOWHULRU DGXOWXO
GREkQGHúWH R VHULH GH VWDWXVXUL úL LPSOLFLW UROXUL VXFFHVLYH RGDW  FX LQWHJUDUHD
acestuia în diverse strXFWXUL JUXSDOH úL PDL ODUJ LQVWLWX LRQDOH $FHVW WLS GH
VRFLDOL]DUH VH GHVI úRDU  vQ FDGUXO LQVWLWX LLORU GH vQY PkQW úL SURIHVLRQDOH DO
diverselor grupuri sau structuri formale, pe fondul unui climat de neutralitate
DIHFWLY SURJUHVLY SHP VXUDFUHúWHULLúLPDWXUL] ULLSHUVRDQHL
F6RFLDOL]DUHDSR]LWLY
Prin VRFLDOL]DUHSR]LWLY VHvQ HOHJHSURFHVXOFDUHFRQGXFHODXQDQXPLWWLSGH
FRQIRUPLVPDOSHUVRDQHLvQFDGUXOJUXSXOXLGLQFDUHIDFHSDUWHúLVDXDOVRFLHW LL
DGLF RFRQIRUPDUHDLQGLYLGXOXLODDúWHSW ULOHúLFHULQ HOHFXFDUDFWHUJUXSDOúLvQ
JHQHUDO VRFLDO $YkQG R GLUHF LH FRQIRUP  FX FHULQ HOH FX YDORULOH úL QRUPHOH
VRFLDOPHQWH DGPLVH úL GH]LUDELOH DFHVW WLS HVWH GHQXPLW ÄVRFLDOL]DUH SR]LWLY –
QRUPDO ´UHDOL]DW SRWULYLWPRGHOXOXLVocial – normativ existent (dominant) într-o
DQXPHVRFLHWDWHúLSDU LDOFXLGHDOXOPRUDOúLHGXFD LRQDOFHSURLHFWHD] DQXPLWH
modele (prototipuri) social –FXOWXUDOHvQSHUVSHFWLY 

G6RFLDOL]DUHDQHJDWLY
Procesul socializator negativ este opus socialL] ULL SR]LWLYH úL vQ PRG
HYLGHQWHOQXVHFLUFXPVFULHQLFLSUHYHGHULORULGHDOXOXLPRUDOúLFXDWkWPDLSX LQ
QLFL FHORU DOH LGHDOXOXL HGXFD LRQDO ÌQ PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU VRFLDOL]DUHD QHJDWLY 

16
Maria Voinea, op. cit., p. 63.
17
(OLVDEHWD6W QFLXOHVFXop. cit., p. 15.
18
Norman Goodman, Introducere în sociologie(GLWXUD/LGHU%XFXUHúWLS
69
VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ JUXSXUL PDUJLQDOH SHULIHULFH &X DOWH cuvinte, acest tip de
VRFLDOL]DUH HVWH FRQWUDU DúWHSW ULORU YDORULORU úL QRUPHORU VRFLDOH JHQHUDOH GDU
conform cu cele ale unui grup (periferic) sau ale unei subculturi.
ÌQOHJ WXU FXDFHVWPRGHOVRFLDOL]DWRUVRFLRORJXO,RDQ-XGHDILUP F 
nu tUHEXLHV -LDEVROXWL] PHIHFWHOHQHJDWLYHvQWUXFkWXQHRULHOSRDWHFRQVWLWXLR
FDOH GH SURJUHV úL GH VFKLPEDUH VRFLDO  SUHILJXUkQG XQ QRX LGHDO VRFLDO (VWH
GHVLJXU FD]XO DFHORU VLWXD LL vQ FDUH LQGLYL]LL VH RSXQ XQRU PHQWDOLW L úL X]DQ H
sociale, nX QHDS UDW SHULPDWH GDU RULFXP FRQVHUYDWRDUH SURSXQkQG DOWH LGHL úL
YDORUL] ULFXFDUDFWHUvQQRLWRUJHQHUDWRUGHSURJUHV
H6RFLDOL]DUHDDQWLFLSDWLY
&RQFHSWXO GH ÄVRFLDOL]DUH DQWLFLSDWLY ´ D IRVW LQWURGXV vQ OLPEDMXO WHRUHWLF
VRFLDO GH F WUH DPHULFDQXO 5REHUW .LQJ 0HUWRQ $QDOL]DW  GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD URO-
VWDWXVXULORU DFHDVW  IRUP  GH VRFLDOL]DUH SUHJ WHúWH LQGLYLGXO SHQWUX VWDWXVXUL úL
roluri viitoare. Înainte de a exercita un anume rol, persoana trece printr-RSHULRDG 
GHSUHJ WLUHWLPSvQFDUHWUHEXLHV vQYH HFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHSHFDUHOHSUHVXSXQH
QRXO URO GUHSWXULOH úL vQGDWRULULOH FLUFXPVFULVH DFHVWXLD )RUPHOH SULQ FDUH VH
UHDOL]HD]  VRFLDOL]DUHD DQWLFLSDWLY  VXQW GLYHUVH IDPLOLD úFRDOD JUXSXUL úL
RUJDQL]D LLYDULDWHHWF
f) Resocializarea
PotULYLW SURI , 0LK LOHVFX  DFWXO UHVRFLDOL] ULL FRQVW  vQWU-un proces
GH vQY DUH D XQRU QRL UROXUL FRQFRPLWHQW FX DEDQGRQDUHD XQRU UROXUL DQWHULRDUH
6SUH H[HPSOX R SHUVRDQ  FDUH VH F V WRUHúWH YD SUHOXD XQ QRX URO UHQXQ kQG vQ
DFHODúLWLPSODDFHOHFRPSRUWDPHQWHVSHFLILFHUROXOXLGHFHOLEDWDU3XWHPvQWkOQLúL
VLWXD LL vQ FDUH DQXPLWH SHUVRDQH WUHF SULQWU-XQ SURFHV GH UHVRFLDOL]DUH UDGLFDO 
8WLOL] PvQDFHVWVHQVWHUPHQXOGHÄUHVRFLDOL]DUH´SHQWUXDGHVHPQDSURFHVXOGH
FRQYHUWLUHDXQRULQúLFHDXV YkUúLWDF LXQLIDSWHDQWLVRFLDOH0DULD9RLQHD
3ULQ UHVRFLDOL]DUH VH XUP UHúWH FRUHFWDUHD DQXPLWRU PLQXVXUL VDX OLPLWH DOH
VRFLDOL] ULL GH ED]  6FRSXO vO FRQVWLWXLH ILH vQVXúLUHD XQRU QRL UROXUL RIHULWH GH
societate (ca în cazul reprofesLRQDOL] ULL DO UHFRQYHUVLHL SURIHVLRQDOH ILH
UHDGDSWDUHD FHORU FH DX FRPLV DFWH GHYLDQWH VDX GHOLQFYHQWH OD UROXUL úL QRUPH GH
YLD DFFHSWDWHGHF WUHVRFLHWDWH

5.$JHQ LDLVRFLDOL] ULLIDPLOLDJUXSDGHYkUVW úFRDODPDVV-media

În cele ce urmea] QHYRPUHIHULODSULQFLSDOLLDJHQ LDLVRFLDOL] ULL

a) Familia
)DPLOLD HVWH I U  GRDU úL SRDWH FHO PDL LPSRUWDQW DJHQW SULQ FDUH VH
UHDOL]HD] VRFLDOL]DUHD)DPLOLDHVWHÄSULPDúLFHDPDLFRQWLQX OXPHVRFLDO SHQWUX
VXJDU úL FRSLOXO PLF´19. În familiH VH VWDELOHVF SULPHOH úL FHOH PDL GXUDELOH UHOD LL
LQWLPH &DSDFLWDWHD FRPXQLFDWLY  vQ SULPXO UkQG SULQ vQY DUHD OLPELL DUH ORF
LQL LDO vQ IDPLOLH 7RW vQ IDPLOLH VXJDUXO úL FRSLOXO IDF FXQRúWLQ  FX HOHPHQWHOH
principale ale culturii. Familia este LQWHUPHGLDUXOGLQWUHVRFLHWDWHDJOREDO úLFRSLO
VSD LXOvQFDUHVHVWUXFWXUHD] DUPRQLRVSHUVRQDOLWDWHDYLLWRUXOXLDGXOW

19
Norman Goodman, op. cit., p. 263.
70
 )DPLOLD HVWH vQ PDUH P VXU  vQWUHDJD OXPH VRFLDO  D FRSLLORU PLFL DUHQD
SULQFLSDO DH[SHULHQ HLORU)DPLOLDDVLJXU LGHQWLWDWHDVRFLDO LQL LDO DPLQRUXOXL
vQ UDSRUW FX UDVD UHOLJLD FODVD VRFLDO  ùDQVHOH JHQHUDOH vQ YLD  V Q WDWHD
ORQJHYLWDWHDJUDGXOGHHGXFD LHFXQRVFRDQXPLW LQIOXHQ GLQSDUWHDIDPLOLHLvQ
FDUH FRSLOXO VH QDúWH úL WU LHúWH 0DL PXO L DXWRUL .RKU-1977, Goodman-1992,
0LK LOHVFX- DX DU WDW F  LQWHUDF LXQLOH S ULQWH – FRSLO GLIHU  vQ IXQF LH GH
FODVDVRFLDO úLGHPHGLXOUH]LGHQ LDO
3ULQFLSDOHOH PHFDQLVPH DOH VRFLDOL] ULL SULQ IDPLOLH VXQW LGHQWLILFDUHD FX
S ULQ LL úL LPLWDUHD UROXULORU $SDU DVWIHO DQXPLWH GLIHUHQ LHUL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH
VRFLDOL]DUHDE LH LORUúLFHDDIHWHORU
&HUFHW ULvQGRPHQLXOVRFLRORJLHLIDPLOLHLFI,0LK LOHVFXDXDU WDW
F vQVSHFLDOvQPHGLXOXUEDQDO]LOHORUQRDVWUHIDPLOLDDSLHUGXWSDU LDOGLQIXQF LD
socLDOL]DWRDUH FODVLF  WUDGL LRQDO  7RW PDL GHVH VXQW VLWXD LLOH vQ FDUH XQXO VDX
FKLDUDPELLS ULQ LvúLGHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHDvQDIDUDIDPLOLHLLDUFRSLLLSHWUHFGHVWXO
GHSX LQHRUHSH]LDO WXULGHS ULQ L
E*UXSDGHYkUVW
Ä/XPHD JUXSHL GH YkUVW ´ *RRGPDQ  HVWH OXPHD vQ FDUH LQWU 
PDMRULWDWHD FRSLLORU ILH vQDLQWH ILH vQ WLPSXO VWDGLXOXL GH úFRODUL]DUH 3RWULYLW OXL
*RRGPDQ JUXSD GH YkUVW  HVWH FRPSXV  GLQ HJDOL vQ VWDWXW DGLF  GLQ FRSLL GH
DFHHDúLYkUVW úLDFHODúLVWDWXWVRFLDOJHQHUDO'DF vQV vQIDPLOLHSR]L LDVRFLDO 
HVWHGREkQGLW vQPRGDXWRPDWvQJUXSDGHYkUVW HDWUHEXLHvQJHQHUDOFkúWLJDW 
'H DVHPHQHD vQ IDPLOLH FD úL vQ úFRDO  GH DOWIHO VRFLDOL]DUHD HVWH vQ PRG
IUHFYHQW JkQGLW SODQLILFDW  VH SDUH vQV  F  vQ JUXSD GH YkUVW  PDUH SDUWH D
SURFHVXOXLVRFLDOL]DWRUVHGHVI úRDU I U XQSODQSUHVWDELOLW
3ULQWUHDOWHOHJUXSDGHYkUVW DUHRIXQF LHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW DQXPHDFHHDGH
D VO EL OHJ WXULOH FRSLOXOXL FX IDPLOLD OHJ WXUL FDUH vQ SULP  ID]  VRFLDOL]Dtoare,
VXQWDWRWFXSULQ] WRDUH*UXSHOHGHYkUVW SRWDVLJXUDXQHRULPRGHOHVXSOLPHQWDUH
DOWHUQDWLYHSHQWUXFRPSRUWDPHQWSUHFXPúLQRLQRUPHúLYDORUL
Referindu-VHODDFHODúLDJHQWSURI,0LK LOHVFXvOQXPHúWHÄJUXSXUL
perechi”. Aceste grupurL VXQW IRUPDWH GLQ SHUVRDQH FH DX DSUR[LPDWLY DFHHDúL
YkUVW  úL VH PDQLIHVW  FD YHULWDELOH HQWLW L GH VRFLDOL]DUH FX GHRVHELUH OD FRSLL úL
DGROHVFHQ L $VHPHQHD JUXSXUL GDX SRVLELOLWDWHD FRSLLORU GH D VH PDQLIHVWD LQGH-
pendent (anume în afara controluluiS ULQ LORUÌQUHOD LLOHFXS ULQ LLVDXvQFHOH
FX DOWH SHUVRDQH DGXOWH FRSLLL PDQLIHVW  R DWLWXGLQH GH VXERUGRQDUH ÌQRSR]L LH
DWXQFLFkQGVHDIO vQJUXSXULOHSHUHFKLFRSLLLSRWLQWHUDF LRQDFDHJDOLFDSDUWHQHUL
GHFRRSHUDUHDYkQGDFHODúLVWDtut.
FùFRDOD
$FHDVW LQVWLWX LHVRFLDO DUHvQGDWRULUHDGLUHFW GHDLQVWUXLúLHGXFDLQGLYLGXO
SRWULYLWXQRULQIRUPD LLGHSULQGHULúLYDORULFRQVLGHUDWHGHF WUHVRFLHWDWHFDILLQG
LPSRUWDQWHSHQWUXYLD DVRFLDO ùFRDODFDLQVWUXPHQWVRFLDOL]DWRUHVWH deosebit de
FRPSOH[ GHRDUHFHHDSUH]LQW XQvQWUHJFOLPDWYDORULFúLQRUPDWLYDWkWIRUPDOFkW
úL LQIRUPDO (OHYLL úL VWXGHQ LL vQYD  QX QXPDL DVSHFWHOH WHRUHWLFH úL SUDFWLFH
SURSXVH GH FDGUHOH GLGDFWLFH FL úL GLQ LQWHUDF LXQLOH LQIRUPDOH FX FHLODO L HOHYL
VWXGHQ LúLGHFHQXFXSURIHVRULL
d) Mass – media
3 UHULOHVRFLRORJLORUFRQYHUJF WUHLGHHDF PLMORDFHOHGHFRPXQLFDUHvQPDV 
ILHHOHUDGLRXOWHOHYL]LXQHDILOPHOH]LDUHOHUHYLVWHOHF U LOHDILúHOHVDXPDLDOHV
71
în ultimii ani, aparatele video, casetele, compact-GLVFXULOH úL ÄGLJLWDO YHUVDWLOH
disc”-urile sau, mai simplu, D.V.D.-XULOH WLQG V  GHYLQ  XQXO GLQWUH FHL PDL
LPSRUWDQ L IDFWRUL DL VRFLDOL] ULL 0DVV-PHGLD LQIOXHQ HD]  VRFLDOL]DUHD DVLJXUkQG
PRGHOHVXSOLPHQWDUHúLDOWHUQDWLYHGHUROXULSUHFXPúLQRUPHVRFLDOHúLYDORUL
&X VLJXUDQ  GLQWUH WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH FRPXQLFDUH vQ PDV  DOH HSRFLL
QRDVWUHLQIOXHQ DFHDPDLSURQXQ DW RSUH]LQW WHOHYL]LXQHD2RSLQLHGHVSUHDFHVW
tip mass-PHGLD*RRGPDQHVWHF DVLJXU XQPLMloc de instruire deosebit, o
YDULDQW SO FXW GHO UJLUHDRUL]RQWXOXLFRSLLORURIHULQGX-le celor mici posibilitatea
GHDYHGHDORFXULúLVDXHYHQLPHQWHODFDUHHVWHSRVLELOV QXDLE DFFHVQHPLMORFLW
([LVW  vQV  úL R S UHUH QHJDWLY  GHVSUH WHOHYL]LXQH DQXPH F  DFHDVWD VFRDWH vQ
HYLGHQ SXUDIDQWH]LHúLQDWXUDH[DJHUDWGHVLPSOLVW DPXOWRUSURJUDPHGDUPDL
DOHVF DFFHQWXHD] úLSUH]LQW VLVWHPDWLFúLIUHFYHQWYLROHQ D

BIBLIOGRAFIE

'U JDQ ,RDQ FRRUG 6RFLRORJLH JHQHUDO , Tipografia UniversLW LL %XFXUHúWL %XFXUHúWL
1985.
Goodman, Norman, Introducere în sociologie(GLWXUD/LGHU%XFXUHúWL
Huber, J.; Spitze, G., Trends in family sociology, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1988,
apud3HWUX,OX 6RFLRSVLKRORJLDúLDQWURSRORJLDIDPLOiei(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
,OX 3HWUX3VLKRVRFLRORJLDúLDQWURSRORJLDIDPLOLHL(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
Jude, Ioan 6RFLRORJLHúLDF LXQH(GLWXUD'LGDFWLF úL3HGDJRJLF %XFXUHúWL
0LK LOHVFX,RDQ6RFLRORJLHJHQHUDO , Editura UniversLW LL%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL
6W QFLXOHVFX(OLVDEHWD6RFLRORJLDHGXFD LHLIDPLOLDOHYRO,(GLWXUD3ROLURP,DúL
Szczepanski, Jan, 1R LXQL HOHPHQWDUH GH VRFLRORJLH (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  úL (QFLFORSHGLF 
%XFXUHúWL  Voinea, Maria, Sociologia Familiei, Tipografia Univer-VLW LL
%XFXUHúWL%XFXUHúWL
=DPILU & W OLQ 9O VFHDQX /D] U FRRUG 'LF LRQDU GH VRFLRORJLH, Editura Babel,
%XFXUHúWL
*** 'LF LRQDUGH3VLKRORJLH6RFLDO (GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWL1981.

72
 678',,ù,&(5&(7 5,$6835$9,2/(1 (,
ÎN FAMILIE REALIZATE ÎN ROMÂNIA

BEATRICE MANU

ABSTRACT

Violence in the family enviroment has been a frequently debated topic for the
non-governmental organisations, who were highly interested in defendindg the rights of
the Romanian women. These organisations proceeded with an intensity that turned
family violence into a subject of debate for researchers and experts from various
areas such as psychology, sociology, medicine, criminology, and law science. Their
efforts materialized in a series of relevant research and studies which offered reference
points for those organisations that wished their procedures would turn into legislative
intiatives meant to protect women’s rights in Romania.

FenoPHQXOYLROHQ HLGLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDODFRQVWLWXLWVXELHFWGHLQWHUHVOD

vQFHSXW SHQWUX RUJDQL]D LLOH QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH FDUH HUDX LQWHUHVDWH V 
SURPRYH]HúLV DSHUHGUHSWXULOHIHPHLORUGLQ5RPkQLD)RU DDF LXQLORULQL LDWH
GHF WUHDFHVWHRUJDQL]D LLDI FXWFDYLROHQ DIDPLOLDO V GHYLQ WUHSWDWWHP GH
LQWHUHV úL SHQWUX VSHFLDOLúWL úL FHUFHW WRUL GLQ GLYHUVH GRPHQLL SVLKRORJLH
VRFLRORJLH PHGLFLQ  úWLLQ H MXULGLFH FULPLQRORJLH (IRUWXULOH DFHVWRUD V-au
concretizat într-o serie de studii care au oIHULW UHSHUH SHQWUX RUJDQL]D LLOH FDUH
GRUHDX FD DF LXQLOH ORU V  VH WUDQVIRUPH vQ LQL LDWLYH OHJLVODWLYH PHQLWH V 
SURWHMH]H GUHSWXULOH IHPHLORU GLQ DUD QRDVWU  (IRUWXULOH 21*-urilor s-au
materializat într-RVHULHGHDFWHOHJLVODWLYHFDUHúL-au dovedit WUHSWDWHILFLHQ DGDU
úLODFXQHOH$QXODDGXVGLQQRXvQGLVFX LHYLROHQ DIDPLOLDO PRGDOLW LOH
GH LQWHUYHQ LH vQ VIHUD DFHVWXL WLS GH YLROHQ  ILLQG VXSXVH GH]EDWHULL SXEOLFH
'LVIXQF LRQDOLW LOH VHVL]DWH DX GHWHUPLQDW SHUVRDQHOH SXEOLFH LPSOLFDWH úL
RUJDQL]D LLOH QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH LQWHUHVDWH V  LQL LH]H R QRX  VHULH GH DF LXQL
PHQLWH V  VWLPXOH]H DFWLYLW LOH GH SUHYHQLUH úL GH LQWHUYHQ LH vQ VIHUD YLROHQ HL
familiale.
6WXGLLOHúLFHUFHW ULOHGHUXODWHvQSULPDID] DDF LXQLORUFRQFHUWDWHDVXSUD
YLROHQ HLIDPLOLDOHSUH]LQW RVHULHGHSDUWLFXODULW LSHFDUHOHYRPSUH]HQWDvQ
FHOHFHXUPHD] 'LQFRORGHSDUWLFXODULW LOHOHJDWHGHRELHFWLYHOHúLPHWRGRORJLD
XWLOL]DW  DFHVWH LQYHVWLJD LL DX IRVW FDUDFWHUL]DWH  vQ IXQF LH GH LQVWLWX LD FDUH D
ini LDWGHPHUVXOvQFHUFHW ULGHVI úXUDWHGHF WUHLQVWLWXWHGHFHUFHWDUH,QVWLWXWXO
1D LRQDO GH &ULPLQRORJLH $FDGHPLD 5RPkQ  ,QVWLWXWXO GH 0HGLFLQ  /HJDO 
RUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLFHUFHW WRULLQGHSHQGHQ L

73
 1.&HUFHW ULGHVI úXUDWHvQPHGLXODcademic

1.1.6WXGLXQD LRQDODVXSUDYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHvQ5RPkQLDúLHYDOXDUHD

caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOHMXULGLFHúLVRFLRORJLFHQRLGLUHF LLGHDVLVWHQ 
úLDF LXQHvQSHUVSHFWLYDLQWHJU ULLHXURSHQH

6WXGLXO UHDOL]DW GH F WUH HFKLSD GH VSHFLDOLúWL GLQ FDGUXO LQVWLWX LLORU
SDUWHQHUH,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO Ä0LQD0LQRYLFL´,QVWLWXWXOGH
6RFLRORJLH DO $FDGHPLHL 5RPkQH 8QLYHUVLWDWHD %XFXUHúWL – Facultatea de
6RFLRORJLH úL $VLVWHQ  6RFLDO  ,QVWLWXWXO GH &HUFHW UL -XULGLFH DO $FDdemiei
Române, CURS), în perioada 2006- D SUHVXSXV UHDOL]DUHD XUP WRDUHORU
LQYHVWLJD LLDQFKHW QD LRQDO SULYLQGLQFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHvQ5RPkQLD
DFWLYLW L GH DVLVWHQ  SVLKR-VRFLDO  úL MXULGLF  D YLFWLPHORU YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH
GDUúLDXQRUFHUFHW ULVRFLRORJLFHúLPHGLFR-OHJDOHPHQLWHV IXQGDPHQWH]HvQ
IXQF LH GH IDFWRULL GH ULVF LGHQWLILFD L FD XUPDUH D DQDOL]HL UHDOL]DWH OD QLYHOXO
SRSXOD LHL VWXGLDWH R VHULH GH P VXUL GH LQWHUYHQ LH DO F URU VFRS SULQFLSDO vO
constituie prevenirea YLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFH
,QYHVWLJD LLOH UHDOL]DWH GH F WUH  &HQWUXO GH 6RFLRORJLH 8UEDQ  úL 5XUDO 
(CURS SA)1 în cadrul programului au vizat realizarea unei anchete sociologice
OD QLYHO QD LRQDO DQFKHW  FDUH V  SHUPLW  RE LQHUHD XQRU LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG
prezeQ DDFWHORUGHYLROHQ vQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOúLGLVWULEX LDORUSHIRUPHWLSXUL
GHYLROHQ úLFDWHJRULLVRFLR-GHPRJUDILFHIUHFYHQ DDFWHORUGHYLROHQ FRPLVH
asupra copiilor, caracteristicile socio-GHPRJUDILFHúLSVLKRVRFLDOHDOHYLFWLPHLúL
agresorului FDX]HOH úL IDFWRULL IDYRUL]DQ L  DL YLROHQ HORU GLQ IDPLOLH SHUFHS LD
SXEOLF  DVXSUD YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH PHQWDOLW L úL DWLWXGLQL ID  GH YLROHQ D vQ
IDPLOLH3HQWUXDWLQJHUHDDFHVWRURELHFWLYHDXIRVWLQYHVWLJDWHGRX FDWHJRULLGH
SRSXOD LHXQHúDQWLRQGHED] – 1000 persoane –UHSUH]HQWDWLYODQLYHOQD LRQDO
SHQWUXSRSXOD LD5RPkQLHLGHDQLúLSHVWHHúDQWLRQVXSOLPHQWDU– 304 femei,
FDUHDG XJDWODORWXOGHIHPHLGLQHúDQWLRQXOGHED] IRUPHD] XQHúDQWLRQWRWDO
de femei de 854 persoane.
RezulWDWHOHRE LQXWHDXHYLGHQ LDWIDSWXOF GH-DOXQJXOYLH LLDSUR[LPDWLY
RFLQFLPHGLQWUHVXELHF LDXIRVWDIHFWD LGHDFWHGHYLROHQ vQVSD LXOIDPLOLDO
$úD FXP HUD GH DúWHSWDW IHPHLOH VXQW vQWU-R P VXU  PDL PDUH YLFWLPH DOH
YLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHFRPSDUDWLYFXE UED LL'LQWUHIRUPHOHGH
YLROHQ GRPHVWLF LQFOXVHvQFDGUXOFKHVWLRQDUXOXLXWLOL]DWFHOHFDUHVHvQVFULXvQ
VIHUD YLROHQ HL SVLKRORJLFH úL DOH YLROHQ HL IL]LFH DX IRVW H[SHULPHQWDWH vQWU-o
SURSRU LH PDL PDUH GH F WUH SRSXOD LD LQYHVWLJDW  $VWIHO  GLQWUH VXELHF L
  GLQWUH IHPHL úL  GLQWUH E UED L DX UHFXQRVFXW F  DX VXSRUWDW GLQ
SDUWHD SDUWHQHULORU ORU DPHQLQ UL XPLOLQ H GHQLJU UL YLROHQ H YHUEDOH YH]L
Tabelul 1).

 &HQWUXO GH 6RFLRORJLH 8UEDQ  úL 5XUDO  – &856 6$ 9LROHQ D GRPHVWLF  vQ
1

România. Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOHSVLKRORJLFHVRFLRORJLFHúLMXULGLFH

&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
74
 Tabelul 1.,QFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHODQLYHOQD LRQDOGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLúLvQ
XOWLPXODQSHIRUPHGHYLROHQ úLVH[H (%)
De-DOXQJXOYLH LL În ultimele 12 luni
Total % UED L Femei Total % UED L Femei
9LROHQ GRPHVWLF 727$/ 18,4 14,7 21,5 9,6 7,8 11,1
9LROHQ IL]LF 10,5 6,9 13,5 4,1 3,3 4,7
9LROHQ SVLKRORJLF 727$/ 16,0 12,9 18,5 8,9 7,1 10,4
9LROHQ YHUEDO 14, 12,0 16,4 7,7 6,7 8,5
Denigrare, umilire 10,8 7,8 13,3 5,7 4,4 6,7
$PHQLQ DUHLQWLPLGDUH 13,1 10,4 15,3 6,9 5,8 7,8
9LROHQ VRFLDO 8,3 6,4 9,8 4,2 3,1 5,1
9LROHQ HFRQRPLF 4,6 3,8 5,3 2,3 2,2 2,4
9LROHQ VH[XDO 1,7 0,7 2,5 0,4 0,2 0,5
Sursa:&HQWUXOGH6RFLRORJLH8UEDQ úL5XUDO – CURS. SA, 9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF vQ
România. Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOHSVLKRORJLFHVRFLRORJLFHúL juridice

ÌQWUXFkW LQYHVWLJD LLOH GHVI úXUDWH DX YL]DW RE LQHUHD úL D XQRU LQIRUPD LL
SULYLQGSUH]HQ DDFWHORUGHYLROHQ GRPHVWLF vQYLD DVXELHF LORUvQXOWLPXODQ
UH]XOWDWHOHDQFKHWHLDXHYLGHQ LDWIDSWXOF DSUR[LPDWLYXQXOGLQ]HFHVXELHF LD
fost victima GLYHUVHORU IRUPH GH YLROHQ  'H DFHDVW  GDW  GLIHUHQ HOH SURFHQ-
XDOHGLQWUHIHPHLOHúLE UED LLYLFWLPL]D LvQVSD LXOIDPLOLDODXIRVWPXOWPDLPLFL
(femei –E UED L– 7,8%).
ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHSUH]HQ DDFWHORUGHYLROHQ vQPHGLXOUXUDOúLXrban, se
UHPDUF IDSWXOF YLROHQ DHVWHPDLGHVVHPQDODW GHVXELHF LLGLQPHGLXOXUEDQ
DWXQFLFkQGHVWHYRUEDGHSUH]HQ DDFHVWHLDGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLvQWLPSFHVXELHF LL
GLQPHGLXOUXUDODXIRVWYLFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHvQWU-RP VXU PDLPDUH
înXOWLPHOHOXQLYH]L7DEHOXO,QGLIHUHQWGHPHGLXOGHUH]LGHQ YLROHQ D
SVLKRORJLF  GH LQH ORFXO , vQ FDGUXO LHUDUKLHL WLSXULORU GH YLROHQ  VXSRUWDWH GH
VXELHF LGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLVDXvQXOWLPHOHOXQL
Tabelul 2.,QFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHODQLYHOQD LRQDOGH-DOXQJXOYLH LLúLvQ
XOWLPXODQSHIRUPHGHYLROHQ úLPHGLLUH]LGHQ LDOH (%)

Sursa:&HQWUXOGH6RFLRORJLH8UEDQ úL5XUDO – CURS. SA, 9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF vQ

România. Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-lHJDOHSVLKRORJLFHVRFLRORJLFHúL juridice

75
 5H]XOWDWHOHFHUFHW ULLDXUHOHYDWIDSWXOF IHPHLOHVXQWDIHFWDWHvQWU-RP -
XU  PDL PDUH GHFkW E UED LL GH YLROHQ D GLQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO HVWH YRUED GHVSUH
YLROHQ D IL]LF  VH[XDO  HFRQRPLF  VDX VRFLDO  $VWIHO, 64% dintre femei au
GHFODUDWF DXIRVWYLFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHDXVXSRUWDWvQWU-RP VXU PDL
PDUHvQGHRVHELDFWHGHYLROHQ VH[XDO SVLKRORJLF úLIL]LF vQWLPSFH
GLQWUHE UED LDXIRVWDIHFWD LGHYLROHQ DGLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOSURFHnte mai mari
s-DXvQUHJLVWUDWvQFD]XOYLROHQ HLHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOH

Tabelul 3.'LVWULEX LDYLFWLPHORUYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLH

de-DOXQJXOYLH LLSHWLSXULúLVH[H

Sursa:&HQWUXOGH6RFLRORJLH8UEDQ úL5XUDO – CURS. SA, 9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF vQ

România. Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOHSVLKRORJLFHVRFLRORJLFHúL juridice
$úDFXPV-DSUHFL]DWVWXGLXOUHDOL]DWDLQFOXVúLGHUXODUHDXQRULQYHVWLJD LL
DVXSUDSHUVRDQHORUYLFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHFDUHDXVROLFLWDW,10/H[DPL-
Q UL PHGLFDOH OD FHUHUHD SROL LHL D RUJDQHORU GH XUP ULUH SHQDO  D LQVWDQ HORU
MXGHF WRUHúWL VDX D YLFWLPHORU úL HOLEHUDUHD FHUWLILFDWHORU PHGLFR-OHJDOH 6HOHF LD
VXELHF LORU D IRVW I FXW  vQ IXQF LH GH FULWHULLOH DQWHULRU VWDELOLWH GH F WUH HFKLSD
multidisciplinDU DSURLHFWXOXLSHUVRDQHSHVWHDQLúLSHUVRDQHOHFDUHvQVR HVF
PLQRUXO LQGLIHUHQW GH VH[ YLFWLPH DOH YLROHQ HL vQIDPLOLHDJUHVLXQHIL]LF VDX
DOW  IRUP  GH DEX] VH[XDO DEX] SVLKRORJLFHPR LRQDO DJUHVRUXO PHPEUX DO
familiei extinse pe baza coQVLP PkQWXOXLYLFWLPHLGHDSDUWLFLSDODDQFKHWD
Interviurile realizate cu victimele care au apelat la serviciile Institutului
1D LRQDO GH 0HGLFLQ  /HJDO  DX SHUPLV RE LQHUHD XQRU LQIRUPD LL FRPSOH[H
referitoare la: familia de origine a victimei, modelul familial parental al victimei,
UHOD LLOH GLQWUH YLFWLP  úL S ULQ LUXGH VWUDWHJLLOH YLFWLPHORU ID  GH YLROHQ D
SDUWHQHUXOXL QLYHOXO GH LQIRUPDUH DO YLFWLPHL SULYLQG OHJLVOD LD UHIHULWRDUH OD
YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL SUHYHGHULOH OHJLVODWLYH FDUH VDQF LRQHD]  IDSWHOH GH YLR-
OHQ  QLYHOXO GH LQIRUPDUH SULYLQG LQVWLWX LLOH FDUH SRW LQWHUYHQL vQ VLWXD LL GH
SURGXFHUHDDFWHORUGHYLROHQ QLYHOXOGHLQIRUPDUHSULYLQGRUJDQL]D LLOHQHJX-
YHUQDPHQWDOHFDUHRIHU DVLVWHQ úLFRQVLOLHUHYLFWLPHORUYLROHQ HLLQWUafamiliale.
76
 0HWRGRORJLD XWLOL]DW  D SHUPLV VSHFLDOLúWLORU V  RE LQ  LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG
DJUHVRUXO SRUQLQG GH OD DQDOL]D LQIRUPD LLORU SULYLQG IDPLOLD GH RULJLQH D
DJUHVRUXOXL IDPLOLD SH FDUH DFHúWLD úL-au constituit-R  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO V X vQ
cadrul grupuluL GH SULHWHQL ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS DX SXWXW IL LGHQWLILFDWH úL DVSHFWH
UHIHULWRDUHODUHOD LDGLQWUHYLFWLP úLDJUHVRUVDXODDVSHFWHOHJDWHGHDJUHVLXQHúL
PRGDOLW LOHGHSURGXFHUHDDFWHORUYLROHQWH
,QL LDWGLQGRULQ DGHDRIHULúLRDOW SHUVSHFWLY DVXSUDDFWHORUGHYLROHQ 
úLGHDDGXFHvQGLVFX LHúLSHUVSHFWLYDYLFWLPHLDVXSUDYLROHQ HL2, studiul realizat
GHRSDUWHGLQWUHFHUFHW WRULLLPSOLFD LvQDFHVWSURJUDPGHFHUFHWDUHUHXúHúWHV 
DGXF RVHULHGHLQIRUPD LLQRLGHVSUHYLROHQ DIDPLOLDO 
CRQIRUPGDWHORUIXUQL]DWHGHF WUH,10/3, în intervalul 10 august 2007-15
PDUWLHDXIRVWH[DPLQDWHPHGLFDOGHF WUHVSHFLDOLúWLL,10/Mina Minovici
%XFXUHúWLXQQXP UGHFD]XULIHPHLE UED L$SUR[LPDWLY
% dintre acestea (555 perVRDQH  IHPHL úL  E UED L DX GHFODUDW F  DX IRVW
DJUHVDWH GH PHPEULL DL IDPLOLHL ORU ÌQWUXFkW VWXGLXO UHDOL]DW DYHD GUHSW LQW 
SHUVRDQHOH YLFWLPH DOH YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH DFHVWH SHUVRDQH DX IRVW LQIRUPDWH vQ
OHJ WXU FXH[LVWHQ DXQHL8QLW LGH$VLVWHQ 3VLKRORJLF úL6RFLDO FDUHOHSXQHD
OD GLVSR]L LH VHUYLFLL GH DVLVWHQ  MXULGLF  úL FRQVLOLHUH SVLKRORJLF  GDU úL GHVSUH
SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D SDUWLFLSD OD UHDOL]DUHD XQRU LQYHVWLJD LL VRFLRORJLFH FDUH
SUHVXSXQHDXDSOLFDUHDXQRUFKHVWLRQDUHúLUHDOLzarea unor interviuri. Au fost astfel
FRPSOHWDWH   GH FKHVWLRQDUH úL UHDOL]DWH  GH LQWHUYLXUL DSURIXQGDWH FX
YLFWLPHOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHFDUHDXDSHODWODVHUYLFLLOH,10/
&RQIRUPLQYHVWLJD LLORUGHVI úXUDWHGHVRFLRORJLLGLQFDGUXO,QVWLWXWXOXLGe
Sociologie al Academiei Române, YLFWLPHOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHFDUHDSHOHD] OD
VHUYLFLLOH,10/SUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHSDUWLFXODULW L
• „sexul victimei – marea majoritate a victimelor care au apelat la
serviciile INML au fost femei (89,7%);
• JUXSD GH YkUVW – PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D DFHVWRUD DSDU LQ YkUVWHORU PDWXUH
(30-39 ani – 33,6%) spre vârstnic (între 40-59 – 38,6%), în timp ce victimele
foarte tinere (10-19 ani – 3,4%) sau foarte vârstnice (peste 60 de ani – 5,6%)
GH LQSRQGHULQHVHPQLILFDWLYH
• nivelul de iQVWUXF LH – peste o treime dintre victime (34,0%) erau
DEVROYHQWHGHOLFHXVDXúFRDO SRVWOLFHDO LDUDSUR[LPDWLYRWUHLPHDX
terminat facultatea, în timp ce restul de 34,0% dintre victime aveau studii
generale sau profesionale;
• statutul marital – SHUVRDQHOH F V WRULWH GH LQ R SRQGHUH FRYkUúLWRDUH
 FRPSDUDWLY FX FHOH FDUH VXQW LPSOLFDWH vQ UHOD LL GH FRQFXELQDM
GLYRU DWHY GXYHVDXQHF V WRULWH

2
D. Banciu, E. Balica, AgUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG
YLFWLPHOH YLROHQ HL LQWUDIDPLOLDOH FDUH DX DSHODW OD VHUYLFLLOH PHGLFDOH DOH ,QVWLWXWXOXL
1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO „Mina Minovici”, &RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
3
 & &XUF  FRRUG $VSHFWH DOH YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH vQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare
asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovici”&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
77
 • VWDWXWXORFXSD LRQDO –YLFWLPHOHDXvQJHQHUDOXQVWDWXWRFXSD LRQDOGH
persoane active (70% GLQWUH SHUVRDQHOH DFWLYH FHOH FDUH VXQW PDL GLVSXVH V 
VHPQDOH]HDFWHOHGHYLROHQ VXSRUWDWHVXQWSHUVRDQHOHFDUHDXXQVWDWXWRFXSD-
LRQDOLQIHULRUúLVXSHULRU´4
3RUQLQG GH OD LQIRUPD LLOH IXUQL]DWH GH F WUH YLFWLPH GHVSUH DJUHVRULL lor,
VSHFLDOLúWLLDXFRQWXUDWúLSURILOXODFHVWXLDSURILOFDUHFRQ LQHGDWHSULYLQGVH[XO
YkUVWDQLYHOXOGHLQVWUXF LHVWDUHDGHUHFLGLY úLVWDUHDGHV Q WDWH$gresorii sunt,
vQPDUHDORUPDMRULWDWHE UED LDFWHOHGHYLROHQ LQL LDWHGHIHmei fiind
destul de rare (7,7%). CHLPDLPXO LDJUHVRULDXYkUVWDSHVWHGHDQLSURFHQWH
semnificativ mai mari înregistrându-VH vQ FD]XO DJUHVRULORU FX YkUVWD VLWXDW  vQ
intervalele 30 –GHDQLúL–GHDQLÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWH
QLYHOXO GH LQVWUXF LH  SHUVRDQHOH FDUH DX XQ QLYHO GH LQVWUXF LH PHGLX 
DEVROYHQ LGHOLFHXúFRDO SURIHVLRQDO úLúFRDO SRVWOLFHDO SUH]LQW XQULVFPDL
PDUHGHDLQL LDDFWHGHYLROHQ vQGUHSWDWHDVXSUDPHPEULORUIDPLOLLORUORU'RDU
unul diQ]HFHDJUHVRULHVWHRSHUVRDQ FDUHDUHDQWHFHGHQWHSHQDOHúLDSUR[LPDWLY
GRX GLQ]HFHSHUVRDQHVXQWGLDJQRVWLFDWHFXDIHF LXQLSVLKLFH
3H GH DOW  SDUWH VSHFLDOLúWLL ,10/ DX DQDOL]DW FHUWLILFDWHOH PHGLFR-legale
insistând asupra aspectelor legate de: sH[YkUVW  DGUHVDELOLWDWH F WUH LQVWLWX LD
medico-OHJDO  QXP UXO ]LOHORU GH VSLWDOL]DUH GLVSXVH FD ILLQG QHFHVDUH HYDOXDUHD
JUDYLW LLOH]LXQLORUWUDXPDWLFHVXEUDSRUWXOQXP UXOXLGH]LOHGHvQJULMLULPHGLFDOH
Rezultatele analizei certificatelor medico-OHJDOHDXHYLGHQ LDWFRQVHFLQ HOHJUDYHDOH
YLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHDVXSUDRUJDQLVPXOXLYLFWLPHLOH]LXQLWUDXPDWLVPHFDUHQHFHVLW 
vQJULMLUL PHGLFDOH GH VSHFLDOLWDWH úL FKLDU VSLWDOL]DUH 5HIHULWRU OD WRSRJUDILD OH]LX-
nilor constatate la nivelul persoanelorFDUHDXFRQWDFWDW,10/FRQVWDW PSUH]HQ D
DFHVWRUDvQGHRVHELODQLYHOXOFHIDOLFúLODQLYHOXOPHPEUHORUYH]L'LDJUDPD
Diagrama 1
Topografia leziunilor victimelor violentei domestice

50,0
45,0
40,0
35,0
30,0
25,0 45,6
38,8
20,0
15,0
10,0 15,6
5,0
0,0
leziuni la nivel leziuni la nivelul leziuni la nivelul
cefalic corpului membrelor

6XUVD&&XUF FRRUG$VSHFWHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHLQ%XFXUHúWL– cercetare

asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovici”

4
 ' %DQFLX ( %DOLFD $JUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG
YLFWLPHOH YLROHQ HL LQWUDIDPLOLDOH FDUH DX DSHODW OD VHUYLFLLOe medicale ale Institutului
1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO Ä0LQD0LQRYLFL´&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
78
 ÌQDFHODúLWLPSVSHFLDOLúWLLDXDWUDVDWHQ LDDVXSUDFRVWXULORUVRFLDOHSHFDUH
OHLPSOLF DFWHOHGHYLROHQ FRVWXULJHQHUDWHGHLPSRVLELOLWDWHDYLFWLPHORUGHD-úL
FRQWLQXD SH SDUFXUVXO vQJULMLULORU PHGLFDOH DFWLYLW LOH ]LOQLFH WUHEXUL FDVQLFH,
DFWLYLW LOHVSHFLILFHORFXOXLGHPXQF HWF$úDFXPUH]XOW GLQLQYHVWLJD LLGRDU
GLQWUHYLFWLPHQXDXQHFHVLWDWvQJULMLULPHGLFDOHvQVFKLPEDSUR[LPDWLYGRX 
WUHLPLGLQWUHYLFWLPHDXDYXWQHYRLHGHvQJULMLULPHGLFDOHGHSkQ OD]LOHLDUR
S WULPH GLQWUH YLFWLPH DX IRVW VXE vQJULMLUH PHGLFDO  GH SkQ  OD  GH ]LOH YH]L
Diagrama 2).
Diagrama 2

necesita mai mult de 20 de zile de ingrijiri 1,4

medicale

necesita 6-19 zile de ingrijiri medicale 25,8

necesita 1-5 zile de ingrijiri medicale 56,8

nu necesita ingrijiri medicale 16,0

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0

6XUVD&&XUF FRRUG$VSHFWHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHvQ%XFXUHúWL– cercetare

asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovici”

Concluziile formulate, pornind de la analiza rezultatelor înregistrate în

FD]XOLQYHVWLJD LLORUGHVI úXUDWHGHSDUWHQHULLGLQFDGUXOSURLHFWXOXLDXHYLGHQ LDW
XUP WRDUHOH
• Ä1HFHVLWDWHDvQILLQ ULLXQRUFHQWUHXQLW LGHDVLVWHQ LQILHFDUHLQVWLWXW
GHPHGLFLQ OHJDO GLQ DU 
• NeFHVLWDWHDILQDQ ULLXQXLSRVWGHDVLVWHQWVRFLDOvQDFHVWHLQVWLWX LL
• 1HFHVLWDWHDXQHLUDSRUW ULFRPXQHFXWRDWHLQVWLWX LLOHVWDWXOXLFDUHV QX
SHUPLW VXSUDUDSRUWDUH
• 3URJUDPHSURLHFWHFDUHV GHWHUPLQHIHPHLOHV GLVFXWHGHVSUHH[SHULHQ-
HOH ORU WUDXPDWL]DQWH FDUH V  SHUPLW  R FXQRDúWHUH PDL DSURDSH GH UHDOLWDWH D
IHQRPHQXOXLúLV HYLWHVXEUDSRUWDUHD
• 1HFHVLWDWHD FUHúWHULL FRQúWLLQ HL GH VLQH úL D YDORULL GH VLQH D IHPHLL vQ
IDPLOLH VL VRFLHWDWH SROLWLFL HFRQRPLFH DGUHVDWH IHPHLL SHQWUX vQW ULUHD SR]L LHL
VDOHGHLQGHSHQGHQ HFRQRPLF 
• 1HFHVLWDWHD GH D YHQL vQ VSULMLQXO YLFWLPHORU QX QXPDL SULQ VIDWXUL úL
LQIRUPD LL FKLDU GDF  LPSRUWDQWH GDU úL SULQ DVLVWHQ  JUDWXLW  SVLKRORJLF  úL
MXULGLF SUHFXPúLvQPRGFRQFUHWSULQUDPEXUVDUHDXQRUFKHOtuieli ocazionate de
DJUHVLXQH DVLVWHQ  PHGLFDO  JUDWXLW  DG SRVW SHQWUX YLFWLP  úL FRSLO VSD LL
suficiente).”5

5
& &XUF  FRRUG $VSHFWH DOH YLROHQ HL GRPHVWLFH vQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare
asupra cazuisticii INML „Mina Minovic”, &RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL8.
79
 1.2.$QFKHWD©3ROLWLFLSHQDOHúLGLQDPLFDLQIUDF LXQLLGHRPRU
în ultimii 20 de ani»

5HDOL]DW  vQ DQXO  GH F WUH VSHFLDOLúWL GLQ ,QVtitutul de Sociologie al
$FDGHPLHL 5RPkQH $GPLQLVWUD LD 1D LRQDO  D 3HQLWHQFLDUHORU úL ,QVWLWXWXO
1D LRQDO GH &ULPLQRORJLH DQFKHWD D DGXV vQ DWHQ LD FHORU LQWHUHVD L GH SUREOH-
PDWLFD RPRUXOXL vQ VSD LXO URPkQHVF R VHULH GH FRQVLGHUD LL UHIHULWRDUH OD
paUWLFXODULW LOHVRFLR-GHPRJUDILFHDOHDJUHVRULORUúLYLFWLPHORULQIUDF LXQLORUGH
omor din România, care au fost publicate în reviste de specialitate. Omorul în
VSD LXOIDPLOLDODFRQVWLWXLWXQVXELHFWGHLQWHUHVSHQWUXFHUFHW WRULLLPSOLFD LvQ
acest proLHFWIDSWSHQWUXFDUHvQFHOHFHXUPHD] YRPSUH]HQWDXQHOHUH]XOWDWH
DOHFHUFHW ULORUOHJDWHGHDFHVWVXELHFWSRUQLQGGHODLGHHDF DFHDVWDUHSUH]LQW 
FHD PDL JUDY  IRUP  GH YLROHQ  FDUH VH SRDWH SURGXFH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO
JUDYLWDWHFDUHHVWHGDW GHFRQVHFLQ HOHDFHVWXLWLSGHYLROHQ 
$VSHFWH UHOHYDQWH SULYLQG RPRUXO vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO DX IRVW SUH]HQWDWH vQ
GRX VWXGLLHODERUDWHGHF WUHVSHFLDOLúWLGLQFDGUXO,QVWLWXWXOXLGH6RFLRORJLHDO
$FDGHPLHL5RPkQHFDUHDXHYLGHQ LDWH[LVWHQ DPDLPXOtor tipuri de omor care
VH SURGXF vQWUH VR L úL UXGH DOH DFHVWRUD GDU úL vQWUH FRQFXELQL úL UXGHOH ORU
ÌQWUXFkW vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO DX IRVW LGHQWLILFDWH PDL PXOWH WLSXUL GH DJUHVRUL
VWXGLLOH PHQ LRQDWH GH QRL V-DX FRQVWUXLW SH ED]D LQIRUPD LLORU FDUH FRnturau
SURILOXODJUHVRUXOXLFDUHvúLXFLGHVR LDVR XOFRQFXELQXOFRQFXELQDFRSLOXOVDX
S ULQ LL 6
Autoarea7DGXFHvQGLVFX LHSDUWLFXODULW LOHDJUHVRULORUGLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDO
insistând asupra mediului familial în care s-au dezvoltat agresorii, asupra clima-
WXOXLGLQIDPLOLLOHSHFDUHúLOH-DXvQWHPHLDWUHOD LDGLQWUHDJUHVRUúLYLFWLP GDU
úL DVXSUD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VRFLR-demografice ale acestora. Investi-JD LLOH
GHVI úXUDWH DX UHOHYDW IDSWXO F  DXWRULL RPRUXULORU FRPLVH vQ IDPLOLH VXQW vQ
marea lor majoritate, persoane de sex masculin (91%). De asemenea, agresorii
DXYkUVWDFXSULQV vQWUH-DQLQLYHOGHLQVWUXF LHúLRFXSD LRQDOVF ]XWVXQW
SHUVRDQHRFXSDWHúLQHRFXSDWHvQHJDO P VXU F V WRULWHLPSOLFDWHvQ
UHOD LLGHFRQFXELQDMúLQHF V WRULWH
ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHPHGLXOIDPLOLDOGHRULJLQHDODJUHVRUXOXLFHUFHWDUHDD
UHOHYDWIDSWXOF DFHVWDHUDGHVFULVGHDJUHVRULFDILLQGPDUFDWGHvQ HOHJHUHvQWUH
S ULQ L GHúL QX OLSVLW GH FRQIOLFWH YHUEDOH VDX DJUHVLXQL IL]LFH 5HOD LLOH DJUH-
VRULORUFXS ULQ LLVXQWDSUHFLDWHODIHOGHSR]LWLYvQV VXQWPHQ LRQDWHúLRVHULH
GHVDQF LXQLXWLOL]DWHGHS ULQ LSHQWUXFRUHFWDUHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLLQWHUGLF LL
SHGHSVH FRUSRUDOH DPHQLQ UL YHUEDOH úL LQVXOWH $QWHFHGHQWHOH SHnale din
IDPLOLHQHUHIHULPODDQWHFHGHQWHOHS ULQ LORUúLDOHIUD LORUDXIRVWSX LQVHPQD-
ODWHODQLYHOXOIDPLOLLORUDJUHVRULORULQYHVWLJD L$FRORXQGHV-DXvQUHJLVWUDWWRWXúL
antecedente, printre faptele comise s-DXQXP UDWY W P ULOHFRUSRUDOHORYiturile
FDX]DWRDUHGHPRDUWHúLRPRUXULOH

6
Ambele studii sunt semnate de Ecaterina Balica, 3DUWLFXODULW L VRFLR-demo-
JUDILFHDOHDXWRULORULQIUDF LXQLORUGHRPRUGLQ5RPkQLD în „Revista de Criminologie,
3HQRORJLH úL &ULPLQDOLVWLF ´ QU  úL 'HOLFWHOH GH RPRU vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO
românesc,vQ´5HYLVWD5RPkQ GH6RFLRORJLH´QU-2/2006.
7
Ecaterina Balica, 'HOLFWHOH GH RPRU vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO URPkQHVF în: „Revista
5RPkQ GH6RFLRORJLH´QU-2/2006, p. 28 – 33.
80
 ÌQ FDGUXO VWXGLXOXL VH IDFH úL R DQDOL]  FRPSDUDWLY  D UHOD LLORU GLQWUH
SDUWHQHULL GLQ IDPLOLD GH RULJLQH D LQIUDFWRUXOXL úL GLQWUH SDUWHQHULL IDPLOLHL SH
FDUHLQIUDFWRUXOúL-a întemeiat-o.$QDOL]DDHYLGHQ LDWSUH]HQ DXQHLFRQWLQXLW LD
YLROHQ HL DGLF  DJUHVRUXO FDUH D HYROXDW vQWU-un mediu familial în care se
SURGXFHDX DFWH GH YLROHQ  vQWUH S ULQ L úL vQWUH S ULQ L úL FRSLL DX vQ FDGUXO
IDPLOLLORU ORU DFHODúL FRPSRUWDPHQW YLROHQW FDUH D IRVW  VHPQDODW OD QLvelul
IDPLOLLORUvQFDGUXOF URUDV-au dezvoltat.
ÌQFDGUXOIDPLOLHLVHLGHQWLILF WUHLWLSXULGHRPRUWLSXULFRQVWUXLWHSRUQLQG
GHODUHOD LDGHUXGHQLHGLQWUHDJUHVRUúLYLFWLP 8
• 2PRUXOvQWUHVR LFRQFXELQL –YkUVWDDJUHVRULORUVLWXDW vQLQWHUYDOXO 31-
 GH DQL QLYHO GH LQVWUXF LH VF ]XW úL PHGLX VWDWXWXO RFXSD LRQDO HVWH FHO  GH
SHUVRDQHQHRFXSDWH5HOD LLOHGLQWUHDJUHVRUúLYLFWLP VXQWIUHFYHQWPDUFDWHGH
FRQIOLFWHYHUEDOHúLIL]LFH agresorii au antecedente penale (25%),
unii dinWUHHLVXQWUHFLGLYLúWL
• 2PRUXOFRPLVDVXSUDS ULQ LORU– YkUVWDVLWXDW vQGHRVHELvQLQWHUYDOXO-30
GHDQLPXO LGLQWUHDJUHVRULVXQWQHF V WRUL LVDXLPSOLFD LvQUHOD LLGHFRQFXELQDM
1LYHOXO GH LQVWUXF LH VF ]XW úL PHGLX FRUHODW FX XQ VWDWXW RFXSD LRQDO VF ]XW
0RWLYD LD RPRUXOXL XUD úL U ]EXQDUHD SHQWUX DFWHOH GH YLROHQ  OD FDUH DX IRVW
VXSXúLvQFRSLO ULH9LFWLPDúLDJUHVRUXOVHDIODXODPRPHQWXOFULPHLVXELQIOXHQ D
FRQVXPXOXLGHDOFRRO7D LLSUH]LQW XQULVFPDLPDUHGHDGHYHQLYLctime.
• Omorul comis asupra copiilor – agresorul provine dintr-un mediu fami-
OLDO PDUFDW GH DFWH GH YLROHQ  IL]LF  GLQWUH S ULQ L úL GLQWUH S ULQ L úL FRSLL
$JUHVRULLHUDXF V WRUL LFRQFXELQDMúLDYHDXvQJULMDORUPDLPXOWGHGRLFRSLL
Victimele aveaXPDLSX LQGHDQL

1.3. 6WXGLLUHDOL]DWHGHF WUHVSHFLDOLúWLLGLQFDGUXO

,QVWLWXWXOXL1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH

*UXSXO GH FHUFHW WRUL GLQ FDGUXO ,QVWLWXWXOXL 1D LRQDO GH &ULPLQRORJLH
FRRUGRQDWGH$XURUD/LLFHDQXDUHXúLWV HODERUH]HRVHULHGHOXFU ULFDUHDERU-
GHD] DVSHFWHJHQHUDOHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHGDUúLDVSHFWHSULYLQGSDUWLFXOD-
ULW LOH FULPLQDOLW LL IHPLQLQH 'LQWUH OXFU ULOH SUH]HQWDWH GH F WUH VSHFLDOLúWLL
acestui grup vom insista asupra raportului 9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWatea
IHPLQLQ úLFemeia „criminal” – dimensiuni psihosociale.
9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWDWHDIHPLQLQ 9FRQ LQHRVHULHGHSUHFL] UL
GHRUGLQWHRUHWLFúLPHWRGRORJLFDXWRULLLQVLVWkQGDVXSUDSDUWLFXODULW LORUDFWHORU
GH YLROHQ  FDUH VH SURGXF vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO SUR[LPLWDWHD DFFHVXO úL
YXOQHUDELOLWDWHD YLFWLPHORU GDU DGXFkQG vQ ID D FHORU LQWHUHVD L GH DFHVW WLS GH
YLROHQ  WHRULL PRGHUQH FDUH vQFHDUF  V  RIHUH R H[SOLFD LH FkW PDL DGHFYDW 
YLROHQ HORU LQWHUSHUVRQDOH GLQ IDPLOLH 'DWHOH VWDWLVWLFH QD LRQDOH úL LQWHUQD-
LRQDOH SUH]HQWDWH vQ FDGUXO UDSRUWXOXL SHUPLW FRQWXUDUHD SURILOXOXL DJUHVRULORU

8
Ibidem, p. 34-37.
9
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL,RDQ0LFOHVioOHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPL-
QDOLWDWHDIHPLQLQ 5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH
81
GLQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO IHPHL úL E UED L GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU
socio-GHPRJUDILFH 8Q ORF DSDUWH vQ VWUXFWXUD UDSRUWXOXL vO GH LQ victimele
YLROHQ HL IDPLOLDOH VSHFLDOLúWLL SUH]HQWkQG XQHOH SDUWLFXODULW L DOH YLFWLPHORU
DFWHORUGHRPRUY W PDUHFRUSRUDO ORYLWXULFDX]DWRDUHGHPRDUWHYLFWLPL]DUH
VH[XDO YLRODEX]XOVH[XDODVXSUDXQXLPLQRUSHUYHUVLXQLVH[XDOHúLDEDQGRQ
famLOLDO SRUQLQG GH OD GDWHOH IXUQL]DWH GH F WUH 3DUFKHWXO GH SH /kQJ  &XUWHD
6XSUHP  GH -XVWL LH SHQWUX LQWHUYDOXO - YH]L 7DEHOXO  FDUH FRQ LQH
LQIRUPD LLVLVWHPDWL]DWHUHIHULWRDUHODYLFWLPHOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFH
Tabelul 4.9LFWLPHOHYLROHQ ei domestice din România
Omucidere 9LFWLPHOHPHPEULDLIDPLOLHLUHSUH]LQW GLQWRWDOXO
YLFWLPHORU RPRUXOXL VR L  S ULQ L  FRSLL
IUD LUXGHGHJUDGXO,9
9 W PDUHFRUSRUDO 9LFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW   din totalul
YLFWLPHORU DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIUDF LXQH UXGH GH JUDGXO ,9
VR LIUD LS ULQ LFRSLL
9 W PDUHFRUSRUDO  9LFWLPHOHPHPEULDLIDPLOLHLUHSUH]LQW GLQWRWDOXO
JUDY YLFWLPHORU DFHVWXL WLS GH LQIUDF LXQH UXGH JUadul IV
S ULQ LFRSLLIUD L
Lovituri cauzatoare de 9LFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW   VR L
moarte  S ULQ L  IUD L  UXGH JUDGXO ,9
(1,9%), copii (0,9%)
Lipsirea de libertate în VictiPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW   VR LL
mod ilegal FRSLLLúLS ULQ LL
9LFWLPL]DUHVH[XDO Viol – YLFWLPHOH PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL UHSUH]LQW  
copiii (4,6%)
Act sexual cu un minor – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW – copiii 2,4%
3HUYHUVLXQH VH[XDO – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW FRSLLL
&RUXS LH VH[XDO – victimele membri ai familiei
UHSUH]LQW PLQRULL
Abandonul de familie &RSLLL UHSUH]LQW  FDWHJRULD GH YLFWLPH FHD PDL DIHFWDW 
de acest tipGHLQIUDF LXQH
6XUVD $XURUD /LLFHDQX 'RLQD 6 XFDQ 0LKDL ,RDQ 0LFOH 9LROHQ D GRPHVWLF  úL
FULPLQDOLWDWHDIHPLQLQ 5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLHS– 36.
Pornind de la analiza datelor statistice referitoare la victimeleYLROHQ HLvQ
IDPLOLH FHUFHW WRULL DX IRUPXODW R VHULH GH FRQFOX]LL GLQWUH FDUH FHOH PDL
relevante par a fi cele privind factorii care cresc riscul ca un membru al familiei
V GHYLQ YLFWLP DYLROHQ HL
• Ä)DPLOLDHVWHORFXOXQRUVW ULHPR LRQDOHQHJDWLYH de o mare intensitate:
XU  GRULQ  GH U ]EXQDUH GRULQ D GH D SURGXFH U X úL VXIHULQ  GRULQ D GH D
GLVWUXJHSHFHLDSURSLD L
• &X FkW HVWH PDL LQWLP  UHOD LD úL PDL VWUkQV  LQWHUDF LXQHD vQWUH XQLL
membri ai familiei –VR úLVR LHVDXSDUWHQHULGHFXSOXFXDWkWYLROHQ DHVWHPDL
PDUHúLYLFWLPL]DUHDPDLJUDY RPRUORYLWXULFDX]DWRDUHGHPRDUWH
• &X FkW HVWH PDL SHUVRQDO  UHOD LD úL PDL VWUkQV  LQWHUDF LXQHD S ULQ L –
FRSLLFXDWkWWHQGLQ DF WUHYLFWLPL]DUHVH[XDO HVWHPDLPDUHDFWVH[XDOFXPLQRU
82
 • ÌQ IDPLOLH FRSLLL VXQW YLFWLPH ÄSUHIHUDWH´ HL ILLQG FHL PDL DIHFWD L GH
IDSWHGLQVIHUDVH[XDOLW LLYLRODFWVH[XDOFXXQPLQRUúLFRUXS LHVH[XDO ´10
,QYHVWLJD LLOH GHUXODWH GH F WUH FHUFHW WRUL vQ FDGUXO SHQLWHQFLDUXOXL
7kUJúRUvQV-au concretizat în realizarea raportului Femeia „criminal” –
dimensiuni psihosociale. /XFUDUHD SUH]LQW  LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG PRWLYD LLOH RPR-
UXOXL FRPLV GH IHPHL SHUVRQDOLWDWHD IHPHLORU FDUH FRPLW RPRUXUL úL SDUWLF-
ODULW LOH IDSWHORU GH RPRU vQ FDUH VXQW LPSOLFDWH IHPHLOH 3HQWUX RE LQHUHD
DFHVWRU LQIRUPD LL DXWRULL DX XWLOL]DW ILúH FULPLQRORJLFH  GH IHPHL
FRQGDPQDWH SHQWUX RPRU úL WHVWH SVLKRORJLFH  GH IHPHL FRQGDPQDWH SHQWUX
omor) dintre care amintim, testul de personalitate Eysenck, testul 16 PF-Cattell,
WHVWXO GH HPSDWLH HPR LRQDO  0HKUDELDQ-(SVWHLQ WHVWXO %HUJHU DO DFFHSW ULL GH
VLQHVFDODIULFLLGHHYDOXDUHQHJDWLY WHVWXOORFXOXLGHFRQWURO– Nowicki, scala
DXWRHYDOX ULL GHSUHVLHL =XQJ WHVWXO %HFN GH HYDOXDUHD GHSUHVLHL LQYHQWDUXO GH
ostilitate BXVV úL 'XUNHH FKHVWLRQDUXO GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH (34 FKHVWLRQDUXO GH
YLROHQ  VFDOD VWUDWHJLLORU GH FRSLQJ )RONPDQ úL /D]DUXV FKHVWLRQDUXO
0LVVLVVLSSLúLLQWHUYLXO37'6– Watson.11
5H]XOWDWHOH vQUHJLVWUDWH DX HYLGHQ LDW IDSWXO F  IHPHLOH V YkUúHVF IDSWH de
omor luându-úL P VXUL FDUH V  OLPLWH]H UHDF LLOH GH DS UDUH DOH YLFWLPHORU
YLFWLPHOH VH DIO  VXE LQIOXHQ D FRQVXPXOXL GH DOFRRO VDX LQWHUYHQ LD DOWRU
SHUVRDQHOLSVDPDUWRULORUúLFRPLWHUHDRPRUXOXLvQORFXLQ DDXWRDUHLYLFWLPHL12
De asemenea, autorLLDGXFvQGLVFX LHLQIRUPD LLGHVSUHLVWRULFXOYLROHQ HLVXSRU-
tate de femeile criminal anterior faptelor pentru care sunt condamnate (nivelul
VLQGURPXOXL GH VWUHV SRVWUDXPDWLF YLROHQ D VXSRUWDW  GH IHPHL DQWHULRU DFWXOXL
omucidar, gradul de ostilitate),WHVWHOHXWLOL]DWHHYLGHQ LLQGH[LVWHQ DXQXLQXP U
GHVWXOGHPLFGHDEX]XULIL]LFHúLHPR LRQDOHVXSRUWDWHGHF WUHDFHVWHSHUVRDQH
3HGHDOW SDUWHFHUFHWDUHDDSHUPLVFRQWXUDUHDXQXLSURILODOIHPHLLFDUH
comite omoruri, profil marcat de „un nivel reGXVGHLQWHOLJHQ FXRSHUDWLYLWDWH
PHQWDO  SULPDU  SUH]LQW  XQ QLYHO DO HPRWLYLW LL FUHVFXW VXQW YHUVDWLOH
GLVSR]L LRQDODJLWDWHDXRRDUHFDUHWHQGLQ VSUHDJUHVLYLWDWHDXWRULWDULVPVSLULW
GH ULYDOLWDWH úL vQF S kQDUH VXQW vQ PDMRULWDWHD FD]XULORU W FXWH VHULRDVH
OLQLúWLWHDXWHQGLQ DGHDILRSRUWXQLVWHVXQWWLPLGHWHP WRDUHDXWHQGLQ DVSUH
WDQGUH HVHQVLELOLWDWHGHSHQGHQ VXQWE QXLWRDUHVXVSLFLRDVHDXWHQGLQ DGHD
ILGLUHFWHLQDELOHvQUHOD LLLQWHUSHUVRQDOHSUH]LQW VHQWLPHQWul de culpabilitate,
XQJUDGUHODWLYGHDQ[LHWDWHVXQWGHSHQGHQWHGHJUXS>@WHQGLQ DVSUHGHVWUXF-
WXUDUH H[SULPDW  SULQ GXULWDWH DXWRULWDULWDULVP FX XQ JUDG UHODWLY GH RVWLOLWDWH
FXWHQGLQ HGHDVXPDUHDULVFXOXLI U DQDOL]DFRQVHFLQ HORUúLDXQui nivel ridicat
al sindromului de stres posttraumatic pentru multe femei din lotul investigat.”13
&ULPLQRORJLL FRRUGRQD L GH $XURUD /LLFHDQX DX vQFHUFDW V  LGHQWLILFH
FRQVHFLQ HOHSHFDUHOH-DXDYXWDFWHOHGHYLROHQ VXSRUWDWHGHIHPHLOHFRQGDPQDWH

10
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL,RDQ0LFOHop. cit, p. 36.
11
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL0LFOHFemeia „criminal” – dimensiuni
psihosociale, RapoUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLHS
12
Ibidem, p. 25 – 31.
13
Ibidem, p. 35.
83
pentruRPRUDQWHULRUIDSWHORUSHQWUXFDUHH[HFXW SHGHSVHOHSULYDWLYHGHOLEHUWDWH
ÌQDFHVWVHQVDXIRVWFRQVWLWXLWHGRX ORWXULGHGH LQXWHXQXOvQFDUHGH LQXWHOHDX
VXSRUWDW DFWH GH YLROHQ  vQ IDPLOLH * úL XQXO IRUPDW GLQ SHUVRDQHFDUHQXDX
fost victiPL]DWH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO * 5H]XOWDWHOH vQUHJLVWUDWH DX HYLGHQ LDW
IDSWXO F  IHPHLOH YLFWLPH DOH XQRU DFWH GH YLROHQ  VXQW ÄPDL LQVWDELOH
HPR LRQDODIHFWLY DX XQ QLYHO DO GHSUHVLHL ULGLFDW DX XQ QLYHO VHPQLILFDWLY PDL
PDUH GH LULWDELOLWDWH úL UHVHQWLPHQWH DX QLYHO ULGLFDW GH SVLKRWLVP úL GH WUDXP 
comparativ cu femeile care nu au fost victimizate de-DOXQJXOYLH LL´14

2.6WXGLLUHDOL]DWHGHF WUHLQVWLWX LLLPSOLFDWHvQVDQF LRQDUHD

úLSUHYHQLUHDDFWHORUGHYLROHQ

Studiul 9LROHQ DvQIDPLOLH5RPkQLDvQWUHUHDOLWDWHúLSHUVSHFWLY 15 realizat

GHF WUHVSHFLDOLúWLLGLQFDGUXO 3DUFKHWXOXLGHSHOkQJ ÌQDOWD&XUWHGH&DVD LHúL
-XVWL LHDVXSUDYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHDGXFHvQGLVFX LHGDWHVWDWLVWLFHUHIHULWRDUHOD
YLFWLPHOH YLROHQ HL GLQ VSD LXO IDPLlial. Rezultatele înregistrate, ca urmare a
DQDOL]HLLQIRUPD LLORUUHIHULWRDUHODFD]XULOHGHYLROHQ LQVWUXPHQWDWHGHSDUFKHWH
în intervalul 2002-2005, le-DXSHUPLVVSHFLDOLúWLORUV IRUPXOH]HLGHLUHIHULWRDUH
OD HYROX LD QXP UXOXL YLFWLPHORU GLQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO GDU úL V  SUH]LQWH GDWH
SULYLQGSRQGHUHDPLQRULORUDEX]D LGHF WUHS ULQ LLORUúLWLSXOGHDEX]
&RQIRUP GDWHORU SUH]HQWDWH GH UHSUH]HQWDQ LL 3DUFKHWXOXL GH SH OkQJ  ÌQDOWD
&XUWHGH&DVD LHúL-XVWL LHvQLQWHUYDOXO-2005 au fost înregistUD LPLQRUL
YLFWLPH DOH YLROHQ HL vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO vQ PHGLH  PLQRUL DQXDO 9DORUL SHVWH
medie au fost semnalate în primii doi ani ai intervalului analizat (vezi Diagrama 3).
Diagrama 3
9LFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLvQVSD LXOIDPLOLDO

6000
5093
5000 4349
3875
4000 4172 3437
3664
3000 3142 2832
2000
1000

0
2002 2003 2004 2005

WRWDOYLFWLPHYLROHQ vQIDPLOLH PLQRULYLFWLPH

6XUVD & 1LFRDU  2 2MRJ 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH 5RPkQLD vQWUH UHDOLWDWH úL SHUV-
SHFWLY , disponibil la: www.mpublic.ro/minori_violenta.htm
'HDVHPHQHDGLQLQIRUPD LLOHSUH]HQWDWHvQFDGUXOUDSRUWXOXLUHLHVHIDSWXO
F  PLQRULL DX IRVW YLFWLPH DOH XQRU DFWH GH YLROHQ  GLQWUH FDUH Qu lipsesc cele

14
Ibidem, p. 37.
&ULVWLQD1LFRDU 2FWDYLDQ2MRJ9LROHQ DvQIDPLOLH5RPkQLDvQWUHUHDOLWDWHúL
15

SHUVSHFWLY , disponibil la: www.mpublic.ro/minori_violenta.htm.

84
FDUHDXRJUDYLWDWHGHRVHELW FXPHVWHFD]XOLQIDQWLFLGXOXLÌQLQWHUYDOXODQDOL]DW
DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH  GH FD]XUL GH LQIDQWLFLG QXP UXO FHO PDL PDUH GH FD]XUL
ILLQGvQUHJLVWUDWvQDQXOPLQRULÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHQXP UXOPLQorilor
YLFWLPH DOH XQRU IDSWH GH Y W PDUH FRUSRUDO  UHPDUF P IDSWXO F  DFHVWD D
FXQRVFXWSHSDUFXUVXOLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGLILF ULLPSRUWDQWHPDLSUHFLVDFXQRVFXWR
GLPLQXDUH DFFHQWXDW  GH OD  GH PLQRUL vQ  OD  PLQRUL vQ  $JUH-
VLXQLOH GH QDWXU  VH[XDO  YLRO DFW VH[XDO FX XQ PLQRU SHUYHUVLXQL VH[XDOH
FRUXS LH VH[XDO  UHSUH]LQW  XQ DOW FDSLWRO DERUGDW vQ FXSULQVXO UDSRUWXOXL ÌQ
DFHVWFD]QXP UXOYLFWLPHORUHVWHGHVWXOGHPLFFRUXS LHVH[XDO úLSHUYHUVLXQL
VH[XDOH VWDWLVWLFLOH PHQ LRQkQG YDORUL XúRU PDL PDUL GRDU vQ FD]XO DFWHORU
sexuale cu un minor (2002 – 6 minori; 2003 – 1 minor; 2004 – 6 minori; 2005 –
PLQRULúLvQFD]XOPLQRULORUYLFWLPHDOHYLROXOXL– 34; 2003 – 16 minori;
2004 – 13 minori; 2005 – 20 minori).
Interesul speciDOLúWLORU FDUH OXFUHD]  vQ FDGUXO VLVWHPXOXL GH MXVWL LH GLQ
5RPkQLD SHQWUX SUREOHPDWLFD YLROHQ HL GLQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO V-a materializat, în
anul 2007, în realizarea unui raport final privind Ä9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ
5RPkQLD OHJLVOD LD úL VLVWHPXO MXGLFLDU”16. Raportul a beneficiat de sprijinul
$JHQ LHL6WDWHORU8QLWHSHQWUX'H]YROWDUHD,QWHUQD LRQDO 86$,'úL,QL LDWLYD
-XULGLF  SHQWUX (XURSD &HQWUDO  úL (XUDVLD &((/, D $VRFLD LHL %DURXOXL
$PHULFDQ /D HODERUDUHD DFHVWXL UDSRUW DX FRODERUDW UHSUH]HQWDQ i ai CEELI
5RPkQLD ,QVWLWXWXOXL 1D LRQDO DO 0DJLVWUDWXULL $JHQ LHL 1D LRQDOH SHQWUX
3URWHF LD )DPLOLHL 'LUHF LHL GH 3URED LXQH *UXSXOXL 5RPkQ SHQWUX 'UHSWXULOH
2PXOXLDYRFD LSURFXURULúLMXGHF WRUL
ÌQ FDGUXO OXFU ULL DX IRVW WUDWDWH DVSHFWH UHIHULWRDUH OD GHILQLUHD úL
GHOLPLWDUHD VIHUHL QR LXQLL GH YLROHQ  GRPHVWLF  UHJOHPHQWDUHD MXULGLF  D
YLROHQ HL vQ 5RPkQLD úL DOWH VWDWH GLQ VSD LXO HXURSHDQ 'H DVHPHQHD vQWU-un
FDSLWROVHSDUDWDXIRVWDERUGDWHDVSHFWHOHJDOHFRQWURYHUVDWHDOHOHJLVOD LHLromâ-
QHúWL LQVLVWkQGX-VH DVXSUD GLVSR]L LLORU /HJLL SHQDOH FDWHJRULLOH GH LQIUDF LXQL
SUHY ]XWH GH &RGXO SHQDO úL /HJHD  GLVSR]L LLOH SURFHGXUDOH SHQDOH
P VXULOHGHVLJXUDQ FDUHVHSRWOXDvQFD]XOYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLH&RQGL LLOHGH
acordarH D DVLVWHQ HL MXULGLFH JUDWXLWH SHQWUX YLFWLPHOH YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH
SRVLELOLWDWHDLQWURGXFHULLPHGLHULLvQUHJODUHDFRQIOLFWHORUGLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDODX
RFXSDWúLHOHXQVSD LXLPSRUWDQWvQVWUXFWXUDUDSRUWXOXLDXWRULLPDQLIHVWkQGXQ
interes deosebit ID GHDVSHFWHOHSUDFWLFHDOHDFRUG ULLDVLVWHQ HLMXULGLFHSHQWUX
YLFWLPHOHYLROHQ HL
,QVWLWX LLOH FHQWUDOH úL ORFDOH FDUH DX DWULEX LL vQ GRPHQLXO SUHYHQLULL úL
FRPEDWHULLYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHDXIRVWSUH]HQWDWHILHFDUHvQSDUWHLQVLVWkQGX-se
vQV  DVXSUD FRPSHWHQ HORU ORU úL DVXSUD SRVLELOLW LORU GH FRODERUDUH LQWHU-
LQVWLWX LRQDO $XIRVWDGXVHvQGLVFX LHDFWLYLWDWHDúLFRPSHWHQ HOH0LQLVWHUXOXL
0XQFLL )DPLOLHL úL (JDOLW LL GH ùDQVH $XWRULWDWHD 1D LRQDO  SHQWUX SURWHF LD
Drepturilor Copilului, $JHQ LD 1D LRQDO  SHQWUX 3URWHF LD )DPLOLHL FRQVLOLLOH
ORFDOH3ROL LD5RPkQ VHUYLFLLOHGHSURED LXQH

16
USAID, CEELI, 9LROHQ DvQIDPLOLHvQ5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDU
Raport final, 30 aprilie 2007.
85
 3ULQFLSLLOH MXULVSUXGHQ HL &XU LL (XURSHQH D 'UHSWXULORU 2PXOXL úL MXULV-
SUXGHQ DQD LRQDO vQPDWHULHFLYLO úLSHQDO DXFRQVWLWXLWDOWHWHPHFDUH au fost
GH]YROWDWH SH SDUFXUVXO UDSRUWXOXL 'H DFHDVW  GDW  DX IRVW OXDWH vQ GH]EDWHUH
GLILFXOW LOH vQWkOQLWH vQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU  vQ HYDFXDUHD DJUHVRUXOXL GLQ ORFXLQ 
LPSRVLELOLWDWHDHYDFX ULLvQVLWXD LDvQFDUHORFXLQ DHVWHEXQFRPXQvQDLQWHGH
rHDOL]DUHD SDUWDMXOXL DVXSUD ORFXLQ HL OLSVD XQHL SUDFWLFL XQLWDUH vQ HYDFXDUHD
DJUHVRUXOXL YLROHQW GLQ ORFXLQ D EXQ FRPXQ P VXULOH SURYL]RULL vQFUHGLQ DUHD
SURYL]RULH D ORFXLQ HL SURSULHWDWH FRPXQ  XQXLD GLQWUH VR L SkQ  OD UHDOL]DUHD
SDUWDMXOXLP VXULOHVSHFLDOHGHSURWHF LHSODVDPHQWXOGHXUJHQ úLSODVDPHQWXO
GHILQLWLY UHWUDJHUHD GUHSWXULORU S ULQWHúWL vQFUHGLQ DUHD H[HUFL LXOXL GUHSWXULORU
S ULQWHúWL 'H DVHPHQHD DX IRVW VXEOLQLDWH GLILFXOW LOH OHJDWH GH DEVHQ D XQRU
criterii adecvate în ca]XULOH GH YLROHQ  IDPLOLDO  vQ FDUH WUHEXLH V  VH IDF 
partajul bunurilor, autorii propunând utilizarea, în cazurile în care au fost
VHPQDODWHDFWHGHYLROHQ vQWUHSDUWHQHULXQXLFULWHULXQRXGHHYDOXDUHDFRWHL
GHSDUWDMDUHúLDQXPHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOYLROHQWúLDJUHVLY$XWRULLUDSRUWXOXLDGXF
vQGLVFX LHúLQHFHVLWDWHDOX ULLvQFRQVLGHUD LHDXQRUFULWHULLVSHFLDOHDWXQFLFkQG
HVWH YRUED GHVSUH vQFUHGLQ DUHD XQXL PLQRU FDUH SURYLQH GLQWU-o familie în care
DX IRVW vQUHJLVWUDWH DFWH GH YLROHQ  ÌQFUHGLQ DUHD PLQRULORU LQkQG FRQW GH
FULWHULLOH GHMD FXQRVFXWH vQ SUDFWLFD MXGLFLDU  YkUVW  FRQGL LLOH PDWHULDOH
DWDúDPHQWXO S ULQWHOXL SURIHVLD S ULQWHOXL HWF WUHEXLH UHDOL]DW  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH
FRSLOXO D IRVW PDUWRU DO YLROHQ HORU GLQWUH S ULQ L úL SH ED]D criteriului antece-
GHQWHORU GH YLROHQ  GLQ IDPLOLH vQ DFHVW VHQV SXWkQG IL OXDWH vQ FRQVLGHUD LH
ÄIUHFYHQ DúLQDWXUDDFWHORUGHYLROHQ FRQVHFLQ HOHDVXSUDS ULQWHOXLYLFWLP D
YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH VDX DVXSUD FRSLOXOXL GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD DJUHVRUXOXL de a-úL
UHFXQRDúWHFRPSRUWDPHQWXOúLDVHDU WDGLVSXVV -l schimbe.”17
5DSRUWXO DUH PHULWXO GH D UHDOL]D R UDGLRJUDILH D LQVWLWX LLORU LPSOLFDWH vQ
DF LXQLGHSUHYHQLUHúLFRPEDWHUHDYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHDVLVWHPXOXLLQVWLWX LRQDO
URPkQHVFGDUúLDOHJLVOD LHLURPkQHúWLGLQGRPHQLXDXWRULLUHXúLQGV DGXF vQ
GLVFX LH DWkW HOHPHQWHOH SR]LWLYH FkW úL HOHPHQWHOH YXOQHUDELOH DOH UHJOHPHQ-
W ULORU vQ YLJRDUH úL DOH LQVWLWX LLORU DELOLWDWH V  DF LRQH]H vQ GRPHQLXO SURWHM ULL
LQWHUHVHORUYLFWLPHORUYLROHQ HL&RQFOX]LLOHIRUPXODWHvQILQDOXOUDSRUWXOXLVXV LQ
LGHHD UHYL]XLULL OHJLVOD LHL DFWXDOH SHQWUX D HOLPLQD ODFXQHOH úL GLVFRUGDQ HOH
SUHYHGHULORU OHJLVODWLYH SHQWUX D DYHD XQ FDGUX OHJLVODWLY IXQF LRQDO FDUH V 
HOLPLQH DFFHVXO JUHRL OD DVLVWHQ D MXULGLF  D YLFWLPHORU YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH
VXSUDDJORPHUDUHDúLVXSUDSXQHUHDGHFRPSHWHQ HDOHLQVWLWX LLORUFDUHDFWLYHD] 
vQGRPHQLXSHQWUXDVLJXUDUHDSURWHF LHLYLFWLPHLSULQLQWURGXFHUHDRUGLQXOXLGH
UHVWULF LH úL SHQWUX D SHUPLWH DSOLFDUHD SUHYHGHULORU OHJLslative referitoare la
XWLOL]DUHDPHGLHULLvQFRQIOLFWHOHFDUHVHvQVFULXvQVIHUDYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLH

Dame Elisabeth Butler-6ORVV3UHúHGLQWHOH6HF LHLSHQWUX)DPLOLHDÌQDOWHL&XU L

17

Marea Britanie, discurs, 8 septembrie, în: USAID, CEELI, ViROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ
5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDURaport final, 30 aprilie, 2007, p. 48.
86
 3.&HUFHW ULSULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHLQL LDWHGHF WUHRUJDQL]D LLOH
neguvernamentale

&HUFHWDUHD QD LRQDO  SULYLQG YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL OD ORFXO GH PXQF 18
6WXGLXOUHDOL]DWvQGHF WUH&HQWUXO3DUWHQHULDWSHQWUX(JDOLWDWHvQFRODER-
UDUH FX VSHFLDOLúWL GLQ ,0$6 úL *DOOXS 2UJDQLVDWLRQ 5RPkQLD D SUHVXSXV
GHUXODUHD XQHL DQFKHWH  SH ED]  GH FKHVWLRQDU OD QLYHOXO D GRX  HúDQWLRDQH GH
SRSXOD LHSHUVRDQHGHDQLúLSHVWHúLGHIHPHLGHDQLúLSHVWHúL
DXQHLDQFKHWHODQLYHOLQVWLWX LRQDOXWLOL]kQGWHKQLFD'HOSKLUHSUH]HQWDQ L
FXIXQF LLGHGHFL]LHGLQDXWRULW LOHORFDOHSROL LHPHGLFLGHIDPLOLHRQJ-uri).
Prin intermediul PHWRGRORJLHL XWLOL]DWH VSHFLDOLúWLL LPSOLFD L vQ GHVI úX-
UDUHDDFHVWRULQYHVWLJD LLDXvQFHUFDWV RE LQ LQIRUPD LLUHIHULWRDUHODUHSUH]HQ-
WDUHD VRFLDO  D DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ OD QLYHOXO VRFLHW LL URPkQHúWL DOWIHO VSXV DX
vQFHUFDWV LGHQWLILFHPRGXOvQFDUHSRSXOD LDSHUFHSHJUDYLWDWHDXQRUIRUPHGH
YLROHQ IL]LF HFRQRPLF VRFLDO SVLKRORJLF VH[XDO ÌQDFHODúLWLPSVWXGLXO
D YL]DW RE LQHUHD XQRU LQIRUPD LL SULYLQG QLYHOXO GH LQIRUPDUH DO SRSXOD LHL
GHVSUH OHJLVOD LD FDUH UHJOHPHQWHD]  YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL GHVSUH  QLYHOXO GH
LQIRUPDUH DO SRSXOD LHL SULYLQG LQVWLWX LLOH FDUH DF LRQHD]  SHQWUX SURWHMDUHD
YLFWLPHORUYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFH
5H]XOWDWHOHvQUHJLVWUDWHvQFDGUXODQFKHWHORUDXHYLGHQ LDWIDSWXOF YLROHQ D
IL]LF   HVWH SHUFHSXW  GH F WUH IHPHLOH YLFWLPH FD ILLQG FHD PDL JUDY 
IRUP  GH YLROHQ 19 GHúL GDWHOH SULYLQG LQFLGHQ D YLROHQ HL IL]LFH GH-a lungul
YLH LL úL vQ XOWLPHOH  OXQL DUDW  F  DFHDVWD RFXS  ORFXO GRL GXS  YLROHQ D
SVLKRORJLF FDUHHVWHVHPQDODW vQWU-o pondere mai mare –YH]L)LJXUDúL
Figura 1. ,QFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHGH-DOXQJXOYLH LL
úLvQXOWLPHOHOXQLSHWLSXUL

YLROHQ VH[XDO 1,4

0,4

YLROHQ HFRQRPLF 4,2

2,1

YLROHQ IL]LF 6,8

2,4

YLROHQ VRFLDO 7,1

3,1

YLROHQ SVLKRORJLF 12,8

6,7

YLROHQ vQIDPLOLHWRWDO 14,3

8

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

SRSXOD LHvQXOWLPHOHOXQL SRSXOD LHGHDOXQJXOYLH LL

6XUVD &HUFHWDUHD QD LRQDO  SULYLQG YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL OD ORFXO GH PXQF ,
Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 69

18
&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul
Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003.
19
Ibidem, p. 91-92.
87
 Figura 2. ,QFLGHQ DYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHGH-DOXQJXOYLH LL
úLvQXOWLPHOHOXQLSHWLSXULúLSHVH[H

YLROHQ VH[XDO 2,6

0,8

YLROHQ HFRQRPLF 5,7

2,6

YLROHQ IL]LF 10,5

3,6

YLROHQ VRFLDO 9,3

3,6

YLROHQ SVLKRORJLF 16,3

7,9

YLROHQ vQIDPLOLHWRWDO 17,8

9,1

0 5 10 15 20

femei (%), în ultimele 12 luni IHPHLGHDOXQJXOYLH LL

6XUVD &HUFHWDUHD QD LRQDO  SULYLQG YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL OD ORFXO GH PXQF ,
Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 69

Indiferent de statutul marLWDODOIHPHLORUYLFWLPHDFHVWHDDSUHFLD] F FHOH

PDL YLROHQWH PRPHQWH GLQ YLD D FXSOXOXL LQWHUYLQ GXS  SULPLL FLQFL DQL GH
FRDELWDUH 'HúL H[LVW  LPSUHVLD F  DFWHOH GH YLROHQ  VH SHWUHF I U  PDUWRUL
LQYHVWLJD LLOH DX UHOHYDW IDSWXO F  PXOWH GLQWUH DFHVtea au ca martori rude,
SULHWHQLFXQRúWLQ H–)HPHLOHYLFWLPHDOHYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHUHDF LRQHD] 
GLIHULW ID  GH DFWHOH GH YLROHQ  vQV  FHOH PDL PXOWH UHODWHD]  HSLVRDGHOH
YLROHQWHDOWRUSHUVRDQHGHVH[IHPLQLQ([LVW úLVLWXD LLvQFDUHvictimele
ÄWDFúLSOkQJ´IXJGHDFDV VDXU VSXQGSULQYLROHQ ODYLROHQ D
partenerului (9%).
,QIRUPD LLOHRE LQXWHGLQDFHVWHDQFKHWHDXGHPRQVWUDWIDSWXOF H[LVW XQWLS
GHDJUHVRUVSHFLILFILHF UHLFDWHJRULLGHIHPHLLQFOXVHvQLQYHVWLJD LL$VWIHOSHQWUX
IHPHLOHF V WRULWHGLYRU DWHVDXDIODWHvQUHOD LLGHFRQFXELQDMDJUHVRUXOHVWHVR XO
VDX FRQFXELQXO 3H GH DOW  SDUWH IHPHLOH WLQHUH FX YkUVWD GH -29 de ani, sunt
DJUHVDWHvQGHRVHELGHF WUHWDW úLIUDWHLDUIHPHLOHGHF WUHILu sau ginere.
5HDOL]DUHD DQFKHWHL OD QLYHO QD LRQDO D SHUPLV FHUFHW WRULORU LPSOLFD L V 
HVWLPH]H UDWHOH JOREDOH DOH YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH GH-D OXQJXO YLH LL SHQWUX
5RPkQLD ÌQ FDOFXODUHD DFHVWRU UDWH DX IRVW OXD L  vQ FRQVLGHUD LH  LWHPL FDUH
FRQ LQ LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH DFWH GH YLROHQ  SUHFLV GHILQLWH vQ FDGUXO VRQGDMXOXL
SUHFXPÄV Y LQVXOWHvQMXUHV Y VSXQ vQPRGIUHFYHQWF QXVXQWH LEXQ GH
QLPLFV Y úDQWDMH]HDPHQLQ HvQPRGIUHFYHQWFXE WDLDV QXY GHDYRLHV 
Y  YHGH L VDX V  YRUEL L FX V  QX Y  GHD YRLH V  LHúL L GLQ FDV  V  Y  YHULILFH
H[DJHUDWGHPXOWFDV úWLHXQGHVXQWH LV Y DFX]HGHLQILGHOLWDWHI U PRWLYV 
Y IRU H]HV IDFH LOXFUXULXPLOLWRDUHV Y GLVWUXJ VDXV Y LDEXQXULOHFDUHDX
YDORDUH SHQWUX GYV V  Y  GHD R SDOP  VDX V  Y  ORYHDVF  FX SLFLRUXO V  Y 
DUXQFHVDXV Y WUkQWHDVF GHSHUHWHVDXSHSRGHDV Y U QHDVF FXXQFX LWR
DUP VDXXQDOWRELHFWV Y DPHQLQ HF Y RPRDU V Y IRU H]HV DYH LUHOD LL
88
VH[XDOH vPSRWULYD YRLQ HL GYV V  Y  vPSLHGLFH V  PHUJH L OD OXFUX VDX V  Y 
J VL LXQORFGHPXQF V Y LDI U DFRUGXOGYVWR LEDQLLSHFDUHvLDYH LV QX
Y ODVHV DYH LEDQLGYVSHUVRQDO´20
3HED]DLQIRUPD LLORURE LQXWHV-DFRQVWDWDWIDSWXOF GLQSRSXOD LD
5RPkQLHLúLdintre femei au suportat de-DOXQJXOYLH LLFRQVHFLQ HOHXQXL
WLSGHYLROHQ YH]L7DEHOXO
Tabel 5.5DWHJOREDOHDOHYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHGH-DOXQJXOYLH LL5RPkQLD
Interval de
FRQILGHQ DUDWHL
globale 3URSRU LH
5DW  Eroare Non- Valid
JOREDO standard Inferior Superior victime Victime Total N
1D LRQDO 14,26 1,01 12,29 16,24 100 100 100 1206
Femei 17,83 1,51 14,87 20,79 51,26 66,86 53,48 645
% UED L 10,16 1,28 7,66 12,66 48,74 33,14 46,52 561
Urban 14,24 1,35 11,59 16,9 100 100 100 667
Femei 17,34 1,97 13,48 21,21 53,32 67,37 55,32 369
% UED L 10,4 1,77 6,93 13,87 46,68 32,63 44,68 298
Rural 14,29 1,51 11,33 17,24 100 100 100 539
Femei 18,48 2,34 13,89 23,07 48,7 66,23 51,21 276
% UED L 9,89 1,84 6,27 13,5 51,3 33,77 48,79 263
6XUVD &HUFHWDUHD QD LRQDO  SULYLQG YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH úL OD ORFXO GH PXQF ,
Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 68

$úDFXPUH]XOW GLQ7DEHOXOQXH[LVW GLIHUHQ HvQWUHUDWHOHJOREDOHDOH

YLROHQ HLGLQPHGLXOXUEDQúLUXUDO'LIHUHQ HVHPQLILFDWLYH
VHvQUHJLVWUHD] ODQLYHOXOUDWHORUJOREDOHDOHYLROHQ HLFDOFXODWHSHQWUXIHPHLúL
E UED L'HDVHPHQHDUDWHOHJOREDOHDOHYLROHQ HLYDULD] VHPQLILFDWLYvQIXQF LH
GHVWDWXWXOPDULWDOWLSXOIDPLOLHLFXFRSLLVDXI U FRpii).
6SHFLDOLúWLLDXDYDQVDWúLLGHHDH[LVWHQ HLXQXLFRPSOH[FDX]DOGHIDFWRULFDUH
IDYRUL]HD] SURGXFHUHDYLROHQ HLIL]LFHvPSRWULYDIHPHLORUFDUHLQFOXGH21V U FLD
DOFRROLVPXO VXSUDDJORPHUDUHD ORFXLQ HL QLYHOXO VF ]XW DO HGXFD LHL úRPDM
expunereaODYLROHQ SVLKRORJLF GLQFRSLO ULHúLUHOD LLOHGHSXWHUHvQIDPLOLH
0HGLDWL]DUHD YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH 6WXGLX GH FD] ]LDUHOH FHQWUDOH
URPkQHúWL22 UHSUH]LQW  XQ DOW VWXGLX GHUXODW GH F WUH &HQWUXO 3DUWHQHULDW SHQWUX
Egalitate, în anul 2004. Analiza de FRQ LQXW UHDOL]DW  OD QLYHOXO D úDVH ]LDUH
centrale, (/LEHUWDWHD (YHQLPHQWXO =LOHL 5RPkQLD /LEHU  $GHY UXO 1D LRQDO
-XUQDOXO 1D LRQDO SH ED]D PRQLWRUL] ULL DUWLFROHORU FDUH FRQ LQHDX UHIHULUL OD

20
&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul
Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2003, p. 180.
21
Ibidem, p. 93.
22
 9DOHQWLQD 0DULQHVFX 6LPRQD ùWHI QHVFX ,ULQD 6RUHVFX 0HGLDWL]DUHDYLROHQ HLvQ
IDPLOLH6WXGLXGHFD]]LDUHOHFHQWUDOHURPkQHúti, Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2004.
89
YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH D DYXW GUHSW RELHFWLYH LGHQWLILFDUHD UHSUH]HQW ULORU SH FDUH
MXUQDOLúWLL OH DX DVXSUD DFWHORU GH YLROHQ  GLQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO LGHQWLILFDUHD
WLSXULORUúLIRUPHORUGHYLROHQ GLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOLQFOXVHvQDUWLFROHOHGHSUHV 
SURILOXOYLFWLPHLúLDJUHVRUXOXLSUH]HQ DDEVHQ DLQIRUPD LLORUGHQDWXU MXULGLF 
FDUHLQFULPLQHD] DFWHOHGHYLROHQ GLQIDPLOLHVWHUHRWLSXULOHGHJHQYHKLFXODWH
vQSUHVDURPkQHDVF GDUúLDVSHFWHFDUH LQGHSUDFWLFDMXUQDOLVWLF 
5H]XOWDWHOHLQYHVWLJD LLORUGHVI úXUDWHvQSHULRDGDPDUWLH– 31 august 2004,
DX HYLGHQ LDW IDSWXO F  GHúL YLROHQ D GLQ IDPLOLH UHSUH]LQW  WHPD SULQFLSDO  D
PDMRULW LLDUWLFROHORUDQDOL]DWHGLQDUWLFROHWRWXúLOLSVDHGLWRULDOHORUFDUH
DERUGHD] SUREOHPDWLFDYLROHQ HLGLQIDPLOLHLQGLF ÄRPLQLPL]DUHDLPSRUWDQ HL
tHPHLYLROHQ HLvQIDPLOLHFDWHP VHPQLILFDWLY GHLQWHUHVPDMRUSHQWUXVRFLHWDWHD
URPkQHDVF ´23 'LQ DQDOL]D DUWLFROHORU UHLHVH IDSWXO F  YLROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH
UHSUH]LQW XQFRQVWUXFWPHGLDWLFFDUHDUHODED] WUHLHOHPHQWHFRQVWLWXWLYH
1. „Elementul A – CaX]D YL]LELOLW LL IHQRPHQXOXL – l-a constituit în
PDMRULWDWHDFD]XULORUILHYLFWLPDILHRSHUVRDQ GLQDQWXUDMXODFHVWHLD
2. Efectul direct – a fost producerea „unui act spectacular” din perspectiva
mass-media;
3. Elementul B – Efectul în plan social – l-a conVWLWXLW DQFKHWD SROL LHL
DVXSUDUH]XOWDWHORUSURGXFHULLDFWXOXLGHYLROHQ vQIDPLOLH´24
'HDVHPHQHDFHUFHWDUHDDUHOHYDWIDSWXOF vQFHOHPDLPXOWHDUWLFROHVXQW
SUH]HQWDWHDFWHGHYLROHQ IL]LF FDUHVHSURGXFvQIDPLOLHLDUGLQWUHIRUPHOHGH
manifeVWDUH DOH YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLHL ÄE WDLD FX SDOPD SXPQXO VDX SLFLRUXO´25.
5HIHULWRU OD PRGXO vQ FDUH VXQW GHVFULVH YLFWLPHOH úL DJUHVRULL VSHFLDOLúWLL DX
UHPDUFDW ÄR WHQGLQ  PDL DFFHQWXDW  GH D XWLOL]D GUHSW ©SDUDPHWULª DL GHILQLULL
YLFWLPHLúLDJUHVRULORUDSDUWHQHQ DGHJHQúLSDU LDOYkUVWDúLVLPXOWDQRPLWHUHD
GHWHUPLQ ULL DSDUWHQHQ HL DFHVWRUD OD R FDWHJRULH RFXSD LRQDO  VDX OD XQ DQXPLW
QLYHOHGXFD LRQDO>@$VWIHOGDF YLFWLPHOHDXIRVWFDUDFWHUL]DWHvQGHRVHELGLQ
punct de vedere «vizual» (printr-RSRQGHUHPDLPDUHDFRUGDW FDUDFWHUL] ULLORU
GLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHIL]LFDJUHVRULLDXIRVWGHVFULúLvQWU-RPRGDOLWDWH©ELSRODU ª
vQ FD]XO ORU PDWHULDOHOH GH SUHV  DFFHQWXkQG vQ HJDO  P VXU  FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
IL]LFHúLWU V WXULOHPRUDOH´26 În ceea FHSULYHúWHPRGXOvQFDUHSUHVDSUH]LQW 
LQIRUPD LLOH UHIHULWRDUH OD OHJLVOD LD URPkQHDVF  FDUH VDQF LRQHD]  DFWHOH GH
YLROHQ GLQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOVWXGLXOHYLGHQ LD] IDSWXOF DFHVWHLQIRUPD LLRFXS 
XQORFOLSVLWGHLPSRUWDQ vQFDGUXODUWLFROHORUGLQSUHVDVFULV 
Studiul 9LROHQ D vPSRWULYD IHPHLORU27 realizat, în perioada 12-23 aprilie
 GH F WUH 7KH *DOOXS 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 5RPDQLD OD FHUHUHD :,1 %$/.$16

23
Ibidem, p. 62.
24
Ibidem, p. 63.
25
6LPRQDùWHI QHVFX&RQ LQXWXOPHGLDWL] ULL–GHVFULHUHDDFWHORUGHYLROHQ vQ
IDPLOLHvQSUHVDVFULV GLQ5RPkQLDvQ9DOHQWLQD0DULQHVFX6LPRQDùWHI QHVFX,ULQD
Sorescu, op. cit., p. 26.
26
Ibidem p. 63.
27
9LROHQ D vPSRWULYD IHPHLORU, Sondaje Gallup, disponibil la:
www.gallup.ro/romana/poll_ro/releases_ro.
90
DGXFHvQGLVFX LHLQIRUPD LLUHIHULWRDUHODDFWHOHGHYLROHQ SHFDUHOH-au suportat
femeile din&DSLWDO vQIDPLOLHúLvQVSD LXOSXEOLF6XQWDVWIHODGXVHvQGLVFX LH
YLROHQ DGRPHVWLF K U XLUHDVH[XDO úLYLROHQ DvQVSD LXOSXEOLF
ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHYLROHQ DvQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOLQYHVWLJD LLOHGHVI úXUDWHDX
HYLGHQ LDWIDSWXOF DSUR[LPDWLYMXP WDWHGLQWUHIHPHLOHFDUHORFXLHVFvQ&DSLWDO 
DX IRVW YLFWLPH DOH YLROHQ HL YHUEDOH SH SDUFXUVXO YLH LL R S WULPH WU LQG
DVHPHQHD H[SHULHQ H GH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ XOWLPXO DQ 2 IHPHLH GLQ FLQFL D IRVW
YLFWLP  D YLROHQ HL IL]LFH úL R IHPHLH GLQ ]HFH D IRVW YLFWLP  D XQXL DEX] GH
QDWXU VH[XDO vQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOSkQ ODPRPHQWXOGHUXO ULLFHUFHW ULL
5H]XOWDWHOHDXVXEOLQLDWH[LVWHQ DXQRUFDWHJRULLGHIHPHLFDUHSUH]LQW XQ
ULVF PDL PDUH GH D IL YLFWLPL]DWH vQ IDPLOLH FHOH FDUH XQ QLYHO VF ]XW GH
insWUXF LHIHPHLOHFDUHSURYLQGLQIDPLOLLFXYHQLWXULUHGXVHIHPHLOHFDUHDXPDL
PXO L FRSLL $FWHOH GH YLROHQ  VXSRUWDWH GH IHPHLOH LQYHVWLJDWH DX DYXW FRQVH-
LQ HGHRVHELWHDVXSUDVW ULLORUHPR LRQDOHFHUFHWDUHDUHOHYkQGIDSWXOF IHPHLOH
YLFWLPHWU LHVFXQSXWHUQLFVHQWLPHQWGHQHPXO XPLUHID GHYLD DORURSWHD] 
într-RP VXU PDLPDUHSHQWUXYDULDQWHOHGHU VSXQVFDUHGHVFULXH[LVWHQ DXQHL
VWLPHGHVLQHVF ]XWHúLDXQXLVHQWLPHQWGHLQXWLOLWDWHÄVLPWF YLD DPHDQXHVWH
prea folositoare” sau „sLPWF QXSRWV IDFQLPLFFXPWUHEXLH´
6WXGLXOIXUQL]HD] úLLQIRUPD LLSULYLQGDWLWXGLQHDIHPHLORUID GHDFHVWWLS
GH YLROHQ  GRX  WUHLPL GLQWUH HOH DSUHFLLQG F  YLROHQ D GRPHVWLF  HVWH
LQDFFHSWDELO  úL WUHEXLH VDQF LRQDW  OHJDO UHDF LD ORU ID  GH DFWHOH GH YLROHQ 
GLQWUHHOHDXGLVFXWDWFXDOWHIHPHLGHVSUHYLROHQ HOHVXSRUWDWHúLGRDU
DX VHVL]DW SROL LD )HPHLOH GLQ &DSLWDO  VXQW ELQH LQIRUPDWH vQ OHJ WXU  FX
VHUYLFLLOH IXUQL]DWH GH F WUH LQVWLWX LLOH SXEOLFH úL FHOH QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
viFWLPHORUYLROHQ HLGRPHVWLFHGRX WUHLPLGLQWUHIHPHLGH LQLQIRUPD LLGHVSUH
DFHVWH LQVWLWX LL LDU SDWUX GLQ ]HFH IHPHL FRQILUP  F  YRU DSHOD OD DFHVWH
LQVWLWX LL GDF  YRU IL SXVH vQ VLWXD LD GH D VXSRUWD DFWH GH YLROHQ  GLQ SDUWHD
partenerilor.
StudiX SULYLQG QLYHOXO GH FXQRDúWHUH DO OHJLVOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO SURWHF LHL
FRSLOXOXLvQUkQGXOSRSXOD LHLúLDOVSHFLDOLúWLORU28UHDOL]DWvQLXQLHGHF WUH
RUJDQL]D LDQHJXYHUQDPHQWDO Ä6DOYD LFRSLLL´DDYXWGUHSWRELHFWLYH
• Ä'HWHUPLQDUHD QRWRULHW LL /HJLL FX SULYLUH OD 3URWHF LD úL 3URPRYDUHD
'UHSWXULORU &RSLOXOXL /HJHD  úL D JUDGXOXL GH FXQRDúWHUH D SUHYH-
HULORU DFHVWHL OHJL vQ UkQGXO SRSXOD LHL úL D FDWHJRULLORU SURIHVLRQDOH D F URU
DFWLYLWDWH LPSOLF  OXFUXO FX FRSLLL HGXFDWRUL vQY WRUL Srofesori, pedagogi,
PHGLFLSROL LúWLSHUVRQDOGHvQJULMLUHGLQFHQWUHOHGHSODVDPHQW
• 'HWHUPLQDUHDJUDGXOXLGHLPSOLFDUHDOSRSXOD LHLúLDSURIHVLRQLúWLORUGLQ
VIHUD HGXFD LRQDO  vQ VHPQDODUHD GH F WUH DXWRULW LOH FRPSHWHQWH D DFWHORU GH
YLROHQ VDXUHOHWUDWDPHQWHDSOLFDWHFRSLLORUGHFDUHDXFXQRúWLQ 
• 3HUFHS LDSXEOLF DQR LXQLLGHÄWUDWDPHQWHXPLOLWRDUHDVXSUDFRSLOXOXL´

28
6WXGLX SULYLQG QLYHOXO GH FXQRDúWHUH DO OHJLVOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO SURWHF LHL
FRSLOXOXL vQ UkQGXO SRSXOD LHL úL DO VSHFLDOLúWLORU 5DSRUW GH FHUFHWDUH 6DOYD L FRSLLL
iunie 2007, disponibil la: www.salvaticopiii.ro
91
 • (YDOXDUHDQHYRLLGHLQIRUPDUHDSXEOLFXOXLODUJúLDFHORUODOWHSHUVRDQH
LPSOLFDWHGLUHFWGHVSUHOHJLVOD LDúLSURJUDPHOHUHIHULWRDUHODSURWHF LDFRSLOXOXL
SULQFLSDOHOH VXUVH GRULWH GH SRSXOD LH SULQ FDUH V  VH GLIX]H]H LQIRUPD LD
VSHFLILF ´29
Pentru atingerea acestor obiective a fost realizat un sondaj de opinie la
QLYHOXO SRSXOD LHL 5RPkQLHL úL LQWHUYLXUL LQGLYLGXDOH SH Eaza unui chestionar
VHPLVWDQGDUGL]DW FX UHSUH]HQWDQ L GLQ  MXGH H DL XQRU FDWHJRULL GH VSHFLDOLúWL
LPSOLFD LvQDFWLYLW LFDUHYL]H] FRSLL,QVWUXPHQWHOHGHFHUFHWDUHDXIRVWDVWIHO
FRQFHSXWHvQFkWV SHUPLW RE LQHUHDXQRULQIRUPD LLFRPSOH[HSULYLQGJradul de
LQIRUPDUH DO SRSXOD LHL SULYLQG OHJLVOD LD FDUH SURWHMHD]  GUHSWXULOH FRSLOXOXL
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD SRSXOD LHL GH D VH LPSOLFD vQ VHVL]DUHD FD]XULORU GH YLROHQ 
VXUVHOHGHLQIRUPDUHSULYLQGFD]XULOHGHYLROHQ úLSHUFHS LDSXEOLF DVLQWDJPHL
„tratamente umilitoare asupra copilului”.
5H]XOWDWHOHvQUHJLVWUDWHHYLGHQ LD] F SRSXOD LD5RPkQLHLFXQRDúWHIDSWXO
F GUHSWXULOHFRSLOXOXLVXQWSURWHMDWHGHOHJLVSHFLDOHGDUSX LQLVXQWFHLFDUHVXQW
la curent cu prevederile legislative concrete referitoaUH OD SURWHF LD FRSLLORU 2
WUHLPHGLQWUHSHUVRDQHOHFDUHDXIRVWPDUWRUHODDFWHGHYLROHQ H[HUFLWDWHDVXSUD
FRSLLORUDXGLVFXWDWFXSHUVRDQHOHGLQLPHGLDWDORUYHFLQ WDWHSHPDUJLQHDúLGRDU
DSUR[LPDWLY  DX VHVL]DW DXWRULW LOH FRPSHWHQWH 3RSXOD LD LQYHVWLJDW 
DSUHFLD] F HVWHQHFHVDU LQIRUPDUHDSXEOLFXOXLSULYLQGOHJLVOD LDSURJUDPHOHúL
DF LXQLOHGHUXODWHSHQWUXSURWHMDUHDGUHSWXULORUFRSLLORU
ÌQ RSLQLD SRSXOD LHL LQYHVWLJDWH VLQWDJPD ÄWUDWDPHQWH XPLOLWRDUH DVXSUD
FRSLOXOXL´ VH LGHQWLILF  FX abuzul fizic asupra copilului GRX  WUHLPL GLQWUH
VXELHF Labuzul psihologicRFLQFLPHvQFDUHVXQWLQFOXVHúLDOWHIRUPHGHDEX]
YHUEDOúLHPR LRQDOH[SORDWDUHDSULQPXQF DFRSLOXOXLúLQHJOLMDUHDHPR LR-DO
R]HFLPHúLPDLSX LQFXQHJOLMDUHDIL]LF VDXDEX]XOVH[XDO

BIBLIOGRAFIE

&HQWUXO GH 6RFLRORJLH 8UEDQ  úL 5XUDO  – CURS. SA, 9LROHQ D GRPHVWLF  vQ 5RPkQLD
Evaluarea caracteristicilor medico-OHJDOH SVLKRORJLFH VRFLRORJLFH úL juridice,
&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
D. Banciu, E. Balica, $JUHVRUL úL YLFWLPH vQ VSD LXO IDPLOLDO 'DWH SULYLQG YLFWLPHOH
YLROHQ HL LQWUDIDPLOLDOH FDUH DX DSHODW OD VHUYLFLLOH PHGLFDOH DOH ,QVWLWXWXOXL
1D LRQDOGH0HGLFLQ /HJDO 0LQD0LQRYLFL&RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
& &XUF  FRRUG AsSHFWH DOH YLROHQWHL GRPHVWLFH LQ %XFXUHúWL – cercetare asupra
cazuisticii INML Mina Minovici, &RQIHULQ DGHSUHV PDL
Ecaterina Balica, 3DUWLFXODULW LVRFLR-GHPRJUDILFHDOHDXWRULORULQIUDF LXQLORUGHRPRUGLQ
România, în „Revista de CriminologiH3HQRORJLHúL&ULPLQDOLVWLF ´QU
Ecaterina Balica, 'HOLFWHOHGHRPRUvQVSD LXOIDPLOLDOURPkQHVFvQÄ5HYLVWD5RPkQ GH
Sociologie”, nr. 1-2/2006.
$XURUD/LLFHDQX'RLQD6 XFDQ0LKDL,RDQ0LFOH9LROHQ DGRPHVWLF úLFULPLQDOLWDWHD
IHPLQLQ  5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH

29
Ibidem.
92
$XURUD /LLFHDQX 'RLQD 6 XFDQ 0LKDL 0LFOH Femeia „criminal” – dimensiuni
psihosociale,5DSRUW,QVWLWXWXO1D LRQDOGH&ULPLQRORJLH
&ULVWLQD 1LFRDU  2FWDYLDQ 2MRJ 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH 5RPkQLD vQWUH UHDOLWDWH úL
SHUVSHFWLY , disponibil la: www.mpublic.ro/minori_violenta.htm
USAID, CEELI, 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDU Raport
final, 30 aprilie 2007.
Dame Elisabeth Butler-6ORVV3UHúHGLQWHOH6HF LHLSHQWUX)DPLOLHDÌQDOWHL&XU L0DUHD
Britanie, discurs 8 septembrie, în: USAID, CEELI, 9LROHQ D vQ IDPLOLH vQ
5RPkQLDOHJLVOD LDúLVLVWHPXOMXGLFLDURaport final, 30 aprilie 2007.
9DOHQWLQD 0DULQHVFX 6LPRQD ùWHI QHVFX ,ULQD 6RUHVFX 0HGLDWL]DUHD YLROHQ HL vQ IDPLOLH
6WXGLXGHFD]]LDUHOHFHQWUDOHURPkQHúWL Centrul Parteneriat pentru Egalitate, 2004.
&HUFHWDUHDQD LRQDO SULYLQGYLROHQ DvQIDPLOLHúLODORFXOGHPXQF , Centrul Parteneriat
pentru Egalitate, 2003.
9LROHQ DvPSRWULYDIHPHLORU, Sondaje Gallup, disponibilla:
www.gallup.ro/romana/poll_ro/releases_ro
6WXGLX SULYLQG QLYHOXO GH FXQRDúWHUH DO OHJLVOD LHL vQ GRPHQLXO SURWHF LHL FRSLOXOXL vQ
UkQGXO SRSXOD LHL úL DO VSHFLDOLúWLORU 5DSRUW GH FHUFHWDUH 6DOYD L FRSLLL LXQLH
2007, disponibil la: www.salvaticopiii.ro

93
94
 62&,2/2*,$&8/785,,ù,('8&$ ,(,

TINERII DIN ROMÂNIA –9$/25,ù,&203257$0(17(

DIN SFERA CULTURII POLITICE
$1&8 $3/ (ù8

ABSTRACT

Significations that young people associate with politics are rooted in wider cultural
field of society, but also in the complexity of individual and contextual determinants where
the individuals are placed. This paper is focused on Romanian youth and is aimed to
describe the main characteristics of the young Romanians’ civic and political participation
and the cultural support of them, using a multiple, quantitative and qualitative
methodology. The study is based on qualitative data provided by 12 focus-groups carried
out in 4 large cities of Romania, with persons aged 14-35, and quantitative data provided
by annual Youth Barometer of the Youth Studies and Research Directorate. The indicators
considered to describe participation are organized on several levels: first, individual versus
social level, then subjective/attitudinal/value level (covered by indicators: trust, interest,
civic competence, availability to involve in comunity’s problems, involvement/noninvolvement
motivation, level of information on public issues and active NGO-s ) versus actional/manifest
level (reprezented by indicators: NGO-s membership, community activism, electoral
activism, informal political participation). The cultural support of participation provides
motivation elements for the manifest behaviour. But besides subjective motivation there are
also structural factors fundamentally influencing the way people relate to each other and
participate in social processes. The economic and social insecurity frequently invoked by
young people as nonparticipation reasons, the deficient institutional support, the lack of
information regarding the NGO-s activity and the participation mechanisms, are all
elements configuring structural and objective explanations for young Romanians’ reduced
civic and political participation.

1. Aspecte teoretico-metodologice

6HPQLILFD LLOH DWULEXLWH SROLWLFXOXL GH F WUH WLQHUL vúL au, desigur, geneza în
VSD LXO FXOWXUDO PDL ODUJ DO VRFLHW LL GDU úL vQ FRPSOH[LWDWHD GHWHUPLQDQWHORU
LQGLYLGXDOHúLFRQWH[WXDOHvQFDUHLQGLYL]LLúLJUXSXULOHVXQWSODVD L&RPSRQHQWHOH
YDORULFH DWLWXGLQDOH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH DOH SURFHVHORU GH SDUWLFLpare civic  úL
politic  DX vQV  R UHOHYDQ  VXEVWDQ LDO  SHQWUX WUDLHFWRULLOH SROLWLFH úL HFRQRPLFH
DOHVRFLHW LORUPRGHUQHvQJHQHUDOúLDOHFHORUFXH[SHULHQ GHPRFUDWLF UHFHQW 
în special. Aceast  FRQFOX]LH VLQWHWLF  D XQRU FHUFHW UL FRPSDUDWLYH H[tensive
vQWUHSULQVHvQVRFLHW LIRDUWHGLIHULWHOHJLWLPHD] LQWHUHVXOGHRVHELWPDQLIHVWDWúLvQ
5RPkQLD XOWLPXOXL GHFHQLX ID  GH FHUFHWDUHD SDUWLFLS ULL SROLWLFH úL FLYLFH úL D
suportului cultural al acestora.
6WXGLXO GH ID  HVWH IRFDOL]DW DVXSUD WLQHULORU GLQ 5RPkQLD úL vúL SURSXQH V 
GHVFULH SULQFLSDOHOH GLPHQVLXQL FLUFXPVFULVH GH SURFHVXO SDUWLFLS ULL FLYLFH úL
SROLWLFHDDFHVWRUDXWLOL]kQGRPHWRGRORJLHPXOWLSO DWkWVXEUDSRUWFDOLWDWLYFkWúL
cantitativ.
95
 $ERUGDUHD FDOLWDWLY  D DYXW VFRSXO GH D surprinde aspectele latente, de
PRWLYD LHSHQWUXRDQDOL] YDOLG DHOHPHQWHORUGHVXSRUWúLGHUH]LVWHQ ODQLYHO
LQGLYLGXDOúLVRFLDOvQSURFHVXOSDUWLFLS ULL3XQHUHDvQUHOD LHDGDWHORURE LQXWHSH
DFHDVW  FDOH FX GDWHOH FDQWLWDWLYH RIHULWH GH VRndajele de opinie, a permis analiza
complex  D IHQRPHQXOXL SDUWLFLS ULL WLQHULORU úL FRQWXUDUHD RSRUWXQLW LORU úL D
IDFWRULORUGHULVFGLQSHUVSHFWLYDFRQILJXU ULLXQRUGLUHF LLDOHSROLWLFLORUSXEOLFHvQ
GRPHQLXOSDUWLFLS ULLFLYLFHúLSROLWLFHDWLQHULOor.
Studiul (realizat în perioada aprilie-iunie 2007) a utilizat metoda interviului
focalizat de grup∗ (focus-JUXS DSOLFDW  DVXSUD SRSXOD LHL LQW  GLQ  RUDúH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYH DOH 5RPkQLHL %XFXUHúWL &OXM-1DSRFD ,DúL &RQVWDQ D SUHFXP úL
analiza secundaU DGDWHORUIXUQL]DWHGHVRQGDMHOHGHRSLQLHDQXDOHDOH'LUHF LHLGH
6WXGLL úL &HUFHW UL SHQWUX 3UREOHPHOH 7LQHUHWXOXL vQ VSHFLDO 'LDJQR]D 7LQHUHW
 GLQ FDGUXO $16,7 úL GH DQFKHWD Ä<RXQJ (XURSHDQV´ UHDOL]DW  vQ VWDWHOH
Uniunii Europene la începutul anului 2007 de „Gallup Organization”.
3RSXOD LD LQW  D FHUFHW ULL R FRQVWLWXLH WLQHULL QHLQVWLWX LRQDOL]D L FX YkUVWH
FXSULQVHvQWUHúLGHDQLGLQ5RPkQLD
,QGLFDWRULL OXD L vQ FRQVLGHUDUHSHQWUXDP VXUDSDUWLFLSDUHDFLYLF VHVWUXFWX-
UHD] SHPDLPXOWHSODQXULSHGHRSDUWHSODQXOLQGLYLGXDOúLFHOVRFLDOSHGHDOW 
SDUWHSODQXOVXELHFWLYDWLWXGLQDOYDORULFDFRSHULWvQDQDOL] GHLQGLFDWRULLvQFUHGHUH
LQWHUHVFRPSHWHQ FLYLF GLVSRQLELOLWDWHGHLPSOLFDUHPRWLYD LHGHLPSOLFDUHQHLP-
plicarH JUDG GH LQIRUPDUH SULYLQG SUREOHPHOH SXEOLFH úL 21*-XULOH úL SODQXO
DF LRQDORELHFWLY UHSUH]HQWDW SULQ LQGLFDWRULL DSDUWHQHQ  OD RUJDQL]D LL QHJXYHUQD-
PHQWDOHDFWLYLVPFRPXQLWDUDFWLYLVPHOHFWRUDOSDUWLFLSDUHSROLWLF LQIRUPDO 
Planul subiectivFRQILJXUHD] H[SOLFD LLGLQ]RQDPRWLYD LHLLQGLYL]LORUSHQWUX
SDUWLFLSDUHDHIHFWLY GHVFULV GHSODQXODF LRQDO
ÌQ DIDUD PRWLYD LHL VXELHFWLYH vQV  H[LVW  FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH VWUXFWXULL VRFLDOH
de care depinde, în mod fundamental, modul în care oameniiVHUDSRUWHD] XQLLOD
FHLODO L úL SDUWLFLS  OD SURFHVHOH VRFLDOH &RQVWUkQJHULOH SURYRFDWH GH LQVHFXULWDWHD
PHGLXOXLVRFLDOúLHFRQRPLFLQYRFDWHIUHFYHQWGHWLQHULFDPRWLYHGHQHSDUWLFLSDUH
OLSVDXQXLFDGUXLQVWLWX LRQDOFDUHV IDFLOLWH]HLQWHJUDUHDúL participarea, informarea
GHILFLWDU SULYLQGUH HDXDGHRUJDQL]D LLúLPHFDQLVPHOHGHSDUWLFLSDUHODDFWLYLW LOH
DFHVWRUDVHFRQVWLWXLHvQIDFWRULFDUHFRQILJXUHD] H[SOLFD LLGHQDWXU VWUXFWXUDO úL
RELHFWLY SHQWUXSDUWLFLSDUHDVF ]XW DWLQHULORUGLQ România.

∗
ÌQ FDGUXO FHUFHW ULL FDOLWDWive s-au realizat câte trei focus-grupuri pentru fiecare
ORFD LHDúDGDUSHQWUXFHOHORFD LLVWDELOLWHODFDUHDXSDUWLFLSDWWLQHULDSDU LQkQGXQRU
subcategorii socio-GHPRJUDILFHVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXWHPDFHUFHWDW HOHYLGHOLFHXIRFXV-
grup peORFD LHVWXGHQ LIRFXV-JUXSSHORFD LHúLWLQHULRFXSD LFXYkUVWHFXSULQVHvQWUH
 úL  GH DQL  IRFXV-JUXS SH ORFD LH &ULWHULXO DSDUWHQHQ HL OD RUJDQL]D LL QHJXYHUQD-
PHQWDOHQXDIRVWFULWHULXGHVHOHF LHDVWIHOF XQHOHGLQWUHJUXSXULDXDYXWvQFRPSRQHQ 
PHPEUL 21* DOWHOH FHOH PDL PXOWH DX IRVW FRQVWLWXLWH H[FOXVLY GLQ WLQHUL QHDVRFLD L
$FHDVW  QHRPRJHQLWDWH GXS  FULWHULXO DSDUWHQHQ HL OD 21*-XUL D SHUPLV FRPSDUD LL
VHPQLILFDWLYHvQWUHRSLQLLOHúLDWLWXGLQLOHWLQHULORUSDUWLFLSDQ L
96
 2. Dimensiuni atitudinal-YDORULFHúLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHDOHSDUWLFLS ULL
vQRUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH

$SDUWHQHQ D RUJDQL]D LRQDO este indicatorul cel mai citat în descrierea

JUDGXOXL GH SDUWLFLSDUH FLYLF  2UJDQL]D LLOH QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH FDUe constituie
QXFOHXOVRFLHW LLFLYLOHvQOHVQHVFLQGLYLGXOXLSR]L LRQDUHDVDvQWU-RUHOD LHHILFLHQW 
úL VHPQLILFDWLY  FX VLVWHPXO SROLWLF VWLPXOkQG DSWLWXGLQLOH LQGLYLGXDOH UHOHYDQWH
SHQWUXFXOWXUDSROLWLF GHPRFUDWLF $OPRQGúL9HUED:DUUHQ99).
'DWHOHGHVRQGDMLQGLF RSRQGHUHVF ]XW DWLQHULORUGLQ5RPkQLDPHPEULDL
RUJDQL]D LLORU QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH 'DF  OD QLYHOXO vQWUHJLL 8QLXQL (XURSHQH 
GLQWUHWLQHULDSDU LQXQXL21*PHGLDSHQWUXQRLOHVWDWHPHPEUHHVWHFXPXOWPDL
PLF   ID de 26%, media pentru primele 15 state membre). Dintre acestea,
FHOH PDL PLFL UDWH GH SDUWLFLSDUH OH vQUHJLVWUHD]  5RPkQLD úL %XOJDULD  ÌQ
5RPkQLDUDWHOHGHSDUWLFLSDUHDWLQHULORUvQRUJDQL]D LLVHVLWXHD] SHRFRQVWDQW 
FXUE  GHVFUHVF WRDUH vQFHSkQG GLQ  VF ]kQG vQ DFHDVW  SHULRDG  OD MXP WDWH
QXP UXOFHORUFDUHVHGHFODU DILPHPEULDLDFHVWRURUJDQL]D LL
Cluburile sportive se dovedesc a fi cele mai atractive pentru tinerii europeni,
România situându-VHSULQWUH ULOHFXUDWHOHFHOHPDLreduse de participare în acest
WLSGHRUJDQL]D LLGLQvQWUHDJD8QLXQH(XURSHDQ 

Tabelul nr. 1.3DUWLFLSDUHDWLQHULORUODSULQFLSDOHOHWLSXULGHRUJDQL]D LL

vQ5RPkQLDúL8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ SURFHQWFDOFXODWSHQWUX5RPkQLDGLQWRWDOXOFHORU
7% ce au deFODUDWDSDUWHQHQ DODRRUJDQL]D LH
Tipuri de Cluburi 2UJDQL]D LL 2UJDQL]D LL Partide 2UJDQL]D LL
RUJDQL]D LL sportive de tineret sindicale politice cultural-artistice
România 12 26 9 21 5
EU15 52 6 7 5 8
NMS12 28 18 6 7 8
(8UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOprimelor 15 state membre ale UE
106UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOFHORUQRLVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8(
Sursa: Eurobarometrul Young Europeans, The Gallup Organization, 2007
8Q DVSHFW LQWHUHVDQW HVWH IDSWXO F  5RPkQLD DO WXUL GH DOWH FkWHYD UL IRVWH
comuniste, înregisWUHD] SRQGHULOHFHOHPDLULGLFDWHDOHRUJDQL]D LLORUGHWLQHUHWGLQ
8(([SOLFD LDDUSXWHDILDSDUWHQHQ DODRUJDQL]D LLOHGHHOHYLúLVWXGHQ LLGHQWLILFDWH
GH WLQHUL FX RUJDQL]D LLOH GH WLQHUHW úL QX FX FHOH SURIHVLRQDOH 3RQGHUHD ULGLFDW  D
tinerilor URPkQL PHPEUL DL SDUWLGHORU SROLWLFH  FHD PDL ULGLFDW  SRQGHUH GLQ
8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ WUHEXLHvQ HOHDV  LQkQGX-VHFRQWGHIDSWXOF GLVFXW PGHVSUH
GLQFHLWLQHULURPkQLPHPEULDLRUJDQL]D LLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHDVWIHOF 
raportându-ne la pRQGHUHD PHGLH D WLQHULORU DVRFLD L GLQ (XURSD VH DMXQJH OD
DSUR[LPDWLY DFHOHDúL YDORUL vQ MXU GH -1,5% dintre tineri sunt membri ai unor
SDUWLGH SROLWLFH DWkW vQ 5RPkQLD FkW úL vQ UHVWXO 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH 3DUWLFLSDUHD
SROLWLF IRUPDO HVWHGHDOWIHOVLQJXUXOQLYHODOSDUWLFLS ULLSHQWUXFDUHGDWHOHGHVFULX
VLWXD LLDVHP Q WRDUHvQ5RPkQLDúLvQ ULOH(XURSHL2FFLGHQWDOH
$SDUWHQHQ DUHGXV DWLQHULORUGLQ5RPkQLDODRUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHDUH
UHVRUWXUL FDX]DOH FRPSOH[H FRQWXUDWH vQ DQDOL]  SULQWr-o abordare complemenWDU 
97
FDQWLWDWLY  úL FDOLWDWLY  ÌQFUHGHUHD vQ JHQHUDO UHGXV  D SRSXOD LHL vQ IRUPH
LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWH GH DVRFLHUH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  vQ HJDO  P VXU  úL WLQHULL 3HQWUX
perioada 2004- VH vQUHJLVWUHD]  R vQMXP W LUH D FRWHL GH vQFUHGHre de care
RUJDQL]D LLOHQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHVHEXFXU vQUkQGXOWLQHULORUGHODOD
conform Diagnozei Tineret 2004, 2006, DSCPT).

Tabelul nr. 2. ÌQFUHGHUHDWLQHULORUvQRUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLvQLQVWLWX LL

,QVWLWX LLRUJDQL]D LL
2UJDQL]D LL Partide
ùFRDO %LVHULF
neguvernamentale politice
Gradul de încredere

Deloc 27,5 43,4 6,3 6,2

3X LQ 27,1 35,5 9,3 7,3
3RWULYLW 24,1 14,2 31,2 21,1
0XOW 7,1 1,5 33,7 29,5
)RDUWHPXOW 1,5 0,1 16,4 32,9
NR/NS 12,7 5,3 3,2 3,0
Sursa:Diagnoza Tineret 2006, DSCPT
'HDOWIHOHYROX LLQHJDWLYHDOHJUDGXOXLGHvQFUHGHUHDWLQHULORUvQUHJLVWUHD] 
WRDWHLQVWLWX LLOHFXH[FHS LDúFROLLFHvúLS VWUHD] FRWDFRQVWDQW SHQWUXSHULRDGD
PHQ LRQDW  (VWH VHPQLILFDWLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VRFLRORJLF IDSWXO F  DSURDSH
MXP WDWH GLQWUH VXELHF LL FKHVWLRQD L vQ  VXQW LQGHFLúL vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH
încrederea pe care o au în ONG-XULDFHDVW SRQGHUHIRDUWHFUHVFXW H[SULPkQGDWkW
DEVHQ D LQIRUPD LLORU GHVSUH RUJDQL]D LL FkW úL OLSVD GH SUHRFXSDUH úL GH LQWHUHV D
WLQHULORUvQOHJ WXU FXVXELHFWXOVXSXVDSUHFLHULL
$FHDVW  OLSV  GH SUHRFXSDUH HVWH FRQILUPDW  GH SUH]HQ D PHQ LXQLL Ä1X P 
LQWHUHVHD] ´ vQ WRSXO PRWLYHORU GH QHSDUWLFLSDUH D WLQHULORU OD DFWLYLW LOH RUJDQL-
]D LLORU QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH Fu o pondere de o treime din ansamblul motivelor
LQYRFDWH,QYRFDUHDOLSVHLWLPSXOXLQHFHVDUDVFXQGHúLHDSDU LDOOLSVDLQWHUHVXOXL
GDUUHIOHFW úLSODVDUHDWLQHULORUvQWU-XQFkPSDOQHFHVLW LLFHQXSHUPLWHDORFDUHD
GHUHVXUVHGHWLPSDFHVWRUSUHRFXS ri.
Graficul nr. 10RWLYHOHQHSDUWLFLS ULLWLQHULORUODDFWLYLW LOH21*-urilor
12% 4%
27%
13%

17%
27%
1XP LQWHUHVHD]
Nu am avut ocazia
Nu am timp
1XFXQRVFQLFLRRUJDQL]D LH
1XDPQLPLFGHFkúWLJDW
Allte motive
Sursa: Diagnoza Tineret 2006, DSCPT

98
 'LVFX LLOH vQ FDGUXO IRFXV-grupurilor au condus la câteva concluzii intere-
VDQWH FX SRWHQ LDO H[SOLFDWLY SHQWUX VODED SDUWLFLpare a tinerilor din România.
$VWIHOXQQXP UPDUHGHWLQHULFRQWLQX V DLE RLPDJLQHYDJ S VWUkQGDFFHQWH
QHJDWLYHDVXSUDRUJDQL]D LLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHúLDVXSUDUROXOXLSHFDUHHOHO-ar
SXWHDDYHDvQFRPXQLW LOHORU'HúLFRQWDFWHOHVSRUDGLFHSe care unii dintre partici-
SDQ L OH-au avut cu ONG-XUL VDX DFWLYLW LOH DFHVWRUD DX SURGXV WLQHULORU LPSUHVLL
SR]LWLYH DFHúWLD S VWUHD]  R LPDJLQH VWHUHRWLS  UHODWLY QHJDWLY  D DFHVWRU RUJDQL-
]D LL LPDJLQH U VSkQGLW  SUREDELO vQ UkQGXO JUXSXULORU ORU GH DSDUWHQHQ  $FHVW
DVSHFWHVWHSUREOHPDWLFSHQWUXGH]YROWDUHDVRFLHW LLFLYLOHGLQ5RPkQLDLPDJLQHD
SXEOLF úLFUHGLELOLWDWHDGHFDUHVHEXFXU RUJDQL]D LLOHQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOHvQUkQGXO
LQGLYL]LORUúLFRPXQLW LORULQIOXHQ kQGGLUHFWVXVWHQDELOLWDWHDVHFtorului, prin faptul
F DIHFWHD] FDSDFLWDWHDGHDWUDJHUHDPHPEULORUDYROXQWDULORUúLDIRQGXULORU
&HOHPDLPXOWHGLQWUHLQIRUPD LLOHSHFDUHSDUWLFLSDQ LLOHDXGHVSUH21*-uri
provin din mass-PHGLD úL SULYHVF RUJDQL]D LL QD LRQDOH VDX LQWHUQD LRQDOH Fe fac
RELHFWXO XQRU úWLUL VDX HYHQLPHQWH SXWHUQLF PHGLDWL]DWH 2UJDQL]D LLOH FDUH vúL
GHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHDODQLYHOORFDOQXVXQWFXQRVFXWHvQJHQHUDOGHF WUHWLQHULúL
QLFLQXVXQWFRQVLGHUDWHVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUFRPXQLW LL
„-$U WUHEXL V  H[LVWHQLúWH RUJDQL]D LL FHW HQHúWL  FDUH V  DLE  WRWXúL
GUHSWXOGHDIDFHSURSXQHULFRPLVLLORUORFDOHSULP ULLORU´
− ùWL LGHVSUHH[LVWHQ DXQRUDVWIHOGHRUJDQL]D LL"PRGHUDWRU
− (XQXúWLXGDUVLQFHUY VSXQF QXY GGHFHOH-ar face (propunerile), nu
Y GURVWXOSHQWUXF QXDUDYHDQLFLRSXWHUH´VWXGHQW%XFXUHúWL
1HFHVLWDWHD LQIRUP ULL HVWH XQD RELHFWLY  GDU úL SHUFHSXW  DWkW vQ FHHD FH
SULYHúWH SDOHWD GH RIHUWH FkW úL PHFDQLVPHOH GH SDUWLFLSDUH vQ 21*-uri. Infor-
PD LLOH SH FDUH WLQHULL OH GH LQ GHVSUH DFHVW VHFWRU VXQW vQWkPSO WRDUH VWHUHRWLSH
nesistematice, provenind din surse incompetente.
,PSOLFDUHD vQ DFWLYLW LOH RUJDQL]D LLORU QHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH DUH FD SUHPLV 
PDMRU  SUHRFXSDUHD FHW HQLORU ID  GH SUREOHPHOH FRPXQLW LL 'DWHOH OD QLYHO
HXURSHDQLQGLF XQLQWHUHVVF ]XWDOWLQHULORUGLQ5RPkQLDID GHYLD DSROLWLF úL
SUREOHPHOHGHDFWXDOLWDWHDWkWODQLYHOORFDOFkWúLQD LRQDOúLHXURSHDQ
Tabelul nr. 3.,QWHUHVXOWLQHULORUID GHSROLWLF úLSUREOemele de actualitate
GLQRUDúXOUHJLXQHDXQGHORFXLHVFGLQ DU úLGLQ8(FLIUHOHH[SULP SURFHQWXOFXPXODW
DOYDULDQWHORUÄIRDUWHLQWHUHVDW´úLÄLQWHUHVDW´
1LYHOXOGHLQWHUHVID GHSUREOHPHOHGLQ
RUDúUHJLXQH DU UE
UE 73 82 66
NMS12 71 79 67
România 58 68 63
106UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOFHORUQRLVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8QLXQLL(XURSHQH
Sursa: Eurobarometrul Young Europeans, The Gallup Organization, 2007

Gradul de interes al tinerilor români pentru problemele curente diQRUDúUH-giune

úLGLQ DU HVWHFHOPDLVF ]XWGLQvQWUHDJD(XURS PXOWPDLVF ]XWFKLDUFRPSDUDWLYFX
celelalte state nou aderate la uniune. Doar interesul pentru problemele Uniunii
99
(XURSHQHVHvQFDGUHD] vQPHGLLDVHP Q WRDUHDFHVWHSUREOH-me preocupând mai
SX LQWLQHULLDWkWvQ5RPkQLDFkWúLvQUHVWXOVWDWHORUPHPEUH3UHRFXSDUHDSHQWUX
SROLWLF  úL SUREOHPH GH DFWXDOLWDWH FXQRDúWH FRWHOH FHOH PDL ULGLFDWH vQ UkQGXO
WLQHULORU HGXFD L GLQ JUXSD GH YkUVW  - ORFXLQG vQ PHGLLOH XUEDQ úL
metropolitaQ 'HúL LQWHUHVXO SHQWUX SUREOHPHOH FRPXQLW LL HVWH R SUHPLV  D
SDUWLFLS ULL HO QX HVWH VXILFLHQW GRYDG  ILLQG IDSWXO F  DFHDVW  FDWHJRULH GH WLQHUL
GHVFULV QXDUHSDUWLFLSDUHDFHDPDLULGLFDW vQRUJDQL]D LLILLQGFRQVWLWXLW vQPDUH
parte din tineriRFXSD LvQPXQF úLI U UH]HUYHGHWLPSVXILFLHQWHSHQWUXDFWLYDUHD
în ONG-uri.
'LVFX LLOH vQ FDGUXO IRFXV-grupurilor au confirmat constrângerile economice
úLSUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXWUDLXO]LOQLFGUHSWPRWLYHLPSRUWDQWHDOHQHLPSOLF ULLWLQHULORU
din RomâniDvQDFWLYLW LOHFRPXQLWDUH
ÄDWXQFL FkQG OXFUH]L  RUH úL DL GRX  MRE-uri doar pentru a- L DVLJXUD
WUDLXO]LOQLFUHVWXOWUHFHSHSODQXOGRLDGLF SX LQv LSDV  LHF RUDúXOVDX DUDVH
GXFGHUkS WXQXDLvQPLQWHGHFkWXQVLQJXUOXFUXWUHEXLHV DSXFL]LXDGHPkLQH
vQDúDIHOvQFkWV QXWHVFXIXQ]LGHWRW´VWXGHQW%XFXUHúWL
'LQFROR GH GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD GH SULQFLSLX DILUPDW  GLQ GLVFX LL WUDQVSDUH SUH-
HQ D XQHL FXOWXUL D QHSDUWLFLS ULL vQ FD]XO FHORU PDL PXO LGLQWUHWLQHULLQHDVRFLD L
aWLWXGLQLOHSR]LWLYHPDQLIHVWDWHID GHYROXQWDULDWúLRUJDQL]D LLQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
dovedindu-VH GRDU U VSXQVXUL VSRQWDQH úL QX DWLWXGLQL FRQVROLGDWH OD VWLPXOLL
UHSUH]HQWD L GH SURSXQHUHD WHPHORU UHVSHFWLYH FD VXELHFWH GH GLVFX LH 'HDOWIHO
invocarea unRU PRWLYH GH WLSXO ÄOLSVD RSRUWXQLW LORU GH SDUWLFLSDUH´ ÄOLSVD LQIRU-
PD LLORU´ ÄOLSVD WLPSXOXL´ DVFXQGH XQHRUL vQ PRG HYLGHQW DEVHQ D LQWHUHVXOXL
SHQWUX SDUWLFLSDUH úL D SUHRFXS ULL SHQWUX FKHVWLXQLOH SXEOLFH FH VXQW O VDWH vQ
VHDPDDXWRULW LORU
„PUREOHPDFDUHHVWHDFXPFHDPDLPDUHGLQSXQFWXOPHXGHYHGHUHHVWHF 
OXPHD HVWH DWkW GH GH]JXVWDW  GH FODVD SROLWLF  úL GH WRW FH VH vQWkPSO  DFWXDO vQ
5RPkQLD vQFkW SXU úL VLPSOX« HVWH WRWDO QHS V WRDUH úL QX vL PDL LQWHUHVHD]  SH
FHW HQLFHVHvQWkPSO ´WkQ U DQJDMDW &RQVWDQ D
%LQHOH FROHFWLY HVWH XQHRUL FKLDU LGHQWLILFDW FX EXQ VWDUHD VWDWXOXL QX D
FHW HQLORU GRYHGLQG QX GRDU OLSV  GH DVXPDUH OD QLYHO LQGLYLGXDO D ELQHOXL
colectiv, dar chiar izolare a intereselor particulare în raport cu interesele sociale, ce
DUDSDU LQHVWDWXOXL
ÄDWXQFL FkQG VWDWXO DUH JULM  GH RP RPXO DUH JULM  GH VWDW´ VWXGHQW
%XFXUHúWL
ÌQDFHVWSXQFWDODQDOL]HLLQWHUYLQHXQDOWIDFWRUFXSRWHQ LDOH[SOLFDWLYPDMRU
SHQWUXSDUWLFLSDUHDYROXQWDU DWLQHULORUFRPSHWHQ DFLYLF VXELHFWLY DOWIHOVSXV
VHQWLPHQWXO DELOLW LL SHUVRQDOH GH D LQIOXHQ D GHFL]LLOH DXWRULW LORU R YDULDELO 
DWLWXGLQDO PDMRU FXLPSOLFD LLVHPQLILFDWLYHSHQWUXRYDULHWDWHODUJ GHDWLWXGLQL
SROLWLFH &HUFHW ULOH DUDW  F  H[LVW  D DVRFLHUH VHPQLILFDWLY  vQWUH DSDUWHQHQ D OD
RUJDQL]D LL YROXQWDUH úL JUDGXO GH FRPSHWHQ  VXELHFWLY  D LQGLYL]LORU $OPRQG úL
9HUED  5HOD LD GLQWUH DFHVWH GRX  YDULDELOH HVWH XQD GH LQWHUGHSHQGHQ 
FRPSHWHQ D FLYLF  VXELHFWLY  FRQIHU  VHQV SDUWLFLS ULi, iar participarea, ca expe-
ULHQ  FXPXODW  GH]YROW  úL FRQVROLGHD]  FRPSHWHQ D FLYLF  D LQGLYL]LORU
100
&RQFOX]LDFHDPDLSUHJQDQW FHDUH]XOWDWvQXUPDFHUFHW ULLFDOLWDWLYHvQWUHSULQVH
SHQWUXDFHDVW WHP HVWHDFHHDF WLQHULLGLQ5RPkQLDQXVHHYDOXHD] DILvQSR]L LD
GH D LQIOXHQ D GHFL]LD SXEOLF  DX DúDGDU R FRPSHWHQ  FLYLF  VXELHFWLY  VODE
FRQILJXUDW  $XWRULW LOH úL PHFDQLVPHOH GH GHFL]LH VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH GH WLQHUL FD
ILLQGH[WHULRDUHORULDUHYHQWXDOHOHDF LXQLFROHFWLYHGHLQIOXHQ DUHDDFHVtora sunt
LQYHVWLWHFXúDQVHGHUHXúLW UHGXVH
'HDOWIHOúLGDWHOHGHVRQGDMFRQILUP SHUFHS LDGHF WUHWLQHULDXQHLDXWRQR-
PLLDPHFDQLVPHORUGHOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUvQUDSRUWFXFHW HDQXODWkWODQLYHOORFDO
FkWúLQD LRQDO0 VXUDUHGXV vQFDUHWLQHULLFRQVLGHU F SRWV SDUWLFLSHODOXDUHD
GHFL]LLORUvQORFDOLWDWHúLvQ DU UHVSHFWLYFRQIRUPDiagnozei Tineret
2005 vQFUHGHUHD UHGXV  vQ LQVWLWX LL PXO XPLUHD vQ VF GHUH vQ UDSRUW FX YLD D
SROLWLF  QXP UXO WLQHULORU QHPXO XPL L GH YLD D SROLWLF  D FUHVFXW FX SHVWH 
procente in perioada 2005-2006, de la 65% la 76%, conform Diagnozei Tineret
  '6&37 WRDWH DFHVWHD UHOHY  SR]L LD PDUJLQDO  QHVSHFLILF  GHPR-
FUD LHL SH FDUH RPXO GH UkQG R SHUFHSH vQ UDSRUW FX DXWRULW LOH FDUH vO UHSUH]LQW 
'HDOWIHOIUHFYHQ DFXFDUHLQGLYL]LLVHHYDOXHD] FDILLQGFRPSHWHQ LV LQIOXHQ H]H
GHFL]LLOH OXDWH GH DXWRULW L HVWH XQ LQGLFDWRU DO P VXULL vQ FDUH HL vúL FRQVLGHU 
SURSULLOHVRFLHW LGHPRFUDWLFH
0 VXULOH PHQ LRQDWH GH WLQHUL FD vQFXUDMkQG SDUWLFLSDUHD PDL DFWLY  D ORU vQ
societate sunt: consultarea lor înainte de a se lua decizii care-LSULYHVFGHúLDFHDVW 
FRQVXOWDUHHVWHLQVWLWX LRQDOL]DW vQSODQIRUPDOHDQXHVWHUHFXQRVFXW GHWLQHULFD
UHSUH]HQWDWLY  LQL LHUHD PDL PXOWRU SURJUDPH vQFXUDMkQG YROXQWDULDWXO úL
LQWURGXFHUHDvQSURJUDPHOHúFRODUHDXQRUGLVFLSOLQHSHQWUXHGXFD LDFHW HQHDVF 

3.,PSOLFDUHDWLQHULORUvQDFWLYLW LOHGHYROXQWDULDW

$FHDVW  IRUP  GH LPSOLFDUH vQ YLD D FRPXQLW LL HVWH UHFXQRVFXW  FD ILLQG R
compoQHQW HVHQ LDO DIXQF LRQ ULLVRFLHW LLFLYLOHFHGH]YROW FRPSHWHQ DFLYLF 
VXELHFWLY  úL RULHQWHD]  LQGLYL]LL F WUH ELQHOH SXEOLF 7RFTXHYLOOH  >-
1840]).
6HDSUHFLD] F LPSOLFDUHDWLQHULORUvQPXQFDYROXQWDU HVWHUHODWLYUHGXV OD
nivel euURSHDQ SRQGHUHD PHGLH D DFHVWRUD QHGHS úLQG  'DF  vQ JUXSXO
YHFKLORUVWDWHPHPEUHGLQWUHWLQHULVHGHFODU LPSOLFD LvQDFWLYLW LYROXQWDUH
PHGLD SHQWUX QRLOH VWDWH PHPEUH VFDGH OD  XQ URO VXEVWDQ LDO vQ VF GHUHD
acestei medii revenind din QRX 5RPkQLHL úL %XOJDULHL FH vQUHJLVWUHD]  FHOH PDL
VF ]XWHYDORULGLQ(XURSDUHVSHFWLYDSUR[
Tabelul nr.43DUWLFLSDUHDWLQHULORUODDFWLYLW LOHGHYROXQWDULDWvQ5RPkQLD
úL8QLXQHD(XURSHDQ SURFHQWFDOFXODWGLQWRWDOXOFHORULQWHUYLHYD L
3DUWLFLSDUHDvQDFWLYLW LGHYROXQWDULDW
România 7,4%
EU15 16,7%
NMS12 12,8%
(8UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOSULPHORUVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8(
106UHSUH]LQW JUXSXOFHORUQRLVWDWHPHPEUHDOH8(
Sursa: Eurobarometrul Young Europeans, The Gallup Organization, 2007
101
 'HúL LPSRUWDQ D GH SULQFLSLX DFRUGDW  DFWLYLW LORU GH YROXQWDULDW GH F WUH
WLQHULLURPkQLHVWHPXOWPDLPDUHDSUR[GLQWUHDFHúWLDFRQVLGHU F HLPSRU-
WDQWV -úLRIHUHVHUYLFLLOHFDYROXQWDULconform Diagnozei Tineret 2005, DSCPT),
comportaPHQWXO HIHFWLY D F UXL UHDOL]DUH QHFHVLW  vQWUXQLUHD úL D DOWRU FRQGL LL FH
SDUV OLSVHDVF DUHIUHFYHQ HPXOWPDLVF ]XWH'HDOWIHOSHVWHGLQWUHWLQHULL
GLQ5RPkQLDFRQIRUP'LDJQR]HL7LQHUHW'6&37QXFRQVLGHU YROXQWDULDWXO
o modalitate de DXWRSHUIHF LRQDUH PDQLIHVWkQG DVWIHO R VODE  LQWHULRUL]DUH D
modelului participativ european.
0HGLLOHHXURSHQHDOHSDUWLFLS ULLWLQHULORUvQDFWLYLW LGHYROXQWDULDWGXS FULWH-
ULLOH VH[ JUXS  GH YkUVW  QLYHO GH LQVWUXF LH PHGLX GH UH]LGHQ  FDWHJRrie ocu-
SD LRQDO UHOHY XQVLQJXUDVSHFWVHPQLILFDWLYFDWHJRULDFHDPDLLPSOLFDW vQDVWIHOGH
DFWLYLW L HVWH FHD D WLQHULORU DIOD L vQF  vQWU-XQ FLFOX HGXFD LRQDO UHVSHFWLY HOHYLL úL
VWXGHQ LL7RDWHFHOHODOWHFULWHULLQXSURGXFGLIHUHQ LHULUHOHYDQWe în rata de participare.
ÌQ 5RPkQLD FHUFHWDUHD FDOLWDWLY  vQWUHSULQV  SHQWUX DFHDVW  WHP  D VFRV vQ
HYLGHQ  H[SHULHQ D UHGXV  D WLQHULORU vQ DFWLYLW LOH GH YROXQWDULDW GDU úL GLVSRQL-
ELOLWDWHD DILUPDW  vQ SULQFLSLX GH D VH LPSOLFD vQ DVWIHO GH DFWLYLW L 'RPHQLLOH
SUHIHUDWHGHWLQHULLSDUWLFLSDQ LSHQWUXDFWLYDUHDFDYROXQWDULVXQWDVLVWHQ DVRFLDO 
GDUúLSURWHF LDDQLPDOHORUVDXDPHGLXOXLDFHVWHDILLQGúLGRPHQLLOHGHVSUHFDUHVH
úWLHF DULQWUDvQSUHRFXS ULOHRUJDQL]D LLORUQHJXYHUQDPHQWDOH
)HPHLOHPDLPXOWGHFkWE UED LLHOHYLLúLVWXGHQ LLPDLPXOWGHFkWSHUVRDQHOH
RFXSDWH vQ PXQF  DX DILUPDW F  V-DU LPSOLFD vQ DFWLYLW L GH YROXQWDULDW GDF  DU
DYHD RFD]LD DEVHQ D LQIRUPD LLORU QHFHVDUH úL D RSRUWXQLW LORU GH LPSOLFDUH ILLQG
motive dHQHLPSOLFDUHLQYRFDWHIUHFYHQWGHF WUHDFHúWLD
Motivul cel mai adesea invocat este lipsa timpului necesar, mesajul latent
ILLQG vQV  GH WLSXO ÄQX H[LVW  WLPS SHQWUX FHYD FH PL-ar aduce beneficii atât de
UHGXVH´ &RQGL LLOH vQ FDUH WLQHULL DU DFFHSWD V  SUDFWLFH DVWIHO GH DFWLYLW L VXQW
OHJDWHGHDSURSLHUHDGHSURIHVLDDYXW GHMDVDXFDUHHVWHvQFXUVGHFRQVWLWXLUH
2EXQ SDUWHGLQWUHSDUWLFLSDQ LLQHDVRFLD LH[SULP WRWXúLGH]LQWHUHVPRWLYDW
SULQDEVHQ DEHQHILFLLORUSHUVRQDOHúLSULQSUHRFXSDUHDGRPLQDQW SHQWUXDVLJXUDUHD
traiului zilnic.
Ä)RDUWHSX LQLGLQ]LXDGHD]LYRUV IDF YROXQWDULDWSHQWUXFHV v LSLHU]L
timpul aiurea, te duci voluntar tra la la ... mori de foame cu el ...” (student, Cluj)
ÄHXFUHGF PDLUDUFLQHYDFDUHV IDF RPXQF YROXQWDU DúDGHI U 
V RE LQ FHYD´VWXGHQW%XFXUHúWL
&RQWDFWXO XQRUD GLQWUH SDUWLFLSDQ L FX YROXQWDULDWXO D SURGXV HIHFWH úL DSUH-
FLHUL SR]LWLYH GLQ SDUWHD DFHVWRUD VDWLVIDF LD PRUDO  UHFXQRDúWHUHD VRFLDO  úL
DFXPXODUHDGHH[SHULHQ GHYLD ILLQGFHOHPDLIUHFYHQWLQYRFDWHEHQHILFLL
,PSOLFDUHDFRQVWDQW vQDFWLYLW LGHYROXQWDULDWDXQRUDGLQWUHSDUWLFLSDQ LV-a
GRYHGLW D IL vQ VWUkQV  UHOD LH FX SHUFHSHUHD GH F WUH DFHúWLD D XQHL FRPSHWHQ H
civice subiective semnificative (conceptul GHFRPSHWHQ FLYLF VHUHIHU ODP VXUD
vQ FDUH RDPHQLL VH SHUFHS SH HL vQúLúL FD ILLQG FDSDELOL GH D LQIOXHQ D OXDUHD
GHFL]LLORU OD QLYHO ORFDO úL QD LRQDO DFHúWLD S UkQG D-úL IL LQWHULRUL]DW vQWU-o mult
PDLPDUHP VXU FXOWXUDSROLWLF GHPRFUDWLF 
„...Cel mai important lucru în luarea unei decizii este comunicarea.
ÌQWRWGHDXQD FRPXQLFDUHD WUHEXLH I FXW  vQWUH WR L « WRDWH SHUVRDQHOH DVXSUD
102
F URUDVHU VIUkQJHGHFL]LDUHVSHFWLY $GLF QXHVWHQRUPDOFDFLQHYDV GHFLG 
SHQWUXPLQHLDUHXV QXDPSRVLELOLWDWHDV -PLVSXQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUH´WkQ U 
DQJDMDW &RQVWDQ D
ÄGLQOLSVDDVWDGHSURLHFWHFUHGF DúDFFHSWDDSURDSHRULFHSHQWUXF HXQ
LQWHUHV R DFWLYLWDWH vQ SOXV v L VWkUQHúWH LQWHUHVXO SH P VXU  FH SDUWLFLSL GLQ
punctul meu de vedere.´HOHY &RQVWDQ D
6WXGLXODUHOHYDWQHFHVLWDWHDXQHLPDLEXQHLQIRUP ULúLGLIX] ULDPRGDOLW LORU
de implicare a tinerilor, în special în mediile ce s-au dovedit favorabile
YROXQWDULDWXOXL UHVSHFWLY vQ úFROL úL XQLYHUVLW L SUHFXP úL vQVR LUHD HYHQtualei
SDUWLFLS ULGHPHFDQLVPHFDUHV DFRUGHUHFRPSHQVHPDWHULDOHúLVLPEROLFH
Ä8LWH HX GH H[HPSOX DP IRVW LPSOLFDW  vQ IRDUWH PXOWH DFWLYLW L GLQ OLFHX
DPI FXWRGDW QXD]LVQLPHQLQLPLFI FHDPGHXQDVLQJXU PDLPXOW$PPDL
I FXW vQF  R GDW , a fost anti-WXWXQ D IRVW SHQWUX WUDILFXO GH ILLQ H XPDQH GDU
RULFXP VXQW XQ QLPHQL vQ OLFHXO DFHOD QX P  UHFXQRDúWH QLPHQL SHQWUX QLPLF úL
VWDXFkWHRGDW úLP JkQGHVFRDUHGHFHV P LPSOLF´HOHY &RQVWDQ D
Slaba dezvoltare a unei culturi a voluntariatului în România impune o
SRSXODUL]DUH PDL HILFLHQW  D EHQHILFLLORU SHUVRQDOH úL VRFLDOH FH UH]XOW  GLQWU-o
DVWIHO GH DFWLYLWDWH DFHVW OXFUX FRQGXFkQG úL OD R FUHúWHUH D UHFRPSHQVHORU
VLPEROLFHSHQWUXSUDFWLFDQ LSULQVSRULUHDUHFXQRDúWHULLVRFiale a muncii lor.

4.&RPSHWHQ DFLYLF úLSDUWLFLSDUHDSROLWLF DWLQHULORU

$SDUWHQHQ D OD R DVRFLD LH YROXQWDU  QX LPSOLF  QHDS UDW DVXPDUHD GH F WUH
PHPEUL D XQRU UROXUL DFWLYH vQ FDGUXO RUJDQL]D LHL &HHD FH HVWH vQV  H[WUHP GH
LQWHUHVDQWúLUHOHYDQWSHQWUXHIHFWHOHSROLWLFHDOHIDFWRULORUQHSROLWLFLHVWHIDSWXOF 
RULFHIHOGHDSDUWHQHQ -DFWLY VDXSDVLY –ODRULFHIHOGHRUJDQL]D LH–RULHQWDW 
sau nu politic –DUHXQLPSDFWDVXSUDFRPSHWHQ HLSROLWLFH
&HW HDQXOFXRFRPSHWHQ VXELHFWLY ULGLFDW DUHvQFOLQD LDGHDILDFWLYSROLWLF
XUP UHúWHúLGLVFXW SROLWLF VXV LQHDFWLYDQXPLWHFDX]HGDUúLVDWLVI FXWúLORLDO
$VRFLHUHD DFWLYLW LL SROLWLFH FX DILOLHUHD RUJDQL]D LRQDO  FRQGXFH FRQIRUP
FHUFHW ULORU OD DFHODúL UH]XOWDW SHUVRDQHOH PHPEUH DOH XQHL RUJDQL]D LL YROXQWDUH
RULHQWDWHSROLWLFVDXQHRULHQWDWHSROLWLFDXRVIHU PDLH[WLQV DRSLQLLORUSROLWLFHúL
LDXSDUWHPXOWPDLIUHFYHQWODGLVFX LLSROLWLFHGHFkWSHUVRDQHOHFDUHQXVXQWDILOLDWH
YUHXQHLRUJDQL]D LL'HSULQGHUHDGHDSDUWLFLSDF S WDW vQLQWHULRUXOXQHLDVWIHOGH
DVRFLD LLFkWúLDúWHSWDUHDGHDSDUWLFLSDP UHVFFRPSHWHQ DLQGLYLGXOXLvQUDSRUWFX
VLVWHPXOSROLWLF6LVWHPXOODUkQGXOV XHVWHSURYRFDWV VHDGDSWH]HH[LJHQ HORUúL
DúWHSW ULORUSXEOLFH,QJOHKDUW, 1990), aceasta conducând la o schimbare a tipurilor
GRPLQDQWH GH SDUWLFLSDUH SROLWLF  vQ VHQVXO GHFOLQXOXL PRELOL] ULL SROLWLFH
GLUHF LRQDWHFRQGXVH GH F WUH HOLWH ÄHOLWH-GLUHFWHG´ úL HPHUJHQ HL JUXSXULORU GH
DF LXQHSURPRYkQGVWLOXOPRELOL] ULLGHF tre public a elitelor („elite-challenging”∗)
SHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORUFXFDUHVHFRQIUXQW 

∗
3DUWLFLSDUHD SROLWLF  GH WLSXO ÄHOLWH-GLUHFWHG´ VH ED]HD]  SH XQ URO PRELOL]DWRU DO HOLWHORU
SROLWLFH FDUH SXQ vQ PLúFDUH VSULMLQXO PDVHORU SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO XQRU RUJDQL]D LL SUHFXP SDUWLGHOH
SROLWLFHVLQGLFDWHOHLQVWLWX LLOHUHOLJLRDVH6WLOXOPDLQRXGHSROLWLF ÄHOLWH-FKDOOHQJLQJ´G publicului
103
 3UHJ WLUHD SHQWUX SDUWLFLSDUH FH DUH ORF vQ FDGUXO RUJDQL]D LLORU QHJXYHUQD-
PHQWDOHUHSUH]LQW úLDOWHUQDWLYDODSUHJ WLUHDvQLQWHULRUXOVLVWHPXOXLSROLWLFvQVXúL
FHDUILGRPLQDW GHQRUPHOHDFFHQWXDWHDOHSDUWL]DQDWXOXLVSHFLILFHDFHVWXLVLVWHP
5HGXVD SDUWLFLSDUH FLYLF  D WLQHULORU URPkQL HVWH SUHPLVD XQHL SDUWLFLS UL
SROLWLFH VODE FRQILJXUDWH $SDUWHQHQ D OD RUJDQL]D LL SROLWLFH HVWH VLQJXUD
dimensiune a SDUWLFLS ULL OD FDUH WLQHULL GLQ 5RPkQLD VH vQFDGUHD]  vQ PHGLLOH
HXURSHQHÌQPDMRULWDWHDDFHVWRU ULRSRQGHUHGH-GLQWUHWLQHULDFWLYHD] vQ
RUJDQL]D LLSROLWLFHvQFDOLWDWHGHPHPEULFRQIRUPBarometrului Young Europeans,
The Gallup OrganizationÌQPDMRULWDWHDVLVWHPHORUGHPRFUDWLFHFXWUDGL LH
s-D FRQVWDWDW R FUHúWHUH D LQVDWLVIDF LHL SXEOLFXOXL vQ UDSRUW QX FX YDORULOH úL
SULQFLSLLOH GHPRFUD LHL FL FX LQVWLWX LLOH GHPRFUD LHL UHSUH]HQWDWLYH &RWHOH GH
încredere de care aceste institu LLVHEXFXU vQUkQGXOWLQHULORUURPkQLVHDIO úLHOH
SH R SDQW  GHVFUHVF WRDUH vQUHJLVWUkQG YDORULOH FHOH PDL PLFL GLQ DQVDPEOXO
LQVWLWX LLORUPHQ LRQDWHVXELHF LORU

Tabelul nr.5.ÌQFUHGHUHDWLQHULORUvQSULQFLSDOHOHLQVWLWX LLSROLWLFHSURSRU LDFHlor care

DXvQFUHGHUHRE LQXW SULQvQVXPDUHDYDULDQWHORUGHU VSXQV³ÌQFUHGHUHPXOW ³
úL³ÌQFUHGHUHIRDUWHPXOW ´
2004 2006
(%) (%)
3UHúHGLQ LH 24,6 20,8
Guvern 16,5 2,8
Parlament 12 3
Partide politice 6,7 1,6
Sursa: Diagnoza Tineret 2004, 2006, DSCPT

2 SUHPLV  GDU úL R FRPSRQHQW  D SDUWLFLS ULL SROLWLFH R UHSUH]LQW  LQWHUHVXO

SHQWUXSUREOHPHOHSXEOLFHúLSHQWUXYLD DSROLWLF 5RPkQLDvQUHJLVWUHD] FHOHPDL
VF ]XWHQLYHOHDOHLQWHUHVXOXLID GHSROLWLF úLSUREOHPHOHGHDFWXDOLWDWHGLQ DU úL
GLQ FRPXQLWDWH vQWUH ULOH 8QLXQLL (XURSHQH FRQIRUP Eurobarometrului Young
Europeans, Gallup Organization, 2007).
'DF vQFHHDFHSULYHúWHSDUWLFLSDUHDUHGXV OD21*-XULFHUFHWDUHDFDOLWDWLY 
LQGLF  GUHSW PRWLYH LQYRFDWH SUHJQDQW OLSVD WLPSXOXL úL preocuparea pentru traiul
]LOQLF vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH UDSRUWDUHD OD YLD D SROLWLF  RSLQLLOH GRPLQDQWH UHOHY 
SHUFHSHUHD GH F WUH WLQHUL D XQXL PHGLX SROLWLF FRUXSW úL SUHRFXSDW GH LQWHUHVH
particulare, autonome în raport cu binele public.
În Uniunea EurRSHDQ  FHOH PDL PHQ LRQDWH DF LXQL SROLWLFH PHQLWH D IDFH
DX]LW YRFHDWLQHULORUVXQWSDUWLFLSDUHDODGH]EDWHULFXUHSUH]HQWDQ LDLDXWRULW LORU
DSDUWHQHQ DODXQSDUWLGSROLWLFúLSDUWLFLSDUHDODGHPRQVWUD LL
ÌQ 5RPkQLD RUGLQHD PHQ LXQLORU HVWH GLIHULW  SULPHOH ORFXUL ILLQG RFXSDWH GH
DSDUWHQHQ DODXQSDUWLGúLGHDFWLYDUHDvQWU-RRUJDQL]D LHQHJXYHUQDPHQWDO &KLDU

un rol tot mai important în luarea anumitor decizii, într-XQSURFHVFDUHSURYRDF HOLWHOHV VHDGDSWH]H
XQHLSDUWLFLS ULSXEOLFHDFWLYH,QJOHKDUW
104
úLDFHVWHSULPHRS LXQLFXPXOHD] vQV SXQFWDMHPLFLRSLQLLOHWLQHULORUGLQ5RPkQLD
ILLQGI UkPL DWHvQWUHPXOWLSOHIRUPHGHSDUWLFLSDUHDFHDVW IUDJPHQWDUHGRYHGLQG
din nou slaba configurare a unei culturi politice democratice în rândul acestora.
0RGHOHOHGHSDUWLFLSDUHSROLWLF ED]DWHSHDSDUWHQHQ DúLDFWLYDUHDvQJUXSXUL
LQWHUPHGLDUH GH DF LXQH GH WLSXO DVRFLD LLORr neguvernamentale, specifice demo-
FUD LLORURFFLGHQWDOHúLSXWHUQLFVSULMLQLWHIRUPDOvQGHPRFUD LLOHPDLQRLDXGUHSW
FRPSRQHQW YDORULF HVHQ LDO vQFUHGHUHD
6FKLPE ULOHFXOWXUDOHIDYRUL]DWHGHGH]YROWDUHDHFRQRPLF FHVSULMLQ SURFH-
sul de stabili]DUHDGHPRFUD LHLDXFDQXFOHXHPHUJHQ DXQHLFXOWXULDvQFUHGHULLúL
OHJLWLPLWDWHDSXEOLF DSROLWLFXOXL&XOWXUDvQFUHGHULLHVWHXQHOHPHQWHVHQ LDOSHQWUX
HPHUJHQ D QRUPHL ³RSR]L LHL ORLDOH´ ,QJOHKDUW  GDU úL SHQWUX R SDUWLFLSDUH
FLYLF úLSROLWLF DEVROXWQHFHVDUHXQHLGHPRFUD LLVWDELOH
Încrederea în oameni s-D GRYHGLW D IL R FRPSRQHQW  LPSRUWDQW  D FDSLWDOXOXL
VRFLDOFDHOHPHQWQHFHVDUSHQWUXFRQVWUXF LDFRH]LXQLLVRFLDOHúLDVHQWLPHQWXOXLGH
VHFXULWDWHVRFLDO 3XWQDP5DWHOHGHvQFUHGHUHDU WDWHGHVRQGDMHVXQWVF ]XWH
úL UHODWLY FRQVWDQWH vQ XOWLPLL DQL vQ 5RPkQLD $SURDSH GRX  WUHLPL GLQ SRSXOD LH
SUHIHU  R DWLWXGLQH GH SUXGHQ  vQ ID D FHORU PDL PXO L GLQWUH RDPHQL &HUFHWDUHD
FDOLWDWLY  vQWUHSULQV  vQ UkQGXO WLQHULORU DUDW  DFHHDúL SUXGHQ  VLQJXUD LQVWDQ 
LQYHVWLW FXvQFUHGHUHVSRULW ILLQGIDPLOLD'LQFRORGHFDX]HOHDFHVWHLFLUFXPVSHF LL
FDUHSRWILF XWDWHvQPXOWHGLUHF LLDFHDVW vQFUHGHUHVF ]XW HVWHRSUHPLV QHJDWLY 
SHQWUXFDSLWDOXOQHFHVDUGH]YROW ULLXQHLFXOturi participative în România.
'LVFX LLOH FX WLQHULL vQ FDGUXO IRFXV-JUXSXULORU LQGLF  IDSWXO F  SDUWLFLSDUHD
SROLWLF VF ]XW DDFHVWRUDHVWHOHJDW PDLDOHVGHvQFUHGHUHDVF ]XW vQLQVWLWX LLOH
SROLWLFH úL GH SHUFHSHUHD XQXL FOLPDW SROLWLF GRPLQDW GH LQterese particulare.
)XQF LRQDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU SROLWLFH HVWH SHUFHSXW  FD ILLQG vQ DIDUD FRQWUROXOXL
FHW HDQXOXLDFHVWDILLQGH[SXVGRDUHIHFWHORUSROLWLFLORUSXEOLFHI U FRPSHWHQ H
vQLQIOXHQ DUHDGHFL]LHLSXEOLFHFDUHvOSULYHúWH
Participarea la votLQGLFDWRUDOSDUWLFLS ULLSROLWLFHIRUPDOHDUHvQ5RPkQLD
SURSRU LLDVHP Q WRDUHFXFHOHGLQFHOHODOWH ULHXURSHQHILLQGFXQRVFXWHvQV OD
nivel european, declinul în ratele de participare la vot constatat în toate
GHPRFUD LLOH RFFLGHQWDOH SUHFXP úL OLSVD GH LQWHUHV D SXEOLFXOXL ID  GH IRUPHOH
WUDGL LRQDOHGHSDUWLFLSDUHSROLWLF 'DF vQ(XURSD2FFLGHQWDO GHFOLQXOIRUPHORU
GH SDUWLFLSDUH SROLWLF  IRUPDO  D IRVW vQVR LW vQV  GH R FUHúWHUH D IUHFYHQ HL
FRQWDFWHORU GLUHFWH DOH FHW HQLORU FX DXWRULW LOH úL D DFWLYLW LORU GHVI úXUDWH vQ
FDGUXO JUXSXULORU FRPXQLWDUH QX DFHODúL OXFUX VH SRDWH VSXQH GHVSUH 5RPkQLD
unde aceste forme de participare nu sunt bine dezvoltate.
Noile pattern-XUL GH SDUWLFLSDUH SROLWLF  DSDUWHQHQ D úL DFWLYDUHD vQ JUXSXUL
LQWHUPHGLDUH GH DF LXQH GH WLSXO DVRFLD LLORU YROXQWDUH DX FUHDW vQ GHPRFUD LLOH
RFFLGHQWDOHSUHVLXQLSHQWUXOXDUHDvQFRQVLGHUDUHDXQRUQRLIRUPHGHHODERUDUHúL
LPSOHPHQWDUHDSROLWLFLORUSXEOLFHLPSOLFkQGSDUWLFLSDUHDSXEOLF DWkWvQSURFHVHOH
de inpuWFkWúLvQFHOHGHRXWSXW$FHVWHUHIRUPHLQVWLWX LRQDOHGHPDUDWHFDU VSXQV
ODSURYRF ULOHVFKLPE ULLYDORULORUVRFLHW LORUSHD[DPDWHULDOLVPSRVWPDWHULDOLVP
vQWHUPHQLLOXL,QJOHKDUWDXDMXQVSULQPHFDQLVPHOHXQRULQVWLWX LLLQWHUQD LRQDOH
V  ILH DGRSWDWH GH VRFLHW L DIODWH vQ SXQFWH GLIHULWH SH DFHDVW  D[  VRFLHW L FX
RS LXQL QHRPRJHQH SULYLQG VWLOXULOH GH UHSUH]HQWDUH D LQWHUHVHORU $FHVW IDSW DU
105
SXWHD H[SOLFD GH]YROWDUHD JUHRDLH úL IXQF LRQDUHD DWLSLF  GHIHFWXRDV  GLQ
perspectiva teoriei noUPDWLYHDGHPRFUD LHLDVRFLHW LLFLYLOHvQXQHOHGLQWUH ULOH
FXGHPRFUD LLUHFHQWHSULQWUHFDUHúL5RPkQLD

BIBLIOGRAFIE

$OPRQG*DEULHOúL9HUED6LGQH\&XOWXUDFLYLF $WLWXGLQLSROLWLFHúL

GHPRFUD LHvQFLQFLQD LXQL%XFXUHúWL(ditura DU Style.
Anheier, Helmut and Salamon, Lester M., 1996. Social Origins of Civil Society,
Baltimore, The John Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies.
Arato, Andrew and Cohen, Jean L., 1992, Civil Society and Political Theory,
Cambridge, MIT Press.
Banfield, Edward D., 1967, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society, New York, Free Press.
% GHVFX *DEULHO  0L]D SROLWLF  D XQRU IRUPH GH vQFUHGHUH, Sociologie
5RPkQHDVF QU-121.
Brehm, John and Rahn, Wendy, 1997, Individual-Level Evidence for the Causes and
Consequences of Social Capital, American Journal of Political Science, Vol.41, Issue 3
(Jul., 1997), 999-1023, University of Wisconsin Press.
Delanty, Gerard, 2003, Community. London, Routledge.
Furlong, Andy and Cartmel, Fred, 1997, Young People and Social Change.
Individualization and Risk in Late Modernity. Buckingham, Open University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald and Abramson, Paul, 1995, Value Change in Global Perspective,
Michigan, The University of Michigan Press.
Inglehart, Ronald, 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton,
Princeton University Press.
Inglehart, Ronald, 1997, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic
and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Knack, Stephen, 2000, Social Capital and the Quality of Government, Evidence from
the United States of America, Policy Research Working Paper 2504, The World Bank.
Magnette, Paul, 2001, European Governance and Civic Participation, Can the
European Union be Politicised?, New York, Jean Monnet Working Paper No. 6/2001.
McLean, George F., (Ed.), 1996, Civil Society and Social Reconstruction.
Washington, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Quigley, Kevin F.F. and Popson, Nancy E., 1999, Rebuilding Civil Society in Eastern
and Central Europe, în Anheier, Helmut K. and Toepler, Stefan (ed.), 1999, Private Funds,
Public Purposes, New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
Putnam, Robert D., 1993, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern
Italy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Putnam, Robert D., 1995, Bowling Alone. America’s Declining Social Capital,
„Journal of Democracy”, vol. 6, No. 1, p. 65-78, în Sztompka, Piotr, 1997 (op.cit.).
Putnam, Robert D. 1996, The Strange Disappearance of Civic America, The
American Prospect, Winter 1996, p. 34-48. În Sztompka, Piotr. 1997 (op.cit.).
Seligman, Adam B., 1992, The Idea of Civil Society. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Sztompka, Piotr, 1993, The Sociology of Social Change, Oxford, Blackwell
Publishers.
Sztompka, Piotr, 1997, Trust, Distrust and the Paradox of Democracy. Berlin, WZB
Working Paper 97-003.
Warren, Mark E., 1999, Civil Society and Good Governance, Washington DC,
Georgetown University Press.
106
 ('8&$ ,$ù,&8/785$1$ ,21$/ Ì1(8523$81,7

MARIA COBIANU-% &$18

ABSTRACT

Culture and education are the key factors in the first decade from 21st siecle of the
new programmes in an enlarged Europe. This means first of all qualification and high
education of young generation as main factor to create the United Europe. To fulfil this
great goal must devise common European policies promoting youth participation,
responsible citizenship and better educational and employment opportunities. Among
initiatives with detonator effects in the problem of trening there are the Programms
e-Europe and e-Learning which signify that every citizen must be opened to digital culture.
The achievement of United Europe is also a question of information and for youth the best
information is to create facilities to be together and to participate directly at youth
activities. In these kinds of activities were engaged our pupìls from School 10 „Maria
Rosetti” Bucharest: international activities, intercultural education and intercultural
learning. European Commision by Socrates Programme proposed concrete projects for
knowledge of Europe by the school children, to accustom them with different social and
cultural realities from European countries, to communicate each other and to understand
diversity of human life. In the same time, every pupìls must know his own national culture,
history, cultural heritage as well as cultural European patrimony to be a good European
citizen.

PUREOHPDWLFD HGXFD LHL úL FXOWXULL vQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL (XURSH O UJLWH GHYLQH
unul dintre factorii-cheie ai noilor programe inaugurate cu intrarea în primul
GHFHQLXDOVHFROXOXL;;,vQWUXFkWVHUHIHU ODIRUPDUHDúLSURIHVLRQDOL]DUHDWLQHUHL
JHQHUD LLFDUHYDSDUWLFLSDHIHFWLYODFUHDUHD(XURSHL8QLWH*ULMDSHQWUXRDGHFYDW 
HGXFD LHúLIRUPDUHSURIHVLRQDO VHvPELQ RUJDQLFFXUHIOH[LDSURVSHFWLY SULYLQG
HGXFD LDSHUPDQHQW úLFXSROLWLFLOHGHXWLOL]DUHDIRU HLGHPXQF 
3ULQWUH LQL LDWLYHOH FX HIHFW GHWonator în materie de instruire, un rol
fundamental îl au programele e-(XURSDúLH-/HDUQLQJFDUHVHPQLILF LGHHDF RULFH
FHW HDQ WUHEXLH V  ILH GHVFKLV OD FXOWXU  QXPHULF  ÌQ FRQFHS LD 3URJUDPXOXL
/LVDERQDGLQPDUWLHDQLLúLDUILWUHEXLWV IDFLOLWH]HWUHFHUHD
ODvQY PkQWXOHOHFWURQLFVDXQXPHULF
ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH IRUPDUHD FRQúWLLQ HL GH FHW HQL DL (XURSHL realizarea
XQHL(XURSH8QLWHHVWHúLRFKHVWLXQHGHLQIRUPDUH iar pentru tineri cea mai
EXQ  LQIRUPDUH HVWH DFHHD FkQG WLQHULL VH DGUHVHD]  GLUHFW WLQHULORU. În acest
VFRS &RPLVLD (XURSHDQ  SULQ 3URJUDPXO 6RFUDWHV D LQL LDW SURLHFWH SHQWUX
FXQRDúWHUHD(XURSHLGHF WUHHOHYLLúFROLORUSURLHFWHvQFDUHVXQWFXSULQVHúLúFROL
GLQ 5RPkQLD 'H SLOG  XQD GLQWUH úFROLOH FX FDUH DP OXFUDW SH WHPH HXURSHQH úL
FDUHDIRVWSULQV vQWU-XQDVWIHOGHSURJUDPDIRVWùFRDODQUÄ0DULD5RVHWWL´GLQ

107
%XFXUHúWL2ELHFWLYHOHSURJUDPXOXLVXQWUHOHYDQWHSHQWUX LQWHOHXUP ULWHGH8(GH
D RELúQXL WLQHULL FX GLIHULWH UHDOLW L VRFLDOH úL FXOWXUDOH GLQ ULOH HXURSHQH GH D
GH]YROWDFRPXQLFDUHDGLQWUHWLQHULGHDvQ HOHJHQRXDGLPHQVLXQH8(DVWIHOvQFkWHL
V  ILH FDSDELOL V  VH FRQIUXQWH FX SUREOHPHOH HFRQRPLFH SROLWLFH OLQJYLVWLFH úL
culturale ale vechiului continent. Pentru realizarea acestor obiective, copiii
HXURSHQL WUHEXLH V  FXQRDVF  (XURSD úL V  VH FXQRDVF  XQLL SH DO LL 0RGXULOH GH
FXQRDúWHUH VXQW GLYHUVH VSHFWDFROH DUWLVWLFH PDQLIHVW UL VSRUWLYH YL]LWH WXULVWLFH
GDUúLSURJUDPHGLGDFWLFHFRPXQHùFRDODDUHVDUFLQDGHDWUDQsforma toate acestea
vQDFKL]L LLDOHFXOWXULLúLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLSHQWUXF HDGH LQHWRDWHSRVLELOLW LOH
PLMORDFHOHúLLQVWUXPHQWHOHQHFHVDUHV-o realizeze.
Obiectivul primar al proiectului european derulat prin Programul Socrates,
„Proiect didactic pHQWUX FXQRDúWHUHD (XURSHL SDUDOHOLVPH FXOWXUDOH´ UHDOL]DW GH
ùFRDODQUDIRVWIRUPXODWDVWIHOÄÌQDLQWHGHWRDWHRUHDO XQLILFDUHHXURSHDQ 
WUHEXLHV WUHDF SULQSURFHVXOGHHGXFD LHDWLQHUHLJHQHUD LLDVWIHOvQFkWWLQHULLGLQ
GLIHULWH ULHXURSHQHV VHSRDW FXQRDúWHV VHvQWkOQHDVF úLV YRUEHDVF XQLLFX
DO LLùFRDODHVWHFDSDELO V RUJDQL]H]HVWUXFWXUDDFHVWXLSURFHVGHFXQRDúWHUH´
Dialogul dintre tineri poate fi motivat prin confruntarea de ipoteze privind
XQLILFDUHDHXURSHDQ VDXSULQDQDOL]DFRPSDUDW DLGHLLGHÄ(XURS 8QLW ´7LQHULL
SRW IL LQWHUHVD L GH GLIHULWH SUDFWLFL úFRODUH GH SDUDOHOLVPXO GLQWUH PRGXULOH úL
VWLOXULOHPRGXULORUGHYLD GHWUDGL LLOHFXOWXUDOHGLQGLIHULWH UL7RDWHDFHVWHDOH
DUDW  F  JUDQL HOH VXQW UHODWLYH úL F  LQWHJUDUHD HVWH SRVLELO  5H]XOWDWXO ILQDO DO
SURLHFWXOXLWUHEXLHV FRQGXF ODFRQFOX]LDFXQRDúWHULL(XURSHLSULQGLDORJ
2UJDQL]DUHDSURLHFWXOXLDFXSULQVGRPHQLLVSHFLDOL]DWHSUHFXPFXOWXU GDQV
WHDWUX PX]LF  OLWHUDWXU  DFWLYLW L DUWLVWLFH PHúWHúXJ UHúWL VSRUW PHGLD úL
FRPXQLFD LLúWLLQ úLWHKQRORJLHLQGXVWULHúLHFRQRPLHUHOD LLOHúFROLLFXORFXOGH
PXQF  (XURSD VRFLDO  (XURSD FHW HQLORU PHGLXO úL HFRORJLD PRúWHQLUHD
FXOWXUDO  LVWRULD LGHQWLW L UHJLRQDOH IROFORU úL WUDGL LL  F O WRULL úL WXULVP
'RPHQLLOHDXIRVWYDULDWHúLDXGDWSRVLELOLWDWHHOHYLORUúLSURIHVRULORUV U VSXQG 
FX FHOH PDL DGHFYDWH PLMORDFH FRUHVSXQ] WRU FX WDOHQWXO  úL FXQRúWLQ HOH ORU
&RPSXQHULOHOLWHUDUHSLFWXULOHLQL LHUHDWHRUHWLF vQSULncipalele probleme ale UE
pe care le-DX UHDOL]DW HOHYLL GH OD ùFRDOD QU  GHPRQVWUHD]  F  WLQHULL VXQW
DGHY UD LLDPEDVDGRULDLHQWX]LDVPXOXLGHDFRPXQLFD
De aceea, RELHFWLYXOVWUDWHJLFDO8(SHQWUXXUP WRUXOGHFHQLXGHDFUHD
una dintre cele mai compHWLWLYH úL GLQDPLFH HFRQRPLL DOH OXPLL FDSDELO  V 
DVLJXUH R GH]YROWDUH GXUDELO  ORFXUL GH PXQF  PDL EXQH úL PDL QXPHURDVH
SHQWUXFUHúWHUHDFRH]LXQLLVRFLDOHDFRPXQLW LLVHDGUHVHD] vQSULPXOUkQG
tineretului.
(GXFD LD úL LQVWUXF LD DX IRVW RELHFWXO GH GLVFX LH DO 0LQLúWULORU (GXFD LHL GLQ
FHOHGH ULDOH8(vQ-24 martie 2ooo, care au formulat propuneri cu privire la
FDGUXO GH UHIHULQ  FRPXQ SHQWUX WRDWH ULOH vQ SULYLQ D FRPSHWHQ HORU GH ED]  DOH
LQVWLWX LLORU GH HGXFD LH úL GH LQVWUXLUH úL D LGHQWLILF ULL HOHPHQWHORU GH LQIRUPDUH-
cheie, susceptibile de a figura într-un curriculum vitae european standardizat.
Dezvoltarea unei (XURSHDFXQRDúWHULLúLLQRY ULLHVWHHVHQ LDO SHQWUXD
ODQVDXQYHULWDELOSURFHVGHUHvQQRLUHHFRQRPLF úLVRFLDO D(XURSHL,QRYDUHD
úL FXQRDúWHUHD VXQW IDFWRUL GHFLVLYL SHQWUX FRPSHWLWLYLWDWHD 8QLXQLL úL SHQWUX
108
FDSDFLWDWHD (XURSHL GH D FRPEDWH IODJHOXO úRPDMXOXL ,QYHVWL LLOH vQ UHVXUVHOH
XPDQHDXGHYHQLWFRQGL LLOHHVHQ LDOHDOHUHXúLWHLHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLDOHGXUDbile.
(GXFD LD úL LQVWUXF LD VXQW IDFWRUL IXQGDPHQWDOL vQ SURPRYDUHD XQHL FHW HQLL
DFWLYHúLDXQHLVRFLHW LED]DWHSHLQFOXGHUHVRFLDO 
6W SkQLUHDWHKQRORJLLORULQIRUPD LHLHVWHGHRLPSRUWDQ SULPRUGLDO vQ
QRXD VRFLHWDWH D FXQRDúWHULL 'H DFHHD WUHEXLH DFFHOHUDW  LQWUDUHD úFROLORU vQ
HUDQXPHULF 
3HQWUXSULPDGDW XQ6XPPLWGHOD/LVDERQDFDFHOGLQPDUWLHSXQHSH
RUGLQHD GH ]L SUREOHPHOH HGXFD LHL úL FDOLILF ULL SULQ FUHúWHUHD LQYHVWL LLORU vQ
UHVXUVHOHXPDQHUHGXFHUHDQXP UXOXLGHSHUVRDQH care nu au absolvit primul ciclu
GHvQY PkQWVHFXQGDUFRQVWUXLUHDGHúFROLúLFHQWUHGHFDOLILFDUHFDUHV GLVSXQ 
GH DFFHV OD LQWHUQHW GHYHQLQG SX LQ FkWH SX LQ FHQWUH GH DFKL]L LL D FXQRúWLQ HORU
polivalente accesibile tuturor; adoptarea unui cadru HXURSHDQ FDUH V  GHILQHDVF 
QRLOH FRPSHWHQ H GH ED]  vQ FDUH HGXFD LD úL SUHJ WLUHD SHUPDQHQW  V  SHUPLW 
DFXPXODUHD GH FRPSHWHQ H vQ WHKQRORJLD LQIRUPD LHL vQ OLPEL VWU LQH FXOWXU 
WHKQRORJLF  VSLULW vQWUHSULQ] WRU úL DSWLWXGLQL VRFLDOH LQVWLWXLUHD XQei diplome
HXURSHQH SHQWUX FRPSHWHQ HOH GH ED]  vQ WHKQRORJLD LQIRUPD LHL GHILQLUHD
PLMORDFHORUFDUHV SHUPLW HOHYLORUSURIHVRULORUFHUFHW WRULORURXWLOL]DUHRSWLP D
programelor comunitare existente; punerea la punct a unui curriculum vitae pe baza
F UXLDV VHIDF HYDOX ULOHGHFXQRúWLQ HDFXPXODWH
3H OkQJ  SUHJ WLUHD WLQHULORU SHQWUX PXQF  úL YLD  XQ DOW RELHFWLY DO
8QLXQLL (XURSHQH HVWH FRQVHUYDUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD FXOWXULL QD LRQDOH úL D
SDWULPRQLXOXLFXOWXUDOHXURSHDQFXQRDúWHUHDGHF WUHWLQeri a propriei culturi
úL D PRúWHQLULL FXOWXUDOH QD LRQDOH SUHFXP úL D XQRU FRPSRQHQWH IXQGD-
mentale din cultura popoarelor europene ce constituie cadrul propice pentru o
PDLXúRDU DSURSLHUHúLvQ HOHJHUH
6H úWLH F  QX SR L IL XQ EXQ HXURSHDQ GDF  QX- L FXQRúWL U G FLQLOH LVWRULD
OLWHUDWXUDPRúWHQLUHDFXOWXUDO FRQVWUXLW GH-DOXQJXOYHDFXULORUGHVWU EXQLLW L'H
XQGH úL QHFHVLWDWHD vPELQ ULL FRQWLQXH D H[LJHQ HORU FXOWXUDOH úL SURIHVLRQDOH DOH
8(FXH[LJHQ HOHvQVXúLULLFXOWXULLQD LRQDOHI U GH care nu- LSR LDILUPDSURSULD
LGHQWLWDWH úL QX SR L V  WH LQWHJUH]L XúRU vQWU-R FXOWXU  úL FLYLOL]D LH GLIHULW  'DU
GHVSUHHGXFD LDvQVSLULWQD LRQDOúLSUR-european, într-XQQXP UYLLWRU

109
110
 FILOSOFIE-36,+2/2*,(62&,$/

*(1(=$62&,$/ $75(%8,1 (/2580$1(,

VIRGILIU CONSTANTINESCU-GALICENI

ABSTRACT

The theory about the consumption society is one of the most representative theory
regarding the mutual dependencies between production and consumption. It is promoted by
notorious sociologists who cannot be ignored or avoided in nowadays debates. The moral
status and the individual development are determined by individuals’ possessions. By
collecting goods the individual collects signs of his status and marks of his originality. He
is anxious not to diminish his personal aura and not to lose anything. Therefore, he is
guided by his own rule about getting and compete which emphasizes the idea of competitive
achievements. Thus, his authentic needs are substituted by false needs and the obsession for
“wellness” dominates the only ethic he knows.

&D DFWH GH FRQGXLW  LWHUDW  úL FD IDSWH GHIXQF LRQDUHvQVLQH WUHEXLQ HOHne
apar drept instituiri teleologice1 DOH DF LXQLL XPDQH úL VH LPSXQ FD SUHPise
SULPRUGLDOHvQSURFHVXOVRFLDOL] ULLvQV úL(VHQ DORUHVWHXQDÄWHQGHQ LDO ´DFHHD
GHDRULHQWDSURFHVHOHH[SORUDWRULLDOHILLQ HLXPDQHúLGHDRGHWHUPLQDV DOHDJ 
YDULDQWD RSWLP  SHQWUX DSURSULHUHD RELHFWHORU QHFHVDUH VDWLVIDFHULL ORU IL[kQG
scRSXULúLYL]kQGPLMORDFHDGHFYDWHSHQWUXILQDOL]DUHDORUGH]LUDELO 
3UD[LRORJLF YRUELQG RULFH WUHEXLQ  XPDQ  VH GHILQHúWH QXPDL vQ UDSRUW GH
RELHFWúLQXPDLvQIXQF LHGHFRQGL LLOHFRQFUHWHGHSURGXFHUHDOXLÄ3DUWLFXODULWDWHD
persoanelor – nota Hegel –FXSULQGHPDLvQWkLvQVLQHWUHEXLQ HOHORU3RVLELOLWDWHD
VDWLVIDFHULL DFHVWRUD HVWH SXV  DLFL vQ OHJ WXUD VRFLDO  FDUH FRQVWLWXLH UHVXUVD
JHQHUDO ODFDUHWR LUHFXUJSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDORU2.
Într-XQIHOWUHEXLQ DDQJDMHD] SHRPvQWU-XQODQ FDX]DO reificant, prin care
subiectul –FDDJHQWSULQFLSDODODF LXQLL–VHUDSRUWHD] SUHIHUHQ LDOODXQDQXPH
JUXS GH RELHFWH GLQ DIDU  SH FDUH OH WUDQVIRUP  úL OH PRGHOHD]  GXS  XQ SURLHFW
DQWHULRU HODERUDW DVWIHO vQFkW DFHVWHD V  SRDWH IL vQVXúLWH úL ÄYDORrizate” atât în
PDQLHU  PDWHULDO  FkW úL vQ XQD VSLULWXDO  &D UHDF LH QHJDWLY  SURGXFHUHD XQXL
RELHFWSHQWUXVXELHFWGDUúLDXQXLVXELHFWSHQWUXRELHFW
)XQF LRQDUHDHLHVWHXQDILQDOLVW GHWHUPLQkQGX-l pe om a produce „entelehic”
(cum ar spune AristRWHO úL REOLJkQGX-O D DF LRQD SUHPHGLWDW vQ VHQVXO J VLULL vQ
H[WHULRUDXQXLOXFUXDSWGHDUHGXFHXQHIHFWGHIDFWXU WHQVLRQDQW úLGHDFUHDXQ
SURGXVFXYDOHQ HVDWLVI F WRDUH'HIDSWRULFHWUHEXLQ XPDQ VHGHILQHúWHQXPDL
în raport cu un produs úL VH LPSXQH QXPDL GDF  H[LVW  FDSDFLW L WHKQLFH SHQWUX

1
Conform expresiei lui George Lukacs, 2QWRORJLDH[LVWHQ HLVRFLDOH(GLWXUD3ROLWLF 
%XFXUHúWLFDSLWROXOÄ0XQFD´
2
G.F.W. Hegel, Filosofia spiritului(GLWXUD$FDGHPLHL565%XFXUHúWLS
111
RE LQHUHDDFHVWXLD1LYHOXOúLVWUXFWXUDXQRUDVWIHOGHFDSDFLW LGHWHUPLQ QLYHOXOúL
VWUXFWXUD SURGXVXOXL SUHOLPLQDW úL vQ FRQVHFLQ  FDOLWDWHD WUHEXLQ HL vQV úL
6SHFLILFXOúLIRUPDDFHVWHLDGLQXUP VXQWRYDULDELO GHSHQGHQW DWkWGHJUDGXOúL
SHUIHF LXQHD XQHOWHORU XWLOL]DWH GH RP FkW úL GH FRHILFLHQWXO GH FRPSOH[LWDWH DO
H[SHULHQ HL SH FDUH RPHQLUHD D DFXPXODW-R WUHSWDW Ä/D vQFHSXWXULOH FLYLOL]D LHL –
scria Marx – IRU D SURGXFWLY  D PXQFLL HVWH PLQLP  GDU WRW PLQLPH VXQW úL WUH-
EXLQ HOHFDUHVHGH]YROW RGDW FXPLMORDFHOHPHQLWHV OHVDWLVIDF FXDMXWRUXOORU´3.
&RQVWUXLQG XQHOWH FRQWLQXX SHUIHF LRQDWH RPXO D H[WLQVVSD LXODF LXQLLVDOH
DVXSUD QDWXULL úL D UHDOL]DW R VWDUH FXPXODWLY  D H[SHULHQ HL úL D DFWLYLW LORU
SURGXFWLYHGREkQGLQGFRQGL LDHVHQ LDO GHDPXOWLSOLFDvQWUHEXLQ DUHDOXFUXULORUúL
de-D FRQIHUL DFHVWRUD IXQF LL GH IDFWXU  VXSHULRDU  3ULQWU-un act, el tinde la
vPSOLQLUL QRL vQGHS UWkQGX-se neîncetat de la a studia nDWXUD úL DILUPkQGX-se tot
PDL PXOW vQ PDQLIHVW UL GH FXOWXU  /D DVWIHO GH QLYHOH FRQGXLWD OXL GHYLQH XQD
meta-ELRORJLF  FX RULHQWDUH F WUH VRFLDO úL FX DFWLYLW L FUHDWLYH GLQ FH vQ FH PDL
FRPSOH[H úL PDL FXSULQ] WRDUH FDUH SUHFHG VDWLVIDFHUHD XQHL WUHEXLQ H úL FDUH
GHWHUPLQ WUHFHUHDGHODLQGLYLGXDOODXQLYHUVDO4
0LMORDFHWRWPDLHODERUDWHúLSHUIHF LRQDWHFUHVFFRQWLQXXVIHUDGHXQLYHUVD-
OLWDWH úL VRFLDELOLWDWH D WUHEXLQ HORU úL FRQGL LRQHD]  LQHYLWDELO R UHSURGXFHUH D ORU
O UJLW GDUQXvQWHUPHQLGHWLSRUJDQLFúLQLFLvQGLPHQVLXQLGHRUGLQELRORJLFFLvQ
FDGUHFXFDUDFWHUVRFLRORJLF$FHVWHDGLQXUP VHLPSXQFDRYHULWDELO LQYHUVDUH
RQWRORJLF 5FXRVWUXFWXU GHPRWLYD LHGRPLQDQWUD LRQDO ID GHGDWHOHLQVWLQF-
WXDOHúLFXGLVSR]L LLGHFUHD LHúLUDILQDUHLQILQLW DWkWDFDSDFLW LORUGHSURGXFHUH
D XQRU RELHFWH FX vQVXúLUL LQHGLWH FkW úL D FDOLW LL WUHEXLQ HORU GH D QX IL VLPSOH
UHDF LLUHIOH[LYHDOHRPXOXLID GHXQOXFUXFLGHDILXQDOWPRGGHDSURSULHUHúL
vQVXúLUH D RELHFWXOXL GH F WUH VXELHFW $FHVW UDSRUW vQWUH RELHFW úL vQVXúLUH VDX
DVLPLODUHD GH F WUH XQ VXELHFW SXQH vQ DFW GLDOHFWLFD GHSHQGHQ HL UHFLSURFH D
SURFHVXOXLGHSURGXF LHGHFHODOFRQVXPXOXLúLLQYHUVDFRQVXPXOXLGHSURGXF LH
În Grundrisse0DU[SUHFL]DF SURGXF LDHVWHQHPLMORFLWúLFRQVXP6, iar consumul
HVWHQHPLMORFLWúLSURGXF LH7. Creându-LPDWHULDOXOIXUQL]HD] RELHFWXOFRQVXPXOXL
LDUFRQVXPXOSURFXU FHOXLGLQWkLVXELHFWXOvPSOLQLULLOXL8)LLQGF UD LXQHDXOWLP D
SURGXF LHLHVWHDFHHDGHDVHILQDOL]DvQDFWXOFRQVXPXOXLDGLF vQDILRELHFWSHQWUX
VXELHFW /D UkQGXO V X FRQVXPXO FUHHD]  QHFHVLWDWHD XQHL QRL SURGXF LL DGLF  D
XQXL QRX QLYHO SURGXFWLY XQGH DELOLWDWHD WUDQVIRUP ULL OXFUXULORU GLQ QDWXU  vQ

3
Marx – Engels, OpereYRO(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLS
4
ÌQVHQVXOFHORUGHPDLVXV+HJHOQRWDÄ$QLPDOXODUHXQFHUFOLPLWDWGHPLMORDFHúL
GHPRGDOLW LGHD-úLVDWLVIDFHWUHEXLQ HOHúLHOHGHDVHPHQHDOLPLWDWH2PXOvúLGRYHGHúWH
FKLDUvQDFHDVW GHSHQGHQ vQDFHODúLWLPSFDSDFLWDWHDGHDRGHS úLúi universalitatea sa,
PDLvQWkLSULQGLYHUVLILFDUHDWUHEXLQ HORUúLPLMORDFHORUúLDSRLSULQGHVFRPSXQHUHDWUHEXLQ-
HLFRQFUHWHúLDWLQJHUHDvQHDDXQRUS U LúLODWXULFDUHGHYLQWUHEXLQ HGLIHULWHSDUWLFXODUL-
]DWH úL SULQ DFHDVWD QRL REVWDFROH´ – G. W. F. Hegel, Principiile filosofiei dreptului sau
HOHPHQWHGHGUHSWQDWXUDOúLGHúWLLQ 
5
Conform unei expresii a lui Lucien Seve, 0DU[LVPXOúLWHRULDSHUVRQDOLW LL, Editura
3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLS
6
Karl Marx, Bazele criticii economiei politice(GLWXUD3ROLWLF %XFXUHúWLYROS
7
Ibidem.
8
Ibidem, p. 25.
112
OXFUXUL SHQWUX RP GHYLQH P LHVWULH LDU FDSDFLWDWHD HIHFWX ULL DFWXOXL SURGXFWLY
GHYLQH DSWLWXGLQH UHLILFDWRDUH GDU WRDWH FX LQFLGHQ  DEVROXW  vQ VLVWHPXO
WUHEXLQ HORU RELHFWLY GHWHUPLQDWH úL WRDWH YL]kQG PRGXUL VSHFLILFH GH VDWLVIDFHUH D
DFHVWRUD Ä) U  WUHEXLQ  QX H QLFL SURGXF LH 'DU WRFPDL consumul reproduce
WUHEXLQ D´9.

Ne vom opri – din motive de ordin metodologic –DVXSUDWHRULHLVRFLHW LLGH

FRQVXPvQWUXFkWHDHVWHFHDPDLUHSUH]HQWDWLY vQFRQVWHOD LLOHLGHRORJLFHSULYLQG
UDSRUWXO UHFLSURF GLQWUH SURGXF LH úL FRQVXP úL HVWH VXV LQXW  GH sociologi de
probitate notorie.

1.7UHEXLQ HúLvPSOLQLUL7HRULDVRFLHW LLGHFRQVXP–

vQWUHUD LRQDOLVPúLRSXOHQ vQWUHPLWúLUHDOLWDWH

$ERUGkQG GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF JHQH]D WHRULHL VRFLHW LL GH FRQVXP
FRQVWDW PFXVXUSULQGHUHH[LVWHQ DGHSUHGHFHVRULvQSHULRDGDLQWHUEHOLF úLXQHOH
WH]HOHDIO PúLvQVRFLRORJLDURPkQHDVF ÌQDFHVWGLQXUP VHQV–GHúLVHLPSXQ
UHVWULF LLVHYHUHGHHYDOXDUHDSUHFLDWLY –QRW PLGHHDOXLùWHIDQ=HOHWLQIRUPXODW 
vQDQXOGXS FDUHÄRSHUDGHRUJDQL]DUHYDLPSXQHSXWLQ LLGHDFXPXODUHR
OLPLW ODFDUHJRDQDVDvQPRGIDWDOYDWUHEXLV VHRSUHDVF úLV FRQVXPHF FLQX
poate merge mai departe”10.
3R]L LD FULWLF  ID  GH vQDYX LUHD LOLFLW  FD úL VWLJPDWL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL
SDUD]LWDU DSDU LQ OXL 'XPLWUX 'U JKLFHVFX11 FDUH FHUFHWkQG QDWXUD UHOD LLORU GH
SURSULHWDWHGLQ5RPkQLDSULPHORUGHFHQLLDOHVHFROXOXLWUHFXWúLvQFHUFkQGVROX LLGH
DQXODUH D GLVSDULW LORU GH FODV  FULWLF  VHYHU RSXOHQ D PRGXOXL GH WUDL DO SURWL-
SHQGDGHLYUHPLLúLRDFX] GHSDUD]LWLVPSULQIDOVHWUHEXLQ H(VWHFXWRWXOH[DJHUDW
sau este absolut impropriu a-i considera pe cei doi sociologi români ca precursori al
7HRULHLVRFLHW LLGHFRQVXPúLD-LDVRFLDXQHLRULHQW ULLGHRORJLFHSHFDUHHLvQúLúL
ar fi dezavuat-o.
ÎnDWHQ LDQRVWU vQV DVWDWQXPDLSUHRFXSDUHDGHDSUHFL]DúLFXDFHVWSULOHMF 
PDULOHWHRULLVXQWSUHJ WLWHPLJ ORVúLDQWLFLSDWHGLYHUVGHRPLúFDUHGHLGHLGLVSDUDWH
VDX GH XQ VSLULW GH FUHD LH ODWHQW  FDUH ÄSUHSDU  vQGHOXQJ PDWHULD SULP ´ SHQWUX
marLOH HODERU UL XOWHULRDUH úL UHSUH]LQW  HWDSH GH FULVWDOL] UL OHQWH FDUH VH YRU IL[D
XOWHULRUvQGRFWULQHúLFXUHQWHGHLGHLLPSXQ WRDUHFXPHVWHFD]XOSHFDUH-ODQDOL] P
ÌQ FRQVHQV FX R DVWIHO GH IRUPXO  DG XJ P OD FHOH DQWHULRU PHQ LRQDWH
DSDUL LD – în anul 1934 – D F U LL OXL - 'XERLV12 úL FDUH DQDOL]kQG HYROX LD
SURGXF LHLHFRQRPLFHvQWUHFHUHDHLGHODDUWL]DQDOODLQGXVWULDOúLGHVFULLQGSURFHVXO
SHUIHF LRQ ULLWHKQLFLORUOXFUDWLYHOHFRUHOHD] FXRFRQWLQX GHS úLUHDQLYHOXOXLGH
trai existent, vQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL VRFLHW L GH DEXQGHQ  Ä2 VXW  FLQFL]HFL GH DQL

9
Ibidem.
10
ùW=HOHWLQNeoliberalismul(GLWXUDÄ3DJLQLDJUDUHúLVRFLDOH´%XFXUHúWLS
11
Vezi, printre altele, 3DUWLGH SROLWLFH úL FODVH VRFLDOH %XFXUHúWL 1922; (YROX LD
ideilor liberale %XFXUHúWL  DUWLFROHOH VRFLRORJXOXL GLQ UHYLVWHOH Ä'UHDSWD VRFLDO ”
FRQGXV GHF WUH=HOHWLQúLÄ,GHHDHXURSHDQ ´FRQGXV GH&5 GXOHVFX0RWUX
12
J. Dubois, La grand revolution qui vient, Les Editions Nouvelles, Paris, 1934.
113
SHQWUXDWUHFHGHODRFLYLOL]D LHvQFDUHWRWXOHUDUDUvQFDUHQLPLFQXLHúHDGHFkW
GLQ PkLQLOH RPXOXL OD R FLYLOL]D LH D DEXQGHQ HL H[WUDRUGLQDUH GDWRULW  PDúLQLORU
vQVXIOH LWHGHIRU HOHSHFDUHRPXOOH-DFDSWDWGLQOXPHDH[WHULRDU 13. În cadrul unei
DVWIHOGHFLYLOL]D LLFDUHXUPHD] DVHLQVWLWXLÄPL]HULD´–GXS 'XERLV– nu va mai
H[LVWD LDU RPXO YD IL HOLEHUDW GH LPSHGLPHQWHOH FDUH VH RSXQ DFFHVXOXL V X OD
resursele infinite dH HQHUJLH UHDOL]DWH GH F WUH VRFLHWDWH 9ROXPXO SURGXVHORU –
FRQWLQXX FUHVF WRU – YD IDFLOLWD GLVWULEXLUHD ORU vQ UkQGXO SXEOLFXOXL I U  DFKLWDUHD
FRQWUDYDORULL GH F WUH FXPS U WRUL úL I U  R GLVFULPLQDUH GH FODV  GH VH[ VDX GH
YkUVW  vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH SURFXUDUHD ORU QHOLPLWDW  8Q VRL DQXPH GH HJDOLWDULVP
DSULRULFVDXXQWLSLQH[SOLFLWGHÄJHQHUR]LWDWHHWLF ´GDF VHSRDWHQXPLDúDIDFFD
VRFLHWDWHD V  GHYLQ  PLMORF LDU RPXO V  VH WUDQVIRUPH vQ VFRS DO HFRQRPLHL
LQGXVWULDOH)LLQGF vQRSWLFDOXL'XERLVQXQXPDLFHLDS LGHPXQF úLQXQXPDL
SHUVRDQHOHDFWLYHSRWEHQHILFLDGHDYDQWDMHOHPDWHULDOHH[LVWHQWHvQVRFLHWDWHFLWR L
PHPEULL VRFLHW LL LQGLIHUHQW GH YkUVW  VDX GH VWDUHD V Q W LL ORU FRSLL E WUkQL
EROQDYL LQILUPL HWF WR L VXQW HJDOL vQWUHSW L L V  DVSLUH úL V  RE LQ  SURGXVHOH
H[SXVHvQPDJD]LQHúLWR LVXQWYLUWXDOvQVLWXD LDGHDOHXWLOL]DÄ6RFLHWDWHDFDUH
YLQH´GXS 'XERLVQXYDvQFXUDMDQLFLRGLVFULPLQDUHLQWHUXPDQ úLQXYDVXV LQH
nici un semn distinctiv de putere sau dominare prin consum hipertrofiat al unor
JUXSXUL vQ FRPSDUD LH FX DOWHOH 'LPSRWULY  PXQFLQG QXPDL GRL VDX WUHL DQL SH
GXUDWDXQHLYLH LúLDVLJXUkQGUHSURGXFHUHDUHVXUVHORUVRFLDOHXWLOHH[LVWHQ HLVHYD
UHDOL]DSHQWUXWR LDFHOWLPSGH]LUDELOGHVWLQDWVWXGLXOXLDUWHLVDXVSRUWXOXLúLVHYRU
FUHDSUHPLVHLGHQWLFHWXWXURUPHPEULORUVRFLHW LLGHDDOWHUQDPXQFDFXÄORLVLU´-ul.
ÌQVHQVXODFFHGHULLODRVRFLHWDWHGHDFHVWJHQúLvQVFRSXOXWLOL] ULLUD LRQDOHD
UHVXUVHORUHLSURSULLVRFLRORJXOVHUHIHU ODGRX FRQGL LLHVHQ LDOHúLLQYRF QHFHVL-
WDWHDDGRX VHULLGHP VXULLQHYLWDELOHFDUHV VXV LQ DILUPDUHDQRLLFLYLOL]D LL3H
GH R SDUWH R VHULH GH LQWHUYHQ LL GH RUGLQ WHKQLF LDU SH GH DOW  SDUWH XQHOH GH
IDFWXU SVLKR-VRFLRORJLF 
3ULPDYL]HD] PLMORDFHOHúLPRGHOHOHXWLOHJ VLULLGHUHVXUVHPDWHULDOHSHQWUX
UHDOL]DUHD DEXQGHQ HL GH EXQXUL SH FkQG FHD GH-a doua impune suprimarea
LQGLYLGXDOLVPXOXL H[FHVLY FDUH HVWH RSXV LQL LDWLYHORU GH DSURSLHUH LQWHUXPDQ  úL
LPSLHWHD] DVXSUDDF LXQLLGHGLVWULEXLUHHJDOLWDU DSURGXVHORUF WUHSXEOLF3ULQHOH
VH SXQ SUHPLVHOH RELHFWLYH úL VXELHFWLYH DOH WUHFHULL OD QRXD VRFLHWDWH úL VH
DFUHGLWHD] LGHHDSRVLELOLW LLDFHVWHLDGDUI U SU EXúLULFDWDVWURILFHúLI U PXWD LL
EUXúWH,QVWDXUDUHDHL–GXS 'Xbois –WUHEXLHV VHSURGXF OHQWúLFRQWLQXXFDR
MX[WDSXQHUHVWUXFWXUDO úLILUHDVF ODFHHDFHGHMDH[LVW Ä(X– nota sociologul
francez – GRUHVF XQ PLQLPXP GH U VWXUQDUH vQ PRPHQWXO WUHFHULL vQWUH FLYLOL]D LD
FDUHYDGLVS UHDúLFHDFDUHYLQH´14. ÌQFRQFHS LDVDWRWXOHVWHRFRQWLQX GH]YROWDUH
úL SHUIHF LRQDUH úL WRWXO HVWH UHIRUP  úL VFKLPEDUH GDU I U  WHQGLQ H GH UHYROW  úL
I U DUHFXUJHODYLROHQ úLIRU 
&DúLSH3URXGKRQvQVHFROXOWUHFXW15, pe Dubois, în secolul nostru, îl sperie
cel maL PXOW LGHHD GH UHYROX LH úL-L UHSXJQ  ÄUHY UVDUHD SRSXODU ´ FDUH GXFH OD
U ]YU WLUL úL DJUHVLYLWDWH ÌQ ORFXO DFHVWRUD HO VXV LQH IRUPXOD ÄWUDQVIRUP ULORU

13
Ibidem, p. 93.
14
Ibidem, p. 179.
15
 3HQWUX DQDOL]D FRQFHS LHL OXL 3URXGKRQ D VH YHGHD: Mihai Ralea, Scrieri, vol. 3,
(GLWXUD0LQHUYD%XFXUHúWL
114
acceptabile”16 úL FRQWHD]  SH HIHFWXO SDFLILVW DO ÄOXPLQ ULL PDVHORU´ 6H FHUH –
argumenta sociologul francez – FD LQGLIHUHQW GH VWDUHD PDWHULDO  úL GLQFROR GH
YDORDUHDGHVWDWXVILHFDUHRPV vQ HOHDJ IDSWXOF HVWHvQGUHSWDWF WUHHOLEHUDUHD
OXL3URSULHWDUVDXSDXSHUSUROHWDUVDXFDSLWDOLVWWR LVHLPSXQHV DLE FRQúWLLQ D
VFRSXOXL ORU FRPXQ úL VH FHUH FD WR L V -úL DVRFLH]H HIRUWXO SHQWUX WUHFHUHD GH OD
FLYLOL]D LDFDUHDIRVWODFLYLOL]D LDFDUHYLQH
(VWHGHUH LQXWF GRFWULQDOXL'XERLVSRUQHúWHGHODWUHEXLQ H,JQRUkQGUROXO
UHOD LHLGHSURSULHWDWHvQWRFPDLXWRSLúWLORUHOUHFXUJHODIRUPXODGHWLSLOXPLQLVWúL
LQYRF  XQ IHO GH VHQWLPHQWH ILODQWURSLFH GLQ SDUWHD FDSLWDOLúWLORU vQ SHUVSHFWLYD
HOLEHU ULL ORU YLUWXDOH 7RWRGDW  LGHHD XQHL RUJDQL] UL VXSHULRDUH D HFRQRPLHL
SHQWUX D GRPLQD UDSRUWXO GLQWUH FHUHUH úL RIHUW  GXS  SURJUDPXO Ä1Hw-Deal”-ului
LQL LDWGHF WUHSUHúHGLQWHOH5RRVHYHOWU PkQHODVWDGLXOXQXLSURLHFWGDUQXSRDWH
GHYHQLXQVLVWHPDWkWDWLPSFkWUHOD LDGHSURSULHWDWHVHPHQ LQHDFHHDúL'XERLVQH
DSDUHvQV FDXQSUHFXUVRUDODFWXDOHLVHULLDVRFLHW LLGHFRQVXPúLLOXVWUHD] vQ
SOXV IDSWXO F  DFHDVWD GLQ XUP  D IRVW SUHFHGDW  úL SUHJ WLW  GH OXFU UL FDUH DX
DQWLFLSDWGRFWULQDFRQWHPSRUDQ DÄHUHLDIOXHQ HL´FXPRQXPHúWH*DOEUDLWK
(VWHGHQRWDWvQV F WHRULDÄVRFLHW LLFRQVXPXOXLGHPDV ´FXPPDLHVWHHD
denumiW 5RVWDUGVDXÄDEXQ VW ULLJHQHUDOH´DIRVWSUHFHGDW úLDSRLvQVR LW GH
WHRULLFULWLFHFDUHDXDFFHQWXDWXWLODVXSUDRSR]L LHLGHVHQVGLQWUHIDOVHOHWUHEXLQ H
úL WUHEXLQ HOH DXWHQWLFH úL DX FRQWULEXLW VHQVLELO OD GHILQLUHD úL IRUPDUHD XQHL
FRQúWLLQ H SXEOLFH DVXSUD VHPQLILFD LHL úL ILQDOLW LL ORU 5H LQHP – SULQWUH DO LL17 –
PDLvQWkLSH7KRUVWHQ9HEOHQFDUHvQDQXOFXLQWHUSUHWDUHDOXLFULWLF – „rând
SHUkQGLURQLF VDXVDUFDVWLF ´– cum nota R. Aron în Avez-vous lu Veblen?18LHúHD
în lume cu cartea care l-a consacrat numele, The Theorie of Leisure class19 úL
VWLJPDWL]D LQFLVLY VWDUHD GH RSXOHQ  FH GHILQHD SH ÄEHDWLSRVLGHQ LL´ OXPLL
FDSLWDOXOXL (O GH IDSW LQL LD]  VSLULWXO QRQFRQIRUPLVW úL FRQWHVWDWDU vQ VRFLRORJLD
DPHULFDQ úLOXLLVHGDWRUHD] DFHDYHUY FDSWLYDQW GHDQDOLVWILQDOÄFRQVXPXOXL
RVWHQWDWLY´úLDOLQYD]LHLQHFRQWURODWHDOXFUXULORUvQH[LVWHQ DILUHDVF DRDPHQLORU
&DúL5RVWRZPDLWkU]LX9HEOHQLPSXQHLGHHDGH]YROW ULLVWDGLDOHDLVWRULHL
omenirii20 úL VH RSUHúWH VXEWLO DVXSUD úDQVHORU LQHJDOH GLQWUH RDPHQL vQ FDGUXO
VRFLHW LL PDúLQLVWH XQGH GRPLQDUHD SURSULHW LL SULYDWH DVXSUD UHVXUVHORU
economice transcende într-o dominare de status, iar cumulul de bunuri devine
VLPERO GH OHJLWLPDUH D RSR]L LHL LHUDUKLF VXSHULRDUH pentru cei ce-l pot realiza.
Surplusul realizat prin cumul, în optica lui Veblen, nu este destinat împlinirii unui
WLS GH WUHEXLQ H DS UXWH FD UHDF LL UHIOH[H OD XQ RELHFW DQXPH úL QLFL QX HVWH
FDQDOL]DWvQGLUHF LDXQHLvQWUHEXLQ ULXPDQHFXHIHFWRSWLPizator (benefic), ci este
XQVHPQDOSUHVWLJLXOXLúLXQLQGLFLXDODVFHQVLXQLLVRFLDOHSHQWUXXQJUXSSURWLSHQGDQW

16
J. Dubois, op. cit., p. 180.
17
 9H]L SHQWUX LGHHD GH PDL VXV vQ DIDU  GH 7KRUVWHQ 9HEOHQ Se H. Baudsullart,
Histoire du luxe, Paris, F. Alcan, 1913; E. Goblet, La barrière et le viveau, Paris, 1917.
18
3UHID ODOXFUDUHDOXL9HEOHQop. cit., p. VIII.
19
 ÌQ VWXGLXO GH ID  YRP FLWD GLQ YDULDQWD IUDQFH]  Theorie de la classe de loisir,
Editura Gallimard, Paris, 1970.
20
Veblen distinge patru epoci economice în Occident.
115
 Ä3RVHVLXQHDERJ LLORUFRQIHU RQRDUHDDFHDVWDHVWHRGLVWLQF LHSURYRFDQW ´21.
Ä$ SRVHGD FHYD LDW  FH GHYLQH QHFHVDU SHQWUX D VH EXFXUD GH R UHSXWD LH LDW  FH
devine indispensabil pentru a acumula, pentru a dobândi, pentru a face ceva în
YHGHUHD PHQ LQHULL XQXL EXQ UHQXPH 2GDW  FH EXQXULOH DFXPXODWH DX GHYHQLW
VHPQXOGLVWLQFWLYDOYDORULLSRVHVLXQHDERJ LLORUvúLDURJ FDUDFWHUXOXQXLIXnda-
PHQW LQGHSHQGHQW úL GHILQLWLY DO VWLPHL 3X LQ LPSRUW  F  HOH VXQW GREkQGLWH SULQ
DJUHVLXQHúLRERVHDO SHUVRQDO RULSULQPRúWHQLUHSDVLY SULQVLQJXUXOIDSWGHDOH
SRVHGDEXQXULOHIXQGHD] RQRUDELOLWDWHD´22.
Surplusul – vQ VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ  – dup  9HEOHQ – DWHVW  ORFXO UDQJXOXL
RFXSDWvQLHUDUKLDVRFLDO úLFHUWLILF PRQRSROXOGHSXWHUHDOXQHLFODVHVDXDOXQXL
LQGLYLGvQUDSRUWFXUHVWXO(VHQ DOXLHVWHXQDVHJUHJD LRQDO DFHHDGHDGHSDUWDMD
vQWUHHOHSDOLHUHOHVWUXFWXUDOHúLGHDFXOWLYDFRQúWLLQ DYDORULLGHVLQHDPHPEULORU
ILHF UXL QLYHO23 $VWIHO YLD D HFRQRPLF  GHYLQH R VXUV  GH SUHVWDQ  VRFLDO 24, iar
WLSXOGHFRQVXPVSHFLILFVHWUDQVIRUP vQHWDORQGLVWLQFWLYGHVLQHvQFRPSDUD LHFX
FHLODO L25ùLDWXQFLVXUSOXVXOWUDQVFHQGHGLQVSD Lul faptelor în acela al semnifica-
LLORU /X[XO – cum spune Mihai Ralea – H XQ VLPERO DO SXWHULL GH FODV  úL
GHVI úXUDUHDOXLHRVILGDUHYRLW ID GHDFHLF URUDDFFHVXOvQFODVDVXSHULRDU OHH
interzis26.
$ILúDUHDOXL LQHGHYRLQ DGHVHSDUDUHúLGHGHPDUFD LHDSRVHVRULORUGHDYHUH
GHFHLFDUHVXQWOLSVL LGHHD6XERHWLFKHW GHSUHVWDQ HO– luxul –VLQJXODUL]HD] 
RFDVW úLLQGLYLGXDOL]HD] XQUDQJ'HIDSWIXQF LXQHDOXLHVWHXQDGLVFULPLQDWRULH
DFHHDGHDIL[DSULYLOHJLLSHQWUXXQLLúLVHUYLWX LSHQWUXDO LLÌQYLUWXWHDDFHVWXLIDSW
HOOHJLWLPHD] XQVWLOGHYLD RSXOHQWSHQWUXFODVDGRPLQDQW úLGH]YROW ODDFHDVWD
XQ PRG GH WUDL HSDWDQW vQ FRQVHQV FX QRUPHOH GH ÄORLVLU´ úL vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX
metodele de „onorabilitate”27. În contul lui de DWULEXWH VW  úL DFHOD GH D LPSXQH
VWLPDID GHH[SRQHQ LLDFHVWHLFODVHúLGHDOHDVLJXUDRUHSXWD LHÄGHMXUH´SULQ
FDUHV RILFLDOL]H]H–GDF VHSRDWHVSXQH–LSRVWD]DORUVXSHULRDU úLV OHMXVWLILFH
JUDQGRDUHD'DUQXOX[XOvQVLQHúLQLFLFRQVXPXOFDDWDUHQXFRQVWLWXLHUD LXQHDGH
DILDVXUSOXVXOXLQRELOLDUFLIDVWXODILúDWRVWHQWDWLYVDXULVLSDI U P VXU SULQFDUH
VHVDWLVIDFWUHEXLQ HOHGHFDVW DOHDV UHSUH]LQW GXS 9HEOHQILQDOLW LOHGHIRQG
DO DFHVWXLD 2 LQXW  YHVWLPHQWDU  VFXPS  úL VHUYLWRUL VWLOD L IUHFYHQWDUHD XQRU
ORFXUL JUHX DFFHVLELOH VXE DVSHFW ILQDQFLDU úL SHWUHFHUHD WLPSXOXL OLEHU vQ VWD LXQL
H[RWLFH R PRELO  UDU  úL ORFXLQ D OX[RDV  HWF GHS úHVF FDGUXO VWULFW DO XWLOXOXL
QHFHVDU úL GHYDQVHD]  VHQVLELO OLPLWHOH úWLXWH DOH WUHEXLQ HORU UD LRQDOH (VHQ D ORU
H[SULP YDORULVWU LQHvQUDSRUWFXFHOHDEVROXWQDWXUDOHúLFRQVWLWXLHDEDWHULIUXVWH

21
Thorsten Veblen,op. cit, p. 19.
22
Ibidem, p. 21-22.
23
Ibidem, p. 159.
24
Ibidem, p. 19.
25
 Ä2 UHXúLW  UHODWLY  - QRWHD]  9HEOHQ – FDUH VH YHULILF  SULQ FRPSDUD LH P JXOL-
toare, esWH VFRSXO FRQYHQLW DO RULF UHL DF LXQL )LQDOLWDWHD OHJLWLP  úL FXUHQW DGPLV  D
HIRUWXOXLWLQGHGHDVHFRPSDUDvQPRGDYDQWDMRVFXDO LRDPHQL´- op. cit., p. 24.
26
Vezi Mihai Ralea, Scrieri din trecut în filosofie(63/$%XFXUHúWLS
27
Ibidem, p. 51.
116
GHODFHHDFHHVWHHIHFWLYRPHQHVFúLQDWXUDO2UJROLLYDQLWRDVHúLLQWHQ LDGHDLHúL
din comun28 úL VWDQGDUGL]DW GHWHUPLQ  R PHQWDOLWDWH GH ULVLS  úL VWLPXOHD]  R
FRQGXLW SURYRFDWRDUH7RWRGDW PDQLHUHVWLODWHúLULWXDOXULDOHVHvQWUH LQRPRUDO 
ÄDVkQJHOXOQRELO´úLVWLPXOHD] RSVLKRORJLHDÄERJ LHLúLDRQRDUHL´29.
ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  HOHJDQ D LQVROHQW  úL FRQVXPXO H[WUDYDJDQW FUHHD]  XQ VRL GH
WUHEXLQ H DUWLILFLDOH SVHXGR-WUHEXLQ H JHQHUDWRDUH GH FRPSRUWDPHQWH GHYLDQWH vQ
UDSRUW FX DXWHQWLFXO XPDQ úL vQ RSR]L LH FX YDORULOH GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH ÌQ RSWLFD OXL
9HEOHQ vQV  IDOVHOH WUHEXLQ H – UH]XOWDWH GLQ FRQGL LD GH SULYLOHJLX SHFXQLar –
vQGHSOLQHVF R IXQF LH HPEOHPDWLF  DFHHD GH D VDWLVIDFH LPSHUDWLY QHYRLD GH
LGHQWLWDWH VRFLDO  úL GH D UHYHQGLFD GUHSWXUL ÄSULQFLDUH´ SHQWUX ÄEHDWLSRVLGHQ L´
7RWRGDW IDOVHOHWUHEXLQ HVXQWúLÄSOXVXULGLVRFLDOH´–GDF VHSRDWHVSXQHDúD–
prin carH VH PDUFKHD]  GLVWDQ H vQWUH SR]L LL GH FODV  úL VH DVLJXU  VXSUDYLH XLUHD
VSH HLHOLWDUH
'XS FHOGH-DOGRLOHDU ]ERLPRQGLDOFRQVHPQkQGX-se o relansare a econo-
PLLORUQD LRQDOHDS UkQGXQUHYLULPHQWVSHFWDFXORVvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHQLYHOXOGH
trai în 68$VHREVHUY RSURILODUHI U SUHFHGHQWDWHRULLORUVRFLRORJLFHDVXSUD
SURGXF LHLúLvQVXúLULLRELHFWHORUDFHVWHLDSUHFXPúLDVXSUDUHOD LLORUGLQWUHFODVHvQ
UDSRUWFXFRQVXPXO3ULPDOXFUDUHGHHIHFWFDUHWUDWHD] vQWHUPHQLVWDGLDOLHYROX LD
soFLHW LL XPDQH úL vQFHDUF  R DERUGDUH SURVSHFWLY  D DFHVWHLD (WDSHOH FUHúWHULL
economice30, RGDWRU POXL::5RVWRZ
(ODERUkQGRFRQFHS LHGLQDPLF DVXSUDSURGXF LHL31úLvQFHUFkQGRFRPSDUD LH
vQWUHWHRULDPDU[LVW úLWHRULDVD32::5RVWRZVWDELOHúWH cinci faze succesive de
GH]YROWDUHDLVWRULHLúLSUHILJXUHD] XQOLQLDPHQWÄLGLOLF´DOLPDJLQLLRPXOXLFDUHYLQH
1. 3HQWUX SULPXO DVSHFW VRFLRORJXO DPHULFDQ QRWHD]  H[LVWHQ D VWDGLXOXL
WUDGL LRQDO FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ WHKQRORJLL úL DWLWXGLQLL SUHQHZWRQLHQH33 úL GHILQLW
printr-XQUROLPSRUWDQWDOIDPLOLHLúLFODQXOXLvQRUJDQL]DUHDVRFLDO 34.
2. Cel de-al stadiu –vQRSWLFDVDVRFLDO –HVWHFHODOÄFRQGL LLORUSUHDODELOH
GHPDUDMXOXL´vQFDUHSURFHVXOHFRQRPLFúLLQVWUXF LDSXEOLF GHYLQQRWHHVHQ LDOH
pentru sLVWHPXOVRFLDOLDULQWHQ LLOHúLFLUFXODUHDFDSLWDOXOXLILQDQFLDUVHLPSXQFD
VXSRUWSUHDODELODOPRGHUQL] ULLJHQHUDOH)LLQGF vQDFHDVW HWDS VSLULWXOSURSULX
GH vQWUHSULQGHUH SULYDW  FD úL H[WLQGHUHD DFFHQWXDW  D FRPHU XOXL LQWHUQ úL
LQWHUQD LRQDO la nivel de regiuni geografice devin practici intrinseci ale unei

28
Ibidem, p. 223.
29
Cf. Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 38.
30
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambrige University Press, 1960.
1RLIRORVLPYDULDQWDIUDQFH] Les Ètapes de la Çroissance Èconomique, Paris, 1963.
31
Op. cit., p. 16-20.
32
Ibidem, p. 175-199.
33
Ä([DPLQ PODvQFHSXWVRFLHWDWHDWUDGL LRQDO (DHVWHDFHHDDF UHLVWUXFWXU HVWH
GHWHUPLQDW GHIXQF LLDOHSURGXF LHLOLPLWDWHvQWHPHLDW SHúWLLQ DúLWHKQRORJLDSUHQHZWR-
QLHQH úL SH DWLWXGLQL SUHQHZWRQLHQH FX SULYLUH OD OXPHD IL]LF  /X P DLFL SH 1HZWRQ FD
simbol al acestei linii – conchide W. W. Rostow –SULQDFHHDF LVWRULDDDWLQVXQPRPHQW
vQFDUHGLQFHvQFHPDLPXO LRDPHQLDXFUH]XWF OXPHDH[WHULRDU DIRVWVXSXV XQRUOHJL
FRJQRVFLELOHúLDIRVWRUJDQL]DW vQPRGVLVWHPDWLFvQYHGHUHDSURGXF LHL´- op. cit., p. 16.
34
Ibidem, p. 17.
117
HFRQRPLL FX ULWPXUL vQF  PRGHUDWH35 – FXP PDL QXPHúWH :: 5RVWRZ PHFDQLV-
mul productiv al acestei etape –úLVHUHJ VHVFLQHYLWDELOvQWU-o economie cu metode
WUDGL LRQDOHGHPXQF 36. DimensiuQLLHFRQRPLFHLVHDGDXJ XQDSROLWLF DFHHDD
ÄHGLILF ULLXQXLVWDWQD LRQDOFHQWUDOL]DW37úLDLQVWUXLULLXQHLQRLHOLWHFRQGXF WRDUH
DSW V vQFHDS RUJDQL]DUHDXQHLLQGXVWULLPRGHUQHúLDSOLFDUHDGHLQRYD LLWHKQLFH
FDUHV GH]YROWHLQIUDVWUXFWXUDHFRQRPLF 
 &HD GH D WUHLD HWDS  D HYROX LHL VRFLDOH HVWH GHPDUDMXO FkQG LQGXVWULLOH
PRGHUQH VH GH]YROW  UDSLG38 LDU SURGXFWLYLWDWHD DJULFXOWXULL VH PRGLILF  UDGLFDO39,
încurajându-VH VHUYLFLLOH F WUH SRSXOD LH úL FRQVHPQkQGX-VH R QRX  H[SDQVLXQH D
zonelor urbane40 QRXD FODV  GH DQWUHSUHQRUL VH P UHúWH HL UHYHQLQGX-i rolul de a
GLULMD RULHQWDUHD LQYHVWL LLORU úL DYkQG FRPSHWHQ D PHWRGHORU DSDUWH vQ SURGXF LH
stimulând factorii de progres41úLI FkQGGLQFUHúWHUHRIXQF LHQRUPDO DHFRQRPLHL
societale.
4. PHQXOWLPXOVWDGLXDOGH]YROW ULLLVWRULFHHVWH–GXS 5RVWRZ–DOPDUúXOXL
VSUH PDWXULWDWH GHILQLW SULQ GLIHUHQ LHUHD DFFHQWXDW  D VHFWRDUHORU SURGXFWLYH úL
afirmat nu prin starea diverselor tehnici, ci prin calitatea resurselor naturale42úLD
IRU HORUFDUHvLVXV LQGHFODQúDUHD
ÌQILQHFLFOXULOHHYROXWLYHDOHVRFLHW LLVIkUúHVFSULQLQVWLWXLUHDÄHUHLFRQVX-
PXOXLGHPDV ´úLVHILQDOL]HD] vQWU-XQVLVWHPHFRQRPLFDOSURVSHULW LLJHQHUDOH
ÌQGHFXUVXOFHORUFLQFLÄID]H´VXFFHVLYHDOHDFHVWHLÄHUH´úLvQFDGUXOILHF UHL
ULFDUHWLQGHF WUHUHDOL]DUHDHLVHRSHUHD] RGHSODVDUHGHDFFHQWVSUHVHUYLFLLOH
VHFWRUXOXLWHU LDUúLVHRULHQWHD] DFWLYLWDWHDVSUHSURGXFHUHDGHEXQXULGHFRQVXP
durabile43DVWIHOvQFkWVHVDWLVIDFWRDWHWUHEXLQ HOHXPDQHSULPDUHúLVHFXQGDUHúL
VH vPSOLQHVF vQ PRG HJDO SHQWUX WR L PHPEULL VRFLHW LL FHULQ HOH GH FRQIRUW úL
VHFXULWDWH GH FXOWXU  úL ÄORLVLU´ HWF &UHVFkQG SURGXF LD GH PDV  SRWULYLW DFHVWHL
FRQFHS LLLPSOLFLWFUHVFúLYHQLWXULOHLQGLYLGXDOHFHHDFHIDFHFDQXRVLQJXU FODV 
VDX QX H[SRQHQ LL XQRU JUXSXUL VLQJXODUH V  FRQVXPH FL vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH RUL
PDUHD PDMRULWDWH D PHPEULORU VRFLHW LL ÌQWU-XQ FDGUX DILúDW GH DEXQGHQ  úL
IDFLOLW LWR LVDXDSURDSHWR LEHQHILFLD] GHEXQ VWDUHPDWHULDO úLFXOWXUDO úLDX
VSHFWUXO H[FHGHQWXOXL DVLJXUDW &RQFRPLWHQW V U FLD FD VWDUH LVWRULF  YD GLVS UHD
LDU FRQIOLFWHOH GLQWUH FODVH VH YRU HVWRPSD 1X YRU PDL H[LVWD WXOEXU UL SROLWLFH úL
QLFL FRQGL LL SHQWUX PLúF UL UHYROX LRQDUH GH YUHXQ IHO FL VH YD UHDOL]D R XQLWate
JHQHUDO  GH LQWHUHVH vQWUH RDPHQL úL VH YD LQVWLWXL XQ WLS GH RPRJHQLWDWH SULQ

35
Ibidem, p. 19.
36
Ibidem.
37
Ibidem, p. 20.
38
Ibidem, p. 41
39
Ibidem.
40
Ibidem.
41
Ibidem, p. 20.
42
Ä6HFWRDUHOHFDUHMRDF UROXOSULQFLSDOvQPDUúXOVSUHPDWXULWDWH- scrie Rostow - vor
fi deci determinate nu numai prin starea diverselor tehnici, ci prin natura resurselor
QDWXUDOHSULQFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHGHPDUDMXOXLDIRU HORUFDUH-GHFODQúHD] úLGHDVHPHQHDSULQ
politica guvernelor” - op. cit., p. 80.
43
Ibidem, p. 23
118
FRQVXP HúDORQDW FHHD FH – vQ FRQFHS LD H[SRQHQ LORU DFHVWRU WHRULL – ar ilustra
QHFHVLWDWHD UHQXQ ULL OD IXQF LLOH SDUWLQLFH DOH LGHRORJLHL úL DU GHPRQVWUD vQWU-un
fel, cDUDFWHUXO HL LQRSRUWXQ 'H IDSW DFHDVWD HVWH ILQDOLWDWHD XOWLP  D GHPHUVXOXL
DQDOLWLFvQWUHSULQVGHF WUHDFHúWLVRFLRORJLúLHDUHSUH]LQW – implicit sau explicit –
unul dintre obiectivele lor investigatorii.
3RUQLQG GH OD FHUFHWDUHD UHOD LHL GLQWUH SURGXF LH úL FRQVXP LQWHQ LRQkQG
SURLHF LDXQXLPRGHOIDVFLQDQWGHVRFLHWDWHHPDQFLSDW XQLLGLQWUHDFHúWLVRFLRORJL
HúXHD]  HYLGHQW vQ FRQVWUXF LL WHQGHQ LRDVH FX FDUDFWHU DSRORJHWLF úL VH LPSOLF 
angajant într-RDF LXQHFXFDUDFWHUSROLWLF(LWUDQVIRUP WUHEXLQ HOHXPDQHvQWU-un
IHO GH PLVWLF  FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  vQWU-XQ RELHFW PLULILF GH PDQLSXODUH VRFLDO  SULQ
FDUHRPXOVHvQVWU LQHD] GHVLQHúLVHSLHUGHSULQWUHSURSULLOHVDOHSURGXVHDVWIHO
încât –vQXOWLP LQVWDQ –VFRSXOSROLWLFU PkQHI U ÄVFRS´LDUUHOD LDGHFODV VH
GLOXHD] DSDUHQWvQWU-XQIHOGHÄPHWDIL]LF DFRQVXPXOXLXQLYHUVDO´I U vQV DLVH
LJQRUD HVHQ D SROLWLF  D DFHVWXLD úL I U  D VH DEGLFD GH OD R DQXPH DWLWXGLQH
SDUWLQLF GXS FXPVHYDYHGHDGLQFHOHFHXUPHD] 

2. 7UHEXLQ HOHRELHFWHORUÄDOHVH´úLUHYROX LDFRQVXPXOXLRVWHQWDQW

&D UHOD LH PHGLDW  vQWUH RELHFW úL VXELHFW WUHEXLQ D este un act totalizant al
ILLQ HLXPDQHvQUDSRUWFXPHGLXO44úLVHLPSXQHFDOHJ WXU DLPDQHQ HLXQLYRFHD
RPXOXL FX PDWHULDOLWDWHD H[WHULRDU 45, uQGH VH GH]YROW  R ORJLF  D GRPLQDQ HL
IXQF LRQDOH D FHOXL GLQWkL DVXSUD DFHVWHLD GLQ XUP  úL XQGH XQLYHUVXO RELHFWXOXL
WUHEXLHV ILHRYDULDELO GHSHQGHQW GHXQLYHUVXORPXOXL'DUvQFRQGL LLOHÄVRFLH-
W LL GH FRQVXP´ YDORDUHD LQWHUGHSHQGHQ HORU VH PRGLILF  UDGLFDO 3URGXFHUHD GH
RELHFWH HVWH GHVWLQDW  GLYHUVLILF ULL VLVWHPXOXL GH WUHEXLQ H UDILQ ULL JXVWXOXL úL
DUWLILFLDOL] ULLRS LXQLORULQGLYLGXDOHFDUHVXQWSODVDWHVXELPSDFWXOSUHVLXQLLSXEOL-
FLWDUH úL VXQW VXSXVH XQXL VXEWLO úL VRILVWLFDW SURJUDP GH SHUVXDVLXQH SVLKRORJLF 
SULQFDUHOXPHDOXFUXULORUDQLKLOHD] OXPHDRPXOXL9ROXPXOúLYDULHWDWHDLPHQV 
GH EXQXUL úL VHUYLFLL H[LVWHQWH SH SLD  FD úL DSDUL LD XQHL FRKRUWH vQWUHJL GH
XQLYHUVXULGHRELHFWHúLGHVHUYLFLL– cum spunea C. Wright Mills46 – au determinat
PXWD LLSURIXQGHvQHFRORJLDVSHFLHLXPDQH47úLDXFUHDWÄSLD DSHUVRQDOLW LL´48.
'DF  SURGXF LD FDSLWDOLVW  D YDOLGDW PLWXO ÄP UILL´ HFRQRPLD UHYROX LHL
úWLLQ LILFR –WHKQLF  D VDQFWLILFDW PLWXO ÄYkQ] ULL´ 2DPHQL úL OXFUXUL VH DPHVWHF 
metodic într-un fel de „panoplie”49SHQWUXFRPHU úLDIDFHULúLVHDVRFLD] FDOFXODW
într-R LQWHQ LH GH SURILW úL VXSUDYLH XLUH 2UGLQHD SH FDUH R GHJDM  HVWH XQD
SUHPHGLWDW DFHHDGHDDYHDRFOLHQWHO VLJXU úLDUHDOL]DXQEHQHILFLXPD[LPùL

44
Vezi J. P. Sartre, Critique de la raison dialectique, Paris, Gallimard, 1960, p. 166.
45
Ibidem, p. 170.
46
C. Wright Mills, Les cols blancs, Paris, Fr. Maspers, 1966.
47
Vezi pentru acest aspect Jean Baudrillard, La societe de consommation, ses mythes,
ses structures, Paris, Gallimard, 1970.
48
În sensul conceptului de mai sus, vezi Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 195.
49
 7HUPHQXO DSDU LQH OXL - %DXGULOODUG FDUH- IRORVHúWH vQWU-R DOW  DFFHS LXQH -
op. cit., p. 19 - 20.
119
atunci, totul devine serviciu – cum spunea J. Baudrillard50úLWRWXOVHWUDQVIRUP vQ
JUDWLILFD LH úL RIHUW  vQ ORFXO XQHL VW UL GH OXFUXUL HFKLOLEUDWH úL UHODWLY VWDWLFH VH
DILUP RDOWDGLQDPLF úLDQWUHQDQW FXWUDQ]DF LLIHOXULWHúLFRQFXUHQ DPHQLQ -
toare, e[WLQ]kQG PRGDOLW LOH GH ÄPDUNHWLQJ´ úL YDULLQG WHKQLFLOH GH VRQGDUH D
SUHIHULQ HORU 2IHUW  úL FHUHUH PDUI  úL FRPLVLRDQH FDVH GH FRPHQ]L úL ÄFRPLúL
YRLDMRUL´ HWF VH vQVFULX WUHSLGDQW vQ LWLQHUDUH UDPLILFDWH úL LQFHUWH úL LQWU  vQ
FRPELQD LLLQHGLWHSDUF vQWU-XQHIRUWFRPXQGHUHXúLW VFRQWDW úLvQSUHRFXSDUHD
de a anihila pe competitori512PLúFDUHQHvQFHWDW GHOXFUXULúLGHRDPHQLIDFHV 
VH YDG  PDL PXOW SULPHOH GHFkW DFHúWLD GLQ XUP  DVWIHO vQFkW HSRFD VRFLHW LL GH
consum este epoca obiecteloU 7LPSXO SUH]HQW HVWH WLPSXO ORU HOH DYkQG SDUF  R
H[LVWHQ DXWRQRP úLEHQHILFLLQGGHRVXYHUDQLWDWHDEVROXW vQUDSRUWFXWUHEXLQ HOH
XPDQH 5LWPXO H[LVWHQ HL RDPHQLORU HVWH LGHQWLF FX ULWPXO H[LVWHQ HL OXFUXULORU52.
$FHVWHD GLQ XUP  DOF WXLHVF ÄR YHJHWD LH SUROLIHUDQW ´ úL R H[LVWHQ  GH MXQJO ´53
care-O VXEMXJ  SH RP úL L VH LPSXQ FX GH OD HOH SXWHUH ÌQ IHOXO DFHVWD RPXO vúL
FRQVWUXLHúWHSURSULXOV XenvironementGLQRELHFWHúLVHvQVWU LQHD] vQWU-RÄIDXQ ´
FX SXWHUH ÄPDJLF ´ XQGH UDSRUWXO SULPRUGLal al subiectului cu obiectul se
FRQYHUWHúWH vQWU-R URWD LH SDUDGR[DO  GH VHQV LQYHUV 2DPHQLL WU LHVF YLD D XQHL
LPHQVHFDQWLW LGHRELHFWH

/RFXOJHRPHWULFDODFHVWRUDEXQGHQ HIDVFLQDQWHVXQWPDULOHPDJD]LQHÌQHOH
– cum nota Baudrillard – este „evidHQ D VXUSOXVXOXL úL QHJDUHD GHILQLWLY  D
UDULW LL´54 $SDUHQW HWDODUHD P UIXULORU HVWH GH]RUGRQDW  8Q DPDOJDP LQVROLW GH
OXFUXULúLUHFODPHVHDO WXU –SDUF LQFRHUHQW– într-XQIHOGHDQDUKLHFLXGDW FDUH
ODRSULP SULYLUHVXQWVWU LQHXQHOHGHDOWHOH/XFUXULGHX]FDVQLFúLWDEORXULGH
DUW  PDWHULDOH GH FRQIHF LL úL ÄPLQL-LQVWUXPHQWH PX]LFDOH´ HWF VXQW DúH]DWH
GLVSDUDW I U  UDSRUWXUL vQWUH HOH úL I U  R DQXPH ILQDOLWDWH FRPXQ  $SDUHQW WRWXO
HVWHQHGHWHUPLQDW'LQFRORvQV GHDFHDVW LPDJLQHI U VWUXFWXU FDUHDUHPDLPXOW
XQUROGHKLSQR] GHFkWXQXOGHFODULILFDUHRELHFWHOHVXQWRUJDQL]DWHvQÄSDQRSOLL
generale”55 sau în „filiere de obiecte”56 FDUH DOF WXLHVF ÄR PDUH PHWDIRU 
FROHFWLY ´57 úL ÄR VLQWH]  GH DFWLYLW L FRQVXPDWRULL´58. Ele mimea] GH]RUGLQHD59,
GDUvQIDSWLQWHQ LDHVWHGHDVHGXFHúLDVFKLPEDDWLWXGLQHDFXPS U WRUXOXLID GH
SURGXVH $FHVWHD GLQ XUP  QHPDLILLQG RIHULWH VLQJXUH FOLHQWXO WUHEXLH V  ILH
ÄIRU DW´ ÄSULQ PLMORDFH SVLKRORJLFH´ V  FXPSHUH vQWUHJXO FRQWH[W60 de lucruri
DILúDWHùLDWXQFLHOQXVHPDLUHIHU QXPDLODXQRELHFWvQXWLOLWDWHDOXLVSHFLILF úL

50
Cf. J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 252.
51
Vezi C. Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 131-139.
52
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 18.
53
Ibidem, p. 18.
54
Ibidem, p. 19.
55
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 21.
56
Op. cit., p. 21.
57
Op. cit., p. 19.
58
Op. cit., p. 21.
59
Op. cit, p. 20.
60
Op. cit.
120
QLFLQXPDLDUHWUHEXLQ DXQXLDQXPHEXQGHFRQVXPOXDWvQVLQHFLDXQXLDQVDPEOX
de obiecte într-R VHPQLILFD LH WRWDO 61 &XPS UkQG SDUWHD vQ UHDOLWDWH VH FXPS U 
întregul. „Obiectul – scria Baudrillard –SLHUGHILQDOLWDWHDRELHFWLY IXQF LDVDHO
GHYLQH WHUPHQXO XQHL FRPELQD LL PXOW PDL YDVWH DO XQRU DQVDPEOXUL GH RELHFWH
XQGH YDORDUHD OXL HVWH UHOD LD $VWIHO HO SLHUGH VHQVXO V X VLPEROLF VWDWXWXO V X
mileQDU DQWURSRPRUILF úL WLQGH D VH HSXL]D vQWU-XQ GLVHQV GH FRQRWD LL HOH GH
asemenea, relative unele la altele în cadrul unui sistem cultural totalitar, putând
DVWIHOV LQWHJUH]HWRDWHVHPQLILFD LLOHRULGHXQGHDUYHQLHOH´62. Un superobiect sau
un joc raILQDW GH DPELDQ  FRQWH[WXDO  FRQVWLWXLH R ÄIHQRPHQRORJLH D FRQVXPX-
lui”63 SULQ FDUH VH XUP UHúWH R vQWUHDJ  vQO Q XLUH ORJLFR-RELHFWLY  GH OXFUXUL úL
GHFRUXULúLVHLQWHQ LRQHD] VXSUDVROLFLWDUHDvQVXúLULORUILHF UXLFRQVXPDWRUSHQWUX
a-i sugera posibilitatea accesului la lucruri „asamblate” –GDF VHSRDWHVSXQHDúDúL
pentru a-O DVLJXUD GH IDSWXO F  UHSUH]LQW  XQ VLVWHP GH UHIHULQ  GHRVHELW  úL L VH
SRDUW  R JULM  DSDUWH64 /D DFHDVWD VH DGDXJ  VHGXF LD VHPQHORU FDUH LQGLF 
prestigiul65, produs prin aceeaF RPDUHYHGHW GHFLQHPDVDXXQSROLWLFLDQGHYD] 
DX FXPS UDW R PRELO  VWLO RUL DX SURFXUDW XQ DXWRPRELO WLS VSHFLDO66 FDUH DWHVW 
GLVWLQF LHúLFHUWLILF RDQXPHSR]L LHVRFLDO FDUHWHQWHD] úLSHDO LLÌQWU-o astfel
GHVLWXD LHHVHQ DRELHFWXOXLHVWHvQORFXLW FXVHPQLILFD LDOXLLDUXWLOLWDWHDGHYLQH
VLPERO 2DPHQLL DX WUHEXLQ D VHPQXOXL úL QX SH DFHHD D OXFUXOXL67 (L FRQVXP 
semne sau – mai bine zis – UHDOL]HD]  XQ ÄPHWD – consum narcisiac”68, simulând
PRGHOHúLÄHPSDWkQG´SUHVWLJLXO
O denigrare a realului69 prin transpunerea lui în coduri sau „mesajul consu-
mului de mesaje”70SULQH[SULPDUHDOXLDOJHEULF ÄJHQHUHD] XQFRPSRUWDPHQWGH
tip magic”71SURSULXSUHLVWRULHLXPDQHúLVSHFLILFJkQGLULLSULPLWLYHFDUHSODVHD] 
vQ DEVROXW FRQ LQXWXO FD VHPQ úL JHQHUDOL]HD]  IXQF LD ÄRELHFWHORU VHPQH´72. Un
DVWIHO GH SURFHV VH GH]YROW  DWkW SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO PLMORDFHORU GH ÄFRPXQLFDUH vQ
PDV ´FkWúLSULQFHHDFH%DXGULOODUGQXPHúWHÄVXUkVXOLQVWLWX LRQDO´73. Acesta din
XUP YL]HD] FDOLW LOHGHH[FHS LHSHFDUHWUHEXLHV OHDLE YkQ] WRUXOODDFHOÄMRF
DELO´GHDRIHULFOLHQWXOXLVHUYLFLLúLGHD-LGHFODQúDWUHEXLQ HQRLVDXWUHEXLQ HIDOVH
spre a-O GHWHUPLQD V  FXPSHUH úL SHQWUX D-O IDFH V  FUHDG  F  R DWDUH GHFL]LH vL
DSDU LQHOXLvQPRGHIHFWLY'HIDSWYkQ] WRUXOQXHVWHQLFLSURSULHWDUGHILUP úL
QLFL SURGXF WRU GH RELHFWH FL HVWH FUHDWRU GH UHOD LL XPDQH úL VXV LQ WRU GH

61
Op. cit.
62
Op. cit., p. 174.
63
Op. cit., p. 21.
64
Op. cit., p. 129.
65
Op. cit., p. 137; vezi, de asemenea, p. 252 - 253.
66
Op. cit, p. 123, 137, 138.
67
Op. cit., p. 129.
68
([SUHVLDDSDU LQHOXL-%DXGULOODUGop. cit.
69
Op. cit., p. 32.
70
Op. cit. p. 188.
71
Op. cit. p. 30.
72
Op. cit., p. 277.
73
Op. cit., p. 255 - 256.
121
„sociabilitate”74)LLQGXQLQWHUPHGLDUvQWUHSURGXF WRUúLFRQVXPDWRUHOWUHEXLHV 
GH LQ ÄDUWDGHDYLQGH´úLV SRVHGHVXEWLlitatea de a nu trece neobservat. „Surâsul
GH GXS  WHMJKHD HVWH R DWUDF LH FRPHUFLDO ´75 3ULQ HO VH GHFODQúHD]  R DWLWXGLQH
SR]LWLY DFOLHQWXOXLID GHYkQ] WRUúLLPSOLFLWID GHOXFUXULOHSHFDUHDFHVWDYUHD
V OHYkQG )DUPHFXOSHUVRQDOúLFXUWRD]LDDELO OLPEDMXODJUHDELOúLFDSDFLWDWHDGH
DFRRSHUDFXDO LLLQWHOLJHQ DúLJUD LDHWFVXQWvQVXúLULGHSULPRUGLQSHQWUXFHLFH
DFWLYHD]  vQ UH HDXD FRPHUFLDO  úL FRQVWLWXLH FDOLW L GH ÄWHVW´ SHQWUX FHL FDUH-úL
RULHQWHD]  LQWHUHVXO SURIHVLRQDO VSUH DFHVW GRPHQLX )LLQGF  SURGXF LD GH PDV 
standardizându-VH LDU GLVWULEX LD VWDQGDUGL]kQG SUH XULOH FRQVXPXO U PkQH
GLIHUHQ LDW 1DWXUD OXL HVWH R YDULDELO  GHULYDW  GLQ QRWHOH GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH DOH
ILHF UXL FXPS U WRU LQGLYLGXDO úL GHSLQGH GH H[SHULHQ D OXL DQWHULRDU  PRWLY
SHQWUXFDUHHOHVWHXQXQLFDW'LQDWDUHFDX]HÄJHVWLFD´GHDERUGDUHFRPHUFLDO D
FRQVXPDWRUXOXLFDúLWHUPHQLLGHDGUHVDELOLWDWHYHUEDO ID GHHOGLIHU GHODFD]
ODFD]'DUFXPDFHVWFXPS U WRUHVWHvQJHQHUDOXQQHFXQRVFXW76úLFXPHFXD LD
WUHEXLQ HORU VDOH VH FHUH D IL GH]OHJDW  YkQ] WRUXO XUP UHúWH V  VH ÄLGHQWLILFH´FX
SUHIHULQ HOH FOLHQWXOXL úL vQFHDUF  V -L vQ HOHDJ  JXVWXULOH 2EVHGDW GH D YLQGH
DYDQWDMRV úL SUHRFXSDW GH D DWUDJH XQ FkW PDL QXPHURV SXEOLF HO XUP UHúWH V 
RE LQ XQSXQFWGHUHIHULQ VDXP FDURÄLSRWH] ´GDF VHSRDWHVSXQHDúDDVXSUD
YDORULLGHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDFXPS U WRUXOXLX]kQGGHFHHDFH%DXGULOODUGQXPHúWH–
„mistica solicitudinii”77úLGHÄSDWRVXOVXUkVXOXL´78)RUPDWSHÄSLD DSHUVRQDOLW LL´
– cum spune Wright Mills – úL LQVWUXLW OD úFRDOD ÄDUWHL VHUYLFLXOXL DJUHDELO´79,
YkQ] WRUXO HVWH VXSXV WXWXURU WDORDQHORU GH RUGLQ SVLKRORJLF vQ PDWHULH GH
ÄUHOD LRQDUH´ FX FOLHQ LL úL GHSULQGH WRW FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  úWLLQ  D ÄYkQ] ULL VXE
presiune”80 –GXS H[SUHVLDSHUVXDVLXQLLGLVLPXODWHúLOLVHFHUHWDOHQWXOÄSURGXFHULL
de sociabilitate”81DVWIHOvQFkWV ÄVXJHVWLRQH]H´SHFOLHQWúLV -LFkúWLJHvQFUHGHUHD
'DUSULYLW GLQVHQVLQYHUVGLQVSUHFXPS U WRUVSUHYkQ] WRUUHOD LDVWDELOLW vQWUH
ei are o cu toWXODOW VHPQLILFD LHVRFLRORJLF 
Cuprins în mecanismul violent al persuasiunii supus unei „presiuni” psiholo-
JLFHGHSURYRFDUHúLHXIRULHFRQVXPDWRUXOXLFXPS U WRUXOQXPDLHVWHFRQúWLHQWGH
DXWHQWLFLWDWHDSURSULLORUWUHEXLQ HSDUWLFXODUHúLQXPDLDUHreprezentarea sa asupra
RELHFWHORU QHFHVDUH XQHL DQXPH XWLOL] UL SHQWUX VLQH 'LPSRWULY  VXE HIHFWXO
QDUFRWLFDODQXQ XULORUSXEOLFLWDUHúLGRPLQDWGHPXO LPHDRIHUWHORUSLH HLVLVWHPXO
OXLGHWUHEXLQ HGHYLQHXQXOPDQLSXODWVSD LXOV XLQWHULRUILLQGLnvadat de lucruri
din exterior, uzând de expresia lui Marcuse82 HO HVWH GHWHUPLQDW úL FRQVWUkQV V 
consume nu ceea ce i-DUILOXLXWLOúLGH]LUDELOúLQLFLFHHDFHDUFRUHVSXQGHFHOPDL
74
Op. cit., p. 258.
75
C. Wright Mills, op. cit., p. 192.
76
Op. cit., p. 194.
77
Op. cit., p. 252.
78
Op. cit, p. 255
79
C. Wright Mills, op. cit, p. 195.
80
Ibidem, p. 173-175.
81
J. Baudrillard, op. cit., p. 258.
82
Conform lui H. Marcuse, L’Homme unidimensionnel, Paris, Les Editions de
Minuits, 1968, p. 37.
122
PXOWVHWXOXLV XGHYDORULRULJLQDOHFLFHHDFHVHUYLFLLOHGHPDUNHWLQJHVWLPHD] F 
DU IL UHXúLW  FRPHUFLDO  úL FHHD FH ILUPHOH VH GHFLG V  SURGXF  LQRFXOkQGX-i-se
DJUHVLYJkQGXULVWU LQH83 – cum spunea Marcuse –úLVXELPSDFWXOGXFWLODOPLWXOXL
FRQVXPDWRULQGLYLGXOXLLVHDWURILD] ÄVLP XOFULWLF´úLLVHDQXOHD] ÄIDFXOtatea de
a gândi”84'HFL]LDGHDDFKL]L LRQDQX-LPDLDSDU LQHúLDWXQFLWUHEXLQ HOHRPXOXL
DX SDUF  R H[LVWHQ  YLUWXDO  HOH DFWXDOL]kQGX-se printr-XQ HIHFW IRU DW DO
„onirismului publicitar”85VDXSULQYLUXOHQ DEUXWDO DÄLPDJLVWLFLL´FXOWXULLGHPDV 
$FHVWHDvLFUHHD] RDQXPHGLVSR]L LHSR]LWLY SHQWUXXQVHWGHRELHFWHGHSHSLD 
úL WRW HOH VXQW DFHOHD FDUH-L PHQ LQ DWHQ LD IL[DW  DVXSUD XQLW LORU IXUQL]RDUH GH
DUWLFROHSXVHvQYkQ]DUHFKLDUGDF HOHVXQWRSURYRFDUHSDUR[LVWLF ODGRULQ HFDUH
nu-L DSDU LQ úL FKLDU GDF  HOH VXQW XUPDUHD ILUHDVF  D XQHL H[SHULHQ H GH WLSXO
ÄUHIOH[XOXL FRQGL LRQDW´ &RQVXPDWRUXO – scria Edgar Morin – QX YRUEHúWH (O
DVFXOW YHGHVDXUHIX] V DVFXOWHVDXV YDG ILLQGSODVDWvQWU-un fel de „catalepsie
spectatoriaO ´86úLDGPLQLVWUkQGX-i un „opiu sociologic”87 de „consum imaginar”88.
'DU SHQWUX H[SRQHQ LL WHRULHL VRFLHW LL GH FRQVXP FRQWUROXO úL PDQLSXODUHD
WUHEXLQ HORUXPDQHV-DUMXVWLILFDSULQDFHHDF JXVWXULOHSXEOLFXOXLVXQWIOXFWXDQWH
LDU FRQVWHOD LD WUHEXLQ HORU SRDWH YDULD GH OD R HWDS  OD DOWD FHHD FH DU GXFH OD
VF GHUHD YROXPXOXL GH P UIXUL GHVWLQDWH YkQ] ULL úL DU FDX]D DSDUL LD GH VWRFXUL
QHVROLFLWDWHGHFXPS U WRULSHUWXUEkQGDVWIHOUHOD LDVFRQWDW vQWUHFHUHUHúLRIHUW 
úL DIHFWkQG VHQVLELO GHVIDFHUHD SURGXVHORU GHMD UHDOL]DWH GH F WUH XQLW LOH
LQGXVWULDOH,QYHVWL LLOHDUVF GHDúLHOHvQPRGFRUHVSXQ] WRULDUSURILWXULOHILQDQ-
ciare s-DUUHGXFHDODUPDQWDQXQ kQGLPLQHQ DIDOLPHQWXOXLHFRQRPLFúLDYHUWL]kQG
GHQHFHVLWDWHDDEVROXW DXQRUDQWLGRWXULHILFDFHFDUHV ÄJKLGH]H´– cum spunea
Galbraith –JXVWXULOHúLV vQWUH LQ XQFXUHQWIDYRUDELORUGLQLLHFRQRPLFHH[LVWHQWH
ùLDWXQFLVHUHFXUJH– prin intermediul miturilor publicitare – la crearea „trebuin-
HORUSVLKRORJLFH´VDXDÄIDOVHORUWUHEXLQ H´DF URUILQDOLWDWHUH]LG vQGHFODQúDUHD
unui „consum parazitar” sau – cum spunea Veblen – în deformarea deprinderilor
PLQWDOHDVXSUDDFHHDFHHVWHUHVSHFWDELOvQYLD 89 .
Folosindu-se „limbajul imaginilor”90úLVXEVWLWXLQGX-VHFRUSXULOHFXÄIHWLúXUi-
OHORU´GLVWDQ DGLQWUHÄSROXOUHDOúLSROXOLPDJLQDU´VHHVWRPSHD] LUHPHGLDELOLDU
FDUDFWHUXO QDWXUDO úL ILUHVF DO WUHEXLQ HORU VH VXEVWLWXLH FX ÄSVHXGR – înlocuitorii
ORU´ 5H]XOWkQG GLQ GLDORJXO VLVWHPXOXL SXEOLFLWDU FX SLD D HOH VXIHU  ÄWDEX-ul”
LQGXVWULHL úL DO FRPHU XOXL 3DUDIUD]kQGX-1 pe Edgar Morin pentru cazul ce ne
LQWHUHVHD] DPSXWHDVSXQHF WUHEXLQ HOHXPDQHVXQWLPSXVHvQPRGÄSHGDJRJLF´
úL DXWRULWDU SULQ LQMRQF LXQL VDX LQWHUGLF LL91 GHSHUVRQDOL]kQG SH LQGLYLGXO úL
83
Ibidem, p. 37
84
Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 53.
85
Expresia DSDU LQH OXL (GJDU 0RULQ /¶(VSULW GX WHPSV  1HYURVH 3DULV %HUQDUG
Grassad, 1962, p. 166.
86
Edgar Morin, op. cit., p. 60.
87
Ibidem, p. 229.
88
Ibidem.
89
Cf. Th. Veblen, op. cit., p. 53.
90
([SUHVLDDSDU LQHOXL(G0RULQop. cit., p. 224.
91
Op. cit., p. 60.
123
anulându-l ca origLQDOLWDWH'DUUD LXQHDGHDILDÄWUHEXLQ HORUIDOVH´HVWHDFHHDFH
*DOEUDLWKGHQXPHúWHÄFRQGL LRQDUHDFHUHULLVSHFLILFH´92VDXÄSXQHUHDvQFRQGL LH´D
FRQVXPDWRUXOXL$FHDVWDYUHDV vQVHPQHF ILUPDSULQWHKQLFDSHUVXDVLXQLLúLSULQ
VWUDWHJLD SXEOLFLWDU  ÄUHFUXWHD]  R FOLHQWHO  GH R ILGHOLWDWH DXWRPDW  ID  GH
produsele destinate93 YkQ] ULL úL WLQGH V  UH LQ  LQWHUHVXO FRQVXPDWRULORU GH RULFH
IDFWXU  FXOWXUDO  SH R SHULRDG  GH WLPS FkW PDL vQGHOXQJDW  3HQWUX DFHDVWD
controlând gusturile, firmele – de fapt –GLVSXQDVXSUDQDWXULLWUHEXLQ HORUXPDQH
(OH VXQW SUHRFXSDWH GH D FUHD SHQWUX SUHIHULQ HOH OXPLL XUPkQG V  VH DVLJXUH
VHFXULWDWHHFRQRPLF úLV DQXOH]HDF LXQLOHILUPHORUFRQFXUHQWH6FRSXOORUHVWHGH
DRE LQHFRQVLP PkQWXOFXPS U WRULORUQXPDLvQOHJ WXU FXSURGXVHOHGH LQXWHúL
FDDWDUHQXPDLUHIHULWRUODFHHDFHGLIX]HD] HOHvQUH HDXDPDJD]LQHORUFRPHUFLDOH
Galbraith, referindu-se la vânzarea sub impactul hipnozei publicitare justificând-o
SULQ LQWHUHVXO vQWUHSULQGHULL GH D VXSUDYLH XL QRWHD]  F  SULQ HOH DP SXWXW V  QH
FRQYLQJHP GH WHULELOD LPSRUWDQ  D DUWLFROHORU SH FDUH OH SRVHG P I U  D QH
SUHRFXSD FkWXúL GH SX LQ GH OXPHD FHORU SH FDUH QX OH DYHP )LLQGF  WUHEXLQ HOH
QRDVWUH PDUJLQDOH QX H[LVW  GHFkW vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH VXQW FUHDWH vQ Pod artificial.
Noi – conchide Galbraith – QX IDEULF P WUHEXLQ H SHQWUX OXFUXUL SH FDUH QX OH
SRVHG P94 úL DWXQFL SRWULYLW FHORU QRWDWH VRFLHWDWHD GH FRQVXP H SUHRFXSDW 
SULRULWDUúLGRPLQDQWGHSURGXFHUHDRELHFWHORUQHFHVDUHIDOVHORUWUHEXLQ HXUP ULQG
vQSULPXOUkQGV -LLQRFXOH]HFRQVXPDWRUXOXLLGHHDF UD LXQHDGHDILDÄWUHEXLQ-
HORU IDOVH´ HVWH FHHD FH *DOEUDLWK GHVHPQHD]  GUHSW ÄFRQGL LRQDUHD FHUHULL´ VDX
ÄSXQHUHDvQFRQGL LH´DFRQVXPDWRUXOXL95ÌQIDSWvQV RPDUHSDUWHDWUHEXLQ HORU
XPDQH U PkQ QHVDWLVI FXWH úL FD DWDUH VXQW ILH DPkQDWH ILH UHSULPDWH LQILUPkQG
DVWIHODúD-]LVDVXYHUDQLWDWHDFRQVXPDWRUXOXLSHSLD vQUDSRUWFXRELHFWHOHSXVHvQ
FLUFXOD LHúLDWHVWkQGQDWXUDQHIRQGDW DFRQFHSWXOXLGHÄILOLHU LQYHUVDW ´IRUPXODW
GHF WUH*Dlbraith. Acesta referindu-VHODUHOD LDYkQ]DUH–FXPS UDUHGLQSHULRDGD
LQGXVWULDOL] ULLSUHPRQRYRUEHúWHGHÄILOLHUDFODVLF ´DGLF GHVWDUHDVXERUGRQ ULL
FOLHQWXOXL ID  GH P UIXULOH SH FDUH OH FXPS U  ILOLHU  F UHLD vL RSXQH SH FHD
ÄLQYHUV ´ DGLF  SH FHD FDUH DILUP  VLWXD LD GH VXERUGRQDUH D FRPHU XOXL ID  GH
FRQVXPDWRUL 2U DFHODúL *DOEUDLWK SUHFL]D F  ÄGDF  SURGXF LD FUHHD]  WUHEXLQ HOH
SHFDUHFDXW V OHVDWLVIDF VDXGDF WUHEXLQ HOHDSDUvQDFHODúLWLPSFXSURGXF LD
nu se mai poate utiliza XUJHQ DWUHEXLQ HORUSHQWUXDDS UDXUJHQ DSURGXF LHL´
3URGXF LD ÄVH PXO XPHúWH V  XPSOH JROXO SH FDUH HD vQV úL O-a creat”96. De
IDSW SURFHVXO SURGXFHULL GH WUHEXLQ H IDOVH FD úL RULHQWDUHD JXVWXOXL SXEOLF VSUH
consum artificial, constituie una dintre QRWHOHGHILQLWRULLDOHVRFLHW LLGHFRQVXPúL
VHLPSXQFDHWDORQYDORULFSULRULWDUDFHODGHDHVWLPDSHRDPHQLQXGXS FHHDFHHL
VXQWúLQLFLGXS FHHDFHHLSRWUHDOL]DFLGXS FDOLWDWHDOXFUXULORUSHFDUHOHSRVHG 

92
G. K. Galbrath, op.cit, p.205, p.213
93
Op. cit., p. 213.
94
J.K.Galbraith, L'Ère de l'opulence, Paris Ed. Calmann-Lévy, 1961, p. 133.
95
J. K. Galbraith, op. cit, p. 205.
96
Op.cit, p. 147.
124
 THE POWER OF AUTHENTIC DIALOGUE

GEORGE KOHLRIESER

ABSTRACT

'LDORJXO HVWH PDL PXOW GHFkW R VLPSO  FRQYHUVD LH 'LDORJXO HVWH F XWDUHD XQXL
DGHY U ÌQ GLDORJ UHXúLP V  WU LP H[SHULHQ D OHJ WXULL GLQWUH QRL úL SHUVRDQD F UHLD vL
YRUELP vQOHVQLQG vQ HOHVXULOH úL VHPQLILFD LLOH V  WUHDF  GLQFROR GH FXYLQWH 6HPQLILFD LD
SHUFHSXW GHDPELLSDUWHQHULHVWHOLDQWXOFDUHvL LQHSHRDPHQLúLSHRUJDQL]D LLvPSUHXQ 
8Q EXQ GLDORJ LPSOLF  úL FRPXQLFDUHD QRQ-YHUEDO  LPSOLFDUHD HPR LLORU LQWHOHFWXOXL úL
spiritului. Ascultarea este un element crucial într-XQGLDORJHILFLHQW'LDORJXOPDLLPSOLF 
F XWDUHDGHU VSXQVXULGHDPEHOHS U LXQPRGGHDJkQGLúLUHIOHFWD1XHVWHFHYDFHvL
faci unei alte persoane; este ceva FH IDFL FX R DOW  SHUVRDQ  1HFHVLW  R PRGLficare în
UHSUH]HQWDUHDSHFDUHRDYHPGHVSUHFHvQVHDPQ UHOD LDFXFHO ODOW$WHQ LDHVWHFHQWUDW 
SH vQ HOHJHUHD FHOHLODOWH SHUVRDQH QX QXPDL SH IDSWXO GH D IL vQ HOHV GH F WUH FHO ODOW
'LDORJXO HVWH XQ VFKLPE vQ FDUH RDPHQLL JkQGHVF vPSUHXQ  úL GHVFRSHU  FHYD QRX (VWH
F XWDUHDXQXLDGHY UPDLFXSULQ] WRU3URIXQ]LPLOHXQXLGLDORJvLDGXFHSHSDUWLFLSDQ LOD
XQQLYHOGLIHULWSULQFDUHDFHúWLDDMXQJODRvQ HOHJHUHPDLGHSOLQ DFHOXLODOW

We’ve all had superficial conversations about the weather or the canapés at a
party, but what is the difference between a dialogue and a conversation?
By definition, a dialogue is never superficial - it is always a shared inquiry in
which the participants seek greater understanding of each other and the truth. The
ability to engage in dialogue is a key skill required by leaders for building and
maintaining relationships. Leaders who neglect this ability do so only at great risk
to the health of their organizations.
I first discovered the power of dialogue as a young psychologist working for
the Police Department in Dayton, Ohio. On one assignment, I accompanied the
police to the hospital to deal with an agitated man who had been brought to the
hospital with a stab wound inflicted by his girlfriend. While I talked with this man,
he suddenly grabbed a large pair of scissors and took a nurse and me hostage,
saying he would kill both of us.
For two hours we pursued a dialogue focused on him, his life-threatening
injuries, and the care required to keep him alive. “Do you want to live,” I asked
him, “or do you want to die?”
“I don’t care,” was his answer. I then asked, “What about your children
losing their father?” He visibly changed and began to talk about his children rather
than about his anger at his girlfriend and the police. In the end, he agreed to put the
scissors down voluntarily and allowed the nurse and surgical team to treat him.
And with tears in his eyes he thanked me for reminding him how much he loved
his kids. In those moments I discovered the power of bonding and dialogue in even
the most dangerous situations.
125
 1. Seeking a greater truth

Dialogue is much more than plain conversation. Dialogue is the seeking of a

greater truth. In dialogue we experience ourselves as bonded to the person with
whom we are speaking, making understanding and meaning flow beyond words.
Shared meaning is the glue that holds people and organizations together. Good
dialogue involves talking with our body, emotions, intellect, and spirit. Listening is
a crucial element of effective dialogue.
To have an authentic dialogue it is necessary for the participants to be in a
mind-set of discovery. Such discovery, however, takes work, and it is often easier,
especially in a business environment, for people to get into a debate or an
argument, either seeking the right answer or to prove a point.
Dialogue is about shared inquiry, a way of thinking and reflecting. It is not
something you do to another person; it is something you do with another person. It
requires a shift in mind-set about what the relationship with the other means. The
focus is on understanding the other person, not only on making them understand you.
Dialogue is an exchange in which people think together and discover something new.
It is the seeking of greater truth. The depth of dialogue brings the participants to a
different level, where they come to a deeper understanding of each other.
In a dialogue, we want to keep a connection with the person to whom we are
speaking. True dialogue also involves questioning and sharing doubt, as opposed to
debating. Debating is when we keep looking at the issue that is most important to
us, which can easily lead to disagreement. In times of constant change and
increasing complexity, we need to take into account our growing interdependence,
and dialogue takes us there. Dialogue is an important means of developing a
culture of collaboration, and creative dialogue can also be used as a means to
search for new ideas, ultimately leading to innovations in any field. Perhaps most
important, dialogue is key to resolving differences and conflict.
Here is an example of true dialogue. Whole Foods CEO John Mackey was
heckled at an annual meeting by an animal rights activist. In an effort to quiet the
activist but avoid a scene, he agreed to a personal dialogue with the shareholder. In
the end he discovered some key weaknesses in his company’s policies regarding
animal products and became a firm proponent of many of the activist’s positions.
At the same time, he converted an opponent into a vocal advocate for Whole
Foods. His turnabout has been celebrated by the press and likeminded customers,
and the Whole Foods brand has only become stronger as a result of Mackey’s
ability to engage in dialogue.

2. The truth, the hole truth and nothing but the truth

In reality, no one person has “the truth,” but when people believe they
already know everything, they derive no benefit from dialogue. One can have only
a perception, an interpretation, or a subjective part of the truth. To move beyond
subjectivity, leaders must have the skills to engage in dialogue, to decide, and to
act, all the while bearing in mind that one needs to know when to limit dialogue.
The ultimate question is whether all viewpoints, especially opposing or minority
opinions, have been heard.
126
 Many people have no idea how to express themselves in a dialogue, and
someone unable to build a positive bond may speak with words that carry fear,
anger, or sadness. How can you tell when someone is doing this? It shows up, quite
simply, in behavior and words, and comes out as coercion, aggression, anxiety, low
energy, and detachment. People unable to build a positive bond are argumentative;
they interrupt without listening, defend, and think ahead, and the end result is that
dialogue is blocked. For others, talking becomes a habit, a ritual rather than a
personal exchange. When we are actually aware and thinking while talking,
something different happens beyond just reporting a memory or repeating
memories to fill in silence. Thinking is about seeing something new, and seeing the
potential or the possibilities.
Dialogue is an exchange in which people discover something new.

3. Blocks to dialogue

We have all met people who, when asked for the time, tell us how to make a
watch; or when asked for direct feedback, give us generalized platitudes; or when
presented with a problem, dismiss it as not important. These are all blocks to dialogue.
Blocks are ways to stop the discussion and thereby rupture the bonding
process inherent in real communication. All too often, however, we are not aware
of blocks that can interfere with dialogue. Whether voicing a statement or a
question, the responder needs to link directly to what preceded. That way, it is
possible to follow (or trace back) the exchange sentence by sentence to the point at
which any block intrudes.
One of my favorite expressions when people do not answer a question
directly is to say gently, “That’s a great answer, but to a different question.” Most
times, the other person does not even remember the question.
My research shows that in organizations, about 70 percent of communication is
filled with blocks to dialogue. This reflects a major problem in communication and
indicates why many meetings take so long without adding any value. In dialogue,
bonding is strong. When dialogue is blocked, bonding is limited or broken.
Dialogue can stumble by running into any of four primary blocks: passivity,
discounting, redefining, and overdetailing.

3.1. Passivity

This occurs when a person displays and uses language of withdrawal or

nonresponsive behavior. The focus of the person is on self-inhibition rather than on
engaging in problem solving. For example, Mary says to Tom, “I am angry that
you are late for our meeting.” Tom, looking scared and detached, does not respond.
So Mary gets increasingly uncomfortable and continues, saying, “What were you
doing?” and Tom keeps his passivity and says, “Not much.”
Silence itself is not necessarily passivity when used constructively for
reflection or adding impact. When silence is used to avoid a response, it is passivity.
One also need to know when to limit dialogue.
127
 3.2. Discounting

When people say something to deflate, inflate, disrespect, or put down

another person or themselves in some way, they are discounting. For example, the
husband offers to take the children to school and the wife says, “You can’t. You
don’t know where your head is, much less where the school is.” Or a six-year-old
wants to take care of the plants in the house and the parent replies, “You can’t
water them because you are too young.” It can also include attacks such as, “You
are really stupid. Don’t you have a brain?” The words “Yes, but . . . ” are usually a
discount of whatever was said before.
In organizations, managers and team members alike may fill conversations
with discounts, thus blocking any chance of a useful dialogue.

3.3. Redefining

This block involves changing the focus of the transaction by manipulation to

avoid something that may be uncomfortable or emotional. It might be a form of
defensiveness to maintain an established mind-set about oneself, other people, or
the world. Jacqui Schiff, Ken Mellor, and others called this “forcing your frame of
reference on someone else.” The stimulus and the response refer to different issues.
If this is allowed to run its full course, the dialogue shifts focus away from the
point being discussed. Participants appear to talk past each other rather than with
each other, or they simply go in circles. The original point may even be forgotten.
For example, Mike says to a colleague, “Did you leave the confidential report at
the photocopier?” Paul responds, “What time was it left there?” Or Mary asks,
“Are you upset with me?” And Geraldine says, “What do you mean by upset?”
What is missing in these exchanges is the linking of thoughts.

3.4. Overdetailing

Simply put, the speaker gives too many details, overwhelming others with so much
information that the important point is lost or hidden. For example, someone asks where
the hospital is, and the answer is a detailed explanation of the history of the city.
Overdetailing is common in business, where many leaders give presentations
that have far too many slides and far too much detail for any person to reasonably
assimilate. When asked why they make things so complicated, they respond that
that is just the way things are. The speaker and the listener both have a
responsibility for helping each other know the important points in the transaction.
Dialogues can also run into six secondary blocks, which may or may not
occur in conjunction with one of the primary blocks just described. These include
being too rational, being too emotional, overgeneralizing, theoretical abstraction,
lack of directness, and lack of honesty.
Blocks to dialogue are significant on two levels. First, they break the flow in
content or subject matter. Second, they rupture the fundamental emotional bonding
needed in dialogue. The basic reason people block dialogue is to keep themselves
or others at a distance through a disrupted or limited bond. People who block
128
dialogue often have trouble making attachments, staying engaged, and maintaining
bonding in the relationship. Blocking dialogue is usually a habit, sometimes
learned in the family. It is perfectly possible, however, to rewire the brain and learn
to speak effectively, directly, and without blocks.

4. Overcoming blocks to dialogue

By recognizing when people are using blocks to dialogue, leaders can reduce
meeting times dramatically and, even more important, bring enjoyment back to
meetings.
How many meetings do you attend that are filled with blocks to dialogue?
Consider how these meetings would look if effective dialogue replaced all the blocks.
To help remove blocks to dialogue, here are four tools
you can use:
• The red card exercise. I often recommend that organizations or families
introduce “block to dialogue” red cards, an idea borrowed from soccer match
referees. During a meeting or discussion, anyone who uses a block to dialogue gets
a red card from the others. This technique helps people learn to be conscious of
language and to engage fully in dialogue, assuming, of course, that people want to
make it easier for others to listen to them.
• Banning the “Yes, but—.” One of the most common phrases heard in
business conversation is “Yes, but.” Someone offers an opinion on a topic and a
colleague interjects with the opening words, “Yes, but.” Next time you are at work,
count how many times you hear “Yes, but” in any given day. This is actually a
classic case of discounting—one of the four primary blocks to dialogue. It does not
mean yes at all. Instead, it is a way to disagree and move away from the previous
comment and state a different personal view. It is, in fact, a nice way to say no. It is
the classic means of ensuring that people talk in monologues and not in dialogue.
Far more effective is to say “Yes, and” or just “And.” This response requires the
person to build on the previous point rather than destroy it. Banning the use of
“Yes, but” in your organization or your family is a simple yet powerful tool.
Sometimes it is helpful to be quite explicit: “Here is what I agree with and what I
disagree with.” “Yes, but” reflects a person using the mind’s eye for a negative
focus and acting as a destroyer. The opposite, “Yes, and,” uses the mind’s eye for a
positive focus and to be a builder.
• The “Yes, but” exercise. In many of my courses, we work with people on
the “Yes, but” exercise to demonstrate the blocking effect of these words. There
are two parts to the exercise. First, invite three people to the front of the room and
tell them they have been given the opportunity to throw a party. Their task is to
decide what kind of party it is going to be and they have ninety seconds to do it.
The only rule is that each person must start speaking with the words “Yes, but.”
What happens is that each person has lots of ideas. However, they do not reach any
sense of agreement because they are constantly disagreeing with each other and
offering a different approach to the solution. Second, ask the same people to repeat
the task, only this time they must start each sentence with the words “Yes, and.”
129
The outcome of this discussion is not only that the participants come up with a
result and a solution, but the energy and bonding between the people is greatly
enhanced. This simple exercise is a powerful demonstration of how our language
can either block our creativity and bonding or enhance them.
• The four-sentence rule. The truth is that less is more when it comes to
dialogue. Making it easy for people to listen to and understand what you are saying is
vital. Therefore, introduce the four-sentence rule into your discussions, team
meetings, or large group meetings. Each person speaks in four sentences or less
(except, of course, when someone is making a presentation). Keeping to four
sentences encourages people to think clearly about what they want to say before they
speak, thereby enhancing understanding and dialogue. This rule does not mean you
speak only four sentences on all occasions; rather, it means you have the ability to
engage in clear and focused interpersonal exchanges. I have seen extraordinary
results with this rule—teams’ reducing meeting time by 50 to 70 percent.
Take the time soon to have true dialogue with those around you. Set aside time
when you can fully engage with someone else to reach a deeper understanding and
learn something new. Choose a setting where you can really listen. It often seems as
if listening is becoming a lost art in today’s hectic world. The art of leadership hinges
on knowing when to speak, when to be silent, and when to listen. All are part of the
essential ability to engage in dialogue. In essence, no dialogue can take place without
the accompanying willingness to at times be silent and listen.
Good listeners repeat the message in their own words to ensure that it has
been accurately received. The best cure for leaders who lack good listening skills is
to get them to agree that they will ask a clarifying question before speaking. This
might be to paraphrase what was just said: “Can I just check? Are you saying x, y,
or z?” By giving feedback and understanding through listening, we can reflect,
understand, and respond in a truly authentic way and demonstrate our engagement
in the process of dialogue.

5. True leadership

True leadership means dealing with conflict effectively. Dialogue can help
resolve everyday issues large and small in the business world. Dialogue creates an
atmosphere in which mutual needs are recognized, common interests are understood,
and solutions to conflicts are discovered. Everyone, leaders included, must express
what they need, want, feel, and think, and also listen to what the others need, want,
feel, and think. By learning to recognize and change blocks to dialogue, we can move
our conversations into productive, efficient, and respectful dialogues.*

*
ArticolulOXL*HRUJH.RKOULHVHUVHED]HD] SHFDUWHDVDHostage at the Table: How
Leaders can Overcome Conflict, Influence Others, and Raise Performance (2006) WUDGXV 
vQ OLPED URPkQ  6ROX LRQDUHD FRQIOLFWHORU úL FUHúWHUHD SHUIRUPDQ HL 0HWRGH ED]DWH SH
negocierea de ostatici, %XFXUHúWL3ROLURP1RWDUHGDF LHL
Articolul preluat cu acordul autorului de pe site-ul personal:
http://www.hostageatthetable. com/ 1RWDUHGDF LHL
130
 &25325$7,608/ù,5(,(5$5+,=$5($62&,(7 ,,
ÎN VIZIUNEA LUI JULIUS EVOLA

CRISTI PANTELIMON

ABSTRACT

Julius Evola says that modern society is unbalanced from the point of view of values
hierarchy. Economy plays a too increased role despite the political and spiritual values.
Corporatism, seen as well as a moral and political philosophy - not only as an economic
aspect – can be a rebuilding solution of the values system of a modern society.

-XOLXV(YRODRSLQHD] F HFRQRPLDPRGHUQ H[HUFLW RDGHY UDW „demonie”

vQOXPHDRFFLGHQWDO GDUQXQXPDLvQOXPHDRFFLGHQWDO DPSXWHDDG XJDQRL
LDUvQWRDUFHUHDODRVLWXD LHQRUPDO DOXPLLWUHFHSULQHOLPLQDUHDDFHVWHLGHPRQLL
$VWIHOHFRQRPLDWUHEXLHÄIUkQDW úLRUGRQDW ´SHQWUXFDHIHFWHOHHLGHYDVWDWRDUHV 
QXVHPDLPDQLIHVWHFXDWkWDIXULH'HVLJXUVROX LDQXHVWHGRDUDLFL(YRODIDFHR
WUHFHUHvQUHYLVW DDFHVWRUPLMORDFHDúD-]LVH[WHUQHFHWUHEXLHV LQWUHvQMRFSHQWUX
FDOXPHDV UHGHYLQ QRUPDO QHRPL kQGvQV úLIRU HOHLQWHUQHFDUHWUHEXLHSuse la
lucru.
În primul rând, filosoful italian nu mai crede în reglarea lucrurilor de la sine.
(FRQRPLDQXPDLSRDWHILDúH]DW SHXQI JDúQRUPDOSULQIRU HOHSURSULL0DLELQH
]LV GDF  LQHP FRQW GH UH HWD FODVLF  D HFRQRPLHL PRGHUQH SXWHP VSXQH F 
de]YROWDUHDLQWULQVHF DHFRQRPLHLYLQHV DPHQLQ HGLQFHvQFHPDLPXOWFHOHODOWH
DULL DOH YLH LL RPXOXL SROLWLFD úL vQ JHQHUDO FHHD FH VH FKHDP  YLD D VRFLDO  VDX
OHJ WXULOHVRFLDOHILUHúWLGLQWUHRDPHQL$FHVWHGLQXUP GRPHQLLVXQWSHULFOLWDWHvQ
mRGFDWHJRULFGHYDOXOGHPRQLHLHFRQRPLFHGHDFHHDHVWHQHYRLHGHRLQWHUYHQ LH
GLQDIDU GLQVIHUDSROLWLFXOXLDGPL kQGF DFHVWDPDLSRDWHLQWHUYHQL– la vremea
la care scria, Evola era, pare-se, optimist în acest sens!).
6  YHGHP FDUH VXQW SUHPLVHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH FH VH FHU XUP ULWH FX RFD]LD
DFHVWHLLQWHUYHQ LL
Ä3UHPLVHOH IXQGDPHQWDOH VXQW XUP WRDUHOH Statul1 vQWUXSDUHD XQHL LGHL úL D
unei puteri, FRQVWLWXLHRUHDOLWDWHVXSHULRDU OXPLLHFRQRPLHL –úLvQDOGRLOHDUkQG
SULPDWXO LQVWDQ HL SROLWLFH ID  GH FHD HFRQRPLF  úL SXWHP VSXQH úL ID  GH FH
economico-VRFLDO ´2.
(YRODWULPLWHQHJDWLYODLGHLOHGHVWkQJDGHVSUHOXSWDGHFODV SHFDUHOHFUHGH
GHS úLWH úL FHUH V  VH UHYLQ  OD SULQFLSLLOH GH RUJDQL]DUH FRUSRUDWLY  D HFRQRPLHL
FHHDFHHOQXPHúWHÄSDWULPRQLXOWUDGL LRQDO´

1
(YRODRUWRJUDILD] 6WDWFXPDMXVFXO .
2
2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH2ULHQW UL, Editura Antet, f. a., p. 203.
131
 &DUDFWHUL]DUHD JHQHUDO  SH FDUH JkQGLWRUXO R IDFH WLSXOXL GH RUJDQL]DUH
FRUSRUDWLY  D HFRQRPLHL úL QX QXPDL D HFRQRPLHL SHQWUX F  OXPHD FRUSRUD LLORU
HUD SDUWH LQWHJUDQW  D OXPLL WUDGL LRQDOH D (YXOXL 0HGLX – vom vedea în ce sens
(YXO0HGLXHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWVSLULWXDOvQFRUSRUD LLHVWHXUP WRDUHD
Ä6SLULWXOIXQGDPHQWDODOFRUSRUDWLVPXOXLHVWHFHODOFRPXQLW LLGHOXFUXúLDO
VROLGDULW LL SURGXFWLYH FDUH VH VSULMLQHDX vQ SULQFLSDO SH LGHHD FRPSHWHQ HL D
FDOLILF ULLúLDLHUDUKLHLQDWXUDOHWRDWHDFHVWHDDYHDXvQFRPXQVWLOXOLPSHUVRQDOLW LL
DFWLYHDOGH]LQWHUHVXOXLDOGHPQLW LL´3.
&kWHYDFRQFHSWHVXQWGHED] vQDFHDVW FDUDFWHUL]DUHúLHELQHV UHYHQLPOD
HOHSHQWUXDvQW ULLGHLOHOXL(YROD
În primul rând, comunitatea de lucru úL solidaritatea SURGXFWLY . Ambele
FRQFHSWH VXQW OHJDWH DWkW GH LGHHD GH FRPXQLWDWH FkW úL GH LGHHD GH VROLGDULWDWH
/XFUXO vQ FRPXQLWDWH úL VROLGDULWDWHD vQ SURGXF LH VXQW vQWU-DGHY U IRDUWH EXQH
DSUR[LP UL DOH VSLULWXOXL HFRQRPLF vQ FDUH VH GHVI úXUD YLD D FRUSRUD LLORU $P
SXWHD VSXQH F  DFHVWH FRUSRUD LL HUDX IRUPXOH HFRQRPLFH vQ FDUH SUHGRPLQD
VROLGDULWDWHDVDXFRPXQLW LGHOXFUXHFRQRPLFH$úDFXPVHSRDWHREVHUYDFHL
GRL WHUPHQL DL HFXD LHL FRUSRUDWLVWH VXQW YLD D HFRQRPLF  úL YLD D FRPXQLWDU 
EconomiaHUDGXEODW GHYLD FRPXQLWDU sau de solidaritate, iar comunitatea era
LQVWLWXLW GHDVXSUDRULF UXLDVSHFWFRQFUHWDOYLH LLSURGXFWLYHSHFDUHDVW ]LO-am
putea cataloga printre elementele economice &HL GRL WHUPHQL DL HFXD LHL erau de
QHVHSDUDW1XVHSRDWHvQ HOHJHVSLULWXOFRUSRUD LHLGDF QXVHDGPLWHDFHDVW GXEO 
JHQH] VDXGXEO PDQLIHVWDUHDIRUPHLFRUSRUDWLYHDQXPHGLPHQVLXQHDHFRQRPLF
úLFHDFRPXQLWDU vPELQDWHGHQHGHVS U LWÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGWUHEXLHV DFFHQWX P
asupra ideii de FRPSHWHQ FDOLILFDUHúLLHUDUKLHQDWXUDO 
$FHVWHLGHLQXVXQWQHDS UDWQRLúLQLFLQXVXQWFXWRWXOH[FOXVHGLQSHULPHWUXO
YLH LL HFRQRPLFH DFWXDOH 7RWXúL GLIHUHQ HOH ID  GH vQ HOHVXULOH PHGLHYDOH DGLF 
originar-corporative) sunt enRUPHDúDF WUHEXLHV OHDFFHQWX PSHQWUXDvQ HOHJH
PDLELQHFHYUHDV VSXQ (YRODDWXQFLFkQGOHPHQ LRQHD] 
ùLDVW ]LVHYRUEHúWHGHVSUHFRPSHWHQ GDUFRPSHWHQ DGHDVW ]LQXPDLDUH
nimic de-D IDFH FX LHUDUKLD QDWXUDO  FDUH vQFKHLH HQXPHUDUHD OXi Evola. Nici
FDOLILFDUHDGHDVW ]LQXPDLHVWHXUPDUHDXQHLLHUDUKLLOLEHUFRQVLP LWHDGLF DXQHL
LHUDUKLL FDUH VH vQVFULH vQ PRG OLEHU vQ SHULPHWUXO FDOLW LORU SULPLWH G UXLWH GH
GLYLQLWDWH XQXL RP $VW ]L VH FRQVLGHU  F  VLPSOD YRLQ  GH DXWRSHUIHF ionare
SURIHVLRQDO  D RPXOXL PDQLIHVWDW  SULQWU-o încrâncenare GH D vQY D WRDW  YLD D
DúD-QXPLWDHGXFD LHSHUPDQHQW úLGHDRE LQHWRDW YLD DGRYDGDXQRUFDOLILF UL
din ce în ce mai stricte4 (prin tot felul de diplome, certificate de studii, doctoratHúL
PDVWHUDWH OD JUDQL D VSHFLRVXOXL DVW ]L VSXQHDP DFHDVW  YRLQ  XPDQ  DSURDSH
VF SDW  GH VXE FRQWURO QX PDL SRDWH DGPLWH LGHHD XQHL LHUDUKLL QDWXUDOH vQ FDGUXO

3
Ibidem, p. 204.
4
Dar mai superflue: vezi workshop-XULOH úFROLOH GH YDU  FXUVXULOH GH FDOLILFDUH vQ
GRPHQLL LQHGLWH  3H GH DOW  SDUWH FRPSHWHQ D HVWH OHJDW  GH ILQDOLWDWHD FRPSHWL LHL, a
U PkQHULL úL U ]EDWHULL SH SLD D PXQFLL D SHUVRDQHL-muncitor, nu de finalitatea produsului;
SURGXVHOHQXPDLWUHEXLHVDILHSHUIHFWHEDFKLDUGLPSRWULY FLSHUVRDQHOHúLPDLDOHV
ILUPHOHWUHEXLHV VHGRYHGHDVF GHQHvQORFXLW
132
SURIHVLLORURLHUDUKLHFDUHV QX LQ VHDPDQHDS UDWGHFDOLILF ULOHXPDQHFLúLGH
hDUXO SURIHVLRQDO GH vQ]HVWUDUHD GH OD 'XPQH]HX úL vQ JHQHUDO GH DVWIHO GH
HOHPHQWH FH GHS úHVF FDSDFLWDWHD SUHGLFWLY  úL GH FRQWURO D RPXOXL &X WRDWH F 
profesiile de azi nu pot fi cu totul desacralizate, gradul de antropologizare a lor e
atât de mare,vQFkWRDPHQLLSURIHVLHLVHFUHGHLvQúLúLH[FOXVLYDUWL]DQLLFDULHUHLORU
D YLH LL ORU SURIHVLRQDOH ÌQ FDGUXO YLH LL SURIHVLRQDOH FRUSRUDWLYH GLPSRWULY 
VLVWHPXOLHUDUKLFHUDVLP LWFDILLQGFRUHFWGHYUHPHFHRDPHQLLDGPLWHDXGLQSULQ-
cipiu, o supHULRULWDWH D VXSHULRULORU vQ FDGUXO FRUSRUD LHL SH FDUH QX-úL SURSXQHDX
s-o disloce sau s-R VFXUWH]H FX RULFH SUH  ILH SULQ SHUIHF LRQDUH SURSULH ILH SULQ
PLMORDFH QHRUWRGR[H GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH SURIHVLRQDO $FHVW OXFUX VH vQWkPSOD úL
aici e un element HVHQ LDO DO YLH LL HFRQRPLFH YHFKL SH FDUH WUHEXLH V -l avem
PHUHXvQPLQWHSHQWUXF FHLDIOD LvQUDQJXULOHLQIHULRDUHDOHLHUDUKLHLQXGRUHDX
FX RULFH SUH  V  XUFH PDL VXV LDU XUPDUHD HUD F  RDPHQLL VH VLP HDX OLEHUL GH
autoconstrângerea parvenirii SXWHP V -L VSXQHP HXIHPLVWLF FUHúWHUH vQ FDULHU 
VLWXD LHGHIDSWFHvLI FHDOLEHULvQIRQGDúDFXPVXEOLQLD] GHMD(YROD/LEHUWDWHD
HUD RULJLQDW  vQ DFHDVW  GHS úLUH D SDUDGLJPHL DFWXDOH D FRPSHWL LHL OXPHD
HFRQRPLF  YHFKH QX DGPLWH LGHHD FRPSHWL LHL FDUH DSDUH IRDUWH WkU]LX úL GHYLQH
GRPLQDQW RGDW FXGRPLQD LDVSLULWXOXLDQJOR-saxon), economia sau profesia fiind
ORFXOHOLEHU ULLGHIUXVWU ULOHFRPSHWL LHLúLQXORFXOGHPD[LP PDQLIHVWDUHDORU
DúDFXPVHvQWkPSO D]L
$úDGDUROLEHUWDWHJHQHUDO RDFFHSWDUHGLQFDX]DDFHVWHLOLEHUW LID GH,
GHFL DEVHQ D HOHPHQWXOXL FRQVWUkQJ WRU D LHUDUKLHL SURIHVLRQDOH R SHUIHF LRQDUH
SURIHVLRQDO  FH DUH FD RUL]RQW SURIHVLD vQV úL úL QXSURILWXOPDWHULDOVDXVLPEROLF
FXP VH VSXQH DVW ]L OD FDUH VH DGDXJ  HYLGHQW XOWLPD SDUWH D FDUDFWHUL] ULL
evoliene, anume impersonalitatea DFWLY , dezinteresulúLdemnitatea.
/LEHUWDWHD JHQHUDO  FH SOXWHD DVXSUD YLH LL HFRQRPLFH FRUSRUDWLVWH DVLJXUD
DFHVWVWLODOLPSHUVRQDOLW LLDFWLYH&HvQVHDPQ DFHVWOXFUX"2DPHQLLQXVHDúH]DX
SHVLQHFDED] DDFWLYLW LLHFRQRPLFHSURGXFWLYH1X(LHUDXFHLFDUHSURGXFHDX
ceea ce nu se traduce printr-RGHWDúDUHGHIRQGID GHPXQF VDXID GHSURGXVXO
ILQLWDODFHVWHLDGLPSRWULY 8QRPSUHDLPSOLFDWFDHJRvQSURcesul muncii, poate
V SXQ RDPSUHQW SUHDSHUVRQDO úLvQDFHVWVHQVG XQ WRDUHSURFHVXOXLSURGXF-
WLY$VW ]LFkQGLGHRORJLDFHSOXWHúWHYDJvQMXUXODFWLYLW LLHFRQRPLFHDPLQWHúWHOD
tot pasul despre personalizarea produselor sau despre implicarea SHUVRQDO  D
PXQFLWRUXOXLvQIDEULFD LHDFHVWHDWULEXWHQHILLQGGHFkWUHIOHFWDUHDLPSHUVRQDOLW LL
JHQHUDOH FDUH JXYHUQHD]  WRDWH DFWHOH HFRQRPLFH DOH RPXOXL PRGHUQ WUHEXLH V 
reamintim VHQVXOSHUVRQDOLVWDOQHLPSOLF ULLSHUVRQDOHHJRWLFHPRGHUQHvQFadrul
YLH LLHFRQRPLFH%UHVODúXOPHGLHYDOVHUHWU JHDSHVLQHGLQDFWXOSURGXFWLYWRFPDL
SHQWUX D O VD SURGXVXO V  WU LDVF  PDL SOHQDU (O QX VH FRQVLGHUD DXWRU DEVROXW DO
acelui produs, ci doar canal de comunicare între divinitatea creatoare (generic
vorELQGúLIRU HOHSURSULX-]LVPDQXIDFWXULHUHGHDELOLWDWHVWULFWPHúWHúXJ UHDVF FH
V O úOXLDX vQ WUXSXO úL vQ PLQWHD VD 1HILLQG RUELW GH DFWLYLWDWHD SURSULH EUHVODúXO
HUDWRWXúLSUH]HQWFXWRDW ILLQ DVDVSLULWXDO úLRUJDQLF vQDFWXOSURGXF LHLF FL era
FRQúWLHQWGHFDUDFWHUXOtranspersonalDODFWXOXLFHVHGHVI úXUDúLFXDMXWRUXOV X
Acest caracter transpersonal, SUHVLP LWúLdoritGHPXQFLWRUHUDFKH] úLDL]EXWLULL
Tocmai acest FDUDFWHU LPSULPD DFWXOXL FUHDWRU OLEHUWDWHD GH FDUH YRUEHúWH (YROa,
133
DO WXULGHdemnitateúLGHdezinteres'H]LQWHUHVXOGHDLFLQXVHUHIHU ODLJQRUDUHD
DFWXOXLFUHDWRUHYLGHQWFLDUHvQYHGHUHFHHDFHVHFKHDP D]LLQWHUHVXOSXUFRPHU-
FLDO %UHVODúXO QX HUD FRQVWUkQV GDWRULW  vQWUHJXOXL FRQWH[W DO YLH LL HFRQRPLFH în
FDUHOXFUDúLSHFDUHO-DPVFKL DWPDLVXVV VHVXSXQ XQHLFRPHQ]LYHQLWHGLQ
SDUWHDSLH HLDGLF DXQXLHOHPHQWH[WULQVHFDFWXOXLFUHDWRUSURSULX-zis. Dezintere-
VXOHUDYHFLQGHDFHHDFXOLEHUWDWHDGDUúLFXGHPQLWDWHD(OHWRDWHVHXUP UHDXúL
VHvQW UHDXUHFLSURFFDHOHPHQWHDOHDFHOHLDúLIDPLOLLVSLULWXDOH1HILLQGREOLJDWQLFL
LQWHULRUDPY ]XWF LHUDUKLLOHHUDXVXV LQXWHLQWHULRUGHFUHGLQ DRPXOXLvQVXSHULR-
ULWDWHD DQXPLWRU VHPHQL DL V L QLFL H[WHULRU F FL QLFL XQ LQWHUHV HFRQRPLF sau
contabil nu-LPkQDQLFLSLD DQX-LÄVDQF LRQD´SHEUHVODúLEUHVODúXOSXWHDU PkQH
DúDGDU GHPQ úL GH]LQWHUHVDW 6LQJXUXO OXL LQWHUHV HUD UHVSHFWXO FRQVXPDWRUXOXL
VDWLVIDF LD DFHVWXLD GHúL H ELQH V  úWLP GH SH DFXP F  QLFL DFHVW HOHPHQW QX HUD
exacerbat ca în prezent –ODUkQGXOHLVDWLVIDF LDFHOXLFDUHHUDFOLHQW-consumator nu
FRQWDRUEHúWHFDD]LFRQVXPDWRULLQHILLQGDWkWGHSUHRFXSD LFDD]LV ILHVDWLVI FX L
– GDU DLFL HVWH R GLVFX LH SH FDUH GHRFDPGDW  R DPkQ P úL SRDWH D FHORUODO L
membri ai breslei; de aici sensul ierarhiei.
Acest univers economic-VSLULWXDO DGXFH R OXPLQ  GLIHULW  DVXSUD HFRQRPLHL
YHFKLID GHLPDJLQHDRELúQXLW GHD]L
'HVLJXU úL DOWH OXFUXUL VXQW GLIHULWH (YROD QX XLW  V  DPLQWHDVF  GH SLOG 
LQWHUGLF LDFDUHVHH[HUFLWDvQ]RQDSXEOLFLW LL
Ä/L VH YD S UHD FLXGDW FRQWHPSRUDQLORU QRúWUL F  SULQWUH DFHVWH SULQFLSLL D
IXQF LRQDW SkQ  OD XQ DQXPLW PRPHQW FRQGDPQDUHD D WRW FHHD FH FRUHVSXQGH
SXEOLFLW LLPRGHUQHFXvQúHO WRULLOHVDOHGHRDUHFHHUDFRQVLGHUDWXQPijloc incorect
de a-L GRERUv SH FRQFXUHQ L FDUH WUHEXLDX vQV  V  ILH FRPE WX L SULQ DWUDJHUHD vQ
PRGFLQVWLWDFXPS U WRUXOXLSULQSURGXVHGHFHDPDLEXQ FDOLWDWH´5.
Într-DGHY USXEOLFLWDWHDPRGHUQ FXFRUWHJLXOV XGHvQúHO WRULLHUDLQWHU]LV 
în vecKLPH ÌQF  GH OD 3ODWRQ úWLP F  UHFODPD QX DYHD YRLH V  VH PDQLIHVWH
]JRPRWRV OD SLD  QHJXVWRULL QX DYHDX YRLH V  VFKLPEH SUH XO XQXL SURGXV vQ
DFHHDúL ]L DGLF  QX SXWHDX VSHFXOD FHUHUHD PDUH SHQWUX XQ SURGXV vQFHUFkQG V 
ULGLFH SUH XO úL QLFL QX SXWHDX V  VWULJH vQ JXUD PDUH FDOLW LOH P UILL DFHDVWD
WUHEXLDV YRUEHDVF GHODVLQHV VHDXWRSUH]LQWH–LDW SULQFLSLXOIXQGDPHQWDOFDUH
LQWHU]LFHDUHFODPDvQWLPSFHD]LúWLPELQHFKHOWXLHOLOHFXUHFODPDODRULFHSURGXV
sunt enorme, de cele mai multH RUL UHFODPD QHDYkQG DFRSHULUH vQ FDOLW LOH
produsului)6.

5
Nota 2, p. 204.
6
 3ODWRQ FDUH VW UXLH PXOW vQ Legile DVXSUD DFWHORU HFRQRPLFH YLWXSHUHD]  GLQ
SULQFLSLXRULFHvQúHO WRULHFDUHVHIDFHvQPRPHQWXOYkQ] ULL-FXPS U ULLLDUSULQWUHDFHVWH
vQúHO WRULLVXQWúLSURFHGHHOHGHO XGDUHH[FHVLY DP UILLXQIHOGHVWU PRúDOUHclamei de
D]L³7UHEXLHV SXQHPSHDFHHDúLOLQLHIDOVLILFDUHDP UIXULORUúLPLQFLXQDúLIUDXGDvQV 
FHL PDL PXO L VXQW GH S UHUHD Y W P WRDUH F  vQ QHJXVWRULH VXQW PLQFLXQL vQJ GXLWH úL F 
vQúHO FLXQHDFkQGHI FXW FXURVWXOHLWUHEXLHV ILHWUHFXW FXYHGHUHDGHF WUHOHJH«
&LQH YLQGH FHYD SH SLD  V  QX-L SXQ  GRX  SUH XUL P UILL VDOH FL GDF  QX J VHúWH
FXPS U WRUSHQWUXSUH XOIL[DWV RLDúLV-RH[SXQ DGRXDRDU vQV vQDFHHDúL]LV QX-i
ULGLFHQLFLV QX-LFRERDUHSUH XO6 QX-úLODXGHPDUIDQLFLV QXVHMXUH (subl. ns., C. P.)”
(Legile, XI, 3).
134
 (YRODDPLQWHúWHvQWUHDF WF RDWDUHVLWXD LHHFRQRPLF vQFDUHQXFRQWDX
SURSULHWDWHD DVXSUD PLMORDFHORU GH SURGXF LH úL QLFL D FDSLWDOXOXL O VDW vQ VHDPD
HYUHLORUF P WDULGDUQHVHPQLILFDWLYvQvQWUHJXOVLVWHPXOXLVHYDILVFKLPEDWGXS 
UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO  GXS  VXUYHQLUHD FHOHL GH-D WUHLD VW UL úL GXS  ÄDFDSDUDUHD GH
F WUHHYUHLDHFRQRPLHL´3RDWHF vQVLDMXOWHRULLORUOXL:HUQHU6RPEDUWDUILPDL
FRUHFW V  YRUELP GHVSUH VFKLPEDUHD de sens a economiei moderne, care pare a
F S WD WU V WXULOH YHFKLL HFRQRPLL F P W UHúWL UHSUH]HQWDWH GH QHJXVWRULL HYUHL
'HVLJXUHRGLVFX LHI U VIkUúLWvQFHP VXU HYUHLLDXÄVWULFDW´YHFKLOHvQWRFPHOL
HFRQRPLFHPHGLHYDOH6RPEDUWDGPLWHF HFRQRPLDPRGHUQ HVWHFDVWLOGHWLSDU
LXGDLF I U  D H[DJHUD FX FULWLFD vQ DFHVW SXQFW7 VDX SXU úL VLPSOX HYROX LD LPSH-
QHWUDELO DHFRQRPLHLPRGHUQHDUILXUPDWDFHODúLFXUVúLI U DSRUWXOHOHPHQWXOXL
evreiesc.
Regimul fascist italian a încercat reorganizarea HFRQRPLHL úL VWDWXOXL GXS 
PRGHO FRUSRUDWLVW GDU (YROD FUHGH F  SURFHVXO QX D IRVW GHVWXO GH ELQH JkQGLW
GHRDUHFHÄXQLWDWHDPXQFLLQXDIRVWUHFRQVWLWXLW vQORFXOvQFDUHDIRVWGLVWUXV GH
vQúHO WRULLOH FDSLWDOLVWH SH GH-R SDUWH úL GH PDU[LVP SH GH DOW  SDUWH DGLF  în
LQWHULRUXOILHF UHLvQWUHSULQGHULVDXFRPSOH[GHvQWUHSULQGHUL, ci în exteriorul lor, în
cadrul unui sistem birocratic-statal, cu organe care adesea se reduceau la simple
suprastructuri greoaie”8.
În schimb, crede autorul italian, în ca]XO QD LRQDO-socialismului german,
OHJLVOD LD PXQFLL D IRVW PXOW PDL ELQH DGHFYDW  VFRSXOXL UHQDúWHULL VSLULWXOXL
FRUSRUDWLVW 6SLULWXO FRUSRUDWLVPXOXL WUDGL LRQDO D IRVW RJOLQGLW ÄvQWU-o oarecare
P VXU ´ GH DFHDVW  OHJLVOD LH D PXQFLL $ VH REVHUYD F  GHúL FUHGH F  QD LRQDO-
socialismul s-a apropiat mai mult de ideal-tipul corporatismului vechi, nici el nu a
UHXúLWV UHIDF SHGH-a-ntregul acel spirit.
$VWIHO úHILL vQWUHSULQGHULORU JHUPDQH Betriebsführer vúL DVXPDX GHVFKLV R
UHVSRQVDELOLWDWH VSHFLDO  GH DGHY UD L FRQGXF WRUL LDU UHVWXO PXQFLWRULORU IRUPDX
„suita” (GefolgschaftSULPLORUvQWUHHLH[LVWkQGRVROLGDULWDWHJDUDQWDW úLSURWHMDW 
GH GLIHULWH P VXUL9 3ULQWUH P VXULOH OXDWH VH QXP U  vQ VSHFLDO GLPLQXDUHD
DSHWLWXOXL SHQWUX XUP ULUHD LQWHUHVXOXL LQGLYLGXDO PXQFLWRUXOXL FD úL úHIXOXL L VH

7
&DUWHDVDFODVLF vQDFHVWSXQFWHVWH(YUHLLúLYLD DHFRQRPLF QHWUDGXV vQF vQ
OLPEDURPkQ 7ULPLWHPODHGL LDIUDQFH] DOXFU ULLLes juifs et la vie économique, Payot,
Paris, 1923.
8
Evola, op. cit., p. 205.
9
 5 PkQH R vQWUHEDUH-FKHLH vQ DFHDVW  GLVFX LH GHVSUH UHQDúWHUHD FRUSRUDWLVPXOXL
PHGLHYDO vQ IRUPHOH VDOH PRGHUQH IDVFLVWH VDX QD LRQDO-VRFLDOLVWH vQ FH P VXU  DFHVWH
UHJOHPHQW UL H[WHULRDUH DOH VROLGDULW LL GLQWUH úHIL úL PXQFLWRUL SRW UHGD R VWDUH QDWXUDO  D
VROLGDULW LLGHWLSPHGLHYDOLPSUHJQDW GHVSLULWUHOLJLRV"& FLHFODUF VSUHGHRVHELUHGH
FRUSRUD LLOH PHGLHYDOH RUJDQL]DWH vQ SUR[LPLWDWHD %LVHULFLL úL FX XQ VXEVWDQ LDO DSRUW
UHOLJLRVFRUSRUD LLOHPRGHUQHau fost infuzate de spirit etatist (politic sau chiar ideologic) –
FkQG(YRODFUHGHF SROLWLFXOWUHEXLHV ÄSXQ ODSXQFW´HFRQRPLDUHGXFkQG-o la statutul
V XLQIHULRUID GHDFHVWDHOXLW F SROLWLFDvQV úLHVWHvQOXPHDPRGHUQ RDFWLYLWDWHFX
carDFWHU FXPYD HFRQRPLF vQ FDUH SURILWXO HVWH DúH]DW GHDVXSUD SULQFLSLLORU 'HVLJXU YD
WUHEXL V  UHYHQLP DVXSUD DFHVWXL SXQFW SHQWUX F  HO FRQVWLWXLH XQ IHO GH SLDWU  GH WHPHOLH
SHQWUXMXVWLILFDUHDVDXQXDXQHLUHQDúWHULDRULF UHLÄUHQDúWHUL´SRVLELOH într-o societate.)
Acest spirit voluntarist-HWDWLVW QX DUH OHJ WXU  FX SULQFLSLLOH PDUL FDUH JXYHUQDX FRUSRUD-
tismul vechi, amintite înainte.
135
FHUHD V  ILH VROLGDU FX VLWXD LD vQWUHSULQGHULL FX FRQWH[WXO vQWUHJLL HFRQRPLL
QD LRQDOHEDFKLDUFXFRQWH[WXOHFRQRPLFJOREDO$FHDVW UHRULHQWDUHDLQWHUHVXOXL
LQGLYLGXDO VSUH FRQWH[WXO JHQHUDO úL VXSXQHUHD FH UH]XOW  GH DLFL D SULPXOXL OD
SRVLELOLW LOHFRQWH[WXOXLJHQHUDOUHSUH]LQW vQWU-DGHY URUHRULHQWDUHIXQGDPHQWDO 
GHVHQVID GHVSLULWXOH[FHVLYXWLOLWDULVWDOHFRQRPLHLPRGHUQH10.
În concluzie, spune Evola, este nevoie, jos, la nivelul muncitorului de rând,
de o deproletarizareDDFHVWXLDvQ HOHJkQGDLFLHOLPLQDUHDU G FLQLLFRQIOLFWXDOLVWH
GLQ FRQúWLLQ D VD SURGXFWLY  úL OD QLYHOXO HOLWHL HFRQRPLFH D FDSLWDOLVWXOXL GH
GHQXQ DUHDWLSXOXLFDSLWDOLVWXOXL-UHQWLHUVSHFXODQWVDXSXUúLVLPSOXQHS V WRUFHO
FDUHQXPDLúWLHGHXQGHYLQGLYLGHQGHOHHOILLQGSUHDRFXSDWFXRYLD PRQGHQ 
„obositoare”).
ÌQDIDU GHUHYHQLUHDODWLSXOFDSLWDOLVWXOXL-DQWUHSUHQRUVW SkQDOPLMORDFHORU
WHKQLFHúLSURGXFWLYHúLSOLQGHLQL LDWLY UHVSHFWDWGHPXQFLWRULúLDQJDMDWGHSOLQvQ
vQWUHSULQGHUHDVD(YRODFUHGHF HQHYRLHGHRUHGHVFRSHULUHDIXQF LHLSROLWLFHD
acestui capitalist sui-JHQHULV3ULQDFHDVWDHOUHYLQHODWHPDPDMRU DUHOD LHLGLQWUH
HFRQRPLH úL VWDW ÌQV  vQDLQWH GH D FRQWLQXD SH ILUXO XQHL DVWIHO GH UHOD LL HO IDFH
FkWHYD REVHUYD LL GHVSUH VFKLPEDUHD FRQGL LLORU SXU PDWHULDOH DOH PXQFLL GH GXS 
UHYROX LDLQGXVWULDO 
'LILFXOW LOH SH FDUH OH ULGLF  PHFDQL]DUHD GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PDUH D PXQFLL
unei reveniri la spiritul corporatismului medieval sunt extrem de mari: „În varian-
WHOH XQHL PXQFL HVHQ LDO PHFDQLFH HVWH IRDUWH JUHX V  VH S VWUH]H FDUDFWHUXO GH
©DUW ª úL GH ©YRFD LHª úL SRVLELOLWDWHD FD UH]XOWDWXO DFHVWHL PXQFL V  SRDUWH DP-
SUHQWDSHUVRQDOLW LL´'HDLFLúLSHULFROXOSHQWUXPXQcitorul modern de a considera
PXQFD GUHSW R VLPSO  QHFHVLWDWH11 úL SUHVWD LD VD GUHSW YkQ]DUHD P UIXULORU XQRU
VWU LQLvQVFKLPEXOXQHLVXPHPDULGLVS UkQGDVWIHOUDSRUWXULOHYLLúLSHUVRQDOHFDUH
DXH[LVWDWvQWUHúHILúLPHúWHUL12vQYHFKLOHFRUSRUD LLFKLDUúLvQFDGUXOPXOWRUFRP-
plexe corporative de la începutul perioadei capitaliste.

10
$VW ]LVHXUP UHúWHSURILWXOLQGLYLGXDOVDXDOvQWUHSULQGHULLFXRULFHULVFFXULVFXO
distrugerii altor întrepULQGHUL YHFLQH VDX GLQ UL DSURSLDWH FX ULVFXO GLVWUXJHULL HFR-
VLVWHPHORUSODQHWDUHFXULVFXOFKLDUDOSLHUGHULLGHYLH LRPHQHúWL1XSX LQHVXQWFD]XULOH
pentru a nu lua decât un exemplu, dintre cele mai flagrante, în care companiile aeriene, în
numeOH FkúWLJXOXL PDWHULDO VDFULILF  OD OLPLWH JUHX GH LPDJLQDW VLJXUDQ D F O WRULORU ,DU
acesta este un caz-OLPLW vQWU-XQGRPHQLXFDUHRULFXPHVWHH[WUHPGHGUDVWLFFXP VXULOHGH
VLJXUDQ ÌQVFKLPEFHOHFHVHvQWkPSO vQLQGXVWULDDOLPHQWDU VXQWDGHVHDOXFUXULúLPDL
WHULILDQWH GDU DSDUHQW PDL SX LQ JUDYH F FL HIHFWHOH ORU VH DúD]  PDL JUHX vQ FRQúWLLQ D
RDPHQLORUúLQXúRFKHD] ODIHOGHPXOWFDDFFLGHQWHOHDYLDWLFH
11
6DXGLPSRWULY RFRUYRDG GHYUHPHFHPXQFDQXPDLHVWHVLP LW FDYRFD LHFD
R FKHPDUH H[WHULRDU  LPSHULRDV  FD XQ vQGHPQ GLYLQ OD UHDOL]DUHD XWLOXOXL úL IUXPRVXOXL
(n. ns., C. P.).
12
 7HUPLQRORJLD HVWH RDUHFXP LPSURSULH XUPDUH SRDWH úL D WUDGXFHULL ùHILL HUDX
PHúWHULLLDUPXQFLWRULLHUDXFDOIHVDXXFHQLFL'LQFRQWH[WUH]XOW WRWXúLLGHHDUDSRUWXULOH
vQWUHFHLFDUHH[HFXWDXúLFHLFDUHGH LQHDXVHFUHWHOHIDEULFD LHL'HVLJXUúLúHILLPHúWHULL
PXQFHDXFRWODFRWFXXFHQLFLLGRDUF SULPLLHUDXÄFDOLILFD L´vQWLPSFHFHLODO LHUDXvQ
FXUVGHFDOLILFDUHQXQHDS UDWÄQHFDOLILFD L´FXPVHVSXQHDVW ]L
136
 &DUHHVWHVROX LDODDFHDVW FRQVWUkQJHUHGHWLSPHFDQLF-RELHFWLY"5 VSXQVXO
OXL(YRODQXHVWHIRDUWHOLPSHGH(OFHUHDSDUL LDXQXLQRXWLSXPDQVLQWDJP FDUH
SRDWHS UHDVXUSULQ] WRDUHSHQWUXQRLFHLFDUHDPDX]LWGHDWkWHDRULGHVSUHDSDUL LD
unui „om nou” sub regimul ateu comunist13 D F UXL SULQFLSDO  WU V WXU  PRUDO 
HVWH XQ VSLULW GH VDFULILFLX LQHJDODELO úL R FDSDFLWDWH GH D UH]LVWD LQWHPSHULLORU
istoriei de asemeQHDI U HJDO(VWHWLSXOOXSW WRUXOXLWUDQVIHUDWvQHFRQRPLHXQWLS
FDUHVHODV SHVLQHvQWU-un anonimat total, sacrificându-se prin impersonalizare în
QXPHOH FDX]HL FRPXQH Ä$U WUHEXL FD DQRQLPDWXO úL GH]LQWHUHVXO WLSLFH SHQWUX
YHFKLXOFRUSRUDWLVPV UHDSDU vQWU-RIRUP LQHGLW IRDUWHFRQFHQWUDW úLOXFLG vQ
FDGUXOOXPLLWHKQLFLLúLHFRQRPLHL´14.
ÌQWUHEDUHD HVWH GH XQGH V  YLQ  LPSXOVXO DFHVWHLDSDUL LL"&DUHV ILHIRU HOH
FDUHV RGHWHUPLQH"6 ILHOXPHDWHKQLFLLúLDPDúLQLORUÄPRQVWUXRDVH´FDSDELO V 
ÄVPXOJ ´ QDWXULL XQ DVWIHO GH WLS XPDQ" 3HQWUX F  HVWH GHVWXO GH HYLGHQW F  GRDU
RPXO FD ÄDQLPDO SROLWLF´ GHFL FD OHJLXLWRU úL FkUPXLWRU SROLWLF VDX FD RP DO
IDPLOLHLFDHGXFDWRUEDFKLDUFDRPUHOLJLRVúLGRDUUHOLJLRVFDúLFUHGLQFLRVOLSVLt
GH SUHRFXSDUH HFRQRPLF  QX SRDWH V  GHWHUPLQH R DVWIHO GH PRGLILFDUH DQWURSR-
ORJLF  2PXO UHOLJLRV VLQJXU RPXO SROLWLF VLQJXU RPXO IDPLOLDO VLQJXU QX SRW
DF LRQDDVXSUDGHPRQLHLHFRQRPLHLúLWHKQLFLLSHQWUXDvPSOLQLXQSURILOFDFHODO
vechiului bresODú ( QHYRLH GH DFFHSWDUHD SURYRF ULL PDúLQLVPXOXL PRGHUQ FUHGH
(YROD SHQWUX D UHXúL )LORVRIXO LWDOLDQ FUHGH F  WLSXO OXSW WRUXOXL HVWH FHO FDUH VH
DVFXQGH vQ VSDWHOH FDUDFWHUXOXL YHFKLORU EUHVODúL 3 UHUHD QRDVWU  QX FRLQFLGH DLFL
întrutotul cu cea a OXL(YRODvQVHQVXOF QRLQXFUHGHPF DUILVXILFLHQWDFHVWWLSDU
GH OXSW WRU FX FDUDFWHU DUKDLF-DULVWRFUDWLF SHQWUX D DMXQJH OD EUHVODúXO FUHGLQFLRV
QRLFUHGHPGLPSRWULY F vQEUHVODúGRPLQDQWDIRVWVSLULWXOFUHúWLQDOVDFULILFLXOXL
adresat lui DuPQH]HX úL QX XQRU YDORUL DULVWRFUDWLFH DQWHULRDUH FUHúWLQLVPXOXL
Folosim aici termenul de arhaic-DULVWRFUDWLF vQ VHQVXO OXPLL 7UDGL LHL GH FDUH
YRUEHúWHDGHVHD(YROD15ROXPHDQWHULRDU FDWLPSúLVSLULWFUHúWLQLVPXOXL2OXPH
D XQHL H[SHULHQ H VSLULWXDOH FH LQFOXGH FUHúWLQLVPXO GDU QX VH UHGXFH OD HO FL
GLPSRWULY vOGHS úHúWHvQWU-RRDUHFDUHP VXU SULQYHFKLPHúLLPSOLFLWJUDQGRD-
UH6XQWHPGHS UHUHF GLPSRWULY H[SHULHQ DFUHúWLQ DIRVWFHDFDUHDGHWHUPLQDW
WXúDVSHFLILF DFRUSRUDWLVPXOXL iar caracterul impersonalizant al acestuia vine nu
GLQDQWHULRULWDWHDDULVWRFUDWLF DOXPLLSUHFUHúWLQHFLGLQVPHUHQLDFUHúWLQ DGXV vQ
plan economic. Cu alte cuvinte, noi credem într-XQÄFUHúWLQLVP´avant la lettre în
FDGUXOFRUSRUD LLORUDQWLFHúLvQ cadrul tuturor formelor economice antice ce nu-úL
SURSXQHDXFkúWLJXULOHPDWHULDOHLPHGLDWHvQIRUPHOHFDSLWDOLVPXOXLPRGHUQ16, spre
13
6 QXXLW PF úLFUHúWLQLVPXOGHVFRSHU XQWLSGHRPQRXGXS YHQLUHD0kQWXLWR-
UXOXL'DUDFHVWDHVWHFXDGHY UDWXQRPQRXI U OHJ WXU FXWULEXOD LLOHSROLWLFHúLLGHROR-
gice, ci flancat doar de dragostea de Dumne]HXúLGHDSURDSHOH
14
J. Evola, op. cit., p. 207.
15
A se vedea Julius Evola, Revolta contra lumii PRGHUQH(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWL
IDPDLFXVHDP FDS– Regalitatea.
16
 3UREOHPD FDUDFWHUXOXL FUHúWLQ DO EUHVOHORU SUHFUHúWLQH HVWH GHVLJXU OD OLmita unei
LSRWH]HIRDUWHJUHXGHYHULILFDW1XWUHEXLHV SLHUGHPGLQYHGHUHIDSWXOF ODIHOGHELQHVH
SRDWHVXV LQHXQFDUDFWHUÄS JkQ´VDXSUHFUHúWLQvQFD]XOEUHVOHORUGLQSHULRDGDPHGLHYDO 
vQFDUHFUHúWLQLVPXOHUDGRPLQDQW'DF RULFHEUHDVO HVWHRRUJDQL]D LHFDUHvPELQ DVWIHO
137
GHRVHELUHGH(YRODFDUHYHGHvQFUHúWLQLVPXOFRUSRUDWLVWRUDPXU GHFRQWLQXLWDWH
FXDULVWRFUDWLVPXOúLGHS úLUHDGHVLQHGin specia eroismuluiSURSULLDQWLFKLW LL
5HYHQLQGODLGHLOHOXL(YRODV VSXQHPF HODGPLWHF ÄSUREDPDúLQLORUúL
SURFHVHORULQGXVWULDOHGH]YROWDWHSkQ ODGLPHQVLXQLPRQVWUXRDVHDUSXWHDILSHQWUX
RPXO GH UkQG PDL JUHX GH GHS úLW GHFkW H[SHULHQ HOH U ]ERLXOXL GHRDUHFH FKLDU
GDF vQFD]XOFHORUGLQXUP GLVWUXJHUHDIL]LF HVWHODWRWSDVXOWRWXúLXQDQVDPEOX
GH IDFWRUL PRUDOL úL HPRWLYL vL RIHU  LQGLYLGXOXL XQ VSULMLQ FDUH vQ PDUH SDUWH HVWH
LQH[LVWHQWSHIURQWXOFHQXúLXúLPRQRWRQDOPXQFLLvQOXPHDPRGHUQ ´17.
0HULW V FRPHQW PDFHVWSDVDMGHRDUHFHDLFLFRH[LVW GRX LSRWH]HFRQWUDUH
GHVSUH HIHFWHOH SRVLELOH DOH PDúLQLVPXOXL DVXSUD PRUDOXOXL RPXOXL PRGHUQ
UHVSHFWLY GHVSUH HIHFWHOH U ]ERDLHORU YHFKL DULVWRFUDWLFH DVXSUD PRUDOXOXL
oamenilor din trecut. Evola împinge în prim-SODQFXGLVFUH LHLSRWH]DGXS FDUHH
SRVLELO FD PHGLXO GH]XPDQL]DQW DO PDúLQLVPXOXL V  ILH R SURYRFDUH VXILFLHQW GH
PDUH SHQWUX RPXO DFWXDO SHQWUX FD DFHVWD V  WUHDF  JUDQL D vQ ]RQD XQXL HURLVP
mecanic-GHWHUPLQDW(FODUF U ]ERDLHOHYHFKLvQFDUHVXIHULQ DIL]LF HUDSUH]HQW 

GH FDUDFWHUH SXWHP OD OLPLW  VXV LQH F  FHOH DQWHULRDUH FUHúWLQLVPXOXL DQWLFLSDX FXPYD
spiritul medieval-FUHúWLQ DúD FXP SXWHP UHJ VL HOHPHQWH SUHFUHúWLQH vQ FHOH PHGLHYDOH
canonic-FUHúWLQH3UREOHPDHVWHGHDUHJkQGLun traseu dominant al spiritului acestor organi-
]D LL 'LQ SXQFWXO QRVWUX GH YHGHUH DFHVW WUDVHX GRPLQDQW HVWH FHO FUHúWLQ ÌQWU-R VFXUW 
WUHFHUHvQUHYLVW DLVWRULHLJKLOGHORUPHGLHYDOHJ VLPDFHVWHIUD]HUHOHYDQWHSHQWUXFHHDFH
am spus mai sus: „ReguODVSLULWXDO IXQGDPHQWDO DJKLOGHORUDIRVWvQWRWGHDXQDVROLGDULWD-
WHDGHJUXSúLIUDWHUQLWDWHDPDLDOHVvQDFFHS LXQHDVDFUHúWLQ GHFHQ-DPDGPLWHF DFHVW
FDUDFWHUFKLDUGDF vQDFHVWFRQWH[WVHUHIHU ODJKLOGHOHPHGLHYDOHHVWHXQXOPRúWHQLWGHla
cele antice? – Q QV & 3 $FHDVWD LPSXQHD ILHF UXL PHPEUX GDWRULD GH D-i asista pe
WRYDU úLL DIOD L vQ QHYRLH´ -DFTXHV /H *RII -HDQ-Claude Schmitt – coord., 'LF LRQDU
tematic al Evului Mediu occidental, Editura. Polirom, 2002, p. 298). Pe de alt  SDUWH
DFHOHDúLJKLOGHVDXEUHVOHPHGLHYDOHLQFOXGHDXGHVWXOHHOHPHQWHSUHFUHúWLQHFXPDUILMXU -
PkQWXOGHFUHGLQ DOPHPEULORUDFHVWRUDJKLOGHOHHUDXDVRFLD LLÄMXUDWH´– conjurationes,
FXXQVSHFLILFDSDUWHSHFDUHDGHVHDDXWRULW LOHVWDWDOHúLHcleziastice îl considerau suspect)
VDXPHVHOHvQFRPXQ$VWIHOGHPDQLIHVW ULSDUWLFXODULVWHWUH]HDXVXVSLFLXQLvQOHJ WXU FX
ÄFDQRQLFLWDWHD´ EUHVOHORU 8Q DQXPLW ÄSDUDOHOLVP´ vQWUH VLVWHPXO SDURKLDO úL V UE WRULOH
breslelor a fost caracteristic întotdeauQDVLVWHPXOXLGHRUJDQL]DUHFRUSRUDWLY $FHVWSDUDOH-
OLVPHVWHFHOSHFDUHVHULGLF GHIDSWQXDQ DSUHFUHúWLQ DFRUSRUD LLORUÄ0DVDFROHFWLY 
HUD OHJDW  GH VHUYLFLXO GLYLQ GH RSHUHOH GH FDULWDWH úL GH FRPHPRUDUHD PRU LORU DGLF  GH
rememorarea proprLHL LVWRULL 6 UE WRULOH UHOLJLRDVH I FHDX GLQ JKLOG  R comunitate aparte
V QV & 3 FDUH H[LVWD vQ SDUDOHO FX VLVWHPXO SDURKLDO úL LQVWLWX LRQDO DO VRFLHW LL´
('LF LRQDUWHPDWLFS1XHVWHH[FOXVFDvQDFHVWHPHVHFROHFWLYHV U ]EDW WU V WXUL
DOHYHFKLORUFXOWHIDPLOLDOHSUHFUHúWLQH0DLPXOWvQvQV úLLGHHDGHcomunitateVHUHJ VHúWH
DWkWFDUDFWHUXOFUHúWLQFkWúLFHOSUHFUHúWLQVDXS JkQDOEUHVOHLGHFLFRH[LVW DLFLRWHQVLXQH
IXQGDPHQWDO  & FL FRPXQLWDWHD FUHúWLQ  HVWHSRWHQ LDOXQLYHUVDO vQWLPSFHFRPXQLWDWHD
SUHFUHúWLQ  GH EUHDVO  HVWH SULQFLSLDO vQFKLV  ORFDOLVW  'H DOWIHO LVWRULD vQWkOQLULL GLQWUH
%LVHULF úLJKLOGHOHPHGLHYDOHQXHVWHOLSVLW GHDQLPR]LW LÄ$FHVWHWH[WHGLQVHULDFHORU
QHJDWLYH HPLVH GH %LVHULF  – Q QV & 3 GHVFULDX JKLOGHOH FD SH QLúWH IRFDUH GH SUDFWLFL
S JkQHGHFULPHúLGHYLFLLVHFUHWHGHREVFHQLWDWHGHGHVIUkXúLGHDVDVLQDWvQVFULLQGX-se
vQ WUDGL LD OXSWHL %LVHULFLL SULPLWLYH vPSRWULYD RVSH HORU D EH LHL D MRFXOXL úL GDQVXOXL´
('LF ionar tematic..., p. 298).
17
J. Evola, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH, p. 207.
138
SHVWHWRWDXGHWHUPLQDWSkQ ODXQSXQFWWLSXOU ]ERLQLFXOXLWLSXOHURXOXLFHUXWGH
(YROD Ä5 ]ERDLHOH´ GH D]L GXVH FX PRQVWUXRVXO LQHUHQW PHFDQLFLL PRGHUQH YRU
GXFHRDUHODDSDUL LHXQXLHURXDGHFYDWYUHPXULORUQRDVWUHVDXGLPSRWULY DYkQG
vQYHGHUHDEVHQ DHOHPHQWHORUPRUDOHFHVHVWUHFXUDXvQYHFKLOHU ]ERDLHúLFDUHQX
PDLDSDUDFXPVHYDQDúWHRVSHFLHGLQDULDDFHOXLDúLPRQVWUXRVI U OHJ WXU FX
HURLVPXO GH DOW GDW " ÌQWUHEDUHD HVWH FH DQXPH GHWHUPLQ  HURLVPXO PRQVWUXR-
]LWDWHD U ]ERDLHORU FD] vQ FDUH PRQVWUXRVXO PDúLQLVW SRDWH GXFH OD HURLVP VDX
GLPSRWULY PRUDOLWDWHDLQWHUVWL LDO DYHFKLORUU ]ERDLHFD]vQFDUHPDúLQLVPXOQX
YD IL SULHOQLF HURLVPXOXL FL GLPSRWULY " ( JUHX GH U VSXQV OD DFHDVW  vQWUHEDUH
7H[WXOOXL(YRODHúLHODEVFRQV(YLGHQWHJUHXGHVSXVFHFUHGHILORVRIXOGHVSUH
QRLOH U ]ERDLH DOH RPXOXL PRGHUQ úL GHVSUH HIHFWHOH DFHVWRUD DVXSUD PRUDOLW LL
OXPLL)DSWXOF U ]ERDLHOHPRGHUQHVXQWPDLJUHXGHGHS úLWGHRDUHFHOHOLSVHúWH
RULFH XUP  GH XPDQLWDWH SRDWH IL LQWHUSUHWDW FD DYDQWDM vQ VHQVXO XQHL PDL PDUL
VROLFLW UL úL SURYRF UL DGUHVDWH RPXOXL VDX GLPSRWULY  GH]DYDQWDM RPXO DFHVWD
FRSOHúLW GH WHKQLF  QX PDL DUH QLFL XQ IHO GH UHSHU PRUDO SH FDUH V -l asimileze,
P FDUSULQLPLWD LH-impregnare).
ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH (YROD WUHFH vQ UHYLVW  FkWHYD SRVLELOH PRGDOLW L FRQFUHWH GH
RUJDQLFL]DUHDvQWUHSULQGHULORUSULQDúD-numita socializareDGLF SULQFRLQWHUHVDUHD
muncitorilor în procesul muncii. De obicei, pROLWLFDDSOLFDW HUDDFHHDDvPS U LULL
SURILWXULORUFHHDFHvQV SRDWHGXFHODHIHFWXOSHUYHUVDOWUDQVIRUP ULLvQWUHSULQGHULL
într-un instrument utilitar-LQGLYLGXDOLVW I U  OHJ WXU  FX UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD PRUDO 
'H DFHHD (YROD FUHGH QHFHVDU FD úL HYHQWXDOHOH SLHUGHUL DOH vQWUHSULQGHULL V  ILH
vPS U LWH VRFLDOL]DWH FX PXQFLWRULL ÌQ ILQH R DOW  VROX LH DU IL FRSDUWLFLSDUHD
PXQFLWRULORU OD SURSULHWDWHD DVXSUD vQWUHSULQGHULORU úL QX QHDS UDW OD vPS U LUHD
SURILWXOXL $FHDVW  GLQ XUP  VROX LH L VH SDUH ILORVRIXOXL LWDOLDQ úL PDL SRWULYLW 
GHRDUHFH HD DU GLVWUXJH FRORDQD YHUWHEUDO  D PDU[LVPXOXL PDU[LVPXO HVWH XQXO
GLQWUH LQWHOHSUHIHUDWHDOHDWDFXULORUHYROLHQH(YRODVHGRYHGHúWHUHWLFHQWFXLGHHD
FDPXQFLWRULLV ILHDWUDúLvQSURFHVXOGHGHFL]Le la nivel tehnic al întreprinderii (din
FDX]D D FHHD FH HO QXPHúWH ÄH]RWHULVPXO´ IXQF LLORU WHKQLFH vQ OXPHD PRGHUQ 
H[HPSOXOFODVLFILLQGDFHODDOÄSUROHWDUL] ULL´HFRQRPLHLVRYLHWLFH'XS RSHULRDG 
în care deciziile majore au fost luate la nivelul dHMRVDOÄFRPLWHWHORUGHIDEULF ´
FXWLPSXODFHVWHFRPLWHWHúL-DXSLHUGXWFXWRWXOVHQVXOúLHILFDFLWDWHDvQFkWGLUHF LD
IDEULFLORUDUHYHQLWGLQQRXXQHLHOLWHWHKQLFHVSHFLDOL]DWH(YRODQRWHD] XQOXFUX
LQWHUHVDQW GXS  FH G  DFHVW H[HPSOX (O DILUP  F  ÄHVWH DFHODúL OXFUX FDUH SULQ
vQV úLPHUVXOOXFUXULORUVHYDvQWkPSODPHUHXvQHSRFDPRGHUQ ´18.
$FFHQWX PDVXSUDDFHVWHLDILUPD LLúLROHJ PGHDVHPHQHDGHLGHHDH]RWH-
ULVPXOXLWHKQLFLLPRGHUQHDPLQWLW úLHDvQDLQWHGHILORVRIXOLWDOLDQSHQWUXa scoate
vQUHOLHIRSUREOHP FXDGHY UDWJUDY úLFDUHGXS RSLQLDQRDVWU UHSUH]LQW XQXO
GLQWUH REVWDFROHOH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH GDF  QX FKLDU cel mai important în calea
revenirii la spiritul de normalitate al corporatismului vechi.
Acest element-cheiHHVWHFKLDUH]RWHULVPXOWHKQLFLLPRGHUQHGHFDUHYRUEHúWH
(YROD FDUDFWHUXO H[WUHP GH VSHFLDOL]DW DO IXQF LLORU WHKQLFR-economice ale lumii
PRGHUQH FDUH vPSLHGLF  EUXWDO DSDUL LD XQXL VSLULW HFRQRPLF GHVFKLV PRUDO

18
)LQDOXOQRWHLSvQHGL LDFLWDW 
139
vPS UW úLW GH WR L RDPHQLL &DUDFWHUXl abscons al tehnicii moderne nu mai este
FRPSDWLELOFXLGHHDFRPXQLWDU DFRUSRUDWLVPXOXLQLFLQXLGHHDFUHúWLQ FDUHDQLPD
UDSRUWXULOHGHPXQF úLGHYLD GLQFDGUXOEUHVOHORUDQWLFHúLPHGLHYDOH8QDWDUH
FDUDFWHUH]RWHULFHVWHSURSLFHGLPSRWULY XQui soi de neo-S JkQLVPVXL-generis al
întreprinderilorFDUHVHPDQLIHVW GLQSOLQvQOXPHDPRGHUQ 
$VWIHO vQWUHSULQGHULOH PRGHUQH OXFUHD]  GLQ FH vQ FH PDL PXOW FX LGHHD
FRQILGHQ LDOLW LLEDFKLDUDvQFLIU ULLWRWDOH5H HWHOHGHIDEULFD LHúLED]HOHde date
DOHXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULVXQWS ]LWHFXVWU úQLFLHúLVXQWGHIDSWPXOWPDLLPSRUWDQWH
GHFkW RDPHQLL FDUH SRSXOHD]  DFHVWH vQWUHSULQGHUL 2DPHQLL SRW IL VFKLPED L GDU
VFKHPHOHGHIXQF LRQDUHSURJUDPHOHGHPDQDJHPHQWHWFVXQWVDFURVDQFWH1RLOH
PRGHOHGHPDQDJHPHQWFKLDUDVWDUHFRPDQG DSDUL LDXQXLWLSQRXGHvQWUHSULQGHUH
vQ FDUH RDPHQLL V  ILH LQWHUúDQMDELOL LDU VLVWHPXO V  IXQF LRQH]H QHVWLQJKHULW
GLQFROR GH DIOX[XO IRU HL GH PXQF  ÌQ DVWIHO GH vQWUHSULQGHUL FDUH SUDFWLF VH
GHEDUDVHD]  GH RDPHQL vQ VHQVXO F -L SRW vQORFXL RULFkQG FD SH QLúWHPDúLQLvQ
FDUH UHOD LLOH GH PXQF  VXQW úL HOH VXSXVH DFHOXLDúL FDUDFWHU H]RWHULF úL LQGLYLGXD-
OL]DQW ILHFDUH PXQFHúWH SHQWUX VLQH VDODULXO HVWH FRQILGHQ LDO QLPHQL QX úWLH
GHVSUHYLD DSHUVRQDO DFXLYDGHFkWFHYUHDUHVSHFWLYXOV VHDIOHHWFHVWHIRDUWH
greu de imaginat cum ar putea fi redobândit caracterul vechi-comunitar, deschis al
FRUSRUD LHL 6  QX XLW P F  YHFKLOH FRUSRUD LL HUDX VLVWHPH vQ SULPXO UkQG HGXFD-
tive, care preluau muncitorii-ucenici de la vârste foarte fragede (13 –DQLúLvQ
FDUHDXWRULWDWHDPHúWHUXOXLHUDPDLFXVHDP IDPLOLDO-UHOLJLRDV HOILLQGYLLWRUXOQDú
DO XFHQLFXOXL VDX XOWHULRU FDOIHL 2 DVWIHO GH vQWRFPLUH HFRQRPLF  QX PDL HVWH
SRVLELO  vQ OXPHD PRGHUQ  în care, pe de o parte, întreprinderile au devenit, pe
DORFXUL DGHY UD L PDVWRGRQ L LQGXVWULDOL PXOWH IDEULFL DX PLL GH DQJDMD L FDUH
HYLGHQWF QXVHFXQRVFvQWUHHLLDUSHGHDOW SDUWHFDUDFWHUXODEVFRQVDOWHKQLFLL
FH V O úOXLHúWH vQ DFHVWH vQWUHSULQGHUL U SHúWH SUDFWLF WLPSXO FH vQDLQWH VH DFRUGD
UHOD LLORU PRUDOH GLQWUH RDPHQL $VW ]L HGXFD LD YHFKLORU EUHVOH HVWH vQORFXLW  GH
LQVWUXF LDUDSLG ODORFXOGHPXQF GHÄSUHOXFUDUHD´PXQFLWRUXOXLvQVHQVXOIDPLOLD-
UL] ULL FX UHJXOLOH GH SURWHF LD PXQFLL VDX FX SURFHVHOH GH IDEULFD LH $FHVWHD GLQ
XUP  OD UkQGXO ORU VH GHVI úRDU  OD QLYHO PHFDQLF 0XQFLWRUXO QX PDL HVWH XQ
artizan, ci un mecanism oarecare într-un mecanism general, automatizat, de fabri-
FD LH SH EDQG  (O DSDV  XQ EXWRQ úL SURGXVHOH DSDU vQ FDGUXO PDúLQLORU 7RDWH
DFHVWH HOHPHQWH FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH vQWUHSULQGHULL PRGHUQH úL PDL VXQW úL DOWHOH FHOH
FDUH LQ EXQ RDU  GH SURFHVXO XOWHULRU SURGXF LHL DQXPH YkQ]DUHD IDF FD OXPHD
HFRQRPLF PRGHUQ V -úLSLDUG DSURDSHFXWRWXOVHQVXOFRUSRUD LLORUYHFKLVHQVXO
FRPXQLWDU úL PRUDO 'H DFHHD GXS  RSLQLD QRDVWU  vQFHUF ULOH GH D J VL VROX LL
FRQFUHWHWHKQLFHODDFHDVW SUREOHP VXQWVRUWLWHHúHFXOXLDúDFXPXQHúHFDIRVW
úLFRUSRUDWLVPXOIDVFLVWVDXQD LRQDO-socialist – din acest punct de vedere, ideile lui
(YRODVXQWHúXDWHGDUWRFPDLDFHVWFDUDFWHUWUDJLFQHIDFHV UHOX PGHPHUVXOOXL
SHQWUXDP VXUDvQF RGDW GLPHQVLXQHDWUDJLVPXOXLYLH LLHFRQRPLFHPRGHUQH
$úD FXP VSXQHDP XQD GLQWUH WHPHOH SUHGLOHFWH DOH OXL (YROD HVWH aceea a
UDSRUWXULORU GLQ HFRQRPLH úL VWDW 'H GDWD DFHDVWD PDL DSOLFDW HO FUHGH F  VWDWXO
WUHEXLHV LQWHUYLQ vQSURFHVHOHHFRQRPLFHSHQWUXDOLPLWDOXSWHOHH[WUHPGHGXUH
care se duc între marile monopoluri –DQXPHPRQRSROXOP UIXULORUúLPDWHULDOHORU
PRQRSROXO EDQLORU E QFL VSHFXOD LL EXUVLHUH HWF úL PRQRSROXO PXQFLL JUXSXUL
140
VLQGLFDOH 7UDGH 8QLRQV HWF ÄÌQ VSHFLDO HVWH GH PD[LP  LPSRUWDQ  vQ HSRFD
DFWXDO  FD SURFHVXO vPSRWULYD FDSLWDOLVPXOXL FRUXSW úL G XQ WRU V  ILH FRQGXV GH
sus, mai precLV FD VWDWXO V -úL DVXPH LQL LDWLYD GH D FRPEDWH I U  PLO  DFHVW
IHQRPHQúLGHDUHDGXFHOXFUXULOHODVWDUHDQRUPDO ´19.
,DW F vQFLXGDUHOX ULLXQHLRULHQW ULGLIHULWHvQSHUVSHFWLYDILORVRILHLHFRQR-
mice, filosoful italian este extrem de actual pHQWUXSUHRFXS ULOHúLvQJULMRU ULOHFHVH
PDQLIHVW D]LvQHFRQRPLDURPkQHDVF 6HYRUEHúWHvQF SkQ ODVDWXUD LHGHVSUH
OXSWDvPSRWULYDFRUXS LHLGHVSUHFRUXS LDGLQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLHFRQRPLFPDLDOHV
vQFRQWH[WXOLQWHJU ULL5RPkQLHLvQVWUXFWXULOHHXURSHQH'LQS FDWHFHHDFHQXúWLP
FX SUHFL]LH vQ FD]XO URPkQHVF HVWH GDF  VWDWXO URPkQ PDL DUH SkUJKLLOH DGHFYDWH
pentru a lupta, de sus, cum propune Evola, împotriva capitalismului corupt sau
GDF GLPSRWULY DFHVWFDSLWDOLVPDUHXúLWV VHLQILOWUH]HDWkWGHSURIXQGvQVSD LXO
SROLWLFXOXL vQFkW VWDWXO vQVXúL V  IL F S WDW DúD FXP FUHG XQLL FDUDFWHU PDILRW 1X
úWLPGDF SROLWLFDPDLDUHDXWRQRPLHSHQWUXDFXU DVLVWHPXOHFRQRPLFGHHOHPHQ-
WHOH FRUXSWH 3UREOHPD IX]LXQLL GLQWUH SROLWLF  úL HFRQRPLH GH IDSW D DFDSDU ULL
SROLWLFXOXLGHF WUHHFRQRPLFHVWHvQWU-DGHY UXQDGLQWUHWHPHOHPDMRUHGHPDUH
vQJULMRUDUH DVW ]L QX QXPDL vQ 5RPkQLD20 $FHDVW  SUREOHP  FRQGXFH GH DVHPH-
QHDODUHOHYDUHDXQHLGLIHUHQ HGHIRQGvQWUHVSLULWXOHFRQRPLHLFRUSRUDWLVWHúLFHODO
HFRQRPLHL PRGHUQH (FRQRPLD FRUSRUDWLVW  HUD VXSXV  VWDWXOXL vQ PRG RUJDQLF
3ROLWLFDHUDGHDVXSUDHFRQRPLHLLDUEUHVOHOHDúDFXPúWLPWUHEXLDXV IDF GRYDGD
FDSDFLW LL GH DS UDUH SkQ  OD VDFULILFLXO VXSUHP DGLF  FKLDU FX SUH XO YLH LL D
FHW LL(OHHUDXGDWRDUHV vQWUH LQ ]LGXULOHGHDS UDUHDOHEXUJXULORUWUHEXLDXV 
DVLJXUH XQ DQXPLW QXP U GH RúWHQL vQ FD] GH FRQIOLFW DUPDW HWF21. Într-un anume
VHQV HOH HUDX WRWDO GHSHQGHQWH GH SXWHUHD SROLWLF  'DU vQ DOW VHQV YLD D ORU VH
GHVI úXUDPXOWPDLOLEHU GHFkWD]LGHLQJHULQ HOHSROLWLFXOXL$VW ]LFkQGHFRQR-
PLD úL SROLWLFD DX IX]LRQDW vQWU-un mod neclar, când partidele politice primesc
IRQGXULGHODRDPHQLGHDIDFHULFDUHVSRQVRUL]HD] vQWUHJVSHFWUXOSROLWLFideea de
autonomLHFDúLLGHHDGHGHSHQGHQ QXPDLDXFRQ LQXW6HVSXQHF HFRQRPLDD
LQYDGDWSROLWLFXOúLF DFHVWDQXPDLHVWHDXWRQRP'DUvQDFHHDúLP VXU SROLWLFXO

19
J. Evola, op. cit., p. 211.
20
V. Susan Strange, 5HWUDJHUHDVWDWXOXL'LIX]LXQHDSXWHULLvQHFRQRPLDPRQGLDO ,
(GLWXUD7UHL%XFXUHúWL,Geea –SUHYL]LXQHDVXPEU DGRPLQD LHLSROLWLFXOXLGHF WUH
economic – IXVHVH GHMD HQXQ DW  FX DP U FLXQH úL vQWU-R IRUP  SODVWLF  GH F WUH PDUHOH
HFRQRPLVWúLVRFLRORJ:HUQHU6RPEDUWFDUHYHGHDvQRPXOSROLWLFDFWXDOGRDURS SXú FDUH
MRDF DúDFXPFkQW capitalismul modern.
21
 (VWH UHPDUFDELO F  DVWIHO GH SUHYHGHUL GHVSUH LPSOLFDUHD FRPXQLWDU  D JKLOGHORU
DSDUvQF GHODSULPHOHDWHVW ULGRFXPHQWDUHDOHORUvQ2FFLGHQWXOPHGLHYDO&HDPDLYHFKH
DWHVWDUHGRFXPHQWDU HVWHGLQGDUSULPHOHVWDWXWHFODUIormulate care s-DXS VWUDWVXQW
GLQVHFROXO;,úLDSDU LQFRUSRUD LLORUGHQHJXVWRULLWLQHUDQ L7LHOSH5LQXOLQIHULRU6DLQW-
2PHU 9DOHQFLHQQHV 3H OkQJ  UHJOHPHQW ULOH FODVLFH GHVSUH vQWUDMXWRUDUHD PHPEULORU
FRUSRUD LHL PHVHOH vQ FRPXQ VHUYLFLXO GLYLQ úL FRPHPRUDUHD PRU LORU RUJDQL]DUHD LHUDU-
KLF LQWHUQ HWFÄDFHVWHVWDWXWHVWDELOHVFUHOD LLOHJUXSXOXLFXPHGLXOXUEDQvQFDUHJKLOGHOH
QHJXVWRULORU VH LQWHJUDVHU  GHMD OD ILQHOH VHFROXOXL DO;,-OHDRSHUHOHGHFDULWDWHúLSDUWLFL-
parea la sarcinilH FRPXQLWDUH SUHFXP vQWUH LQHUHD VWU ]LORU úL D IRUWLILFD LLORU´ 'LF LRQDU
tematic..., p. 299).
141
DLQYDGDWHFRQRPLDLDUSDUWLGHOHSROLWLFHLQWHUIHUHD] JUDYFXYLD DHFRQRPLF 22, în
special în sHFWRUXOSXEOLFDFRORXQGHQXPLULOHvQIXQF LLVHIDFSHFULWHULLGHIDOV 
GHFODUDW úLI DUQLF DSDUWHQHQ SROLWLF ,GHRORJL]DUHDH[FHVLY DSROLWLFLLDUXQF 
úLHFRQRPLDvQWU-XQFRQGHXPEU 3UDFWLFIXQF LLOHHFRQRPLFHVXQWSDUD]LWDWHGH
cele poliWLFHGDUODIHOGHDGHY UDW HVWHúLDILUPD LDFRQWUDU F IXQF LLOHSROLWLFH
VXQWSDUD]LWDWHGHFHOHHFRQRPLFHÌQIHOXODFHVWDRUJDQLVPXOVRFLDOHVWHWRWDOVWU LQ
GHLGHHDGHLHUDUKLHFHHDFHQXSRDWHILGHFkWvQGHWULPHQWXOYLH LLVRFLDOHvQDQVDPEOu.
ÌQRSLQLDOXL(YRODSXWHUHDSROLWLF WUHEXLHHOLEHUDW GHRULFHIHOGHFRQVWUkQ-
JHUHLQL LDOGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDFDSLWDOLVPXOXLDSRLGHFRQVWUkQJHUHDHFRQRPLHL23.
6LVWHPXOLPDJLQDWGH(YRODV QRW PF DXWRUXOQXDYDQVHD] QLFLRGDW VROX-
LLGHILQLWLYHFLGRDUXQHOHFXFDUDFWHUGHLSRWH] ODQLYHOXOSULQFLSLLORUJHQHUDOH
SRDWH F S WD OD XQ PRPHQW GDW FKLDU WU V WXUL DOH IRVWXOXL VLVWHP IHXGDO 0DL
SUHFLV UHOD LD GLQWUH DFWLYLW LOH HFRQRPLFH úL SXWHUHD SROLWLF  DU SXWHD OXD DFHVW
chip:
„Ceea ce în VLVWHPXOIHXGDOHUDDFRUGDUHDXQXLWHUHQúLDXQHLMXULVGLF LLVDX
VXYHUDQLW LSDU LDOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHDUHFKLYDODvQFDGUXOHFRQRPLHLFXUHFXQRDú-
WHUHD GLQ SDUWHD 6WDWXOXL D XQRU DQVDPEOXUL HFRQRPLFH GH GUHSW SULYDW FDUH V 
GHVI úRDUH DQXPLWH VDUFLQL GH SURGXF LH FX R ODUJ  PDUM  GH OLEHU  LQL LDWLY  úL
autonomie24$FHDVW UHFXQRDúWHUHDULPSOLFDvQFD]GHQHYRLHSURWHF LDGDUFDúL
vQ UHJLPXO IHXGDO úL XQ FRUHVSXQ] WRU DQJDMDPHQW GH ©ILGHOLWDWHª úL GH UHVSRQVD-

22
 &RQGDPQkQG UHJLPXULOH GHPRFUDWLFH SHQWUX VO ELFLXQHD ORU GH D VW YLOL FRUXS LD
GLQVLVWHPXOHFRQRPLF(YRODYRUEHúWHGHVSUHDOLDQ HOHÄSURPLVFXL´GLQWUHHOHmentul politic
úLFHOSOXWRFUDWLF$FHDVW SURPLVFXLWDWHGXFHODIHPRPHQXOGHDPHVWHFLPSXUGHFDUHDP
YRUELWPDLVXVHVWHFKLDUHVHQ DDFHVWXLIHQRPHQ&XYkQWXOÄSURPLVFXLWDWH´GHVFULHFHOPDL
bine acest tip de fuziune.
23
1XDQ DHVWHLPSRUWDQW (OHPHQWXOSROLWLFQXWUHEXLHV GHSLQG QLFLGHFDSLWDOLVP
FDIRUP GHSURGXF LHRUJDQL]DW úLGHFLUFXOD LHDP UIXULORUúLEDQLORUGDUQLFLGHIDFWRULL
HFRQRPLFL vQ JHQHUDO FH LQ GH VLWXD LD YHQLWXULORU SRSXOD LHL GH DúD-QXPLWHOH P VXUL GH
SURWHF LH VRFLDO  GH JULMD H[FHVLY  SHQWUX VSRULUHD ÄQLYHOXOXL GH YLD ´ DO SRSXOD LHL HWF
3ROLWLFDDGHYHQLWD]LSUHDGHSHQGHQW GHÄFRúXO]LOQLF´DOFHW HQLORUGHQLYHOXOVDODULLORUúL
SHQVLLORUvQFkWD]LXQJXYHUQEXQHVWHFXQHFHVLWDWHXQJXYHUQFDUHDVLJXU ULWPLFLWDWHDúL
HYHQWXDOFUHúWHUHDSHQVLLORULDUXQJXYHUQFDUHQXIDFHDFHDVWDHVWHFXQHFHVLWDWHXQJXYHUQ
U X FDUH WUHEXLH GHPLV Ä6LQGURPXO FRúXOXL ]LOQLF´ DU WUHEXL GXS  S UHUHD QRDVWU  V  ILH
HOLPLQDWGLQDJHQGDSROLWLF PDMRU DXQXLVWDW
24
Apropos GH OLEHUD LQL LDWLY  úL DXWRQRPLH SXWHP QRWD vQ WUHDF W F  VLVWHPXO
ÄQHRIHXGDO´ DO OXL (YROD HVWH PDL SX LQ WRWDOLWDU GHFkW FHO DO OXL 0DQRLOHVFX FDUH vúL
LPDJLQDVHRUHOD LHVWDW-FRUSRUD LHPXOWPDLLQWHJUDW GHHVHQ PRGHUQ &RUSRUD LLOHOXL
Manoilescu erau chiar organele vitale ale statului modern totalitar, statul fiind întregul care
WU LDGLQEXQDIXQF LRQDUHDDFHVWRURUJDQH'LPSRWULY GLVWDQ DGLQWUHSROLWLFúLHFRQRPLF
VHY GHúWHPXOWPDLPDUHOD(YROD'HVLJXUQXYUHPV IDFHPXQSURFHVGHFRQúWLLQ OXL
0DQRLOHVFX SHQWUX DúD-QXPLWXO V X totalitarism FDUH HVWH GHSOLQ DVXPDW úL MXVWLILFDW vQ
FDGUXOWHRULHLVDOH&RQVWDWDUHDQRDVWU QXDUHFDUDFWHULGHRORJLF3HQWUXWHRULDFRUSRUDWLY D
lui Manoilescu, a se vedea lucrarea acestuia Secolul corporatismului. Teoria corporatis-
PXOXL LQWHJUDO úL SXU (GLWXUD 1D LRQDOD-&LRUQHL 6 $ %XFXUHúWL  SUHFXP úL VFXUWD
QRDVWU SUH]HQWDUHODYROXPXO&RUSRUDWLVPúLFDSLWDOLVP, Editura Beladi, Craiova, 2007.
142
ELOLWDWHID GHSXWHUHDSROLWLF VWDELOLUHDXQXL©GUHSWHPLQHQWªFKLDUúLOLPLWDWvQ
H[HUFLWDUHDVDODFD]XULOHGHXUJHQ úLGHWHQVLXQHGHRVHELW ´25.
ÌQIHOXODFHVWDVRFLHWDWHDPRGHUQ YDILUHFkúWLJDWFKLSXOLHUDUKLFGHDOW GDW 
úLOXFUXH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWVHYDILULGLFDWGLQVWDGLXOdecadent al erei burgheze
VSUH R FRQGL LH LQWHUPHGLDU  vQ FDUH V  ILH GLQ QRX YL]LELO ethosul U ]ERLQLFXOXL.
$FHVWHFRQVLGHUD LLDXOHJ WXU VWUkQV FXILORVRILDJHQHUDO DLVWRULHLODFDUH(YROD
LQHIRDUWHPXOW26'HDFHHDFLW PvQFRQWLQXDUHGLQOXFUDUH pentru a releva spiritul
autentic al autorului:
Ä)LQDOLWDWHDGLQXUP DLGHLLFRUSRUDWLYHvQ HOHDV vQDFHVWIHODUILULGLFDUHD
HIHFWLY  D DFWLYLW LORU LQIHULRDUH OHJDWH GH SURGXF LH úL GH LQWHUHVXO PDWHULDO OD
nivelul imediat superior din cadrul unHLLHUDUKLLDFDOLW LLDGLF ODQLYHOHFRQRPLF-
YLWDO vQ VLVWHPXO YHFKLORU FDVWH VDX ©FODVH IXQF LRQDOHª XQ DVWIHO GH QLYHO vO
UHSUH]HQWD FDVWD U ]ERLQLF  VXSHULRDU  FDVWHL EXUJKH]LHL ERJDWH VDX FHOHL D OXFU -
WRULORU $FXP HVWH HYLGHQW F  RGDW  FX S trunderea sistemului despre care am
vorbit27, în lumea economiei s-ar reflecta ethos-XOFODUYLULOúLSHUVRQDOL]DWSURSULX
FKLDU XQHL VRFLHW L ED]DWH QX SH WLSXO JHQHUDO DO ©QHJXVWRUXOXLª VDX DO ©OXFU WR-
UXOXLª FL FD úL FDUDFWHU úL GLVSR]L LH JHQHUDO  vn termeni analogi pe tipul
©U ]ERLQLFXOXLª$UFRQVWLWXLSULQFLSLXOXQHLUHGUHV UL´28.
ÌQDLQWHGHDFRPHQWDLGHLOHOXL(YRODV QRW PGRDURQXDQ FDUHQHVHSDU 
GH DXWRUXO LWDOLDQ QXDQ  FDUH HVWH H[WUHP GH LPSRUWDQW  úL FDUH VFKLPE  UDGLFDO
orientarea QRDVWU WHRUHWLF ID GHFHDDOXL(YROD1RLFRQVLGHU PF vQWU-DGHY U
FRUSRUDWLVPXO SRDWH IL R VROX LH GH D VDOYD GHPQLWDWHD úL VSLULWXO LHUDUKLF DO XQHL
VRFLHW L DGXVH GH HFRQRPLH vQWU-XQVWDGLXGHGHFDGHQ PRUDO H[WUHPGHDFFHQ-
WXDW  'DU QRL FUHGHP F  SULQFLSDOXO FkúWLJ Q-DU LQH GH UHDSDUL LD vQ SULP-planul
LVWRULHLDFKLSXOXLYLULODOU ]ERLQLFXOXLFLDFKLSXOXLXPLODOFUHúWLQXOXLRFXSDWFX
DFWLYLW LOHHFRQRPLFH2EVHUYD LLOHI FXWHPDLVXVvQOHJ WXU FXSURILOXOvQVXúLDO
economiei de tiSDU FRUSRUDWLY VXQW YDODELOH úL GH DFHDVW  GDW  &X DOWH FXYLQWH
UHIDFHUHDVSLULWXOXLFRUSRUDWLYQXYDILRRFD]LHGHDUHYHQLODYDORULOHFDYDOHUHúWL
SUHFUHúWLQH FL R RFD]LH GH D UHDGXFH vQ VRFLHWDWHD GH D]L VPHUHQLD úL FDULWDWHD
FUHúWLQHGHSOLQH[HUVDWHvQYLD DFRWLGLDQ DFRUSRUD LLORUPHGLHYDOH
&X DFHDVWD QX YUHP V  O V P LPSUHVLD F  VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ  DU WUHEXL V 
GHYLQ RVRFLHWDWHGHVXURULGHFDULWDWH&DYDOHULVPXOYLULOGHFDUHYRUEHúWH(YROD
QX WUHEXLH UHVSLQV 1RL FUHGHP vQV  F  LQFOXVLY FDvalerismul medieval a fost
LPSUHJQDWGHVSLULWFUHúWLQúLF FHOPDLYLULOGLQWUHFDYDOHULHVWHvQDFHODúLWLPSFHO
PDL VPHULW FUHúWLQ 'H DFHHD QH SURSXQHP V  YHGHP vQ FRUSRUD LL RUJDQH DOH
UHIDFHULL PLOHL FUHúWLQH vQ DFHODúL WLPS FX UHSRWHQ DUHD HFRQRPLF  SH ED]H SHUVR-
nalizate.
5HYHQLQGODWH[WXOOXL(YRODDWkWGHIUXFWXRVGXS S UHUHDQRDVWU V QRW P
F  LQWHUHVXO PDMRU DO ILORVRIXOXL LWDOLDQ DWXQFL FkQG D I FXW DFHDVW  SUH]HQWDUH D

25
Julias Evola, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH, p. 213.
26
Trimitem din nou la celebra Rivolta contro il mondo moderno, unde autorul
H[SXQHSHODUJDFHDVW FRQFHS LH
27
$GLF DFRUSRUDWLVPXOXL– n. ns., C. P.
28
J. Evola, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH, p. 213-214.
143
FRUSRUD LLORUQXDIRVWGHQDWXU HFRQRPLF NuVSRULUHDSURGXF Lei economice, nici
HOLPLQDUHDVDXGLPLQXDUHDPDMRU DanomieiGLQFDGUXOVRFLHW LLDGLF XQLQWHUHV
V VSXQHPVRFLRORJLFDVXPDWGH('XUNKHLPvQFHOHEUDSUHID ODHGL LDDGRXDD
Diviziunii muncii sociale29), ci refacerea unui sistem ierarhic în cadrXOVRFLHW LL
GHFLUHSXQHUHDvQGLVFX LHDED]HORUVWUXFWXUDOHDOHVRFLHW LLHVWHGRULQ DH[SUHV D
DXWRUXOXLLWDOLDQ7UHEXLHV UHFXQRDúWHPF P UH LDXQHLWHRULLVW úLvQDPSORDUHD
DFHVWHLQ ]XLQ H
,QWHUHVXO PDMRU DO DFHVWRU LGHL HYROLHQH FRQVW  vQ DFHHD F  HOH QH GDX
vQFUHGHUH F  UHYHQLUHD OD VSLULWXO YHFKL GH RUJDQL]DUH D YLH LL HFRQRPLFH SRDWH
FRQGXFH OD UHIDFHUHD GHPQLW LL VRFLHW LL GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQHL VFDOH GH YDORUL
HWHUQHI U OHJ WXU FXPRPHQWXOLVWRULFFRQFUHW& FLGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGere al lui
-XOLXV (YROD FDVWD OXFU WRULORU HVWH LQIHULRDU  FHOHL D U ]ERLQLFLORU LQGLIHUHQW FH
QXPHFRQFUHWDXDFHVWHFDVWHvQLVWRULHILHF VHQXPHVFSUROHWDULúLVROGD LILHF 
VHQXPHVFEXUJKH]LúLPHUFHQDULHWF,PSRUWDQWPDLHVWHúLXQDOWOXFUX mai greu de
VHVL]DWDQXPHF HSRVLELOFDRVRFLHWDWHV ILHUHvQ O DW vQDFHDVW LHUDUKLHLGHDO 
SULQLQWHUPHGLXOVFKLPE ULORURSHUDWHODQLYHOXOXQRUFDVWHLQIHULRDUH$OWIHOVSXV
prin inferior, se poate ajunge la un spirit superior. Prin intermediul castei
HFRQRPLFH D OXFU WRULORU LQIHULRUL EUHVODúLL VDX SUROHWDULL PRPHQWXOXL FDUH YRU
GHYHQL EUHVODúL VH SRDWH DMXQJH FX DMXWRUXO VSLULWXOXL FRUSRUDWLY OD XQ QLYHO
LHUDUKLFVXSHULRUDFHODDOU ]ERLQLFLORU$úDGDUVLPSOLLOXFU WRULYRUILvQDLQWD LOD
UDQJXO GH OXSW WRUL FX FRQGL LD FD HL V  VH RUJDQL]H]H vQ VSLULWFRUSRUDWLY/XPHD
PRGHUQ Q-DUPDLVWDVXEVHPQXOGHF ]XWDOethos-XOXLQHJXVWRUHVFDOvQWUHSULQ] -
WRUXOXL PHVFKLQ VDX FKLDU DO EXUJKH]XOXL VXILFLHQW FL DU LQWUD RGDW  FX UHIDFHUHD
FRUSRUDWLVPXOXL vQ VIHUD GHPQLW LL UHVSRQVDELOLW LL úL VSLULWXOXL GH MHUWI  FDUDF-
WHULVWLFHU ]ERLQLFXOXL
5HYHQLQG OD SUREOHPHOH PDL GHJUDE  WHKQLFH DOH RUJDQL] ULL FRUSRUDWLVWH D
VWDWXOXL(YRODFUHGHvQQHFHVLWDWHDH[LVWHQ HLDGRX FDPHUHDOHXQXi parlament sui-
JHQHULV FDUH V  HOLPLQH SDUODPHQWXO GHPRFUDWLF LQHILFLHQW R &DPHU  LQIHULRDU 
FRUSRUDWLY  GLQ FDUH SROLWLFD V  ILH HOLPLQDW  úL FDUH V  GHOLEHUH]H DVXSUD
FKHVWLXQLORU  HFRQRPLFH úL R &DPHU  VXSHULRDU  SROLWLF  VXSHULRU SROLWLF  YD
sSXQH(YRODFDUHÄDUWUHEXLV VHFRQFHQWUH]HúLV DF LRQH]HSULQLQWHUPHGLXO
XQRU RDPHQL FDUH V  UHSUH]LQWH úL V  DSHUH LQWHUHVH PDL PXOW GHFkW HFRQRPLFH úL
©IL]LFHªDGLF LQWHUHVHVSLULWXDOHQD LRQDOHGHSUHVWLJLXGHSXWHUH´30.
(YLGHQW F  DFHDVW  GLQ XUP  &DPHU  QX YD IL GHVHPQDW  SULQ PHFDQLVPH
democratice, ci, întocmai ca în cazul academiilor, cei care fac parte din ea trebuie
V ILHDOHúLSHYLD FRQIRUPXQRUQRUPHLQDOLHQDELOHúLFDXUPDUHDXQRUGHOLEHU UL
GH QDWXU  VWULFW FDOLWDWLY  ÌQ FD]XO SULPHL &DPHUH HVWH DGPLV SDU LDO VLVWHPXO
democratic, un sistem mixt de alegere.

$FHDVW  WHRULH vQ IRQG IRDUWH RSWLPLVW  GHúL SOHDF  GH OD FRQVWDW UL SRDWH
excesiv pesimiste (în spiritul pesimist-paseist al lui Evola, din Revolta contra lumii

29
Vezi Émile Durkheim, Diviziunea muncii sociale, Editura AlbaWURV %XFXUHúWL
2001.
30
J. Evola, 2DPHQLLúLruinele, p. 215.
144
moderneQHvQGHDPQ V F XW PvQWUHFXWVROX LLGHUHYHQLUHODQRUPDOLWDWHúLV OH
DSOLF P VDX V  vQFHUF P V  OH DSOLF P OXPLL ÄGHF ]XWH´ GH DVW ]L FX WRW FXUDMXO
0HVDMXOHLILQDOPHQWHHVWHXUP WRUXORULFkWGHGHF ]XW DUILOXPHDSUROHWDUL]DW 
de DVW ]L VDX SRVWPRGHUQ  SHQWUX D YRUEL vQ VSLULWXO WLPSXULORU QRDVWUH VH SRW
vQF LPDJLQDVROX LLGHUHIDFHUHPRUDO úLVSLULWXDO DHL'DUDFHVWHVROX LLWUHFFX
necesitate prin trecut.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Durkheim, Émile, Diviziunea muncii sociale, EdituUD$OEDWURV%XFXUHúWL

Evola, Julius, 2DPHQLLúLUXLQHOH2ULHQW UL, Editura Antet, f.a.
Evola, Julius, Revolta contra lumii PRGHUQH(GLWXUD$QWHW%XFXUHúWLID
Le Goff, Jacques, Schmitt, Jean-Claude (coord.), 'LF LRQDUWHPDWLFDO(YXOXL Mediu
occidental, Editura Polirom, 2002.
Manoilescu, Mihail6HFROXOFRUSRUDWLVPXOXL7HRULDFRUSRUDWLVPXOXLLQWHJUDOúLSXU,
(GLWXUD1D LRQDOD-&LRUQHL6$%XFXUHúWL
Pantelimon, Cristi, &RUSRUDWLVPúLFDSLWDOLVP, Editura Beladi, Craiova, 2007.
Platon, Legile(GLWXUD,5,%XFXUHúWL
Sombart, Werner, Les juifs et la vie économique, Payot, Paris, 1923.
Strange, Susan, 5HWUDJHUHDVWDWXOXL'LIX]LXQHDSXWHULLvQHFRQRPLDPRQGLDO , Editura
7UHL%XFXUHúWL

145
146
 &21),*85$5($62&,2/2*,(,Ì1*Æ1',5($),/262),& 
A LUI AUGUSTE COMTE

Motto: „Voir pour prevoir”

1(/$0,5&,&

ABSTRACT

Founder of positive philosophy, Comte is also both the creator of the term
„sociology”, and the sustainer of this science with a paramount importance for the
evolution of human society. He considers sociology to be the most important science
because it contributes to the well-being of the humankind, using the science for foreseeing
and controlling the human behavion. This study emphasizes the becoming of this science
from the theoretical and the spiritual perspective and also from the historical point of view,
Auguste Comte being the first one to stress out the importance of this science.

Demersuri de tip sociRORJLF DX IRVW I FXWH GLQ FHOH PDL YHFKL WLPSXUL DOH
VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL FD U VSXQV OD QHYRLD SUDFWLF  D RDPHQLORU GH D-úL H[SOLFD
HYHQLPHQWHúLIDSWHVRFLDOHvQFRQWH[WXODQVDPEOXOXLVRFLHW LORUUHVSHFWLYH3ODWRQ
Aristotel, Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes, Campanella, Pascal, John Locke,
5RXVVHDX (GPXQG %XUNH úD VXQW QXPDL FkWHYD SHUVRQDOLW L DOH JkQGLULL
XQLYHUVDOHFDUHDXI FXWDVHPHQHDGHPHUVXUL9DULDWHSULQOLPEDMHOHDXRWU V WXU 
FRPXQ VXQWvQFHUF ULWHRUHWLFHPDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQUHXúLWHGHH[SOLFDUHúLGH
LQWHUSUHWDUH D HYHQLPHQWHORU úL IDSWHORU VRFLDOH GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO PDULORU
FROHFWLYLW LXPDQH
&UHúWHUHD SURJUHVLY  D LQWHUHVXOXL FRJQLWLY SHQWUX UHDOLWDWHD VRFLDO  VH IDFH
VLP LW  PDL FX VHDP  vQ XUPD HYHQLPHQWHORU UHYROX LHL franceze din anul 1789.
(VWH FXQRVFXW IDSWXO F  UHYROX LD IUDQFH]  V-D GHFODQúDW FD R UHDF LH GH U VSXQV
YLROHQWODQHFHVLWDWHDOLFKLG ULLUkQGXLHOLORUIHXGDOHGHYHQLWHDQDFURQLFH,QWHUHVDQW
GH VWXGLDW HVWH WRFPDL IDSWXO F  UHYROX LD IUDQFH]  GH OD  D IRVW VXFFHGDW  GH
GLFWDWXUD OXL 1DSROHRQ vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH DFHDVWD úL-a propus ca obiective
SURJUDPDWLFHGHVFKLGHUHDVSUHGHPRFUD LHúLVSUHLQVWLWXLUHDGUHSWXULORUXQLYHUVDOH
DOHRPXOXL'HúLDXXUP ULWVFRSXULQRELOHDFHVWHGRX DF LXQLVRFLDOHUadicale au
HúXDWDYkQGGUHSWXUPDUHvQU XW LUHDVLWXD LHLSRSRUXOXLIUDQFH]úLDDOWRUSRSRDUH
GLQ (XURSD 'LQFROR GH DFHVW DVSHFW QHSUHY ]XW úL QHGRULW V-D FRQVWDWDW F 
LQWHUYHQ LDDUELWUDU UDGLFDO vQPHUVXOILUHVFDOOXPLLQXHVWHFDOHDFHDPDLSRWULYLW 
SHQWUX vPEXQ W LUHD VLWXD LHL VRFLDOH &HHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  LQWHUYHQ LD vQ YLD D
social-SROLWLF SXWHDV ILHI FXW úLvQPRGWUHSWDWFXPLMORDFHSDúQLFH/DDFHDVW 
FRQFOX]LHDXDMXQVSULQWUHDO LL6DLQW6LPRQHúL&KDUOHV)RXULHUFHLPDLGHVHDP 
UHSUH]HQWDQ LDLVRFLDOLVPXOXLXWRSLFIUDQFH]7UDQVIRUPDUHDYLH LLVRFLDO-politice,
vQ VHQVXO DPHOLRU UL HL VH SXWHD IDFH úL SULQ LQWHUYHQ LD RPXOXL YLROHQW  VDX
SDúQLF FRQVWDW JkQGLWRULLYUHPLLUHVSHFWLYH/DRDQDOL] PDLDWHQW REVHUY P
F  LQWHUYHQ LLOH EUXWDOH GLQ )UDQ D VHFROXOXL ;9,,, DX IRVW SUHJ WLWH WHRUHWLF GH
147
ILORVRILL PDWHULDOLúWL IUDQFH]L - 'LGHURW '
+ROEDFK +HOYHWLXV úD /XSWD ORU
WHRUHWLF  D IRVW vQGUHSWDW  FX SUHF GHUH vPSRWULYD UHOLJLHL FDUH SURSRY GXLD
imposibilitatea schimb ULORU VRFLDOH GHRDUHFH SRWULYLW LGHRORJLHL DFHVWHLD OXPHD
HVWHFUHDW GHGLYLQLWDWHúLU PkQHLPXDELO 
ÌQFHUFkQG V  SUHYLQ  GH]DVWUH SURYRFDWH GH DOWH UHYROX LL VDX U ]ERDLH
JkQGLWRULL IUDQFH]L úL HQJOH]L GLQ DFHD YUHPH DX FRQVLGHUDW F  HVWH PXOW mai
UD LRQDO úL EHQHILF V  VH UHDOL]H]H VFKLPE UL VRFLDO-economice favorabile maselor
largi de oameni, în principal, prin redistribuirea bunurilor materiale. Aceasta
GHRDUHFHFRQVLGHUDXHLYLD DVRFLDO DUHXQFDUDFWHUQDWXUDOFDUHQXWUHEXLHGLVWUXV
peFDOHUHYROX LRQDU FLGRDUPRGHODWVSUHELQHOHRPHQLULLùLDFHVWFDUDFWHUQDWXUDO
DO GH]YROW ULL VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL DYHD V  DWUDJ  DWHQ LD FHORU PDL GH VHDP 
JkQGLWRUL UHIRUPDWRUL DL OXPLL SULQWUH FDUH VH HYLGHQ LD]  úL $XJXVWH &RPWH
(PXOD LD GH LGHL QRYDWRDUH vQWUH LQXW  GH UHSUH]HQWDQ LL VRFLDOLVPXOXL XWRSLF
IUDQFH] DL HFRQRPLHL SROLWLFH EXUJKH]H FODVLFH HQJOH]H úL DL ILORVRILHL FODVLFH
JHUPDQHDIDYRUL]DWDSDUL LDXQHLQRLWHRULLILORVRILFHILORVRILDSR]LWLY HODERUDW 
de Auguste Comte. Aceast  ILORVRILH QRYDWRDUH D IRVW HODERUDW  GH JkQGLWRUXO
IUDQFH]vQWUHLOXFU ULGHPDUHSURIXQ]LPHúLULJRDUHÄ&XUVGHILORVRILHSR]LWLY ´
Ä&DWHKLVPSR]LWLYLVW´Ä6LVWHPGHSROLWLF SR]LWLY ´
Auguste Comte are, printre altele, meritul de a fi decentrat ateQ LD
FHUFHW WRULORUGHSHKLPHUHOHH[LVWHQ HLLPDJLQDUHSHUHDOLW LOHVRFLDOH(ODDU WDW
vQF  GH OD vQFHSXW F  LPSRUWDQW  QX HVWH DWkW FHUFHWDUHD IDSWHORU úL IHQRPHQHORU
VRFLDOH OXDWH vQ VLQH FkW VXUSULQGHUHDOHJ WXULORUGLQWUHHOHFHHDFHGHPRQVWUHD] 
SURIXQ]LPHD JkQGLULL VDOH 1LFL P FDU PHFDQLVPXO SURGXFHULL IDSWHORU VRFLDOH QX
WUHEXLHV QHLQWHUHVH]HPDLPXOWGHFkWUHOD LLOHVWUXFWXUDWHvQWUHHOHVW UXLHV QH
FRQYLQJ $XJXVWH&RPWH5ROXOSULQFLSDODOFXQRDúWHULLQHUHOHY DFHVWJkQGLWRU
estHDFHODGHDQHRIHULPLMORDFHSUDFWLFHGHRULHQWDUHvQOXPHúLvQYLD FHHDFH
VHPQLILF XWLOLWDWHDXQLW LLGLQWUHWHRULHúLSUDFWLF 
) U V ILHDGHSWXOGHFODUDWDOHYROX LRQLVPXOXL$XJXVWH&RPWHFRQVLGHU F 
DWkW FXQRDúWHUHD FkW úL VRFLHWDWHD XPDQ  DX WUHFXW SULQ WUHL VWDGLL WHRORJLF VDX
ILFWLY PHWDIL]LF VDX DEVWUDFW SR]LWLY VDX úWLLQ LILF (O HYLGHQ LD]  IDSWXO F  vQ
VWDGLXO WHRORJLF VSLULWXO XPDQ FDXW  HVHQ D DVFXQV  D OXFUXULORU úL UHFXUJH vQ
H[SOLFD LL OD IRU H VXSUDQDWXUDOH OD IRU H GLYLQH ÌQ DFHDVW  ID]  WHRORJLF 
GRPLQDQW  HVWH LPDJLQD LD REVHUYD LD U PkQkQG vQ SODQ VHFXQG $XJXVWH &RPWH
DVHUWHD]  FDWHJRULF OXFUXULOH VXQW H[SOLFDELOH VDX LQH[SOLFDELOH DFHVWHD GLQ XUP 
ILLQGWUHFXWHSHVHDPDXQRUIRU HGLYLQHFDUHV-ar presupune F JXYHUQHD] OXPHD
Pe plan politic acestei faze îi corespunde regalitatea, iar pe plan filosofic îi
FRUHVSXQGH R VXFFHVLXQH GH WUHL VXEVWDGLL IHWLúLVPXO SROLWHLVPXO PRQRWHLVPXO
$VWIHO DVLVW P ÄOD WUDQVIRUPDUHD SULPLWLY  D IHWLúLVPXOXL vQ SROLWHLVP´1,
WUDQVIRUPDUH FDUH DUH ORF vQ FDGUXO SULPHL UHYROX LL WHRORJLFH 8UPHD]  D GRXD
UHYROX LH WHRORJLF  UHSUH]HQWDW  SULQ WUHFHUHD GH OD SROLWHLVP OD PRQRWHLVP SULQ
„reducerea politeismului în monoteism”2 ,QWHUHVDQW HVWH IDSWXO F  DFHVWH GRX 
UHYROX LL WHRORJLFH DX IRVW SURYRFDWH GH FHHD FH $XJXVWH &RPWH QXPHúWH D IL

1
Auguste Comte, Discurs asupra spiritului pozitiv (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  %XFXUHúWL
1999, p. 20.
2
Auguste Comte, op. cit., p. 21.
148
ÄLPSXOVLH WHRORJLF ´3 I U  V  GH]YROWH DQDOL]D VHQVXOXL úL VHPQLILFD LHL DFHVWXL
FRQFHSWÌQúLSULQUHYROX LLOHWHRORJLFHVXV LQH$XJXVWH&RPWHLQWHOLJHQ DXPDQ 
s-a emancipat progresiv, ajXQJkQG OD VWDUHD VD GHILQLWLY  VWDUHD GH SR]LWLYLWDWH
UD LRQDO 
ÌQ  ID]D PHWDIL]LF  D FXQRDúWHULL úL VRFLHW LL VSLULWXO XPDQ FDXW  DFHHDúL
HVHQ DVFXQV DOXFUXULORUGDUVHIRORVHúWHvQH[SOLFD LLOHVDOHGHLGHLOHDEVWUDFWHúL
QXGHIRU HOHGLYLQHÌn timp ce în primul stadiu se apela mai mult la sentimente, în
DO GRLOHD VWDGLX VH DSHOHD]  OD LQWHOHFW ÌQ DFHVW VWDGLX DO HYROX LHL FXQRDúWHULL úL
VRFLHW LLDUHORFWUHFHUHDSHSODQSROLWLFGHODHWDSDUHJDO ODHWDSDUHSXEOLFDQ 
ÌQID]DSR]LWLY DHYROX LHLFXQRDúWHULLúLDVRFLHW LLLPDJLQD LDúLDUJXPHQ-
WDUHD FDUH DSDU LQ SULPHORU ID]H WUHF vQ VXERUGRQDUHD GLUHFW  úL QHPLMORFLW  D
REVHUYD LHL ÌQ FDGUXO DFHVWHL ID]H WRDWH PLMORDFHOH GH LQYHVWLJD LH VXQW RULHQWDWH
VSUHIDSWHOHUHDOHFDUHDSDU LQH[LVWHQ HLVRFLDOHúLQDWXUDOHUHDOHÌQVWDGLXOSR]LWLY
HVWH QHFHVDU FD VSLULWXO XPDQ V  UHQXQ H OD F XWDUHD RULJLQLL úL GHVWLQD LHL XQLYHU-
VXOXL FHHD FH WUHEXLH V -L SUHRFXSH SH FHUFHW WRUL HVWH GHVFRSHULUHD OHJLORU FDUH
JXYHUQHD] GHVI úXUDUHDIHQRPHQHORUQDWXUDOHúLVRFLDOHSHED]HVWULFWH[SHULPHQ-
WDOH 3XWHP VSXQH FX FHUWLWXGLQH F  SR]LWLYLVPXO D DS UXW úL V-a manifestat ca un
DYHUWLVPHQW vPSRWULYD HIRUWXULORU GLVSHUDWH DOH WHRORJLHL úL PHWDIL]LFLL GH D
descoperi cauze sau scopuri ultime, dincoloGHOXPHDFDUHVHRIHU REVHUYD LHL'LQ
SXQFWXOGHYHGHUHDOOXL&RPWHFXQRDúWHUHDXPDQ YHULWDELO VHFLUFXPVFULHDULHL
DFHOHLúWLLQ HFDUHVWXGLD] IHQRPHQHOHúLH[SOLF OHJLOHFDUHOHJXYHUQHD] 7RDWH
DFHVWH DVSHFWH vúL J VHVF MXVWLILFDUHD vQ IDSWXO F  FHUFHWDUHD SR]LWLY  VHPQLILF 
FHUFHWDUHD OHJLORU DGLF  D OHJ WXULORU FRQVWDQWH UHSHWDELOH úL LQYDULDELOH GLQWUH
IHQRPHQHOHREVHUYDWH5HPDUFDELO U PkQHDSUHFLHUHDOXL$XJXVWH&RPWHSRWULYLW
F UHLD FXQRDúWHUHD OHJLORU QH SHUPLWH V  LQWHUYHQLP vQ SURducerea fenomenelor,
úWLLQ DSR]LWLY DYkQGFKLDUDFHDVW GHYL] ÄYRLUSRXUSUHYRLUH´4$GHY UDWXOVSLULW
SR]LWLYHVWHVSLULWXOFDUHYHGHSHQWUXDSUHYHGHDVSLULWXOFDUHVWXGLD] ÄFHHDFHHVWH
spre a conchide asupra a ceea ce va fi, potrivit dogmei generDOH D LQYDULDELOLW LL
legilor naturale”5$FHDVW DSUHFLHUHDOXL$XJXVWH&RPWHV-DLQVWLWXLWFDVWUXFWXU 
JHQHUDWLY SHQWUXRQRX ILORVRILHFXILQDOLWDWHSUDFWLF HILFLHQW ILORVRILDDSOLFDW 
sau sociologia.
Aplicând filosofia, sociologul Auguste Comte UHPDUF  IDSWXO F  vQ ID]D
SR]LWLY DGH]YROW ULLVRFLHW LLDSDUHLQGXVWULDvQ HOHDV FDH[SORDWDUHDQDWXULLGH
F WUHRP,QGXVWULDVHED]HD] SHFXQRDúWHUHDQDWXULLGHF WUHRPHDILLQGHVHQ D
FHDPDLSURIXQG DSUDFWLFLLVRFLDOHDLPL[WLXQLLRPXOXLvQH[LVWHQ DUHDO FDUWHD
GHVFKLV DIRU HORUHVHQ LDOHDOHRPXOXL
/D UkQGXO HL FXQRDúWHUHD SR]LWLY  D QDWXULL GH F WUH RP FRQVWLWXLH ÄID]D
UD LRQDO  D DF LXQLL H[HUFLWDWH GH XPDQLWDWH DVXSUD OXPLL H[WHULRDUH´6 DúD vQFkW
FXQRDúWHUHD SR]LWLY  VXEvQWLQGH úL R GLPHQVLXQH SUDFWLF  XQLWDWHD GLQWUH WHRULH úL
SUDFWLF  HVWH QHFHVDU  XWLO  úL LQHYLWDELO  vQ FRQFHS LD SR]LWLYLVW  D OXL $XJXVWH
&RPWHVRFLRORJXOvQ HOHVFDILORVRISUHRFXSDWGHWUHEXLQ HOHRDPHQLORU

3
Ibidem, p. 21.
4
Ibidem, p. 26.
5
Ibidem, p. 26.
6
Ibidem, p. 37.
149
 &XSULYLUHODUHOD LDGLQWUHFXQRDúWHUHDúWLLQ LILF úLFHDVSHFXODWLY $XJXVWH
&RPWHDILUP WUDQúDQWúWLLQ DUHVWUkQJHSURJUHVLYVIHUDGHGRPLQD LHúLGHLQIOXHQ 
D VSHFXOD LHL SR]LWLYH ) FkQG R DQDOL]  FRPSDUDWLY  vQWHPHLHWRUXO ILORVRILHL
SR]LWLYH D FRQVWDWDW F  UHYROX LD LQGXVWULDO  VHFRQGHD]  PDUHD UHYROX LH PHQWDO 
ÄFDUH ULGLF  GHILQLWLY LQWHOLJHQ D XPDQ  GH OD UHJLPXO HL WHRORJLF OD UHJLPXO HL
pozitiv”7(OYHGHvQÄPDUHDUHYROX LHPHQWDO ´XQUHIOH[DOUHYROX LHLLQGXVWULDOH
UHYROX LHFDUHQXSRDWHILPDLSX LQP UHD 
Din momentul în caUH ILORVRILD GHYLQH ÄFRQIRUP  FX H[LJHQ D DGHY UDWHORU
QRDVWUH WUHEXLQ H´8 HD GREkQGHúWH VHPQLILFD LD GH ILOR]RILH SR]LWLY  UHPDUF 
$XJXVWH &RPWH SURFHGkQG WRWRGDW  OD R FODVLILFDUH D úWLLQ HORU ÌQ IXQF LH GH
momentul istoric în care au intrat în fazD SR]LWLY  VH FRQILJXUHD]  XUP WRDUHD
FODVLILFDUHDúWLLQ HORUDPDWHPDWLFDEDVWURQRPLDFIL]LFDGFKLPLDHELROR-
gia; f) sociologia. (O FRQVLGHU  F  VRFLRORJLD H FHD PDL LPSRUWDQW  GLQWUH WRDWH
DFHVWHúWLLQ HGHRDUHFHHDWUHEXLHV FRQWULEXLHODEXQ VWDUHDXPDQLW LLIRORVLQG
úWLLQ DSHQWUXSUHYHGHUHDúLFRQWUROXOFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXPDQ/DVIkUúLWXOLQYHVWL-
JD LHL GH]YROW ULL VWDGLDOH D FXQRDúWHULL úL D VRFLHW LL DMXQJHP V  ÄGHVFRSHULP
WUHSWDW LHUDUKLD LQYDULDELO  GHRSRWULY  úWLLQ LILF  úL ORJLF  D FHORU úDVH úWLLQ H
IXQGDPHQWDOH GLQWUH FDUH XOWLPD FRQVWLWXLH VLQJXUXO VFRS HVHQ LDO DO vQWUHJLL
filosofii pozitive, totul raportându-se aici, în final, la umanitate, unicul concept pe
GHSOLQXQLYHUVDO)LORVRILDSR]LWLY YUHDV VXUSULQG ÄOHJ WXUDILHF UXLDFXWR L´9,
V FRQWUROH]HúLV RULHQWH]HFRPSRUWDPHQWXOILHF UXLLQGLYLGvQDQVDPEOXOVRFLH-
W LL $FHDVW  YLUWXWH VH PDQLIHVW  SULQ WUHFHUHD DSURDSH SH QHVLP LWH D VSLULWXOXL
SR]LWLY ÄGH OD FHOH PDL P UXQWH LGHL PDWHPDWLFH OD FHOH PDL vQDOWH FXJHW UL
sociale”10 3ULQ VRFLRORJLH $XJXVWH &RPWH vQ HOHJH DFHD GLVFLSOLQ  JHQHUDO  FDUH
LQFOXGH R SDUWH HVHQ LDO  GLQ SVLKRORJLH vQWUHDJD HFRQRPLH SROLWLF  HWLFD úL
ILORVRILD LVWRULHL 6RFLRORJLD DúD FXP D IRVW GHILQLW  GH $XJXVWH &RPWH vine în
pUHOXQJLUHD PHWRGLF  D vQ HOHSFLXQLL XQLYHUVDOH ILLQG GH IDSW ©úWLLQ D SURSULX-
]LV ª11. Fondator al filosofiei pozitive, Comte este creatorul termenului de socio-
ORJLH úL WRWRGDW  DSRORJHWXO DFHVWHL úWLLQ H GH R LPSRUWDQ  FRYkUúLWRDUH SHQWUX
HYROX LD EHQHILF  D VRFLHW LL RPHQHúWL 'HúL D LQWXLW FRUHFW YLUWX LOH DFHVWHL QRL
úWLLQ H $XJXVWH &RPWH D VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDW LPSRUWDQ D úL IXQF LLOH VRFLRORJLHL
&KLDU GDF  HO VLQJXU QX D UHXúLW V  SXQ  ED]HOH XQXL vQWUHJ GRPHQLX GH VWXGLX
$XJXVWH &RPWH VH QXP U  SULQWUH FHL FDUH DX FRQWULEXLW OD LQL LHUHD úL VWLPXODUHD
JkQGLULL VRFLRORJLFH RULHQWDWH VSUH WUDQVIRUPDUHD SURJUHVLY  HFKLOLEUDW  úL DUPR-
QLRDV DVRFLHW LLvQLQWHUHVXOILHF UXLLQGLYLGXPDQGHYL]DVDÄRUGLQHúLSURJUHV´
GREkQGLQGYDOHQ HSURJUDPDWLFH.

7
Ibidem, p. 41.
8
Ibidem, p. 51.
9
Ibidem, p. 85.
10
Ibidem, p. 109.
11
Ibidem, p. 110.
150
 6RFLRORJLDFDILORVRILHDSOLFDW

'H]YROWkQG DQDOL]D VWUXFWXULL úL IXQF LLORU VRFLRORJLHL $XJXVWH &RPWH

IRUPXOHD]  FRQFOX]LL LGHL úL SULQFLSLL YLDELOH SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD VRFLHW LORU
SURJUHVLYH 6WDWLFD VRFLDO  úL GLQDPLFD VRFLDO  FRQVWLWXLH FHOH GRX  S U L DOH
VRFLRORJLHLDOHRULF UHLúWLLQ HVRFLDOH3DUWHDGHVWDWLF VRFLDO DQDOL]HD] UHOD LLOH
FDUH VH VWUXFWXUHD]  vQWUH GRPHQLL LQVWLWX LL LGHL úL FRQFHS LL 2 LPSRUWDQ 
GHRVHELW  vQ FDGUXO VRFLRORJLHL R DUH HWLFD vQ HOHDV  FD WHRULH GHVSUH URlul
determinant al HJRLVPXOXL úL DOWUXLVPXOXL vQ DVLJXUDUHD FRQYLH XLULL LQGLYL]LORU
umani; DFHVWFXSOXGHIRU HFRQWUDUHFRQVWLWXLHVWUXFWXUDJHQHUDWLY DFRQYLH XLULL
în societate. 8QLWDWHD VRFLDO  HOHPHQWDU  DGLF  HOHPHQWXO FRQVWLWXWLY DO RULF UHL
socLHW LHVWHWRWXúLIDPLOLD
2ULFkWDUILGHPLF VRFLHWDWHDHVWHRXQLXQHúLQXRDVRFLD LHGHLQGLYL]LR
HQWLWDWH FDUDFWHUL]DW  SULQ PXQFD vQ FRPXQ úL SULQ GLYL]LXQHD PXQFLL 6SUH
GHRVHELUHGHILORVRILLPDWHULDOLúWLIUDQFH]LúLGHVRFLDOLúWLLXWRSLFL, Auguste Comte
FRQFKLGH F  QHDMXQVXULOH VRFLHW LL PRGHUQH QX VXQW GH QDWXU  SROLWLF  úL QLFL GH
QDWXU SXUHFRQRPLF DúDFXPOHFRQVLGHUDXUHSUH]HQWDQ LLHFRQRPLHLSROLWLFHEXU-
JKH]HFODVLFHHQJOH]H$FHVWHQHDMXQVXULVXQWGHQDWXU PRUDO DúDvQFkWVchimba-
rea într-R IRUP  VDX DOWD D LGHLORU PRUDOH D FRQFHS LLORU HWLFH GHWHUPLQ  úL
VFKLPEDUHDLQVWLWX LLORUVRFLDOH
ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL GLQDPLFD VRFLDO  VH PDQLIHVW  vQ úL SULQ VFKLPEDUHD
HVHQ LDOPHQWHPRUDO DVRFLHW LLRPHQHúWL$SURIXQGkQGDQDOL]Ddinamicii sociale,
$XJXVWH &RPWH VXUSULQGH HYROX LD GH OD VWDUHD WHRORJLF  UHVSHFWLY PLOLWDU  GH
U ]ERL GH VHUYLWXWH úL VFODYLH OD VWDUHD PHWDIL]LF  D OHJLVOD LHL D RUJDQL] ULL
PLOLWDUHGHIHQVLYHúLDSURFODP ULLGUHSWXULORUMXULGLFH6WDUHDSR]LWLY corespunde
ID]HL LQGXVWULDOH vQ FDUH IRU HOH GH SURGXF LH GHWHUPLQ  RUGLQHD LQVWLWX LLORU úL
UHSDUWL LDSXWHULL$UHORFRWUHFHUHvQSULPSODQDSUREOHPHORUVRFLDOHSUREOHPHOH
SROLWLFHGHYHQLQGVHFXQGHúLVHFXQGDUH3UROHWDULLDSUHFLD] HOV-au conviQVF QX
SRW RE LQH QLPLF SULQ UHYROX LH FL GLPSRWULY  DMXQJ OD V U FLH WRWDO  $GHY UDWD
SUREOHP  HVWH DVLJXUDUHD SHQWUX WR L D PLMORDFHORU GH VXE]LVWHQ  úL GH GH]YROWDUH
VRFLDO DGUHSWXOXLODPXQF úLODRUHSDUWL LHHFKLWDELO 
ùL vQ SDUWHD GH GLQDPLF  VRFLDO  $XJXVWH &RPWH DFRUG  HWLFLL R LPSRUWDQ 
PDMRU HORSHUHD] RUHGXF LHvQVHQVXOF YRUEHúWHGRDUGHVSUHHYROX LDFRPSRU-
WDPHQWXOXL PRUDO F WUH vQ HOHJHUH VRFLDELOLWDWH VLPSDWLH úL DOWUXLVPHYROX LHFDUH
DU SXWHD V  FRQGXF  OD R LGHQWLILFDUH SURJUHVLY  D LQGLYLGXOXL XPDQ FX FROHFWLYL-
WDWHD5H]XOW F RPXOWUHEXLHvQ HOHVFDLQGLYLGJUXSFROHFWLYVRFLHWDWHúLLVWRULH
de-DOXQJXOGH]YROW ULLVWDGLDOHSURJUHVLYHDXPDQLW LLvQH[HUFLWDUHDHIRUWXOXLV X
GHDRULHQWDFRQGL LDLQGLYLGXOXLGHODLQGLYLGXDOLVPODDOWUXLVP&RPWHvQFHDUF R
LPL[WLXQH vQ H[LVWHQ D VRFLDO  GLQVSUH GRPHQLXO YLH LL PRUDOH ÌQ OXFUDUHD
Ä&DWHKLVPXO SR]LWLYLVW´ HO RSHUHD]  R GHOLPLWDUH WUDQúDQW  vQWUH HWLF  úL FHOHODOWH
úWLLQ H VXSUDVROLFLWkQG HWLFD úL FRQIHULQGX-L R YDORDUH GRJPDWLF  'H SH SR]L LD
SULYLOHJLDW DDFHVWXLVWDWXWHWLFDVHSRDWHLPSOHPHQWDvQYLD DILHF UXLLQGLYLGDWkW
SULQ UHFXUJHUHD OD VHQWLPHQWH FkW úL SULQ UHFXUJHUHD OD SUDFWLFL GH WLS UHOLJLRV ÌQ
DFHVWFRQWH[WGHLGHLHOFKLDUvQFHDUF V elaboreze un nou tip de religie: o religie a
XPDQLW LL vQ FDUH YRUEHúWH GHVSUH R ILLQ  VXSUHP  FDUH DU IL XPDQLWDWHD vQV úL
151
0DL PXOW D LPDJLQDW úL XQ IHO GH FDOHQGDU SR]LWLYLVW vQ FDUH vQ ORFXO VILQ LORU D
WUHFXWILORVRILúLVDYDQ LLQVWLWXLQGúLXQIHOGHIHVWLYLW LGHFRPHPRUDUHDDFHVWRU
SHUVRQDOLW LSR]LWLYH
7RDWHDFHVWHvQFHUF ULGLQWUHFDUHXQHOHDXHúXDWDXIRVWI FXWHGH$XJXVWH
&RPWH GH SH SR]L LLOH SULPHL VRFLRORJLL VXSUDGLPHQVLRQDWH vQ LPSRUWDQ D HL
sociologie despre care putem spuneF vPEUDF IRUPDXQHLVRFLRFUD LLVDXFKLDUD
XQHL WHRFUD LL PRGHUQH &RQWUDU DúWHSW ULORU RSWLPLVWH DOH GLVFLSROLORU V L DFHDVWD
vQVHDPQ XQUHJUHVRUHvQWRDUFHUHGHODID]DSR]LWLY ODFHDUHOLJLRDV GDUI U V 
DF LRQH]HFDXQIDFWRUIUHQDWRUDVXSUDGH]YROW ULLVRFLRORJLHLSULQ'XUNKHLPúD
ÌQ úL SULQ FRQWULEX LD WHRUHWLF  D OXL $XJXVWH &RPWH ILORVRILD úL-a împlinit
YRFD LDGHGLVFLSOLQ DSOHFDW DVXSUDLQWHUHVHORUUHDOHDOHRDPHQLORULDUVRFLRORJLD
úL-DFRQILJXUDWYLUWX LOHGHúWLLQ FDUHRULHQWHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOILHF UXLLQGLYLG
vQDQVDPEOXOVRFLHW LL

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Auguste Comte, Discurs asupra spiritului pozitiv (GLWXUD ùWLLQ LILF  %XFXUHúWL
1999.
,OLH% GHVFXIstoria sociologiei, Editura Porto-)UDQFR*DOD L
Alexandru Surdu, )LORVRILDPRGHUQ (GLWXUD3DLGHLD%XFXUHúWL

152
 &21&(37ù,0(72'2/2*,(Ì1678',8/
STRATEGIILOR DE COPING
BOGDAN DANCIU
0$5*$5(7$',1&

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study is to highlight the conceptions about coping. In
confronting events or situations that provoke stress and that are controllable by the person,
the preferred strategy is problem solving, in the situations perceived as less controllable,
the person uses strategies centred on the control of emotions.
Key words: coping, problem solving, control of emotions, stress, experiential
intelligence

Strategiile de coping YL]HD]  VIHUD ELQH GHOLPLWDW  D FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU

UHODWLYH OD VLWXD LLOH úL HYHQLPHQWHOH provocatoare de stres. În limbajul curent,
DVHPHQHD FRQIUXQW UL VH GHVFULX DWkW FD VW SkQLUH D XQHL VLWXD LL QRL úL SRVLELO
DPHQLQ WRDUH FkW úL FD WROHUDUH UHGXFHUH D HIHFWHORU IUXVWUDQWH VDX WXOEXU WRDUH
FKLDU úL D FHORU VXUSULQ] WRU GH SURPL WRDUH /RLV 0XUSK\  7HUPHQXO
englezesc to copevQVHDPQ DIDFHID 
ÌQ GHFXUVXO XOWLPHORU SDWUX GHFHQLL SUHRFXS ULOH SHQWUX DFHDVW  DULH
SUREOHPDWLF DXIRU DWILHvQJXVWDUHDILHO UJLUHDVHPDQWLF DWHUPHQXOXLcoping.
/D]DUXVGHH[HPSOXGHILQHúWHcopingul ca reprezentând „eforturile cognitive
úLFRPSRUWDPHQWDOHvQVFRSXOJHVWLRQ ULLVSHFLILFHDVROLFLW ULORULQWHUQHúLH[WHUQH
SUHFXPúLDFRQIOLFWXOXLGLQWUHHOH eforturi ce sunt evaluate ca excedând resursele
SHUVRDQHLvQFDX] ´/D]DUXVS&RHOKRúL+DPEXUJSDX
tins spre identificarea copingului cu adaptarea.
2DPHQLL DX WHQGLQ D V  DERUGH]H PHGLXO ORU I FkQG SODQXUL FDOFXOkQG úL
recalcXOkQG ULVFXULOH úL RSRUWXQLW LOH V -úL DVXPH VDUFLQL SH FDUH VLPW F  OH SRW
vQGHSOLQL V  FDXWH vQ PRG DFWLY LQIRUPD LL úL IHHGEDFN V  VH SUHJ WHDVF  SHQWUX
SRVLELOH GLILFXOW L V  LD P VXUL WDPSRQ SHQWUX vQIUkQJHUL V -úL ODVH GHVFKLVH
DQXPLWH RS LXQL V  GLVWULEXLH REOLJD LL V  VH SUHJ WHDVF  SHQWUX QRL HIRUWXUL SULQ
SUDFWLF  úL UHSHWL LL úL V  vQFHUFH R YDULHWDWH GH LSRWH]H SHQWUX UH]ROYDUHD RULF UHL
probleme importante (Billings, Moos, 1981; Carver, Scheier, Pozo, 1989, 1992).
Robert W. White a aduV PXOWH FRQWULEX LL IXQGDPHQWDOH vQ GRPHQLXO
FRSLQJXOXL úL D DGDSW ULL  apud Krohne, H. W. 1993, p.26). Pentru el,
adaptarea HVWH FRQFHSWXO FHQWUDO úL strategia de adaptare este categoria
VXSUDRUGRQDW vQFDUHVXQWLQFOXúLWHUPHQLLDS UDUH, P LHVWULHúLcoping$S UDUHD
VHRFXS FXSHULFROXOúLVLJXUDQ DP LHVWULDFXvQIUkQJHUHDúLYLFWRULDLDUFRSLQJXO
FXFRQGL LLOHGLILFLOHúLQHRELúQXLWH$S UDUHDHVWHIRORVLW vQWU-un sens psihanalitic,
referindu-VH vQ SULQFLSDO OD SURWHF LD vPSRWULYD DQ[LHW LL 0 LHVWULD VXEOLQLD] 
SHUIRUPDQ D GH VXFFHV UH]XOWDWXO ILQDO vQ vQGHSOLQLUHD FHULQ HORU VDUFLQLORU
&RSLQJXOVHUHIHU vQSULQFLSDOODSURFHVXOGHFRQGXLW DGDSWDWLY vQvQGHSOLQLUHD
FHULQ HORU VDUFLQLL vQ FLUFXPVWDQ H GHRVHELW GH GLILFLOH 3HQWUX White, copingul
SUHVXSXQHXQFRPSRUWDPHQWFUHDWLYQHUXWLQDWDF LRQDOUHIOHFWLYQRQUHIOH[LY
153
 Asimilarea cu termenul mai familiar de problem solvingSUHVXSXQHFRQRWD LL
HFRORJLFHFRQIUXQW ULFXSHULFROHUHDOHVDXLPDJLQDUHGLVWLQF LDILLQGGDW QXDWkW
GH SODVDUHD VWLPXOXOXL vQ FHOH GRX  SODQXUL FkW GH LQWHQVLWDWHD úL VHPQLILFD LD VD
pentru Subiect (Patterson, McCubbin, 1987 apud. Perrez, Reicherts, 1992).
ÌQXOWLPXOWLPSSDUHV ILHLQVWLWXLW RVWDELOL]DUHDVHPQLILFD LHLcoping-ului
OD VLWXD LL QRQUutinare. În mod sigur, Wertheimer ar fi raportat acest construct la
FODVDVLWXD LLORUJHQHUDWRDUHGHJkQGLUHSURGXFWLY FkQGvQWUH6XELHFWúL2ELHFWVH
VWDELOHúWH R IX]LXQH VSHFLILF  RUJDQLF  GH LPSOLFDUH FX JUDGH GH OLEHUWDWH úL
SHUVSHFWLY 
$FHDVW UDSRUWDUHODS ULQWHOHJHVWDOWLVPXOXLQHvQOHVQHúWHvQ HOHJHUHDUD LXQLL
GHOLPLW ULLvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHDGRX WLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLJHQHUDOHGHcoping
(Lazarus, 1991, p. 113):
– cu centrare pe efortul propriu-zis de rezolvare a problemelor;
– cu aFFHQW SH JHVWLRQDUHD vQF UF WXULL HPR LRQDOH SURYRFDWH GH VLWXD LD
VXUSULQ] WRDUH
5H]ROYDUHD HILFLHQW  SUHVXSXQH DSHOXO OD FHOH GRX  VWUDWHJLL GHúL VWLOXO
FRJQLWLY úL HPR LRQDO SUHFXP úL HYHQLPHQWXO SURYRFDWRU GHWHUPLQ  SUHIHULQ D
pentru una sau alta dintre acestea (Folkman, 1992, 1993, Folkman, Lazarus, 1980).
$VWIHO vQ FRQIUXQWDUHD FX HYHQLPHQWH VDX VLWXD LL FRQWURODELOH GH F WUH
LQGLYLG VWUDWHJLD SUHIHUDW  HVWH FHD GH problem solving, SH FkQG vQ VLWXD LLOH
SHUFHSXWH FD ILLQG PDL SX LQ FRQWURODELOH VH DSHOHD]  OD VWUDWHJLL FHQWUDWH SH
FRQWUROXOHPR LLORU)LOLSS.ODXHU)HUULQJ
'H DVHPHQHD VH IDFH GLVWLQF LD GLQWUH VWUDWHJLL GH FRSLQJ DFWLYH úL HYLWDQWH,
SULPHOHILLQGU VSXQVXULFHYL]HD] VFKLPEDUHDQDWXULLIDFWRUXOXLSURYRFDWLYVDXD
perFHS LHL VDOH vQ WLPS FH VWUDWHJLLOH HYLWDQWH GXF OD DF LXQL úL VW UL PHQWDOH FH
HVWRPSHD]  FRQIUXQWDUHD FX HYHQLPHQWHOH IUXVWUDQWH 6WUDWHJLLOH DFWLYH GH coping
sunt considerate a fi mijloace mai potrivite de înfruntare a evenimentelor frustrante,
pe cândFHOHHYLWDQWHUHSUH]LQW XQSDWWHUQGHFRQIUXQWDUHSULQGH]DQJDMDUH&DUYHU
6FKHLHU :HLQWUDXE  ÌQ DPEHOH FD]XUL 6XELHFWXO VH LPSOLF  vQWU-un câmp
SUREOHPDWLF GH IDFWXU  JHQHUDWLY  GHFL vQWU-un mediu predispus la dezvoltare
QHOLPLWDW 
$úDFXPVWXGLLOHDVXSUDVWUXFWXULLúLIXQF LLORUDQLPDOHDXDU WDWF RYDULHWDWH
GH VROX LL ELRORJLFH VXQW SRVLELOH SHQWUX R SUREOHP  GH PHGLX GDW  WRW OD IHO R
YDULHWDWHGHVROX LLVRFLDOHSRDWHILXWLOL]DW vQFD]XOXQRUVLWXD LLXPDQHvQFXUFDWH
Subliniind acHDVW  GLYHUVLWDWH RULFXP VXQW IXQGDPHQWDOH QHYRLOH VRFLDOH XPDQH
$úDFXPVSXQHDúL*ROGVFKPLGWapud/D]DUXVSÄvQVRFLHW LOHXPDQH
H[LVW  SUREOHPH UHFXUHQWH FDUH QHFHVLW  VROX LL LQVWLWX LRQDOL]DWH $FHVWH SUREOHPH
sunt rezultatul combina LHLDGRX FLUFXPVWDQ HJHQHUDOHYLFLVLWXGLQLOHPHGLX-
OXL vQ FDGUXO F UXLD VRFLHWDWHD WUHEXLH V -úL GHVI úRDUH YLD D úL  FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
SUHSURJUDPDWHGHDXWRGHVFRSHULUHFHWUHEXLHIUkQDWHVDXFDQDOL]DWH´ÌQSOXVGHúL
culturi diferite ordoneD]  DFHVWH SUREOHPH vQ PRGXUL GLIHULWH LQGLYL]LL GLQ WRDWH
FXOWXULOHSDUV DLE QHYRLHGHRED] VLJXU SHQWUXVWLPDGHVLQHúLXQVHQWLPHQWGH
DSDUWHQHQ ODXQJUXSYDORUL]DW*ROGVFKPLGWVXEOLQLD] PDLGHSDUWHF VLVWHPHOH
LQVWLWX LRQDOHSULQWU-o varLHWDWHGHVXEVLVWHPHIXUQL]HD] FRRSHU ULLXPDQHSHQWUX
VXSUDYLH XLUHPHFDQLVPHOHGHFRODERUDUHVRFLDO vQDF LXQHúLF LVXSOLPHQWDUHSULQ
FDUHFHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXOXLSRWILFXSODWHHILFLHQWFXFHOHDOHFRPXQLW LLVDOH'HúLD
154
IRVW SkQ  DFXP DFFHQWXDW  GLYHUVLWDWHD vQ RUJDQL]DUHD VRFLDO  HVWH GH DVHPHQHD
LPSRUWDQWGHVXEOLQLDWF XQHOHSDWWHUQ-uri comportamentale sunt atât de eficiente
vQ UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU IXQGDPHQWDOH DOH RPXOXL vQFkW DX DYXW WHQGLQ D V  WRW
DSDU vQGLIHULWHFXOWXULúLvQGLIHULWHS U LDOHOXPLL
6XELDFHQWFHORUGRX WLSXULGHVWUDWHJLLDFWLYHúLHYLWDQWHDXIRVWSUREDWHPDL
multe metode de investigare a comportamentului de coping: REVHUYD LDQDWXUDO úL
ancheteleSHED] GHLQWHUYLXVDXFKHVWLRQDU
Inventarul de coping Mainz. Pornind de la teoria lui Krohne (1993)
UHIHULWRDUHODGLPHQVLXQLOHFRSLQJXOXLVHXUP UHúWHHYROXDUHDYLJLOHQ HLúLDHYLW ULL
cognitiveFDVWUDWHJLLGHvQIUXQWDUHDVLWXD LLORUIUXVWUDQWH
ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VXQW VHOHFWDWH RSW VLWXD LL LSRWHWLFH FDUH SURYRDF  DQ[LHWDWH
MXP WDWH UHIHULQGX-VH OD VLWXD LL GH DPHQLQ DUH IL]LF  LDU UHVWXO OD VLWXD LL GH
DPHQLQ DUH D (X-OXL )LHFDUH VLWXD LH HVWH XUPDW  GH  DF LXQL GH coping,
VXEGLYL]DWHvQFHOHFDUHSUHVXSXQYLJLOHQ DúLFHOHFDUHYL]HD] HYLWDUHDFRJQLWLY 
&KHVWLRQDUXOPRGDOLW LORUGHFRSLQJ (Lazarus, 1966)
Obiectivul FKHVWLRQDUXOXL DYkQG FD IXQGDPHQW WHRULD IHQRPHQRORJLF  D
VWUHVXOXL HVWH GH D SXQH vQ OXPLQ  FHOH GRX  IXQF LL SULQFLSDOH DOH coping-ului:
problem-solving-XOúLUHJODUHDHPR LRQDO 
Chestionarul este structurat pe cele 2 scale (cuprinzând 40, respectiv 28 de
LWHPL ILLQG vPS U LWH OD UkQGXO ORU vQ VXEVFDOH ,QWHUFRUHOD LLOH GLQWUH VFDOH VXQW
VF ]XWHFRQILUPkQGGLVWLQF LDGRULW GHDXWRUL
Indicatorul Strategiei de Coping – A mirkhan (1990) FRQVW  vQ HYDOXDUHD
comportamentelor de coping organizate în trei categorii (scale): problem solving,
F XWDUHDVXSRUWXOXLVRFLDOúLHYLWDUH
Instrumentul cuprinde 161 de comportamente de coping.
,QYHQWDUXO GH FRSLQJ SHQWUX 6LWXD LL 6WUHVDQWH (QGOHU úL 3Drker, 1990;
Parker, Endler, 1992)
8UP ULQG HYROXDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GH coping VWUXFWXUDWH GXS  IXQF LLOH
acestuia (problem solvingúLUHJODUHHPR LRQDO Fhestionarul cuprinde 70 de itemi
RUJDQL]D L vQ FDGUXO D  IDFWRUL RULHQWDUH VSUH VDUFLQ  RULHQWDUH VSUH HPR LH úL
orientare spre evitare.
8QDOWLQVWUXPHQWGHVWXGLXDOFDSDFLW LLGHFRSLQJvOFRQVWLWXLHInventarul
GH *kQGLUH &RQVWUXFWLY  FRQFHSXW SH ED]D WHRULHL GXEOHL QDWXUL D LQWHOLJHQ HL
XPDQHÄLQWHOHFWLY ´úLÄH[SHULHQ LDO ´(SVWHLQúL0HLHU'LQF 
,QWHOLJHQ DÄLQWHOHFWLY ´HVWHP VXUDW GHWHVWHOHGHLQWHOLJHQ úLHVWHvQPRG
particular, folositoare pentru a rezolva probleme abstracte cum ar fi cele de
PDWHPDWLF  $UH R YDORDUH OLPLWDW  vQ UH]ROYDUHD SUREOHPHORU SUDFWLFH  GH YLD 
FXPDUILFHOHFDUHFHUEXQVLP úLDELOLW LSUDFWLFHDELOLW LVRFLDOHúLDGDSWDELOLWDWH
HPR LRQDO $FHVWWLSGHSUREOHPHVXQWUH]ROYDWHXWLOL]kQGXQDOWWLSGHLQWHOLJHQ 
úL DQXPH LQWHOLJHQ D ÄH[SHUHQ LDO ´ FDUH GXS  FXP DUDWD úL QXPHOH VH UHIHU  OD
DELOLWDWHDRDPHQLORUGHDvQY DGLUHFWGLQH[SHULHQ ,QY DUHDGLQH[SHULHQ VSUH
GHRVHELUHGHFHDGLQF U LúLOHFWXULDUHORFvQPRGQRUPDODXWRPDWI U HIRUWVDX
FRQúWLHQ  úL HVWH VXUVD LQWHOLJHQ HL SUDFWLFH VRFLDOH úL HPR LRQDOH $úadar,
LQWHOLJHQ DH[SHULHQ LDO UHSUH]LQW XQFRURODUDOWLSXULORUGHLQWHOLJHQ HQXPHUDWH
úLDUHRULJLQHDvQvQY DUHDQHGLUHF LRQDW 

155
 'HúL H[LVW  PXOWH WHVWH SHQWUX P VXUDUHD LQWHOLJHQ HL LQWHOHFWLYH SkQ  DFXP
nu a fost construit nici un instrument peQWUX D P VXUD LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHUHQ LDO 
,QYHQWDUXO GH *kQGLUH &RQVWUXFWLY  &7, D IRVW FRQVWUXLW SHQWUX D XPSOH DFHVW
JRO úL QH SHUPLWH V  P VXU P LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHULHQ LDO  úL DQXPH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH
gândirii utilizate în rezolvarea problemelor cotidieQH UH]ROYDUH FDUH LPSOLF  XQ
QLYHOPLQLPGHVWUHVúLRVWDUHDGHELQHPHQWDO úLIL]LF 
&RQVWUXF LD ,QYHQWDUXOXL GH *kQGLUH &RQVWUXFWLY  Constructive Thinking
Inventory – &7, D IRVW FRQFHSXW SH ED]D WHRULLORU SHUVRQDOLWD LL FDUH
DUJXPHQWHD] H[LVWHQ DDGRX IHOXULGHLQWHOLJHQ ÄLQWHOHFWLY ´úLÄH[SHUHQ LDO ´
(SVWHLQúL0HLHU
C.T.I.-ul este un test structurat ierarhic ce permite determinarea a trei niveluri
GHJHQHUDOLWDWHDSHUIRUPDQ HORU3HQWUXFHOPDLvQDOWQLYHOGHSHUIRUPDQ SUREa
FRQ LQHRVFDO JOREDO GHP VXUDUHDJkQGLULLFRQVWUXFWLYH3HQWUXQLYHOXOGRLGH
generalitate, testul propune 6 scale care descriu moduri diferite, dar fundamentale,
vQFDUHRDPHQLLJkQGHVFFRQVWUXFWLYVDXGLVWUXFWLY&HOPDLVSHFLILFQLYHOFRQVW vQ
sXEVFDOHVDXID HWHDOHVFDOHORUSULQFLSDOH$FHVWQLYHODOWUHLOHDLQFOXGHVFDOHFDUH
GHVFULX SURFHVH ED]DOH FXP DU IL VXSUDJHQHUDOL]DUHD úL JkQGLUHD SR]LWLY  FDUH
GHILQHVF PRGXUL vQDOW VSHFLILFH GH JkQGLUH FX LPSOLFD LL GLUHFWH vQ UH]ROYDUHD
problemelor de zi cu zi.
Scalele C.T.I.:
D *kQGLUHD FRQVWUXFWLY  JOREDO  (Global Constructive Thinking) este o
VFDO JOREDO ELSRODU JkQGLUHFRQVWUXFWLY -GLVWUXFWLY FHLQFOXGHLWHPLGLQWRDWH
VFDOHOHSULQFLSDOHFXH[FHS LDFHOHLGHRSWLPLVPQDLY
6XELHF LL FDUH DX VFRUXUL PDUL OD VFDOD JOREDO  VXQW vQ SULQFLSDO JkQGLWRUL
IOH[LELOL YHUVDWLOL (L vúL UHYL]XLHVF PRGXULOH GH D JkQGL SHQWUX D IDFH ID  XúRU
FHULQ HORU VLWXD LLORU VXQW RSWLPLúWL vQ PDMRULWDWHD VLWXD LLORU GDU SRW IL SHVLPLúWL
FkQGVLWXD LDLPSXQHSUHFDX LH(LvQFHDUF V FRQWUROH]HVLWXD LDFkQGHVWHSRVLELO
úL FkQG HVWH UH]RQDELO GDU WRWRGDW  VXQW vQ VWDUH V  DFFHSWH FHHD FH QX SRDWH IL
FRQWURODW*kQGLWRULLGHDFHVWIHOvLDFFHSW SHFHLODO LDúDFXPVHDFFHSW úLSHHL
vQúLúLOHRIHU DMXWRUXOORUFXH[FHS LDFD]XOXLFkQGH[LVW XQVHULRVPRWLYSHQWUX
VXVSLFLXQH 'DU FKLDU úL DWXQFL HL QX MXGHF  RDPHQLL FD ILLQG EXQL VDX U L FL vL
MXGHF vQWHUPHQLGHSHUIRUPDQ vQUH]ROYDUHDGHSUREOHPH&HQWUDUHDVHIDFHGHFL
SHVLWXD LHúLQXSHLndividul aflat într-RVLWXD LHFDUHPHULW VDXQXV ILHDMXWDW
'HRDUHFH JkQGLUHD FRQVWUXFWLY  JOREDO  HVWH FRPSXV  GLQ LWHPL OXD L GH OD
FHOHODOWHVFDOHHDSRDWHILGHILQLW vQWHUPHQLLDFHVWRUD*kQGLWRULLGHDFHVWIHORE LQ
VFRUXUL vQDOWH OD '(,69 úL '&,69 vQV  VFRUXUL PLFL OD JkQGLUHD FDWHJRULF 
HVRWHULF  úL OD VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH 'HVFULHULOH DFHVWRU VFDOH VXQW GDWH vQ
continuare.
* 'LPHQVLXQHD HPR LRQDO  D vQIUXQW ULL VLWXD LLORU GH YLD – DEISV
(Emotional Coping HVWH GHILQLW  R VFDO  ELSRODU  PDL SXWHUQLF DVRFLDW  FX VFDOD
JOREDO GHFkWRULFDUHDOWD3HUVRDQHOHFXVFRUXULvQDOWHOD'(,69IDFID VLWXD LLORU
primejdioase într-R PDQLHU  FDUH QX PDL SURGXFHVWUHVVXSOLPHQWDUVHDFFHSW SH
VLQH VXQW GHFHQWUDWH úL SHUPLVLYH OD GH]DSURE UL UHVSLQJHUL VDX HúHFXUL 6SUH
GHRVHELUHGH'&,69'(,69HVWHDVRFLDW PDLGHJUDE FXXQPRGGHJkQGLUHFDUH
HYLW  SURGXFHUHD HPR LLORU QHJDWLYH úL D VWUHVVXOXL $FHVW WLS GH SHUVRDQH QX VH
156
DJD  GH QHQRURFLUL WUHFXWH QX UHDF LRQHD]  H[DJHUDW OD FHOH SUH]HQWH úL QX VH
vQJULMRUHD]  vQ PRG H[FHVLY GH FHOH YLLWRDUH FkQG VLWXD LD GHFODQúHD]  HPR LL
QHJDWLYH FHO LPSOLFDW  VH SUHRFXS  V  OH vQGHS UWH]H I U  DXWRFRQGDPQDUH WU LQG
PDL SX LQ VWUHVV-XO vQ WUDLXO GH ]L FX ]L GHFkW FHLODO L 7RWXúL SUHGLVSXúL OD
neDQJDMDUHvQJkQGLUHQHJDWLY GHFkWODRDQJDMDUHvQJkQGLUHSR]LWLY HLWLQGV ILH
vQ PDL PDUH P VXU  ÄQHXWUL´ úL FDOPL GHFkW YHVHOL úL HQWX]LDúWL 2 VODE 
SHUIRUPDQ  SH VFDOD '(,69 DU SXWHD IL VHPQLILFDWLY  FOLQLF DS UkQG FD R
FRPSRQHQW FRJQLWLY D nevrozismului.
6LPSODHQXPHUDUHDVXEVFDOHORU'(,69DGXFHFRQFUHWL] ULOHQHFHVDUH
− Acceptare de sine (Self-Acceptance);
− $EVHQ D VXSUDJHQHUDOL] ULORU QHJDWLYH Absence of Negative
Overgeneralisation);
− Non sensibilitate (Nonsensitivity);
− 'HS úLUHD HYHQLPHQWHORU GLQ WUHFXW QHSO FXWH Absence of Dwelling on
Adverse Past Experiences).
* 'LPHQVLXQHD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  D vQIUXQWDULL VLWXD LLORU GH YLD –
DCISV (Behavioral Coping 6FDOD '&,69 HVWH R VFDO  ELSRODU  SH FDUH VH
PDUFKHD]  WHQGLQ D GH D JkQGL vQ UHDOL]DUHD GH DF LXQL HIHFWLYH 3HUVRDQHOH FX
VFRUXUL vQDOWH SH DFHDVW  VFDO  VXQW RSWLPLúWL HQWX]LDúWL HQHUJLFL úL FRQúWLLQFLRúL
2SWLPLVPXOORUG SURPSWLWXGLQHvQDF LXQHSHXQIRQGGHvQFUHGHUHvQHILFLHQ 
'HúLvQPRGQRUPDOHLLQWU UHSHGHvQDF LXQHLQGLYL]LLFXXQ'&,69EXQvúLLDXúL
WLPSXOQHFHVDUSHQWUXDSO QXLDF LXQHD(LvLDFFHSW SHFHLODO LQXOHSRDUW SLF 
economisindu-úLHQHUJLDSHQWUXDUH]ROYDSUREOHPHSUDFWLFH
$VSHFWXOFRPXQDOH[WUDYHUVLHLúLHQWX]LDVPXOXLHVWHFRQFUHWL]DWODnivelul a
trei subscale:
− *kQGLUHSR]LWLY DGLF RULHQWDUHRSWLPLVW Positive Thinking);
− 2ULHQWDUHvQDF LXQHSURFHVDUHFRJQLWLY FHIDFLOLWHD] UH]ROYDUHDHIHFWLY 
(Action-orientation);
− &RQúWLLQFLR]LWDWHConscientiousness).
* *kQGLUH FDWHJRULF  (Categorical Thinking). Oamenii cu scoruri înalte
SH DFHDVW  VFDO  Y G OXPHD vQ DOE úL QHJUX VF SkQG DVWIHO GLQ YHGHUH GLVWLQF LL
LPSRUWDQWH*kQGLUHDORUULJLG úLOLSVDGHGLVFULPLQDUHvLIDFHV ILHvQFOLQD LVSUH
VROX LL VLPSOLVWH SUHMXGLFLDWRDUH úL VHQWLPHQWH GH XLPLUH úL IXULH FkQG HL VXQW
FRQIUXQWD L FX VLWXD LL FDUH FRQWUD]LF VWHUHRWLSXULOH ORU ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH SDUWHD
SR]LWLY JkQGLUHDFDWHJRULF IDFLOLWHD] DF LXQHDGHFLVLY SULQIDSWXOF HDSHUPLWH
RDPHQLORUVDDMXQJ UHSHGHODFRQFOX]LL
Subscale:
− *kQGLUHDSRODUL]DW Polarized Thinking);
− 1HvQFUHGHUHvQDO LLDistrust of Others);
− ,QWROHUDQ Intolereance).
'HúLFHOHWUHLVXEVFDOHDOHJkQGLULLFDWHJRULFHVXQWDVRFLDWHSR]LWLYILHFDUHFX
FHDODOW HVWHSRVLELOFDVXELHF LLVDDLE VFRUXULPDULODXQDGLQHOH$VWIHOGHúLFHL
PDL PXO L RDPHQL FDUH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  SULQ JkQGLUH SRODUL]DW  VXQW E QXLWRUL úL
LQWROHUDQ LFXFHLODO LDFHVWOXFUXQXHVWHREOLJDWRULXSHQWUXWR L
157
 * *kQGLUHD HVRWHULF  (Esoteric Thinking 6FDOD GH JkQGLUH HVRWHULF 
reOHY  JUDGXO vQ FDUH RDPHQLL FUHG vQ IHQRPHQH QHX]XDOH úL vQ PRG úWLLQ LILF
discutabile cum ar fi: fantomele, astrologia, cititul gândurilor, prevestirile bune sau
UHOHúLVXSHUVWL LLOHFRQYHQ LRQDOHÌQDQXPLWHOLPLWHJkQGLUHDHVRWHULF UHOHY SXU
úL VLPSOX JUDGXO GH GHVFKLGHUH LQWHOHFWXDO  DVXSUD IHQRPHQHORU vQF  QHGRYHGLWH
7RWXúL VFRUXUL IRDUWH vQDOWH VXJHUHD]  R OLSV  GH JkQGLUH FULWLF  úL R H[FHVLY 
EL]XLUHSHVHQWLPHQWHúLSHLPSUHVLLQHVXEVWDQ LDWHFDUHSRWFRQGXFHRDPHQLLODXQ
comportament nerealLVW(VWHLPSRUWDQWV UHFXQRDúWHPF VSUHGHRVHELUHGHVFDOD
GH VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH VFDOD GH JkQGLUH HVRWHULF  QX DUH R FRQRWD LH QHJDWLY 
2DPHQLLFXVFRUXULvQDOWHODJkQGLUHDHVRWHULFDVXQWúLDFHLDFDUHFUHGvQWDOLVPDQH
PDJLFHúLvQSUHYHVWLULEXQHFDúLDFHLDFDUHFUHGvQIDQWRPHúLvQSUHYHVWLULUHOH
Subscalele gândirii esoterice sunt:
− &UHGLQ D vQ VWUDQLX FXP DU IL IDQWRPHOH FLWLWXO JkQGXULORU FODUYL]LXQHD
(Belief in Questionable Phenomena);
− &UHGLQ DvQVXSHUVWL LLFXPDUILFUHGLQ DvQWDOLVPDQHvQSUHYHVWLULúLvQ
VXSHUVWL LLFRQYHQ LRQDOHFormal Superstitious Thinking).
* 6XSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH (Personal Superstitious Thinking). Scala
VXSHUVWL LL SHUVRQDOH LQGLF  JUDGXO vQ FDUH RDPHQLL VH VSULMLQ  SH VXSHUVWL LL
DXWRFRQVWUXLWH úL QX JHQHUDO UHFXQRVFXWH FXP DU IL DFHHD F  GDF  WX YUHL IRDUWH
PXOWFDFHYDV VHvQWkPSOHDFHOFHYDQXVHYDvQWkPSODúLGDF FHYDIRDUWHEXQVH
vQWkPSO  DFHVW OXFUX YD IL EDODQVDW GH FHYD U X 6FDOD QX LQFOXGH VXSHUVWL LL
WUDGL LRQDOHFDUHVXQWLQFOXVe în scala gândirii esoterice. Acest tip de gândire tinde
V  UHGXF  GXUHUHD XQHL GH]DP JLUL SULQ GHVFXUDMDUHD HQWX]LDVPXOXL úL D VSHUDQ HL
2DPHQLLFXVFRUXULvQDOWHODVFDODGHVXSHUVWL LLSHUVRQDOHVXQWRULHQWD LPDLPXOW
F WUH D VH DS UD SH HL vQúLúL  vPSRWULYD DPHQLQ ULORU GHFkW VSUH R vPSOLQLUH
SHUVRQDO 'HDFHHDQXHVWHVXUSULQ] WRUIDSWXOF VFDOD HVWHvQPRGSR]LWLYFRUHODW 
FXSHVLPLVPXOFXVHQWLPHQWXOOLSVHLGHDMXWRUúLFXGHSUHVLD
6FDODVXSHUVWL LLORUSHUVRQDOHHVWHRVFDO RPRJHQ FDUHQXFRQ LQHQLFLRDOW 
VXEVFDO  'HúL VWUXFWXUD VD IDFWRULDO  HVWH LQVWDELO  úL HD QX DSDUH FD XQ IDFWRU
LQGHSHQGHQWvQDQDOL]HOHXQXLHúDQWLRQODUJHDDIRVWUH LQXW GHRDUHFHDUHFRUHOD LL
LQWHUHVDQWHFXDOWHYDULDELOHFXPDUILP VXUDGHSUHVLHLDEX]XOGHGURJXULúLDOFRRO
úL DIHF LXQLOH SVLKRVRPDWLFH GH ]L FX ]L $U IL LQWHUHVDQW FD vQ YLLWRU V  FHUFHW P
UHOD LLOHDFHVWHLDFXDIHF LXQLPDLVHULRDVH
G6. Optimismul naiv (Naive Optimism6FDODRSWLPLVPQDLYLQGLF JUDGXO
în care oamenii sunt în mod nerealist RSWLPLúWL 'HúL XQ RSWLPLVP UH]RQDELO HVWH
LQFOXVFDRID HW VXEVFDO D'&,69VXEGHQXPLUHDGHJkQGLUHSR]LWLY FDUHHVWH
vQDOWDGDSWDWLY RSWLPLVPXOQDLYHVWHRELQHFXYkQWDUHFRQIX] ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWH
DVSHFWXOSR]LWLYRSWLPLúWLLQDLYLDXFDULVP VXQWSO FX LGHFHLODO LúLVHGHVFXUF 
ELQH vQ SROLWLF  ÌQ SDUWHD QHJDWLY  VFRUXULOH IRDUWH vQDOWH SH DFHDVW  VFDO  VXQW
DVRFLDWHFXRRULHQWDUHVLPSOLVW VSUHYLD úLFXHúHFXOvQVLWXD LLOHQHJDWLYHSULQ
OLSVDP VXULORUGHSUHFDX LHQHFHVDUH (potrivite). Optimismul naiv, mai mult decât
RULFDUHDOWDWULEXWP VXUDWGH&7,VFDGHFRQVWDQWGLQVSUHFRSLO ULHvQVSUHYkUVWD
DGXOW  /D YkUVWD DGXOW  GHYLQH PDL SX LQ SURHPLQHQW FD R GLPHQVLXQH
LQGHSHQGHQW úLVHDVRFLD] FXJkQGLUHDFDWHJRULF 

158
 Subscalele optimismului naiv sunt:
− JkQGLUHD SR]LWLY  versus optimismul suprarealist – DGLF  FUHGLQ D F 
urmarea unui succes va fi întotdeauna succesul (Positive thinking/Over-Optimism);
− JkQGLUHD VWHUHRWLS  VSUH H[HPSOX FUHGLQ D F  ILHFDUH vúL LXEHúWH S ULQ LL
(Stereotypical Thinking);
− JkQGLUHD 3ROO\DQQLF  DGLF  FUHGLQ D F  ILHFDUH HVWH vQ PRG IXQGDPHQWDO
EXQ OD LQLP  úL F  WUHEXLH V  QH XLW P SHUPDQHQW OD ODWXUD OXPLQRDV  D OXFUXULORU
RSWLPLVPRUEWRWGHDXQDYHGHSDUWHDEXQ DOXFUXULORUvQGHIDYRDUHDFaracterului
realist). (Pollyanna Thinking).
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH &7, YL]HD]  LQWHOLJHQ D H[SHULHQ LDO  R LQWHUID  vQWUH
SHUVRQDOLWDWHúLFRJQL LHUH]XOWDWPDMRUDOH[SHULHQ HLSHUVRQDOHGHFDQWDWHVSRQWDQ
úL vQ WLPS FDUH DUH GUHSW IXQF LH HVHQ LDO  LQWHUYHQ LD WRW VSRQWDQ  vQ problem
solving-ul cotidian.
Conceptul-FKHLH DO VWXGLLORU SH DFHDVW  WHP  HVWH ÄJkQGLUH FRQVWUXFWLY ´ FX
VHQVXO GH HILFLHQ  vQ DPHOLRUDUHD HIHFWXOXL VWUHVDQW DO VLWXD LLORU SUREOHPDWLFH
asupra persoanei; evident, scalele au orientaUH ELSRODU  vQWUH GLVWUXFWLY úL
FRQVWUXFWLY6XELHFWXOFXSHUIRUPDQ HVXSHULRDUHDUHXQSURILOSVLKRHFRORJLFPDUFDW
GHFkWHYDFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOHUDSRUW ULLODsetting-XOVRFLDOJOREDOFHvQVHDPQ SHQWUX
HLOXPHDFRQFUHW DF LRQHD] IOH[LELOvQWU-o lumHvQVFKLPEDUHVXQWRSWLPLúWLvQ
PDMRULWDWHDVLWXD LLORUGHFLY GUDSRUWXOFXOXPHDFDILLQGFRPSHQVDWRUGLVSXúLOD
helping; problem solving-XOHVWHSULRULWDUHFRFHQWULFD[DWPDLPXOWSHVLWXD LHGHFkW
pe individ.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Amirkhan, J. H. (1990), A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The Coping

Strategy Indicator, în „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 59,
p.1066-1074.
Billings, A. G., Moos, R. H. (1981), The role of coping responses and social resources in
attenuating the stress of life events, în „Journal of Behavioral Medicine”, 4,
p.139-157.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., Pozo, C. (1992), Conceptualizing the process of coping with
health problems, în H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Hostility, coping, and health,
Washington, DC: APA, p.167-187.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K. (1989), Assessing coping strategies: A
theoretically based approach, în „Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology”, 56 (2), p.267-283.
DLQF Margareta (2002), Constructive Thinking Inventory – The Romanian version.
Preliminary results, în „Revista de Psihologie”, 1-2, p.82-98.
Endler, N. S., Kantor, L., Parker, J. D. A. (1990), State-trait coping, state-trait critical
evaluation, în „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 58, p.844-854.
Epstein, S., Meier, P. (1989), Constructive thinking: A broad coping variable with specific
components, în „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 57, p.332-350.
Filipp, S.H., Klauer, T., Ferring, D. (1993), Self-focused attention in the face of adversity
and threat, în H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance: Strategies in coping
with aversiveness, Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber, p.267-295.

159
Folkman, S. (1992), Improving coping assessment: Reply to Stone and Kennedy-Moore, în
H. S. Friedman (Ed.), Hostility, coping, and health. Washington, DC: APA.,
p.215-223.
George V.Coelho, David A.Hamburg, John E.Adams (1974), Coping and adaptation, New
York, Basic Books.
Krohne, H. W. (1993), Vigilance and cognitive avoidance as concepts in coping research,
în H. W. Krohne (Ed.), Attention and avoidance: Strategies in coping with
aversiveness, Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber., p.19-50.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966), Psychological stress and the coping process, New York: McGraw-
Hill.
Lazarus, R. S. (1991), Emotion and adaptation, London: Oxford University Press.
McCrae, R. R. (1984), Situational determinants of coping responses: Loss, threat, and
challenge, în „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”, 46, p.919-928.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, R. T. (1986), Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an
adult sample, în „Journal of Personality”, 54, p.385-405.
Murphy, L.B. (1962), The widening world of childhood: Paths toward mastery, New York,
Basic Books.
Parker, J. D. A., Endler, N. S. (1992), Coping with coping assessment: A critical review, în
„European Journal of Personality”, 6 (5), p.321-344.
White, R.W. (1972), The enterprise of living, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

160
 36,+2/2*,$3(5621$/,7 ,,

&203/(;,7$7(ù,35(',&7,%,/,7$7(
&203257$0(17$/ Ì16,67(08/3(5621$/,7 ,,

MIHAI GOLU

ABSTRACT

The paper presents an analysis of the relationship between the complexity of the
personality system and the degree of predictibility in the behavioral field. In the first part, is
revealed the content of the complexity attribute at each of those three main levels: structural,
functional and differential. In the second part, there are critically analyzed the most
important methodological trends – the internalism, the externalism and the interactionism –
from the perspective of their capacity to reflect and to cover the complexity of personality
system and to predict the behaviours. In the third part, is proved the superiority of the
interactionist paradigm and is argued the necesity of its generalization.

1. 1LYHOXULDOHFRPSOH[LW LL

ÌQSUH]HQWHVWHvQPRGXQDQLPDFFHSWDW LGHHDF UHDOL]DUHDXQHLFXQRDúWHUL

DXWHQWLFH D SHUVRQDOLW LL XPDQH vQ FDOLWDWHD HL GH VLVWHP XQLWDU LQWHJUDO UHFODP 
WUHFHUHD GH OD vQUHJLVWUDUHD úL GHVFULHUHD DVSHFWHORU IHQRPHQRORJLFH H[WHUQH OD
GH]Y OXLUHDúLDQDOL]DVWUXFWXULLHLLQWHUQH'HvQGDW vQV FHWUHFHPvQDFHVWSODQQH
FRQIUXQW P FX DWULEXWXO FRPSOH[LW LL vQ FHD PDL vQDOW  H[SUHVLH D OXL ùL acest
DWULEXWWUDQVSDUHGHMDODSULPHOHGHILQL LLFDUHIDFUHIHULUHODRUJDQL]DUHDLQWHUQ ILH
HOHGHIDFWXU OLQLDU-VXPDWLY Ä3HUVRQDOLWDWHDHVWHVXPDWRWDO DWXWXURUGLVSR]L-
LLORU LPSXOVXULORU WHQGLQ HORU GRULQ HORU úL LQVWLQFWHORU ELRORJLFH vQQ scute ale
LQGLYLGXOXL SUHFXP úL D GLVSR]L LLORU úL WHQGLQ HORU GREkQGLWH SULQ H[SHULHQ ´,
M. Prince, 1924, p. 532), sau integralista („Personalitatea este întreaga organizare
PHQWDO  D ILLQ HL XPDQH vQ RULFH VWDGLX DO GH]YROW ULL VDOH´ +& :DUUHQ úL
L. Carmichael, 1930, p. 333).
$WULEXWXO FRPSOH[LW LLHVWHVXUSULQVúLPDLFODUvQGHILQL LDIRUPXODW GH*
Allport: Ä3HUVRQDOLWDWHDHVWHRUJDQL]DUHDGLQDPLF vQFDGUXOLQGLYLGXOXLDDFHORU
VLVWHPHSVLKRIL]LFHFDUHGHWHUPLQ JkQGLUHDúLFRPSRUWDPHQWXOV XFaracteristic”
*$OOSRUW7UDGXFHUHOLPEDURPkQ S
ÌQV  SXQHUHD vQ HYLGHQ  vQ DGHY UDWD VD VHPQLILFD LH D FRPSOH[LW LL
SHUVRQDOLW LL D GHYHQLW SRVLELO  DELD vQ D GRXD MXP WDWH D VHFROXOXL ;; SULQ
JHQHUDOL]DUHDvQvQWUHDJDFXQRDúWHUHúWLLQ LILF DPHWRGRORJLHLVLVWHPLFHFLEHUQHWLFH
úLVLQHUJHWLFH
ÌQOXPLQDDFHVWHLSDUDGLJPHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDWUHEXLHLQFOXV vQFODVDVLVWHPHORU
FXFHOPDLULGLFDWJUDGGHFRPSOH[LWDWHDGLF DVLVWHPHORUhipercomplexe.

161
 Complexitatea sistemului personDOLW LLVHH[SULP vQWUHLSODQXULSULQFLSDOH
VWUXFWXUDOIXQF LRQDOúLGLIHUHQ LDO.

În plan structuralHDUH]LG vQHWHURJHQLWDWHDúLYROXPXOQXP UXOPDUHGH

HOHPHQWH SURFHVH úL VW UL FRPSRQHQWH LPSRVLELO GH REVHUYDW úL FRQWURODW vQ PRG
direct. AcHVWHDVHJUXSHD] úLVHLQWHJUHD] –DWkWSOXULPRGDOSHRUL]RQWDO FkWúL
LHUDUKLF PXOWLQLYHODU SH YHUWLFDO  vQ FHOH WUHL PDUL VXEVLVWHPH biologic (fizic),
psihologic úL sociocultural. („Personalitatea este un sistem bio-psiho-socio-
cultural”). Cele trei subsisteme nu trebuie privite într-un simplu raport de juxta-
SXQHUH DO WXUDUH H[WHULRDU  FL vQWU-XQ UDSRUW GH vQWUHS WUXQGHUH úL FRQGL LRQDUH
UHFLSURF LQWLP úLOHJLF LDUDUWLFXODUHDORULQWHUQ úLvQFDGUXOVLVWHPXOXLVXSUDRU-
GRQDW VH UHDOL]HD]  vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX ÄOHJL GH VWUXFWXU ´ sau de ÄEXQ  IRUP ´
LPSXVH JHQHWLF úL VRFLRFXOWXUDO /D QLYHOXO ILHF UXL VXEVLVWHP DF LRQHD]  OHJL
specifice (biologice – în subsistemul biologic somatic, psihologice – în subsistemul
psihic, socioculturale – în subsistemul sociocultural).
ÌQSODQIXQF LRQDOFRPSOH[LWDWHDVLVWHPXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLUH]LG vQXUP WRD-
UHOHDVSHFWHHVHQ LDOHDFDUDFWHUXOGLQDPLFHYROXWLYDOWXWXURUFHORUWUHLVXEVLVWHPH
FRPSRQHQWHvQFXUVXOYLH LLLQGLYLGXDOHDS UkQGHOHPHQWHFRQ LQXWXULúLFRQH[LXQL
QRL ODWXUD DQWLHQWURSLF  VDX QHJHQWURSLF  D GLQDPLFLL úL GLVS UkQG HOHPHQWH
FRQ LQXWXUL úL FRQH[LXQL H[LVWHQWH ODWXUD HQWURSLF  LQYROXWLY  D GLQDPLFLL
E H[LVWHQ D XQHL JDPH ODUJL GH VW UL GH QHFHVLWDWH PRWLYH FX VHPQLILFD LH
indiYLGXDO  VDX VXSUDLQGLYLGXDO  – JUXSDO  VRFLDO  – FDUH FUHHD]  SUHPLVHOH XQHL
DSURDSHLQILQLWHGLYHUVLW LDF LRQDO-FRPSRUWDPHQWDOHúLDF URUVXFFHVLXQHQXSRDWH
IL LQWHJUDO DQWLFLSDW  úL PRQLWRUL]DW  QHPLMORFLW GH F WUH FHUFHW WRU F FDUDFWHUXO
multimedLDW DO OHJ WXULL GLQWUH ÄLQWU UL´ úL ÄLHúLUL´ FDUH IDFH FD U VSXQVXULOH OD
VWLPXOLL H[WHUQL SH FDUH FHUFHW WRUXO vL SRDWH FRQWUROD V  QX SRDW  IL SUHY ]XWH FX
FHUWLWXGLQH FL GRDU DSUR[LPDWH SUREDELOLVWLF G H[LVWHQ D XQHL LQILQLWH FDSDFLW L
combinatoricH D FUHLHUXOXL FD PHFDQLVP FHQWUDO DO LQWHJU ULL IXQF LRQDOH D
VLVWHPXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLGLQFDUHGHULY XQPDUHQXP UDOJUDGHORUGHOLEHUWDWHvQ
VWDELOLUHDFRQH[LXQLORUúLDQJUHQDMXOXLLQWHUQILQDOGHVXV LQHUHDXQHLVW ULúLDXQXL
comportament situa LRQDO DQXPH H H[LVWHQ D XQRU IRUPH VXSHULRDUH GH DXWRUH-
JODUH QHvQWkOQLWH OD DOWH VLVWHPH UH]XOWDWH GLQ IXQF LLOH VSHFLILFH úL LQWHUDF LXQHD
FHORUGRX IRUPHDOHFRQúWLLQ HL– FRQúWLLQ DGHVLQHúLFRQúWLLQ DOXPLLRELHFWLYH,
úL DQXPH DQWLFLSDUHD SODQLILFDUHD WHOHRQRPLD IXQF LRQDUH úL DFWLYLWDWH GLULMDWH
prin scopuri), autodeterminarea, deliberarea, idealizarea, devalorizarea, dedublarea,
VLPXODUHD úL vQWUHDJD JDP  D PHFDQLVPHORU GH DS UDUH D (X-lui, atât de mult
SUH XLWHúLVWXGLDWHGHúFRDODSVLKDQDOLWLF 
&RPSOH[LWDWHDvQSODQIXQF LRQDODVLVWHPXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLRSXWHPUHOHYDúL
obiectiva prin intermediul „profilurilor de stare”úLDO„portretelor fazice”.
„Profilul de stare” (Po HVWH R UH]XOWDQW  LQWHJUDW  D YDORULORU ÄP VXU WR-
rilor” princLSDOHORUIXQF LLúLFDSDFLW LSVLKRIL]LFHSDUWLFXODUHODXQPRPHQWGDWGH
timp (ti(OVHRE LQHDúDGDUSULQWU-RLQYHVWLJD LHGHWLSWUDQVYHUVDO

162
 Tabel 1
3URILOXOGHVWDUHDGLWLYDOSHUVRQDOLW LL
Dimensiunile specifice A1 A2 A3 … An ∈ (A i )
ale sistemului x=
Momentul N
de timp
t1 a1 a2 a3 an x1

„Portretul fazic” (Δ3 VH H[SULP  SULQWU-R PHGLH SRQGHUDW  D GLIHUHQ HORU
GLQWUH YDORULOH P VXU WRULORU SULQFLSDOHORU IXQF LL úL FDSDFLW L SURIL]LFH vQ
succesiunea mai multor momente de timp (t1, t2, t3, …, tn)

Tabel 2
3RUWUHWXOID]LFDOSHUVRQDOLW LL
Dimensiunile A1 A2 A3 … An Profile de stare
specifice ale VHFYHQ LDle: Po

sistemului
Momente
de timp
to a1,1 a2,1 a3,1 … an,1 ∈ (A i )
Pot o =
N
t1 a1,2 a2,2 a3,2 … an,2 ∈ (A i )
Pot 1 =
n
t2 a1,3 a2,3 a3,3 … an,3 ∈ (A i )
Pot 2 =
n
t3 a1,4 a2,4 a3,4 … an,4 ∈ (A i )
Pot 3 =
n
      

tn an,n an,n an,n … an,n ∈ (A n )

Pot n =
n
Portrete fazice ∈ … Portret fazic
VHFYHQ LDOH'P. ΔP1 = ΔP2 = ΔP3 = … ΔPn = global:
∈ ( ΔP1 )
ΔP =
n

9RPDYHDFRUHVSXQ] WRUXQ„portret fazic particular”FDUHUHIOHFW YDULD LL-

OH XQHL VLQJXUH IXQF LL VDX FDSDFLW L úL XQ „portret fazic global” FDUH UHIOHFW 
YDULD LLOHODQLYHOXOVLVWHPXOXLLQWHJUDOÌQWUXFkWSHUVRQDOLWDWHDHVWHXQVLVWHPGLQD-
mic evolutiv, „portretul fazic”QHHYLGHQ LD] WUHLDVSHFWHHVHQ LDOHDOHWUDLHFWRULHi

163
IXQF LRQDOH úL DQXPH un sens ascendent, când valoarea „profilului de stare” la
momentul t2 DUH R VHPQLILFD LH FDOLWDWLY  VXSHULRDU  YDORULL SURILOXOXL GH VWDUH OD
momentul anterior t1; un sens de stabilitateFkQGYDULD LLOH„profilelor de stare”
oscilHD] vQVXVVDXvQMRVvQMXUXOXQXL„punct” de optimum; un sens descendent
când valoarea „profilului de stare” DFWXDO DUH R VHPQLILFD LH FDOLWDWLY  LQIHULRDU 
valorii „profilului de stare”DQWHULRU'XS FXPVHSRDWHREVHUYD„portretul fazic”
VHRE LQHnumai printr-RLQYHVWLJD LHGHWLSORQJLWXGLQDO
'LQ FHOH GH PDL VXV UH]XOW  F  R DSURSLHUH VDWLVI F WRDUH GH DGHY UDWD
FRPSOH[LWDWH IXQF LRQDO  D SHUVRQDOLW LL GHYLQH SRVLELO  QXPDL SULQ vPELQDUHD
VWUDWHJLHL WUDQVYHUVDOH FX FHD ORQJLWXGLQDO  FX UHVSHFWDUHD vQ FDGUXO FHUFHW ULL D
criteriilor UHSUH]HQWDWLYLW LLúLUHOHYDQ HL.
ÌQ SODQ GLIHUHQ LDO DWULEXWXO FRPSOH[LW LL VH HYLGHQ LD]  vQ vQWLQVD JDP  D
GHRVHELULORU LQWHULQGLYLGXDOH úL D PRGDOLW LORU GH FRPELQDUH D DF LXQLL FHORU WUHL
categorii de legi: generale, de grupúLindividuale. În abordarea acestui aspect, în
istoria psihologiei s-D SURGXV IDLPRDVD RSR]L LH vQWUH RULHQWDUHD QRPRWHWLF úLFHD
LGHRJUDILF SULPDUHSXGLDGLIHUHQ HOHúLDEVROXWL]DFRPXQDOLW LOHFHDGH-a doua,
GLPSRWULY  UHSXGLD FRPXQDOLW LOH úL DEVROXWL]D GLIHUHQ HOH LQGLYLGXDOXO
VSHFLILFXO3URFHGkQGDVWIHODPEHOHRULHQW ULvQORFV VHDSURSLHGHFRPSOH[LWDWHD
UHDO  D SHUVRQDOLW LL V-DX vQGHS UWDW GH HD úL DX PXWLODW-R 6ROX LD OD DFHDVW 
RSR]L LH D IRVW SURSXV  GH -7 /DPiel (1981) în forma modelului idiotetic, care
SUHVXSXQHFRQVLGHUDUHDvPSUHXQ DJHQHUDOXOXLúLLQGLYLGXDOXOXL
'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH PHWRGRORJLF FRPSOH[LWDWHD vQ SODQ GLIHUHQ LDO LPSXQH
DERUGDUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLVLPXOWDQODHOHWUHLQLYHOXULgeneral, potrivLWDVHU LXQLL„în
DQXPLWHSULYLQ HWR LRDPHQLLVXQWODIHO´, grupalvQFRQFRUGDQ FXDVHU LXQHD„în
DQXPLWHSULYLQ HXQLLRDPHQLVXQWODIHO´úLindividual, vQDFRUGFXDVHU LXQHD„în
DQXPLWHSULYLQ HQLFLXQRPQXHVWHODIHOFXFHLODO L´.

2. 2ULHQW ULPHWRGRORJLFHvQDERUGDUHDFRPSOH[LW LL

ÌQWUXFkW KLSHUFRPSOH[LWDWHD RUJDQL] ULL LQWHUQH D VLVWHPXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL

JHQHUHD] RKLSHUFRPSOH[LWDWHúLvQWDEORXOFRPSRUWDPHQWDODOV XGHYLQHHYLGHQW
F SUHGLF LDGHVI úXU ULLDFHVWXLDGLQXUP vQVXFFHVLXQHDPRPHQWHORUWHPSRUDUHúL
DVLWXD LLORUHVWHRVDUFLQ H[WUHPGHGLILFLO 
&XPDvQFHUFDWFXQRDúWHUHDSVLKRORJLF V -LIDF ID "3RUQLQGGHODDFHHDúL
FRQVLGHUD LHGHSULQFLSLXF SHQWUXDSUHYHGHDXQFRPSRUWDPHQWWUHEXLHV FXQRúWL
cauzele sau factorii care-O GHWHUPLQ  vQ IRUPXODUHD VROX LHL FHUFHW WRULL V-au
vPS U LW vQ GRX  WDEHUH WDE UD FHORU FDUH UDSRUWDX SURGXFHUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL
numai OD RUJDQL]DUHD LQWHUQ  D SHUVRQDOLW LL RULHQWDUH SH FDUH R SXWHP QXPL
LQWHUQDOLVW úLWDE UDFHORUFDUe puneau producerea comportamentului exclusiv pe
VHDPDLQIOXHQ HLIDFWRULORUH[WHUQLDÄVLWXD LLORU´ (orientare pe care o putem numi
H[WHUQDOLVW ).
2ULHQWDUHDLQWHUQDOLVW úL-DJ VLWFRQFUHWL]DUHDvQPDLPXOWHYDULDQWH– teoriile
psihanalitice, teoria sine-lui (C. Rogers), teoria constructelor personale (G. Kelly,
 WHRULD WU V WXULORU úL IDFWRULDO  * $OOSRUW  % &DWWHOO  +
(\VHQFN&RVWDúL0F&UDHHWF'LQWUHWRDWHFHDPDLFODUFHQWUDW HVWH
164
RE LQHUHD XQHL SUHGLFWLELOLW L FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH YDOLGH úL FDUH D HODERUDW XQ
LQVWUXPHQWDUGHHYDOXDUHPDLULJXURVGHWLSSVLKRPHWULFHVWHI U vQGRLDO teoria
WU V WXULORUúLIDFWRULDO .
,GHHD GH ED]  vQ WHRULD UHVSHFWLY  HVWH DFHHD F  XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW SRDWH IL
H[SOLFDW úL SUH]LV SUintr-R WU V WXU  VDX SULQWU-un factor. Din punct de vedere
psihologic, deosebirea dintre ÄWU V WXU ´ úL „factor” UH]LG  vQ vQWLQGHUHD VIHUHL
JHQHUDWLYH úL GH VXSRUW WU V WXUD JHQHUHD]  úL VXV LQH XQ QXP U UHODWLY PLF GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWHGHDFHODúLWLSRPRJHQHvQYUHPHFHIDFWRUXOJHQHUHD] úLVXV LQH
XQQXP UPDLPDUHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWHGHWLSXULGLIHULWHKHWHURJHQH5H]XOW F XQ
IDFWRUSRDWHVXEVXPDPDLPXOWHWU V WXUL7UHFHUHDGHODPHWRGDWU V WXULORUODFHD
IDFWRULDO  DUH OD ED]  UD LXQL GH RUGLQ PDL mult economic (de simplificare a
SUHOXFU ULORUúLFDOFXOHORUGHFkWGHRUGLQFDOLWDWLYHSLVWHPRORJLF
$WkWWU V WXULOHFkWúLIDFWRULLVHGHILQHVFGUHSW„microstructuri” psihofizio-
ORJLFHLQWHUQHVXILFLHQWGHFRQVLVWHQWHúLGHGXUDELOHvQWLPSFDUHSRW da seama de o
DQXPLW  JDP  GH FRPSRUWDPHQWH LQGLIHUHQW GH YDULD LD VLWXD LLORU SDUWLFXODUH
FRQFUHWH8QDUJXPHQWvQVSULMLQXODFHVWHLSR]L LLvOFRQVWLWXLHFRPSRUWDUHDGLIHULW 
DPDLPXOWRUSHUVRDQHvQUDSRUWFXDFHHDúLVLWXD LHÌQSODQOLQJYLVWLFWU V WXULOHúL
IDFWRULLUHSUH]LQW DWULEXWHVDXDGMHFWLYHSULQFDUHRDPHQLLVHGHVFULXXQLLSHDO LL
ÄFDOP´ ÄRQHVW´ ÄFRQúWLLQFLRV´ ÄVRFLDELO´ ÄVHQWLPHQWDO´ ÄUHFH´ ÄFDOFXODW´
„impulsiv”, „avar”, „generos” HWF 'H DOWIHO vQ DFHDVWD úL UH]LG  ED]D HPSLULF 
(YLGHQW vQVXúLULOH VDX FDOLW LOH SHUVRQDOH FDUH VH ULGLF  OD UDQJXO GH ÄWU V WXUL´
sau „factori” VHH[WUDJGLQFRPSRUWDPHQWSULQPHWRGDREVHUYD LHLúLSULQPHWRGH
SVLKRPHWULFH FHO PDL IUHFYHQW FKHVWLRQDUH GH DXWRSUH]HQWDUH úL DXWRHYDOXDUH
OperD LD GH H[WUDJHUH D XQRU FDOLW L GLQ FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH LQGLYLGXDOH HVWH
GHQXPLW  atribuire &DUH VXQW vQV  UHJXOLOH úL FRQGL LLOH FDUH JKLGHD]  DFHDVW 
RSHUD LHúLODFHDQXPHGLQRUJDQL]DUHDLQWHUQ DSHUVRQDOLW LLVHUHIHU HD"9RP
FRQVWDWD F  vQ SULPXO UkQG DWULEXLUHD VH UHIHU  OD DFHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFL DOH
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLFDUHDXIRVWYDORUL]DWHúLFDWDORJDWHVRFLR-FXOWXUDOFHHDFHULGLF 
SUREOHPDJUDGXOXLGHFRQFRUGDQ YDORULF DDFHORUDúLWU V WXULvQGLYHUVHFXOWXUL
ÌQ DO GRLOHD UkQG WUHEXLH V  DGPLWHP F  DWULEXLUHD GH WU V WXUL VH ED]HD]  SH
FRPSDUDUHDXQXLLQGLYLGFXDO LL1RLQXGLVSXQHPGHXQHWDORQDEVROXWSHQWUXQLFL
RYDULDELO FDOLWDWLY úLMXGHFDWDÄSHUVRDQD[HVWHDYDU ´, trebuie s-RUDSRUW POD
alte persoane sau la o ÄQRUP ´ pentru aYDUL LH VWDELOLW  SULQ HYDOX UL DQWHULRDUH
pentru oamenii din contextul socio-cultural dat. În al treilea rând, se impune a
VXEOLQLD F  vQVXúLULOH VDX FDOLW LOH SH FDUH OH HYRF  DWULEXLUHD XQHL WU V WXUL VXQW
suficient de distincte pentru a permite deosebLUHDORUGHDOWHFDOLW L
7HRULD vQ FDX]  LPSOLF  VXSR]L LD F  vQVXúLULOH DWULEXLWH XQHL SHUVRDQH VXQW
UHDOPHQWHSURSULLDFHOHLSHUVRDQHúLF HOHDXIRVWREVHUYDWHvQPDLPXOWHRFD]LLúL
nu doar într-XQD VLQJXU  6H SUHVXSXQH DVWIHO F  YDULLQG VLWXD LLOH WU V WXUD VH
PHQ LQHFRQVWDQW úLYDSURGXFHFRPSRUWDPHQWHFRQJUXHQWHFXQDWXUDHL
3UHGLFWLELOLWDWHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VH vQWHPHLD]  DúDGDU SH FRQVLVWHQ D úL
FRQVWDQ DWU V WXULORUVDXIDFWRULORU0 VXUDUHD–HYDOXDUHDúLIRUPXODUHDSUHGLF LHL
sunt ghidate de o serie de principii logice, care privesc FRYDULD LD VWDELOLWDWHD
ierarhizarea úL ED]D JHQHWLF  ELRORJLF  VDX VRFLR-FXOWXUDO  D WU V WXULORU ÌQ
OXPLQDDFHVWRUSULQFLSLLWU V WXUDGHYLQHRPXO LPHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWHFDUHWLQGV 
165
FRYDULH]HV ILe corelate) într-RPDQLHU UHODWLYFRQVWDQW vQGHFXUVXOWLPSXOXLvQ
JUXSHGHLQGLYL]LúLvQVLWXD LLYDULDWHvQFDUHXQLQGLYLGVHGHRVHEHúWHGHFHLODO L
0RGXO vQ FDUH VH DUWLFXOHD]  WU V WXULOH vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL LQGLYLG G  structura
SHUVRQDOLW LLOui.
&DXUPDUHODQLYHOQRPRWHWLFVWUXFWXUDHVWHGHGXV GLQFRUHODUHDWU V WXULORU
ODXQPDUHHúDQWLRQGHLQGLYL]L*UDGXOGHFRUHODUHDOWU V WXULORUHVWHGLIHULW8QHOH
FRUHOHD]  SXWHUQLF DOWHOH FRUHOHD]  PRGHUDW LDU DOWHOH FRUHOHD]  VODE VDX GHORF
Grupurile sau pattern-XULOHWU V WXULORUFRUHODELOHúLDOHFHORUQHFRUHODELOHSHUPLWV 
VH VWDELOHDVF  GLPHQVLXQLOH PDMRUH DOH SHUVRQDOLW LL 3HQWUX FUHúWHUHD YDOLGLW LL
SUHGLF LHL FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL HVWH PDL UHFRPDQGDELO V  FRPSDU P VXELHF LL vQ
termenii DFHVWRUGLPHQVLXQLVWUXFWXUDOHGHFkWvQWHUPHQLLXQHLVLQJXUHWU V WXULOD
un moment dat.
6H VXV LQH F  ÄWU V WXULOH´ sau „factorii” H[HUFLW  R LQIOXHQ  SURYRFDWRDUH
VDXGLVSR]L LRQDO DVXSUDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL'HH[HPSOXFRPSRUWDUHDFXLYDGHD
solicita VDXFHUHDMXWRUVDXvQFXUDMDUHGLQDIDU HVWHH[SUHVLDGLVSR]L LHLVDXQHYRLL
VDOH GH GHSHQGHQ  $SDUH ILUHúWH ULVFXO GH D LQWUD vQWU-un cerc vicios, deoarece
WU V WXUDREVHUYDW HVWHH[SOLFDW SULQHDvQV úLRSHUVRDQ VHFRPSRUW GHSHQGHQW
SHQWUXF HVWHGHSHQGHQW 'HS úLUHDFLUFXODULW LLSRDWHILUHDOL]DW vQWU-RDQXPLW 
P VXU SULQGHPRQVWUDUHDH[SHULPHQWDO DIDSWXOXLF LQGLYL]LLFXDQXPLWHWHQGLQ H
GLVSR]L LRQDOHVDXWU V WXULVHFRPSRUW vQWU-RPDQLHU SUHGLFWLELO .
([LVW  vQV  VHULRDVH vQGRLHOL úL UH]HUYH FX SULYLUH OD YDOLGLWDWHD SUHGLFWLY  D
WU V WXULORU6WXGLLOHHIHFWXDWHDXHYLGHQ LDWFHOSX LQGRX DVSHFWHHVHQ LDOHvQDFHVW
sens: primul F  YDORDUHD SUHGLFWLY  D XQHL WU V WXUL QX SRDWH IL VWDELOLW  GRDU SH
baza unui singur comportament, ci numai prin însumarea mai multor comporta-
PHQWH vQ GLIHULWH VLWXD LL úL al doilea F  VLWXD LD vQ FDUH VH PDQLIHVW  FRPSRUWD-
PHQWXOWUHEXLHV ILHUHOHYDQW SHQWUXWU V WXUDUHVSHFWLY 
6 OX PGHH[HPSOXWU V WXUDVDXIDFWRUXO„nevrozism” (N) din modelul lui
(\VHQFN 'DF  QH SURSXQHP V  IRORVLP VFDOD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH GLQ (34 SHQWUX D
SUHYHGHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO XQXL VXELHFW QX HVWH VXILFLHQW V  REVHUY P VXELHFWXO
respectiv într-R VLQJXU  VLWXD LH FL vQ PDL PXOWH FRQGL LD GHYLQH LPSHUDWLY  GDF 
VLWXD LDLQL LDO QXHVWHUHOHYDQW 
3HQWUX D GHPRQVWUD GH SLOG  LSRWH]D F  OD VXELHF LL FX VFRUXUL ULGLFDWH DOH
IDFWRUXOXL1VHSURGXFHRDQ[LHWDWHPDLSXWHUQLF ODXQHYHQLPHQWVWUHVDQWWUHEXLH
V VWXGLHPDQ[LHWDWHDvQID DXQXLHYHQLPHQWLPSRUWDQWXQH[DPHQGHSLOG LDU
QX vQ ID D XQXL HYHQLPHQW DPX]DQW PHUVXO OD FLQHPD VDX OD R SOLPEDUH vQ SDUF
0DL PXOW GHFkW DWkW FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VXELHF LORU UHVSHFWLYL DU WUHEXL PRQLWRUL]DW
înaintea mai multor asemenea evenimente importante pentru a reduce la minimum
YDULD LD FDX]DW  GH HURULOH úL YDULDELOHOH FH QX SRW IL FRQWURODWH H[SHULHQ D
DQWHULRDU OHJDW GHHYHQLPHQWHOHGDWHVWDUHDV Q W LLGLVSR]L LDGHPRPHQWHWF
&KLDUDWXQFLFkQGHYDOXDUHDSHUVRQDOLW LLVHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOH[SHU LORUHVWH
QHFHVDU UHSHWDUHDREVHUYD LLORUDVXSUDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLSHQWUXDUHOHYDFRQVWDQWD
OXLúLYDOLGLWDWHDSUHGLFWLY DWU V WXULORU
'60RVNRZLW]DGHPRQVWUDWvQOHJ WXU FXWU V WXULOHÄEXQ YRLQ ´
úLÄVW SkQLUHGHVLQH´F YDORDUHDFRHILFLHQ LORUGHFRUHOD LHúLLPSOLFLWYDOLGLWDWHD
SUHGLFWLY DXFUHVFXWGHODúLUHVSHFWLYvQFD]XOHVWLP ULORUI FXWHvQWU-o
166
VLQJXU VLWXD LHODúLUHVSHFWLYS≤vQFD]XOvQVXP ULLHVWLP ULORU
HIHFWXDWHvQúDVHVLWXD LL
Din cele de mai sus, seGHVSULQGFkWHYDFRQVLGHUD LLGHSULQFLSLXFXYDORDUH
DWkWWHRUHWLF FkWúLSUDFWLF úLDQXPH
1. modelele descriptiv-H[SOLFDWLYH ED]DWH SH WU V WXUL QX UHIOHFW  ILGHO FRP-
plexitatea structural-IXQF LRQDO  D VLVWHPXOXL SHUVRQDOLW LL FL GRDU R DSUR[LPHD] 
vag;
 vQWUH WU V WXUL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH QX H[LVW  XQ UDSRUW GH  VDX XQLYRF-
FDX]DOFLGRDUXQUDSRUWVWDWLVWLFúLGHFRQGL LRQDUHSUREDELOLVW 
 DFWLYDUHD XQHL WU V WXUL QX SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW  DEVROXW LQGHSHQGHQW  GH
VLWXD LLúLGHLQIOXHQ DDOWRUWU V WXUL
SRVLELOLWDWHDGHSUHGLF LHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUSHED]DHYDOX ULLWU V WXULORU
HVWHOLPLWDW úLYDULDELO FUHúWHSHP VXUDFUHúWHULLQXP UXOXLGHHYDOX ULvQVLWXD LL
úLODPRPHQWHGHWLPSGLIHULWHúLVHUHGXFHVXESUDJXOVHPQLILFD LHLvQFDzul unei
VLQJXUH HYDOX UL vQWU-R VLQJXU  VLWXD LH úL vQWU-un singur moment în timp). (Acest
OXFUXHVWHH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWGHDYXWvQYHGHUHvQSUDFWLFDGHSVLKRGLDJQR] 
 JHQHUDOLWDWHD WU V WXULORU GLIHU  vQ IXQF LH GH ED]D ORU JHQHWLF  HVWH PDL
mareODFHOHGHWHUPLQDWHELRORJLFFHOHWHPSHUDPHQWDOHGHH[HPSOXúLPDLPLF OD
cele determinate socio-FXOWXUDOGHPHQWDOLWDWHúLFDUDFWHULDOH
2ULHQWDUHD H[WHUQDOLVW  VDX SR]LWLYLVW  FULWLFkQG VXELHFWLYLVPXO úL DUELWUD-
ULXO GHPHUVXOXL RULHQW ULL LQWHUQDOLVWH FRQVLGHU  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO úL SHUVRQDOLWDWHD
vQvQWUHJXOHLFDSURGXVDOVLWXD LLORU(DVHRULJLQHD] vQEHKDYLRULVPúLHPSLULVP
vQORFXLQG QR LXQHD GH VWLPXO FX FHD GH VLWXD LH F UHLD vL FRQIHU  YDOHQ H úL
VHPQLILFD LLPDLFRPSOH[H*0HDGB. Skinner, 1965; W. Mischel, 1968;
)XQGHU úL 2]HU  / 3HUYLQ  $VWIHO VLWXD LD HVWH GHILQLW  GUHSW FDGUX
FRQFUHWFLUFXPVFULVVSD LR-WHPSRUDUúLGLQDPLFIOXHQWvQFDUHVHLQFOXGúLVHSXQ
în contact indivizii cu diferitele lor particularit L SVLKRIL]LFH &D „entitate”
RELHFWLY  VLWXD LD HVWH R SDUWH D OXPLL H[WHUQH D PHGLXOXL H[LVWHQ LDO JHQHUDO DO
RPXOXL (D LQFOXGH FRQGL LL RELHFWLYH úL IHQRPHQH IL]LFH VDXúL VRFLDOH vQ FDGUXO
F URUD LQGLYLGXO HVWH GHWHUPLQDW V  VH FRPSRUWH V  DF LRQHze. Pentru definirea
FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  D SHUVRQDOLW LL HVHQ LDOH GHYLQ VLWXD LLOH VRFLDOH FDUH FXSULQG R
FRPSRQHQW QRUPDWLY D[LRORJLF FRQVWkQGvQLHUDUKLDXQRUVLVWHPHGHYDORULúLD
XQRU PRGHOH VDX UDQJXUL GH SH SR]L LD F URUD VH UHDOL]HD]  LQWHUDF LXnea status-
XULORUúLUROXULORU
3HUVRQDOLWDWHDHVWHLQWHUSUHWDW FDSURGXVH[FOXVLYDOVLWXD LLORUúLFDXUPDUH
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO SRWULYLW OHJLL JHQHUDOH D DGDSW ULL WUHEXLH V  ILH DGHFYDW VDX
FRQJUXHQW VLWXD LHL &XP FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH VXQW „generate” úL „structurate” în
FRQFRUGDQ FXFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHúLVHPQLILFD LDVLWXD LLORUvQVHDPQ F LGHQWLILFDUHD
úLHYDOXDUHDDFHVWRUDGLQXUP SHUPLWRPDLEXQ SUHGLF LHúLXQPDLEXQFRQWURODO
FHORUGLQWkL2WU V WXU RULFkWDUILHDGHJHQHUDO VDXGHDPSO FXPHVWHGHSLOG 
extraversia-LQWURYHUVLDQXGHYLQHHYLGHQW úLQXVHPDQLIHVW GHFkWvQFDGUXOXQRU
FRPSRUWDPHQWHVLWXD LRQDOH
6SHFLILFLWDWHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUSULQFDUHVHGH]Y OXLHWU V WXULOHHVWHUHIOH-
[XOVSHFLILFLW LLVLWXD LLORU3HQWUXDSUHYHGHDFRPSRUWDPHQWHOHWUHEXLHDúDGDUV 
UHDOL] PXQLQYHQWDUúLRLHUDUKL]DUHDVLWXD LLORUH[WHUQH–IL]LFHúLVRFLDOH–GXS 
167
criteriul VHPQLILFD LHLúLUHOHYDQ HL6HPQLILFD LDHVWHGDW GHDúD-QXPLWHOHYDOHQ H
vQW ULWRDUHSR]LWLYHVDXQHJDWLYHFDUHYLQvQDWLQJHUHDGLUHFW FXVW ULOHGHQHFHVL-
WDWH DOH SHUVRDQHL LDU UHOHYDQ D HVWH GDW  GH JUDGXO GH SRWULYLUH GLQWUH YDOHQ HOH
vQW ULWRDUHLQFOXVHvQVLWXD LHúLQDWXUDVW ULLGHQHFHVLWDWHDFWLYDWHvQPRPHQWXOGDW
'H H[HPSOX GDF  vQWU-R VLWXD LH H[LVW  SURGXVH GH KUDQ  úL DS  GDU OD SHUVRDQD
DIODW  vQ VLWXD LD UHVSHFWLY  HVWH DFWLYDW  „starea de sete”, relevant pentru provo-
carea comportamentului va deveni ÄVWLPXOXO DS ´ 5H]XOW  DúDGDU F  R VLWXD LH
LQFOXGHFHOSX LQSDWUXWLSXULGH„stimuli”, delimitate prin raportarea la comporta-
PHQWHOHFRQFUHWHúLDQXPH
DVWLPXOLVHPQLILFDWLYLúLUHOHYDQ L–FDUHGHFODQúHD] HIHFWLYFRPSRUWDPHQ-
tul;
EVWLPXOLVHPQLILFDWLYLGDUQHUHOHYDQ LF URUDOHFRUHVSXQGFRPSRUWDPHQWH
VSHFLILFHGDUQXDF LRQHD] vQPRPentul respectiv;
c) stimuli mediatori – FDUH SRW IDFLOLWD VDX IUkQD GHVI úXUDUHD úL ILQDOL]DUHD
comportamentului activat;
GVWLPXOLQHXWULLQGLIHUHQ LFDUHU PkQI U LPSOLFDUHGLUHFW vQGHFODQúDUHD
úLGHVI úXUDUHDHIHFWLY DFRPSRUWDPHQWHORUDGDSWDWLYe specifice.
6SUHGHRVHELUHGHFRQFHS LDLQWHUQDOLVW FDUHOHDJ DWULEXWXOFRPSOH[LW LLGH
RUJDQL]DUHD VWUXFWXUD LQWHUQ  D SHUVRQDOLW LL RULHQWDUHD VLWXD LRQLVW  SXQH DFHVW
DWULEXW SH VHDPD GLYHUVLW LL úL YROXPXOXL VLWXD LLORU H[WHUQH (D VH vQWHPHLD]  SH
SULQFLSLXOúLPHWRGDFXWLHLQHJUHSHUVRQDOLWDWHDFDDWDUHHVWHFRQVLGHUDW „o cutie
QHDJU ´ DO F UHL „interior” QH HVWH LQDFFHVLELO REVHUYD LHL úL LQYHVWLJD LHL GLUHFWH
SXWkQGIDFHDVWIHODEVWUDF LHGHHOFHQWUkQGX-QHSHvQUHJLVWUDUHDúLDQDOL]Dcompor-
WDPHQWHORU vQ VLWXD LL 1XPDL DVWIHO SXWHP V  HPLWHP LSRWH]H úWLLQ LILF SODX]LELOH
GHVSUHFRQ LQXWXOúLGHVSUHFHHDFHVHvQWkPSO vQLQWHULRUXO„cutiei negre”, trans-
formând-o treptat în ÄFXWLHDOE ´. Specificul acestui demers este pregnant ilustrat
GHGHILQL LLOHGHWLSSR]LWLYLVWDOHSHUVRQDOLW LL„Personalitatea este conceptualiza-
UHDFHDPDLDGHFYDW DFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLXQHLSHUVRDQHvQWRDWHGHWDOLLOHVDOHSH
FDUHRPXOGHúWLLQ SRDWHV-o dea la un moment dat” (McClelland, 1951, p. 69).
SpiriWXO DERUG ULL VLWXD LRQLVWH D GHS úLW JUDQL HOH SVLKRORJLHL SHUVRQDOLW LL
extinzându-VH SXWHUQLF vQ SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO  vQ VRFLRSVLKRORJLH DFFHQWXO SH
IDFWRUXOVRFLDOL] ULLúLLQFXOWXUD LHLúLvQSVLKRORJLDRUJDQL]D LRQDO &DXUPDUHD
DS UXW „tipologLD FRQWH[WXDO ´ FDUH FRQVW  vQ GHILQLUHD úL FDUDFWHUL]DUHD RPXOXL
SULQUDSRUWDUHODFRPSOH[HVLWXD LRQDOHÄRPXORUJDQL]D LRQDO´ÄRPXOLQGXVWULDO´
„omul economic”, „omul politic”, „omul educator” HWF$FFHQWXOVHGHSODVHD] GH
OD GHILQLUHD SHUVRQDOLW Li prin „ceea ce este” la definirea ei prin „ceea ce face”,
DGLF SULQUROXULOHSHFDUHOHvQGHSOLQHVFLQGLYL]LLvQGLIHULWHVLWXD LL
ÌQ SODQ SUHGLFWLY VLWXD LRQLVPXO RSHUHD]  FX VFKHPH GH JHQXO ÄGDF  …
DWXQFL´ ÄGDF  HVWH GDW  VLWXD LD [ DWXQFL QH SXWHP DúWHSWD OD SURGXFHUHD
comportamentului y” 9DOLGLWDWHD SUHGLF LHL YD GHSLQGH GHVLJXU GH WU LQLFLD
OHJ WXULL GLQWUH VLWXD LH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO VSHFLILF SH FDUH-O SURYRDF  HD LDU
DFHDVW WU LQLFLHYDGHSLQGHODUkQGXOHLGHIUHFYHQ DVLWXD LHLvQH[SHULDQ DDQWH-
ULRDU  D VXELHF LORU 2 VLWXD LH FDUH SULQ DSDUL LL IUHFYHQWH D GXV OD DXWRPDWL]DUHD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL YD DYHD R YDORDUH SUHGLFWLY  PDL PDUH GHFkW XQD QRX  'DU
WRFPDL DLFL DSDUH úL PDUHD GLILFXOWDWH D PRGHOXOXL VLWXD LRQLVW vQ DVLJXUDUHD XQHL
168
platforme suficient de valide pentru prevederea comportamentelor. În primul rând,
HVWHJUHXGDF QXFKLDULPSRVLELOV VHUHDOL]H]HXQLQYHQWDUFRPSOHWDOVLWXD LLORU
úLV VHGHOLPLWH]HvQFDGUXOOXLVLWXD LLOHUHOHYDQWHVSHFLILFHGHFHOHQHUHOHYDQWH
nHVSHFLILFHÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGúLDFHVWOXFUXHVWHH[WUHPGHLPSRUWDQWSHUVRQDOLWDWHD
QXHVWHXQVLVWHPLQHUWDIODWvQPRGDEVROXWODFKHUHPXOVLWXD LLORUFLHVWHXQVLVWHP
activ, teleonomic, care-úL FDXW  DOHJH VLWXD LLOH úL FDUH WUDQVIRUP  VDX FKLDU vúL
FUHHD]  VLWXD LLOH &D DWDUH D FRQVLGHUD F  SUHGLF LD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU VH SRDWH
UHDOL]D QXPDL SH ED]D VLWXD LLORU H[WHUQH vQVHDPQ  D VLPSOLILFD QHSHUPLV
FRPSOH[LWDWHDSHUVRQDOLW LLúLDF GHDvQWU-un determinism mecanicist.

3.3HUVSHFWLYDLQWHUDF LRQLVW úLSUHGLFWLELOLWDWHDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL

ÌQ P VXUD vQ FDUH DGPLWHP F  SHUVRQDOLWDWHD HVWH XQ VLVWHP GLQDPLF úL
GHVFKLVVLQJXUDSDUDGLJP FDUHSHUPLWHVXUSULQGHUHDúLGH]Y OXLUHDSULQFRPSRUWD-
PHQWDFRPSOH[LW LLHLHVWHLQWHUDF LRQLVPXO
Ideile inteUDF LRQLVWH GHVSUH SHUVRQDOLWDWH DX IRVW H[SULPDWH PDL GHPXOW vQ
OXFU ULOH OXL .DQWRU úL /HZLQ FI (NHKDPPDU  LDU IRUPXODUHD ORU FRQWHP-
SRUDQ H[SOLFLW úLFRHUHQW RJ VLPOD0LVFKHOúLOD0DJQXVVRQúL(QGOHU
(1977).
6H SRDWH VSXQH F  LQWHUDF LRQLVPXO V-D Q VFXW GLQ FRQWURYHUVD GLQWUH
LQWHUQDOLVPPRGHOXOWU V WXULORUúLH[WHUQDOLVPPRGHOXOVLWXD LLORUÌQGHUXODUHD
acestei controverse, s-D DMXQV OD FRQFOX]LD F  vQ H[SOLFDUHD úL SUHYHGHUHD
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL XPDQ QLFL XQD GLQWUH FHOH GRX  RULHQW UL H[WUHPH QX GH LQH
DGHY UXO úL F  vQ UHDOLWDWH WUHEXLH FRQVLGHUDWH DWkW „variabilele persoanei” FkW úL
ÄYDULDELOHOHVLWXD LHL´LDUvQSOXVúLLQWHUDF LXQHDORU$úDGDUVFKHPDFDUHWUHEXLH
V  VWHD OD ED]D DWkW D FHUFHW ULORU HPSLULFH FkW úL D HODERU ULORU WHRUHWLFH HVWH
(P×S) → & UHVSHFWLY LQWHUDF LXQHD SHUVRDQ  3 – VLWXD LH 6 GLQ FDUH GHFXUJH
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO & ÌQ YL]LXQHD DFWXDO  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO SULQ HIHFWHOH VDOH
LQWURGXFHPRGLILF ULDWkWvQVWDUHDOXL3FkWúLFHDDOXL6VFKLPbând astfel cursul
XOWHULRUDOLQWHUDF LXQLL
Grosso modo vQ VWUXFWXUD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VH J VHVF WUHL WLSXUL GH
„elemente”: „elemente”FH LQSUHSRQGHUHQWGHSDUWLFXODULW LOHRUJDQL] ULLLQWHUQH
a persoanei; „elemente” FH LQ FX SUHF GHUH GH FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH VLWXD LHL úL
„elemente”JHQHUDWHGHLQWHUDF LXQHD3×S.
0RGHOXO LQWHUDF LRQLVW VLPSOLILF  VDX FRPSOLF  VDUFLQD SUHYHGHULL FRPSRUWD-
PHQWHORU"(YLGHQWRFRPSOLF SHQWUXF HOUHFODP 
DGHWHUPLQDUHDúLHYDOXDUHDYDULDELOHORU3
EGHWHUPLQDUHDúLHYaluarea variabilelor S;
FLGHQWLILFDUHDúLGH]Y OXLUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLLQWHUDF LXQLL3×S.
$FHDVWD D I FXW FD vQWUH ODWXUD WHRUHWLFR-PHWRGRORJLF  GH]LGHUDWLY  úL FHD D
FHUFHW ULLFRQFUHW-DSOLFDWLYHV VHFUHH]HRPDUHGLVFUHSDQ 5HIHULQGX-se la starea
actuaO GHOXFUXUL(QGOHUúL3DUNHUVXEOLQLDXF LQIOXHQ DLQWHUDF LRQLVPXOXL
DIRVWPDLPXOWUHWRULF HDPRGLILFkQGFHHDFHVSXQRDPHQLLGHVSUHFHUFHW ULOHORU
úL QX PRGXO vQ FDUH OH HIHFWXHD]  FUL]D GLQ GRPHQLXO SHUVRQDOLW LL QHILLQG vQF 
GHS úLW  úL WUHEXLQG V  QH RFXS P vQF  GH HD 3UHGRPLQ  vQ FRQWLQXDUH VWXGLLOH
169
HIHFWXDWH vQ FODVH úL ODERUDWRDUH IRORVLUHD FKHVWLRQDUHORU úL DEVHQ D GLQ SUDFWLF  D
tehnicilor de modelare VWUXFWXUDO  SHQWUX GH]Y OXLUHD úL HOXFLGDUHD SURFHVHORU
LQWHUDF LXQLORU
PeP VXUDGHS úLULLGLILFXOW LORU„tehnice”GHLQYHVWLJDUHDLQWHUDF LXQLL3×S,
YD FUHúWH úL SRVLELOLWDWHD GH SUHGLF LH vQ VIHUD FRPSRUWDPHQWDO  /D VWDGLXO DFWXDO
vQV  DFHDVW  SRVLELOLWDWH U PkQH vQF  OLPLWDW  vQWUXFkW FRQWLQX  V  VH VSULMLQH
unilateral ILHSHWU V WXULIDFWRULILHSHVLWXD LL
&RQFOX]LDJHQHUDOYDODELO FHWUHEXLHV QHF O X]HDVF DWkWvQWHRULHFkWúLvQ
SUDFWLF  HVWH DFHHD F  SRVLELOLWDWHD GH SUHGLF LH D FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL XQXL VLVWHP
HVWH LQYHUV SURSRU LRQDO  FX FRPSOH[LWDWHD OXL vQ UDSRUW FX SHUVRQDOLWDWHD XPDQ 
FDUH VH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  QX SULQWU-R FRPSOH[LWDWH RDUHFDUH FL DúD FXP V-a
demonstrat, prin hipercomplexitate, predictibilitatea în plan comportamental este
FHO PDL GLILFLO GH UHDOL]DW úL HD QX SRDWH QLFLFXP LHúL GLQ OLPLWele „câmpului de
evenimente probabile”, exprimarea ei având forma: ÄGDW  ILLQG SHUVRQDOLWDWHD 3
FXWU V WXULOH$1, A2, A3 … AnúLVLWXD LD;FXFDUDFWHULVWLFLOHYDULDELOHOHvQXUPD
LQWHUDF LXQLL ORU QH SXWHP DúWHSWD OD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO &i cu probabilitatea p”.
Valoarea lui p, dispunându-se pe scala 0-1, se va asocia cu grade diferite de
certitudine: cu cât ea se va apropia mai mult de 1, cu atât „certitudinea”SUHGLF LHL
YDILPDLPDUHúLLQYHUV)LUHVFSHDFHDVW VFDO ODS DSDUHSXQFWXOPD[LPHL
LQFHUWLWXGLQLFDUHvQVHDPQ F vQWU-RSRQGHUHGHH[LVW IDFWRULFRQGL LLFDUH
DF LRQHD]  vQ GLUHF LD IDYRUDELO  SUHGLF LHL QRDVWUH úL WRW vQWU-o pondere de 50%
H[LVW IDFWRULFRQGL LLFDUHDF LRQHD] vPSRWULYDDFHVWHLD
3UREOHPD FDUH VH ULGLF  vQ OHJ WXU  FX SUHGLFWLELOLWDWHD FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU
XPDQHHVWHQXQXPDLFHDDYHULGLFLW LLH[DFWLW LLFLúLFHDDGXUDWHLYDODELOLW LLHL
'LQ FDSXO ORFXOXL WUHEXLH V  VSXQHP F  DFHDVW  D GRXD ODWXU  GXUDELOLWDWHD
SUHGLF LHLUHVSHFWLYDDYL]HORUFDUHVHIRUPXOHD] vQVHOHF LHHVWHFHDPDLIUDJLO 
GDWRULW DVFHQGHQ HLLPSUHYL]LELOHSHFDUHYDULDELOLWDWHDLQVWDELOLWDWHDDWULEXWHDOH
GLQDPLFLL IXQF LRQDOH R SRDWH OXD DVXSUD FRQVWDQWXOXL LQYDULDQWXOXL DWULEXWH DOH
VWDWLFLLIXQF LRQDOH
'DF  U PkQHP vQ OLPLWHOH PRGHOXOXL WU V WXULORU FDUH VW  OD ED]D H[DPLQ -
ULORUSVLKRORJLFHvQSUH]HQWvQIRUPXODUHDSUHGLF LLORUUHVSHFWLYDDYL]HORUWUHEXLH
V  LQHP VHDPD GH WUHL HOHPHQWH HVHQ LDOH úL DQXPH D VWDELOLWDWHD úL FRQVLVWHQ D
WU V WXULORUGHSLQGGHQDWXUDGHWHUPLQLVPXOXLORUWU V WXULOHFDUH LQSUHSRQGHUHQW
GHHUHGLWDWHVXQWPDLVWDELOHúLPDLFRQVLVWHQWHGHFkWFHOHGHWHUPLQDWHHPLQDPHQWH
de factorii mediului socio-FXOWXUDO E R WU V WXU  HVWH FX DWkW PDL VWDELO  úL PDL
FRQVLVWHQW  FX FkW HVWH PDL SURIXQG LQWHJUDW  úL PDL FRQVROLGDW  F WU V WXULOH
JHQHUDOH VXQW PDL VWDELOH úL PDL FRQVLVWHQWH GHFkW FHOH SDUWLFXODU-individuale. În
SULQFLSLX SXWHP DGPLWH F  YDODELOLWDWHD vQ WLPS D XQHL SUHGLF LL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH
HVWHGLUHFWSURSRU LRQDO FXVWDELOLWDWHDúLFRQVLVWHQ DWU V WXULORUHYDOXDWH
3HQWUXDGHWHUPLQDvQFDGUXOSVLKRGLDJQR]HLVWDELOLWDWHDúLFRQVLVWHQ DWU V -
WXULORUODRDQXPLW SHUVRDQ WUHEXLHV OHHYDOX PGHPDLPXOWHRULvQPRPHQWH
úLODLQWHUYDOHGLIHULWHGHWLPS'DUvQSUDFWLFDDFWXDO FRQFOX]LDVHIRUPXOHD] SH
ED]D XQHL VLQJXUH HYDOX UL P VXU WRUL FHHD FH QX SRDWH V  QX DIHFWH]H DWkW
YHULGLFLWDWHDFkWúLGXUDELOLWDWHDSURJQRVWLFXOXL

170
 7UHEXLH V  VSHFLILF P vQV  F  vQ FRQGL LRQDUHD FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL VXQW
implicate nu numaiWU V WXULVWDELOHLQYDULDQWHFLúLWU V WXULLQVWDELOHRVFLODQWH
Ca urmare, pe fondul unui tablou global aparent stabil, consecvent al comporta-
PHQWXOXLVHSURGXFODPRPHQWHLPSUHYL]LELOHPRGLILF ULRVFLOD LLSHFDUHOHSXWHP
vPS U L vQ GRX  JUXSH PRGLILF UL RVFLOD LL FDUH VH vQVFULX vQWU-R WHQGLQ  OHJLF 
nedeviind persoana de la zona de ÄWROHUDQ ´QRUPDOLWDWHúLPRGLILF ULGHJHQXO
„fenomenelor rare” (catastrofale), care scot sistemul din zona de „normalitate”,
împingându-OODDFWHLUD LRQDle, auto sau heterodestructive.
Posibilitatea producerii unor comportamente care ies în afara limitelor
FRQWUROXOXLúLGHWHUPLQ ULLRELHFWLYHFUHHD] vQUDSRUWFXILHFDUHSHUVRDQ vQSDUWH
R]RQ GHLQFHUWLWXGLQHFXJUDGHGLIHULWHGHLQWHQVLWDWH$FHDVW VLWXD LHúL-DJ VLW
concretizarea într-R VXLW  GH H[SUHVLL GH JHQXO „Nu se poate, nu-L DGHY UDW $úD
ceva este neverosimil” FX SULYLUH OD R SHUVRDQ  FRWDW  DQWHULRU FD LUHSURúDELO 
Ä1X SRW V  FUHG úL VXQW XOXLW´ UHDF LH OD DFWXO QHJDWLY DO XQHL SHUVoane, cotate
anterior pozitiv); Ä0 VXUSULQGHWRWXúLFHDI FXW´UHDF LHODDFWXOXQHLSHUVRDQH
FRQVLGHUDWH DQWHULRU FD EXQ  „Nu sunt deloc surprins” (judecata pentru un act
QHGRULWFRPLVGHXQVXELHFWFRWDWDQWHULRUQHJDWLYQHIDYRUDELO$FHDVW JUDGD LHVH
DSOLF úLvQFD]XODFWHORUSR]LWLYHvQI SWXLWHGHSHUVRDQHFRWDWHDQWHULRUFDQHJDWLYH
ÌQFRQFOX]LHFRPSOH[LWDWHDSURSULHVLVWHPXOXLSHUVRQDOLW LLXPDQHQHREOLJ 
FDvQSODQFRPSRUWDPHQWDOSUHGLF LLOHúLLPSOLFLWDYL]HOHGLDJQRVWLFR-prognostice,
V OHIRUPXO PvQWHUPHQLSUREDELOLVWLFLúLQXFDWHJRULFLDúDFXPVHSURFHGHD] vQ
prezent.

%,%/,2*5$),(ù,127(

Allport, Gordon, W., (1981) 6WUXFWXUD úL GH]YROWDUHD SHUVRQDOLW LL %XFXUHúWL (GLWXUD
'LGDFWLF úL3HGDJRJLF 
Cattell, R.B., (1946), Description and measurement of Personality, Londra, George Arap.
Costa, P.T. Jp., McCrae, R.R., (1992), NEO PI-R Professional Mannual, Psychol.
Assessement Resour, CAS, Odessa, Fe.
Ekehammar, B., (1974), Internationism in personality from a historical
perspective¸Psychol. Bull. 81, p. 1026-1048.
Endler, N., Parker, J. , (1992), Interactionism revisited: Reflections on the continuing crisis
in the personality area, European Journal of Personality, 6, pp. 177-198.
Eysenck, H.J., (1962), Personaity structure and measurement Routtedge and Kegan Paul,
London.
Funder, D.C., Ozer, D.Y., (1983), Behavior as a function of situation, Journal of
Personality and social Psychology, 44, p. 107-112.
Kelly, G.A., (1955), The psychology of personal constructor, New York, Norton.
Magnusson, D., Endler, N.S., (1977), International Psachology: present status and future
prospects, în: D. Magnusson, N.S. Emdler (eds.), Personality at the cross reads,
Hillsdale, Ny, Lawrence Erlabaun Associates.
McClleland, D., (1951), Personality, Mew-York, Sloane.
Mead, G.H., (1934), Mind, Self and Society, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

171
Mischel, W., (1968), Personality and Assessement, New-York, Wiley.
Mischel, W., (1973), Taward a cognitive, social learning reconceptualization of
personality, Psychological Review, 80, p. 252-283.
Pervin, L.A., (2002), Current contraversies and issa es in personality, III-rd., New York,
Ed. Guilford.
Prince, M. , (1924), The unconscions, 2-nd ed. rev. Macurilon, New-York.
Skinner, B.F., (1965), Science of homan bohavior, Glencoe, Ill, Free Pres.
Warren, H.C., Carmichael, L., (1930), Elements of human psychology, Boston, Nonghton
Mifflin.

172
 &(6817-2&85,/(36,+2/2*,&(ù,'(&(/(-8& 0"
5(/$ ,$',175(-2&85,$7$ù$0(17ù,$872120,(

NICOLETA GHEORGHE

ABSTRACT

Games are not something funny: they are consuming time and emotions and the final
benefit is, always, a negative one. They are important because we are playing them each
day. Why are we playing them? How much are the games being influenced by the
attachment? Do they limit the autonomy? What are the hidden messages we are sending to
others, while playing, and how much are these messages influenced by our emotional
development level? In time, the Transactional Analists suggested several answers to these
questions. We all agree that when we’re playing games, we are following some old-
fashioned strategies that we took while we were children, in order to get what we wanted
from the world. But in our adult life we have some other, more efficient, options. In this
article we suggest we took a look at what games are, the way they can be analyzed and to
offer you „a set of practical instruments” to counteract the games.

1. IntroducerevQ$QDOL]D7UDQ]DF LRQDO

'RULQ DGHFODULWDWHGHXúXULQ vQFRPXQLFDUHDWHUDSHXW– client, a fost prima

GRULQ DIRQGDWRUXOXL$QDOL]HL7UDQ]DF LRQDOH$7– Eric Berne. AT este „teorie a
SHUVRQDOLW LL úL SVLKRWHUDSLH VLVWHPDWLF  FHQWUDW  SH VFKLPEDUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD
SHUVRQDO ´%HUQH
)LORVRILD $7 HVWH DQWLGHWHUPLQLVW  SUHVXSXQkQG F  RULFH RP SRDWH JkQGL
SRDWHOXDGHFL]LLSULYLQGSURSULXOGHVWLQúLDFHVWHGHFL]LLSRWILPRGLILFDWH1XVXQW
QHJOLMD LQLFLIDFWRULLH[WHUQLFDUHDF LRQHD] vQPRPHQWXOOX ULLDFHVWRUGHFL]LLPDL
DOHVGDF DFHVWHDVXQWOXDWHvQFRSLO ULHDWXQFLFkQGLQIOXHQ DORUHVWHIRDUWHPDUH
GDUVHDFFHQWXHD] IDSWXOF RULFHGHFL]LHSRDWHILPRGLILFDW VDXUHYL]XLW GDF QX
PDLHVWHDGHFYDW 
&RQVLOLHUHDúLSVLKRWHUDSLDED]DW SH$7HVWHFRQWUDFWXDO DGLF VHED]HD] 
SH XQ FRQWUDFW vQWUH FRQVLOLHU  WHUDSHXW úL FOLHQW vQ FDUH VXQW GHILQLWH REOLJD LLOH
ILHF UHLS U LFOLHQWXOVHREOLJ V VFKLPEHDQXPLWHDVSHFWHOHJDWHGHRSUREOHP 
FXFDUHVHFRQIUXQW LDUWHUDSHXWXOVHREOLJ V vODVLVWHSHFOLHQWvQDFHVWSURFHVGH
schimbare folosindu-VHGHFXQRúWLQ HOHúLWHKQLFLOHSHFDUHOHDUH6HVWLSXOHD] GH
DVHPHQHD FDUH VXQW VDFULILFLLOH SH FDUH HVWH GLVSXV FOLHQWXO V  OH IDF  vQ YHGHUHD
RE LQHULL UH]XOWDWXOXL GRULW SUHFXP úL UHFRPSHQVD SH FDUH R VROLFLW  WHUDSHXWXO vQ
schimbul muncii sale.
Mai precis, într-XQ FRQWUDFW WUHEXLH V  VH SUHFL]H]H FULWHULL RELHFWLYH P VX-
UDELOH GH UHXúLW  FX DMXWRUXO F URUD DWkW FOLHQWXO FkW úL WHUDSHXWXO YRU úWL FkQG DX
fost atinse obiectivHOHSURSXVH([HPSOXÄ9RLFRQVLGHUDF RELHFWLYXOPHXDIRVW
atins când, sosind ultimul la serviciu, trei dintre cei opt colegi ai mei de birou vor
173
YHQL V  P  VDOXWH´ (Berne, 1964) &RQWUDFWXO YD FRQ LQH R IRUPXODUH SR]LWLY  D
obiectivelor care va mobilizDPDLELQHHQHUJLDSVLKLF DFXSOXOXLFOLHQW– terapeut
GHFkWRIRUPXODUHQHJDWLY 3URJUDPXOGHHYROX LHIRUPDWGLQHWDSHFODUHMDORQDW
de asemenea cu criterii obiective de parcurgere, face parte dintr-un contract
terapeutic eficient din punct de vedere al AT.
$FHVWFRQWUDFWUHVSRQVDELOL]HD] DPEHOHS U LvQDWLQJHUHDVFRSXOXLSURSXVúL
UHSUH]LQW RVFKLPEDUHPDMRU vQSUDFWLFDWHUDSLHLúLDFRQVLOLHULL

2. 6W ULOH(XOXL

$7LGHQWLILF vQVWUXFWXUDSVLKLF D(XOXLWUHLVW ULVWDUHDGH3 ULQWHVWDUHDGe

$GXOWúLVWDUHDGH&RSLORVWDUHILLQGGHILQLW FDÄXQSDWWHUQFRQVLVWHQWGHJkQGXUL
úL WU LUL HPR LRQDOH OHJDW GLUHFW GH XQ SDWWHUQ FRPSRUWDPHQWDO FRUHVSXQ] WRU´
(Berne, 1964).
2SHUVRDQ VHDIO vQVWDUHDGH3 ULQWH al Eului atunci când gândurile, tr LULOH
HPR LRQDOH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWXO V X UHSURGXF JkQGXULOH WU LULOH HPR LRQDOH úL
FRPSRUWDPHQWXO SHUVRDQHORU LQIOXHQWH GLQ YLD D VD vQ SULPXO UkQG S ULQ LL úLVDX
SHUVRDQHOH VHPQLILFDWLYH GLQ FRSLO ULH GDU úL FHL FDUH DX DXWRULWDWH UHODWLY PDL
UHFHQW FXPDUILúHIXOGLUHFWVDXSDWURQXOVDXFKLDUXQFROHJLQIOXHQW
Starea Eului Adult HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ FRPSRUWDPHQWH JkQGXUL úL VHQWLPHQWH
FDUHUHSUH]LQW U VSXQVXULGLUHFWHODDLFL-úL-acum.
*kQGXULOH WU LULOH HPR LRQDOH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH FDUH VXQW UHOXate din
FRSLO ULH H[SULP  VWDUHD GH Copil D (XOXL ,QWXL LD FUHDWLYLWDWHD úL VSRQWDQHLWDWHD
VXQWSUH]HQWHGHDVHPHQHDvQDFHDVW VWDUHD(XOXL

3. 7UDQ]DF LL

&kQG GRX  SHUVRDQH VH vQWkOQHVF DUH ORF XQ VFKLPE YHUEDO VDX QRQ-verbal
vQWUH GLIHULWHOH VW UL DOH (XOXL ILHF UHL SHUVRDQH $FHVWH VFKLPEXUL VH QXPHVF vQ
WUDQ]DF LLGHXQGHúLGHQXPLUHDGH$77UDQ]DF LLOHSRWIL
o 7UDQ]DF LLparaleleFkQGYHFWRULLWUDQ]DF LRQDOLVXQWSDUDOHOLDGLF VW ULOH
(XOXL vQWUH FDUH DUH ORF VFKLPEXO VXQW DFHOHDúL GH H[HPSOX WUDQ]DF LLOH 3 ULQWH –
3 ULQWH VDX &RSLO – &RSLO ÌQ GHVHQXO GH PDL MRV HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW  XUP WRDUHD
WUDQ]DF LHÄ$YRFD LL úWLDVXQWWR LODIHO´–Ä(YLGHQWvLSO WHúWLGHJHDED´>3 ULQWH
–3 ULQWH@

174
 o 7UDQ]DF LL vQFUXFLúDWH, când YHFWRULL WUDQ]DF LRQDOL VH LQWHUVHFWHD]  VDX
VWDUHD(XOXLF UHLDLVHWUDQVPLWHPHVDMXOGLIHU GHVWDUHD(XOXLFDUHU VSXQGHGH
H[HPSOXÄ(úWLXQSURVW´–Ä3URVWHúWLWX´

o 7UDQ]DF LL duble sau complicate, vagi, ambigue, când sunt transmise
VLPXOWDQGRX PHVDMHSULPXOFDUHVHDXGHúLDUHXQnivel social acceptabil, iar al
GRLOHDFDUHVHvQ HOHJHúLHVWHQXPLWnivelul psihologic$FHVWHWLSXULGHWUDQ]DF LL
DSDU FX SUHF GHUH vQ DúD-QXPLWHOH ÄMRFXUL SVLKRORJLFH´ DVXSUD F UHLD YRP UHYHni.
([HPSOX 1LYHOXO VRFLDO Ä9UHL V -PL YH]L FROHF LD GH WLPEUH"´ – „Da, e o
SURSXQHUHLQWHUHVDQW ´1LYHOXOSVLKRORJLFÄ9LQRV IDFHPVH[ODPLQHDFDV ´–
Ä$ELDDúWHSWDPV P vQWUHEL´

&HUFHW ULOH DUDW  F   GLQ UHOD LLOH GH FRmunicare se înscriu în una din
XUP WRDUHOHWLSXULGHWUDQ]DF LL
o Adult – Adult
o Copil– Copil
o 3 ULQWH– Copil
o Copil –3 ULQWH
o 3 ULQWH– Adult

4. Structurarea timpului

2DPHQLLDXWUHLWLSXULGHIRDPHSVLKRORJLF QHYRLGHED] 
o Nevoia (foamea) de stimulare;
o Nevoia de UHFXQRDúWHUH sau foamea de stroke-uri;
o Nevoia sau foamea deVWUXFWXU .

175
 Termenul de stroke HVWH vQ $QDOL]D 7UDQ]DF LRQDO  R QR LXQH IXQGDPHQWDO 
LPSRVLELO GH WUDGXV vQ OLPED URPkQ  SULQWU-un cuvânt sau o expresie. Sensul
cuvântului stroke eVWHPkQJkLHUHGH]PLHUGDUHVDXORYLWXU L]ELWXU ILLQGWUDGXVGH
PXO LDXWRULSULQÄFDORULLSVLKRORJLFH´VDXVWLPXO'HILQL LDGDW GH(ULF%HUQHHVWH
ÄRULFHDFWFDUHLPSOLF UHFXQRDúWHUHD celuilalt” (Berne, 1964).
&HUFHW ULOHDXDU WDWF vQWUHDSULPi stroke pozitiv (o mângâiere, o apreciere,
un semn de prietenie), a nu primi nici un strokeúLDSULPLstroke negativ, cel mai
U XOXFUXFDUHLVHSRDWHvQWkPSODXQXLRPHVWHOLSVDGHstrokeFHHDFHFRQFRUG FX
ELQHFXQRVFXWDYRUE Ä,XEHúWH-P XU úWH-P GDUQXP XLWD´
1HYRLDGHVWXFWXU RJ VLPvQFHOHúDVHPRGDOLW LGHSHWUHFHUHDWLPSXOXLGH
OD L]RODUH OD LQWLPLWDWH vQ FDUH FDQWLWDWHD úL FDOLWDWHD GH stroke VFKLPEDW  GDU úL
ULVFXOGHDILUHVSLQVFUHúWHSHP VXU FHDYDQV PGHODSULPDODXOWLPD.
IzolareaVDXUHWUDJHUHDvQVHDPQ DEVHQ DRULF URUWUDQ]DF LLFXFHLODO L8QLL
RDPHQLSHQWUXDHYLWDULVFXOGHDILUHVSLQúLSHUFHSXWGHVWDUHDGH&RSLOD(XOXL
SUHIHU V VHL]ROH]HGHJUXSXUL
Ritualurile UHSUH]LQW  XQ SULP HOHPHQW GLQWU-XQ úLU GH WUDQ]DF LL R IRUPXO 
GHvQFHSXWRIRUP DFFHSWDW VRFLDOGHDSURSLHUHRH[SULPDUHDFFHSWDW VRFLDOD
GRULQ HLGHFRPXQLFDUH
'LVFX LLOHWHPDWLFHvQJHQXOFRQYHUVD LLORUGHVSUHYUHPHGHVSUHSROLWLF VDX
VLWXD LD HFRQRPLF  vQ JHQHUDO GLVFX LL FDUH DX DFHHDúL VWUXFWXU  VXQW PDL SX LQ
SURJUDPDWHGLQDLQWHVXQWPDLOXQJLúLDXUROXOGHDIDYRUL]DXQVFKLPEGH stroke
FHYDPDLULGLFDWGHFkWULWXDOXULOHGDUvQF IRDUWHVF ]XW
$FWLYLW LOHVXQWFHOHODFDUHSDUWLFLS FHOSX LQGRLRDPHQLúLFDUHDXXQVcop
bine determinat. Tipurile de stroke FDUH VH VFKLPE  vQ WLPSXO DFWLYLW LORU VXQW
variate – pozitive sau negative –úLVHRE LQGHUHJXO ODVIkUúLWXODFWLYLW LLRGDW 
cu atingerea / neîndeplinirea scopului.
Jocurile psihologice VH ED]HD]  SH WUDQ]DF LLOH GXEOH OD FDUH QH-am referit.
1RLWR LMXF PDVWIHOGHMRFXULGLQFkQGvQFkQGHOHDYkQGXUP WRDUHOHDYDQWDMHVH
HOLEHUHD]  R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke VH HYLW  WUDQVSDUHQ D XQHL SUR[LPLW L VH
UH]ROY SUREOHPDSHWUHFHULLWLPSXOXLGDUFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWHVWHIDSWXOF DFHVWH
MRFXUL QX UH]ROY  SUREOHPD FHL GRL SURWDJRQLúWL ILLQG FDSDELOL V  UHLD MRFXO OD
QHVIkUúLW0DLPXOWHGHVSUHDFHVWVXELHFWYH LJ VLvQFHSkQGFXSDUDJUDIXOXUPDWRU
Intimitatea este modul de structurare al timpului perceput ca cel mai riscant,
GDU FDUH RIHU  FHD PDL PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke-XUL DWkW SR]LWLYH FkW úL QHJDWLYH
*kQGXULOHúLVHQWLPHQWHOHúLQHYRLOHVXQWH[SULPDWHVLQFHUúLGHVFKLV(VWHRUHOD LH
VLQFHU GHOD&RSLOOD&RSLOLQL LDW GHVW ULOH$GXOWHDOH(X-rilor implicate, fiecare
acceptându-úLUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD

5. Ce sunt jocurile psihologice?

5HVLP LPMRFXULOHFDSHQLúWHvQWkPSO ULFDUHVHUHSHW vQYLD DQRDVWU úLFDUH

QHODV ODILQDOXQVHQWLPHQWQHSO FXW/DVIkUúLWXOXQXLMRFVXQWHPWHQWD LV IDFHP
DILUPD LLGHJHQXOÄùWLDPHX«F RVHVHvQWkPSOHDúD´Ä'HFHPLVHvQWkPSO 
QXPDL WRFPDL PLH DúD FHYD´ Ä$P FUH]XW F  HO  HD H DOWIHO GDU H OD IHO FD
FHLODO L«´
176
 $P DOHV XUP WRUXO H[HPSOX GH MRF SVLKRORJLF SHQWUX IUHFYHQ D FX FDUH HO
DSDUHvQYLD a de zi cu zi (Uite ce prostie fac din cauza ta):
0LUXQDRWkQ U VHFUHWDU VHDJLW SUHJ WLQGX-i directorului tot ce crede ea
F HQHYRLHSHQWUXFDDFHVWDV VXV LQ vQFHOHPDLEXQHFRQGL LLRFRQIHULQ (D
VHFUHGHLQGLVSHQVDELO úLGLQDFHDVW FDX] VHvQYkUWHH[FHVLYvQMXUXOOXLSkQ 
FkQG DFHVWD VH HQHUYHD]  úL GHYLQH 3HUVHFXWRU Ä0DL VWDL úL WX ORFXOXL´ &D GLQ
vQWkPSODUH GLQ JUHúHDO  0LUXQD U VWRDUQ  FHDúFD GH FDIHD SHVWH KkUWLLOH
directorului, aruncându-LRSULYLUHGH3HUVHFXWRUúL9LFWLP vQDFHODúLWLPSÄ8LWH
FHSURVWLLIDFGLQFDX]DWD´XUPDWGHDOWMRFQXPLWÄÌQFHUFDPGRDUV WHDMXW´
7U V WXULOHFDUDFWHULVWLFHDOHMRFXULORU%HUQH
o 6XQW UHSHWLWLYH DSDU GH PDL PXOWH RUL vQ YLD D QRDVWU  6H VSXQH F  GDF 
DSDUH R VLQJXU  GDW  HVWH R vQWkPSODUH GDF  DSDUH GH GRX  RUL – H ELQH V  ILP
YLJLOHQ LLDUGDF DSDUHGHWUHLRULVDXPDLGHVDWXPFLHVWHYRUEDGHXQRELFHLXQ
SDWWHUQ 'H DVHPHQHD MXF WRULL DX VHQWLPHQWXO F  FHYD FXQRVFXW VH vQWkPSO  F 
ÄùWLDPHXùWLDPHXF DúDVHYDvQWkPSOD´VDXÄ'HFHPLVHvQWkPSO DVWDQXPDL
PLH´ VDX Ä1XPDL PLH PL VH SXWHD vQWkPSOD XQD FD DVWD´ VDX Ä&UHGHDP F  HO H
GLIHULWGDUHODIHOFDWR LFHLODO L´
o -RFXULOH VXQW MXFDWH I U  FRQúWLHQ D $GXOWXOXL DGLF  vQ PDUH SDUWH D
MRFXOXLMXF WRULLQXVXQWFRQúWLHQ LGHFHHDFHVHvQWkPSO vQUHDOLWDWHDGLQDLFLúL
DFXP QX JkQGHVF UD LRQDO LDU VHQWLPHQWHOH ORU GHS úHVF FX PXOW vQ LQWHQVLWDWH
QLYHOXODGHFYDWVLWXD LHL
o -RFXULOH SUHVXSXQ XQ VFKLPE GH WUDQ]DF LL XOWHULRDUH DGLF  XQ VFKLPE GH
replici vQ FDUH SXWHP GLVWLQJH XQ QLYHO VRFLDO DSDUHQW DO GLVFX LHL úL XQXO SVLKR-
logic, ascuns.
o ÌQ WLPSXO GHVI úXU ULL XQXL MRF SRDWH V  DSDU  úL DILUPDUHD GLUHFW  VDX
LPSOLFLW DXQRUFUHGLQ HúL VDXSUHMXGHF L
o -RFXOLQFOXGHXQPRPHQWGHVXUSUL] VDXGHconfuzie.

%HUQHSURSXQHRIRUPXO SHQWUXGHVFULHUHDMRFXULORUQXPLW )RUPXOD-

M + S = R & ' %Q
M – PRPHDO  6 – stratagema, R – U VSXQV & – comutare, D – GHUXW 
Bn – beneficiu negativ.
0RPHDOD HVWH LQYLWD LD OD MRF 'H UHJXO  DLFL SXWHP LGHQWLILFD WUDQ]DF LLOH
XOWHULRDUH PHVDMHOH DVFXQVH 6WUDWDJHPD VH UHIHU  GH RELFHL OD R FUHGLQ  VDX R
SUHMXGHFDW DFHOSX LQXQXLDGLQWUHFHLGRLMXF WRULúLODSXQFWXOVHQVLELOYXOQHUD-
ELOLWDWHD FHOXLODOW MXF WRU 5 VSXQVXO HVWH DFFHSWDUHD LQYLWD LHL la intrarea in joc.
&RPXWDUHDHVWHPRPHQWXOvQFDUHUROXULOHVHVFKLPE EUXVFvQWUH6DOYDWRU3HUVH-
FXWRUúL9LFWLP 'HUXWDHVWHPRPHQWXOLPHGLDWXUP WRUFRPXW ULLúLHVWHPDUFDWGH
FRQIX]LH %HQHILFLXO QHJDWLY HVWH FRQILUPDUHD XQHL FUHGLQ H IXQGDPHQWDOH a celor
GRLMXF WRULFDUHHVWHOHJDW FRQúWLHQWVDXQXGHDQ[LHWDWHDGHED] VDXGHFHOPDL
important conflict psihic interior.
9 LQYLWV LGHQWLILFD LvQH[HPSOXOGHPDLVXVHOHPHQWHOHIRUPXOHLOXL%HUQH
8QHRULSXWHPFRQIXQGDRVLPSO UHSHWL LHVDXRLQVLVWHQ FXXQMRF%HUQH
'HH[HPSOXRSDFLHQW SRDWHV -OvQWUHEHSHGRFWRUXOHLGLUHFWúLVLQFHUGDU
vQ PRG UHSHWDW GDF  VH YD IDFH ELQH YUHRGDW  SHQWUX F  VLPWH QHYRLD V  ILH
177
vQFXUDMDW PDLGHV'RFWRUXORDVLJXU F WRWXOYDILELQHúLSDFLHQWDVHOLQLúWHúWHúL
vL PXO XPHúWH GRFWRUXOXL 1X HVWH YRUED DLFL GH QLFL XQ MRF FL GH R QHYRLH
SHUPDQHQW  D SDFLHQWHL GH vQFXUDMDUH 'DF  GXS  vQWUHEDUHD SDFLHQWHL Ä'RFWRUH
DP V  P  IDF ELQH"´ úL U VSXQVXO OXL Ä%LQHvQ HOHV F  GD´ SDFLHQWD vúL GH]Y OXLH
DGHY UDWXOPRWLYDOvQWUHE ULLHLDFHODGHD-l putea contracara pe doctor cu replica:
Ä'HFHFUHGH LGXPQHDYRDVWU F OHúWL LSHWRDWH"´5HSOLFDGHUXWHD] WHUDSHXWXOúL
vO GHVFXPS QHúWH FHHD FH D YUXW úL SDFLHQWD $SRL MRFXO VH WHUPLQ  SULQ EXcuria
SDFLHQWHLF O-DS F OLWSHGRFWRUúLSULQIUXVWUDUHDGRFWRUXOXL$VWIHOODRDQDOL] D
ceea ce s-a întâmplat putem identifica: momeala a fost în întrebarea de la început
FDUHDDYXWXQPHVDMDVFXQVVWUDWDJHPDDFRQVWDWvQFUHGLQ DGRFWRUXOXLF WUebuie
V ILHGU JX FXSDFLHQ LLV LSXQFWXOOXLYXOQHUDELOILLQGDFHVWVHQWLPHQWDOLVP$SRL
DXUPDWFRPXWDUHDGHUXWDúLU VSODWDEHQHILFLXOQHJDWLY
-RFXULOHSVLKRORJLFHVHFODVLILF FUHVF WRUGXS JUDGXOORUGHSHULFXOR]LWDWHúL
intensitate:
o JocuriOHGHJUDGXOvQWkLFHOHSHFDUHOHUHODW PPDLGHSDUWHvQGLVFX LLOHFX
prietenii sau la petreceri : ©6WDLV YH]LFHDPS LW …»
o -RFXULOHGHJUDGXODOGRLOHDFHOHvQFDUHMXF WRUXOQXYUHDV IDF SXEOLFFH
s-a întâmplat
Jocurile de gradul trei sunt ceOHPDLSHULFXORDVHHOHVHVIkUúHVFODVSLWDOvQ
VDODGHRSHUD LLODPRUJ VDXODWULEXQDO
Alte exemple de jocuri psihologice:
o $OPHXHVWHPDLEXQGHFkWDOW X
o Este îngrozitor
o Te-DPSULQVWLF ORVXOH
o Datornicul
o Alcoolicul
o Tribunalul
o Da, dar…

9  LQYLW V  LGHQWLILFD L OD MRFXULOH SH FDUH OH MXFD L LQ YLD D GH ]L FX ]L FX
SDUWHQHUXOSDUWHQHUDFROHJXOFROHJDGHúFRDODVDXGHODVHUYLFLX

6.-RFXULOHúLDWDúDPHQWXO

-RFXULOH SURYLQ GXS  S UHUHD VR LORU 6FKLII  GLQ UHOD LL VLPELRWLFH
nerezolvate, vQ FDUH ILHFDUH GLQWUH MXF WRUL VH GHVFRQVLGHU  DWkW SH VLQH FkW úL SH
FHO ODOW -XF WRULL vúL S VWUHD]  QLúWH FRQYLQJHUL H[DJHUDWH SHQWUX D MXVWLILFD
VLPELR]DÄ1XSRWV IDFQLPLF´&RSLOÄ(XQXWU LHVFGHFkWSHQWUXWLQHGUDJ ´
'LQ DFHDVW  SHUVSHFWLY  MRFXULOH VXQW PRGDOLW L GH PHQ LQHUH D VLPELR]HL VDX R
PRGDOLWDWHLQGLUHFW GHH[SULPDUHDIXULHLvPSRWULYDDFHOHLVLPELR]H
3RUQLQG GH OD DFHDVW  LGHH QH SXWHP vQWUHED GDF  QX FXPYD MRFXULOH SRW
H[SULPD FKLDU GDF  vQWU-un mod neadecvat, nevoia unuL DWDúDPHQW V Q WRV ÌQWU-
DGHY U-RKQ-DPHVHVWHGHS UHUHF MRFXULOHSRWDYHDúLEHQHILFLLSR]LWLYH
(O VH ED]HD]  SH GH R SDUWH SH LGHHD F  RDPHQLL DX R WHQGLQ  QDWXUDO  F WUH
V Q WDWH úL SH GH DOW  SDUWH SH XUP ULUHD D FHHD FH VH vQWkPSO  GXS  FH MRFXO D
178
WUHFXW GH EHQHILFLXO QHJDWLY  7HQGLQ D QDWXUDO  D RPXOXL GH D DF LRQD vQ GLUHF LD
V Q W LLOXLHVWHRLGHHIUHFYHQWUHJ VLW vQSVLKRWHUDSLDPRGHUQ LDUSHQWUX%HUQH
HVWH XQXO GLQWUH FHOH WUHL ÄVORJDQXUL WHUDSHXWLFH´ GH ED]  %HUQH ). James a
REVHUYDW F  GH PXOWH RUL GXS  DúD-zisa încheiere a jocului cu beneficiul negativ,
OXFUXULOHSRWSURJUHVDXOWHULRUF WUHXQEHQHILFLXSR]LWLY'HH[HPSOXXQFXSOXVH
FHDUW  úL DSRL ILHFDUH VH UHWUDJH úL DUH VHQWLPHQWH GH IXULH GH YLQRY LH úL WULVWH H
EHQHILFLXOQHJDWLY'XS XQWLPSvúLFHUVFX]HúLvQFHSV YRUEHDVF V -úLDFRUGH
DWHQ LH XQXO FHOXLODOW V  VH VLPW  GLQ QRX ELQH vPSUHXQ  vQWU-R DWPRVIHU  LQWLP 
3XWHP SUHVXSXQH F  DFHVWD HVWH PRWLYXO SHQWUX FDUH FHL GRL DX MXFDW DFHO MRF
GRULQ DGHDSURSLHUHGHDYRUELúLDILDVFXOWDWGHDSULPLDWHQ LHGHDILLQWLPLùL
H[HPSOHOH SRW FRQWLQD -DPHV FRQFOX]LRQHD]  F  IRUPXOD - SRDWH IL FRPSOHWDW  vQ
IHOXOXUP WRU

M+S=R & ' %Q %S

Bp – beneficiu pozitiv. Acest beneficiu pR]LWLYHVWHGHIDSWQHYRLDV Q WRDV 

GHED] FDUHVXV LQHMRFXO'DF QHYRLDUHVSHFWLY QXHVWHvPSOLQLW GLUHFWDWXQFL
YRPMXFDMRFXULúLYRPXWLOL]DF LLQGLUHFWHGHDRvPSOLQL6DXDOWIHOVSXVMXF P
MRFXULSHQWUXF DYHPRQHYRLHGHED] SHFDUHQXúWLPV RvPSOLQLPGLUHFWFLGRDU
GXS FHSO WLPSULQEHQHILFLXOQHJDWLYGHODVIkUúLWXOMRFXOXL-RFXOHVWHPDLWHQWDQW
SULQDSDUHQWDOXLOLSV GHULVFXULvQFRPSDUD LHFXDILUPDUHDGLUHFW DQHYRLLFDUH
DUHXQULVFGHDILUHVSLQV 

7.0RGDOLW LGHDLHúLGLQMRFXUL

'XS FXPDPFRQVWDWDWMRFXULOHVXQWUHSHWLWLYHFHHDFHQHSRDWHDMXWDV ILP

FRQúWLHQ LF OHMXF P&KLDUGDF DPMXFDWXQMRFúLGHFLQXPDLSRWLHúLGLQHO
SRWWRWXúLV -PLGDXVHDPDF DIRVWXQMRFúLDFHVWSULPSDV FRQúWLHQtizarea ne
SRDWHDMXWDV HYLW PLQWUDUHDvQDFHODúLWLSGHMRFvQPRPHQWHVLPLODUH&XP"
-RKQ-DPHVDFRQFHSXWXQVHWGHvQWUHE ULDOHF URUU VSXQVXULVFULVH
pe scurt, pot duce la identificarea jocurilor. Planul de joc7KH*DPH3ODQFRQVW 
dinXUP WRDUHOHvQWUHE UL
o &HVHvQWkPSO vQPRGUHSHWDW"
o Cum începe?
o Ce se petrece în continuare?
o ùLDSRLFHVHPDLvQWkPSO "
o &XPVHWHUPLQ "
o &XPWHVLP L"
'DF UHXúLPV QHG PVHDPDF MXF PXQMRFHVWHRDUHLPSRUWDQWV -LG P
un nume? Eric Berne a scris o carte cu un mare succes, Games People Play, în care
D SUH]HQWDW IRDUWH PXOWH MRFXUL FX GHQXPLUL DWU J WRDUH $SRL DO L DQDOLúWL
WUDQ]DF LRQDOL DX ÄJ VLW´ úL DOWH MRFXUL SkQ  FkQG DFHDVW  ÄPRG ´ D WUHFXW $VW ]L
SHQWUXQRLHVWHPDLSX LQLPSRUWDQWFXPVHQXPHúWHMRFXOSHFDUHvOMXF PGHFkW
FXPvOMXF PFDUHHVWHSURFHVXOvQGHIDYRDUHDFRQ LQXWXOXLÌQDFHVWIHOSXWHPPDL
XúRU V  LGHQWLILF P SULQFLSLL JHQHUDOH GH FRQWUDFDUDUH D MRFXOXL úL QX V  vQY P
câte o DQWLWH] pentru fiecare joc.

179
 Cea PDL VLPSO  PRGDOLWDWH HVWH FRQWUDFWDUHD FX SDUWHQHUXO GH MRF D XQHL
PRGDOLW LGHHYLWDUHDGHFODQú ULLFRQIOLFWXOXLMRFXOXLvQVLWXD LLVLPLODUH$FHDVWD
se poate face prin confruntarea2.FDUHVHUHFRPDQG SHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDPLFLORU
probleme cotidiene. 'HPXOWHRULVXQWIRORVLWRDUHXP WRDUHOHSULQFLSLLDOHFRQIUXQ-
W ULLRN-ok:
o 5H]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHLQXWUHEXLHDVRFLDW FXMXGHFDUHDSHUVRDQHLvQFDX] 
o 6 VHPHQ LRQH]HSUHFLVIDSWHOHFDUHVHGRUHVFDILVFKLPEDWHGHH[HPSOX
Ä0DULDQQXDLvQFKLVELQHXúa de la frigider”.
o 6SXQH LFHOXLODOWGHFHVXQWHPQHPXO XPL LÄ0 GHUDQMHD] FkQGJ VHVFR
EDOW OkQJ IULJLGHUúLPkQFDUHDVWULFDW vQ XQWUX´
o &HUH LvQPRGH[SOLFLWPRGXOvQFDUHD LGRULV VHFRPSRUWHFHO ODOWÄ&kQG
umbli de acum înainte la frigideUDVLJXU -WHF ODúLXúDvQFKLV ´
'H H[HPSOX GDF  SDUWHQHULL XQXL FXSOX MRDF  vQ PRG UHSHWDW MRFXUL vQ
OHJ WXU FXOXFUXULGHVvQWkOQLWHvQYLD DORUGH]LFX]LFXPDUILVS ODWXOYDVHORU
GXVXO JXQRLXOXL FXU HQLD GXS  R VHDU  SHWUHFXW  FX SULHWHQLL VDX DOWHOH DVHP -
Q WRDUHHLSRWVWDELOLSULQQHJRFLHUHGLUHFW UHJXOLVXILFLHQWGHFODUHvQOHJ WXU FX
DFHVWH DFWLYLW L FDUH V  U VSXQG  vQWU-R PDUH PDVXU  QHYRLORU DPEHORU S U L
'HVLJXUF DVWDQXYDGXFHDXWRPDWODGLVSDUL LDMRFXULORUGDUSXWHPVSHUDF HOH
YRU IL PDL UDUH vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH FDQWLWDWHD GH stoke-uri va fi în ansamblu
DFHHDúL
$WLWXGLQHD SDUDGR[DO  FRQVW  vQ U VSXQVXUL QDWXUDOH FDUH GRDU SDU SDUDGR-
[DOHvQUDSRUWFXRELúQXLQ DQRDVWU GHDSUDFWLFDMRFXULSVLKRORJLFHVHFRQVLGHU F 
75-80% din timpul petrecut cu diferite moduri de structurare a timpului este alocat
MRFXULORU SVLKRORJLFH $VWD SUHVXSXQH V  QH G P VHDPD GH ÄPRPHDO ´ ÌQ DFHVW
sens, antrenamentul asertiv poate fi foarte folositor. În exemplul dat mai sus,
direcWRUXO SXWHD V  HYLWH LQWUDUHD vQ MRFXO ÄÌQFHUFDP GRDU V  Y  DMXW´ SULQ XUP -
WRDUHDLQWHUYHQ LHSDUDGR[DO Ä0LUXQDDSUHFLH]DMXWRUXOW XGDUSUHIHUV  L-l cer
HX´ LDU GRFWRUXO DU IL SXWXW VSXQH Ä(X IDF WRW FHHD FH SRW FD V  Y  IDFH L ELQH úL
GDF  OXFUXULOH GHFXUJ vQ PRG QRUPDO R V  Y  IDFH L ELQH´ 1X H XúRU V  IDFHP R
DVWIHO GH LQWHUYHQ LH vQ SULPXO UkQG SHQWUX F  ÄPRPHDOD´ YL]HD]  H[DFW
YXOQHUDELOLWDWHDQRDVWU FHDPDLPDUHúLQHHGHVWXOGHJUHXV UH]LVW PODRLVSLW 
DWkWGHWHQWDQW ÌQDOGRLOHDUkQGSHQWUXF VHMRDF FXLQFRQúWLHQ DDGXOWXOXLDúD
F HJUHXGHFUH]XWF vQLQFRQúWLHQ DQRDVWU RV SXWHPVHVL]DÄPRPHDODLQL LDO ´
Dejucarea beneficiului negativvQGDW FHUHFXQRVFF DPIRVWvQWU-un joc,
úLvPLGDXVHDPDF VXQWSHFDOHVDXFKLDUDPvQFHSXWV vPLLDXEHQHILFLXOQHJDWLY
SRWV vOUHIX]úLV P U VSO WHVFSHQWUXLVWH LPHDGHDYHGHDF DPIRVWvQMRF1X
P  U VSO WHVF SHQWUX F  DP LQWUDW vQ MRF FL SHQWUX F  DP Y ]XW F  VXQW DFROR ÌQ
DFHVWIHOSRWRE LQHúLQLúWHstroke-uri de la mine însumi care pot compensa într-o
RDUHFDUHP VXU stroke-urile pe care le-DPSLHUGXWQHGXFkQGMRFXOSkQ ODFDS W
'LUHFWF WUHEHQHILFLXOSR]LWLYGXS FXPDPY ]XWSXWHPDYHDúLEHQHILFLL
SR]LWLYH GH SH XUPD XQXL MRF GRDU F  HOH YLQ GXS împlinirea celor negative. De
PXOWH RUL HVWH GLILFLO V  OH DIO P -DPHV  QH SURSXQH XQ DOWVHWGHvQWUHE UL
care pot duce la descoperirea beneficiului pozitiv:
o /DVIkUúLWXOMRFXOXLFHVHQWLPHQWQHSO FXWEHQHILFLXQHJDWLYDL"

180
 o $WXQFLFkQGVLP LDFHOVHQWLPHQWQHJDWLYFHvWLVSXLGHVSUHWLQHúLGHVSUH
FHLODO L"6DXFXPDLFRPSOHWDÄ$VWDQXIDFHGHFkWV GRYHGHDVF «´
o 'XS FHWHVLP LU XFXPWHRFURWHúWLFXPWHVDOYH]LVDXFHIDFLSHQWUX
WLQHFDV LHúLGLQVWDUHDDVWDSURDVW "6DXFXPRDOW SHUVRDQ v LG DFHVWEHQHILFLX
pozitiv?
'XS  LGHQWLILFDUHD EHQHILFLXOXL SR]LWLY DYHP RS LXQHD GH D PHUJH GLUHFW OD
QHYRLDGHED] FDUHDVWDWODRULJLQHDMRFXOXLvQORFV MXF PWRWMRFXOSHQWUXDR
LPSOLQL 3ULQ UHFXQRDúWHUHD DVSHFWHORU SR]LWLYH DOH jocurilor putem deveni mai
FRQúWLHQ LGHQHYRLOHQRDVWUHúLGHGLILFXOW LOHQRDVWHGHDOHH[SULPDÌQGHILQLWLY
MXF P XQ MRF SHQWUX F  DYHP R QHYRLH QX úWLP V  R vPSOLQLP GLUHFW úL DWXQFL R
vPSOLQLPFXPúWLPDGLF LQGLUHFWSULQMRF&XDMXWRUXODFHVtei atitudini, putem fi
PDLWROHUDQ LDWkWFXQRLFkWúLFXFHLODO LvQDERUGDUHDMRFXULORUúLGHMXFDUHDORU

2DUH SXWHP WU L I U  MRFXUL" &XP DU DU WD YLD D QRDVWU  I U  MRFXUL" 2SLQLD
QRDVWU HVWHF MRFXULOHQXVXQWG XQ WRDUHSULQHOHvQVHOHHDGHY UDWF QXUH]ROY 
SH ORF SUREOHPD GH ED]  GDU DGXF vQ VFKLPE R PDUH FDQWLWDWH GH stroke-XUL úL
satisfac, într-R PDUH P VXU  úL IRDPHD GH VWUXFWXU  'HFL GDF  DP DYHD R YLD 
OLSVLW  GH MRFXUL DU IL ELQH V  FRPSHQV P DWkW SULQWU-R PDL EXQ  VWUXFWXUDUH a
WLPSXOXL FkW úL SULQWU-o cantitate semnificativ mai mare de stroke-XUL $úDGDU
vQWRUFkQGUD LRQDPHQWXOSHGRVGDF UHXúLPV SULPLPPDLPXOWHVWURNH-XULúLQH
VDWLVIDFHP PDL ELQH IRDPHD GH VWUXFWXU  DWXQFL QH SXWHP DúWHSWD FD vQ YLLWRU
IUHFYHQ D úL LQWHQVLWDWHD MRFXULORU SVLKRORJLFH SH FDUH OH MXF P V  VFDG  ùL FKLDU
GDF GLQFkQGvQFkQGPDLMXF PFkWHXQÄMRFXOH ´HVWHLPSRUWDQWFHIDFHPFXHOvO
QHJ PFDúLFXPDUILIRVWXQYLVXUkWVDXDQDOL] PVLWXD LDúLvQY PFHYDGLQHO
ùLFHOPDLELQHDUILV YHGHPFDUHHVWHQHYRLDFDUHVW ODED]DMRFXOXLúLFXPDP
SXWHDV RH[SULP PSHYLLWRUvQWU-RPDQLHU PDLDGHFYDW úLPDLGLUHFW I U V 
ÄEHQHILFLHP´GHU VSODWDQHJDWLY 

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Berne, Eric (2006), &H VSXL GXS  Ä%XQ  ]LXD´" 3VLKROogia destinului uman %XFXUHúWL
Editura Trei.
Berne, Eric (1964), Games People Play, New York, Grove Press.
Berne, Eric (1966), Principles of Group Treatment, Oxford University Press.
4. Berne, Eric (1975), Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy, London, Souvenir Press
(Educational & Academic) Ltd..
James, John (1976), Positive Payoffs after Games, TAJ, 6:3, Iulie.
James, John (1973), The Game Plan, TAJ, III:4, Octombrie.
Schiff, J. et al. (1975), The Cathexis reader: transactional analysis treatment of psychosis,
New York, Harper and Row.
Steward, Ian, Joines, Vann (2004), $7DVW ]LRQRX LQWURGXFHUHvQ$QDOL]DWUDQ]DF LRQDO ,
7LPLúRDUD Mitron.

181
182
 CONSILIERE PSIHOLOGI& ù,36,+27(5$3,(

686 ,1(5(ù,,17(535ETARE
ÎN DEMERSUL PSIHANALITIC

RODICA MATEI

ABSTRACT

There is a tendency to consider the psychoanalytic act as being an opposite of

supportive therapies, whilst the psychoanalyst role is to keep the neutrality, often
misunderstood as lack of involvement. Considering the psychoanalytical theory, the
particularities of supportive therapies bring up few specific coordinates which make the
difference between them and dynamic approaches. So, the supportive therapy leads to positive
transfer development in order to motivate the patient to accept the change. The therapist will
act to preserve the defenses and to protect the resistances, while unconscious conflicts are not
interpreted and the transfer is used to preserve and harden the defenses and to avoid
unconscious conflicts. On the other hand, in psychoanalysis the interventions are not oriented
to gratify the patient’s requests, nor to guide or to sustain. For the moment he has not the
required resources for a behavior change. The question is if the change appears when the
patient obtains the insight of his conflicts (unconscious till the insight), considering the fact
that the way he determined people around him to treat him in a particular way, or the fact he
encountered persons of the same kind, with whom he could develop the conflicts, while on the
other hand he avoided people of different kind, becomes clear.

3UHRFXS ULOHSVLKDQDOLúWLORUSHQWUXXQGHPHUVFHGHS úHúWHVLPSODLQWHUSUHWDUH

úLDQDOL] GHFRQ LQXWDXDS UXWRGDW FXLPSXQHUHDFDGUXOXLSVLKDQDOLWLFFDHOHPHQW
indispensabil al tehnicii terapeutice.
$VWIHOvQWHUDSLDGHVXV LQHUHHVWHIDYRUL]DW GH]YROWDUHDtransferului pozitiv
pentru a-OPRWLYDSHSDFLHQWV DFFHSWHVFKLPEDUHD7HUDSHXWXOYDDF LRQDvQVHQVXO
PHQ LQHULL DS U ULORU úL SURWHM ULL UH]LVWHQ HORU vQ VHQVXO F  HOH QX VXQW
LQWHUSUHWDWHFLPDLGHJUDE RFROLWH7HUDSHXWXODF LRQHD] DVWIHOvQFkWV vQW UHDVF 
DS U ULOH HO DGRSWkQG UROXO vQ FDUH HVWH SODVDW GH SDFLHQW ILJXU  DXWRULWDU  VDX
SHUPLVLY  FHHD FH IDFH FD HFKLOLEUXO LQWUDSVLKLF V  ILH UHVWDELOLW úL WHQVLXQHD úL
DQ[LHWDWHD V  VH GLPLQXH]H 3DFLHQWXO VH YD LGHQWLILFD FX WHUDSHXWXO UHOD LD
GHYHQLQGGHJHQXOS ULQWH-copil, dar terapeutul va oferi un model mai stabil úLPDL
HILFLHQWGHFkWS ULQWHOH$FHVWIDSWYDSHUPLWHvQW ULUHDIXQF LLORU(XOXL7HUDSHXWXO
YD JUDWLILFD XQHOH H[LJHQ H SXOVLRQDOH DOH SDFLHQWXOXL SHQWUX D UHGXFH WHPSRUDU
intensitatea conflictului. El poate deveni un substitut al Eului pacientului sau al
XQXL 6XSUDHX WROHUDQW FHHD FH SRDWH SURYRFD UHJUHVLL PDVLYH úL R GLPLQXDUH D
autonomiei pacientului. În momentul în care pacientul va fi capabil de o
IXQF LRQDUH PDL DGDSWDW  WHUDSHXWXO VH YD UHWUDJH GH SH DFHVWH SR]L LL SHUPL kQG
maturizarea pacientuOXL $VWIHO SDFLHQWXO YD IL RELHFWXO SDVLY DO LQWHUYHQ LLORU
terapeutice, transferul este pozitiv, punându-VH DFFHQW SH DVSHFWHOH FRQúWLHQWH DOH
UHOD LHLFXWHUDSHXWXO&RQIOLFWHOHLQFRQúWLHQWHQXVXQWLQWHUSUHWDWH7UDQVIHUXOHVWH
IRORVLWSHQWUXDPHQ LQHúLvQW ULDS U ULOHúLDHYLWDFRQIOLFWHOHLQFRQúWLHQWH
183
 3H GH DOW  SDUWH vQ SVLKDQDOL]  LQWHUYHQ LLOH QX VXQW GH QDWXU  V  JUDWLILFH
FHULQ HOH SDFLHQWXOXL V  vO JKLGH]H VDX V  vO VXV LQ  (O QX DUH SHQWUX PRPHQW
resursele necesare pentru o schimbare în comportament. Vorbind despre resurse, ne
UHIHULP OD GLPHQVLXQHD HFRQRPLF  LPSOLFDW  vQ RULFH SURFHV SVLKLF úL DQXPH
FDQWLWDWHDGHHQHUJLHSVLKLF LQYHVWLW ÌQFD]XOSDFLHQWXOXLFHDUHQHYRLHGHWHUDSLH
GHWLSGLQDPLFHFKLOLEUXOGLQWUHIRU HOHFHLQWU în conflict poate fi modificat doar în
P VXUD vQ FDUH LQGLYLGXO FRQúWLHQWL]HD]  úL GH]LQYHVWHúWH LQWHUGLF LLOH 6XSUDHXOXL
&D DWDUH R LQWHUYHQ LH GH WLS VXSRUWLY SRDWH DYHD FRQVHFLQ H QHJDWLYH DVXSUD
cursului terapiei psihanalitice.
Se pune întrebarea daF  VFKLPEDUHD DSDUH FkQG SDFLHQWXO RE LQH XQ insight
GHVSUH FRQIOLFWHOH VDOH SkQ  DWXQFL LQFRQúWLHQWH SULQ IDSWXO F  vL GHYLQH FODU IHOXO
FXPHOvQVXúLL-DGHWHUPLQDWSHFHLGLQMXUXOOXLV vOWUDWH]HvQWU-un anumit fel sau
F  D GDW PHUHX SHVWH SHUVRDQH DVHP Q WRDUH FX FDUH úL-D SXWXW SXQH vQ VFHQ 
FRQIOLFWHOH vQ WLPS FH SH DOWH SHUVRDQH PDL GHJUDE  OH-a evitat. Sau schimbarea
intervine în urma H[SHULHQ HL QHPLMORFLWH cu persoana terapeutului, binevoitoare,
I U  SUHMXGHF L FDUH DFFHSW  VHQWLPHQWHOH FDUH RSUHúWH GXUHUHD JULMD úL PkQLD"
([SHULHQ HOHFXRILJXU SDUHQWDO VLPEROLF QRX GLVSXV V DMXWHHPSDWLF GDU
FDUH SXQH JUDQL H VXQW FHOH FDUH GXF OD R identificare cu aceste moduri compor-
WDPHQWDOH DWLWXGLQL úL FDOLW L DOH VHQWLPHQWXOXL 5HOD LD úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD FDUH SUR-
GXFHLQWXL LLQXVHH[FOXGFLDSDUPHUHXvPSUHXQ FkWHRGDW vQSULPSODQVHDIO 
LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRPSRQHQWD UHOD LRQDO  UHSUH]HQWkQG IXQGDOXO FDUH QX LHVH vQ
HYLGHQ LDUDOWHRULH[SHULHQ DUHOD LHLHVWHFHDFDUHDMXQJHvQSUim-plan. Analistul
úL SDFLHQWXO WUHEXLH V  vQYH H V  IDF  ID  WUHEXLQ HORU UHOD LRQDOH GH DFXP úL DLFL
GLQFROR GH WRDWH UH]LVWHQ HOH WUDQVIHUHQ LDOH úL FRQWUDWUDQVIHUHQ LDOH DQDOLVWXO
WUHEXLQGV GHVFKLG GUXPXULGDWRULW H[SHULHQ HORUVDOH
7HQWD LDGHDLQWHUYHQLVXSRUWLYGHDU VSXQGHHPSDWLFH[LJHQ HORUSXOVLRQDOH
DOHSDFLHQWXOXLGHDQHLGHQWLILFDFXILJXUDSHFDUHSDFLHQWXORSURLHFWHD] DVXSUD
QRDVWU  DSDUH DGHVHD vQ FXUVXO WHUDSLHL ILLQG PDUFDW  GH WHQGLQ H FRQWUDWUDQV-
IHUHQ LDOH
,DW  FkWHYD YLJQHWWH FOLQLFH FH LOXVWUHD]  HIHFWHOH SH FDUH UHDF LLOH FRQWUD-
WUDQVIHUHQ LDOHVXSRUWLYHOHSRWDYHDDVXSUDDOLDQ HLWHUDSHXWLFH

1. 6XJHUDUHDSRVLELOLW LLVFKLPE ULL

2 SDFLHQW  GH VH[ IHPLQLQ F V WRULW  FX XQ VR  SRVHVLY úL QDUFLVLF F XWDVH
inconúWLHQW vQWRWGHDXQD DOLD L FRQWUD XQHL PDPH H[FHVLY GH DXWRULWDUH $VWIHO vúL
DOHVHVH úL VR XO FDUH R GRPLQD FRQVLGHUkQG F  HO úWLH FHO PDL ELQH GH FH DUH HD
QHYRLH 7HUDSLD HUD ORFXO vQ FDUH HD vúL H[SULPD UHYROWD úL VXIHULQ D GLQ UHOD LD FX
VR XOLDUWHUDSHXWXOHUDSXVvQUROXOGHPDUWRUDODEX]XULORUVR XOXLID GHHDLDU
LQFRQúWLHQWDFHVWDHUDLQYHVWLWFXUROXOGHVDOYDWRU5HDF LDFRQWUDWUDQVIHUHQ LDO D
WHUDSHXWXOXL D FRQVWDW vQ D UHVLP L R SUHVLXQH R XUJHQ  vQ ÄVDOYDUHD´ SDFLHQWHL
Presiune cDUH D PDUFDW UHOD LD WHUDSHXWLF  1H-DP VLP LW WHQWD L ID  GH DFHDVW 
SDFLHQW V G PUHSOLFLvQIRU FDV RGHWHUPLQHV LDDWLWXGLQHvQID DVR XOXLGH
JHQXO FH Y  GHWHUPLQ  V  VXSRUWD L XQ DVHPHQHD WUDWDPHQW V  vL GD L VRFRWHDO "
5HDF LRQkQG DVWIHO QX DP IL GHYHQLW GHFkW R DOW  ILJXU  GH DXWRULWDWH FDUH DU IL
184
H[HUFLWDWSUHVLXQLDVXSUDHLúLGHFDUHDUDYXWQHYRLHV VHVDOYH]HXOWHULRU3DFLHQWD
DUILDGRSWDWvQPRGILUHVFDFHDVW DWLWXGLQHGDF HFKLOLEUXOGLQDPLFLQWUDSVLKLFL-ar
fi permis. SchiPEDUHD HVWH vQV  SRVLELO  GRDU GDF  VH DMXQJH OD FRQúWLHQWL]DUHD
PRWLYHORUFDUHDXGXVODXQHFKLOLEUXGHDFHVWJHQúLFDUHFRQWULEXLHODPHQ LQHUHD
OXLvQFLXGDVXIHULQ HLUHVLP LWHvQUHOD LH3ULQFLSDOXOSHULFROSHFDUHvOFRQVWLWXLH
LQWHUYHQ LD VXSRUWLY  vQ FDGUXO WUDWDPHQWXOXL SVLKDQDOLWLF HVWH FD SDFLHQWXO V  VH
VLPW  SUHVDW V  DGRSWH R DWLWXGLQH DVHUWLY  )LLQG vQF  LQFDSDELO V  R IDF  VH YRU
DFWLYD VHQWLPHQWH GH YLQRY LH FH SRW DIHFWD DOLDQ D WHUDSHXWLF  SRW JHQHUD XQ
transfer negativ, sau pot iQGXFHDQ[LHWDWHvQSDFLHQWID GHWHUDSHXW7HUDSHXWXOQX
YDGHYHQLvQRFKLLSDFLHQWXOXLGHFkWXQVXEVWLWXWDOH[LJHQ HORU6XSUDHXOXL
6ROX LD SVLKDQDOLWLF  DGRSWDW  D IRVW GH D GHWHFWD FDUH HVWH VXEVWUDWXO
LQFRQúWLHQWDOGHSHQGHQ HLDFHVWHLSDFLHQWH6-DLGHQWLILFDWvPSUHXQ FXSDFLHQWDF 
GHSHQGHQ DVDDYHDODED] VHQWLPHQWHSXWHUQLFHGHFXOSDELOLWDWHúLWHQGLQ DGHDVH
autopedepsi.

2. 6XJHUDUHDLGHLLF JUDWLILFDUHDSXOVLRQDO HVWHSHUPLV

Un pacient cu simptome de tip obsesional ajunsese în cursul tratamentului în

HWDSDvQFDUHQHJRFLDFXVLQHvQVXúLSRVLELOLWDWHDVFKLPE ULL3kQ vQDFHOPRPHQW
HO HYLWD RULFH IHO GH DSURSLHUH GH SHUVRDQHOH GH VH[ IHPLQLQ ÌQ HWDSD UHVSHFWLY 
UHXúLVHV vQYLQJ DQ[LHWDWHDSHFDUHRUHVLP HDID GHLQWLPLWDWHDFu o femeie, dar
DS UXVHVHQWLPHQWXOF HVWHLQGH]LUDELOSHQWUXIHPHL'HIDSWHOVHDSURSLDGHHOHvQ
DVHPHQHD PRG vQFkW HOH VH vQGHS UWDX ÌQ vQFHUFDUHD GH D-O VXV LQH úL GH DWHQXD
sentimentele sale de inferioritate s-D VXEOLQLDW F  HO DF LRQHD]  DVWIHO încât le
GHWHUPLQ V VHvQGHS UWH]H$FHDVW UHPDUF DPHDL-DWUH]LWSXWHUQLFHDS U ULHO
UHODWkQGRVHULHGHvQWkPSO ULFDUHV GHPRQVWUH]HF GHIDSWHVWHUHVSLQVSHQWUXFH
HVWHHOúLQXSHQWUXPRGXOvQFDUHVHFRPSRUW 
&HHD FH LQFRQúWLHQW vO GHWHUPLQD V  VH FRPSRUWH DVWIHO HUDX VHQWLPHQWHOH GH
YLQRY LHID GHLQWHUGLF LDPDWHUQ GHDILE UEDW'RDUFRQúWLHQWL]DUHDDFHVWRUDFDUHD
DS UXW XOWHULRU vQ FXUVXO WUDWDPHQWXOXL D GXV OD VFKLPEDUHD DWLWXGLQLL VDOH ÌQ DFHO
PRPHQWvQV HUDSUHDGHYUHPHSHQWUXHOV WUDQVJUHVH]HDFHDVW LQWHUGLF LHÌQFRQWUD-
WUDQVIHUWHQGLQ DWHUDSHXWXOXLHUDV VXSOLQHDVF S ULQ LLQDWXUDOLDLSDFLHQWXOXL
'H DVHPHQHD LQWHUYHQ LL GH JHQXO ÄHVWH QRUPDO V  v L H[SULPL IXULD QX HVWH
QLPLFU XvQDVWD´SRWYHQLvQDLQWHFDSDFLHQWXOV ILHFDSDELOV DFFHSWHJUDWLILFDUHD
I U  YLQRY LH (O DUH WHQGLQ D LQFRQúWLHQW  GH D VH SHGHSVL SHQWUX JUDWLILFDUHD
SHUPLV 

3.6XJHUDUHDXQRUVROX LLGHFRPSURPLV
SULQFDUHV ILHH[SULPDWHúLGHULYDWHOHSXOVLRQDOHúLDS U ULOH

În terapiilHVXSRUWLYHSRWILJ VLWHvPSUHXQ FXSDFLHQWXOPRGDOLW LSULQFDUH

DFHVWDV IDF ID XQRUVLWXD LLSUREOHPDWLFH
Pacienta M începuse psihanaliza din cauza unor simptome de tip fobic foarte
LQWHQVH ÌQ FXUVXO WHUDSLHL HD D UHXúLW V  GHWHFWH]H FH VW Wea la baza crizelor sale
LQWHQVHúLDQXPHIDSWXOF vQWRWGHDXQDUHQXQ DODGRULQ HOHVDOHFHOHPDLLQWHQVHvQ
185
IDYRDUHD FHORUODO L $WXQFL FkQG V-D SOkQV F  QX vúL SRDWH FRQYLQJH VR XO V  vúL
SHWUHDF YDFDQ GXS FXPDUILGRULWHDV-a insistat asupra fDSWXOXLF DUJXPHQWHOH
VR XOXL QX VXQW VROLGH GHFL O-DU SXWHD FRPEDWH úL VXV LQH SXQFWXO HL GH YHGHUH
$FHDVW  UHPDUF  D WUH]LW vQ HD WHDPD F  YD IL GH]DP JLW  SHQWUX F  QX D OXSWDW
SHQWUXGRULQ HOHHLúLDFHGDWvQID DVR XOXL3ULQXUPDUHDFHVWWLSGHLQWHUYHQ LHDUH
FD HIHFW FUHúWHUHD UH]LVWHQ HORU OD DVRFLHUH OLEHU  úL QX IDFH GHFkW V  DFXWL]H]H
FRQIOLFWXOLQFRQúWLHQWDOSDFLHQWXOXLV vOSXQ vQDFWvQUHOD LDFXWHUDSHXWXO

4. ([SOLFD LLOHJHQHWLFH

5HDF LLOHSDFLHQWXOXLID GHLQWHUYHQ LLOHSVLKDQDOLVWXOXLQHUHOHY XQPDWHULDO

LPSRUWDQWOHJDWGHWUDQVIHUXOSDFLHQWXOXLID GHDFHVWD8QDQXPLWSDFLHQWQHSRDWH
WUH]L GRULQ D GH D-l sprijini cu sfaturi sau de a arbitra conflictele în care este
LPSOLFDW $FHDVWD UHSUH]LQW  UHDF LD FRQWUDWUDQVIHUHQ LDO  SH FDUH R DYHP ID  GH
PRGXOvQFDUHHOQHLQYHVWHúWH(VWHXQPRGGHUHOD LRQDUHODFDUHHODIRVWIRU DWV 
VHDGDSWH]HvQHYROX LDVDSVLKRDIHFLY 3ULQWHUDSLHDFHVWDHVWHFRQúWLHQWL]DWVXSXV
DQDOL]HLúLvQILQDODEDQGRQDWvQIDYRDUHDXQXLFRPSortament mai adaptat.
Dificultatea terapeutului de a asculta evenimente care constituie pentru
SDFLHQW U QL QDUFLVLFH vO SRDWH IDFH V  LQWHUYLQ  VXSRUWLY vQFHUFkQG V  MXVWLILFH
FRPSRUWDPHQWXOFHORUODO L$FHVWWLSGHLQWHUYHQ LHSRDWHWUH]LvQSDFLHQWVXVpiciune
ID  GH vQ HOHJHUHD SH FDUH WHUDSHXWXO R PDQLIHVW  SHQWUX FHL FH O-DX U QLW $VWIHO
tentativa de a-OVXV LQHSHSDFLHQWSRDWHGHYHQLSHQWUXHORQRX UDQ QDUFLVLF 
3DFLHQWD'DWU LWGH-DOXQJXOH[LVWHQ HLVDOHRVHULHGHDEDQGRQXUL(DQHJDVH
sXIHULQ DSURYRFDW GHDFHVWHHYHQLPHQWHÌQSHULRDGDvQFDUHHUDvQWHUDSLHvQFHSH
RUHOD LHFDUHvLSURYRDF DFHHDúLVXIHULQ 'HGDWDDFHDVWDvúLSHUPLWHV UHVLPW úL
V vúLH[SULPHVHQWLPHQWHOHILLQGVHFXUL]DW GHUHOD LDWHUDSHXWLF 6XIHULQ DHLHra
DWkW GH LQWHQV  vQFkW WHUDSHXWXO D VLP LW QHYRLD V  DGRSWH R DWLWXGLQH VXSRUWLY 
explicându-LF XQHRULRDPHQLLQHU QHVFGLQFDX]DSURSULLORUSUREOHPHúLLQKLEL LL
,QWHUYHQ LD WHUDSHXWXOXL D I FXW-R V  VH VLPW  QHvQ HOHDV  úL QHGUHSW LW 
considerâQGF vQFHUFDVHV vLVFX]HSHFHLFDUHRU QHVF
ÌQDFHVWFD]HUDHVHQ LDOSHQWUXSDFLHQWD'FDWHUDSHXWXOV WROHUH]HVXIHULQ D
HL V  vL SHUPLW  V  R H[SULPH MXFkQG DVWIHO UROXO GH FRQ LQ WRU ÌQ LVWRULD VD GH
YLD FHLGLQMXUXOHLQXWROHUDVHU H[SULPDUHDVHQWLPHQWHORUúLLQWHUGLF LLOHvQDFHVW
sens erau foarte stricte.

5. Noi aspecte ale atitudinii suportive

'HPHUVXO VXSRUWLY úL GH VXV LQHUH DUH vQ SVLKDQDOL]D FRQWHPSRUDQ  XQ DOW
fundament decât în terapiile scurte. Dincolo de interpretare, sau înaintea ei,
VXV LQHUHD úL FRQ LQHUHD VXQW FRRUGRQDWHOH HVHQ LDOH DOH UHOD LHL DQDOLVW-analizând.
3VLKDQDOLVWXO QX PDL DUH UROXO XQHL VLPSOH ÄPDúLQL GH LQWHUSUHWDW´ FDUH WUHEXLH V 
vQO WXUH RULFH HPR LH VDX VHQWLPHQW GLQ UHOD LD WHUDSHXWLF  ,QWHUSUHWDUHD poate
GHYHQL YHKLFXOXO SULQ FDUH DQDOLVWXO vQ HOHJH HPSDWL]HD]  FX FRQ LQH DFFHSW 
WU LULOHWUDQVIHUHQ LDOHDOHSDFLHQWXOXL7HUPHQXOGHvQY DUHLQWHUDF LRQDO HVWHFHO
PDLDGHFYDWSHQWUXDGHVFULHSURFHVXOSVLKDQDOLWLF7UDQVIHUXOúLFRQWUDWUDQVIHUXO nu
186
VXQW XWLOL]DWH GRDU SHQWUX D GHWHFWD H[SHULHQ HOH HPR LRQDOH GLQ WUHFXW FL VWDX OD
ED]DXQHLH[SHULHQ HHPR LRQDOHFRUHFWLYHDXQRUSURFHVHGHvQY DUHSULQUHOD LD
cu analistul.
)DFWRULL WHUDSHXWLFL FH FRQVWLWXLH SUHPLVH DOH VFKLPE ULL VXQW DWLWXGLQea
HPSDWLF  VXV LQHUHD FRQ LQHUHD úL LQWHUSUHWDUHD Atitudinea HPSDWLF  GLQ SDUWHD
DQDOLVWXOXLSHUPLWHFDSDFLHQWXOV VHVLPW vQ HOHVSHUPLWHFRQVWUXLUHDXQHLUHOD LL
ED]DWH SH vQFUHGHUH úL GXFH OD H[SULPDUHD XQRU WHQGLQ H GH GH]YROWDUH LQKLEDWH
6XV inerea SUHVXSXQH FUHDUHD XQHL DWPRVIHUH GH VLJXUDQ  vQ FDUH SDFLHQWXO V  VH
VLPW SURWHMDWvQID DSURSULLORULPSXOVXUL&RQ LQHUHDSUHVXSXQHFDDQDOLVWXOV QX
UHDF LRQH]H ID  GH SURYRF ULOH DJUHVLYH VHGXFWLYH VDX GH RULFH DOW WLS GLQ SDUWHD
pacientuluL$QDOLVWXOYDS VWUDSHQWUXVLQHWU LULOHLQGXVHGHSDFLHQWIRORVLQGX-le
vQvQ HOHJHUHDGRULQ HORULQFRQúWLHQWHDOHDFHVWXLD$FRQ LQHSUHVXSXQHDDFFHSWDF 
în anumite momente interpretarea nu este cel mai eficient factor terapeutic, fiind
necesar ca WHUDSHXWXOV WROHUH]HLQWHQVLWDWHDWU LULORUSDFLHQWXOXL
$FHVWH DVSHFWH DOH UHOD LHL WHUDSHXWLFH vQ DQVDPEOX YRU GXFH OD FRQVWUXLUHD
XQHLUHOD LLGHRIDFWXU GLIHULW ID GHFHHDFHSDFLHQWXODFXQRVFXWvQH[SHULHQ DVD
GH YLD  SRWHQ kQG VFKLPEDUHD 8QHOH FXUHQWH GLQ SVLKDQDOL]  DX SXV DFFHQWXO vQ
special pe interpretare ca demers eficient în vindecare. Interpretarea nu poate fi
vQV  L]RODW  GH FRQWH[WXO UHOD LHL WHUDSHXWLFH $VWIHO vQF  GLQ DQLL ¶ UHOD LD FX
DQDOLVWXODGHYHQLWRYDULDELO LPSRUWDQW DSURFHVXOXLSVLKDQDOLWLFLDUDFFHQWXOV-a
GHSODVDWGHODGHPHUVXOGHLQWHUSUHWDUHODSUHRFXSDUHDSHQWUXLQWHUDF LXQHDSDFLHQW-
WHUDSHXW,QL LDO0.OHLQúL*UHHQDFUHDXY ]XWvQUHOD LDPDP -copil
SURWRWLSXO RULF UXL WUDQVIHU $SRL 0oney-Kyrle (1956), Gittelson (1962), Spitz
 DX UHOHYDW LPSRUWDQ D DGRSW ULL GH F WUH DQDOLVW D SR]L LHL PDWHUQH ID  GH
SDFLHQWFDUHIDYRUL]HD] FUHúWHUHD'DUIDFWRULLUHOD LRQDOLQXH[FOXGLQWHUSUHWDUHD
0RGXOSULQFDUHDQDOLVWXOLQWHUSUHWHD] úLFHDQXPHLQWHUSUHWHD] HOODXQPRPHQW
GDW H[SULP  FRPSDVLXQHD VD HPSDWLD WDFWXO V X DQDOLWLF úL UHIOH[LD DVXSUD
FRQWUDWUDQVIHUXOXL V X ,QWHUSUHW ULOH vL LQWHUPHGLD]  DQDOL]DQWXOXL QX QXPDL XQ
insight DVXSUD SURFHVHORU LQFRQúWLHQWH úL FRQúWLHQWH FL HOH vL DUDW  úL IHOXO vQ FDUH
DQDOLVWXOSRDWHSURFHGDFXGRULQ HOHúLDúWHSW ULOHWUDQVIHUHQ LDOH
ÌQvQ HOHJHUHDSVLKDQDOLWLF SURFHVHOHFDUHDXORFvQDQDOLVWúLFHOHFDUHDXORF
vQSDFLHQWVXQWVWUkQVOHJDWH3URFHVXOGHVFKLPEDUHSVLKDQDOLWLF HVWHXQSroces de
vQY DUH LQWHUDF LRQDO  vQ FDUH PRGXO GH D SURFHGD FX UHOD LD WUDQVIHUHQ LDO  úL
FRQWUDWUDQVIHUHQ LDO  HVWH GH R LPSRUWDQ  GHFLVLY  $ SRUQL GH OD LGHHD F  QXPDL
SDFLHQWXODUHFHYDGHvQY DWF HOHVWHVLQJXUXOFDUHWUHEXLHV VHVFKLPEHQXDU
IDFH GHFkW V  UHSHWH XQ GHPHUV HGXFD LRQDO FDUH LQKLE  SHUVRQDOLWDWHD úL LQGXFH
simptome nevrotice. Interpretarea nu se poate concepe ca un act de vorbire izolat,
DGUHVDWXQXLDQXPHFRQ LQXWFLDSDUHvQFDGUXOUHOD LHLWHUDSHXWLFHúLFDRH[SUHVLHD
acesWHLUHOD LLvQWU-RDQXPLW HWDS DGH]YROW ULLVDOH

187
 %,%/,2*5$),(ù,127(

***Case studies in psychotherapy, F. E. Peacock, Illinois, 1995.

Kafka, John, 5HDOLW LPXOWLSOHvQSVLKDQDOL] %XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD7UHL
Mertens, Wolfgang, Introducere în tHUDSLDDQDOLWLF YRO
Searles, Harold, Le contre-transfert, Editions Gallimard, 1981.
Winnicott, Donald W., 6XV LQHUHúLLQWHUSUHWDUH(GLWXUD7UHL%XFXUHúWL

188
 DE LA SCENARIU LA AUTONOMIE

AMALIA GABOR

ABSTRACT

This article discusses a set of important TA concepts: the script, psychological stamp
collection, authonomy, racket feelings, racket system. It analyses the way in which the
script is created during childhood as a result of the environment’s influence (chiefly the
parents influence) and different ways in which, under stress, the adult person tries to adapt
the world so that it appears to fit the decisions that he made during childhood. The article
presents options for breaking out of the script in order to become an autonomous person:
that is, aware of the „here and now reality” and its own feelings and reactions; capable of
choosing out of a range of options regarding his behavior and emotions; open to authentic
human interactions.

1. Scenariul

'HVWLQXOILLQ HLRPHQHúWLHVWHVWDELOLWGHFHHDFHVHSHWUHFHvQPLQWHDHLFkQG
VHFRQIUXQW FXHYHQLPHQWHOHGLQH[WHULRU)LHFDUHRPKRW U úWHvQFRSLO ULDPLF 
IHOXO FXP YD WU L úL IHOXO FXP YD PXUL LDU DFHO SODQ SH FDUH-O SRDUW  vQ PLQWH
oriunde s-ar GXFHVHQXPHúWHÄVFHQDULXOGHYLD ´ÌQPrinciple of group treatment,
(ULF %HUQH D GHILQLW VFHQDULXO GH YLD  FD SH ÄXQ SODQ GH YLD  LQFRQúWLHQW´ 0DL
târziu, în What do you say after you say helloDRIHULWRGHILQL LHPDLFRPSOHW ÄXQ
SODQGHYLD FUHDWvQFRSLO ULHvQW ULWGHS ULQ LMXVWLILFDWGHHYHQLPHQWHXOWHULRDUH
úLFXOPLQkQGFXRDOWHUQDWLY DOHDV ´
6FHQDULXO GH YLD  HVWH XQ SODQ DO YLH LL DIODW vQ GHVI úXUDUH HODERUDW vQ
FRSLO ULDPLF VXELQIOXHQ DSUHVLXQLLH[HUFLWDWHGHS ULQ L3HUVRDQDvúLFRQWXUHD] 
VLQJXU  SODQXO YLH LL FDUH VH SUH]LQW  FD IRU D SVLKRORJLF  FH-o împinge spre
vPSOLQLUHDGHVWLQXOXLHLLQGLIHUHQWGDF HDVHvPSRWULYHúWHVDXDILUP F DF LRQHD] 
în virtutea liberului-arbitru.
&kQG VXQWHP vQ VFHQDULX vQFHUF P V  IDFHP ID  SUREOHPHORU GH DGXOW
UHOXkQG VWUDWHJLLOH úL GHFL]LLOH GLQ FRSLO ULH 3HQWUX QRL FD úL FRSLL PLFL DFHVWH
GHFL]LLDXDS UXWFDFHOHPDLEXQHPRGXULGHDVXSUDYLH XLúLDQHVDWLVIDFHQHYRLOH
&D DGXO L vQF  PDL S VWU P DFHDVW  FRQYLQJHUH vQ VWDUHD de Copil a eului nostru.
) U V FRQúWLHQWL] PFODUvQFHUF PV DGDSW POXPHDGHDúDQDWXU vQFkWV SDU 
F MXVWLILF GHFL]LLOHQRDVWUHGLQFRSLO ULH

189
 2. Racketurile

Dintre mijloacele de manipulare a mediului pentru a se potrivi deciziilor

timpurii fDF SDUWH úL FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH GH WLS racket úL VHQWLPHQWHOH racket ce le
vQVR HVF
Racket-XULOHVXQWRIRUP GHFRPSRUWDPHQWPDQLSXODWRUPHQLW V -LIRU H]H
SHFHLODO LV IDF FHYUHPQRL$úDFXPIDFJDQJVWHULLFkQGFHUYLFWLPHORUWD[DGH
SURWHF LH SXWHP UHFXUJH OD XQ UDFNHW DPHQLQ kQGX-L SH FHLODO L FX XQ GLVFRQIRUW
VHYHU GDF  QX vúL VFKLPE  FRPSRUWDPHQWXO GXS  FXP YUHP QRL 'HFkW V  ULúWH
DVHPHQHDFRQVHFLQ HRDPHQLLVHFRQIRUPHD] SUHWHQ LLORUQRDVWUHFKLDUGDF I U 
WUDJHUHGHLQLP 
Pot exista mai multe tipuri de racket. Putem avea un sentiment racket, atunci
FkQGQHFUH PRVWDUHDIHFWLY ÄDUWLILFLDO ´FXPDUILYLQRY LDVDXDQ[LHWDWHD6DX
SXWHP DYHD VHQWLPHQWH UDFNHW FDUH vQORFXLHVF VHQWLPHQWHOH DGHFYDWH XQHL VLWXD LL
([LVW RJkQGLUHUDFNHW cum ar fi deruta, confuzia; putem recurge la fantezii racket,
FkQGQHvQFKLSXLPFXPQHYRPVLP LvQYLLWRUvQWU-RVLWXD LHVDXDOWD6DXXQUDFNHW
ODFDUHQHGHG PSRDWHILY ]XWFDRVFXUW VHFYHQ FRPSRUWDPHQWDO &HHDFHDX
toate aceste elemente în cRPXQ H IDSWXO F  XQ UDFNHW HVWH vQ HVHQ  XQ SURFHV
SVLKRORJLFLQWHUQ'HRVHELUHDPDMRU GLQWUHXQUDFNHWODFDUHQHSUHW PQRLúLFHO
FRPLV GH JDQJVWHULL GH DOW  GDW  DU IL GRDU vQ SULYLQ D JUDGXOXL GH FRQúWLHQWL]DUH
*DQJVWHULL úWLDX H[DFW FH I FHDX LDU YLFWLPHOH QX DYHDX QLFL XQ GXELX F  VXQW
DPHQLQ DWH ÌQ VFKLPE UDFNHWXO OD FDUH UHFXUJHP QRL QX HVWH DOWFHYD GHFkW XQ DOW
HOHPHQW DO SURSULHL UHDOLW L SH FDUH QL O-DP FUHDW úL DSRL O-am „expediat” în
VXEFRQúWLHQW &kQG UHFXUJHP OD XQ UDFNHW QX úWLP F  IDFHP DúD FHYD 1LFL
ÄYLFWLPHOH´ QRDVWUH QX VXQW FRQúWLHQWH F  VXQW PDQLSXODWH vúL GDX VHDPD GH
GLVFRQIRUWXOFUHVFkQGGDUQXUHDOL]HD] F U VSXQGODXQPHVDMFHOH-a fost trimis la
XQ QLYHO DVFXQV SVLKRORJLF &kQG DOHJHP GHOLEHUDW V  PDQLSXO P SH FLQeva, nu
UHFXUJHP OD XQ UDFNHW GHúL GH UHJXO  vQF  QX DGRSW P QLFL XQ FRPSRUWDPHQW
SVLKRORJLFV Q WRVGHWLSFkúWLJ-FkúWLJL
5HFXUVXOODRULFHIHOGHUDFNHWJHQHUHD] QLYHOXULvQDOWHGHVWUHVQHJDWLYDWkW
vQQRLvQúLQHFkWúLvQFHLODO L3XWHPV QXILPFRQúWLHQ LGHSURSULXOQRVWUXVWUHV
GDU HO VH PDQLIHVW  vQ HQHUJLD SH FDUH R IRORVLP LQFRQúWLHQW SHQWUX D QH DVFXQGH
VHQWLPHQWHOH UHDOH úL SHQWUX D QH FRQWUROD FRPSRUWDPHQWXO 6WDUHD GH DJLWD LH GH
DQ[LHWDWH RUL WHQVLXQHD WUXSHDVF  SH FDUH QH-o provRF P FD V  QH WUDQVPLWHP
PHVDMHOH QRQYHUEDOH QH SRW HSXL]D &HL GLQ MXU VXQW VWUHVD L SHQWUX F  QX VH VLPW
FRQIRUWDELO vQ SUHDMPD QRDVWU  6XS UDUHD OH-DU SXWHD FRQVXPD R PXO LPH GH
energie; sau s-DUSXWHDVWU GXLúLHLV -úLDWHQXH]HUHDF LLOHFDV HYLWH un conflict
VDXFDV QXYDG OXPHDFkWVXQWGHVXS UD LVDXvQJULMRUD LFDU VSXQVODFRPSRUWD-
mentul nostru.
De cele mai multe ori, sentimentele racket VXQW vQY DWH úL vQFXUDMDWH vQ
IDPLOLDSULPDU )LHFDUHIDPLOLHDUHSURSULDHLJDP UHVWUkQV GHVHQtimente admise
VHQWLPHQWHUDFNHWQHDXWHQWLFHúLRDOW JDP ODUJ GHVHQWLPHQWHGHVFXUDMDWHVDX
prohibite (sentimente autentice). Un sentiment racket e întotdeauna un substitut
SHQWUXXQDOWVHQWLPHQWXQXOGLQFHOHSURKLELWHvQFRSLO ULH6HQWLPHQWHOHautentice
VXQWDFHOHVHQWLPHQWHSHFDUHOHVLP LPvQF GHPLFLFRSLLvQDLQWHGHDvQY DV QL
190
OH FHQ]XU P SHQWUX F  DX IRVW GHVFXUDMDWH vQ IDPLOLH ([SULPDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU
DXWHQWLFH HVWH DGHFYDW  FD PLMORF GH VROX LRQDUH D SUREOHPHORU DLFL-úL-acum, pe
ckQG H[SULPDUHD VHQWLPHQWHORU UDFNHW QX &kQG H[SULP P XQ VHQWLPHQW DXWHQWLF
IDFHP FHYD FDUH QH DMXW  V  ILQDOL] P VLWXD LD SHQWUX QRL &kQG H[SULP P XQ
VHQWLPHQWUDFNHWO V PVLWXD LDQHILQDOL]DW 
În lucrarea $7$VW ]L, Ian Stewart si Vann Joines prezinW RVHULHGHFDUDFWH-
ristici tipice pentru sentimentele racket:
∗ 2DPHQLGLIHUL LUHODWHD] VHQWLPHQWHGLIHULWHvQDFHHDúLVLWXD LHGHVWUHV
∗ 6HQWLPHQWXOWU LWHVWHXQXOSHFDUHvOvQFHUFLúLvQPXOWHDOWHYDULDWHVLWXD LL
de stres H FD úL FXP ILHFDUH GLQWUH QRL DP DYHD QLúWH ÄVHQWLPHQWH QHSO FXWH
IDYRULWH´SHFDUHOHVFRDWHPODE WDLHSHQWUXX]JHQHUDOFkQGREVHUY PF OXFUXULOH
nu merg bine; unii oameni au 2- VHQWLPHQWH OD GLVSR]L LH SHQWUX D IL IRORVLWH vQ
acest mod –SRDWHF IRORVHVFXQXOGLQWUHHOHDFDV LDUSHFHO ODOWODVHUYLFLX
∗ 6HQWLPHQWXO WU LW HVWH XQXO GLQWUH FHOH PRGHODWH VDX vQFXUDMDWH vQ IDPLOLD
ta, în timp ce celelalte erau descurajate sau interzise.
∗ (PR LDWU LW QXIDFHQLPLFSHQWUXVROX LRQDUHDSUREOHPHLWDOHGHDLFL-úL-
acum.
Un sentiment racketHVWHGHVFULVFDXQVHQWLPHQWIDPLOLDUvQY DWvQFRSLO ULH
8QVHQWLPHQWUDFNHWSRDWHILWU LWGHQRLFDRDPHQLDGXO LvQPRPHQWHGHVWUHVVDX
în momentele în care ne întoarcem la modurile vechi, adeseori ineficiente (în
VLWXD LDQRDVWU SUH]HQW GHUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORU

3. &ROHF LRQDUHDGHWLPEUHSVLKRORJLFH

Sentimentele racket sunt colectate sub forma unor timbre psihologice, care
pot fi folosite în viitor pentru a justifica un anumit comportament acceptabil
conform controlului nostUXLQWHUQGHQXPLWVWDUHDGH3 ULQWHDHXOXL
&kQGÄLQWU P´vQWU-un sentiment racket, s-DUSXWHDV QHDJ PGHVHQWLPHQ-
WH'DF SURFHG PDVWIHOV-DUSXWHDFDODXQPRPHQWGDWV vQFHUF PV ÄYDORULIL-
F P´FROHF LDQRDVWU GHVHQWLPHQWHÄWLPEUH´$GHVHRULvQPRPHQWXOYDORULILF ULL
am putea exclama „M-DPV WXUDW´VDXÄ3kQ DLFL´$FHVWHH[SUHVLLGHQRW F vQ
acest moment avem suficiente „sentimente” depozitate pentru a ne justifica
DQXPLWHDF LXQLDOH3 ULQWHOXLQRVWUXLQWHULRU
Expresia colectarea de „timbre”DIRVWSUHOXDW SULQFRPSDUD LDFXRELFHLXO
popular în anii ’60, de a colecta „timbre” comerciale pentru schimb. Unele persoa-
QH FROHFWDX GRDU FkWHYD FXSRDQH SHQWUX R PLF  UHFRPSHQV  vQ WLPS FH DOWHOH
FROHFWDXDQLGH]LOHSHQWUXPDUHDSODW . Colectarea de sentimente „timbre” poate fi
Y ]XW  vQ DFHODúL PRG 8QLL FROHF LRQHD]  vQGHDMXQV SHQWUX D MXVWLILFD vQPkQDUHD
GHPLVLHLDO LLFROHFWHD] VXILFLHQWHVHQWLPHQWHÄWLPEUH´SHQWUXD-úLOXD]LOHOLEHUH
VDXFRQFHGLXPHGLFDOSHPRWLYHGHV Q WDWH
&ROHF LLOHGHWLPEUHSVLKRORJLFHVXQWGHSR]LWHOHQRDVWUHGHVHQWLPHQWHQHSO -
FXWH&ROHF LRQ PGH]QRG PLQWHOHQHJDWLYHFDSHQLúWHWLPEUHSULPLWHODPDJD]LQH
le lipim într-XQFODVRULPDJLQDUSkQ FkQGDYHPGHVWXOHFkWV SULPLPXQSUHPLXvQ
schimbul lor. $úD F  OH VFKLPE P SH XQ ÄFDGRX JUDWXLW´ DGLF  XQ DQXPLW WLS GH
FRPSRUWDPHQWSHFDUHvOFRQVLGHU PMXVWLILFDWSHED]DFROHF LHLQRDVWUHÄ3LF WXUD
FDUHDXPSOXWSDKDUXO´HVWHXQDVWIHOGHWLPEUXGHFROHF LH

191
 3ULQWUHH[HPSOHOHPDLVHULRDVHVHQXP U F GHULOHQHUYRDVHGXS FHFROHFW P
GHVWXOH HYHQLPHQWH VWUHVDQWH VDX GHPLVLD EUXVF  GLQ FDX]  F  DP IRVW V UL L OD R
SURPRYDUH 0DL SX LQ VHYHUH GDU GHVWXO GH GHV vQWkOQLWH VXQW FUL]HOH GH QHUYL
FDX]DWH GH LPSUHVLD F  VXQWHP WUDWD L VLVWHPDWLF FX JURVRO QLH RUL solicitarea unei
VFXWLULGHR]LSHFD]GHERDO SHQWUXF RULFXPQLPHQLQXQHDSUHFLD] ODVHUYL-
FLX 3XWHP VFKLPED WLPEUHOH SHQWUX XQ SUHPLX FXP DU IL R LHúLUH VHDUD vQ RUDú
ILLQGF RPHULW PGXS DWkWDPXQF VDXSHQWUXRSU MLWXU FDUHFRPSHQV pentru
UHVSHFWDUHDSOLFWLFRDVHLGLHWHGHVO ELUH
([LVW úLDOWHVLPLOLWXGLQLvQWUHFROHF LDQRDVWU GHVHQWLPHQWHúLFHHDFHIDFHP
GHRELFHLFXWLPEUHOHGHODPDJD]LQH8QDGLQWUHHOHHVWHIDSWXOF VWUkQJHPGRDU
DQXPLWHWLSXULGHWLPEUH$úDFXPUHIX] P timbrele din magazinele pe care nu le
SUHDIUHFYHQW PHYHQLPHQWHOHJHQHUDWRDUHGHWLPEUHGLIHU GHODRPODRP8QLL
GLQWUH QRL FROHF LRQ P WLPEUH YHU]L GH LQYLGLH WLPEUH JDOEHQH GH JHOR]LH WLPEUH
URúLL GH IXULH VDX WLPEUH DOEDVWUH GH GHSUHVLH 6DX QH FRQFHQWU P SH WLPEUHOH
JUHúHOLORUFHORUODO LSHIDSWXOF VXQWHPIRU D LV DúWHSW PSHXPLOLQ HOHSHFDUHOH
SHUFHSHPVDXSHRULFHDOWHSUHIHULQ HDPDYHD'DF XQXLFROHF LRQDUGHWLPEUHGH
ÄQHU EGDUH´ L VH RIHU  XQ WLPEUX GH ÄJUHúHDO ´ V-DU SXWHD V  nu-l remarce. Exact
FXPVHvQWkPSO FXWLPEUHOHGHODPDJD]LQXQFROHF LRQDUGHWLPEUHGHÄJUHúHOL´
GLQDSURSLHUHDUSXWHDGRULV LDWLPEUXOSHQWUXSURSULDFROHF LHRULFHJUHúHDO OD
FDUHDVLVW HVWHvQRFKLLOXLQHJOLMHQ FUDV FKLDUGDF QX-l afecWHD] FXQLPLF'H
DVHPHQHDGDF DVLVW PODPXVWUDUHDSXEOLF DXQXLFROHJGHFLGHPV FROHF LRQ P
QRLWLPEUHGHÄVXS UDUH´vQORFXOOXLILLQGF QLVHSDUHF SULPHúWHPXVWUDUHDI U 
V SURWHVWH]H
0XO LGLQWUHQRLSO QXLPGLQWLPSFXPV QHYDORULILF PFROHF LDGHWLPEUH
1H XLW P vQ FDWDORJ FD V  QH KRW UkP SHQWUX FH OH DFXPXO P 1H GHRVHELP vQ
SULYLQ D GLPHQVLXQLL SUHPLXOXL SH FDUH vO YUHP 8QLL GLQWUH QRL QH YDORULILF P
FROHF LDFXSULPDRFD]LHúLQHPXO XPLPFXSUHPLLUHODWLYPLFL$O LLúL-RS VWUHD] 
WLPSvQGHOXQJDWFDV RVFKLPEHSHQWUXXQSUHPLXFXDGHY UDWPDUH3XWHPRSWD
SHQWUX L]EXFQLUL IUHFYHQWH GH LULWDUH GH PLF  LQWHQVLWDWH VDX DúWHSW P SkQ  vQ
PRPHQWXOvQFDUHSXWHPMXVWLILFDRSHUWXUEDUHPDMRU vQYLD DQRDVWU ÌQWUHWLPS
YLV P OD Sremiul ce va urma, închipuindu-QH FXP vO vQFDV P 5XO P XQ ILOP vQ
PLQWHvQFDUHQHYHGHPI FkQGDFHVWOXFUX8UP ULPFHYRPVSXQHúLFHYRPIDFH
ÄGDF FLQHYDQHPDLIDFHYUHRGDW DúDFHYD´
2DOW DVHP QDUHHVWHFHDDWLPEUHORU-ERQXV$úDFXPXQHOHPDJD]LQHRIHU 
WLPEUH VXSOLPHQWDUH SHQWUX DQXPLWH FXPS U WXUL vQ DQXPLWH VLWXD LL SXWHP V 
FROHF LRQ P úL QRL PDL PXOWH VHQWLPHQWH QHJDWLYH )RUPHOH GH UDFNHW OD FDUH QH
GHG PSRWJHQHUDGRDUXQWLPEUXVDXGRX GDF DYHPRFROHF LHFDUHDYDQVHD] 
anevoios, puWHPLQFRQúWLHQWV P ULPPL]DLPSOLFkQGX-ne în certuri mai serioase
FXFHLGLQMXUGHRDUHFHDFHVWHDQHRIHU GHVWXOHWLPEUHFkWV QHXPSOHPGHRGDW 
pagini întregi de clasor.
2XOWLP FRPSDUD LHVHSRDWHIDFHFXSUHPLLOHSR]LWLYH7LPEUHOHFRPHUFLDOH
le YDORULILF P vQ VFKLPEXO XQRU FDGRXUL FX R DQXPLW  YDORDUH SHQWUX QRL 0XOWH
GLQWUHFROHF LLOHQRDVWUHGHWLPEUHVXQWOHJDWHGHQLúWHEHQHILFLLQHJDWLYH&KLDUúLR
FROHF LH GH WLPEUH ÄJROG´ VFKLPEDW  SH SUHPLL SR]LWLYH SRDWH DYHD GH]DYDQWDMH
Principala SUREOHP  HVWH FRQYLQJHUHD QRDVWU  DVFXQV  F  vQWU-un fel sau altul, un
192
SUHPLX DU WUHEXL PHULWDW $FHVW OXFUX HVWH vPSRWULYD VSRQWDQHLW LL QRDVWUH QDWLYH
6 Q WDWHDSVLKLF QHFHUHV ILPOLEHULV GHFLGHPFHIDFHPúLFXPQHFRPSRUW P
ùL FkW  YUHPH RSHU P FX LOX]LD F  WUHEXLH V  FROHF LRQ P WRW IHOXO GH H[SHULHQ H
EXQH VDX UHOH FD V  MXVWLILF P FHHD FH YUHP V  IDFHP QH GLPLQX P SURSULXO
SRWHQ LDOSHQWUXRYLD DXWRQRP 
ÌQ HOHJHUHD FRQFHSWXOXLFROHF LHLGHWLPEUHQHSRDWHDMXWDV VF S PGHHOH
PutemvQFHUFDV WU LPILHFDUHVLWXD LHSHP VXU FHDSDUHFkQGQLVHvQWkPSO FHYD
QHSO FXWSXWHPV UHFXQRDúWHPOXFUXOUHVSHFWLYvQDFHOPRPHQWúLV OX PLPHGLDW
P VXULOHDGHFYDWH&KLDUGDF GHFLGHPV QXIDFHPQLPLFP FDUVF S PGHVWUHVXO
inutil de a purta cu noi, în viitor, sentimente care nu folosesc la nimic.

4. Sistemul Racket versus sistemul autonomiei

4.1. Sistemul racket

Deoarece racket-XULOHUHSUH]LQW RUHOXDUHDXQHLVWUDWHJLLvQYHFKLWHGH&RSLO

exprimarea sentimentelor racket de aici-úL-acum va avea în mod obligatoriu mereu
DFHODúL UH]XOWDW QHVDWLVI F WRU &kQG HVWH vQ VFHQDULX SHUVRDQD VH SRDWH VLP L
WHPSRUDUVDWLVI FXW F DPDQLSXODWRE LQHUHDXQRUUH]XOWDWHGLQOXPHDvQFRQMXU -
WRDUH'DUQHYRLDGHGHGHVXEWFHDFDUHDIRVWYL]DW SULn exprimarea sentimentului
DXWHQWLFQXDIRVWVDWLI FXW $VWIHOHGHSUHVXSXVF SHUVRDQDYDrecicla întregul
WLSDUUHOXkQGLQWHUSUHWDUHDOXLvQRULFHVLWXD LHGHVWUHV$FHVWSURFHVLQWUDSVLKLFGH
UHFLFODUHDVWUDWHJLHLvQYHFKLWHGHRE LQHUHDUH]XOWDtelor este un element important
în cadrul Sistemului Racket.
6LVWHPXO5DFNHWHVWHXQPRGHOFDUHH[SOLF QDWXUDVFHQDULLORUGHYLD úLDUDW 
PRGXO vQ FDUH RDPHQLL vúL PHQ LQ VFHQDULXO vQ FXUVXO YLH LL $ IRVW HODERUDW GH
5LFKDUG (UVNLQH úL 0DU\OLQ =DOFPDQ vQ  úL HVWH GHILQLW FD XQ VLVWHP DXWR-
FRQILUPDWRU GHIRUPDW GH VHQWLPHQWH JkQGXUL úL DF LXQL PHQ LQXW GH SHUVRDQHOH
GHSHQGHQWH GH VFHQDULX $UH WUHL FRPSRQHQWH LQWHUUHOD LRQDWH úL LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH
&UHGLQ HúL6HQWLPHQWH6FHQDULDOH, 0DQLIHVW UL5DFNHtúLAmintiri Confirmatoare.

&UHGLQ HOH6FHQDULDOH
$WXQFLFkQGVXQWvQVFHQDULXUHLDXFUHGLQ HvQYHFKLWHGHSUH mine, despre DO L
oameniúLGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LL$FHVWHDIRUPHD] &UHGLQ HOH6FHQDULDOH&RSLOXO
DGRSW &RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHvQWU-o încHUFDUHGHDGDVHQVXQHLH[SHULHQ HHPR-
LRQDOHQHWHUPLQDWHúLGHDvQFKHLDDVWIHODFHDH[SHULHQ FXPSRDWHHOPDLELQH
&UHGLQ HOH 6FHQDULDOH se subîmpart în &RQYLQJHUL 6FHQDULDOH (VHQ LDOH úL
Convingeri Scenariale de Sprijin.
Convingerile Scenariale EsHQ LDOH corespund cu deciziile scenariale funda-
mentale, cele mai timpurii ale copilului. Convingerile Scenariale de SprijinVXV LQ
úLVHIRUPHD] SHED]D&RQYLQJHULORU6FHQDULDOH(VHQ LDOH
,DW  FXP DUH ORF UHFLFODUHD &UHGLQ HORU úL 6HQWLPHQWHORU 6FHQDULale (ca
proces intrapsihic): ÌQ PRPHQWHOH GH VWUHV LQWUDUHD vQ VFHQDULX DUH ORF GDF 
VLWXD LDGHDLFL-úL-acum VHDP Q RDUHFXPFXRVLWXD LHGHVWUHVGLQFRSLO ULH–GDF 
H[LVW REDQG GHFDXFLXFÌQDVHPHQHDVLWXD LHSHUVRDQDUHWU LHúWHVHQWLPHQWHOH
193
úLFRQYLQJHULOHGLQFRSLO ULDWLPSXULH) U V vúLGHDVHDPDvQFHSHV UHDF LRQH]H
DúD FXP R I FHD FkQG HUD PLF  úL H[SHULPHQWD VLWXD LD VWUHVDQW  ) U  V 
FRQúWLHQWL]H]H vQFHSH V  WU LDVF  DFHOHDúL VHQWLPHQWH DXWHQWLFH FD vQ FRSLO ULH ÌQ
timp ce se întâmpO DFHVWOXFUXSHUVRDQDvúLVFULH&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOH(DvúL
ÄH[SOLF ´H[SHULHQ DQHSO FXW FXDMXWRUXODFHVWRU&RQYLQJHUL'HILHFDUHGDW FkQG
vúLUHSHW FUHGLQ HOHGLQFRSLO ULHSHUVRDQDvúLÄMXVWLILF ´VHQWLPHQWHOHDXWHQWLFHúL
GH ILHFDUH GDW  FkQG UHWU LHúWH DFHVWH VHQWLPHQWH HD vúL UHDILUP  &RQYLQJHULOH
Scenariale pentru a-úLÄH[SOLFD´VLHvQV úLFXPVHVLPWHÌQDFHVWPRG&UHGLQ HOHúL
Sentimentele Scenariale sunt permanent reciclate. Acest proces de reciclare se
petrece intrapsihic – DGLF  numai în mintea persoanei. Deoarece persoana deja
SRVHG RÄH[SOLFD LH´VFHQDULDO LQWHUQ vQOHJ WXU FXFHHDFHHDSHUFHSHFDILLQG
H[SHULHQ GXUHURDV QHSO FXW HDQX-úLSRDWHDGDSWD&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHODR
realitate de aici-úL-DFXP 'LPSRWULY  GH ILHFDUH GDW  FkQG UHSHW  DFHVW SURFHV GH
UHFLFODUH HD vúL vQW UHúWH SHUFHS LD F  UHDOLWDWHD D ÄFRQILUPDW´ &RQYLQJHULOH VDOH
Scenariale.
0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW
0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW constau din toate comportamentele externe sau ascunse
FDUHVHGDWRUHD] &RQYLQJHULORUúL6HQWLPHQWHORU6FHQDULDOH(OHLQFOXGcomporta-
mente observabile, H[SHULHQ HLQWHUQHUHODWDWHúLfantezii.
Comportamentele observabile FRQVWDX vQ PDQLIHVW UL DOH HPR LLORU FXYLQ-
WHORULQWRQD LLORUJHVWXULORUúLOLPEDMXOXLFRUSRUDOSHFDUHSHUVRDQDOHDILúHD] FD
U VSXQV OD XQ SURFHV LQWUDSVLKLF $FHVWH PDQLIHVW UL VXQW UHSHWLWLYH úL VWLOL]DWH
SHQWUX F  UHSURGXF FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH VFHQDULDOH SH FDUH FRSLOXO D vQY DW V  OH
IRORVHDVF vQWU-RPDUHYDULHWDWHGHVLWXD LLFDXQPRGGHDÄRE LQHFHYa“ în familia
VD0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHWSRWLQFOXGHFRPSRUWDPHQWHvQFRQFRUGDQ FX&RQYLQJH-
ULOH6FHQDULDOHVDXFDUHSURWHMHD] vPSRWULYDDFHVWRUD
([SHULHQ HOH LQWHUQH UHODWDWH VH UHIHU  OD FHHD FH VH SHWUHFH vQ LQWHULRUXO
FRUSXOXL VXE IRUP  GH WHQVLXQL GLVFRQIRUWXUL úL VXIHULQ H VRPDWLFH FDUH DSDU FD
U VSXQVXULOD&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOH6-DUSXWHDFDHOHV QXILHHYLGHQ LDWHvQWU-un
FRPSRUWDPHQW REVHUYDELO GDU SRW IL UHODWDWH GH F WUH SHUVRDQD vQ FDX]  8QHRUL
tensiunile musculare pot fi atât de binHUHSULPDWHvQFkWQXUHYLQvQFRQúWLHQ DSHU-
soanei decât sub masaj.
Fanteziile LPSOLF  IDSWXO F  FKLDU GDF  QLPHQL QX VH FRPSRUW  vQ UHDOLWDWH
conform Convingerilor Scenariale ale persoanei, ea poate merge mai departe ima-
ginându-úLXQDVHPHQHDFRPSRUWDPHQW&RPSRUWDPHQWXOLPDJLQDWSRDWHV -i apar-
LQ FKLDUDFHVWHLDVDXDOWFXLYD
Amintirile Confirmatoare
&kQG HVWH vQ VFHQDULX SHUVRDQD UHWU LHúWH R VHULH GH DPLQWLUL FDUH FRQILUP 
Convingerile Scenariale. Fiecare dintre aceste amintiri rememorate va fi una prin
FDUHSHUVRDQDúL-DUHFLFODW&UHGLQ HúL6HQWLPHQWH6FHQDULDOH) FkQGDFHVWOXFUXHD
VHYDDQJDMDvQ0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHWvQVR LWRDUHVDXSULQUHWU LUHDXQXLVHQWLPHQW
racket, sau angajându-se într-un oricare alt comportament vizibil sau intern care
este caracteristic propriului Sistem Racket. Când evenimentul e rememorat,
VHQWLPHQWXOUDFNHWVDXDOWHPHQLIHVW ULUDFNHWVXQWUHPHPRUDWHRGDW FXHO&XDOWH
FXYLQWHILHFDUH$PLQWLUH&RQILUPDWRDUHHVWHvQVR LW GHXQtimbru.
194
 Evenimentele rememorateSRWILU VSXQVXULDOHDOWRURDPHQLOD0DQLIHVW ULOH
5DFNHWDOHSHUVRDQHLVDXSRWLQFOXGHU VSXQVXULSHFDUHSHUVRDQDOH-a interpretat în
VLQHD VD FD SH QLúWH FRQILUP UL DOH &UHGLQ HORU VDOH 6FHQDULDOH FKDLU GDF  vQ
realitate ele au fost ceva neutru sau chiar contrariul acestor convingeri.
'H DVHPHQHD úL DPLQWLULOH IDQWH]LLORU XQRU VFHQH FDUH VH SRWULYHVF FX
&RQYLQJHULOH6FHQDULDOHVHUYHVFGUHSW$PLQWLUL&RQILUPDWRDUHODIHOGHELQHFDúL
amintirile despre evenimente reale.
Amintirile Confirmatoare servesc drept feedback pentru Convingerile Scenariale.
Sistemul Racket este, deci, un sistem auto-confirmatorGHILHFDUHGDW FkQG
HVWHUHPHPRUDW R$PLQWLUH&RQILUPDWRDUHSHUVRDQDUHLDR&RQYLQJHUH6FHQDULDO 
care se auto-FRQVROLGHD]  SULQ DFHD $PLQWLUH &RQILUPDWRDUH 3H P VXU  FH
&RQYLQJHUHD 6FHQDULDO  HVWH UHOXDW  VHQWLPHQWXO UHSULPDW DIODW OD ED]D HL HVWH
VWLPXODW úL SURFHVXO ÄUHFLFO ULL´ LQWUDSVLKLFH HVWH SXV vQ PLúFDUH vQF  R GDW  3H
P VXU  FH VH vQWkPSO  DFHVW OXFUX SHUVRDQD VH DQJDMHD]  vQ 0DQLIHVW ri Racket.
$FHVWHD SRW LQFOXGH FRPSRUWDPHQWH REVHUYDELOH WU LUL LQWHUQH IDQWH]LL VDX R
FRPELQD LH vQWUH FHOH WUHL /D UkQGXO V X UH]XOWDWXO 0DQLIHVW ULORU 5DFNHW G 
SHUVRDQHL SRVLELOLWDWHD V  DGXQH FkW PDL PXOWH $PLQWLUL &RQILUPDWRDUH DO WXUL GH
timbreOHHPR LRQDOHFDUHOHvQVR HVF
ÌQFHOHFHXUPHD] UHG PUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF D6LVWHPXOXL5DFNHWDúDFXP
DIRVWHDRIHULW GHFHLGRLDXWRULDLV L5LFKDUG(UVNLQHúL0DU\OLQ=DOFPDQ

4.2. &XPV - LDOF WXLHúWLSURSULXOVLVWHPUDFNHW

9DQQ-RLQHVúL,DQ6WHZDUWVXJHUHD] RPHWRG SULQFDUHILHFDUHSHUVRDQ vúL

SRDWHDOF WXLSURSULXOVLVWHPUDFNHW3DúLLFHWUHEXLHSDUFXUúLVXQWXUP WRULL
™ *kQGHúWH-te la RVLWXD LHUHFHQW QHVDWLVI F WRDUHVDXGXUHURDV SHQWUXWLQH
úLcare s-a terminat cu un sentiment QHSO FXWSHQWUXWLQHQXHVWHQHYRLHV UHWU LHúWL
DFXP DFHO VHQWLPHQW QHSO FXW GDF  QX GRUHúWL ,PDJLQHD] -te din nou în acea
VLWXD LH/XFUHD] UDSLGúLLQWXLWLYvQFRPSOHWDUHDSURSULXOXL6LVWHP5DFNHW

195
 ™ Pentru identificarea convingerilor scenariale sunt XWLOH U VSXQVXULOH OD
vQWUHE ULOHÄÌQDFHDVLWXD LHce îmi spuneam eu în sinea mea despre mine însumi?
'DUGHVSUHDO LRDPHQLLPSOLFD L"'DUGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LLúLDOXPLLvQJHQHUDO"´
™ 3HQWUX D GHYHQL FRQúWLHQW GH sentimentele reprimate la momentul lX ULL
deciziei scenarialeSXWHPRE LQHXQHOHLQGLFLLDVWIHO:
- 8QHRUL VH SRDWH V  IL WU LW R IUDF LXQH GH VHFXQG  GH VHQWLPHQW DXWHQWLF
înainte de a „intra” în sentimentul racket.
- „'DF  Dú IL FRSLO I U  QLFL XQ IHO GH FRQFHSW GHVSUH FHQ]XUDUHD VHQWL-
mentelor mele, cum m-DúILVLP LWRDUHvQDFHDVLWXD LH"$úILVLP LWIXULHWULVWH H
GHSULPDW WHURDUHH[WD]"'DF DLvQGRLHOLJKLFHúWH
- „Ce sentiment autentic ar fi corespuns SHQWUXDvQFKHLDDFHDVLWXD LH pentru
tine?”
™ Pentru 0DQLIHVW ULOH5DFNHW, cei GRLDXWRULSURSXQXUP WRDUHOHH[HUFL LL
1. Pentru Comportamentele observabile
,PDJLQHD] - L F  YH]L VFHQD SH YLGHR FX WLQH FD DFWRU vQ HD 2EVHUY - L
FXYLQWHOHLQWRQD LDJHVWXULOHSRVWXUDH[SUHVLLOHIDFLDOH.
&HHPR LLUDFNHWH[SULPL"
) RFRPSDUD LHcu amintirea sentimentelor racket pe care le-DLWU LWvQFXUVXO
acelei scene.
2. Pentru 7U LULOHLQWHUQHUHODWDWH
1RWHD] RULFHtensiuni sau disconfortVLP LWHvQRULFDUHSDUWHDFRUSXOXLH[R
GXUHUHGHFDSFUDPSHvQVWRPDFGXUHUHvQFHDI ÄQLFLRVHQ]D LH´HWF
$XH[LVWDWDQXPHS U LGLQFRUSXOW XGHVSUHFDUHDLUHIX]DWV ILLFRQúWLHQW"
3. Pentru Fantezii
7HLPDJLQH]LSHWLQHvQVX LvQDFHDVFHQ úLWHvQWUHEL
„Care este lucrul FHOPDLU XFDUHVLPWF PLV-ar putea întâmpla aici? Care
este lucrul cel mai bunFDUHVLPWF VHSRDWHvQWkPSODDLFL"´
QRWHD]  SULPXO OXFUX FDUH v L YLQH vQ PLQWH FD U VSXQV LQGLIHUHQW FkW GH
IDQWH]LVW LVHSRDWHS UHD
™ Pentru Amintirile Confirmatoare:
/ VkQGX- LPHPRULDV DOHUJHOLEHU QRWHD] amintirile privitoare laVLWXD LL
trecuteDVHP Q WRDUHFXVFHQDSHFDUHRDQDOL]H]LSRWILGLQWUHFXWXODSURSLDWVDX
IRDUWHvQGHS UWDWv LYHLDPLQWLWU LUHDDFHOXLDúLVHQWLPHQWUDFNHWDFHOHDúLWHQVLXQL
VDXGLVFRQIRUWIL]LFHWFQRWDWHOD0DQLIHVW UL5DFNHW

4.3. ,HúLUHDGLQ sistemul racket

4.3.1. Autonomia

$QDOL]D7UDQ]DF LRQDO HVWHRPHWRG FRQWUDFWXDO 8QXOGLQVFRSXULOHvQFKH-

LHULLGHFRQWUDFWHHVWHGHSODVDUHDDWHQ LHLGHODSUREOHP F WUHVFRSXOVFKLPE ULLÌQ
procesul de încheiere a unui contract atât clientul, cât úLDQDOLVWXOWUDQ]DF LRQDOILH
HOWHUDSHXWFRQVLOLHUVDXFRDFKWUHEXLHQHDS UDWV FRQVWUXLDVF RLPDJLQHPHQWDO 
DUH]XOWDWXOXLGRULWDOPXQFLLORUvPSUHXQ 

196
 ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WDSDUvQWUHE ULOH&DUHHVWHVFRSXOILQDOSHFDUHvODXvQYHGHUH
în procesul GHVFKLPEDUH"&XPYRUúWLFHLGRLFkQGV-a încheiat munca lor?
Idealul sugerat de Eric Berne a fost autonomia. El n-D RIHULW QLFLRGDW  R
GHILQL LH SHQWUX DFHVW FXYkQW GDU D GHVFULV DXWRQRPLD FD ILLQG ÄPDQLIHVWDW  SULQ
GHFODQúDUHDVDXUHIDFHUHDDWUHLFDSDFLW LFRQúWLHQWL]DUHVSRQWDQHLWDWHúLLQWLPLWDWH´
(Berne, 1972).
&RQúWLHQWL]DUHD
&RQúWLHQWL]DUHDHVWHFDSDFLWDWHDGHDYHGHDDX]LVLP LWDFWLOJXVWDúLPLURVL
OXFUXUL VXE IRUP  GH LPSUHVLL VHQ]RULDOH SXUH vQ PRGXO vQ FDUH R IDFH XQ QRX-
Q VFXW 3HUVRDQD FRQúWLHQW  QX LQWHUSUHWHD]  úL QX ILOWUHD]  H[SHULHQ D VD GHVSUH
OXPHDVWIHOvQFkWDFHDVWDV VHSRWULYHDVF GHILQL LLORU3DUHQWDOH6HDIO vQFRQWDFW
DWkWFXVHQ]D LLOHVDOHFRUSRUDOHFkWúLFXVWLPXOLLH[WHUQL
Spontaneitatea
Spontaneitatea e capacitatea de a alege dintr-R JDP  ODUJ  GH RS LXQL GH
VLP LUHJkQGLUHúLFRPSRUWDPHQW7RWDúDFXPSHUVRDQDFRQúWLHQW SHUFHSHOXPHD
SHUVRDQDVSRQWDQ UHDF LRQHD] ODHDGLUHFWI U V RPLW SRU LXQLGLQUHDOLWDWHVDX
s-o interpreteze pentru a se potrivLXQRUGHILQL LL3DUHQWDOH
6SRQWDQHLWDWHD LPSOLF  IDSWXO F  SHUVRDQD SRDWH U VSXQGH OLEHU GLQ RULFDUH
GLQWUHFHOHWUHLVW ULDOHHXOXLV X,QGLIHUHQWFHVWDUHDHXOXLIRORVHúWHvúLYDDOHJH
OLEHU U VSXQVXO DVWIHO vQFkW V  FRUHVSXQG  VLWXD LHL SUH]HQWH nu pentru a se
conforma unor comenzi Parentale învechite.
Intimitatea
,QWLPLWDWHDvQVHDPQ RvPS UW úLUHGHVFKLV DVHQWLPHQWHORUúLGRULQ HORUvQWUH
WLQHúLRDOW SHUVRDQ 
Sentimentele exprimate sunt autentice, astfel încât intimitatea exclude posibi-
litatea de intrare în racket sau jucarea de jocuri.
'HúL %HUQH QX D VSXV H[SOLFLW DFHVW OXFUX HO D VXEvQ HOHV F  DXWRQRPLD
vQVHDPQ DFHODúLOXFUXFXLQGHSHQGHQ DID GHVFHQDULX0DMRULWDWHDDXWRULORU$7
GHGXS %HUQHDXSXVGHDVHPHQHDDFHVWHGRX LGHLVXEVHPQXOHJDOLW LL9DQQ
-RLQHVúL,DQ6WHZDUWVXJHUHD] XUP WRDUHDGHILQL LHDDXWRQRPLHLÄ&RPSRUWDPHQW
JkQGLUHVDXVHQWLPHQWFDUHHVWHXQU VSXQVODUHDOLWDWHDGHDLFL-úL-acum mai curând
GHFkWXQU VSXQVODFRQYLQJHULVFHQDULDOH´-RLQHV6WHZDUW, 2004).
$XWRQRPLDRIHU vQWRWGHDXQDPDLPXOWHRS LXQLGHFkWXQVFHQDULX3HUVRDQD
VSRQWDQ  SRDWH XQHRUL DOHJH V  UHDF LRQH]H OD DLFL-úL-acum deplasându-se spre
VW ULOH GH &RSLO VDX 3 ULQWH DOH HXOXL ÌQ DXWRQRPLH vQV úL DFHDVW  DOHJHUH HVWH
I FXW  OLEHU FD U VSXQV OD VLWXD LD SUH]HQW   'LPSRWULY  FkQG R SHUVRDQ  HVWH vQ
VFHQDULX HD vúL YD IDFH GHSODV ULOH GH VWDUH D HXOXL FD U VSXQV OD GHFL]LLOH DXWR-
OLPLWDWRDUH GLQ FRSLO ULH SULYLWRDUH OD OXPH FRQYLQJHULOH HL VFHQDULDOH 'HúL
DXWRQRPLDQXvQVHDPQ V ILLSHUPDQHQWLQVWDUHDGH$GXOWHDLPSOLF SURFHVDUHD
GDWHORU GHVSUH OXPH SULQ VWDUHD WD GH $GXOWDSRLPHQ LQHUHDFRQúWLHQ HLGH$GXOW
FkQGDOHJLGLQFDUHVWDUHDHXOXLV U VSXQ]L

197
 4.3.2. Sistemul autonomiei

Sistemul Racket este atât un instrumeQWGHDQDOL] FkWúLXQLQVWUXPHQWGH

schimbare. (UVNLQHúL=DOFPDQVSXQF 
Ä2ULFH LQWHUYHQ LH WHUDSHXWLF  FH vQWUHUXSH IOX[XO vQ 6LVWHPXO 5DFNHW YD
FRQVWLWXL XQ SDV HILFLHQW SHQWUX IDSWXO F  SHUVRDQD SURGXFH R VFKLPEDUH D
6LVWHPXOXLHL5DFNHWúLSULQXrmare, a scenariului” (Erskine, Zalcman, 1979)
3R LLQWUDvQ6FHQDULXOUDFNHWvQorice punct pentru a produce o schimbare în
DFHO SXQFW FDUH vQFHSH V  WH VFRDW  GLQ VFHQDULX &kQG HIHFWXH]L DFHD VFKLPEDUH
UXSL YHFKLOH YHULJL GH IHHGEDFN $VWIHO VFKLPE ULOH XOWHULRDUH GHYLQ PDL XúRDUH
3URFHVXO FRQWLQX  V  ILH DXWR-FRQILUPDWRU vQV  DFXP FRQILUPL PLúFDUHD GH LHúLUH
GLQVFHQDULXvQORFV U PkLEORFDWDFRORvQVFHQDULX
1X H QHYRLH V  WH RSUHúWL OD XQ VLQJXU SXQFW DO LQWHUYHQ LHL 'DF  YUHL SR L
întrerupe fluxul Sistemului Racket în mai multe puncte diferite. Cu cât schimbi mai
PXOWHFXDWkWWHvQGHS UWH]LPDLPXOWGHVFHQDULX3R LV DGDXJLVDXV PRGLILFLFH
GRUHúWLvQRULFHPRGDOLWDWHFUHDWLY GRUHúWL
,HúLUHDGLQ6LVWHPXO5DFNHWv LSHUPLWHLQWUDUHDîntr-un sistem nou – Sistemul
Autonomiei. Prezentat într-RIRUP JUDILF DFHVWQRXVLVWHPDUDW DVWIHO

5. Construirea sistemului autonomiei

9DQQ -RLQHV úL ,DQ 6WHZDUW SURSXQ R VHULH GH H[HUFL LL úL SHQWUX FRQWUXLUHD
sistemului autonomiei.
5HDPLQWHúte- LvQF RGDW VFHQDODFDUHWH-DLJkQGLWFkQG L-DLDOF WXLW6LVWHPXO
5DFNHW,DW vQFHFRQVWDXHOHH[HUFL LLOH
™ &RQYLQJHULúLVHQWLPHQWHDFWXDOL]DWH (în loc de Convingerile Scenariale)
&RQYLQJHULGHVSUHVLQHGHVSUHDO LLGHVSUHFDOLWDWHDYLH LL
Ä&DUH HVWH UHDOLWDWHD SR]LWLY  GHVSUH WLQH vQVX L SH FDUH YHL GRUL V  R
vQUHJLVWUH]LDFXPFDúLFRQYLQJHUHDFWXDOL]DW "´9DQQ-RLQHV6WHZDUW
- 5HDFWXDOL]HD] - LúLFRQYLQJHULOHvQOHJ WXU FXFHLODO LúLFXFDOLWDWHDYLH LL
- Este important V IRORVHúWLIRUPXO ULSR]LWLYH .
- (YLW FXYLQWHOHGHJHQXOnu, vQFHWHD] , pierde, I U
198
 - $WHQ LH OD H[DJHU UL úL HOH IDF SDUWH GLQ 6LVWHPXO 5DFNHW – GDU GDF  DL
YUHXQGXELXPDLELQHV JUHúHúWLF WUHRSWLPLVP
™ Sentimente autentice exprimate:
- 6FULHDFHOHDúLVHQWLmente autentice pe care le-ai notat la Sistemul Racket.
- Închipuindu-WHvQDSRLvQVFHQDUHVSHFWLY LPDJLQHD] - LFXPDUILIRVWV - L
exprimi sentimentele autentice într-un mod sigur FDUH DU IL ILQDOL]DW VLWXD LD GLQ
SXQFWXOW XGHYHGHUH
™ 0DQLIHVW ULDXWRnome (în loc de 0DQLIHVW UL5DFNHW):
Comportamente observabile
- ÌQF RGDW LPDJLQHD] - LVFHQDFXWLQHFDDFWRUSUH]HQWDW SHYLGHR5HI -o
vQDúDIHOvQFkWV WHFRPSRU LvQWU-un mod pozitivvQDIDUDVFHQDULXOXLúLVLP LQGR
HPR LHDXWHQWLF în loc de una racket.
- 2EVHUY - LFXYLQWHOHLQWRQD LDJHVWXULOHSRVWXUDH[SUHVLLOHIDFLDOHîn care
WHYH]LSHWLQHvQVX LI FkQGX-OHvQDFHDVW YHUVLXQHDFWXDOL]DW 
7U LULLQWHUQHUHODWDWH
- 1RWHD] FHVHQ]D LLQHFRQIRUWDELOHîncerci
- 'HYLLFRQúWLHQWGHWHQVLXQLGespre care n-DLIRVWFRQúWLHQWvQDLQWH"'DF GD
RSWH]LSHQWUXDHOLEHUDDFHVWHWHQVLXQL"&HVHvQWkPSO FkQGRIDFL"
3ODQXULúLYL]XDOL] ULSR]LWLYH
- 6HUHIHU ODQLúWHSODQXULGHYLD GH$GXOWSHFDUHOHSR LIDFHSHQWUXDWH
DVLJXUD F  VLWXD LL GH YLD  YLLWRDUH VH YRU GHVI úXUD vQ PRGXO SR]LWLY pe care îl
FRQVWUXLHúWLWXDFXPvQORFGHPRGXOGHWLSUDFNHWSHFDUHO-ai analizat în Sistemul
W X5DFNHW
- 3R LQRWDtehnici de vizualizare creatoare FDUHV FDSDFLWH]HúLV vPSLQJ 
mai departe planurile taleGHYLD 
™ Amintiri Confirmatoare:
- 1RWHD]  amintirile unor momente trecute FRQ LQkQG VLWXD LL SR]LWLYH
DVHP Q WRDUHFXVLWXD LDUHMXFDW SHFDUHRFRPSXLWXDFXP
- 'DF  QX- L DPLQWHúWL QLFL XQD – atunci LQYHQWHD] -le, rememorarea unor
VLWXD LLSR]LWLYHLQYHQWDWHHVWHDEVROXWODIHOGHHILFLHQW FDúLHYRFDUHDXQRUDUHDOH

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Berne, Eric (1966), Principle of group treatment, New York, Editura Grove Press.
Berne, Eric (1972), What do you say after you say hello?, New York, Editura Grove Press.
Stewart, Ian si Joines, Vann (2004), AT $VW ]L7LPLúRDUD(GLWXUD0LUWRQ
Erskine, Richard, si Zalcman, Marilyn (1979), The racket system: a model for racket
analysis, TAJ, 9.
Hay, Julie (2006), ùDUDGDGHODVHUYLFLX%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD&RGHFV

199
200
 COMUNICAREA DIAGNOSTICULUI DE CANCER
ù,()(&7(/($&(67(,&2081,& 5,$6835$5(/$ ,(,
7(5$3(87,&(/$$'8/ ,,'(35(6,9,,17(51$ ,
Ì16(& ,,/('(21&2/2*,(,

IOANA OMER

ABSTRACT

The opinions related to the communication of the cancer diagnosis which are
presented in the bibliography of specialty are confirmed also from the results of this
research, but the majority of the therapists are convinced that this diagnosis must be
communicated to the patients because cancer disease implies prolonged treatments with
many adverse side effects, sometimes very dangerous. Many times from the promptitude of
these treatments depends the life of these patients. The patients expressed their option to
know the truth about the diagnosis with the result of a better mood. They also got positive
attitude towards their disease and treatment, a better relation with the therapist and can
also realize that there is a real team in which he can trust, which can motivate him and give
physical and emotional support.

1. *HQHUDOLW L

IGHLOH FRQFHS LLOH GHVSUH FDQFHU UHVXUVHOH SVLKRORJLFH úL FHOH GH VXSRUW GLQ
SDUWHDFHORUODO LPRPHQWXOvQFDUHDSDUHERDODVLWXD LDIDPLOLDO VWLOXOGHUHDF LHvQ
VLWXD LLGLILFLOH©WRFRSHªSHUVRQDOLWDWHDVXQWHOHPHQWHFDUHSRWH[SOLFDGLIHUHQ-
HOHGHUHDF LHvQLPSDFWXOFXERDOD
& 0vUúX- P XQ   VXEOLQLD]  IDSWXO F  OD RULFH YkUVW  vQ RULFH
PRPHQW DO YLH LL DSDUL LD FDQFHUXOXL DUH XQ LPSDFW DVXSUD SHUFHS LHL SURSULHL
SHUVRDQH úL D PHGLXOXL vQFRQMXU WRU úL SURGXFH XQ GH]HFKLOLEUX vQ DFtivitate, în
UHOD LLOH LQWHUSHUVRQDOH FUHHD]  SUREOHPH H[LVWHQ LDOH DIHFWHD]  LQWHJULWDWHD IL]LF 
úLSVLKLF LPDJLQHDFRUSRUDO úLVH[XDO 
Bolnavul poate s  FDSHWH VSHUDQ  úL vQFUHGHUH vQ WUDWDPHQWH FkQG FXQRDúWH
alte persoane care au trecut prin acelHDúL H[SHULHQ H úL FDUH V-DX YLQGHFDW úL úL-au
UHOXDWYLD DIDPLOLDO SURIHVLRQDO úLVRFLDO (*HYHQRLV-133).
5%XFNPDQDWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLF RGDW FXGLDJQRV-
ticul unei boli cum este cancerul, pacientul se confrunt  FX VROLFLW UL GLILFLOH úL
QHRELúQXLWH FDUH XQHRUL vL GHS úHVF SRVLELOLW LOH 5HDF LD LQGLYLGXOXL SRDWH IL
eficient  GXFkQG OD DGDSWDUH SVLKRORJLF  VDX LQHILFLHQW  SURGXFkQG WXOEXU UL vQ
starea lui psihic  6WUDWHJLLOH FHOH PDL HILFLHQWH GH DGDSWDUH VXQt cele care au ca
UH]XOWDW DFFHSWDUHD GLDJQRVWLFXOXL GH FDQFHU XUPDW  GH  vQFHUF UL GH UH]ROYDUH D
SUREOHPHL SDFLHQWXO VROLFLW  PDL PXOWH LQIRUPD LL GHVSUH ERDO  WUDWDPHQWH úL
FRQVHFLQ HDOHDFHVWRUDVROLFLW VIDWXOPDLPXOWRUVSHFLDOLúWLvQGRPHQLXFonsimte
V SDUWLFLSHODWUDWDPHQWH&HOHPDLSX LQHILFLHQWHVWUDWHJLLDXIRVWDSUHFLDWHDIL
FHOHGHUHWUDJHUHHYLWDUHSDVLYLWDWH0:HLVPDQúL-::RUGHQ

201
 2SLQLLOH SULYLQG FUHúWHUHD DXWRQRPLHL SDFLHQ LORU SULQ SDUWLFLSDUHD OD OXDUHD
deci]LLORU DX IRVW SUHOXDWH GH PXO L WHUDSHX L VRFRWLQGX-se c  HVWH VROX LD LGHDO  úL
dezirabil $)DXONQHUÌQUDSRUWFXDFHVWPRGGHDERUGDUHDSDUGHVWXO
de multe probleme întrucât de multe ori pacientul se lupt FXIULFDGHGLDJQRVWLF
Este bLQH GH úWLXW FkWH LQIRUPD LL GRUHúWH SDFLHQWXO úL FkWH SRDWH V  SULPHDVF 
0vUúX-P XQ   (URDUHD JHQHUDO  FRQVW  vQ GRULQ D GH D VLVWHPDWL]D FX
RULFHSUH RDWLWXGLQHSULYLQGFRPXQLFDUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHFDQFHU$FHDVWDVHIDFH
numai pe baza uneL FRQYHUVD LL ED]DWH SH HPSDWLH UHVSHFW úL VLQFHULWDWH ID  GH
ILHFDUH EROQDY $GHY UDWD DXWRQRPLH úL UHVSHFWXO SHQWUX EROQDY DU WUHEXL V  LQ 
FRQWúLGHGRULQ DXQRUDGHDGHFOLQDUHVSRQVDELOLWDWHDPHGLFXOXLV X/)DOORZILHOG
 S R QXPHúWH ©Dutonomie psihologic ª FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  SDFLHQWXO
LQIRUPDWHVWHGHDFRUGFDPHGLFXOV GHFLG vQORFXOV X
B. Luban-3OR]]D:3ROGLQJHUúL).URJHUVXV LQF HVWHQHFH-
VDU DWkW SHQWUX PHGLF FkW úL SHQWUX SDFLHQW V  ILH GDWH H[SOLFD LL Ìn primul rând,
ascunderea diagnosticului este echivalent FXDGPLWHUHDOLSVHLWRWDOHGHVSHUDQ úL
deci cu lipsa de sens a tratamentului. În al doilea rând, din cauza procedeelor
pentru diagnosticarea urgent  FDUH VH DSOLF  vQ SUH]HQW FRODERUDUHD FX EROQavul
HVWH LQGLVSHQVDELO  SHQWUX WUDWDPHQWXO EROLL FH LPSOLF  LQWHUYHQ LL FKLUXUJLFDOH
LUDGLHULúLFLWRVWDWLFH
«Recurgerea la minciuni optimiste sau la jum W L GH DGHY U DGXFH GRDU XQ
ajutor superficial persoanei suferinde, care tr LHúWHXQVHQWLPHQWGHL]RODUHúLPDL
mare dup  FHVSHUDQ HOHL-DXIRVWVSXOEHUDWHGHHYROX LDEROLLª%/XEDQ-Plozza,
W. Poldinger, F. Kroger, 1996, 141). Bolnavii pot avea atunci impresia c 
tratamentul se face doar de form  FHHD FH OH P UHúWH DQ[LHWDWHD úL GH]Q GHMGHD
TotuúLVSHUDQ DvQWUH LQXW GHGLVSR]L LDPHGLFXOXLGHDLQWUDvQWU-o colaborare util 
úLVLQFHU DUHSkQ ODVIkUúLWXQHIHFWIDYRUDELODVXSUDHYROX LHLEROLL
ÌQ FRQFOX]LH RSLQLLOH DXWRULORU FLWD L UHIHULWRDUH OD FRPXQLFDUHD YHúWLORU
proaste, a diagnosticXOXLGHFDQFHUúLDSURJQRVWLFXOXLQHIDYRUDELOvQHYROX LDEROLL
DX VFRV vQ HYLGHQ  IDSWXO F  DFHVW GLDJQRVWLF SURGXFH VFKLPE UL PDMRUH vQ YLD D
IDPLOLDO SURIHVLRQDO úLVRFLDO DSDFLHQ LORUGLQFDX]DHYROX LHLúLWUDWDPHQWHORU
SHFDUHDFHDVW ERDO OHSUHVXSXQH3UREOHPDFDUHDSDUHHVWHDFHHDGDF HVWHELQH
V  OL VH FRPXQLFH VDX QX DFHVW GLDJQRVWLF LDU S UHULOH DXWRULORU FRQVXOWD L VXQW F 
LQIRUPD LLOH WUHEXLH RIHULWH WUHSWDW vQ IXQF LH GH FHHD FH GRUHúWH SDFLHQWXO V 
FXQRDVF  UHIHULWRU OD ERDOD VD DVWIHO vQFkW SDFLHQWXO V  SRDW  GHFLGH VLQJXU vQ
DQXPLWHVLWXD LLFDUHDSDUSHSDUFXUVXOHYROX LHLEROLLUHODWLYODVROX LLOHSHFDUHLOH
RIHU HFKLSDWHUDSHXWLF FXVFRSXODPHOLRU ULLEROLL

1.1. $UJXPHQWHSURúLFRQWUDFRPXQLF ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHFancer

ÌQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHVXQWDPLQWLWHDUJXPHQWHSURúLFRQWUDFRPXQLF ULL
diagnosticului. Dintre DUJXPHQWHOH PHQ LRQDWH vQ IDYRDUHD DVFXQGHULL GLDJQRVWL-
cului PHQ LRQ P9$QWRQHVFXGRULQ DGHDSURWHMDSDFLHQ LLGHDIODUHD
cumpliWHL YHúWL VHQWLPHQWXO GH QHSXWLQ  DO WHUDSHXWXOXL vQ ID D SRVLELOHORU
PDQLIHVW ULHPR LRQDOHGHFUL] DOHSDFLHQWXOXLDQ[LHWDWHIXULHGLVSHUDUHGHSUHVLH
HWFFRPXQLFDUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGXFHODDEDQGRQDUHDPHGLFXOXLGHF WUHSDFLHQWúL
F XWDUHDDOWRUWHUDSHX LFDUHV LQILUPHDFHVWGLDJQRVWLFFHHDFHvQVHDPQ SLHUGHUH
GHWLPSSUH LRVSHQWUXYLQGHFDUHPDLDOHVvQIRUPHOHGHFDQFHUFXHYROX LHUDSLG 
202
 În continuare, vom releva câteva DUJXPHQWH vQ IDYRDUHD FRPXQLF ULL
diagnosticului (F.Randall, R.S.Downie, 1996, 154; R.J. Dunlop, J.M.Hockley,
 S )- )LW]SDWULFN  3:HEE   VSHUDQ HOH QHUHDOLVWH vQ
YLQGHFDUH DGXF FX HOH SLHUGHUH GH WLPS GH EDQL úL HQHUJLH SH WUDWDPHQWH LQXWLOH
SUHOXQJHVFDQ[LHWDWHDSULQOLSVDYLQGHF ULLúLVSXOEHUDUHDORUHVWHGHPRUDOL]DQW XQ
SDFLHQWPLQ LWYDDYHDRVWDUHGHDQ[LHWDWHFRQIX]LHúLQXYDPDLDYHDvQFUHGHUHvQ
PHGLFXOV XSDFLHQWXOFDUHQXvúLFXQRDúWHGLDJQRVWLFXOúLSURJQRVWLFXOQXSRDWHV 
opteze asupra tratamentului; din perspectiva religiHLFUHúWLQHHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQW
FDEROQDYXOFDUHPDLDUHSX LQGHWU LWV úWLHDFHDVWDSHQWUXDDYHDWLPSXOQHFHVDU
vQYHGHUHDvPS F ULLFX'XPQH]HXDOX ULLXOWLPHORUGHFL]LLDUHFRQFLOLHULL
Punctul de vedere psihologic (Kubler-Ross, 1975, 215) suJHUHD] F vQWUHED-
UHDQXWUHEXLHV ILH©'DF WUHEXLHFDGRFWRUXOV YRUEHDVF FXSDFLHQWXOV X"ªFL
©&XP SRDWH V -L VSXQ  GRFWRUXO SDFLHQWXOXL V X FHHD FH DFHVWD WUHEXLH V  úWLH "ª
3DFLHQ LLDXGUHSWXOQXREOLJD LDV -úLFXQRDVF GLDJQRVWLFXO3ULQXrmare medicul
WUHEXLHV YDG GDF SDFLHQWXOYUHDV úWLHDGHY UXO.XEOHU-Ross, 1975, 216-217).

'DF EROQDYXOQXHVWHLQIRUPDWGkQGX-úLVHDPDGHFRQGL LDvQFDUHVHDIO HO

vúL SRDWH SLHUGH vQFUHGHUHD vQ PHGLFXO FDUH L-D DVFXQV DGHY UXO úL QX O-a ajutaW V 
vQIUXQWH JUDYLWDWHD EROLL 3ULQ FRPXQLFDUHD DGHY UXOXL OHJDWGHERDO EROQDYXOvúL
G VHDPDGHSURIXQGDVROLGDULWDWHDPHGLFXOXLúLGHIDSWXOF DFHVWDYDIDFHWRWFHHD
FHVHSRDWHIDFHvQVLWXD LDUHVSHFWLY ,QIRUPD LDvQV WUHEXLHWUDQVPLV DVWIHl încât
V ODVHSDFLHQWXOXLVSHUDQ DvQHYHQWXDOLWDWHDXWLOL] ULLXQRUWUDWDPHQWHVDXWHKQLFL
WHUDSHXWLFHFHHDFHYDIDFHFDSDFLHQWXOV DLE vQFRQWLQXDUHvQFUHGHUHvQPHGLFXO
V X(Iamandescu, 2002, 143-144).
ùL&(Q FKHVFXDWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLF UHOD LDFXEROQD-
YXOLQFXUDELOWUHEXLHV VHGHVI úRDUHvQWU-XQFOLPDWGHvQFUHGHUH©FDUHLPSOLF GRX 
UHJXOLEROQDYXOV QXILHPLQ LWQLFLRGDW V QXLVHVSXQ QLFLRGDW F QXVHPDL
poate face nimic pentru el, întrucât aceasta ar însemna un act de abandon terapeutic
JHQHUDWRUGHDQJRDV úLGLVSHUDUHª
& 0vUúX 3 XQ-HVWHGHS UHUHF vQ5RPkQLDVXQWQHFHVDUH
VWXGLLSHQWUXVWDELOLUHDLQIRUPD LLORUSHFDUHSDFLHQ LLOHGRUHVFúLGDF DFHúWLDYRU
s  SDUWLFLSH OD OXDUHD GHFL]LLORU (ODERUDUHD XQRU EURúXUL FDUH V  H[SOLFH DQXPL L
WHUPHQLSURFHGXULWHUDSHXWLFHSRVLELOHOHHIHFWHVHFXQGDUHLQGLFD LLSULYLQGPRGXO
GH YLD  GLHWD H[HUFL LL IL]LFH FRQWUDLQGLFD LL HWF SRW GLPLQXD LQFHUWLWXGLQHD
DQ[LHWDWHDúLGHSUHVLDGHWHUPLQDWHGHERDODQHRSOD]LF 
R.Twycross (1996, 89-DWUDJHDWHQ LDDVXSUDIDSWXOXLF vQSUDFWLFDRQFR-
ORJLF WHUDSHXWXOWUHEXLHV UHVSHFWHRVXFFHVLXQHGHSDúLvQvPS UW úLUHDYHúWLORU
proaste:
1. 3UHJ WLUHD vQ DFHDVW  HWDS  WHUDSHXWXO WUHEXLH V  se documenteze asupra
EROLLHYROX LHLDFHVWHLDFRPSOLFD LLORUDS UXWHSHSDUFXUVúLWUDWDPHQWHORUXUPDWH
2. 7HVWDUHDLQIRUPD LLORUFXQRVFXWHGHF WUHSDFLHQWvQDFHDVW HWDS WHUDSHX-
WXOWUHEXLHV DIOHFHúWLHEROQDYXOGHVSUHERDO U VSXQVXULOHDFHVWuia orientându-l
SH WHUDSHXW DVXSUD FXQRúWLQ HORU SDFLHQWXOXL D OLPEDMXOXL DFHVWXLD D FRQ LQXWXOXL
HPR LRQDODODILUPD LLORUSHFDUHOHIDFH

203
 3.2IHULUHDLQIRUPD LLORUVXSOLPHQWDUHvQDFHDVW HWDS WHUDSHXWXOWUHEXLHV 
WHVWH]HGDF SDFLHQWXOGRUHúWHV DIOHGHWDOLLvQSOXVGHVSUHERDO LDUGDF DFHVWDQX
GRUHúWH  WHUDSHXWXO QX WUHEXLH V  LQVLVWH  SUHFL]kQG F  HVWH GLVSXV V -i ofere
LQIRUPD LLVXSOLPHQWDUHDWXQFLFkQGSDFLHQWXOYDGRUL
4. ,QL LHUHD DOX]LLORU FX VFRS GH DYHUWL]DUH GDF  SDFLHQWXO GRUHúWH V  DIOH
LQIRUPD LL XUPHD]  XQ ©IRF GH DYHUWL]DUHª ©ÌPL SDUH U X GDU VLWXD LD HVWH PDL
JUDY  GHFkW Y  DúWHSWD Lª $FHDVW  DILUPD LH SHUPLWH R WUHFHUH GH OD FHHD FH úWLH
EROQDYXO GHVSUH ERDO  VSUH DGHY UXO OHJDW GH DFHDVWD ÌQ FRQWLQXDUH WHUDSHXWXO
trHEXLH V -L RIHUH SDFLHQWXOXL LQIRUPD LLOH SH FDUH OH GRUHúWH V  YHULILFH GDF 
SDFLHQWXOvQ HOHJHFHHDFHvLVSXQHV LGHQWLILFHFDUHVXQWPRWLYHOHGHvQJULMRUDUH
SHQWUXSDFLHQWúLV UHYLQ FXH[SOLFD LLDVXSUDDFHVWRUD
5. 2UJDQL]DUHD úL SODQLILFDUHD WUDtamentului:îQ DFHDVW  HWDS  WHUDSHXWXO
WUHEXLHV SODQLILFHWUDWDPHQWXOúLV H[SOLFHEROQDYXOXLvQFHFRQVW DFHVWDRSH-
UD LL UDGLRWHUDSLH FKLPLRWHUDSLH FX FRQVHFLQ HOH SH FDUH OH LPSOLF  V  LGHQWLILFH
alte surse care ar putea oferi sprijin bolnavului (familie, prieteni).
6. &RQFOX]LL WUDVH GH F WUH WHUDSHXW OD VIkUúLWXO GLVFX LHL vQ DFHDVW  HWDS 
WHUDSHXWXO WUHEXLH V  FRQFOX]LRQH]H vQWUHDJD GLVFX LH DYXW  FX SDFLHQWXO vQ FkWHYD
IUD]HV vQWUHEHGDF PDLVXQWúLDOWHSUREOHPHFDUH-OSUHRFXS úLFDUHQu au fost
DGXVHvQGLVFX LH
7. Stabilirea de comun acord a unei noi întâlniri cu pacientul DúD FXP
UH]XOW  GLQ FHOH SUH]HQWDWH PDL VXV DWkW FRPXQLFDUHD FkW úL DVFXQGHUHD GLDJQRV-
WLFXOXLSRWDYHDHIHFWHSR]LWLYHVDXQHJDWLYHvQIXQF LHGHPRPHQWXOvQFDUe se face
comunicarea, contextul în care se face, personalitatea pacientului, vârsta acestuia,
VWDGLXOGHHYROX LHDEROLLGDUúLGHDWLWXGLQHDWHUDSHXWXOXL

2.&HUFHW ULSURSULX-zise

&HUFHW UL HIHFWXDWH DVXSUD XQXL QXP U GH  GH SDFLHQ L úL  WHUDSHX L
PHGLFL DVLVWHQWH PHGLFDOH SVLKRORJL DVLVWHQ L VRFLDOL SVLKLDWUL HWF DX UHOHYDW
FkWHYDFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOHFRPXQLF ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHFDQFHUSDFLHQ LORUúLHIHFWHOH
DFHVWHLDDVXSUDUHOD LHLWHUDSHXWLFHFDUHYRUILSUH]HQWDWHvQFRQWLQXDUHÌQDFHDVW 
SULP  SDUWH D VWXGLXOXL YRP IDFH UHIHULUH GRDU OD S UHULOH SDFLHQ LORU UHODWLYH OD
SUREOHPDvQFDX] 
(IHFWHOHFRPXQLF ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHFDQFHUGHF WUHPHGLFLDXIRVWHYLGHQ-
LDWHSULQLQWHUYLXOUHDOL]DWGHF WUHFHUFHW WRDUHFXSDFLHQ LL
6FRSXOLQWHUYLXOXLDIRVWSHGHRSDUWHDV FXQRVFVXELHF LLDGXO LRQFROR-
JLFLGHSUHVLYLH[SHULHQ DORUSHUVRQDO OHJDW GHERDO úLPRGXOvQFDUHHLvQúLúLR
interpreteaz EV DIOXvQPRGGLUHFWUHDF LLOHORUODGLIHULWHHYHQLPHQWHFV DIOX
FHLQIRUPD LLGH LQDFHúWLDGHVSUHERDO GHVSUHWUDWDPHQWHOHI FXWHSUHFXPúLGGH
DRE LQHXQHOHGDWHUHIHULWRDUHODUHOD LDFXWHUDSHX LLFDUH-i trateaz úLLPSOLFLWOD
comunicarea cu ei. Pentru aceasta am conceput un interviu alc WXLW GLQ  GH
întreb ULFDUHDIRVWDSOLFDWGLUHFWLDUU VSXQVXULOHRE LQXWHDXIRVWvQUHJLVWUDWHFX
DMXWRUXOUHSRUWRIRQXOXLúLDSRLWUDQVFULVHLQWHJUDO

204
 2.1. &XQRDúWHUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXLGHF WUHSDFLHQ L

2.1.1. La prima întrebare legat  GH PRWLYXO LQWHUQ ULL vQ VSLWDO SDFLHQ LL DX
DILUPDWF V-au internat fie pentru administrarea citostaticelor, fie pentru tratamen-
WXO DQXPLWRU VLPSWRPH WXVH FX VDX I U  VkQJH VF GHUH vQ JUHXWDWH WUDQVSLUD LL
dureri), fie pentru diferite «probleme» («probleme cu pl PkQLLª>%00 41ani,
FDQFHU SXOPRQDU VWDGLXO ,,,@ ©FLUR] ª >&3 0  DQL FDQFHU KHSDWLF VWDGLXO
IV], «pentru un nodul la sân», [N.E, F, 53 ani, cancer de sân, stadiul III]).
2.1.2. /D vQWUHEDUHD ©&H úWL L GHVSUH ERDOD GXPQHDYRDVWU  "ª GRDU  DX
afirmat c VXfer GHFDQFHUFHHDFHPL-a sugerat faptul c RSDUWHGLQWUHHLQXúWLH
c DFHVWWLSGHWUDWDPHQWVHIDFHvQEROLOHQHRSOD]LFHQHDVRFLLQGERDODFDQFHURDV 
cu tratamentul citostatic. Ei interpreteaz DFHVWWUDWDPHQWFDILLQGFDRULFDUHDOWXOSH
care l-au f FXWvQDOWHVLWXD LLSHQWUXGLYHUVHEROLDVSHFWFRQILUPDWGHDOWIHOúLSULQ
GLVFX LLOHFXPHGLFLL$FHVWIDSWSRDWHDYHDúLHIHFWHSR]LWLYHPDLDOHVODSDFLHQ LL
FXRSHUVRQDOLWDWHGHSUHVLY ODFDUHDIODUHDXQXLDVHPHQHDGLDJQRVWLFSRDWHHFKL-
vala cu LGHHD XQHL FRQGDPQ UL OD PRDUWH úL DU LQGXFH R DWLWXGLQH GH UHQXQ DUH OD
tratament.
2.1.3.7UDWDPHQWHOHPHGLFDOHXUPDWHGHSDFLHQ LVXQWFHOHRELúQXLWHvQDFHVW
tip de boal úLDQXPHRSHUD LLLUDGLHULWUDWDPHQWFLWRVWDWLF8UP WRDUHOHvQWUHE UL
au relHYDWIDSWXOF WUDWDPHQWHOHI FXWHGHSDFLHQ LDXvQFHSXWRGDW FXGHSLVWDUHD
EROLL úL DX DWUDV GXS  HOHSHULRDGHYDULDELOHGHVSLWDOL]DUHvQIXQF LHGHVWDGLXOGH
HYROX LH D EROLL úL WLSXO WUDWDPHQWXOXL DSOLFDW $VWIHO LUDGLHULOH FRQVWDX vQWU-un
num U YDULDELO GH úHGLQ H GH UDGLRWHUDSLH vQ IXQF LH GH VWDGLXO úL JUDYLWDWHD EROLL
Tratamentul citostatic presupune urmarea unui ciclu de 6 serii, f FXWH WLPS GH 
luni de zile, câte o serie la 3 s SW PkQLÌQDPEHOHFD]XULSRDWHILVDXQXQHYRLHúL
de o intervHQ LHFKLUXUJLFDO 

2.2. 'LDJQRVWLFXOGHFDQFHUúLLPSDFWXOFXQRDúWHULLDFHVWXLD
DVXSUDSHUVRQDOLW LLSDFLHQ LORUDPRGXOXLORUGHJkQGLUHúLGHYLD 

2.2.1.ÌQWUHE ULOH«Ce diagnostic vi s-a pus înainte de spitalizare ?» « Dar în

spital ?» au relevat faptul c GRDUGLQSDFLHQ LvúLFXQRVFGLDJQRVWLFXOvQWLPS
ce 22% nu îl cunosc –DVSHFWUHOHYDWúLGHvQWUHEDUHDPHQ LRQDW PDLVXV-GXS FXP
VHSRDWHYHGHDúLvQDILUPD LLFDDFHVWHD
1) «Am un cancer de sân pe care îl tratez de zece ani.» [R.S., F, 56 ani, cancer
GHVkQVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQW GHOLFHXúLDXQHLúFROLGHDVLVWHQWHPHGLFDOHDVLVWHQW 
PHGLFDO LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWOD]HFHDQLGHODDIODUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXL@
2) «Neoplasm pulmonar» [F.N., F, 50 ani, cancer pulmonar, stadiul IV,
DEVROYHQW GHOLFHXYkQ] WRDUHODDOLPHQWDUDLQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWODXQDQúL
trei luni de la aflarea diagnosticului].
3) «Cancer hepatic cu metastaze» [Z.C.,F, 53 ani, cancer hepatic, stadiul III,
DEVROYHQW  GH OLFHX IXQF LRQDU  OD $UKLYD ,QVWLWXWXOXL 1D LRQDO DO /HPQXOXL
LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWODXQDQúLFLQFLOXQLGHODDIODUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXL@

205
 4) ©1XúWLX$PYHQLWFXGLDJQRVWLFXOGHOD)LODUHWª>620DQLFDQFHU
pulmonar, stadiul III, absolvent de liceu, electrician, interviul a fost realizat la
cinci luni de la depistarea bolii]

5)©&&HúWL LGHVSUHERDODGXPQHDYRDVWU "

38LWD LF QXúWLX$VWDHVWH
C: Dar ei ce v-au spus c DYH LY-au f FXWRSHUD LHúLY-au dat perfuzii, nu
v-au spus pentru ce ?
P: Nu.
C: Nu v-au spus?
P: Nu.
&'HFLQXúWL LQLPLFGHVSUHERDODGXPQHDYRDVWU "
31XúWLXª>0/)DQLFDQFHUGHVkQVWDGLXO,9DEVROYHQW GHFODVH
OHJ WRUHDV OD%DQFD1D LRQDO LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWODQRX OXQLGHODGHSLV-
tarea bolii].

2.2.2. /DvQWUHE ULOe «Cum v-DLQIOXHQ DWIDSWXOF úWL LGHFHERDO VXIHUL L"ª
úL©&XPY-DLQIOXHQ DWERDODPRGXOGHJkQGLUHúLGHYLD "ªU VSXQVXULOHGDWHGH
F WUH SDFLHQ LL FDUH-úL FXQRúWHDX GLDJQRVWLFXO V-DX UHIHULW OD IDSWXO F  aflarea
diagnosticului a avut o inflXHQ  LQL LDO QHJDWLY  DVXSUD PDMRULW LL SDFLHQ LORU
(66%), dup FDUHRGDW WUHFXWúRFXOFRQILUP ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLSDFLHQ LLDXvQFHSXW
FX DMXWRUXO WHUDSHX LORU úL IDPLOLHL V  VH LPSOLFH vQ WUDWDPHQW úL V  OXSWH FX ERDOD
Am selectat, din acest punct de vedere, câteva dintre dialogurile care mi s-au p UXW
semnificative în acest sens:

6) «C: Cum v-D LVLP LWFvQGD LDIODWGLDJQRVWLFXO"

3&XPSOLWH]LWDUHFXPSOLWPDLFHYDFDRERPE FDUHP-DEXOYHUVDWSXUúL
simplu, m-D vPSU úWLDW SH PLQH úL SH WR i cei din jur. M-D vPSU úWLDW Q-am mai
recunoscut nimic, dar cu timpul m-am adunat, m-am adunat de-DúD QDWXU  F  OD
SDWUXOXQLGXS FH-DPI FXWRSHUD LDUHQDO DPvQFHSXWVHUYLFLXOúLPL-am reluat
DFWLYLW LOHª>56)DQLFDQFHUUHQDOVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQW D$FDGHPLHLGH
6WXGLL(FRQRPLFHHFRQRPLVW LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWODXQDQúLQRX OXQLGHOD
aflarea diagnosticului].

7) «C: Cum v-a afectat diagnosticul de cancer?

3&XPV Y VSXQP-am consumat foarte tare, am fost deprimat la început
GXS  FDUH Q-DP DYXW vQFRWUR úL DP vQFHSXW V  IDF WUDWDPHQWHOH GDWH GH PHGLFLª
>3,0DQLFDQFHUSXOPRQDUVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQWGHFODVHúLDXQHLúFROL
profesionale de electricieni, interviul a fost realizat la zece luni de la aflarea
diagnosticului].

8) «C: Cum v-DLQIOXHQ DWIDSWXOF úWL LGHFHERDO VXIHUL L"

3 ,QL LDO QHJDWLY GXS  FDUH DP vQFHSXW V  OXSW SH WRDWH F LOHª >03 0
DQLFDQFHUGHSURVWDW VWDGLXO,,,PDLVWUXDEVROYHQWDOúFROLLGHPDLúWULúLDO
liceului tehnic, LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DWODGRLDQLúLWUHLOXQLGHODDIODUHDGLDJQRV-
ticului].

206
 2.2.3. 'LVFX LLOH SXUWDWH FX SDFLHQ LL DX UHOHYDW vQ PRG VXUSULQ] WRU úL R
FDWHJRULH GH SDFLHQ L  OD FDUH DIODUHD GLDJQRVWLFXOXL nu a avut impactul pe
care un asemeQHDGLDJQRVWLFvODUHGHRELFHLGXS FXPDXGHFODUDWDFHúWLD$FHúWL
VXELHF LDXDYXWvQF GHODvQFHSXWRDWLWXGLQHHFKLOLEUDW DFHDVW FDWHJRULHnedez-
YROWkQGODvQFHSXWXOEROLLWXOEXU ULGHSUHVLYH.

'HSLOG 
9) «C: Cum v-DLQIOXHQ DWDIODUHDGLDJQRVticului?
P: Nu, nu m-D LQIOXHQ DW GHORF >@ $P R GHYL]  D PHD GH FkQG P-D I FXW
PDPDHXQGHVWLQFXFDUHWHQDúWLGHVWLQFDUHWHXUP UHúWHWRDW YLD DúLFDUH- L
FRRUGRQHD]  WRDW  YLD D QX WH P UL L QX IDFL FRSLL QX SHWUHFL QX WH EXFXUL GH
YLD  GDF  GHVWLQX- L VSXQH KDOW ùL DVWD H VIkQWª >0& )  DQL FDQFHU GH FRO
XWHULQ VWDGLXO ,9 DEVROYHQW  D )DFXOW LL GH 6WXGLL (FRQRPLFH HFRQRPLVW 
interviul a fost realizat la opt luni de la aflarea diagnosticului].

10) «C: V-DLQIOXHQ DWERDODDVWDPRGXOGHYLD "

P: Nu.
C: Dar modul de gândire ?
P: Nu, nu, nu s-a schimbat nimic, nu m-DDIHFWDWWRW ODVXQWWRWDúDVXQW
'DUDPOXSWDWGHODvQFHSXWSHQWUXYLD DPHD6XQWUHDOLVWDVWDH$PI FXW
FREDOWDLFLGRX ]HFLGHúHGLQ HúLDFXPIDFFKLPLRterapie, n-am terminat cobaltul
VXQWDELDODMXP WDWHGDUDFXPIDFRSDX] úLDSRLWHUPLQúLFREDOWXOª>,00
DQLFDQFHUSXOPRQDUVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQWGHOLFHXúLDOXQHLúFROLSRVWOLFHDOH
GHHOHFWURQLF HOHFWURQLVW,,58&LQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDlizat la zece luni de la aflarea
diagnosticului]

2.2.4. 7RW vQ XUPD LQWHUYLXULORU FX SDFLHQ LL D UHLHúLW F  úL FUHGLQ D vQ
Dumnezeu este --DO WXULGHDMXWRUXOGLQSDUWHDIDPLOLHL--XQVSULMLQSHQWUXSDFLHQ L
SH SDUFXUVXO HYROX LHL EROLL 3DFLHQ LL DX DILUPDW F  DFHDVW  FUHGLQ  OH RIHU 
HFKLOLEUX úL FXUDM SHQWUX D PHUJH PDL GHSDUWH úL D vQIUXQWD FX U EGDUH ERDOD DúD
FXPVHREVHUY GLQH[HPSOHOHGHPDLMRV

11) «C: Cum v-DLQIOXHQ DWIDSWXOF úWL LGHFHERDO VXIHUL L"

P: La început m-am speriat foDUWHWDUHGDUPHUHXDPVSHUDWF RV P IDF
ELQH(XVXQWFUHGLQFLRDV DPúWLXWF 'XPQH]HXRV P DMXWHvQvQFHUFDUHDDVWD
SDX] VHFXQGH'XPQH]HXúLPHGLFLLª>'()DQLFDQFHUGHVkQVWDGLX
,9 DEVROYHQW  GH  FODVH úL D XQHL FDOLILF UL OD ORFXO GH PXQF  FURLWRUHDV 
interviul a fost realizat la un an de la aflarea diagnosticului ].

12) ©'HFL DP DYXW DúD WRW DMXWRUXO OXL 'XPQH]HX úL DP GDW úL SHVWH QLúWH
medici extraordinar de buni, care m-au ajutat s  WUHF SHVWH DVWD úL P  DMXW  vQ
conWLQXDUH>@&XDMXWRUXOOXL'XPQH]HXRLWUHFHúLSHVWHDVWDª>60)DQL
FDQFHUGHVkQVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQW GHOLFHXPXQFLWRDUHLQWHUYLXODIRVWUHDOL]DW
ODXQDQúLGRX OXQLGHODDIODUHDGLDJQRVWLFXOXL@

207
 13)©0 IDFHIHULFLW IDSWXOF -lDPSH'XPQH]HXGHGRPQúLPkQWXLWRUª
>%& )  DQL FDQFHU GH VkQ VWDGLXO ,9 HFRQRPLVW  ,352&+,0 DEVRO-
YHQW  GH OLFHX úL D úFROLL SRVWOLFHDOH HFRQRPLFH LQWHUYLXO D IRVW UHDOL]DW OD úDSWH
luni de la aflarea diagnosticului]
ùL & 0vUúX 3 XQ   DWUDJH DWHQ LD DVXSUD IDSWXOXL F  DWLWXGLQLOH
FUHGLQ D SDFLHQ LORU DFWLYLW LOH UHOLJLRDVH SRW DYHD XQ LPSDFW SR]LWLY DVXSUD
r VSXQVXOXLODRERDO VHULRDV FXPHVWHFDQFHUXO(OHUHSUH]LQW vQRSLQLDDXWRDUHL
o strategie important  GH GLPLQXDUH D DQxiet LL úL GH PHQ LQHUH D HFKLOLEUXOXL
psihologic în raport cu stresul provocat de boal  &UHGLQ D vQ 'XPQH]HX HVWH R
form  LPSRUWDQW  GH VXSRUW úL VXUV  GH VSHUDQ  FDUH OD UkQGXO HL  UHSUH]LQW  R
SR]L LHSHUVRQDO vQID DYLH LLDYkQGLPSOLFD LLLPSRUWDQWHvQVLWXD LDGHERDO 

2.3. 3UREOHPDDGHY UXOXLvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHGLDJQRVWLFXOGHFDQFHU

'XS FXPV-DVXEOLQLDWFRPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHGLDJQRV-

WLFXO GH FDQFHU HVWH R SUREOHP  GHOLFDW  3ULQFLSLXO IXQGDPHQWDO HVWH DFHOD F 
pDFLHQ LLDXGUHSWXOV -úLFXQRDVF GLDJQRVWLFXOGDUQXVXQWREOLJD LV -OFXQRDVF 
GDF QXYRUÌQFRQWLQXDUHYRPSUH]HQWDRSLQLLOHSDFLHQ LORUUHODWLYHODDFHVWDVSHFW
úLFRQVHFLQ HOHFDUHGHFXUJGHDLFLRSLQLLUH]XOWDWHvQXUPDLQWHUYLXULORUFXSDFLHQ LL
,QWHUYLXOFXSDFLHQ LLDUHOLHIDWFkWHYDDVSHFWHúLDQXPH
a) 2SDUWHGLQWUHSDFLHQ LDDILUPDWF GRUHúWHV úWLHDGHY UXO în ceea
FH SULYHúWH GLDJQRVWLFXO SHQWUX D úWL FH FRQGXLW  WUHEXLH V  DGRSWH vQ FRQWLQXDUH
pentru ameliorarea bolii sau vLQGHFDUHDDFHVWHLDFHWUDWDPHQWHXUPHD] DILI FXWH
FHUHJLPGHYLD WUHEXLHV DGRSWHFDUHHVWHHYROX LDEROLLHWF

14)©3&KLDUDúYUHDV QRWD LF HXFRQVLGHUF DWXQFLFkQGXQXLEROQDYL

VHDVFXQGHDGHY UXOHVWHRJUHúHDO >«@ùLDPVLP LWDVWDSHSLHOHDPHDúLDFHORU
GLQMXUDGLF QHFXQRVFXWXOWHPDFLQ PDLPXOWGHFkWFkQGúWLLF DVWDHVWHúLWXWH
UHGUHVH]LVXIOHWHúWHvQP VXUDvQFDUHVLJXUILHFDUHvúLJ VHúWHUHVXUVHVDXQX>«@
'RDPQD GRFWRU D vQFHUFDW V  QX SUHD-PL VSXQ  XQHOH OXFUuri, dar i-DP VSXV Y 
URJV -PLVSXQH LYUHDXV úWLXFHWUDWDPHQWHPDLSRWXUPDFHUHJLPWUHEXLHV 
LQ FH DP YRLH V  IDF FH QX úL FDUH HVWH HYROX LD EROLL PHOHª [V.V, F, 56 ani,
FDQFHUGHVkQVDGLXO,9DEVROYHQW GHOLFHXúLDùFROLL6DQLWDUHGHDQLDVLVWHQW 
PHGLFDO ODVHF LD7%&5RúLRULLGH9HGH@

15) «P: La ecografie […]am întâlnit o rezident WkQ U L-am zis s -mi spun 
de la început totul, c PDLELQHVXSRUWDúDGHFkWV Y GF VHSRDUW FXPLQHFDFX
oul. […] Mie mi s-a spus adev UXOúLHXDPWUHFXWSHVWHDVWDPXOWPDLXúRUGHFkW
faptul c -PLDVFXQGHDúLDIODPGHODDOWFLQHYD>«@ùLDúDDPvQFHSXWV OXSWGLQ
WRDWHSXWHULOHSHQWUXYLD DPHDª>60)DQLFDQFHUGHVkQVWDGLXO,,,IRVW 
PXQFLWRDUHOD)DEULFDGHÌQF O PLQWHSHQVLRQDW GLQFDX]DEROLLDEVROYHQW GH
liceu].

16) «C: Vi s-DXRIHULWVXILFLHQWHLQIRUPD LLOHJDWHGHERDODGXPQHDYRDVWU "

33 LQXSUHDQXPLV-DVSXVQLFLP FDUFHERDO DP$úYUHDúLHXV úWLX
FHPDLXUPHD] FHWUDWDPHQWHFkWWLPSSHQWUXF YUHDXV PDLWU LHVFª>*,0
DQLFDQFHUSXOPRQDUVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQWGHFODVHúRIHU@
208
 'XS FXPUHLHVHGLQH[HPSOHOHGHPDLVXVRUHODWLYPDUHSDUWHDSDFLHQ LORU
úL-a manifestat GRULQ DGHDLVHFRPXQLFDDGHY UXOSHQWUXDúWLce compor-
taPHQW WUHEXLH V  DGRSWH vQ FRQWLQXDUH FX VFRSXO DPHOLRU ULL EROLL VDX YLQGHF ULL
DFHVWHLD WUDWDPHQWHOH FDUH XUPHD]  D IL I FXWH UHJLPXO GH YLD  FDUH WUHEXLH
adoptat etc.

b) 2DOW SDUWHGLQWUHSDFLHQ LúL-DPDQLIHVWDWGRULQ DGHDúWLDGHY UXO

în FHHD FH SULYHúWH GLDJQRVWLFXO SHQWUX D-úL SXQH ordine în problemele legate de
testament sau problemele profesionale:

17) «C: V-DLQIOXHQ DWERDODPRGXOGHJkQGLUHVDXGHYLD "

3 ÌQ FOLSD vQ FDUH úWLL F  PRUL SHVWH XQ DQ GRL VDX QX úWLX FkW«DU IL
senzD LRQDOV úWLLFkQGDGLF QXP-ar deranja deloc s PLVHVSXQ vQPRGFODU
numaidecât mi-DúIDFHWHVWDPHQWXOSHFDUHO-am tot amânat, c QXúWLXFXLV ODV
FDVD GDU DFXP GXF WUDWDWLYH FX QLúWH F OXJ UL H FDWROLFH >@ úL ]LF GDF 
vQ HSHQHVFYLQHfemeia, m vQJULMHúWHSkQ ODILQDOª>03)DQLFDQFHUGH
VkQVWDGLXO,,,]LDULVW 79DEVROYHQW D)DFXOW LLGH-XUQDOLVWLF @

18)©&$ LYUHDV úWL LDGHY UXOGHVSUHERDODGXPQHDYRDVWU "

3'DGDUFUHGF Q-DUSXWHDV VSXQ XQXLRPvQID H]LWDUHPDLDLSX LQ
GH WU LW 'HúL DWXQFL FkQG úWLL DGHY UXO v L PDL DUDQMH]L úL WX GLQ WUHEXUL úL v L
UH]ROYLSUREOHPHOHDFDV úLODVHUYLFLª[A.T, F, 49 ani, cancer de sân, stadiul III,
DEVROYHQW GHFODVHúLDXQHLúFROLGHXFHQLFLODORFXOGHPXQF PXQFLWRDUHOD
I.C.M.E]
F $X H[LVWDW úL SDFLHQ L  FDUH DX UHODWDW IDSWXO F  DGHY UXO privind
diagnosticul ar fi un PLMORFIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWSHQWUXDVF SDGHQHOLQLúWLúLDQ[LHWDWH
vQFHHDFHSULYHúWHVWDUHDGHV Q WDWHHYHQWXDOHOHUHFLGLYHúLSURSULXOYLLWRU:

19) ©36XQWQHF MLW F PLV-a ascuns, nu mi-a spus nici acuma ce am, dar
HX úWLX >«@ úWLX FH DP >«@ GRDPQD GRFWRU QX PL-D VSXV QLPLFD GHFkW F  YD IL
ELQHúLYRLILWUDWDW úLFDPDWkW([LVW GRX IHOXULPDOLJQúLEHQLJQ'HFDUe o fi
QX úWLX GDF-DU IL FHO PDL XúRU SRDWH PL-DU IL PDL XúRU PLH Q-Dú PDL IL DúD
GLVSHUDW  'DF-DU IL LQYHUV H]LWDUH >«@ 1X úWLX DGLF  HX VXQW vQ GHUXW  úL vQ
QHFXQRúWLQ GHFDX] úLDVWDP QHOLQLúWHúWHIRDUWHWDUHP VXS U 3UHIHUV úWLX
adeY UXO GHFkW V  PL VH WRW DVFXQG  0-DP V WXUDW V  P  WRW OXSW FX WHPHULOHª
>01 )  DQL FDQFHU GH VkQ VWDGLXO ,9 DEVROYHQW  GH  FODVH FRQIHF LRQHU
PHGDOLLLQVLJQHOD0RQHW ULD1D LRQDO @

20) ©&&XPFUHGH LF V-DUSXWHDvPEXQ W LFRPXQLFDUHDGLQWUHPHGLFúLSDFLHQ L"

3©,RFUHGF DUWUHEXLWRFPDLSULQDVHH[SOLFDSDFLHQWXOXLúLPDLDOHVSULQ
DVHIDFHSRDWHP FDUGLVFHUQ PkQWvQWUHIHOXOSDFLHQ LORU$GLF XQXOFDUHQX-úL
G VHDPDFH-LFXHOP URJSRDWHF vOPDLODúLDúDvQLJQRUDQ GHúLQLFLDWXQFL
nu e bine, dar un om care-úLG VHDPDGHFHV -OODúLV VHIU PkQWHV VHFKLQXLH"ª
[V.V, F, 54 ani, cancer de col XWHULQ VWDGLXO ,9 DEVROYHQW  GH OLFHX úL D ùFROLL
VDQLWDUHGHDQLDVLVWHQW PHGLFDO ODVHF LD7%&5RúLRULLGH9HGH]

209
 5H]XOWDWHOHGHPDLVXVVXQWFHQWUDOL]DWHvQXUP WRUXOWDEHO
Tabelul 1
3XQFWHGHYHGHUHDOHSDFLHQ LORUvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFRPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXL
UHODWLYODGLDJQRVWLFXOGHFDQFHUDúDFXPDXUHLHúLWGLQLQWHUYLXULOHFXSDFLHQ LL
&XQRDúWHUHDDGHY UXOXi privind comunicarea 3DFLHQ L
GLDJQRVWLFXOXLSXQFWHGHYHGHUHDOHSDFLHQ LORU
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLDYkQGFDHIHFWDGRSWDUHDXQRUFRQGXLWHúL 54
comportamente ulterioare favorabile bolii
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLavând ca efect echilibrarea psihLF vQFHHDFH 30
SULYHúWHVWDUHDGHV Q WDWHHYHQWXDOHOHUHFLGLYHSURSULXOYLLWRU
&RPXQLFDUHDDGHY UXOXLavând ca efect reglementarea problemelor legate 16
de testament sau profesionale

G7RWOHJDW GHSUREOHPDDGHY UXOXLvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHFRPunicarea diag-

QRVWLFXOXL D IRVW vQ FDGUXO LQWHUYLXOXL DSUHFLHUHD GH F WUH SDFLHQ L D H[SOLFD LLORU
date de medici 3DFLHQ LL DX DSUHFLDW H[SOLFD LLOH GDWH GH PHGLFL UHIHULWRDUH OD
diagnostic ca fiind FODUH úL FRQFLVH  GLQWUH SDFLHQ L H]LWDQWH úL FX RFROLúXUL
(27%), detaliate  úL cu DIHF LXQH (73%). Nici un pacient nu a afirmat c 
H[SOLFD LLOH DU IL IRVW GDWH FX EUXWDOLWDWH 6H SXQH vQV  SUREOHPD VLQFHULW LL
SDFLHQ LORUFDUHDUILSXWXWGDU VSXQVXULvQIDYRDUHDPHGLFLORUILHGLQVHQWLPHQWH
de MHQ ILHGHWHDP F PHGLFXORV DIOHGHODFHUFHW WRDUHU VSXQVXULOHORU3UHFL-
] PvQV SHGHRSDUWHF SDFLHQ LORUOLV-DFRPXQLFDWIDSWXOF DFHVWHLQWHUYLXUL
VXQW FRQILGHQ LDOH LDU SH GH DOWD F  vQ WRDWH GLDORJXULOH PHGLF-pacient la care am
asisWDWQXDPFRQVWDWDWEUXWDOLWDWHGLQSDUWHDPHGLFLORUvQH[SOLFD LLOHGDWHSDFLHQ LORU

Tabelul 2
$SUHFLHUHDGHF WUHSDFLHQ LDPRGDOLW LLGHH[SULPDUHDPHGLFLORU
Tipul e[SOLFD LLORU 3DFLHQ L 
Cum a formulat
PHGLFXOH[SOLFD LLOHSH Clare, concise 77
care vi le-a dat cu privire &XH]LW ULúLRFROLúXUL 27
ODERDO " 'HWDOLDWFXSUHDPXOWHDP QXQWH 22
Cu brutalitate -
&XDIHF LXQH 73

ÌQXQHOHVLWXD LLcomunicarea medic-pacientVHUHDOL]HD] FXH]LW ULúLRFROL-

úXULGLQSDUWHDPHGicului&RQVHFLQ HOHDFHVWHLFRPXQLF ULSHQWUXSDFLHQWVHUHOHY 
astfel:
21) ©3$FXPGHH[HPSOXPDU LFkQGDPIRVWODFRQWUROOD%DJGD]DUO-am
vQWUHEDW SH GRPQXO GRFWRU %>«@ V  VSXQ  GH FH QDWXU  D IRVW >WXPRUD@ >«@ ùL
GkQVXODVSXVQXQXúWLXGHFe natur GDUQXVHSRDWHFXP'XPQH]HXGHFHODR
RSHUD LHODúDSWH]HFLúLGRX GHRUHODELRSVLHWUHEXLDV LDV FHYDXQGLDJQRVWLF
>«@úLGkQVXOQXúWLH
&ùLGXPQHDYRDVWU ODFHY JkQGL L">«@

210
 P: Automat, dac  QX YUHD V -mi spun  DGHY UXO FHYD nu e în regul  >«@
Dar mai bine ar trebui s VSXQ DGHY UXOvQID >«@6 VSXQ P LE LDWXOHDVWD
HúL>«@ VWDHGLDJQRVWLFXODOWXOQX>«@QXHVWH'DUQXVHSRDWH>«@ODELRSVLH
s QXLDV 
&$PvQ HOHV$VWDY FUHHD] RVWDUHGHQHvQFUHGHUHID GHPHGLFL"
P: Da. Pân DFXPDPDYXWvQFUHGHUHGDUDFXPFKLDUO-am întrebat sincer.
'RPQXOHVSXQH L-PLúLPLHVLQFHUV VWDXúLHXFXVXIOHWXOvPS FDWFHERDO 
este, de ce natur DIRVWWXPRUDúL>«@FkQGvOvQWUHELQXVHúWLH>«@FXPQXVH
úWLH dup  DWkWD WLPS "ª >*& 0  DQL VDUFRP GH IHV  VWDGLXO ,,, úRPHU
absolvent de liceu]

22) «P: P LGDF GHSDWUXDQLQXP ODV úLHXQXúWLXQLPLFQX-mi spune

QLPHQLQLPLF>«@7RDWHKkUWLLOHOH LQODHL'DF vQWUHEQXSRDWHV VSXQ vQID 
c mai ai de tr LWVDXF PRULPkLQH>«@
&$PvQ HOHV&XPYLV-au p UXWH[SOLFD LLOHSHFDUHYLOH-au dat doctorii?
Au fost clare sau mai ezitante?
P: Ei spun c HVSUHELQHPHUJLVSUHELQHGDU>«@P VLPWU X>«@0L-HU X
PDLWRWWLPSXOúLDPvQFHSXWV QXSUHDPDLFUHGvQFHVSXQPHGLFLL3HQWUXF QX
m-DPVLP LWELQHFXWRDWHWUDWDPHQWHOHSHFDUHOH-DPI FXW(X]LFF QXPDLHQLFL
RVSHUDQ QXúWLXª>0%0DQLFDQFHUSXOPRQDUVWDGLXO,9IRVWFRQWURORU
ODSRDUW OD8]LQD)DXUDEVROYHQWGe liceu].

23) ©&&XPDXIRVWH[SOLFD LLOHSHFDUHYLOH-au dat medicii?

P: Mi s-DS UXWF YRUV -PLDVFXQG «$PvQWUHEDWGRPQX¶GRFWRUHYUXQ
FDQFHU"QXGRPQHVWDLOLQLúWLWQ-ai nimica.
&ùLO-D LFUH]XW"
31XSUHDSHQWUXF HXP VLPWGLQFHvQFHPDLU X'DF Q-am nimica de
ce mi-HU X"
&'XPQHDYRDVWU ODFHY JkQGL L"
3(XP JkQGHVFH]LWDUH
&9 JkQGL LF DUILFDQFHU"
P: Da, dar ei nu mi-au spus asta.» [V.G, M, 52 ani, cancer pulmonar, stadiul
,9DEVROYHQWGHFODVHúLDXQHLFDOLILF ULODORFXOGHPXQF PXQFLWRUPDUFDMH
rutiere]

H 'XS  FXP UH]XOW  GLQ H[HPSOHOH GH PDL VXV comunicarea cu ezit UL úL
RFROLúXUL GLQ SDUWHD PHGLFXOXL apare atunci când medicul trebuie s  FRPXQLFH
SDFLHQWXOXL GLDJQRVWLFXO GH FDQFHU GRULQG V -l prRWHMH]H SH DFHVWD 'LQ UHODW ULOH
SDFLHQ LORUH]LW ULOHvQFRPXQLFDUHDPHGLFLORUV-au concretizat în expresii FDUHV -i
DVFXQG SDFLHQWXOXLDGHY UXOvQOHJ WXU FXERDODOXLGHWLSXO©QXúWLXGHRFDP-
GDW GLDJQRVWLFXOYHQL LSHVWHRV SW PkQ FkQGRV primesc rezultatul la biopsie»,
©QXDXYHQLWUH]XOWDWHOHGHODODERUDWRUª©IDFH LXQWUDWDPHQWSHQWUXvQW ULUHª©RV 
Y G PXQWUDWDPHQWSHQWUXWHQVLXQHª©QXY VSHULD LWRWXORV ILHELQHª©RV Y 
VSXQ PHGLFXOGHIDPLOLHªVDXvQSUH]HQ Dpauzelor în vorbirea medicului înainte
GHDGDU VSXQVXOODvQWUHE ULDOHSDFLHQ LORUUHIHULRDUHODGLDJQRVWLF
211
 2 FRQVHFLQ  D FRPXQLF ULL UHDOL]DWH GH F WUH PHGLFL FX H]LW UL úL RFROLúXUL
este, pe de o parte, faptul c  SDFLHQ LL vQFHS V -úL SLDUG  vQFUHGHUHD vQ medic,
vQWUXFkWvQXQHOHVWDGLLDOHEROLLDSDUHvQU XW LUHDVW ULLGHV Q WDWHDSDFLHQ LORU
GHúLPHGLFLLvQFHDUF V -LFRQYLQJ SHDFHúWLDF VHYRUIDFHELQH
3H GH DOW  SDUWH IDSWXO F  PHGLFXO OH ascunde adev Uul este interpretat de
c WUHSDFLHQ L ca o dovad DJUDYLW LLEROLL c UHLDPHGLFXOQX-LSRDWHIDFHID úL
apare din nou sc GHUHDFUHGLELOLW LLPHGLFXOXLvQRFKLLSDFLHQWXOXL(YROX LDDFHVWHL
boli necesit  LQWHUQ UL QXPHURDVH úL WUDWDPHQWH WUDXPDWL]DQWH LDU SUH]HQ D XQXL
medic în care pacientul s DLE vQFUHGHUHúLODFDUHV DSHOH]HvQPRPHQWHOHFULWLFH
este absolut obligatorie. Pierderea credibilit LLPHGLFXOXL îl las SHSDFLHQWVLQJXU
s VHOXSWHFXVXIHULQ HOHI U V DLE XQVSULMLQODFDUHV SRDW DSHODDWXQFLFkQG
nu mai poate IDFHID VLQJXUVLWXD LHL
I  GLQWUH SDFLHQ L DFHLDúL FDUH DX UHPDUFDW H]LW ULOH úL RFROLúXULOH GLQ
comunicarea cu medicul, au afirmat c nu li s-DXRIHULWVXILFLHQWHLQIRUPD LLúLF DU
PDL IL GRULW úL DOWH LQIRUPD LL VXSOLPHQWDUH OHJDWH GH HYROX LD bolii, tratamentele
FDUHXUPHD] DILI FXWHúLFRQVHFLQ HOHORUUHJLPXOGHYLD FDUHWUHEXLHXUPDW:

24) ©&$ LILGRULWúLDOWFHYDDOWHLQIRUPD LL"

P: Da.
C: Ce anume ?
P: Asta, s úWLXFkWFkWPDLDP
&&kWPDLDYH LGHWU LW"
P: Da, pentru c GRFWRULLúWLXvQXOWLPHOHWUHLOXQLúDVHOXQLVDXQXúWLXFkW
>«@GHFLDWXQFLv LVSXQ>«@DLWUHLV SW PkQLGHWU LW7HDGXQLIRDUWHWDUHFkQG
úWLL FDP FkW P FDU FX DSUR[LPD LH >«@$úD úWLX FX FLQH DP GH-D IDFH úWLX F 
exist QLúWHRDPHQLFDUHP DMXW V WUHFSULQHWDSHOHDVWHD>«@(XPXOWHDPDIODW
din colaborarea cu doctorul C[…]. Noi comunic P GLVFXW P IRDUWH PXOWH DP
aflat.» [M.P. F, 56 ani, cancer de sân, stadiul III, ziarist  79 DEVROYHQW  D
)DFXOW LLGH-XUQDOLVWLF @

25) ©&$ LILGRULWúLDOWFHYDDOWHLQIRUPD LL"

3'DV úWLXvQFHVWDGLXGHHYROX LHVHDIO ERDODFHWUDWDPHQWHXUPHD] V 
PDLIDFFDUHHVWHHYROX LDEROLLFHUHJLPDOLPHQWDUWUDEXLHV  LQDFDV úLH]LWDUH
GHFHP VLPWGLQFHvQFHPDLU Xª>/00DQLFDQFHU pulmonar, stadiul III,
DEVROYHQWDO8QLYHUVLW LL3ROLWHKQLFH%XFXUHúWL- Facultatea de Metalurgie, inginer
metalurgist]

26) ©&$ LILGRULWúLDOWFHYDDOWHLQIRUPD LL"

3$úYUHDV PLVHVSXQ H]LWDUHPDLSHID DúD
&&HDQXPHD LYUHD"
P: Ce uUPHD] V IDFúLHYROX LDúLFHVLPSWRPHGDXFLWRVWDWLFHOHDVWHDFXP
D IRVW FX S UXO FDUH PL-D F ]XW FX JUHD D úL FX YRPD $ú PDL YUHD V  úWLX FkWH
FHYDª>5/&0DQLFDQFHUJDVWULFVWDGLXO,,,DEVROYHQWGHFODVHúLDOXQHL
úFROLSURIHVLRQDOHGHWkPSO ULH@

212
 7RDWH DFHVWH LQIRUPD LL FUHGHP QRL vL DMXW  SH SDFLHQ L V  FXQRDVF  PDL
PXOWHGHVSUHSURSULDERDO úLFDXUPDUHV ILHPDLSX LQGHSUHVLYLúLV VHLPSOLFH
mai activ în tratament contribuind astfel la ameliorarea acesteia.

În concluzie, FHUFHW ULOHSUH]HQWDWHDXUHOHYDWIDSWXOF GHúLaflarea diagnosti-

FXOXL GH FDQFHU D DYXW LQL LDO R LQIOXHQ  QHJDWLY  DVXSUD PDMRULW LL SDFLHQ LORU
(66%), odat WUHFXWúRFXOFRQILUP ULLGLDJQRVWLFXOXLSDFLHQ LLDXvQFHSXWFXDMXWRUXO
echipei terapeutice úLDOIDPLOLHLV VHLPSOLFHvQWUDWDPHQWúLV OXSWHFXERDOD'H
DVHPHQHD SDFLHQ LL úL-DX PDQLIHVWDW GRULQ D GH D FXQRDúWH DGHY UXO vQ FHHD FH
SULYHúWH GLDJQRVWLFXO SHQWUX D úWL FH FRQGXLW  WUHEXLH V  DGRSWH vQ FRQWLQXDUH FX
VFRSXODPHOLRU ULLVDXYLQGHF ULLEROLLSHQWUXDVF SDGHQHOLQLúWLúLDQ[LHW L
UHODWLYODVWDUHDGHV Q WDWHHYHQWXDOHOHUHFLGLYHúLSURSULXOYLLWRUúLSHQWUX
a-úLSXQHRUGLQHvQSUREOHPHOHOHJDWHGHWHVWDPHQWVDXVXFFHVLXQHvQDIDFHUL

/LVW GHDEUHYLHUL
C= FHUFHW WRDUH
F= pacient/ terapeut de sex feminin
M= pacient/ terapeut de sex masculin
P= pacient

BIBLIOGRAFIE

Antonescu V. (2001), Împ UW úLUHD YHúWLORU UHOH DERUGDUHD QHJ ULL vQ SUDFWLFD PHGLFLQLL
paliative, ©%XOHWLQXO $VRFLD LHL %DOLQWª 0LHUFXUHD-Ciuc, Tipografia Alutus), 3, nr.
10, iunie 2001, p. 10-13.
Buckman R. (1989), Communicating with cancer patients, «Practitioner», 33,
nr. 52, p. 1393-1396.
Dunlop R.J., Hockley J.M. (1998), Hospital based palliative care teams: The Hospital-
hospice interface, Oxford, Editura Oxford University Press.
(Q FKHVFX&7UDWDWGHLJLHQ PLQWDO ,DúL(GLWXUD3ROLURP
Fallowfield L. J. (1998), Counselling for patients with cancer, New York, Routledge.
Faulkner A. (1998), When the news is bad, Londra, Editura Stanley Thornes Ltd.
Fitzpatrick F.J. (1998), Ethics in nursing practice: basic principles and their application,
London, The Linacre Centre for the Study of the Ethics of Health Care.
Gevenois E. (1998), 9RFHDOLQLúWLLVXIOHWHúWLFDU VSXQVODYRFHDQHOLQLúWLL%XFXUHúWL Editura
Univers Enciclopedic.
Iamandescu I. B. (1999), (OHPHQWHGHSVLKRVRPDWLF JHQHUDO úLDSOLFDW %XFXUHúWL Editura
Infomedica.
Iamandescu I.B. (2002), 'LPHQVLXQHD SVLKRVRFLDO  D SUDFWLFLL PHGLFDOH %XFXUHúWL Editura
Infomedica.
. EOHU-Ross E. (1975), Les derniers instants de la vie, Genève, Editura Labors et Fides.
Luban-3OR]]D%3 OGLQJHU:.U JHU)%ROLSVLKRVRPDWLFHvQSUDFWLFDPHGLFDO ,
%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD0HGLFDO 
0vUúX3 XQ&Psihosomatic RQFRORJLF , în Elemente de psihosomatic general 
úi aplicat VXE(GLWXUD,%,DPDQGHVFX%XFXUHúWL(GLWXUD,QIRPHGLFDS-312.

213
NATIONAL INSTTUTES OF HEALTH (1992), “Taking time: support for people with
cancer and the people who care about them”, National Institutes of Health
Publication.
Popovici MvUúX&1LFRODX6 3VLKRORJLHúLFDQFHU%XFXUHúWL©9LD DPHGLFDO ª
34, nr.4, p. 5-6.
Randall F., Downie R.S. (1996), Palliative care ethics: a good companion, Oxford, Editura
Oxford University Press.
Twycross R. (1997), Introducing palliative care, New York, Editura Radcliffe Medical
Press.
Webb P. (2000), Ethical issues in palliative care: reflections and considerations,
Manchester, Hochland and Hochland.
Weisman M., Worden J.W. (1992), Grief counselling and grief therapy. A handbook for
mental health practitioner, Londra, Editura Tavistock Routledge.

214
 ,6725,(62&,$/

2%ù7($ù,&2081,7$7($'($9(5(
Studiu comparativ
MONICA POPA

ABSTRACT

In a lack of customs that settle and impose a specific referrence to the land issue,
individuals don’t evaluate the community topic regarding the property of a piece of land.
Juridical standards without a common law fundamentation stand up for a reglemented
character upon which individuals are referring to understand the rights and obligations
that come from achieving this status, without reinvesting the property with symbolical
properties.. Beside this, the collective property do not enter in the interests area or
representations of individuals, when there is a feeling that it has never belonged to the
community.

3URSULHWDWHDFRPXQ DVXSUDWHUHQXULORUIRUHVWLHUHúLDS úXQLORUVHDIO ODED]D

PHQ LQHULLXQRUU P úLWHFRPXQLWDUHFDUHPDLSRWILUHJ VLWHvQVSD LXOURPkQHVFvQ
]RQD 9UDQFHL %DQDWXOXL GH PXQWH 6LELXOXL 6HFXLPLL %LVWUL HL-1 V XG GDU úL vQ
alte regiuni de deal-munte din Transilvania. Analiza formelor de proprietate
FROHFWLY DJHQHUDWGLIHULWHVLVWHPHGHRUJDQL]DUHFRPXQLWDU FDUHQXSRWILvQ HOHVH
I U VXUSULQGHUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUSURSULHW LL(VWHGHPHQ LRQDWIDSWXOF vQWRDWH
aceste zone, deúLH[LVW RSURSULHWDWHFROHFWLY LQGLYL] SHJRVSRG ULLJHVWLRQDUHD
RUJDQL]DUHD úL H[SORDWDUHD SURSULHW LL FDS W  FDUDFWHULVWLFL ORFDOH vQ IXQF LH GH
WUDGL LLOH LVWRULFH GDU úL GH PRGDOLW LOH GH UHFRQVWLWXLUH D SURSULHW LL GXS  
De aceea conVWUXF LDXQHLWLSRORJLLDSURSULHW LLFROHFWLYHvQ5RPkQLDQHSHUPLWH
vQ HOHJHUHDOHJ WXULLGLQWUHSURSULHWDWHúLGLIHULWHVLVWHPHGHRUJDQL]DUHFRPXQLWDU 
În elaborarea acestei tipologii s-D XWLOL]DW R PHWRGRORJLH FDOLWDWLY  DSOLFkQG
metoda arheologiei VRFLDOH SHQWUX vQ HOHJHUHD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH DX IXQF LRQDW
&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHúL2EúWHDvQVHFROXODO;,;-OHDvQSHULRDGDFRPXQLVW úLvQ
FHDGHGXS DSOLFDUHD/HJLLGHQXPLW úL/HJHD/XSX
3HWHULWRULXO5RPkQLHLGHD]LvQWkOQLPGRX WLSXULGHRUJDQL]DUHFRPXQLWDU D
SURSULHW LL 2EúWHD úL &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH $FHVWHD VH vQVFULX LQ WLSRORJLD
SURSULHW LL FROHFWLYH LDU GDWRULW  GLIHULWHORU FRQWH[WH VRFLR-istorice în care cele
GRX LQVWLWX LLDXDS UXWFRQVLGHU PF HVWHQHFHVDUFDGHPHUVXOV debuteze cu o
caracterizare a acestora.
2SULP vQFHUFDUHGHvQ HOHJHUHDPRGXOXLvQFDUHSURSULHWDWHDDUHSUH]HQWDW
un structurant comunitar, o putem realiza SULQUDSRUWDUHODVWDWÌQVWXGLXOGHID R
DWHQ LH VSHFLDO  HVWH DFRUGDW  GHFL]LLORU DGPLQLVWUDtive statale care au reglementat
diferit raporturile individului cu proprietatea.
ÌQFD]XOREúWLLXQUROLPSRUWDQWO-au jucat normele juridice de reglementare a
IRQGXOXLIRUHVWLHULPSXVHGHVWDWXOURPkQvQFkQGVHHODERUHD] &RGXOVLOYLF
In Vechiul 5HJDW LDU vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH PHQ LRQ P
OHJLVOD LDIRUHVWLHU KDEVEXUJLF úLFHDURPkQHDVF GXS 
215
 3ULQREúWHvQ HOHJHPPRGXOVSHFLILFGHRUJDQL]DUHFRPXQLWDU vQWkOQLWvQ DUD
9UDQFHL &HUFHW ULOH OXL +HQUL + 6WDKO GLQ SHULRDGD LQWHUEHOLF  SXQ vQ HYLGHQ 
SURFHVHOH GH GLVROX LH WUHSWDW  D SURSULHW LL FROHFWLYH WUHFkQGX-se de la formele
GHY OP úLHLDEVROXWHODRGHY OP úLHSHFRWH-S LúLGHODRSURSULHWDWHFROHFWLY 
DVXSUD vQWUHJXOXL WHULWRULX OD R SURSULHWDWH FROHFWLY  UHVWUkQV  OD SDWULPRQLXO
IRUHVWLHUúLODFHODOS úXQLORU1&HUFHW ULOHSHFDUHOH-am întreprins în ultimii ani în
]RQD9UDQFHLLQGLF FRQWLQXDUHDSURFHVXOXLGHGLVROX LHDSURSULHW LLFROHFWLYHúLD
UHSUH]HQW ULORUPHQWDOHOHJDWHGHREúWHúLDFHDVW IRUP GHSURSULHWDWH
&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHUHSUH]LQW PRGXOVSHFLILFGHRUJDQL]DUHDSURSULHW LL
GLQ ]RQD %DQDWXOXL GH PXQWH SH WHULWRULXO F UXLD V-D UHJ VLW WLPS GH XQ VHFRO
JUDQL D PLOLWDU  DXVWULDF  ÌQ DFHVW FD] R SDUWH D IRVWHL SURSULHW L D vPS UDWXOui
$XVWULHL DIODW  vQ IRORVLQ D VDWHORU FDUH DOF WXLDX JUDQL D PLOLWDU  GHYLQH GXS 
GHVILLQ DUHD DFHVWHLD SURSULHWDWHD VDWHORU GLQ IRVWD JUDQL  úL HVWH RUJDQL]DW  úL
H[SORDWDW FRPXQLWDU$FHDVW SURSULHWDWHLQFOXV vQ&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHHVWHvQ
primul rând, de tip forestier.
2 GLIHUHQ  IXQGDPHQWDO  vQWUH REúWH úL &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH GHULY  GLQ
modul în care acestea DX IRVW vQWHPHLDWH RUJDQL]DWH úL UHJOHPHQWDWH GDU úL GLQ
specificul factorilor de decizie – LQWHUQL úL H[WHUQL – care au exercitat LQIOXHQ H
VSHFLILFHSHSDUFXUVXOHYROX LHLORULVWRULFH
ÌQ FD]XO REúWLL SkQ  OD vQFHSXWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;;-lea, dreptul cutumiar a
UHSUH]HQWDWHOHPHQWXOFDUHDVWDWODED]DIXQF LRQ ULLHL3HP VXU FHFRPXQLWDWHD
VH HWHURJHQL]HD]  FD XUPDUH D VF GHULL DXWRULW LL FXWXPHORU – expresii ale unor
VSHFLILFLW L ORFDOH – UHJOHPHQWDUHD IRUPDO  D SURSULHW LL SULQ LPSXQHUHD XQRU
QRUPHMXULGLFHGHWLSPRGHUQYDGHWHUPLQDVFKLPE ULvQUDSRUWXULOHLQGLYLGXOXLFX
proprietatea. În urma procesului de formalizare D DFHVWHL OHJ WXUL SURSULHWDWHD vúL
SLHUGHGLQYDOHQ HOHFRPXQLWDUHDFHVWHIHFWREVHUYkQGX-VHvQFD]XO&RPXQLW LLGH
$YHUH FDUH DUH H[FOXVLY R IXQGDPHQWDUH MXULGLF  ÌQ FD]XO REúWLL SH IRQGXO XQHL
VHPQLILFDWLYHWUDGL LLGHWLSFXWXPLDUSURSULHWDWHDvQF PDLHVWHLQYHVWLW FXDWULEXWH
VLPEROLFH FHO SX LQ GH LQGLYL]LL FDUH S VWUHD]  DPLQWLUHD REúWLL GLQ SHULRDGD
DQWHEHOLF úLLQWHUEHOLF 3HDFHVWIRQGREúWHDYUkQFHDQ FRQWHPSRUDQ UHSUH]LQW 
XQ PRPHQW WkU]LX DO WUHQGXOXL LVWRULF GH GLVROX LH D XQHL puternice structuri
FRPXQLWDUH GH WLS FXWXPLDU vQ XUPD vQWkOQLULL FX PRGHUQLWDWHD UHSUH]HQWDW  GH
HFRQRPLDGHSLD úLVWUXFWXULOHMXULGLFHDOHVWDWXOXLURPkQPRGHUQ
&XWRWXODOWXOHVWHFD]XO&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUH(DUHSUH]LQW RIRUP WkU]LH
de organizaUH D XQHL SURSULHW L FRPXQLWDUH FD XUPDUH D GLVROX LHL XQHL VWUXFWXUL
VRFLDOHvQILLQ DWHvQVFRSXULPLOLWDUHGHVWDWXODXVWULDFvQDGRXDSDUWHDVHFROXOXLDO
XVIII-OHDúLPHQ LQXW WLPSGHXQVHFROSkQ ODDSDUL LDGXDOLVPXOXLDXVWUR-ungar
úL LQWUDUHD acestei zone în structurile teritoriale ale statului maghiar, care a impus
GHVILLQ DUHDJUDQL HLPLOLWDUH

2GDW  FX SDFHD GH OD .DUORZLW]  vQFKHLDW  vQ XUPD U ]ERLXOXL GLQWUH
DXVWULHFLúLWXUFLFDUHDDYXWFDPRPHQWGHFLVLYPDUHDE W OLHGHOD=HQta din 1697,
KDEVEXUJLLDQH[HD] 7UDQVLOYDQLDúL%DQDWXO'RX ]HFLGHDQLPDLWkU]LXvQXUPD
S FLLGHOD3DVVDURZLW]WXUFLLYRUILDOXQJD LGLQ%DQDWÌQFHSkQGFXVHFROXO

1
Stahl, Henri H &RQWULEX LL OD VWXGLXO VDWHORU GHY OPDúH URPkQHúWL %XFXUHúWL
Editura Cartea RomâneaVF .
216
al XVIII-OHD%DQDWXOGHPXQWHúLFkWHYDUHJLXQLGLQ7UDQVLOYDQLDDIODWHODJUDQL D
FXLPSHULXORWRPDQ=RQD1 V XGXOXL6HFXLPHD]RQDGLQMXUXO2UODWXOXLVLELDQ
vor face obiectul politicilor de militarizare ale imperiului. Demilitarizarea se va
SURGXFH RGDW  FX FRQVWLWXLUHD GXDOLVPXOXL DXVWUR-XQJDU LDU vQ  VH YD vQILLQ D
Comunitatea de Avere din Banat.2
ÌQ FD]XO &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH VFKLPEDUHD UHJLPXOXL SURSULHW LL QX D
UHSUH]HQWDW XQ UH]XOWDW DO LHúLULL GLQ LQGLYL]LXQH FL HIHFWXO SROLWLFLL KDEVEXUJLFH
care, pentru a proteja noile frontiere împotriva incursiunii otomane, a creat o
UHJLXQH PLOLWDU  VXERUGRQDW  GLUHFW DXWRULW LL LPSHULXOXL DXVWULDF SULQ XUPDUH
DXWRQRP vQUDSRUWFXQRELOLLORFDOLúLHOLEHUDW GHVXEMXULVGLF LDYHFKLORUVWUXFWXUL
WHULWRULDOH *UDQL D PLOLWDU  DYHD OLPLWD YHVWLF  vQ UHJLXQHD 0 ULL $GULDWLce,
continuându-VH vQ 6ORYHQLD &URD LD DFWXDOXO %DQDW VkUEHVF UHJLXQHD PRQWDQ  D
DFWXDOXOXL%DQDWURPkQHVF&DUDQVHEHú/LPLWDHVWLF DDFHVWHLDVHVLWXDvQMXGH XO
%LVWUL D-1 V XG UDQLL GLQ UHJLXQLOH PLOLWDUL]DWH DYHDX DWULEX LL PLOLWDUH ILLQG
oblLJD L V  SDUWLFLSH úL OD U ]ERDLHOH FDUH VH GHVI úXUDX vQ DIDUD 7UDQVLOYDQLHL úL
%DQDWXOXLFXPDXIRVWFDPSDQLLOHDQWLQDSROHRQLHQHU ]ERDLHOHFX7XUFLDU ]ERLXO
FRQWUD 3UXVLHL vQ  úL FHO FRQWUD ,WDOLHL úL )UDQ HL vQ ). Primele regimente
JU QLFHUHúWL V-DX vQILLQ DW OD VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;9,,-lea (1690) de-a lungul
UkXULORU7LVDúL0XUHú1HFHVLWDWHDPLOLWDUL] ULL%DQDWXOXLGHVXGDIRVWFXSULQV vQ
/HJHD;9,,,GLQÌQVSD LXOURPkQHVFvQXUPDXQRUGHFUHWHLPSHULDOHHPLVH
de Maria Tereza úLGHFRUHJHQWXODFHVWHLD,RVLIDO,,-lea, se vor constitui, începând
FXDQXOUHJLPHQWHJU QLFHUHúWLvQ]RQD%DQDWXOXLúLvQPDLPXOWHSXQFWHDOH
Transilvaniei: Regimentul nr.  9DODK GH 2UODW MXGH XO 6LELX 5HJLPHQWXO QU 
9DODK GH 1 V XG 5HJLPHntul nr. 2 Secuiesc, cu sediul la Odorheiu Secuiesc,
Regimentul nr. 11 Secuiesc, cu sediul la Sfântu Gheorghe, Regimentul nr. 12
JHUPDQ GH 3DQFHYR DFWXDOXO %DQDW VkUEHVF IRUPDW GLQ URPkQL GDU úL GLQ úYDEL
FRORQL]D LvQ]RQ vQVHFROXODO;9,,,-OHDúL5egimentul nr.13 valaho-ilir cu sediul
OD &DUDQVHEHú IRUPDW GLQ URPkQL úL VkUEL 5HJLXQHD JU QLFHUHDVF  GLQ ]RQD
7UDQVLOYDQLHL úL GLQ %DQDW D DYXW XQ VWDWXW VSHFLDO vQ FDGUXO LPSHULXOXL OD
UHFHQV PkQWXODXVWULDFGLQILLQGFUHDW RUXEULF GLVWLQFW pentru înregistrarea
FRPXQLW LORUPLOLWDUL]DWHGLQVXGXOúLHVWXOLPSHULXOXL
$FHVWHD HUDX RUJDQL]DWH GXS  XUP WRUXO PRGHO VWUXFWXUD WHULWRULDO  GH
FRQGXFHUH FHQWUDOL]DW  HUD UHJLXQHD PLOLWDU  LDU SULQFLSDOD XQLWDWH GH OXSW  HUD
regimentul format din ckWHGRX EDWDOLRDQHILHFDUHEDWDOLRQFXSULQ]kQGPDLPXOWH
FRPSDQLLRFRPSDQLHILLQGFRQVWLWXLW GLQPDLPXOWHVDWH'HH[HPSOXvQ%DQDW
în cadrul Regimentului valaho-LOLU &RPSDQLD  FX VHGLXO OD 'DOERúH  9DOHD
$OP MXOXL DYHD vQ FRPSRQHQ  úDVH VDWH  'DOERúH   ùRSRWXO 9HFKL 0RFHULú
/ SXúQLF ùRSRWXO 1RX 5DYHQVFD FRPXQLWDWH GH FHKL FRORQL]D L GH DXVWULHFL vQ
]RQ WRWvQVFRSXULPLOLWDUH
ÌQ UHJLXQHD %DQDWXOXL WUDGL LD FRPXQLWDU  DXWRKWRQ  D IRVW vQWUHUXSW  GH
SROLWLFD LPSHULDO  KDEVEXUJLF  FH YD LPSXQH GLQ UD LXQL PLOLWDUH XQ PRGHO GH
RUJDQL]DUH FRPXQLWDU  FDUH DYHD OD ED]  IDPLOLD H[WLQV  $FHVW VLVWHP IDPLOLDO
SRDUW  GHQXPLUHD GH zadruga JRVSRG ULD VSHFLILF  VODYLORU GH VXG FDUH UHXQHúWH
PDL PXOWH FXSOXUL F V WRULWH FH DGPLQLVWUHD]  vQ FRPXQ SURSULHWDWHD DJULFRO 

2
Marchescu, Antoniu *U QLFHULL E Q HQL úL &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH &DUDQVHEHú
1941.
217
LQGLYLGXDOL]DW QXPDLODQLYHOXOJUXSXOXLGRPHVWLFWHUHQXULOHIRUHVWLHUHúLS úXQLOH
U PkQkQG vQ SURSULHWDWHD vQWUHJLL FRPXQLW L ÌQ FD]XO E Q HDQ JUXSXO GRPHVWLF
extins format din mai multe familii, în general înrudite, conduVH GH XQ ÄWDW  GH
IDPLOLH´úLRÄPDP GHIDPLOLH´VHQXPHúWHFRPXQLRQGHFDV .3
Începând cu secolul al XVIII-OHD úL SkQ  OD FRQVWLWXLUHD GXDOLVPXOXL DXVWUR-
ungar, FRPXQLRQXO GH FDV , format prin aglutinare, a schimbat peisajul rural care
s-a recRQILJXUDWvQDEVHQ DGLQDPLFLLVSHFLILFHVDWHORUURPkQHúWLGHGHDOúLPXQWH
ÌQ SULPXO UkQG YD EORFD URLULOH GHPRJUDILFH SULQ F V WRULH úL YD LPSXQH
FRQFHQWUDUHDSRSXOD LHLvQPDULXQLW LUXUDOHGHYDOHGHWHUPLQkQGDVSHFWXODWkWGH
WLSLFDOVDWXOXLE Q HDQFXRYDWU SXWHUQLFFRQWXUDW úLFXORFXLQ HvQIURQWVWUDGDO
FRQWLQXX FX OLQLL SXWHUQLFH GH JDUGXUL ]LGLWH FDUH SURWHMHD]  úL LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] 
JRVSRG ULLOH. $SRL LPSXQHUHD FRPXQLRQXOXL GH FDV  YD IRU D FXSOXO PDWF  V 
WU LDVF vPSUHXQ FXGHVFHQGHQ LLGHVH[PDVFXOLQúLvQXQHOHFD]XULúLFXFHLSH
OLQLHIHPLQLQ IHWHOHQHSULPLQGS PkQWODF V WRULHFLGRDUGRW 6HSRDWHREVHUYD
în cazul FRPXQLRQXOXL GH FDV  R GHYLHUH GH OD PRGHOXO WUDGL LRQDO DO JRVSRG ULHL
URPkQHúWL FDUH HVWH IRUPDW  GLQWr-XQ VLQJXU FXSOX F V WRULW úL FRSLLL DFHVWXLD vQ
XQHOHFD]XULWU LQGvQDFHODúLSHULPHWUXJRVSRG UHVFúLEXQLFLL
'LQ S FDWH FKHVWLXQHD FRPXQLRQXOXL GH FDV  QX SRDWH IL UHFRQVWLWXLW  GLQ
SHUVSHFWLYDXQRUH[SHULHQ HWU LWHGHORFDOQLFLSHQWUXF GHPLOitarizarea regiunii s-a
produs în secolul al XIX-lea, acest proces ILLQGvQVR LWGHUHvQWRDUFHUHDODWUDGL LD
URPkQHDVF vQFDUHGHVFHQGHQ LLvúLvQWHPHLD] SURSULDJRVSRG ULHvQDIDUDIDPLOLHL
PDWF .ÌQWUHED LGHFHFDVHOHvQFDUHORFXLHVFDXXQDQXPLWVSHFLILFXQLLDXU VSXQV
F SHVWHWRWvQ DU VXQWFRQVWUXLWHODIHOÌQVFKLPEDO LLDXVXV LQXWF JRVSRG ULLOH
VXQW DSURSLDWH GLQ FDX]D OLSVHL GH VSD LX 'H DVHPHQHD DFWXDOPHQWH PDL SRW IL
întâlnite FRPXQLRDQH GH FDV în care locuiesc mai multe cuplurL F V WRULWH GDU
QLFLXQ ORFDOQLF QX D DILUPDW F  vQDLQWH DúD VH ORFXLD LQYRFkQG UD LXQL SUDFWLFH GH
YDORULILFDUHDVSD LXOXL7UHEXLHPHQ LRQDWF SURWRWLSXOFRPXQLRPXOXLGHFDV QX
HVWH FHO REVHUYDW DFWXDOPHQWH vQ PDMRULWDWHD IRVWHORU FRPXQLW L GH JU Qiceri.
*RVSRG ULDWLSLF JU QLFHUHDVF vQIRUPDLQL LDO HUDIRUPDW GLQGRX FDPHUHWR L
membrii acesteia dormind pe jos într-R VLQJXU  FDPHU  Ä3DWXO HUD I FXW SH QLúWH
UXúL'XS -DLDDXI FXWSDWXULOHvQDOWHFDV VHIHUHDVF GHIULJúLQLFLJHDPXrile
n-RUIRVWDúD*HDPXULOHHUDXPLFX HGRX F P UX HHUDXXQDYDWUDXQGHVHI FHD
PkQFDUH úL R FDPHU  XQGH V  GRUPHD 'RUPLWRUXO HUD úL FDPHUD GH RDVSH L”
33VDW3ULJRU DUD$OP MXOXLGLUHFWRUGHúFRDO .
În perioada militari] ULLPRGHOXODUKLWHFWXUDOSUHGRPLQDQWDIRVWFHOFXGRX 
FDPHUH úL FXUWH QHDFRSHULW  ÌQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH IDPLOLD HUD PDL QXPHURDV  VH
FRQVWUXLDX PDL PXOWH FDPHUH GH PXOWH RUL OLSLWH GH FDPHUHOH LQL LDOH 8OWHULRU
JRVSRG ULDVHUHFRQILJXUHD] DMXQJkndu-VHODPRGHOXOWLSFHWDWHÌQDFHVWDID] GH
HYROX LH SRDUWD HVWH FRQVWUXLW  SkQ  OD QLYHOXO DFRSHULúXOXL ÌQ XOWLPD ID]  ÄÌúL
PXW WRWXOODVWUDG úLGDF PDLDUHORFvQDSRLFXUWHDHFXPHPDLPLF ùL-acu
PDL QRX HYLW  V  PDL WUHDF  DQLPDOHOH SULQ FXUWH ÌQDLQWH vQ FXUWH HUD úL JUDMG
SHQWUX DQLPDOH $FXP DX VFRV DOWH LQWU UL FD V  QX PDL ILH´ (P. P., sat Prigor,
DUD$OP MXOXLGLUHFWRUGHúFRDO .

 ùLúHúWHDQ *KHRUJKH La Région Militaire (Militär-Gränze) et la maison et le

3

groupe domestique étendu. Exemples roumaines, Draft.

218
 &k LYDE WUkQLúL-DXDPLQWLWF DXVWULHFLLDXLPSXVLQFOXVLYPRGXOGHDGPLQLVWUDUH
a comuniunLL GH FDV , implicându-VH úL vQ DFWLYLW L GRPHVWLFH 8Q ORFDOQLF QH-a
SRYHVWLWGHVSUHLPL[WLXQHDDXVWULDF vQFKHVWLXQLOHGRPHVWLFHÄ&XPV Y VSXQ"3HOD
început,SRYHVWHDXQE WUkQGLQS ULQ LLORUEXQLFLFXPSULPDGDW vLFRQWURODXFkQG
au venit de-DX RFXSDW SH DLFL úL OH-R LPSXV ILHFDUH V -úL FXOWLYH S PkQWXO IHPHLOH
I FHDXPkQFDUHúLGXFHDXODOXFU WRULODFkPS&RQWURODSROL LDFDUHDYHDXHLDWXQFL
SHWLPSXO ODV YDG FXPHPkQFDUHGDF HEXQ VDXQXHEXQ HI FXW ELQHVDX
nu, pentru FHL FDUH OXFUDX SHQWUX IDPLOLH )LHFDUH IDPLOLH DYHD FDVD GXS  P ULPHD
IDPLOLHL GDF  HUD IDPLOLH PDL PDUH DYHD FX FDPHUH PDL PXOWH GRX  WUHL FDPHUH
DWXQFLQXVHGRUPHDILHFDUHSHUHFKHvQFDPHUDORUGRUPHDXWR LvQWU-RFDPHU ODXQ
loc, erau camere PDUL1RLWUHLDPDYXWFDPHUDDVWDDLFLF HUDDVWDúLDOHDGRX 
FDPHUHRIRVWRVLQJXU FDPHU ´ (3(VDW*kUERY  DUD$OP MXOXLYHWHUDQGH
U ]ERL
ÌQFHHDFHSULYHúWHUHJLPXOSURSULHW LLXQLFXOSURSULHWDUHUDvPS UDWXOORFDOQLFLL
în schimbulvQGHSOLQLULLREOLJD LLORUPLOLWDUHDYkQGGUHSWGHX]XIUXFWDVXSUDS PkQWXOXL
Spre deosebire de modelul tipic românesc, cel al familiei nuclear-egalitare în cadrul
F UHLDSURSULHWDWHDHUDvPS U LW vQPRGHJDOWXWXURUGHVFHQGHQ LORUPRGHOXOJHQHUDWGH
tipul zadrugal QX SHUPLWHD I UkPL DUHD SURSULHW LL $FHDVW  PHQ LQHUH vQ LQGLYL]LXQH
DWkW D VXSUDIH HORU DJULFROH FkW úL D S úXQLORU úL D WHUHQXULORU IRUHVWLHUH D IRVW
GHWHUPLQDW  GH FRQILJXUD LD IDPLOLHL H[WLQVH ÌQ LQWHULRUXO comunionului, grupul
domestLF  SXWHD DMXQJH SkQ  OD  GH PHPEUL LDU SHQWUX DFHVWH VLWXD LL DXWRULW LOH
militare austriece au emis o serie de decrete care permiteau divizarea comunionului de
FDV  3HQWUX FRQVWUXF LD XQHL QRL JRVSRG ULL ORFDOQLFLL SULPHDX GH OD DXWRULW LOH
austriHFH  GH IORULQL ILLQG VFXWL L GH REOLJD LLOH PLOLWDUH SH SHULRDGD FRQVWUXLULL
ORFXLQ HLÌQDIDUDUHJOHPHQW ULORUFDUHYL]DXSURSULHWDWHDúLJUXSXOGRPHVWLFDXVWULHFLL
au impus inclusiv structura comunionuluiDFHVWDILLQGFRPSXVGLQWUHLvQF SHULFDPera
SULQFLSDO  ILLQG GHQXPLW  casa de dinainte, FDUH HUD XWLOL]DW  SH SRVW GH FDPHU  GH
culcare, cea de-D GRXD vQF SHUH ILLQG GHVWLQDW  J WLWXOXL LDU XOWLPD GHSR]LW ULL
DOLPHQWHORUÌQFRQGL LLOHvQFDUHRIDPLOLHFRPSRQHQW DJUXSXOXLGRPHVWLFH[WLQVDYHa
PDLPXO LFRSLLDFHDVWDSXWHDV ORFXLDVF vQFDPHUDvQFDUHHUDXGHSR]LWDWHDOLPHQWHOH
&DVHOH HUDX FRQVWUXLWH GLQ PDWHULDOH WUDGL LRQDOH OHPQ SDLH SLDWU  HWF VWUXFWXUD GH
UH]LVWHQ  ILLQG I FXW  GLQ OHPQ 8Q ORFDOQLF GLQ FRPXQD 3ULJRU FDUH DSDU inea
&RPSDQLHLQUFXVHGLXOvQDFHHDúLORFDOLWDWHQH-DUHODWDWF vQJHQHUDOFHLERJD LvúL
FRQVWUXLDXFDVHOHGLQSLDWU OHPQXOILLQGIRORVLWGHIDPLOLLOHFXRVWDUHHFRQRPLF PDL
SUHFDU &RPXQLRQXOGHFDV era condus de un „WDW ´úLR”PDP GHIDPLOie”DOHúLGLQ
UkQGXO ORFDOQLFLORU úL FRQILUPD L GH F WUH DXWRULW LOH PLOLWDUH KDEVEXUJLFH ÄWDW O GH
IDPLOLH´HUDFHOFDUHDOHJHDRÄPDP GHIDPLOLH´DFHDVWDSXWkQGILRDOW IHPHLHGHFkW
VR LD DFHVWXLD OHJ WXULOH GLQWUH FDSLL FRPXQLRQXOXL úL PHPEULL JRVSRG ULHL QHILLQG vQ
PRGQHFHVDUGHUXGHQLHÌQFD]XOXQHLFUHúWHULDQXP UXOXLPHPEULORUcomunionului,
ÄWDW OGHIDPLOLH´SXWHDVROLFLWDGLYL]DUHDDFHVWXLD4$PJ VLWDVWIHOvQDUKLYHOHORFDOHR
VFULVRDUHDGUHVDW FRPDQGDQWXOXLGHUHJLPHQWGHF WUHXQÄWDW GHIDPLOLH´FDUHVROLFLWD
GLYL]DUHD JUXSXOXL GRPHVWLF PRWLYXO LQYRFDW ILLQG FUHúWHUHD QXP UXOXL GH PHPEUL OD
 'H DVHPHQHD DXWRULW LOH PLOLWDUH DX UHJOHPHQWDW LQFOXVLY QXQWD GXUDWD HL ILLQG
UHGXV ODR]LSHQWUXDHFRQRPLVLYHQLWXULOHIDPLOLHLFDUe suporta toate cheltuielile.

4
Harnat, Petru, ComunioaneOHJU QLFHUHúWLE Q HQHHG0DULQHDVD7LPLúRDUD
219
 3URSULHWDWHD QX VH vPS U HD SHQWUX F  GHVFHQGHQ LL SULQ F V WRULH QX URLDX
GLQ IDPLOLD PDWF  /D DFHDVWD VH DGDXJ  HILFLHQ D VSRULW  D OXFU ULL vQ FRPXQ D
WHUHQXOXL DJULFRO FRPDVDW FD XUPDUH D QHIUDJPHQW ULL DFHVWXLD SULQ PRúWHQLUH
HJDOLWDU FXPVHvQWkPSODvQFD]XOIDPLOLLORUURPkQHúWLWUDGL LRQDOHÌQ7UDQVLOYDQLD
úL %DQDW DXVWULHFLL DX LPSXV vQF  GH OD VIkUúLWXO VHFROXOXL DO ;9,,,-lea, sistemul
DJULFRORUJDQL]DWSHWUHLVROHGHFXOWXU &XWRDWHDFHVWHDJHQHUDOL]DUHDtrienalului a
IRVWGLILFLO (DDIRVWvQWkU]LDW VDXFKLDUEORFDW vQXQHOH]RQHDWkWGHFRQGL LLOHGH
UHOLHIVSHFLILFHUHJLXQLORUPRQWDQHFHI FHDXDSURDSHLPSRVLELO RUJDQL]DUHDXQRU
PDUL VROH FRPSDFWH FkW úL GH LQHU LLOH ORFDOH FDUH QX SHUPLWHDX HIHFWuarea unor
DPSOH RSHUD LXQL GH UHRUJDQL]DUH FDGDVWUDO  D WHULWRULXOXL 2 FRQVFULS LH DXVWULDF 
GLQ  DUDW  SHQWUX 7UDQVLOYDQLD F  vQ SRILGD DPSOHL DF LXQL D DGPLQLVWUD LHL
DXVWULHFHGHUHRUJDQL]DUHDFXOWXULORUSHVLVWHPXOWULHQDOPXOWHORFDOLW LDYHDXvQF 
sistemul bienal sau chiar le lipsea sistemul de asolament colectiv.
7UHEXLHSUHFL]DWIDSWXOF SkQ OD5HYROX LDGLQ-1849, comunionul de
FDV HUDFHOFDUHDYHDGUHSWGHIRORVLQ DVXSUDSURSULHW LORUGHMDLQGLYLGXDOL]DWH
(terenul agricol),vQWLPSFHS GXULOHúLS úXQLOHVHDGPLQLVWUDXvQFRQWLQXDUHvQWU-o
IRUPXO  LQGLYL]  ÌQ DQXO  UDQLL GLQ UHJLXQHD JUDQL HL PLOLWDUH DX GHYHQLW
SURSULHWDULLS PkQWXOXLDJULFROUHVSHFWkQGX-úLvQFRQWLQXDUHREOLJD LLOHPLOLWDUH
În urma presiunilor e[HUFLWDWHGH%XGDSHVWDDVXSUDvPS UDWXOXL)UDQ]-RVHI
DFHVWD YD GHFLGH GHVILLQ DUHD JUDQL HL PLOLWDUH GXS  FRQVWLWXLUHD GXDOLVPXOXL
austro-ungar). Pe 8 iunie 1871 s-D VHPQDW RUGLQXO GH GHVILLQ DUH FRPXQLW LOH
JU QLFHUHúWL GREkQGLQG GUHSW GH SURSULHWDWH DVXSUD XQRU S U L GLQ S GXUHD úL
S úXQHDFDUHDXDSDU LQXWLPSHULXOXLKDEVEXUJLFUHVWXOU PkQkQGVWDWXOXLPDJKLDU
ÌPSURSULHW ULUHD V-D I FXW OD LQL LDWLYD XQXL JHQHUDO URPkQ 7UDLDQ 'RGD RULJLQDU
GLQ9DOHD$OP MXOXLORFDOLWDWHD3ULOLSH 
Începând cu aQXO  SULQ GHVILLQ DUHD JUDQL HL PLOLWDUH vQ XUPD XQRU
procese care s-DXILQDOL]DWvQYDILFRQVWLWXLW RVWUXFWXU DGPLQLVWUDWLY FX
SHUVRQDOLWDWHMXULGLF GHQXPLW &RPXQLWDWHGH$YHUHFDUHYDJUXSDIRVWHVDWH
PLOLWDUL]DWHFXRVXSUDID GHKDGLQWUHFDUHKDIRQGIRUHVWLHU
'LQWUH FHOH  GH FRPXQLW L PLOLWDUL]DWH  QX GH LQHDX WHUHQXUL IRUHVWLHUH úL
S úXQL ILLQG VLWXDWH vQ ]RQH GH úHV &RPXQLWDWHD FXSULQGHD „Teritoriul de la
'XQ UHúLSkQ OD2 HOXO5RúX= YRLX ultima localitate din comunitate, prima din
DIDUDHLHVWH%XFRYDGLQMXGH XO&DUDú-Severin, pe-RGLVWDQ DúDSHRO LPHGH
GHNPGHOD'XQ UHúLSkQ OD%XFRYDWRWWHULWRULXOFXS GXULFXRFKLXULGH
S GXUHFXDSHOHGLQWHULWRULXODFHVWDDXIRVWGDWHvQIRORVLQ IRúWLORUJU QLFHUL´
(33VDW3ULJRU DUD$OP MXOXLGLUHFWRUGHúFRDO 

*XYHUQXOGHOD%XGDSHVWDQXDDFFHSWDWH[LVWHQ DXQHLUHJLXQLDXWRQRPHFDUH
timp de un secol s-D DIODW GLUHFW VXE MXULVGLF LH KDEVEXUJLF  $SDUL LD &RPXQLW Li
GH $YHUH FD DXWRULWDWH VXSUDV WHDVF  GXS  GHVILLQ DUHD JUDQL HL PLOLWDUH D IRVW
GHWHUPLQDW  GH QHFHVLWDWHD PHQ LQHULL FRPSDFWH D WHUHQXULORU IRUHVWLHUH úL D
S úXQLORUÌQ9UDQFHDH[LVWHQ DGHY OP úLHLODQLYHOGHVDWDUHSUH]HQWDWUH]XOWDWXO
unor lungLSURFHVHGHVFKLPEDUHFRPXQLWDU UHDOLWDWHDVDWHORUYUkQFHQHFHOSX LQ
SkQ  OD QD LRQDOL]DUHD GLQ  ILLQG vQ PLF  P VXU  GHWHUPLQDW  GH OHJLVOD LD
VWDWDO  DFWXDOXO PRG GH RUJDQL]DUH REúWHDVF  ILLQG IXQGDPHQWDW WRW SH SULQFLSLL
cutumiare care subzisW vQWU-un cadru MXULGLFVXEIRUP GHQRUPHVFULVH

220
 0RGXOGHRUJDQL]DUHD&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHHUDvQPDUHP VXU VLPLODUFX
FHO DO REúWLL FDUH GXS   vQ XUPD HODERU ULL &RGXOXL VLOYLF D GREkQGLW
SHUVRQDOLWDWH MXULGLF  6H SRDWH REVHUYD F  LQWHUYHQ LRQLVPXO VWDWDO UHSUH]LQW  XQ
IDFWRU FDUH D GHFODQúDW SURFHVXO GH VSDUJHUH WUHSWDW  D RUGLQLL FRPXQLWDUH $FHVW
HOHPHQWSRDWHILVHVL]DWúLvQFD]XOREúWLLGDUúLvQFHODOVDWHORUPLOLWDUL]DWHFDUH
prin specificul zonei, cu greu se puteau organiza în OLQLH DúD FXP VH LPSXQHD vQ
urma instituirii FRPXQLRQXOXLGHFDV 2FDUDFWHULVWLF GHILQLWRULHDVDWHORUGHGHDO-
PXQWHHVWHIHQRPHQXOGHURLUHGLQ]RQDYHWUHLVSUHFHDDIkQH HORUIHQRPHQEORFDW
GH SROLWLFD LPSHULDO  DXVWULDF  vQ ]RQD GH JUDQL  $SDUH, astfel, un model de
IDPLOLHDWLSLFSHQWUXVSD LXOURPkQHVF0RGHOXOGHJUXSGRPHVWLFH[WLQVGLQ%DQDW
VDX1 V XGYDF S WDVLPLODULW LFXzadrugaVODY vQWkOQLW vQFHOHODOWHWHULWRULLGH
JUDQL GLQ%DOFDQL
Pentru a studia Comunitatea de Avere am efeFWXDWRVHULHGHFHUFHW ULvQYDUD
DQXOXLvQVDWHGHSH9DOHD$OP MXOXLVLWXDW vQVXGXOMXGH XOXL&DUDú-Severin.
$PPHQ LRQDWSHSDUFXUVXOSUH]HQW ULLUHJLXQLOHvQFDUHvPS U WHDVD0DULD7HUH]D
D vQILLQ DW UHJLPHQWH GH JUDQL  ÌQ %DQDWXO URPkQHVF Ge munte, unde ne-am
GHVI úXUDWFHUFHWDUHDDvQILLQ DW5HJLPHQWXOQUFXVHGLXOOD&DUDQVHEHú$FHVWD
FXSULQGHDGRX EDWDOLRDQHFDUHDYHDXvQFRPSRQHQ FRPSDQLL
3XWHP VSXQH F  VLWXD LD GLQ %DQDW HVWH RDUHFXP DWLSLF  GHRDUHFH vQ
PRPHQWXO GH ID s-DX UHWURFHGDW &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH GRDU LPRELOHOH FRQIRUP
Legii 10/2001 XUPkQG FD vQ XUPD /HJLL  V  ILH UHvPSURSULHW ULW  úL FX
teren forestier.
ÌQ9UDQFHDvQXUPDUHWURFHG ULLWHUHQXULORUIRUHVWLHUHODQLYHOGHORFDOLWDWHV-
a constituit o sWUXFWXU DGPLQLVWUDWLY FXUROGHPHGLHUHvQWUHREúWHDIRUPDW GLQWR L
PHPEULL FRPXQLW LL úL VWDW 'LQ REúWH IDF SDUWH WR L V WHQLL FKLDU GDF  DFHúWLD QX
VXQW PRúWHQLWRUL GH GUHSW DL FHORU GLQ SHULRDGD LQWHUEHOLF  GRPLFLOLXO VWDELO vQ
ORFDOLWDWH úL R JRVSRG ULH DXWRQRP  UHSUH]HQWkQG VLQJXUHOH FRQGL LL SHQWUX
DFRUGDUHDGUHSWXOXLGHREúWHDQ'UHSWXOQXVHDFRUG LQGLYLGXOXLFLJRVSRG ULHLvQ
PRG HJDO vQ IXQF LH GH FDQWLWDWHD GH OHPQ GH IRF úL GH FRQVWUXF LH FDUH UHYLQH
FRPXQLW LLvQDQXOUHVSHFWLY
În Banat, terenurile forestiere nu au fost retrocedate, o parte dintre
LQWHUYLHYD L DUJXPHQWkQG F  /HJHD /XSX D LQXW FRQW QXPDL GH UHDOLWDWHD VDWHORU
vrâncene de deal-PXQWH UHJOHPHQW ULOH DFHVWHLD QHYL]kQG úL YDULDELOLW LOH ORFDOH
Demersurile de împropriHW ULUH DX IRVW vQJUHXQDWH úL GH LPSXQHUHD UHFRQVWLWXLULL
&RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH vQ FRQIRUPLWDWH FX IRUPXOD DGPLQLVWUDWLY  GLQ SHULRDGD
LQWHUEHOLF FHIXQF LRQDODIHOFDREúWHDGXS DFHHDúLVFKHP GHGLYL]LXQH/HJHD
/XSX SULQ LPSXQHUHD UHVSHFW ULL OHJLVOD LHL GLQ SHULRDGD LQWHUEHOLF  D JHQHUDW R
VHULH GH QHPXO XPLUL vQ UkQGXO FHORU FDUH DX LQL LDW SURFHVHOH GH UHFRQVWLWXLUH ÌQ
FRQIRUPLWDWHD FX DFHVWH QRUPH &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH WUHEXLH V  IXQF LRQH]H vQ
&DUDQVHEHúQHSXWkQGX-se constitui structuri în fLHFDUHORFDOLWDWHÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LL
PHPEULL FRPXQLW LL FDUH VH DIO  OD DSUR[LPDWLY  GH NP GH &DUDQVHEHú QX DU
SXWHD FRQWUROD PRGXO GH DGPLQLVWUDUH D SURSULHW LL 3H IRQGXO DFHVWRU FDUHQ H
OHJLVODWLYHGDUúLDOXQHLGLVFRQWLQXLW LLVWRULFHDPDSOLcat ghidul de interviu unor
IRúWLPHPEULDL&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHGLQSHULRDGDLQWHUEHOLF LDUSHQWUXDvQ HOHJH
úLVLWXD LDDFWXDO úLXQRUUHSUH]HQWDQ LGLQFDWHJRULDHOLWHORUORFDOH
221
 &RPSDUD LD vQWUH FHOH GRX  VWUXFWXUL VH SRDWH IDFH SH DQXPLWH LQWHUYDle
LVWRULFHvQFHSkQGFXVIkUúLWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,;-OHDúLSkQ vQSHULRDGDFRPXQLVW 
3kQ vQVHFROXODO;;-OHDPRGXOGHIXQF LRQDUHD&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHDIRVW
UHJOHPHQWDWGHOHJLVOD LDHODERUDW GH,PSHULXODXVWUR-XQJDUFDGXS 8QLUHDIRVW
HPLV  /Hgea 21/1924, care a constituit principalul reper formal care a legitimat
vQILLQ DUHD vQ DQXO  D XQHL VRFLHW L QRQ-SURILW ÌQ  VH UHDOL]HD] 
RPRJHQL]DUHDOHJLVODWLY  în urma acesteia, în anul 1929 statul român reglementând
VWDWXWXO GH IXQF LRQDUH D &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH FDUH DO WXUL GH REúWHD YUkQFHDQ 
LQWU VXELQFLGHQ DDFHOXLDúL&RG6LOYLF'HDVHPHQHDPRGXOvQFDUH&RPXQLWDWHD
GH$YHUHDDGPLQLVWUDWWHUHQXULOHIRUHVWLHUHQXGLIHU VHPQLILFDWLYGHFHODOREúWLL
&KLDU GDF  SkQ  vQ  FkQd a fost elaborat Codul Silvic în Vechiul Regat,
UHJOHPHQWDUHD VWUXFWXULL REúWHúWL DYHD XQ FDUDFWHU FXWXPLDU LDU GUHSWXULOH
PHPEULORU &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH HUDX GH QDWXU  IRUPDO  VH SRDWH REVHUYD F 
statutul juridic al acestei suprastructuri este fundamenWDW SH R UHDOLWDWH ORFDO 
SUHPHUJ WRDUHPLOLWDUL] ULLDFHVWRUFRPXQLW LFDUHDYHDODED] GUHSWXOFRPXQGH
IRORVLQ  D S GXULORU úL S úXQLORU 2GDW  FX PLOLWDUL]DUHD WRW S PkQWXO LQWU  vQ
SURSULHWDWHD vPS UDWXOXL GDU DúD FXP DILUPD XQ ORFDOQLF GLQ ORFDlitatea Prigor,
ORFXLWRULL JUDQL HL úL-DX FXPS UDW OLEHUWDWHD vQ VFKLPEXO DWULEX LLORU PLOLWDUH
FLUFXPVFULVHVWDWXWXOXLGHJU QLFHUÄ3HQWUXHLOLEHUWDWHDDYHDRFRQRWD LHGLIHULW 
ID GHFHVFULHvQGLF LRQDUXQDFWGHOLEHUWDWHvQVHPQDORLDOLWDWHID GHVW SkQúL
iubirea de neam” (3 3 VDW 3ULJRU DUD $OP MXOXL GLUHFWRU GH úFRDO 
*U QLFHULL VH FRQVLGHUDX OLEHUL FKLDU GDF  DYHDX GRDU GUHSW GH X]XIUXFW DVXSUD
WHUHQXULORU DUDELOH S GXULORU úL S úXQLORU ÌQ VFKLPE REúWHQLL HUDX SURSULHWDULL
terenXOXL DJULFRO DYkQG OD IHO FD úL JU QLFHULL GUHSWXO GH  IRORVLQ  DVXSUD
WHUHQXULORUIRUHVWLHUHFDUHDSDU LQHDXFRPXQLW LLúLQXJRVSRG ULHL
&RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH OD IHO FD úL REúWHD DYHD R VWUXFWXU  DGPLQLVWUDWLY 
IRUPDW GLQWU-XQSUHúHGLQWHYLFHSUHúHGLQWHVHFUHWDUEULJDGLHUS GXUDUHOHPHQWXO
IXQGDPHQWDO ILLQG $GXQDUHD *HQHUDO  FDUH DOHJHD XQ &RQVLOLX GH $GPLQLVWUD LH
FRQVWLWXLW FX VFRSXO GH D UHSUH]HQWD PHPEULL FRPXQLW LL VHGLXO DFHVWXLD ILLQG vQ
&DUDQVHEHú &kQG HUD FRQYRFDW  $GXQDUHD *HQHUDO  QX SDUWLFLSD GHFkW XQ
UHSUH]HQWDQW GLQ ILHFDUH JRVSRG ULH ÌQ DIDU  GH FRWD-SDUWH OHPQRDV  FDUH UHYHQHD
ILHF UHL JRVSRG ULL IRúWLL JU QLFHUL VDX GHVFHQGHQ LL DFHVWRUD SXWHDX V  PHDUJ 
JUDWXLW  ]LOH SH OXQ  OD KRWHOXO &HUQD GLQ % LOH +HUFXODQH FDUH D Iost special
FRQVWUXLW SHQWUX DFHúWLD 'H DVHPHQHD FHL FDUH DYHDX UH]XOWDWH EXQH OD úFRDO 
SULPHDXEXUVHGHVWXGLL3HQWUXDSURFXUDELOHWHJU QLFHULLQXVHGHSODVDXSkQ vQ
&DUDQVHEHúH[LVWkQGvQILHFDUH]RQ FXPHVWHGHH[HPSOX DUD$OP MXOXLXQRFRO
VLOYLF GH VWDW FDUH SH OkQJ  UROXO GH D DGPLQLVWUD IRQGXO IRUHVWLHU PDL DYHD úL
DWULEX LL QHFLUFXPVFULVH VIHUHL VDOH GH DFWLYLWDWH 'H DVHPHQHD &RPXQLWDWHD GH
$YHUH D vQILLQ DW R EDQF  SHQWUX vQWUDMXWRUDUHD FHW HQLORU GLQ ORFDOLW LOH FDUH
DSDU LQHDXacestei suprastructuri. „DRPQXOHGDF G-WDIDFLDVWDHúWL'XPQH]HXSH
S PkQW 3 L G-WD úWLL FXP DP WU LW QRL SH WLPSXO &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH" 1RL vQ
Banat ne-DP GH]YROWDW úL VXQWHP PDL ERJD L ID  GH 5HJDW QXPDL GDWRULW 
&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUH+DLV - LGau un exemplu al meu: eu am fost copil din patru
IUD L $P SOHFDW vQ DUPDW  DP YHQLW GLQ DUPDW  úL YRLDP V  P  F V WRUHVF 1X
DYHDP SH FH SXQH PkQD HUDP FRSLL PXO L QX HUD QLFL S PkQW QLFL DYHUH SUHD
PXOW  úL QH-a trimis cineva din localitate la banca &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH GLQ
222
&DUDQVHEHúF L LG EDQLúLWHDSXFLGHWUHDE ùLP-DPGXVDFRORúLP-au întrebat
Fk LEDQLvPLWUHEXLHFHYUHDXV IDFFXEDQLL0 LE LDWXOHVXPDUHVSHFWLY  L-o
G PQX]LFHPF QX L-RG PQXPDLGX-WHODWDW -WXDFDV úLODIUD LLW LúLVSXQH-le
F SHOkQJ VXPDUHVSHFWLY WXWUHEXLHV FUHúWLDQXDOGHRLúLFDSHWHGH
YDFL 'DF  WH GXFL úL HL VXQW GH DFRUG QRL L L G P EDQL!! ùL PRúX¶ GH DFROR
3 LGHFHQXvPLGD LEDQLL"!!'RP¶OHQXv LG PEDQLLSHQWUXF WXv L
IDFLFDV FRQVXPLEDQLLúLQXPDLDLGLQFHV UHVWLWXLVXPDE QFLL$úDGDF WXLHL
RLOH DLVWHD úL YDFLOH QRL úWLP F  vQ WUHL-SDWUX DQL GH ]LOH FkW v L G P QRL FUHGLWXO
aicea, d-WD OH YLQ]L úL QH DFKL L &kW GH U X DU PHUJH RLOH úL YDFLOH WRWXúL VXQW
SRVLELOLW L $VWD HUD SH OD ´ * * VDW %R]RYLFL 9DOHD $OP MXOXL
tehnician silvic).
6H SRDWH REVHUYD F  GLQ PRPHQWXO FRQVWLWXLULL úL SkQ  LQFOXVLY vQ SHULRDGD
QD LRQDOL] ULLREúWHDúL&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHDXIXQF LRQDWGXS DFHHDúLVFKHP 
DGPLQLVWUDWLY  ÌQ FD]XO &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH V-a impus formula unei
VXSUDVWUXFWXULUHJLRQDOHFRQVWLWXLW FXVFRSXOGHDJHVWLRQDGUHSWXULOHFRPXQLW LORU
FDUH DX DSDU LQXW UHJLPHQWXOXL PHPEULL DFHVWRUD DYkQG PDL PXOWH IDFLOLW L vQ
FRPSDUD LH FX REúWHQLL 'XS  FXP V-D PHQ LRQDW vQ DIDU  GH FRWD-SDUWH GH PDV 
OHPQRDV  JU QLFHULL VDX PRúWHQLWRULL DFHVWRUD EHQHILFLDX úL GH ELOHWH JUDWXLWH OD
Herculane, burse de studii etc.
ÌQSHULRDGDDQWHEHOLF úLLQWHUEHOLF FHLFDUHI FHDXSDUWHdin Comunitatea de
Avere primeau un bon de la brigadier pe care îl foloseau pentru a lua lemne din
S GXUH FDQWLWDWHD QHGHS úLQG  GH PHWUL VWHUL ÄS-D KRW UkW vQ IHOXO XUP WRU
SHQWUXDVDWLVIDFHQHYRLOHFHW HQLORUFDSURSULHWDULvQLQGLYL]LXQHV-a hot UkWV OH
GHDvQPRGJUDWXLWPVWHULOHPQGHIRFSHDQúLOHPQGHFRQVWUXF LHODXQVIHUW
GLQSUH XOOXLQHOLPLWDWSHQWUXFDV vúLIDF FROLEHFDVHFHDYHDQHYRLHILHFDUH
PHPEUX DO FRPXQLRQXOXL ùL WRDWH DFHVWH GUHSWXUL HUDX FXSULQVH vQWU-o asignare
QRPLQDO 'HFLFXDVLJQDUHDDLDDQXDOVHHPLWHDODILHFDUHFDSGHFRPXQLRQúLHO
VHGXFHDODRFROXOVLOYLFGHFDUHDSDU LQHDORFDOLWDWHDOXLúLvQ]LOHELQHVWDELOLWHGH
HL GH RFROXO VLOYLF VH GXFHDX vQ S GXUH úL vúL DGXFHDX PDWHULDOXO OHPQRV SHQWUX
LDUQ  úL WRW FH DYHDX QHYRLH” * * VDW %R]RYLFL 9DOHD $OP MXOXL WHKQLFLDQ
silvic).
6DWHOH FDUH DSDU LQ &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH QX DX VXSUDIH H HJDOH GH WHUHQ
IRUHVWLHUDFHVWHDILLQGSURSRU LRQDOHFXQXP UXOGHcomunioane existent în fiecare
comunitate 1XP UXO QX D IRVW VLQJXUXO FULWHULX IRORVLW vQ UHDOL]DUHD GLVWLEX LHL SH
VDWH FL D FRQWDW úL Fk L E UED L GLQ ILHFDUH FRPXQLRQ DX IRVW vQUHJLPHQWD L úL GH
DVHPHQHDQXP UXOFHORUFDUHPXUHDXSHFkPSXOGHOXSW ÌQFRQGL LLOHGHVWU P ULL
&RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH SURSULHWDWHD FDUH UHYHQHD FRPXQLW LL VH vPS U HD vQ PRG
egal WXWXURU FRPXQLW LORU JU QLFHUHúWL 'LQ QRX SXWHP REVHUYD R GLIHUHQ 
VHPQLILFDWLY  vQWUH REúWH úL DFHDVW  VXSUDVWUXFWXU  2EúWHD VH GL]ROY  GRDU FX
DFRUGXO $GXQ ULL *HQHUDOH úL vQ OLSVD Rbiectului de administrat, în cazul acesteia,
FXWXPHOH QHSHUPL kQG GHOLPLWDUHD XQHL VXSUDIH H GLQ S GXUH SHQWUX R YDORULILFDUH
LQGLYLGXDO ÌQFD]XO&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHvQDIDU GHQRUPHOHFXFDUDFWHUMXULGLF
FDUH PHQ LQ SURSULHWDWHD vQ LQGLYL]LXQH LQWHUvalul istoric a fost mult prea scurt
SHQWUXFULVWDOL]DUHDXQRUFXWXPHORFDOHFDUHV UHJOHPHQWH]HUDSRUWXULOHLQGLYLGXOXL
cu proprietatea.

ÌQ  &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH D IRVW DEX]LYFRQILVFDW GHVWDWXOFRPXQLVW

223
aceasta nefiind propriu-]LV GHVILLQ DW  ÄÌQ  DP XLWDW VD Y  VSXQ V-a
QD LRQDOL]DWFHDPDLPDUHSDUWHGLQHDúLDXU PDVvQFDGUXO&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUH
QXPDL JROXULOH GH PXQWH úL SRLHQLOH DOSLQH FDUH DX IRVW FRQILVFDWH DSRL vQ 
prin colectivizare” **VDW%R]RYLFL9DOHD$OP MXOui, tehnician silvic). La
IHO FD úL vQ ]RQD 9UDQFHL R SDUWH GLQWUH ORFDOQLFLL FDUH DX I FXW SDUWH GLQ
&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHDXIRVWDQJDMD LLRFRDOHORUVLOYLFHRFXSkQGX-VHGHOXFU ULGH
UHYLWDOL]DUH DPHQDMDUH HWF &HOH PDL PDUL VLPLODULW L vQWUH FHOH GRX  IRUPH GH
SURSULHWDWH FROHFWLY  SRW IL REVHUYDWH vQ DFHVW LQWHUYDO LVWRULF PXO L E Q HQL GLQ
]RQD9 LL$OP MXOXLUHJUHWkQGSHULRDGDFRPXQLVW FKLDUGDF S GXUHDúLS úXQHD
DX WUHFXW vQ SURSULHWDWHD VWDWXOXL 'DWRULW  FRQILJXUD LHL JHRJUDILFH PDMRULWDtea
VDWHORU QX DX IRVW FROHFWLYL]DWH WHUHQXULOH DJULFROH U PkQkQG vQ SURSULHWDWHD
localnicilor: Ä0DL ELQH R IRVW vQ FRPXQLVP Y  VSXQ HX PDL ELQH R IRVW vQ
FRPXQLVP&kQGHUDODFRPXQLúWLF ODQRLQXRIRVWFROHFWLYL]DWDLFLODQRLGDU
GDF YRLDPFDV OXFU PFXYUHXQWUDFWRUGHODVWDWvOWD[ PúLOXFU PSDWUXFLQFL
IDPLOLL PDL LHIWLQ $FXPD H VFXPS  úL PRWRULQD úL QX SR L F  PDMRULWDWHD DX
WUDFWRDUH vQ VDW GDU OH LQ DúD F  QX DX FH V  OXFUH FX HOH´(R. P., sat
*OREXFUDLRYD 9DOHD $OP MXOXL SHQVLRQDU úL 5 , VDW *OREX &UDLRYD 9DOHD
$OP MXOXLSHQVLRQDU
'XS QH-DPILDúWHSWDWFDIRúWLLSURSULHWDULV -úLUHGREkQGHDVF SURSULHW LOH
FDUHDXIRVWFRQILVFDWHvQPRGDEX]LYGHVWDWXOFRPXQLVWÌQFD]XOSURSULHW LORUGHWLS
colectiv, chiar dDF  F  QH UHIHULP OD FHOH FDUH VXQW IXQGDPHQWDWH FXWXPLDU FXP HVWH
FD]XOREúWLLVDXOD&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHFDUHHVWHUHJOHPHQWDW MXULGLFDPREVHUYDWF 
R SRQGHUH VHPQLILFDWLY  GLQWUH UHVSRQGHQ L UHJUHW  SHULRDGD FRPXQLVW  DILUPkQG F 
RGDW FXLQWUDUHDS GXULORUúLS úXQLORUvQSURSULHWDWHDVWDWXOXLEHQHILFLLOHRE LQXWHDX
IRVW PDL VHPQLILFDWLYH vQ UDSRUW FX SHULRDGD DFWXDO  3URSULHWDWHD HVWH LPSRUWDQW  vQ
FRQGL LLOHvQFDUHSRDWHILYDORULILFDW HFRQRPLFúLvQP VXUDvQFDUHLQGLYL]LLRJkQGHVF
simbolic-LGHQWLWDU ÌQ DIDUD DFHVWRU YDOHQ H GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD XQRU UHVSRQGHQ L HVWH
SUHIHUDELOFDDFHDVWDV ILHGH LQXW GHVWDWSHUFHSXWFDRLQVWDQ FDSDELO V FODULILFH
UDSRUWXULOH LQGLYL]LORU FX SURSULHWDWHD ÌQ DEVHQ D XQHL IXQGDPHQW UL FXWXPLDUH D
prRSULHW LLFROHFWLYHLPSOLFDUHDVWDWXOXLvQUHJOHPHQWDUHDUDSRUWXULORUGLQWUHLQGLYL]LúL
SURSULHWDWH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  OHJLWLP  GH F WUH PHPEULL &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH ÌQ
VFKLPESHQWUXREúWHQLQRUPHOHMXULGLFHUHSUH]LQW UHSHUHVHFXQGDUHQHVHPQLILFDWLYH
SHQWUXvQ HOHJHUHDUDSRUWXULORUFXSURSULHWDWHD
6H SRDWH REVHUYD SULQ FRPSDUD LH FX REúWHD F  GRDU FHHD FH VH ÄQDúWH
RUJDQLF´GLQLQWHULRUXOFRPXQLW LLDUHYDOHQ HVRFLDO-VLPEROLFHI U V DEVROXWL] P
DFHDVW GLPHQVLXQHDSURSULHW LL3URSULHWDWHDHVWHLQYHVWLW úLFXDVWIHOGHDWULEXWH
vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH IXQF LRQDOLWDWHD HFRQRPLF  HVWH GXEODW  úL GH XQD VRFLDO-
LGHQWLWDU 
În zona Vrancei, demersurile de retrocedare au durat, în majoritatea
FRPXQLW LORU XQ DQ vQ VFKLPE WHUHQXULOH IRUHVWLHUH FDUH DX DSDU LQXW VDWHORU GLQ
regiunea de sud a Banatului nici actualmente n-au intrat în posesia proprietarilor de
GUHSW$FHVWSURFHVDIRVWvQJUHXQDWúLGHLQH[LVWHQ DXQXLFDGUXOHJLVODWLY-normativ
FDUHV  LQ FRQWGHWRDWHWLSXULOHGHSURSULHWDWHFROHFWLY existente în România, de
contextele socio-LVWRULFHGLIHULWHvQFDUHHOHDXDS UXWGDUúLGHIDSWXOF LGHQWLWDWHD
GH JU QLFHU XQ PDL DUH QLFLR VHPQLILFD LH VRFLDO  úL VLPEROLF  GHFkW SHQWUX XQLL
E Q HQLFDUHIDFSDUWHGLQFDWHJRUtDHOLWHORUIRUPDOHVDX din rândul celor care au
WU LvQSHULRDGDSUHPHUJ WRDUHQD LRQDOL] ULL3HIRQGXOXQHLLGHQWLW LGHJU QLFHU
224
VODEFRQWXUDW V-DGHFLVV SULPHDVF GUHSWGHIRORVLQ WR LFHLFDUHDXGRPLFLOLXO
VWDELO SH WHULWRULXO &RPXQLW LL GH $YHUH ÌQ ORFDOLW LOH FDUH DX DSDU LQXW
UHJLPHQWXOXL GH JUDQL  SRSXOD LD V-D HWHURJHQL]DW FD XUPDUH D F V WRULHL GH WLS
teritorial-H[RJDPGDUúLvQXUPDVWDELOLULLXQRUDORJHQLvQ]RQ ÌQDFHVWHFRQGL LL
HVWHIRDUWHJUHXGHUHFRQVWLWXLWúLGHGHPRQVWUDWF vQJRVSRG ULLOHDFtuale locuiesc
GHVFHQGHQ LDLIRúWLORUJU QLFHUL
8Q DOW DVSHFW LQWHUHVDQW PHQ LRQDW GH XQXO GLQWUH ORFDOQLFL HVWH IDSWXO F 
RFRDOHOHVLOYLFHGH LQSURSULHWDWHD&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHLDUPHPEULLDFHVWRUDQ-au
niciun interes s-o cedeze proprietarilor de dUHSWÌQSULPXOUkQGGDWRULW IDSWXOXLF 
vQVWUXFWXULOHVLOYLFHVXQWDQJDMD LúLGHVFHQGHQ LDLIRúWLORUJU QLFHULFDUHQXGRUHVF
V -úLSLDUG ORFXOGHPXQF FKLDUGDF VXQWSURSULHWDULDLWHUHQXULORUIRUHVWLHUHFDUH
LQWU  vQ DGPLQLVWUDUHD ORU 3H GH DOW  SDUWH &RPXQLWDWHD GH $YHUH vQ PRPHQWXO
UHGREkQGLULLSURSULHW LLYDILREOLJDW V FRQVWLWXLHXQRFROSULYDWFDUHYDDYHDFD
DQJDMD LPHPEULDL&RPXQLW LLGH$YHUHFRQGL LDILLQGFDDFHúWLDV DLE VWXGLLGH
VSHFLDOLWDWH 'H DVHPHQHD GXS  FXP QH-a relatat un antreprenor rural, care are o
IDEULF GHSUHOXFUDUHDOHPQXOXLGLQIRQGXOIRUHVWLHUH[LVWHQWHVWHH[SORDWDWGH
F WUH RFRDOHOH VLOYLFH QHH[LVWkQG QLFLXQ LQWHUHV GLQ SDUWHD UHSUH]HQWDQ LORU
FRPXQLW LLSHQWUXUHWURFHGDUHÌQFk LYDDQLS GXrea va intra într-un nou ciclu, iar
&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUHQXYDDYHDUHVXUVHOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXUHDOL]DUHDOXFU ULORUGH
DPHQDMDUHvQWUH LQHUHSODQWDUH
ÌQOLSVDXQRUFXWXPHFDUHV UHJOHPHQWH]HúLV LPSXQ RUDSRUWDUHVSHFLILF 
ODS PkQWLQGLYL]LLQXJkQGHVFFRPXQLWDUFKHVWLXQHDSURSULHW LL1RUPHOHMXULGLFH
I U  R IXQGDPHQWDUH FXWXPLDU  UHSUH]LQW  UHSHUH FX FDUDFWHU UHJXODWLY OD FDUH
LQGLYL]LLVHUDSRUWHD] SHQWUXDSXWHDvQ HOHJHFDUHVXQWGUHSWXULOHúLREOLJD LLOHFDUH
decurg în urma dobândirii aceVWXLVWDWXWI U FDSURSULHWDWHDV ILHLQYHVWLW úLFX
YDOHQ H VLPEROLFH ÌQ DIDUD XQHL UHJOHPHQW UL FXWXPLDUH SURSULHWDWHD FROHFWLY  QX
LQWU vQ]RQDGHLQWHUHVúLGHUHSUH]HQWDUHDLQGLYL]LORUH[LVWkQGÄVHQWLPHQWXO´F HD
QXDDSDU LQXWGHGUHSWQLFLRGDW FRPXQLW LL

225
 BIBLIOGRAFIE

Antoniu Marchescu, *U QLFHULLE Q HQLúL&RPXQLWDWHDGH$YHUH&DUDQVHEHú

*KHRUJKH ùLúHúWHDQ La Région Militaire (Militär-Gränze) et la maison et le groupe
domestique étendu. Exemples roumaines, Draft.
Groza, Liviu, &RQWULEX LL OD LVWRULD UHJLPHQWXOXL GH JUDQL  URPkQR-E Q HDQ QU  GLQ
&DUDQVHEHú,vol. II, Lugoj, Editura Dacia Europa Nova, 2002.
Groza, Liviu, &RQWULEX LL OD LVWRULD UHJLPHQWXOXL GH JUDQL  URPkQR-E Q HDQ QU  GLQ
&DUDQVHEHú,vol. III, Lugoj, Editura Dacia Europa Nova, 2002.
Groza, Liviu, &RQWULEX LL OD LVWRULD UHJLPHQWXOXL GH JUDQL  URPkQR-E Q HDQ QU  GLQ
&DUDQVHEHú, vol. IV, Lugoj, Editura Dacia Europa Nova, 2003.
Henri H. Stahl, &RQWULEX LL OD VWXGLXO VDWHORU GHY OPDúH URPkQHúWL  YRO %XFXUHúWL
(GLWXUD&DUWHD5RPkQHDVF 
Petru Harnat, &RPXQLRDQHOHJU QLFHUHúWLE Q HQH(GLWXUD0DULQHDVD7LPLúRDUD

226
 67$5($62&,$/ $81(,$ù(= 5,585$/(
',1-8'( 8/6 /$-Ì1$18/

AUREL V. DAVID

ABSTRACT

Sanitary monography highlighted the backwardness state in which there were the
UHPRWH DQG VPDOO YLOODJHV IURP 6 ODM 'LVWULFW LQ  7KH H[SUHVVLRQ RI WKLV Vtate is
revealed in Cheud commune, where there was a complete lack of any kind of industry,
dykes, irrigation channels, streets lighting, parks or electricity, water plumming, public
aedificia and institutions, hotels, private associations or social companies. Available data
show that poverty, deseases or alcohol were the main problems for the villages’s peasants
two decades after the Romanians Alliance.

a) Scurt istoric al satului Cheud

Satul Cheud, din aFWXDOXOMXGH 6 ODMHVWHXQmicrocosmos situat în extremitatea
QRUGLF  D OXQFLL 6RPHúXOXL G OWXLW  GH QDWXU  vQWUH RU úHOXO -LERX úL &KHLOH
LF XOXL, SH R OXQJLPH GH  GH NLORPHWUL $FHVWD DSDU LQH VWU YHFKLL Ä UL D
Silvaniei” – LQXWXODFRSHULWGHQHVIkUúLWHOHS GXULFDUHvQFHSHDXGHVXESRDODPXQ LORU
Ä6DUPDWLFL´úLFRERUDXSkQ vQPODúWLQLOHOXQFLLLQXQGDELOHD7LVHL1
ÌQFHSXWXULOH VDWXOXL WUHEXLH F XWDWH vQ VDWXO „Oronos”2 (ung. Aranyas,
echivalentul românescului $UJHú´ $ULHú´) din strâmtorile LF XOXL GH DVW ]L
VLWXDW VXE YHFKHD FHWDWH D 6ROQRFXOXL úL vQ DSURSLHUHD XQHL P Q VWLUL D
EHQHGLFWLQLORUDPEHOHGLVWUXVHGHW WDULvQWLPSXOLQYD]LHLGLQDQLL-1242.
'HYHQLUHDVDHVWHRFRQVHFLQ DUHFRQVWUXLULLGLQSLDWU DFHW LL6ROQRFXOXL
îQWLPSXOUHJHOXLùWHIDQDO9-OHDGHF WUHPaul, fiul lui Nicolae „de Gutkeled”, care
a primit numele de ,,Cetatea Aurie” („Aranyos”3 –ÄSkUkXOFDUHSRDUW DXU´), úLD
G LQXLULL GLVWULFWXOXL 6 ODM4, DYkQG FD D[  YDOHD 6 ODMXOXL FDUH D vQORFXLW YHFKHD
denumire ,,Silvania” (,,Codru”).5
,VWRULD VFULV  D VDWXOXL HVWH OHJDW  GH QXPHOH ILLORU OXL 6DV Balica, Drag, Ioan
Românul 9DODFKXV úL Dragomir, FDUH GXS  DOXQJDUHD ORU GLQ 0ROGRYD GH F WUH
voievodul Bogdan, s-au refugiat în regatul Ungariei, au primit mari GHPQLW LYRLHYR]LDL
URPkQLORUGLQPDLPXOWHGLVWULFWHFRPL LDO WXULGHRVHULHGHFHW LúLVDWHURPkQHúWLúL

1
V. Pârvan, Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei,%XFXUHúWL926, p. 75.
2
Documente privnd istoria României, C, Transilvania, XI-XIII, vol. I, nr. 431,
p. 390-391.
3
Adrian Andrei Rusu, &RQVLGHUD LLLVWRULFHDVXSUDFHW LORUPHGLHYDOHWLPSXULLGLQ
6 ODM, în ,,Acta Musei Porolissensis”=DO XS 100-102.
4
/*KHUJDULX$QDQLH) UFDú DUD6LOYDQLHL, în ,,Acta Musei Porolissensis”=DO X
1977, p. 225.
5
ùWHIDQ 3DVFX Voievodatul Transilvaniei, vol. IV, Editura ,,Dacia”, Cluj-Napoca,
1989, p. 14.
227
XQJXUHúWL´ vQWUH FDUH úL  &HWDWHD GH 3LDWU ´ (Kewwar, Kövar)6úL,,Cetatea Aurie”
(Aranyas)7 intrând în nobilimea regatului Ungariei sub numele de ,,Dragfy”XUPDúLLOXL
'UDJRú9RG IRVWXOYRLHYRGDO0ROGRYHL.
Satul a fost atestat documentar în anul 1475, în timpul regelui Matei Corvin,8
D DSDU LQXW FRPLWDWXOXL 6ROQRFXO GH 0LMORF SkQ  vQ DQXO  FkQG D IRVW
încorporat în comitatul6 ODM6]LODJ\L$IRVWORFXLWODvQFHSXWGHLREDJLURPkQL
FDUH SO WHDX GDUH XQRU QRELOL QHRIL L DGLF  XQRU URPkQL vQQRELOD L GH F WUH
UHJDOLWDWHDDQJHYLQ UHVSHFWLYGHUHJLL/XGRYLF,úL6LJLVPXQGGH/X[HPEXUJÌQ
timpul principatului Transilvaniei, unii locuitori ai satului, pentru fapte militare, au
IRVW vQQRELOD L LQWUkQG vQ QRELOLPHD XQJDU  'XS  WUHFHUHD XQHL S U L D URPkQLORU
transilvani la unirea cu biserica Romei, satul a fost trecut la greco-catolicism,
DSDU LQkQGGXS vQILLQ DUHDHSLVFRSLLlor greco-catolice, de Episcopia greco-FDWROLF 
de la Gherla.
De-D OXQJXO H[LVWHQ HL VDOH GDWRULW  SXVWLLULORU úL LQFHQGLHULORU SURYRFDWH GH
U ]ERDLH VDWXO D IRVW QHYRLW V -úL PXWH YDWUD GH FkWHYD RUL DOXQHFkQG PHUHX VSUH
U V ULWúLVSUHOXQFD6RPHúXlui.
'DWRULW GHVHORUVFKLPE ULGHVW SkQLODvQFHSXWQRELOLPHDQHRILW DSRLYO VWDUH
FDUHVHUHYHQGLFDXODDúD-numita ,,natio hungarica”QXPHOHV XDIRVWWUDQVFULVvQDFWHGH
F WUHJU P WLFLLYRLHYRGDWXOXLVDXSULQFLSDWXOXL7UDQVLOYDQLHLVXEGLIHULte forme: Kew,
Kewd, Keud, Keod, Köd XQJ FHD ÄORFFH RVSRVRPRUkW´), Keodh, Kewd, Keold,
Köld. ÌQ SRILGD YLWUHJLHL YUHPXULORU úL vQ PRG GHRVHELW D SUHVLXQLORU FRQIHVLRQDOH
FDWROLFLVPVDXFDOYLQLVPVDWXO&KHXGDUHXúLWV -úLS VWUH]HFDUDFWHUXOUomânesc.
'XS I XULUHDVWDWXOXLQD LRQDOXQLWDUURPkQVDWXO&KHXGDvQFHSXWRQRX HU 
DúH]DW SHWHPHOLLQD LRQDOH$FHDVWDDSULQVYLD RGDW FXLQWURGXFHUHDDGPLQLVWUD LHL
URPkQHúWL OD LQVWDODUHD F UHLD úL-DX DGXV FRQWULEX LD LQWHOHFWXDOLL UDQLL IUXQWDúL úL
IRúWLLOXSW WRULGLQJ U]LOHQD LRQDOH/XFUXOFHOPDLvQVHPQDWSHQWUX UDQLLURPkQLQXD
IRVWDWkWVSHUDQ DF YRUDYHDS PkQWFLF YRUSXWHDYRUELURPkQHúWHúLF YRUSXWHD
LHúLGLQVDWúLFXQRDúWHOXPHDNumele oficial a devenit Cheud, fLLQGHOLPLQDW IRUPD
XQJXUHDVF ,,Köd”úLFHDURPkQHDVF JUHFR-FDWROLF ,,Teud”, ,,Teudu”. Documentele
GHGXS DQXOFRQILUP F VDWXOHUDORFXLWvQPDMRULWDWHGHURPkQLGDUúLFXSX LQL
HYUHLúL LJDQLGHFLXQIHOGHÄ5RPkQLD0DUH´vQPLQLDWXU .
3ULQFLSDOD SUHRFXSDUH D V WHQLORU D FRQWLQXDW V  ILH S PkQWXO, pe care-l
YLVDVHU  PHUHX vQ YUHPXULOH VW SkQLULL XQJXUHúWL 6HWHD GH S PkQW D IRVW vQ PDUH
SDUWHVDWLVI FXW SULQ/HJHDSHQWUXUHIRUPDDJUDU GLQLXOLH.
9LD DVDWXOXLDLQWUDWSHXQQRXI JDúGXS FHvQVHVLXQHDGLQ-27 martie
1923, parlamentul României a votat QRXD &RQVWLWX LH SULQ FDUH VH VWLSXOD F 
5HJDWXO 5RPkQLHL HVWH XQ 6WDW QD LRQDO XQLWDU úL LQGLYL]LELO´ iar ,,teritoriul
5RPkQLHL HVWH QHDOLHQDELO úL SURFODP  FDUDFWHUXO LQGHSHQGHQW úL VXYHUDQ DO
statului” &RQVWLWX LD D SUHY ]XW F  GHRVHELUHD GH FUHGLQ H UHOLJLRDVH úL

6
E. Lukinich, L. Gáldi, Documenta historiam Valachorum in Hungaria illustrantis
usque ad annus 1400 post Christum, Budapest, 1941, p. 279-280 (în continuare,
Documenta Valachorum).
7
Documenta Valachorum, p. 310.
8
Petri Mor, Syilágyi vármegye monographiája, vol. II, Budapest, 1901, p.22.
228
FRQIHVLXQLGHRULJLQHHWQLF úLGHOLPE QXFRQVWLWXLHvQ5RPkQLDRSLHGLF VSUHD
GREkQGLGUHSWXULOHFLYLOHúLSROLWLFHúLDOHH[HUFLWD´.9
3UREOHPDS PkQWXOXLúLDUHOLJLHLDIRVWvQVR LW vQSHUPDQHQ FXQHYRLD
GHDDYHDúFRDO ÌQDQXOVXEGLUHFWDvQGUXPDUHDvQY WRUXOXL$QGUHL+RVVX
DFRQWLQXDWFRQVWUXLUHDQRXOXLORFDODOúFROLLGLQ&KHXGFDUHPXO LDQLIXQF LRQDVH
în diferite case din sat.10 ,QDXJXUDUHDQRLLúFROLvQVDWXO&KHXGV-DI FXWvQFDGUXOXQXL
SURJUDPLQL LDWGHPLQLVWUXOvQY PkQWXOXLGU&$QJHOHVFXvQ]LOHOHGH-28 mai
1927, vQ PDL PXOWH VDWH GLQ MXGH XO 6 ODM %RLDQ-3OHúFD 6WkUFLX 5 VWRO  9DúFDS X
5DFKLú* OSkLD9DU1 SUDGHDCheudúL%LXúD0LQLVWUXOvQY PkQWXOXLDIRVWvQVR LW
GH 3 *KL HVFX - GLUHFWRUXO JHQHUDO DO vQY PkQWXOXL SULPDU QRUPDO ùWHIDQ ,RDQ –
YLFHSUHúHGLQWHOH &DPHUHL GHSXWDWXO ,RDQ &RQGUXú ]LDULVWXO LWDOLDQ 0RQWHUR GH OD
SXEOLFD LD,,Giornale d’Italia”SUHIHFWXOMXGH XOXL,RDQ2VVLDQúLGHPDLPXO LLQVSHFWRUL
úFRODULvQWUHFDUHúLLQVSHFWRUXOúHIUHJLRQDOúFRODU Augustin Caba11, fiul lui Petru Caba
(fost preot al satului).
'LQ  LXQLH  RGDW  FX vQILLQ DUHD HSDUKLHL 0DUDPXUHúXOXL, comuna
UXUDO &KHXGDI FXWSDUWHGLQHSLVFRSLDJUHFR-FDWROLF D0DUDPXUHúXOXLLQWHJUDW
în districtul parohial Jibou. 3RWULYLW UHFHQV PkQWXOXL RILFLDO GLQ DQXO  în
FRPXQD &KHXG´ HUDX vQUHJLVWUD L  ORFXLWRUL  GH FO GLUL  GH
JRVSRG ULLPHQDMHúLvQWUHSULQGHULFRPHUFLDOHúLLQGXVWULDOH.12ÌPSURSULHW ULUHD
V WHQLORUGLQ&KHXGDIRVWGHVWXOGHJUHRDLHFRPL kQGX-VHPXOWHDEX]XULDVWIHOF 
practic, punerea în posesie s-a efectuat abia începând cu 1 ianuarie 1933, lotul de
S PkQWILLQGILxat la 1 juger.
În anul 1936, conform ùHPDWLVPXOXL YHQHUDELOXOXL FOHU DO HSDUKLHL JUHFR-
FDWROLFH D 0DUDPXUHúXOXL´ FRPXQD UXUDO  &KHXG QXP UD  GH VXIOHWH GLQ
care 1129 greco-FDWROLFLRUWRGRFúLL]UDHOL LúLDFRQIHVLRQDOL.13

'XS GHDQLGHOD0DUHD8QLUHGXS LPSXQHUHDGHF WUHUHJHOH&DURODO

II-OHD OD  IHEUXDULH  D XQHL QRL &RQVWLWX LL SUHIHFWXO FDUOLVW DO MXGH XOXL
colonelul PetrescuDGLVSXVFDvQWRDWHDúH] ULOHV VHLQVWLWXLHUHJXOLOHDGRSWDWHGH
DXWRULW LOH FHQWUDOH ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL vQ SHULRDGD -20 august 1938 a fost
vQWRFPLW R0RQRJUDILHVDQLWDU ´DFRPXQHLUXUDOH&KHXGGLQMXGH XO6 ODMGH
F WUH PHGLFXO &LUFXPVFULS LHL VDQLWDUH 1 SUDGHD $FHVWD D DYXW FD FD VXUVH GH
informare primarul comunei Cheud - Ion DavidQRWDUXOFRPXQHL1 SUDGHD - Aurel
Zah, SUHFXP úL UHJLVWUHOH SDURKLHL &KHXG SXVH OD GLVSR]L LH GH SUHRWXO *DYULO

9
&RQVWLWX iunile române 7H[WH QRWH SUH]HQWDUH FRPSDUDWLY  (GL LD D ,,,-a, Regia
$XWRQRP ,,Monitorul Oficial”%XFXUHúWLS-85.
10
,,ùFRDODQRDVWU “, anul II, nr.7-=DO XRFWRPEULHS
11
Petre Hossu, Memoriale, Editura ,,The Flower Power”65/3LWHúWLS
12
,QGLFDWRUXOVWDWLVWLFDOVDWHORUúLXQLW LORUDGPLQLVWUDWLYHGLQ5RPkQLD%XFXUHúWL
1932, p. 316.
13
ùHPDWLVPXOYHQHUDWXOXLFOHUDO(SDUKLHLJUHFR-FDWROLFHURPkQHD0DUDPXUHúXOXL
pe anul 1936, p. 38.
229
* YULODú0HGLFXOUHVSHFWLYDvQWRFPLWPRQRJUDILDGXS PRGHOXOUHFHQV PkQWXOXL
GLQ DQXO  VXE IRUP  GH DQFKHW  VRFLDO  UHFHQ]RULL XPEOkQG GLQ FDV -n
FDV ´.14

b)6WUXFWXUDúLFRQ LQXWXO0RQRJUDILHLVDQLWDUH
0RQRJUDILDVDQLWDU HUDDVWIHOVWUXFWXUDW 

&DSLWROXO,*HRJUDILDORFDOLW LL
 $úH]DUHD JHRJUDILF  DOWLWXGLQHD ODWLWXGLQHD úL ORQJLWXGLQHD KRWDUHOH
SROLWLFHúLVXEGLYL]LXQLVXSUDID DGLVWDQ HF LIHUDWHF LSHDS GUXPXULHWF
7RSRJUDILDGHVFULHUHDGHDOXULORUY LORUFkPSLHLGDF HSRVLELOVHF LXQL
SURILOXULHOHYD LXQLHWF
*HRORJLDVWUDWXOVXSHUILFLDOVWUDWXOGHIXQGD LHIHQRPHQHSDUWLFXODUH
4. HiGURJUDILDUkXULODFXULE O LFXUVXOUkXULORUúLYDULD LXQHDDFHVWRUDQDSD
GHDS VXEWHUDQ HWF
9HJHWD LDS GXULSODQWHSODQWHDTXDWLFH
6XSUDID DWHUHQXULORUFHVHFXOWLY FXSRUXPEJUkXYLLOLYUH]L]DU]DYDWHWF
 )DXQD DQLPDOH V OEDWLFH UHSWLOH úL LQVHFWH G XQ WRDUH RPXOXL VDX
animalelor domestice (se va indica numele lor); animale domestice (se va indica
numele lor pe specii)
1XP UXOúLQDWXUDLQGXVWULLORU
ÌQWUHEXLQ DUHDIRU HLPRWULFHDDSHLGLJXULX]LQHWXUELQHFDQDOHLULJD LXQLHWF
 /XFU UL GH XWLOLWDWH SXEOLF  VWU ]L SDUFXUL LOXPLQDWXO VWU ]LORU JD] PHWDQ
electricitate)

Capitolul II. Climatul

7HPSHUDWXUDFXUEDWLSLF OXQDU PHGLDPD[LPXQPLQLPXPHWF
8PLGLWDWHFXUEDOXQDU PHGLHPD[LP PLQLP GHSLQ]kQGGHSRVLELOLW LOHGH
LQIRUPD LXQH
 3UHFLSLWD LXQL DWPRVIHULFH SORL GLVWULEX LXQHD VH]RQLHU  PD[LPXO GH
SUHFLSLWD LXQL
= SDGDJKLD DFHD D-FRQVLGHUD LXQLJHQHUDOH
9kQWXULYLWH]DYkQWXULORUFRQGL LXQLVH]RQLHUH
6. Lumina solaU QXP UXORUHORUGHVRDUHSH]LúLDQRWLPSXUL

&DSLWROXO,,,3RSXOD LXQHD
 3RSXOD LD GHWDOLL DVXSUD UHFHQV PkQWXOXL GLQ DQLL DQWHULRUL PHWRGH GH D
estima)
 &ODVLILFD LXQHD SRSXOD LXQLL SH VH[ VWDUH FLYLO  úL JUXSH GH YkUVW  YH]L
Tabela II)
3. 'HQVLWDWHDSRSXOD LHLvQVXEGLYL]LXQLOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHSHFDVHSHIDPLOLLHWF

14
Vezi, pe larg, „0RQRJUDILD VDQLWDU  D FRPXQHL UXUDOH &KHXG GLQ MXGH XO 6 ODM”,
0RQLWRUXO 2ILFLDO úL ,PSULPHULLOH Statului ,PSULPHULD &HQWUDO  %XFXUHúWL 
;HURFRSLHvQ$UKLYDSHUVRQDO 
230
 5DVHúLQD LRQDOLW LYH]LWDEHOD,,
5. Religia (vezi tabela II)
(GXFD LDDQDOIDEHWLVPIUHFYHQ DúFRODU SXEOLFD LXQLORFDOHHWF
2UJDQL]DUHDDGPLQLVWUDWLY ORFDO
2FXSD LXQLOHORFXLWRULORU
6WDUHDHFRQRPLF SURSULHWDULGHS PkQWúLFDVHRUHGHOXFUXSDXSHULVP
costul unei zile de lucru etc.)

Capitolul IV. Geniu sanitar

 $OLPHQWDUHD FX DS  SURSULHWDWH SXEOLF  VDX SULYDW  VXUVD GH DOLPHQWDUH
lac, i]YRU IkQWkQ  GHVFULHUHD WLSXULORU FDSDFLWDWHD FDOLWDWHD DSHL UHFRPDQG UL –
DFHVWHDWUHEXLDXvQVHPQDWHSHKDUW FXFUHLRQXOFRORUDW
'UHQDMHúLFDQDOL] UL
ÌQO WXUDUHDH[FUH LLORUXPDQHFDQDOL] ULúLDOWHPHWRGH
&ROHFWDUHDGHSR]LWDUHDúLvQWUHEXLQ DUHDE OHJDUXOXL
&ROHFWDUHDGHSR]LWDUHDúLvQWUHEXLQ DUHDJXQRDLHORU
&LPLWLUHXPDQHvPSUHMXPXULSODQWD LLYHFLQ WDWHDVXUVHORUGHDS GHE XWHWF
7. Colectarea cadavrelor de animale. Cimitire de animale.
8. Starea din punct de vedere VDQLWDU D FO GLULORU D HGLILFLLORU SXEOLFH
fabricilor, hotelurilor, hanurilor etc.)
6DOXEULWDWHDORFDOXULORUGHúFRDO VWDUHDFO GLULORUFXEDMHORULOXPLQDWXOXL
QDWXUDOvQF O]LWFXUWHDODWULQDHWF
 0 VXUL GH SURILOD[LH DQWLODUYDUH GH GH]LQsectizare, deratizare, depara-
]WLWDUHHWF(WXYHFXSWRDUHGHGHSDUD]LWDUHDPEXODQ H
&RQWUROXODOLPHQWHORUFDUQHDODSWH$EDWRUXO+DOHGHDOLPHQWH3LH HGH
alimente.
 &DQWLWDWHD GH E XWXUL FRQVXPDWH DQXDO vQ FkUFLXPH úL DFDV  YLQ EHUH
XLF UDFKLXULGLIHULWHHWF
'LIHULWHSUREOHPHGHJHQLXVDQLWDUE LSXEOLFHVWDUHDVDQLWDU DSXQFWHORU
WHUPLQDOHDF LORUGHFRPXQLFD LHHWF

&DSLWROXO9$GPLQLVWUD LHVDQLWDU 
1. Organizarea serviciului sanitar de stat (medici oficiali, îndatRULULúLSXWHUL
administrative, organizarea lucrului, eficacitatea). Propuneri.
0RDúHVXURULGHRFURWLUHVDXGHFDULWDWHDJHQ LVDQLWDULDJHQ LYHWHULQDUL
HWFQXP UXOúLSUHJ WLUHDORUSURIHVLRQDO HWF
3. Spitale, dispensarii, case de ocrotire; cu local propriu sau închiriat (acestea
WUHEXLDXvQVHPQDWHSHKDUW FXFUHLRQXOFRORUDW
0HGLFLSDUWLFXODULQXP UXOORUIHOXOFXPvúLH[HUFLW SURIHVLXQHD
5. Ocrotiri sociale de Stat
$VRFLD LXQLSDUWLFXODUHGHRFURWLUHVRFLDO &HVXEYHQ LLSULPHsc de la Stat.

&DSLWRXOXO9,$QDOL]DHFRQRPLF DEXJHWXOXLIDFXOWDWLY 

1. Cheltuielile administrative ale comunei. Bugetul comunei e deficitar sau nu?
2. Impozitele încasate. Împrumuturile comunei
%XJHWXOVHUYLFLLORUGHV Q WDWHSXEOLF
4. Analiza bXJHWXOXLGHV Q WDWHSXEOLF
231
 &RVWXOV Q W LLSXEOLFHSHUFDSLWD
1XPHOHúLDGUHVHOHSHUVRDQHORUGHXQGHV-DXRE LQXWLQIRUPD LXQL
7. Prin ce mijloace s-DXFXOHVWRDWHGDWHOHVWDWLVWLFHGLQDFHDVW OXFUDUH"

0RQRJUDILDVDQLWDU DYHDDQH[DWHWDEHOH, respectiv:

,&ODVLILDFDUHDSRSXOD LHLQXP UXOLQGLYL]LORUSHVH[JUXSHGHYkUVW úLVWDUHFLYLO 

,,&ODVLILFDUHDSRSXOD LHLGXS UHOLJLHúLQD LRQDOLWDWHODLDQXDULH
,,,0LúFDUHDSRSXOD LHLSHDQL-1937)
,90RUWDOLWDWHDLQIDQWLO SH ani (1928-1937)
90RUWDOLWDWHDJHQHUDO SHDQL-1037)
VI. Decesele pe cauze, pe 10 ani (1928-1937)
9,,1XP UXOFD]XULORUGHEROLFRQWDJLRDVHúLPDODGLLVRFLDOHSHDQL-1937)
9,,,5H]XOWDWXOXOWLPHORUUHFUXW ULDOHWLQHULORUSHQWUXVHUYLciul militar
,;$SDGHE XW
;)HOXOORFXLQ HORUDQXO

c) Datele sociale reliefate de 0RQRJUDILDVDQLWDU

&RQIRUPUH]XOWDWHORUFRQVHPQDWHGHF WUHPHGLFXOGHFLUFXPVFULS LHFRPXQD
UXUDO &KHXGDYHDvQUH]XPDWXUP WRDUHDVWDUHVRFLDO 
1. EraDúH]DW SHúHVODDOWLWXGLQHDGH-PHWULILLQGP UJLQLW ODYHVWGHUkXO
6RPHúúLGHVS U LW SULQ,,hotare politice” -ODU V ULWGH)HULFHDODDSXVGH%HQHVDWúL
6 SODF$OXQLúúLODVXGGH1 SUDGHD1XDYHDF LIHUDWHVDXQDYLJDELOH
2. Era vQFRQMXUDW ODQRUGúLU V ULWGHGHDOXULFXvQ O LPLvQWUH-664 metri
úLWUDYHUVDW GRDUGHXQGUXPFRPXQDOGHODQRUGODVXGúLGHYDOHDVDWXOXLGHOD
est la vest.
 'HDOXULOH PDL WRDWH HUDX FX S GXUL GH VWHMDU LDU vQ OXQFD IHUWLO  D
6RPHúXOXLHUDXSODQWD LLDJULFROH
 7HPSHUDWXUD YDULD vQ OXQLOH GH YDU  vQWUH -24 de grade, iar în lunile de
LDUQ  vQWUH   úL -  GH JUDGH 'LVWULEX LD SUHFLSLWD LLORU HUD FkWHRGDW 
FDSULFLRDV ”, YDUD ILLQG FkQG VHFHWRDV  FkQG SUHD SORLRDV  0D[LPXO GH
pUHFLSLWD LL HUD DWLQV vQ OXQLOH PDUWLH úL QRLHPEULH LDU ] SDGD DWLQJHD vQWUH -40
FHQWLPHWULvQ O LPH&HD DHUDSUH]HQW PDLDOHVvQOXQLOHVHSWHPEULH-noiembrie, iar
YLWH]D YkQWXULORU FRQGL LRQDW  GH DQRWLPS YDULD vQWUH - PHWUL SH VHFXQG 
Lumina sRODU YDULDvQWUHRUHYDUDúLRUHLDUQD.
 &RPXQD DYHD SULP ULH FX SULPDU vQV  QX H[LVWD HGLILFLX SXEOLF GHVWLQDW
SULP ULHL &KHOWXLHOLOH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH DOH FRPXQHL VH UGLFDX OD  GH OHL
bugetul nefiind deficitar. Se încasau din impozite 110.761 de lei, comuna neavând
împrumuturi.
ÌQFRPXQ HUDXGHVXIOHWHGLQFDUHGHE UED LúLGHIHPHL (506
F V WRUL L  QHF V WRUL L  Y GXYL   GLYRU D L &RQIRUPD GDWHORU RILFLDOH GLQ 
LDQXDULHGXS UHOLJLHúLQD LRQDOLWDWe erau 1147 de greco-FDWROLFLúLGHPR]DLFL.
3RSXOD LDDFUHVFXWFRQVWDQWGHODGHVXIOHWHvQDQXOODGHVXIOHWHvQ
anul 1937. În perioada 1928- QXP UXO Q VFX LORU IXVHVH vQ PHGLH GH  SH DQ
mortalitatea în medie de 25 pe an (dinFDUHPRUWDOLWDWHDLQIDQWLO - o medie de 7/an, iar
232
ODGHQ VFX LYLLRPHGLHGHDQÌQWUHFHOHPDLIUHFYHQWHFDX]HDOHGHFHVHORUVH
aflau tuberculoza aparatului respirator (,,hârtica” - o medie de 3,5/an), peumonia
(DSULQGHUHDGHSO PkQL” - o medie de 3,5/an), PDOIRUPD LLOHFRQJHQLWDOH (o medie de
DQúLsenilitateaRPHGLHGHDQ7LQHUHWXOVF SDWGHEROLOHFRSLO ULHLHUDIRDUWH
V Q WRVúLUH]LVWHQWODHIRUWXUL'HSLOG SHQWUXVHUYLFLXOPLOLWDUIXVHVHU UHFUXWD LvQWUH
anii 1934-19RPHGLHGHIHFLRULWR LILLQGJ VL L,,buni pentru serviciul militar”.
 2FXSD LD ORFXLWRULORU HUD DJULFXOWXUD ÌQ DIDU  GH FkWHYD SURSULHW L PLFL
GHS PkQW´, SRSXOD LDvQSURSRU LHGHHUDV UDF . Costul unei zile de lucru
varia între 20-5GHOHL)HPHLOHúLFRSLLLOXFUDXvQMXUXOJRVSRG ULHLúLODFkPSÌQ
sat erau doar FDVHGLQ]LGFDVHGHOHPQúLFDVHFXSHUH LGHS PkQW, cele
PDLPXOWHFXGRX vQF SHULGDUQXPDLGHFDVHDYHDXIHUHVWUHIL[H1XHUDQLFLR
FDV DFRSHULW FXWDEO HUDXDFRSHULWHFX LJOHúLRODQHFXúLQGULO LDUFX
SDLH 'RDU  GH FDVH DYHDX VREH GH ILHU  GH FDVH DYHDX YDWU ”, 53 de case
DYHDX ODWULQ  LDU OD  ODWULQD OLSVHD ÌQ SULYLQ D DQH[HORU JRVSRG ULLORU
cheudenilor, este de remarcDWIDSWXOF GHFDVHDYHDXJU GLQLGH]DU]DYDW
aveau pomi fructiferi, 65 aveau fântâni proprii, 54 aveau grajduri bune, iar 91
aveau ,,grajduri rele”.
 UDQLL FXOWLYDX JUkX  KHFWDUH SRUXPE  KHFWDUH FkQHS  
hectare), floarea soareOXL  KHFWDUH WULIRL  KHFWDUH OXFHUQ   KHFWDUH
FDUWRILKHFWDUHÌQJRVSRG ULLOH UDQLORUVHDIODXvQWRWDOGHRLERLúL
YDFLGHSRUFLGHFDSUHFDLúLP JDUL
 /RFDOXO úFROLL SULPDUH DO WXUL GH ELVHULF  HUD FHO mai important edificiu
public din sat, fiind compus dintr-R FO GLUH PDUH FX GRX  V OL GH vQY PkQW FX
FkWH XQ FXEDM GH  PHWUL S WUD L vQV  FXUWHD úFROLL HUD PLF  ÌQ DFHVW GRPHQLX
problema grea era analfabetismul, aproximativ 40% din cheudeni erau
DQDOIDEH LLDUIUHFYHQ DúFRODU HUDGH
 $WHQ LH GHRVHELW  D DFRUGDW DQFKHWD VRFLDO  DúD-numitului ,,geniu
sanitar´ $GPLQLVWUD LD VDQLWDU  HUD LQH[LVWHQW  %XJHWXO VHUYLFLLORU GH V Q WDWH
FRQWDELOL]DWH GH F WUH &LUFXPVFULS LD VDQLWDU  1 SUDGHD era de 5.800 de lei, iar
FRVWXO V Q W LL SXEOLFH per capita era de 3,93 de lei. Femeile gravide lucrau, în
XQHOH FD]XUL SkQ  vQ XOWLPD ]L D VDUFLQLL DYkQG OD GLVSR]L LH R VLQJXU  PRDú 
HPSLULF FRPXQDO FDUHMXFDúLUROXOGH,,doftor”.
3RSXOD LDVHDSURYL]LRQDFXDS GLQGHIkQWkQLVLPSOHFXJKL]GXULGHSLDWU 
VDXFLPHQWSX LQHFXFDSDFLWDWHDFDPGH-PHWULFXELvQWUH LQXWHvQJHQHUDO
vQPRGPXO XPLWRU´$SDIkQWkQLORUGHVWXOGHGXU vQV FXGHQVLWDWHDFHUXW VH
J VHDODDGkQFLPHDGH-PHWULLDUVWUDWXOGHDS DYHDRJURVLPHGHFLUFDPHWUL
úLMXP WDWH1XHUDXGUHQDMHúLFDQDOL] UL([FUH LLOHXPDQHVHvQO WXUDXvPSUHXQ 
FXE OHJDUXOúLJXQRLXO% OHJDUXOVHFROHFWDvQJURSLLPSURYL]DWHGHXQGHDSRLVH
transporta la câmp, pentru aVHUYLFDvQJU ú PkQW
$QLPDOHOH GHVWLQDWH FRQVXPXOXL HUDX VDFULILFDWH vQ FXU LOH VDX JU GLQLOH
J VSRG ULLORU QHILLQG DEDWRU &DGDYUHOH DQLPDOHORU VH WUDQVSRUWDX GXS  P ULPH
,,ori cu carul, ori pe spate”,úLVHDUXQFDXGHUHJXO ODvQWkPSODUHFkWPDL departe
GH VDW &LPLWLUXO XPDQ HUD vPSUHMXPXLW vQV  QX DYHD VXUVH GH DS  SRWDELO  vQ
DSURSLHUHDOXL6 WHQLLFRQVXPDXFDPKHFWROLWUXGHUDFKLXSHV SW PkQ (vinul
QXVHSXQHDODVRFRWHDO LDUEHUHDQXHUDODFLQVWHILLQGLJQRUDW 
233
 *

Monografia saniWDU  VFRDWH vQ HYLGHQ  VWDUHD GH vQDSRLHUH vQ FDUH VH DIODX
FRPXQHOHUXUDOHPLFLúLL]RODWHGLQMXGH XO6 ODMvQDQXO([SUHVLDDFHVWHLVW UL
HVWHUHOHYDW GHVWDUHDFRPXQHLUXUDOH&KHXGvQFDUHOLSVHDXFXGHV YkUúLUHRULFH
IRUP GHLQGXVWULHGLJXULFDQDOHLULJD LLVWU ]LSDUFXULLOXPLQDWXOVWU ]LORUJD]
PHWDQ HOHFWULFLWDWH HWF GUHQDMH úL FDQDOL] UL DOH DSHL HGLILFLL SXEOLFH KRWHOXUL
KDQXUL DEDWRDUH KDOH GH DOLPHQWH SLH H GH DOLPHQWH E L SXEOLFH PHGLFL
SDUWLFXODUL LQVWLWX LL VDX DVRFLD LL SDUWLFXODUH GH RFURWLUH VRFLDO  'LQ GDWHOH
IXUQL]DWHUHLHVHF V U FLDDQDOIDEHWLVPXOEROLOHúLDOFRROLVPXO erau principalele
SUREOHPHFXFDUHVHFRQIUXQWDX UDQLLGLQVDWXOUHVSHFWLY

234
 *(232/,7,&

62/8 ,,$/7(51$7,9(35,9,1'5(*/(0(17$5($
FRONTIEREI ROMÂNO-BULGARE ÎN DOBROGEA LA
6)Æ5ù,78/&(/8,'($/'2,/($5 =%2,02',$/
ÎN VIZIUNEA DEPARTAMENTULUI DE STAT AL S.U.A.

)/25,$17 1 6(6&8

ABSTRACT

Due to its geo-politic position and its resources, Romania has been both “the subject
and the object” of many disputes among the great powers of their times. In the 2nd world
war, because of the biggest international actors’ interests, Romania was enforced to cease
important territories to adjacent states. Among these, we mention Dobrogea, situated in the
south eastern part of Romania. The issue of redrawing the borders at the end of the 2nd
World War has been a matter of concern for all the great powers, including USA. The
presented document represents the State Department point of view regarding the
Romanian-Bulgarian border in Dobrogea.

%ORFXOHWQLFURPkQHVFFRPSDFWúLXQLWDUFKLDUGDF DIRVWVHSDUDWvQSURSULXO
VSD LX GH IRUPDUH úL SHUSHWXDUH GH IRU H LPSHULDOH SHQWUX OXQJL SHULRDGH LVWRrice,
n-D DEDQGRQDW QLFLRGDW  YDWUD RULJLQDU  VWU EXQ  D F UHL SR]L LH JHR-SROLWLF  L-a
FRQIHULWLQHJDODYDQWDMHúLGH]DYDQWDMHXOWLPLOHSUHYDOkQGGLQQHIHULFLUH
3ULQSR]L LDSHFDUHRRFXS vQDUHDOXOHXURSHDQGDUúLGLQDOWHFRQVLGHUHQWH
RRPkQLDDLQWUDWSHUPDQHQWvQFDOFXOHOHFHUFXULORUGHSROLWLFLHQLúLVWUDWHJLPLOLWDUL
DOHPDULORUSXWHUL1XDIRVWXQÄPRPHQW´LVWRULFPDLLPSRUWDQWDOFRQIUXQW ULORU
GLQWUH5 V ULWúL$SXVVDXGLQWUH1RUGúL6XGvQFDUH5RPkQLDV QXILHLPSOLFDW 
direcW VDX LQGLUHFW (VWH XQ PLUDFRO F  URPkQLL úL-DX VDOYDW  HQWLWDWHD VWDWDO  vQ
FRQGL LLOHvQFDUHDOWHVWDWHHXURSHQHDXIRVWGHVILLQ DWHYUHPHOQLFFD]XO3RORQLHL
LDUDOWHOHDXIRVWDPSXWDWHVDXGLVORFDWHGLQVSD LXOWUDGL LRQDO
2VLWXD LHFULWLF SHQWUXVWDWXOURPkQVHFRQWXUDvQFRQMXQFWXUDLQWHUQD LRQDO 
JHQHUDW  GH L]EXFQLUHD FHOHL GH D GRXD FRQIODJUD LL PRQGLDOH 3DFWXO 0RORWRY-
5LEEHQWURSGLQSUHILJXUHD] ÄUHGLVWULEXLUL´WHULWRULDOHSHVHDPDVSD LXOXLJHR-
SROLWLF URPkQHVF YL]DW  ILLQG %DVDUDEia. Este preludiul unor „aranjamente” de
FXOLVH vQWUH PDULOH SXWHUL DOH HSRFLL DOH F URU HIHFWH VH FRQFUHWL]HD]  OD ILQDOXO
U ]ERLXOXLSULQVWDWXDUHDPRGLILF ULLVXEVWDQ LDOHDK U LLFRQWLQHQWXOXLúLLPSOLFLWD
României.
Ä$UDQMDPHQWXO´ GLQWUH 8566 úL *HUPDQLD SRWULYLW DFWXOXL DGL LRQDO DO
3DFWXOXL FX UHIHULUH H[SUHV  OD 5RPkQLD GHYLQH ÄRSHUD LRQDO´ vQ LXQLH  ÌQ
nota guvernului Sovietic din noaptea de 27-28 iunie se cerea ultimativ:

235
 ÄÌQGHFXUVGHSDWUX]LOHvQFHSkQGGHODRUDGXS RUD0Rscovei, la 28
LXQLHV VHHYDFXH]HWHULWRULXO%DVDUDELHLúL%XFRYLQHL∗GHWUXSHOHURPkQHúWL
7UXSHOHVRYLHWLFHvQDFHODúLWLPSV RFXSHWHULWRULXO%DVDUDELHLúLSDUWHD
de nord a Bucovinei”1.
*XYHUQXOURPkQHVWHIRU DWV HYDFXH]HSUHFLSLWDW%DVDUDELDúLSDUWHDGH1RUG
a Bucovinei, acestora adaugâdu-se un „supliment” teritorial – LQXWXO+HU D–, pe
FDUH UXúLL vO FHU úL RE LQ vQ DIDUD FDGUXOXL FRQIHULW GH WUDWDWXO vQFKHLDW GH UXúL FX
Germania.
7HULWRULXO FHGDW VXE DPHQLQ DUH GH F WUH VWDWXO URPkQ DYHD VXSUDID D GH
51.122 km², din care 44.422 km² reprezentau Basarabia, 6.300 km² - partea de
1RUGD%XFRYLQHLúLFFDNPð- LQXWXO+HU D
(UDvQFHSXWXOVIkUúLWXOXL520Æ1,(,0$5,HWHUQXOYLVDOURPkQLORUUHDOL]DW
cu sacrificii în 1918...
/D PDL SX LQ GH R OXQ  GH OD FHGDUHD DFHVWXL LPSRUWDQW WHULWRULX GH OD
&DUWLHUXO*HQHUDODO)KUHUXOXL5HLFKXOXLJHUPDQHUDH[SHGLDW F WUHUHJHOH&DURO
al II-OHDRVFULVRDUHXOWLPDWLY SULQFDUHVXYHUDQXOURPkQHUDÄDWHQ LRQDW´V FHGH]H
noi teritoriLGDF vPSUHMXU ULOHUHFODPDXDOWHVDFULILFLLvQFD]FRQWUDUVWDWXOURPkQ
ULVFkQGV SLDU 
Ä([LVW  GRX  SRVLELOLW L SHQWUX SUHvQWkPSLQDUHD FKHVWLXQLORU FRQWURYHUVDWH
FDUH SURGXF vQJULMRUDUH 0DLHVW LL 9RDVWUH úL vQWUHJLL 5RPkQLL´ – vL VXJHUHD] 
cancelarul Adolf Hitler regelui Carol al II-OHDúLDQXPH
Ä2DERUGDUHWDFWLF DFHDVWDvQVHPQkQGV VHvQFHUFHDVHVDOYDFHHDFHPDL
poate fi salvat printr-RDGDSWDUHFXDELOLWDWHODvPSUHMXU ULSHP VXU FHVHSURGXF
2. Procedeul unei decizii fundamentale –vQF XWDUHDXQHLVROX LLGHILQLWLYH–
în îndeplinirea acestei [decizii], chiar cu riscul unor sacrificii.
ÌQ SULYLQ D SULPXOXL PRG GH D SURFHGD 0DLHVWDWH VXQW DEVROXW LQFDSDELO V 
DILUPFHYDÌQWUHJDPHDYLD DPIRVWXQRPDOGHFL]LLORUIXQGDPHQWDOHúi numai de
OD DFHVWHD DúWHSW VXFFHVH GHFLVLYH 2ULFH vQFHUFDUH GH D vQO WXUD SULQ PDQHYUH
WDFWLFHGHYUHXQIHOVDXDOWXOSHULFROHOHFDUHDPHQLQ  DUDGXPQHDYDVWU WUHEXLH>V 
VXIHUH@ úL YD VXIHUL XQ HúHF 6IkUúLWXO PDL GHYUHPH VDX PDL WkU]LX – úL SRDWH vn
foarte scurt timp –, ar putea fi chiar distrugerea României (subl. ns – nn.).
În opinia mea, numai cel de-al doilea procedeu este practicabil”.2
Ä5HFRPDQG ULOH´ FDQFHODUXOXL JHUPDQ VXQW WUDQVPLVH VXYHUDQXOXL URPkQ
într-XQ FRQWH[W SROLWLF úL PLOLWDU QHIDvorabil României, miza fiind anihilarea
RULF URU WHQWDWLYH GH UH]LVWHQ  DOH $UPDWHL FDUH SULQ YRFHD úHIXOXL 0DUHOXL 6WDW
0DMRUJHQHUDOGHGLYL]LH*KHRUJKH0LKDLOGHFODUDF RIL HULLúLPLOLWDULLURPkQL
care au un moral „nezdruncinat”, sunt dornici de DF LXQH ÄQX QXPDL V  DSHUH

∗
'XS  FXP VH REVHUY  OD SXQFWXO  DO 1RWHL XOWLPDWLYH VH DUH vQ YHGHUH vQWUHJXO
VSD LX DO SURYLQFLHL vQ WLPS FH OD SXQFWXO DO -OHD UXúLL VH DUDW  PDL ÄJHQHURúL´ FHUkQG
României numai partea de nord a Bucovinei. „GHQHUR]LWDWHD´ HVWH vQV  FRPSHQVDW  SULQ
RFXSDUHD LQXWXOXL+HU DFDUHQXDI FXWRELHFWXOvQ HOHJHULLJHUPDQR-ruse.
1
23 august 1944. Documente 1939-1943YRO,(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF 
%XFXUHúWLS
2
$UKLYD,VWRULF 1D LRQDO &HQWUDOD&ROHF LD0LFURILOPH68$UF-879.
236
WHULWRULXO QD LRQDO GDU FKLDU V  DWDFH (subl. ns – n.n.)”3 'DF  vQ DGHY U VH
SURGXFHD R DVWIHO GH VLWXD LH SODQXULOH *HUPDQLHL HUDX SHUWXUEDWH HOH YL]kQG vQ
HVHQ ÄSDFLILFDUHD´XQJXULORUúLURPkQLORUDSRLDEXOJDULORUúLURPkQLORUGXS FH
6RYLHWHOHDYHDXVDWLVI FXWHSUHWHQ LLOHWHULWRULDOHDVXSUD5RPkQLHL
$UPDWDúLSRSXOD LDURPkQHDVF RULFkWGHPXOWvúLGRUHDXV DSHUH DUDHUDX
vQ VLWXD LD GH D IL FRSOHúLWH GH IRU HOH UHXQLWH DOH JHUPDQLORU UXúLORU XQJXULORU úL
EXOJDULORU 6HF LD GH RSHUD LL D 0DUHOXL 6WDW PDMRU FX QXPDL SDWUX ]LOH vQDLQWH GH
Dictatul de la Viena, evalua:
Ä1HFRQVLGHU PFRPSOHWL]ROD LúLOLSVL LGHVSULMLQXOPDWHULDOúLSROLWLFDO
RULF UHLSXWHULVWU LQH
1HFRQVLGHU PvQVLWXD LDGHDILDWDFD L
– FX FHUWLWXGLQH VLPXOWDQ GH F WUH UXúL úL XQJXUL GHFL OD IURQWLHUHOH GH (VW
1RUGúL9HVW
– FX RDUHFDUH SUREDELOLWDWH GH F WUH EXOJDUL úL LXJRVODYL FDUH YRU F XWD V 
VSHFXOH]HVLWXD LDQRDVWU JUHD
1HFRQVLGHU PGLQSXQFWXOGHYHGHUHSROLWLFvQúHOD LúLGHF WUHUXúLúLGH
F WUHEXOJDULDWkWvQWUDWDWLYHOHH[LVWHQWHFkWúLvQSURPLVLXQLOHYDJLFDUHQH-au fost
I FXWH´4.
'DW ILLQGSHUVSHFWLYDJUDY DHYROX LHLHYHQLPHQWHORUFXHIHFWHFRSOHúLWRDUH
pentru România, conducerea statului adRSW KRW UkULODIHOGHJUDYHFHGHD] vQID D
SUHVLXQLORU úL DPHQLQ ULORU 8QJDULHL KRUWK\VWH %XOJDULHL *HUPDQLHL 5XVLHL úL
,WDOLHL UHWU JkQG DUPDWD úL DGPLQLVWUD LD GLQ WHULWRULLOH 7UDQVLOYDQLHL úL 'REURJHL
YL]DWHGHSUHWHQ LLOHDQH[LRQLVWHDOHXQJXULORUúLEXOJDULORU'LQVSD LXOWUDGL LRQDODO
7UDQVLOYDQLHL5RPkQLDGXS Ä$UELWUDMXO´GHOD9LHQDGLQDXJXVWFHGHD] 
Ungariei fasciste 43.492 km², cu o popula LHGHSHVWHORFXLWRULGLQFDUH
50,2% erau români, 37,1% -XQJXULúL - alte grupuri etnice.
ÌQ FKLDU ]LXD GH  DXJXVW FkQG OD 3DODWXO %HOYHGHUH ÄSULQ IUDXG  úL
VXUSULQGHUHFDGHWkOKDULvQPLH]GHFRGUXDIRVWYUHPHOQLFXFLV 5RPkQLD0DUH´5,
regele Carol al II-OHDFRQVHPQDSOLQGHQHSXWLQ úLDP U FLXQH
„Urmând impXOVXOPHXGHOXSW O-DPúLFKHPDWSH0LKDLO>0DQRLOHVFX@VSUH
DOXDP VXULOHQHFHVDUH7RWXúLWUHEXLHIRDUWHPXOW FKLE]XLQ DPHXGUHSWXOGHD
vPSLQJH DUDODXQGH]DVWUXVLJXU"(UDRYUHPHFkQGFUHGHDPF RUH]LVWHQ HURLF 
SRDWH VF SD R DU  GDU DVW ]L GXS  SLOGD 3RORQLHL úL D %HOJLHL vQ ID D XQRU
DUDQMDPHQWH úL D XQHL DYLD LL FRYkUúLWRDUH ULOH FX PLMORDFH OLPLWDWH SRW HOH RDUH
UH]LVWD"&HGkQGSRWV -PLS VWUH]DUPDWDSRWS VWUDHQWLWDWHDVWDWXOXLURPkQSRWV 
UHFO GHVF FX R PXQF  I U  SUHJHW XQ VXIOHW QRX ULL PHOH SRW V  Q G MGXLHVF
într-un viitor mai bun. S-D UHFUHDW LUHGHQWD URPkQHDVF  QH-am întors la zilele
FRSLO ULHLPHOHFkQGWR LDYHDPSHEX]HúLvQLQLP ©,GHDOXOQD LRQDOª

3
23 August 1944. Documente. 1939-1943, vol. I, p. 94.
4
Ibidem, pp. 94-95.
5
Raol Bossy, $PLQWLUL GLQ YLD D GLSORPDWLF  DSXG 0LUFHD 0XúDW ,RQ $UGHOHDQX
5RPkQLD GXS  0DUHD 8QLUH, vol. II, partea a II-a, noiembrie 1933 – septembrie 1940,
(GLWXUDùWLLQ LILF úL(QFLFORSHGLF %XFXUHúWLS
237
 ùWLX SH GH DOW  SDUWH FH ULVF SHUVRQDO SULPLQG DFHDVW  vQIUkQJHUH úWLX F 
SHQWUX FHO SX LQ PXOW WLPS VXQW SLHUGXW úL F  WRW FH YRL IDFH úL YRL ]LFH YD IL
FRQVLGHUDWFDYRUEHOHúLIDSWHOHXQXLWU G WRUGHQHDPúLXQXLYkQ] WRUGH DU /D
iunie [1930] eram la Zenit, azi sunt la Nadir.
0 FKLQXLHGHLHULJkQGXOGDF DPGUHSWXOV LDXDFHDVW U VSXQGHUHvQWU-un
IHOVDXDOWXOGDF Q-DúIDFHPDLELQHV UHQXQ ODWRDWHúLV IDFJHVWXOVXSUHPGHD
abdica”6.
Nici regele Carol al II-OHDFDUHSHVWHFkWHYD]LOHDEGLF vQIDYRDUHDILXOXLV X
Mihai, niciPDUHúDOXO$QWRQHVFXFDUHV-DSURFODPDWúHIDOVWDWXOXLQXDXUDWLILFDW
'LFWDWXO*HUPDQLHLúL,WDOLHLGHOD9LHQD
/D  VHSWHPEULH  HUD GDW  R QRX  JUDY  ORYLWXU  5RPkQLHL 0DUL –
FRQVWUXF LH JHR-SROLWLF  vQ FRQVHQV FX LVWRULD GUHSWXO úL DVSLUD LLOH românilor: la
Craiova era semnat Tratatul româno-bulgar, prin care statul român ceda vecinilor
GH OD VXG OD 'XQ UH R SDUWH D 'REURJHL FXQRVFXW  VXE GHQXPLUHD GH &DGULODWHU
Noul sacrificiu al României se exprima astfel în cifre: 7.776 km² (cât era suprafa D
MXGH HORU&DOLDFUDúL'XUDVWURUFDUHVHDG XJDXODFHOHODWHWHULWRULLFHGDWHDVWIHO
F  vQWUHJXO VDFULILFLX DO 5RPkQLHL vQ  vQVHPQD SLHUGHUHD XQHL VXSUDIH H GH
aproape 100.000 km², (reprezentând  GLQ VXSUDID D WRWDO  úL  GH
locuitori (GLQSRSXOD LD ULL∗).
Ä0XWD LLOH´ FH DX ORF vQ VSD LXO JHR-SROLWLF URPkQHVF úL FDUH DX FD
ÄLQVSLUDWRUL´ SH *HUPDQLD 5XVLD úL ,WDOLD UHSUH]HQWkQG IRU HOH SROLWLFH úL PLOLWDUH
WRWDOLWDUH FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH GLQ DFHD HSRF  LQWHUHVHD]  HYLGHQW úi puterile
GHPRFUDWH $QJOLD )UDQ D úL 68$ vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH ÄMRFXULOH´ SHúL FX KDUWD
(XURSHLHUDXGHQDWXU V PRGLILFHUDSRUWXOGHIRU HLQWHUQD LRQDO
'RFXPHQWXO SH FDUH vO UHG P vQ FRQWLQXDUH UHIOHFW  DFHVW LQWHUHV GDU vQ
perspectiva SUA, care încHSH V -úL DVXPH FX PDL PXOW  GHWHUPLQDUH UROXO GH
ÄDUELWUX´LQWHUQD LRQDOLQFOXVLYvQSUREOHPHOHHXURSHQH
Textul elaborat de Departamentul de Stat al SUA „clasificat” drept studiu, are
vQ YL]RU XQ DVSHFW VWULFW GHOLPLWDW DO VSD LXOXL JHR-SROLWLF úL JHR-strategic al zonei
%DOFDQLORUU V ULWHQLFXUHIHULUHOD'REURJHDúL6XG-Estul României.
'RFXPHQWXO HVWH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX LGHQWLILFDUHD SR]L LHL 68$ vQ UDSRUW GH
ÄSUREOHPHOH´(XURSHLSRVWEHOLFHDOHF URUJUDQL HHUDGHDúWHSWDWV ILHÄUHWXúDWH´
$QDOLúWLLúLVWUDWHJLL'HSDUWDPHQWXOXLGH6WDWDILúHD] RDWLWXGLQHLPSDU LDO 
ID GHÄSUREOHPDGREURJHDQ ´vQOLWLJLXvQWUH5RPkQLDúL%XOJDULDGDUPDQLIHVW 
ÄVHQVLELOLWDWH´FkQGVHUHIHU ODSR]L LDúLRELHFWLYHOHJHR-SROLWLFHUXVHúWL
Importante aspecte alHÄ(XURSHLXQLILFDWH´GHPDLWkU]LXvúLJ VHVFvQDFHDVW 
HSRF  úL vQ DFHDVW  ]RQ  R DQXPH LQFRQIXQGDELO ÄLGHQWLWDWH´FDUHVHYDPHQ LQH
QHDOWHUDW úLvQFRQWH[WXOSURFHVXOXLGHFRQVWUXF LHD8QLXQLL(XURSHQHÌQQXPHUHOH
YLLWRDUH YRU IL SXEOLFDWH úL DOWe relevante documente care au menirea de a judeca
SUH]HQWXOvQFRPSDUD LHFXWUHFXWXOúLDPEHOHvQUHOD LHFXSHUVSHFWLYHOHGHYLLWRU

6
Carol al II-lea, Note zilniceDSXG0LUFHD0XúDW,RQ$UGHOHDQXop. cit., p. 1269.
∗
&LIUHOH VXQW UDSRUWDWH OD DQXO  FkQG VXSUDID D ULL HUD GH 295.049 km², iar
SRSXOD LDvQVXPDORFXLWRUL
238
 SECRET H-121
November 20, 1944
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
TERRITORIAL PROBLEMS: BULGARIAN-RUMANIAN FRONTIER IN
DOBRUJA

I. THE PROBLEM
The problem is the determination of the frontier between Bulgaria an
Rumania in Dobruja.
The problem arises because the present frontier was establishel as a part of
the general revision of Balkan frontier brought about under Axis leadership since
the outbreak of the present war. Southern Dobruja, ceded to Bulgaria in 1940, may
be claimed by Rumania at the close of the war, although most informed Rumanians
consider that settlement to have been a satisfactory solution of the boundary
problem. If the issue is raised, the ultimate settlement will probably be made by the
United Nations, since both Bulgaria and Rumania will have the status of defeated
enemy countries. The Soviet Union will have at least an equal share with Great
Britain and the United States in the determination of this frontier, because of its
proximity to, and interest in, the Dobruja.
The Bulgarian-Rumanian boundary in Dobruja established in the Treaty of
Berlin (1878) endured the anti-Bulgarian coalition in the Second Balkan War and
secured from defeated Bulgaria the question of Southern Dobruja. During the
Wolrd War Bulgrian and German Forces conquered and occupied all Dogruja. By
the Treaty of Bucharest, imposed upon Rumania by the victorious Central Powers
in 1918, Bulgaria acquired Southern Dobruja and some additional territory in
Northern Dobruja, extending its frontier to within a few miles of the port of
Constanta. Bulgaria was dissatisfied with this settlement and claimed all territory
up to the mouth of the Danube. At the Peace Conference of 1919 it was decided
that the frontier of 1913 was the recognized legal boundary, and it was confirmed
by treaty of Neuilly (1919). All Bulgarian protests were rejected. From 1919 to
1940 Rumania’s possession of Southern Dobruja evoked a strong current of
irrendentism in Bulgaria and served to ambitter relations between the two
countries. Bulgaria’s claim to Northern Dobruja, while not officially repudiated,
was tacitly shelved. In 1940, under German Pressure, Rumania agreed to
retrocession of Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria, and the frontier of 1878 was thus
restored.
The pre-1913 boundary in Dobruja was a fairly accurate ethnic frontier.
Rumanians constituted an absolute majority of the population in Northern Dobruja,
while in Southern Dobruja they were an insignificant minority. The Turkish
element was still numerically strong in both sectors. After 1913 the population of
Southern Dobruja (area: 2,629 square miles) remained largely Bulgarian and

239
Turkish despite Rumanian attempts to settle Rumanians there. The census of 1930
on mother tongue listed 145.000 Turks (39 percent), 139.000 Bulgarians (38
percent) and 71.000 Rumanians (19 percent), in a total population of 367.000.
Since 1930, over 40.000 Turks have emigrated to Turkey. The Treaty of Craiova
(1940), by which Bulgaria re-acquired this area, provided for the compulsory
exchange of the Rumanians in Southern Dobruja for the Bulgarians in Northern
Dobruja. This exchange has been carried out. The present frontier, therefore,
represents an accurate ethnic line of division between the two nationalites;
Southern Dobruja is overwhelmingly Bulgarian and Northern Dobruja is
overwhelmingly Rumanian in population.
Southern Dobruja is more important economically to Bulgaria than to
Rumania. Prior to 1913 it was the most progressive and most productive
agricultural area in Northern Bulgaria. Through the port of Varna it exported a
considerable volume of cereals. The cession of the province to Rumania in 1913
deprived Varna of a great part of its economic hinterland. Possessing Northern
Dobruja and a trade outlet to the Black Sea through the port of Constanta, Rumania
did not develop the possible parallel route across Southern Dobruja from Tutrakan
(Turtucaia) and Silistra to Balchik (Balcic). The cereal production of Southern
Dobruja was but a small franction of the total for Rumania. The province has no
important mineral resources of manufacturing industries.
The frontier of 1913 gave Rumania certain strategic advantages in the form
of added protection against an attack from the south aimed at Constanta and the
important Cernavoda-Constanta railway, or at Bucharest. It also enable Rumania to
threaten Bulgaria’s strategic Ruse (Ruschuk)-Varna railway, which ran parallel to
the frontier at a distance of only twenty miles; Varna itself was less than two miles
from the frontier. The frontier of 1940 gave corresponding advantages to Bulgaria,
increasing the security of the Ruse-Varna railway and placing in Bulgaria’s
possession the points of Tutrakan and Silistra on the Danube.
The larger strategic significance of the Dobruja lies in its geographical
position on the highway for the invasion of the Balkan Peninsula from the
northesst, as a vital link on the Danubian route between Central Europe and the
Near East, and as a possible corridor linking Russia with Bulgaria and shutting
Rumania off from the sea. The satisfaction of Russia’s claims to Bassarabia and of
Bulgaria’s claims to Southern Dobruja would leave to Rumania a rather narrow
teritorial access to the sea through Northern Dobruja; Rumania’s two main lines of
communication in this region the Danube and the Crenavoda-Constanta railway,
would be very vulnerable. The fear of being thus squeezed in a Slavic vise is strong
to Rumania.

II. PREFERRED SOLUTION

Retention of the Frontier Established by the Treaty of Craiova (1940)
The frontier established by the Treaty of Craiova (1940), which substantially
restored the pre-1913 frontier, was agreed upon after extended and direct
negotioations between Rumania and Bulgaria. It represented an equitable
settlement from the ethnic viewpoint. The subsequent exchange of the Rumanian
and Bulgarian minorities left on either side of the boundary has removed a
vexatious questions between the two countries and cut the ground from under the
240
claims of either for territorial revision. The settlement of 1940 was generally
accepted by Rumanian opinion and not since been challenged. Although finally
concluded under pressure from the Axis Powers, it was applauded in the Soviet
Union and was not opposed by the Great Britain. Although it may be said that
Rumania yielded to Bulgaria’s claims only because of German pressure, the cession
was imposed under direct threat of force, as was Rumania’s cession of Northern
Transylvania to Hungary.
Even if it should be decide not to recognize the validity of the Treaty of
Craiova, but to reconsider the question on its merits, this solution would seem to
conform to the wishes of the population of the area concerned. Economically, it
would benefit Bulgaria without doing any significant harm to Rumania. The Soviet
Union favored this solution in 1940 and probably will prefer to see it retained.

III. OTHER SOLUTIONS CONSIDERED

A. Restoration of the Pre-war Frontier
This solution would conform to the principle of restoring the pre-war
territorial status quo, at least as a basis of negotiations for a new settlement. The
United States Government has given no formal recognition to Bulgaria’s
acquisition of Southern Dobruja in 1940.
Prime Minister Churchill stated in the House of Commons on September 9,
1940, two after the Treaty of Craiova, that „Great Britain did not propose to
recognize any territorial changes which took place during the war unless they took
place with the consent and good will of the parties concerned”. At the same time
however, he said that he, personally, „had always thought that the southern part of
Dobruja ought to be restored to Bulgaria”. It can be argued that the cession of 1940
took place with the consent of both parties.
As a final settlement, this solution would have the disadvantage of re-
incorporating within Rumania a territory overwhelmingly Bulgarian in population.
It would lead to leasting irredentism in Bulgaria and would represent an
obstacle to the formation of a Balkan federation and even to a friendly cooperation
among the Balkan nations.
B. Although the Peace Conference confirmed the boundary of 1913, since
Rumania was an allied and Bulgaria an enemy state, all the delegation of the
principal victorious powers, except the French, were of the opinion that a
compromise line would be more just to Bulgaria and more likely to produce a
stable settlement. The line on which they agreed as desirable, but which they did
not intend to force on Rumania, gave Rumania about one third of Southern
Dobruja, including the towns of Tutrakan and Silistra, with their hinterland to the
south of Rumania's Black Sea port of Mangalia. This proposal, which was
substantially the same as the solution originally proposed by the American
delegation, was intended to leave outside Rumania the greater part of the territory
in which Rumanians were but a small minority of the population, while preserving
for Rumania the strategic advantage of possession of the right banck of the Danube
in the Tutrakan-Silistraregion and of the opportunity to develop Mangalia as a
naval base. The territory which this solution would leave to Rumania had a
population, in 1930, of 148.000 of whom 62.000 (42 percent) were Bulgarians in
241
every dictrict; they had a majority only in the city of Tutrakan. Since 1930, the
entire Rumanian population apparently has been moved out of the area and settled
elsewhere, and Bulgarians have taken their place. This solution, therefore, has little
to recommend it from the ethnic standpoint.

$UKLYD,VWRULF 1D LRQDO &HQWUDOD&ROHF LD0LFURILOPH68$UF-

102; The National Archives of the United States, Washington D.C., Records of
International Conferences, Commissions and Expositions (R.G.43), Box 123.

SECRET H-121
20 noiembrie, 1944
BULGARIA
ROMÂNIA
PROBLEME TERITORIALE: FRONTIERA ROMÂNO-%8/*$5 Ì1
DOBROGEA

I. PROBLEMA
3UREOHPD FRQVW  vQ VWDELOLUHD IURQWLHUHL GLQWUH %XOJDULD úL 5RPkQLD vQ
'REURJHD3UREOHPDVHULGLF GDWRULW IDSWXOXLF DFWXDODIURQWLHU DIRVWVWDELOLW FD
parte a revizXLULLJHQHUDOHDIURQWLHUHORUGLQ%DOFDQLvQI SWXLW VXEFRQGXFHUHD$[HL
GH OD L]EXFQLUHD DFWXDOXOXL U ]ERL 'REURJHD GH 6XG FHGDW  %XOJDULHL vQ 
SRDWHILUHYHQGLFDW GH5RPkQLDODWHUPLQDUHDU ]ERLXOXLGHúLFHOHPDLLQIRUPDWH
SHUVRQDOLW LURPkQHúWLFRQVLGHU DFHDVW VWDELOLUHFDILLQGRVROX LHVDWLVI F WRDUHD
SUREOHPHL IURQWLHUHORU 'DF  SUREOHPD VH ULGLF  UHJOHPHQWDUHD GHILQLWLY  YD IL
SUREDELOUHDOL]DW GH1D LXQLOH8QLWHF FL%XOJDULDúL5RPkQLDYRUDYHDVWDWXWGH
ULLQDPLFHvQYLQVH∗. UniuQHD6RYLHWLF YDDYHDFHOSX LQRSDUWHHJDO FX0DUHD
%ULWDQLH úL 6WDWHOH 8QLWH vQ VWDELOLUHD DFHVWHL IURQWLHUH GDWRULW  YHFLQ W LL úL
interesului pe care-OSUH]LQW 'REURJHD
Frontiera bulgaro-URPkQ  GLQ 'REURJHD VWDELOLW  SULQ 7UDWDWXO GH OD %HUOLQ
(1DI FXWV G LQXLHDOLDQ DDQWLEXOJDU GLQFHOGHDOGRLOHDU ]ERLEDOFDQLF∗∗,
LDU GLQ SDUWHD %XOJDULHL vQYLQVH D RIHULW JDUDQ LH vQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH FKHVWLXQHD
'REURJHLGH6XGÌQSULPXOU ]ERLPRQGLDOIRU HOHEXOJDUHúLJHUPDQHDXFXFHULWúL
ocupat vQWUHDJD'REURJH3ULQ7UDWDWXOGHOD%XFXUHúWLLPSXV5RPkQLHLvQ∗∗∗

∗
Studiul Departamentului de Stat al SUA era elaborat la interviul de aproape trei luni
GHODORYLWXUDGHVWDWGLQDXJXVWvQXUPDF UHLD5RPkQLDVHUHWUDJHGLQ$[ úLVH
DO WXU &RDOL LHL1D LXQLORU8QLWHDGXFkQGRLPSRUWDQW FRQWULEX LHPLOLWDU úLHFRQRPLF OD
ILQDOL]DUHD PDL UDSLG  D FHOHL GH D -D FRQIODJUD LL PRQGLDOH 'HúL vQWUH %XOJDULD úL
5RPkQLDWRFPDLGLQDFHVWPRWLYQXPDLSXWHDILWUDVVHPQXOHJDOLW LL'HSDUWDPHQWXOGH
Statul68$LJQRUDGLIHUHQ DDQXQ kQGSODVDUHDOD&RQIHULQ DGH3DFHSRVWEHOLF SHDFHHDúL
SR]L LHFX8566vQUHOD LHFX5RPkQLD
∗∗
$OGRLOHDU ]ERLEDOFDQLFVHGHVI úRDU vQWUHLXQLH – 10 august 1913. În urma
U ]ERLXOXL5RPkQLDLQFOXGHvQJUDQL HOHVDOHSDUWHDGH6XGD'REURJHLMXGH HOH'XURVWRUúL
Caliacra.
∗∗∗
Tratatul încheiat la 24 aprilie/7 mai 1918, cuprindea 31 articole, însumate în VIII
FDSLWROH 3RWULYLW FDSLWROXOXL ,,, 5RPkQLD HUD FRQVWUkQV  V  FHGH]H %XOJDULHL 6XGXO
242
GH 3XWHULOH &HQWUDOH YLFWRULRDVH %XOJDULD D GREkQGLW 'REURJHD GH 6XG úL XQ
teritoriu în plus în Dobrogea de Nord, extinzându-úLIURQWLHUDFXFkWHYDPLOHVSUH
SRUWXO &RQVWDQ D %XOJDULD D IRVW QHVDWLVI FXW  GH DFHDVW  UHJOHPHQWDUH úL D
UHYHQGLFDW vQWUHJXO WHULWRULX SkQ  OD *XULOH 'XQ ULL /D &RQIHULQ D GH SDFH GLQ
1919, s-DKRW UkWFDIURQWLHUDGLQV ILHUHFXQRVFXW FDJUDQL OHJDO FHHDFH
a fost confirmat prin Tratatul de la Neuilly (1919). Toate protestele bulgare au fost
UHVSLQVH'H LQHUHDGHF WUH5RPkQLDD'REURJHLGH6XGGLQSkQ vQD
VWkUQLW XQ SXWHUQLF FXUHQW LUHGHQWLVW vQ %XOJDULD úL D I FXW V  vQYHQLQH]H UHOD LLOH
GLQWUH FHOH GRX  UL 3UHWHQ LD %XOJDULHL OD 'REURJHD GH 1RUG GHúL QX D IRVW vQ
PRG RILFLDO UHVSLQV  D IRVW vQ PRG WDFLW O VDW  OD R SDUWH ÌQ  VXE SUHVLXQHD
JHUPDQ 5RPkQLDDDFFHSWDWV UHWURFHGH]H%XOJDULHL'REURJHDGH6XGúLDVWIHOD
IRVWUHVWDELOLW IURQWLHUDGLQ
Frontiera din 'REURJHD GH GLQDLQWH GH  D IRVW R IURQWLHU  FRUHFW  GLQ
SXQFW GH YHGHUH HWQLF 5RPkQLL FRQVWLWXLDX R PDMRULWDWH DEVROXW  D SRSXOD LHL
Dobrogei de Nord, în timp ce în Dobrogea de Sud ei erau într-o minoritate
QHvQVHPQDW ∗∗∗∗. Elementul turc era puternic din punct de vedere numeric în ambele
]RQH'XS SRSXOD LD'REURJHLGH6XGVXSUDID DPLOHS WUDWHDU PDV
vQ SURSRU LH PDUH EXOJDU  úL WXUF  vQ FLXGD vQFHUF ULORU URPkQHúWL GH D SRSXOD
WHULWRULXO FX URPkQL 5HFHQV PkQWXO GLQ  DVXSUD OLPELL PDWHUQH QXP UD 
 WXUFL    EXOJDUL  úL   URPkQL  OD R SRSXOD LH
WRWDO GH∗. Din 1930 peste 40 000 de turci au emigrat în Turcia. Tratatul de
OD&UDLRYDSULQFDUH%XOJDULDDUHGREkQGLWDFHDVW ]RQ SUHYedea schimbul
obligatoriu al românilor din Dobrogea de Sud cu bulgarii din Dobrogea de Nord.
Acest schimb s-D HIHFWXDW 'H DFHHD DFWXDOD IURQWLHU  UHSUH]LQW  R OLQLH HWQLF 
FRUHFW GHGHOLPLWDUHvQWUHFHOHGRX QD LRQDOLW L'REURJHDGH6XGDUHRSRSXOD Le
FRYkUúLWRDUHEXOJDU ∗∗LDU'REURJHDGHQRUGRSRSXOD LHFRYkUúLWRDUHURPkQHDVF 
'REURJHD GH 6XG HVWH PDL LPSRUWDQW  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HFRQRPLF SHQWUX
%XOJDULDGHFkWSHQWUX5RPkQLDÌQDLQWHGHHDUHSUH]HQWDFHDPDLDYDQVDW úL
SURGXFWLY  ]RQ  DJULFRO  GLQ %XOJDULD GH 1RUG 3ULQ SRUWXO 9DUQD VH H[SRUW  XQ
volum considerabil de cereale. Cedarea în 1913 a provinciei României a privat
9DUQDGHRPDUHSDUWHGLQFRQWULEX LDHLFDUHJLXQHFDUHDSURYL]LRQHD] 'H LQkQG

'REURJHLúLRSDUWHD1RUGului acestei provincii, concomitent cu alte cesiuni teritoriale în

favoarea Austro-8QJDULHLúL*HUPDQLHL
∗∗∗∗
 3RWULYLW 5HFHQV PkQWXOXL GLQ  SRSXOD LD URPkQHDVF  vQ MXGH XO &DOLDFUD
UHSUH]HQWD  LDU FHD GLQ MXGH XO 'XURVWURU  &I $FDGpPLH 5RXmaine, La
Dobroudja, Bucarest, 1938, p. 460.
∗
3RWULYLW 5HFHQV PkQWXOXL GLQ  SRSXOD LD GH RULJLQH WXUF  úL W WDU  GLQ 6XGXO
'REURJHLVHFLIUDODGHORFXLWRULLDUFHDGHRULJLQHEXOJ UHDVF OD
de locuitori (37,8%). Românii reprezHQWDXGLQSRSXOD LDWRWDO D6XGXOXL'REURJHL
ORFXLWRUL&I$FDGHPLD5RPkQ La Dobrouja, p. 462.
∗∗
&HOH  SURFHQWH DOH SRSXOD LHL GH RULJLQH EXOJDU  UHSUH]HQWDX OD QLYHOXO
SRSXOD LHLDFHVWHLS U LD'REURJHLRPDMRULWDWHUHODWLY LDUGDF DUILV QHRULHQW PGXS 
GDWHOHVWXGLXOXL'HSDUWDPHQWXOXLGH6WDWDO68$DFHDVW PDMRULWDWHUHODWLY VHvQUHJLVWUDOD
SRSXOD LD GH RULJLQH WXUF  úL W WDU   ÌQ 1RUGXO 'REURJHL SRSXOD LD URPkQHDVF 
UHSUH]HQWDGLQSRSXOD LHFLIUDW OD437.131 de locuitori). Cf. La Dobrouja, p. 462.
243
'REURJHD GH 1RUG úL LHúLUHD FRPHUFLDO  OD 0DUHD 1HDJU  SULQ SRUWXO &RQVWDQ D
5RPkQLD QX D GH]YROWDW R SRVLELO  FDOH SDUDOHO  SULQ 'REURJHD GH 6XG GH OD
7XWUDNDQ 7XUWXFDLD úL 6LOLVWUD VSUH %DOFKLN %DOFLF 3URGXF LD GH FHUHDOH D
'REURJHLGH6XGQXHUDGHFkWRPLF SDUWHGLQWRWDOXOSHQWUX România. Provincia
QXGH LQHUHVXUVHPLQHUDOHLPSRUWDQWHVDXLQGXVWULLSUHOXFU WRDUH
Frontiera din 1913 i-a conferit României anumite avantaje strategice sub
IRUPD XQHL SURWHF LL VXSOLPHQWDUH vPSRWULYD XQXL DWDF GLQ 6XG vQGUHSWDW DVXSUD
&RQVWDQ HLúLLPSRUWDQWHLF LIHUDWH&HUQDYRG -&RQVWDQ DVDXDVXSUD%XFXUHúWLXOXL
$FHDVWDSHUPLWHGHDVHPHQHD5RPkQLHLV DPHQLQ HFDOHDIHUDW VWUDWHJLF D
Bulgariei, Ruse (Ruschuk)-9DUQDFDUHPHUJHSDUDOHOFXIURQWLHUDODRGLVWDQ GH
numai 20 mile; Varna chiar se aIO ODPDLSX LQGHPLOHGHIURQWLHU 
)URQWLHUD GLQ  D FRQIHULW DYDQWDMH FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH %XOJDULHL VSRULQG
JUDGXO GH VHFXULWDWH DO F LL IHUDWH 5XVH-9DUQD úL SXQkQG OD GLVSR]L LD %XOJDULHL
SXWHUQLFHOHSXQFWH7XUWXFDLDúL6LOLVWUDSH'XQ UH
Cea mai PDUHLPSRUWDQ VWUDWHJLF D'REURJHLFRQVW vQSR]L LDHLJHRJUDILF 
SHGUXPXOSHQWUXLQYDGDUHD3HQLQVXOHL%DOFDQLFHGLQVSUH1RUGFDROHJ WXU YLWDO 
SH'XQ UHvQWUH(XURSDFHQWUDO úL2ULHQWXO$SURSLDWúLFDXQSRVLELOFRULGRUFDUH
OHDJ  5XVLD GH %XOJDULD úL L]ROkQG 5RPkQLD GH PDUH 6DWLVIDFHUHD SUHWHQ LLORU
5XVLHLDVXSUD%DVDUDELHLúLUHYHQGLF ULORU%XOJDULHLDVXSUD'REURJHLGH6XGDO VDW
României un acces teritorial foarte strâmt la mare prin Dobrogea de Nord; cele
GRX  OLQLL SULQFLSDOH GH FRPXQLFD LH DOH 5RPkQLHL vQ DFHDVW  UHJLXQH 'XQ UHD úL
FDOHDIHUDW &HUQDYRG -&RQVWDQ DDUILIRDUWHYXOQHUDELOH7HDPD5RPkQLHLGHDIL
DVWIHOVWUkQV vQWU-RPHQJKLQ VODY HVWHSXWHUQLF 

II. 6ROX LDSUHIHUDW

0HQ LQHUHDIURQWLHUHLVWDELOLWHGH7UDWDWXOGHOD&UDLRva (1940)
)URQWLHUDVWDELOLW SULQ7UDWDWXOGHOD&UDLRYDFDUHDIL[DWGLQQRXvQ
PRG VXEVWDQ LDO JUDQL D GH GLQDLQWH GH  D IRVW KRW UkW  GXS  QHJRFLHUL
vQGHOXQJL úL GLUHFWH vQWUH 5RPkQLD úL %XOJDULD (D D FRQVWLWXLW R UHJOHPHQWDUH
echitabil  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH HWQLF 6FKLPEXO XOWHULRU DO PLQRULW LORU URPkQ  úL
EXOJDU  U PDVH GH ILHFDUH SDUWH D IURQWLHUHL D vQO WXUDW SUREOHPHOH VXS U WRDUH
GLQWUHFHOHGRX  ULúLDDQXODWPRWLYXOSUHWHQ LLORUILHF UHLDODUHYL]XLULWHULWRULDOH
ReglementarHDGLQDIRVWvQJHQHUDODFFHSWDW GHRSLQLDURPkQHDVF úLQXD
PDL IRVW FRQWHVWDW  GH DWXQFL 'HúL vQFKHLDW  vQ XOWLP  LQVWDQ  VXE SUHVLXQHD
3XWHULORU $[HL HD D IRVW DSODXGDW  vQ 8QLXQHD 6RYLHWLF  úL QX D I FXW RELHFW GH
UH]LQVWHQ GLQSDUWHD0DULL%ULWDQLL&XWRDWHF VHSRDWHVSXQHF 5RPkQLDDFHGDW
vQ ID D SUHWHQ LLORU %XOJDULHL QXPDL GDWRULW  SUHVLXQLL JHUPDQH FHGDUHD QX D IRVW
LPSXV  VXE DPHQLQ DUHD GLUHFW  FX IRU D FXP V-D vQWkPSODW vQ FD]XO FHG ULL
7UDQVLOYDQLHLGH1RUGF WUH8QJDULD
ChLDUGDF DUILV VHKRW UHDVF QHUHFXQRDúWHUHDYDODELOLW LL7UDWDWXOXLGHOD
&UDLRYDFLV VHUHFRQVLGHUHSUREOHPDVXEWRDWHDVSHFWHOHDFHDVW VROX LHDUS UHD
V YLQ vQvQWkPSLQDUHDGRULQ HORUSRSXOD LHLGLQ]RQDGHVSUHFDUHHVWHYRUED'LQ
punct de YHGHUHHFRQRPLFDFHDVWDIDYRUL]HD] %XOJDULDI U DDGXFHXQSUHMXGLFLX
VHULRV 5RPkQLHL 8QLXQHD6RYLHWLF V-DSURQXQ DWIDYRUDELOSHQWUXDFHDVW VROX LH
vQúLSUREDELOYDSUHIHUDFDHDV ILHPHQ LQXW 
244
 III. $OWHVROX LLDQDOL]DWH
A. Restabilirea frontiereLGLQDLQWHGHU ]ERL
$FHDVW  VROX LH DU YHQL vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX SULQFLSLXO UHLQVWDXU ULL statu quo-
XOXLGHGLQDLQWHGHU ]ERLFHOSX LQFDRED] SHQWUXQHJRFLHULvQYHGHUHDXQHLQRL
UHJOHPHQW UL*XYHUQXO6WDWHORU8QLWHQXDUHFXQRVFXWRILFLDOGREkQGLUHDGHF WUH
Bulgaria a Dobrogei de Sud în 1940.
Primul ministru Churchill a declarat în Camera Comunelor la 9 septembrie
GRX ]LOHGXS 7UDWDWXOGHOD&UDLRYDF Ä0DUHD%ULWDQLHQXDSURSXVV VH
UHFXQRDVF QLFLRPRGLILFDUHWHULWRULDO FDUHV ILDYXWORFvQWLPSXOU ]ERLXOXLGHúL
HOHDYXVHVHU ORFFXFRQVLP QkQWXOúLGHEXQ YRLHDS U LORULPSOLFDWH´ÌQDFHODúL
WLPS vQV  HO D VSXV F  SHUVRQDO ÄFRQVLGHUDVH vQWRWGHDXQD F  SDUWHD GH 6XG D
'REURJHLWUHEXLHUHGDW %XOJDULHL´6HSRDWHDU WDF FHGDUHDdin 1940 a avut lor cu
FRQVLP PkQWXODPEHORUS U L
&D UHJOHPHQWDUH ILQDO  DFHDVW  VROX LH DU SUH]HQWD GH]DYDQWDMXO UHvQ-
FRUSRU ULLvQ5RPkQLDDXQXLWHULWRULXFXRSRSXOD LHFRYkUúLWRUEXOJDU "
$FHDVWD DU GXFH DO XQ LUHGHQWLVP GH GXUDW  vQ %XOJDULD úL DU UHSUH]HQWD XQ
REVWDFROvQFDOHDFUH ULLXQHLIHGHUD LLEDOFDQLFHúLFKLDUDXQHLFRRSHU ULSULHWHQHúWL
vQWUHQD LXQLOHEDOFDQLFH

B. 'HúL&RQIHULQ DGHSDFHDFRQILUPDWIURQWLHUDGLQvQWUXFkW5RPkQLD
era un aliat, iar Bulgaria un stat inamic, toDWH GHOHJD LLOH SULQFLSDOHORU SXWHUL
vQYLQJ WRDUH FX H[FHS LD )UDQ HL DX IRVW GH S UHUH F  R OLQLH GH FRPSURPLV DU IL
PDLMXVW SHQWUX%XOJDULDúLPDLSUREDELO V GXF ODRUHJOHPHQWDUHVWDELO /LQLD
DVXSUDF UHLDHLDXF ]XWGHDFRUGFDILLQGGHGRULWGDUFDUHHLQXLQWHQ LRQDXV R
LPSXQ  5RPkQLHL DSUR[LPDWLY R WUHLPH GLQ 'REURJHD GH 6XG LQFOXVLY RUDúHOH
7XUWXFDLD úL 6LOLVWUD FX UHJLXQLOH vQYHFLQDWH GH VXG GH SRUWXO URPkQHVF OD 0DUHD
1HDJU  0DQJDOLD $FHDVW  SURSXQHUH FDUH D IRVW vQ HVHQ  DFHHDúL FX VROX LD
SURSXV LQL LDOGHGHOHJD LDDPHULFDQ DYHDvQYHGHUHV ODVHvQDIDUD5RPkQLHLFHD
PDLPDUHSDUWHDWHULWRULXOXLvQFDUHURPkQLLUHSUH]HQWDXGRDURPLF PLQRULWDWHD
SRSXOD LHLvQWLPSFHPHQ LQHDvQSRVHVLD5RPkQLHLDYDQWDMXOVWUDWHJLFDOGH LQHULL
PDOXOXL GUHSW DO 'XQ ULL vQ ]RQD 7XUWXFDLD-6LOLVWUD úL SRVLELOLWDWHD GH D GH]YROWD
0DQJDOLDFDED] QDYDO 7HULWRULXOSHFDUHDFHDVW VROX LHvOG GHD5RPkQLHLDYHD
vQ  R SRSXOD LH GH   GLQ FDUH    HUDX EXOJDUL vQ ILHFDUH
diVWULFW HL GH LQHDX PDMRULWDWHD QXPDL vQ RUDúXO 7XUWXFDLD 'LQ  vQWUHDJD
SRSXOD LHURPkQHDVF DIRVWVWU PXWDW GXS FkWVHSDUHGLQ]RQ úLVWDELOLW vQDOW 
parte, iar bulgarii le-DXOXDWORFXO$FHDVW VROX LHQXVHUHFRPDQG GHDFHHDGLQ
punct de vedere etnic.

245
246
 DEZBATERI

9,,7258/81,9(56,7 ,,– UNIVERSITATEA VIITORULUI

ù7()$1&267($

ABSTRACT

The partnership thoroughgoing university-society and the continuously adequate

process to the dynamics which has become out of ordinary and also more and more hasty,
social development and its exactingness impose to redesign students programes, science
research or preparation at the University, social activities, increasing the number of
opportunities for our students to participate in real, social, practical activities, and to
prove their involvement in solving the problems our society is confronting with these days.
The result will be both University and Society’s development together with a permanent
growing of their compatibilities.

6IkUúLWXO VHF ;; úL vQFHSXWXO VHF ;;, DX IRVW PDUFDWH GH FHOH PDL
VHPQLILFDWLYH VFKLPE UL GLQ LVWRULD XPDQ  vQ WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH VDOH
IXQGDPHQWDOHHFRQRPLFHSROLWLFHVRFLDOHWHKQRORJLFHFXOWXUDOHúLQXvQXOWLPXO
UkQGvQGRPHQLXOFXQRDúWHULLXPDne.
$FHVWHVFKLPE ULFDUHV-DXGHVI úXUDWúLVHGHVI úRDU vQULWPXULGLQFHvQFH
PDLDFFHOHUDWHDXFRQGXVODWUDQVIRUPDUHDQDWXULLVRFLHW LLGHYHQLW RVRFLHWDWHD
FXQRDúWHULL úL LQIRUPDWL] ULL 2 VRFLHWDWH vQ FDUH PRGHOHOH DF LXQLL PXQFLL
RUJDQL] ULLúLGHVI úXU ULLYLH LLVRFLDOHPRGXOGHWUDLDORDPHQLORUVXQWDOWHOHGHFkW
FHOHVSHFLILFHHSRFLORUDQWHULRDUHDOHGH]YROW ULLVRFLDOHúLXPDQH
ÌQ DFHVWH FRQGL LL WRDWH VLVWHPHOH VRFLDOH FRQWHPSRUDQH GH]YROWDWH VDX vQ
curs de dezvoltare, sunt obligatH V  vúL FUHH]H FRQGL LLOH úL PLMORDFHOH QHFHVDUH
pentru a-úL SUHJ WL PHPEULL ORU DVWIHO vQFkW DFHúWLD V  GREkQGHDVF  FXQRDúWHUHD úL
FRPSHWHQ HOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDILFDSDELOLV SDUWLFLSHDFWLYúLHILFLHQWODvQWUHDJD
YLD  HFRQRPLF  VRFLDO  SROLWLF  úL cultural-VSLULWXDO  úL V  VH IRUPH]H FD
SHUVRQDOLW L LQGLYLGXDOH GHSOLQH vQ P VXU  V  vúL UHDOL]H]H SURSULD ORU YRFD LH FD
oameni.
3H DFHVW WHUHQ DX DS UXW úL FRQWLQX  V  DSDU  QRLOH SUREOHPH úL GLOHPH DOH
SHUVSHFWLYHORU DGDSW ULL HGXFD LHL OD R VRFLHWDWH R FLYLOL]D LH úL R ÄOXPH´ LQHGLW 
FDUH LQGXFH PDUL GLVORF UL vQ WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH YLH LL LQGLYLGXDOH úL VRFLDOH DOH
oamenilor.
ÌQWUH DFHVWHD XQ ORF FHQWUDO vO RFXS  úL SUREOHPDWLFD UHIHULWRDUH OD VLWXD LD
DFWXDO  úL OD SHUVSHFWLYHOH HYROX LHL YLLWRDUH DOH vQY PkQWXOXL VXSHULRU úL DOH
XQLYHUVLW LLFDXQDGLQLQVWLWX LLOHIXQGDPHQWDOHDOHDFHVWXLDLQVWLWX LHFDUHDUHXQ
UROHVHQ LDODWkWvQÄFUHDUHDQRLLFXQRDúWHUL´QHFHVDUHÄVRFLHW LLJOREDOH´FkWúLvQ
IRUPDUHD úL GH]YROWDUHD DELOLW LORU úL FRPSHWHQ HORU QRLORU JHQHUD LL GH VSHFLDOLúWL
GHDvQY DFRQWLQXXúLGHDYDORULILFDvQYLD DVRFLDO QRLOHDFKL]L LLDOHGH]YROW ULL
FXQRDúWHULLFRQWHPSRUDQH

247
 ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WHVWHQHFHVDU FRQVWLWXLUHDXQRUSURJUDPHúLUH HOHIOH[LELOH
FDUH V  U VSXQG  vQ PRG DGHFYDW QRLORU QHFHVLW L DOH LQGLYL]LORU RUJDQL]D LLORU
VRFLDOH úL VRFLHW LL vQ JHQHUDO úL FDUH V  DVLJXUH FRQGL LLOH SHQWUX FD WR L PHPEULL
VRFLHW LLV SRDW SDUWLFLSDODSURFHVHOHGHvQY DUHGHODYkUVWDFRSLO ULHLSHWRW
SDUFXUVXO YLH LL DVWIHO vQFkW DFHúWLD V  SRDW  FRQWULEXL HILFLHQW OD GH]YROWDUHD
FRPSHWLWLY DHFRQRPLHLúLODEXQ VWDUHDVRFLDO JHQHUDO DQD LXQLL
/DUHDOL]DUHDDFHVWRURELHFWLYHXQLYHUVLWDWHDHVWHFKHPDW V SDUWLFLSHvQPRG
deosebit, în lumina unor idealuri de larg DQYHUJXU vQWUHFDUH
– DVLJXUDUHD FRQGL LLORU QHFHVDUH SHQWUX UHDOL]DUHD DFFHVXOXL HJDO OD VWXGLL
XQLYHUVLWDUH DO WXWXURU FHORU FDOLILFD L SHQWUX DFHVWHD GLQWU-R GXEO  SHUVSHFWLY 
VRFLHWDWHD DUH QHYRLH GH YDORULILFDUHD GLVSRQLELOLW LORU úL WDOHQWHORr tuturor
PHPEULORU V L FHHD FH LPSOLF  QX QXPDL DFFHVXO SURSULX-]LV OD vQY DUH D
VWXGHQ LORUFLúLVDXPDLDOHVSUHJ WLUHDDFHVWRUDSULQVWXGLLXQLYHUVLWDUHSHQWUXD
ILvQP VXU V VHEXFXUHGHWRDWHRSRUWXQLW LOHSHFDUHOHRIHU YLD DILHF UXLDîn
parte;
– WUDQVIRUPDUHDXQLYHUVLW LLvQWU-RYHULWDELO ÄFRPXQLWDWHDvQY ULL´FDUHV 
LQVSLUHúLV VSULMLQHSHWR LÄDFWRULL´HL-SURIHVRULPDQDJHULúLHFKLSHPDQDJHULDOH
úL HYLGHQW VWXGHQ L – V  vQYH H WR L vQ SHUPDQHQ  LQFOXVLY XQLL GH OD DO ii, în
beneficiul reciproc al tuturora;
– FHQWUDUHDvQWUHJXOXLHIRUWGHRE LQHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HLFDOLW LLúLH[FHOHQ HL
vQY ULLSHQWUXVDWLVIDFHUHDWXWXURUFDWHJRULLORUGHQHFHVLW LDOHVWXGHQ LORURULFLQH
DUILHLúLRULFkQGDXQHYRLHGHVSULMLQSHQWUu a-úLvQGHSOLQLREOLJD LLOHSHFDUHOHDX
úL SHQWUX D SURJUHVD vQ SURFHVHOH GH SUHJ WLUH SURIHVLRQDO  VRFLDO  PRUDO  úL
XPDQ vQJHQHUDO
– FUHDUHD XQXL PHGLX DGHFYDW GH vQY DUH FDUH V  RIHUH VWXGHQ LORU
SHUVRQDOXOXL GLGDFWLF úL FRQGXFHULL XQLYHUVLW LL IDFLOLW LOH VSULMLQXO úL UHVXUVHOH
FDUHV FRQGXF ODIRUPDUHDDWLWXGLQLORUHVHQ LDOHQHFHVDUHSHQWUXFRQVWUXF LDXQHL
YL]LXQL FRUHFWH úL UHDOLVWH DVXSUD YLH LL GH VXFFHV vQ FDGUXO VRFLHW LORU vQ FDUH
WU LHVFúLYRUWU LvQYLLWRU
– angajarea LQWLP , VLPSDWHWLF  úL SURGXFWLY  D XQLYHUVLW LL vQ VDWLVIDFHUHD
QHFHVLW LORU DVSLUD LLORU úL LGHDOXULORU FRPXQLW LORU úL VRFLHW LORU vQ FDUH
IXQF LRQHD]  SULQ UHSURLHFWDUHD DGHFYDW  D IXQF LLORU VDOH VSHFLILFH GH vQY DUH
cercetare, extensiune universitaU  úL D VHUYLFLLORU HGXFD LRQDOH SH FDUH OD RIHU 
WXWXURUEHQHILFLDULORUV L
– SULQ WRDWH DF LXQLOH úL DUVHQDOXO SHGDJRJLF GH FDUH GLVSXQH XQLYHUVLWDWHD
HVWHREOLJDW V FXOWLYHúLV LQVXIOHvQWUHJXOVLVWHPGHYDORULVRFLDOHúLPRUDOHDWkW
în rândurile stXGHQ LORUúLDOHFHORUODO LPHPEULDLFRPXQLW LLXQLYHUVLWDUHFkWúLDL
FRPXQLW LORUVRFLDOHúLXPDQHvQFDUHvúLGHVI úRDU DFWLYLWDWHD
– XQLYHUVLWDWHD HVWH REOLJDW  GH DVHPHQHD V  VH vQVFULH vQ VHULD FHORU PDL
DFWLYLSDUWLFLSDQ LDLSURPRY ULLVSLULWXOXLFLYLFúLDLFLYLOLW LLvQVRFLHWDWHúLV vúL
VSRUHDVF HIRUWXULOHvQGLUHF LDSURPRY ULLúLvQW ULULLVRFLHW LLcivile în ansamblul
V X
5HDOL]DUHDXQXLDVHPHQHDVHWGHRELHFWLYHúLLGHDOXULLPSOLF WUDQVSXQHUHDvQ
SUDFWLF DXQXLVLVWHPFRHUHQWGHSURJUDPHúLGHDF LXQLFRQFUHWHDGHFYDWHILHF UXL
RELHFWLYvQSDUWHúLDQVDPEOXOXLORU
248
 $VWIHO SUREOHPHOH DFFHVXOXL OD vQY PkQW WUHEXLH V  ILH DERUGDWH úL
VROX LRQDWHvQOXPLQDXQRUQHFHVLW LúLUHDOLW LDOHYLH LLVRFLDOHFRQWHPSRUDQHúL
anume:
– unLYHUVLW LOH VXQW GDWRDUH V  RIHUH SRVLELOLW L UHDOH SHQWUX GH]YROWDUHD
LQWHOHFWXDO úLVRFLDO WXWXURUSHUVRDQHORUFDUHGLVSXQGHUHVXUVHOHLQWHOHFWXDOHúLGH
PRWLYD LDQHFHVDUHSHQWUXDDYHDVXFFHVvQDFWLYLWDWHPXQF úLYLD 
– DVSLUDQ LLSRWHQ LDOLODVWXGLLXQLYHUVLWDUHWUHEXLHV ILHLGHQWLILFD LFkWPDL
GHWLPSXULXV ILHVSULMLQL LvQGH]YROWDUHDORULQWHOHFWXDO DVWIHOvQFkWDWXQFLFkQG
DMXQJODYkUVWDúLHWDSDvQFDUHSRWFDQGLGDSHQWUXDLQWUDvQXQLYHUVLWDWHV ILHvQ
P VXU  V  U VSXQG  FX VXFFHV H[LJHQ HORU VWDQGDUGHORU GH DFFHV OD VWXGLLOH
universitare;
– SHQWUX DFHDVWD XQLYHUVLWDWHD YD WUHEXL V  vúL vPEXQ W HDVF  UHOD LLOH FX
úFROLOHHOHPHQWDUHúLVHFXQGDUHVWDELOLQGSDUWHQHULDWHFXDFHVWHDSHQWUXFDV RE LQ 
FUHúWHUHDQXP UXOXLGHHOHYLFDSDELOLV DFFHDG ODvQY PkQWXOVXSHULRU
ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS VH LPSXQH FD XQLYHUVLW LOH V  VWDELOHDVF  SH ED]H WHPHLQLF
HODERUDWHH[LJHQ HOHSHFDUHOHLPSXQSHQWUXDGPLWHUHLQVLVWkQGDVXSUDFRUHOD LLORU
GLQWUHH[LJHQ HOHORUúLQLYHOXOGHSUHJ WLUHDOFDQGLGD LORUF XWkQGV LGHQWLILFHQRL
F LúLPRGDOLW LGHÄMXGHFDUH´DPHULWXOXLúLGHLGHQWLILFDUHDSRWHQ LDOXOXLUHDOGH
GH]YROWDUH VXSHULRDU  FRPSOH[  D FDQGLGD LORU &XYkQWXO GH RUGLQH vQ DFHDVW 
SULYLQ  SDUH V  ILH OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH D ÄGLYHUVLW LL´ VLWXD LLORU vQ FDUH VH DIO 
FDQGLGD LLúLH[WLQGHUHDSURFHVXOXLGHDGPLWHUHSULQFDUHSHGHRSDUWHV VHSRDW 
GHS úL REVWDFROHOH FDUH IRDUWH DGHVHD PDUFKHD]  DELOLW LOH úL SUHJ WLUHD UHDO  D
FDQGLGD LORULDUSHGHDOW SDUWHV LGHQWLILFHFkWPDLPXOWHúLPDLHILFLHQWHF LGH
UHOLHIDUH D H[SHULHQ HL GH vQY DUH D FDQGLGD LORU úL IDFWRULL VRFLR-economici, de
RUGLQIDPLOLDOGHPHGLXGHSURYHQLHQ FXOWXUDOLHWFFDUHvLGLIHUHQ LD] 
&UHDUHDXQXLPHGLXV Q WRVGHvQY DUHúLWUDQVIRUPDUHDXQLYHUVLW LLvQWU-o
YHULWDELO  ÄFRPXQLWDWH D vQY ULL´ SUHVXSXQ vQ FHHD FH vL SULYHúWH SH VWXGHQ L
DVLJXUDUHDFRQGL LLORUQHFHVDUHSHQWUXIRUPDUHDXQHLH[SHULHQ HRSWLPHGHvQY DUH
DILHF UXLD
– UHvQW ULUHDREOLJD LLORUúLDQJDM ULLVWXGHQ LOorvQSURFHVHOHGHvQY DUHvQ
VSHFLDOvQSULPLLDQLGHVWXGLLFRQFRPLWHQWFXvQW ULUHDOHJ WXULORUGLQWUHSUHJ WLUH
úLFDULHU 
– SODVDUHD UHVSRQVDELOLW LL vQY ULL DVXSUD VWXGHQ LORU FX FRQGL LD
DVLJXU ULL WXWXURU RSRUWXQLW LORU úL PLMORDFHORU GH vQY DUH QHFHVDUH LQFOXVLY GH
DQJDMDUHvQSURJUDPHGHFHUFHWDUHúWLLQ LILF GHQLYHODGHFYDW
– LQWURGXFHUHDWXWXURUVWXGHQ LORUvQIRUPD LLGHvQY DUHúLGHFHUFHWDUH în
FDUH V  vúL SRDW  YDORULILFD vQ FRPXQ H[SHULHQ HOH GH vQY DUH GH FDUH GLVSXQ
exersânG GLVSRQLELOLW LOH DQDOLWLFH SH FDUH PXO L GLQWUH HL QLFL QX úWLX F  OH DX
DFWLYLW LSULQLQWHUPHGLXOF URUDV vúLH[WLQG FRQWLQXXRUL]RQWXULOHLQWHOHFWXDOH
– DERUGDUHD úL WUDWDUHD WXWXURU SUREOHPHORU SUHJ WLULL DFDGHPLFH úL
GH]YROW ULLSHUVRQDOHDVWXGHQ LORULQFOXVLYDDVLPLO ULLYDORULORUVRFLDOHúLPRUDOH
úLDFRPSRUWDPHQWXOXLHWLFvQPRGVLVWHPLFÄKROLVWLF´DWkWSULQDFWLYLW LGLGDFWLFH
VSHFLILFHSURFHVXOXLGHvQY PkQWSURSULX-]LVFkWúLSULQFkWPDLPXOWHDFWLYLW L
din afara acestuia, dar,FDUHSULQFRQ LQXWúLQDWXUDORUVXQWFRPSOHPHQWDUHFHORU
VSHFLILFHvQY ULLvQFDGUHOHIRUPDOHDOHVWXGLLORUXQLYHUVLWDUH
– ULGLFDUHD FRQWLQX  D FDOLW LL DFWLYLW LL SURIHVLRQDOH úL HGXFD LRQDOH D
WXWXURU PHPEULORU FRUSXOXL SURIHVRUDO úL D FHORUODO L DQJDMD L DL XQLYHUVLW LL,
249
LQGLIHUHQW GH VHFWRDUHOH VDX GHSDUWDPHQWHOH vQ FDUH vúL GHVI úRDU  DFWLYLW LOH ORU
specifice.
ÌQW ULUHD H[WLQGHUHD úL UHvQQRLUHD UHOD LLORU XQLYHUVLW LL FX FRPXQLW LOH
VRFLDOH úL XPDQH úL FX VRFLHWDWHD vQ JHQHUDO FRQVWLWXLH, ele însele, domenii de
vQY DUH
Aprofundarea parteneriatului universitate-VRFLHWDWHúLDGHFYDUHDSHUPDQHQW D
DFHVWXLD OD GLQDPLFD GLQ FH vQ FH PDL DOHUW  úL PDL LQHGLW  D HYROX LHL H[LJHQ HORU
GH]YROW ULL VRFLDOH LPSXQ UHSURLHFWDUHD FRQWLQX  D SURJUDPHORU GH SUHJ WLUH D
VWXGHQ LORUGHFHUFHWDUHúWLLQ LILF úLDDF LXQLORUVRFLDOHXQLYHUVLWDUHPXOWLSOLFDUHD
RSRUWXQLW LORU GH DQJDMDUH D VWXGHQ LORU vQ DF LXQL VRFLDOH FRQFUHWH SUDFWLFH úL
LPSOLFDUHD ORU vQ DQDOL]D vQ HOHJHUHD úL VROX LRQDUHD SUREOHPHlor cu care se
FRQIUXQW FRPXQLW LOHVRFLDOHúLXPDQH
&HHD FH YD DYHD GUHSW UH]XOWDW DWkW GH]YROWDUHD FRQFRPLWHQW  D YDORULORU
XQLYHUVLW LLúLDOHVRFLHW LLFkWúLRFUHúWHUHFRQWLQX DFRPSDWLELOLW LLORU
Luând în considerare aceste date, la care s-DU SXWHD DG RJD PXOWH DOWHOH
SXWHP FRQFKLGH F  vQFHSXWXO PLOHQLXOXL WUHL VH FRQVWLWXLH vQWU-R SHULRDG  GH WLPS
FDUHLPSXQHUHvQQRLUHúLUHIRUP vQvQY PkQW5HvQQRLUHúLUHIRUP FDSDELOHV 
U VSXQG YLJXURVVFKLPE ULORUUDSLGHDOHVRFLHW LLFRQWHPSRrane, care, dezvoltând
úL SHUIHF LRQkQG PLVLXQLOH WUDGL LRQDOH DOH XQLYHUVLW LL V  ILH vQ P VXU  V 
FRQILJXUH]H FRUHFW úL V  LQWHJUH]H RUJDQLF vQ FRQ LQXWXULOH VWUXFWXULOH úL IXQF LR-
QDOLWDWHDXQLYHUVLW LLQRLOHIXQF LLúLPLVLXQLSHFDUHDFHDVWDHVWHREOLJDW V úLOH
DVXPH GDF  YUHD V  vúL S VWUH]H ORFXO úL V  vúL vQGHSOLQHDVF  UROXO V X VSHFLILF vQ
SUH]HQWúLvQSHUVSHFWLY 

250
 9,$ $ù7,,1 ,),&

CONFERIN $1$ ,21$/ '($1$/,= 75$1=$& ,21$/ -

$7$ù$0(17ù,$872120,( (29 NOIEMBRIE – 3 DECEMBRIE 2007)

În perioada 29 noiembrie- GHFHPEULH  D DYXW ORF OD %XFXUHúWL

&RQIHULQ D1D LRQDO GH$QDOL] 7UDQ]DF LRQDO FXWHPD$WDúDPHQWúLDXWRQRPLH
Facultatea de Sociologie-3VLKRORJLH D 8QLYHUVLW LL Spiru Haret a fost partenerul
$VRFLD LHL 5RPkQH GH $QDOL]  7UDQ]DF LRQDO  $5$7 vQ RUJDQL]DUHD DFHVWXL
HYHQLPHQW OD FDUH DX SDUWLFLSDW LQYLWD L GLQ DU  úL GLQ VWU LQ WDWH 3DUWLFLSDQ LL OD
FRQIHULQ DXSURYHQLWvQVSHFLDOGLQGRPHQLXOSVLKRORJLHLORUDO WXUkQGX-li-se cei
GLQGRPHQLLGLYHUVHPHGLFDOHFRQRPLFWHKQLFVRFLDOHGXFD LRQDOHWFúLVWXGHQ L
2UJDQL]DWRULL DX RIHULW vQ ]LOHOH GH  QRLHPEULH úL  GHFHPEULH R VHULe de
HYHQLPHQWH FRQH[H FRQIHULQ HL - ateliere (workshopuri VXV LQXWH GH Fk LYD GLQWUH
LQYLWD LLGLQVWU LQ WDWHSUHFXP-RKQ3DUU$QJOLD%LUJLWWH+HLOOHU$QJOLD+pOèn
&DGRW )UDQ D úL *HRUJH .RKOULHVHU 68$ $FHúWLD DX SDUWLFLSDW FX WHPH
speciILFHSHQWUXDWHOLHUHúLvQWLPSXOFRQIHULQ HLDO WXULGHUHSUH]HQWDQ LLURPkQLDL
DQDOL]HL WUDQ]DF LRQDOH $7 1LFROHWD *KHRUJKH 3UHúHGLQWD $5$7 (XJHQ
+ULVFX YLFHSUHúHGLQWHOH $VRFLD LHL (XURSHQH GH $QDOL]  7UDQ]DF LRQDO 
E.A.T.A.), Viorel CiocDQ$GLQD7L D$PDOLD*DERUúLDO LL
ÌQ FDGUXO GHVFKLGHULL FRQIHULQ HL GLQ SDUWHD $5$7 DX OXDW FXYkQWXO
1LFROHWD *KHRUJKH vQ FDOLWDWH GH 3UHúHGLQWH $5$7 úL &H]DUD 'DúX SUHúHGLQWD
&RPLWHWXOXLGHRUJDQL]DUHDFRQIHULQ HLGLQSDUWHD$5$7
La dHVFKLGHUHD OXFU ULORU FRQIHULQ HL D OXDW FXYkQWXO -RKQ 3DUU 3767$
PHQWRUXOPHPEULORU$5$7SHUVRQDOLWDWHODUJUHFXQRVFXW vQGRPHQLXODQDOL]HL
WUDQ]DF LRQDOHúLDOSVLKRORJLHL'RPQLDVDDIRVWSUHúHGLQWHOH($7$SUHúHGLQWH
al Comitetului de etic DO($7$úLYLFHSUHúHGLQWHDO$VRFLD LHL,QWHUQD LRQDOHGH
$QDOL] 7UDQ]DF LRQDO ,7$$/RFXLQGúLDFWLYkQGWLPSGHRSWDQLvQ5RPkQLD
D LQWURGXV úL GH]YROWDW WUDLQLQJXO GH $7 FHUWLILFDW LQWHUQD LRQDO vQ DUD QRDVWU  úL
GHúL vQ SUH]HQW ORFXLHúWH vQ 0DUHD %ULWDQLH FRQWLQX  V  FRQGXF  SURJUDPHOH GH
WUDLQLQJ $7 GLQ 5RPkQLD /HJ WXUD SXWHUQLF  SH FDUH D VWDELOLW-o cu membrii
$5$7úLvQJHQHUDOFXRDPHQLLFXFDUHDLQWHUDF LRQDWvQ5RPkQLDUHVSHFWXOSH
FDUH vO QXWUHúWH ID  GH DFHúWLD GRULQ D GH YLQGHFDUH úL HPDQFLSDUH D VRFLHW LL
URPkQHúWL SULQ LQWHUYHQ LD $7 DX IRVW DFFHQWXDWH GH YRUELWRU vQ FXYkQWDUHD VD
$WLWXGLQHDPDWXU úLWRWRGDW DQWUHQDQW DOXL-RKQ3DUUL-DDQLPDWSHFHLSUH]HQ L
vQVDO úLDSXVED]HOHXQHLDWPRVIHUHGHvQY DUHSO FXW FDUHV-DPHQ LQXWSHWRW
parcursul evenimentului.
-RKQ 3DUU D VXV LQXW vQ OLPED HQJOH]  GLVFXUVXO GH GHVFKLGHUH D FRQIHULQ HL
WUDGXFHUHDVLPXOWDQ ILLQGDVLJXUDW GH$OH['HPLDQ
'LQSDUWHD)DFXOW LLGH6RFLRORJLH-3VLKRORJLHD8QLYHUVLW LLSpiru Haret au
URVWLW VFXUWH DORFX LXQL SURIXQLYGU )ORULDQ 7 Q VHVFXúLOHFWRUXQLYGUG(OHQD-
&ODXGLD5XVXRUJDQL]DWRUXOSULQFLSDODOFRQIHULQ HLGLQSDUWHDIDFXOW LLúLPHPEUX
A.R.A.T. De asemenea, s-D GDW FLWLUH PHVDMXOXL WUDQVPLV GH F WUH OHFWRU Xniv. dr.
'LDQD9DVLOHSURGHFDQXOIDFXOW LL
251
 ÌQ ]LXD GH  GHFHPEULH *HRUJH .RKOULHVHU 767$ D VXV LQXW FXYkQWXO GH
vQFKLGHUHDFRQIHULQ HLRFD]LHFXFDUHDSURPRYDWGHVFKLGHUHDF WUHFRPXQLFDUHúL
FRRSHUDUH OLEHUWDWHD GH D VWDELOL OHJ WXUL DWDúDPHQWH úL GH D U PkQH WRWRGDW 
DXWRQRPL  'RPQLD VD HVWH R SHUVRQDOLWDWH UHFXQRVFXW  PRQGLDO vQ GRPHQLLOH
SVLKRORJLHL FOLQLFH úL RUJDQL]D LRQDOH FULPLQDOLVWLF  úL vQ QHJRFLHUHD GH RVWDWLFL
*.RKOULHVHUDIRVWSUHúHGLQWHOH,7$$DOXFUDWDO WXULGHRUJDQL]D LLPLOLWDUHúL
XPDQLWDUHvQ]RQHGHFRQIOLFWSUHFXP,VUDHOXOWHULWRULLOHSDOHVWLQLHQHúL&URD LDGDU
úL DO WXUL GH GHSDUWDPHQWH úL DFDGHPLL GH SROL LH GLQ 68$ 2ODQGD *HUPDQLD
)UDQ DúL,QGLD$IRVWIDFLOLWDWRUOD)RUXPXO(FRQRPLF0RQGLDOGLQ(JLSWúL
FRQVXOWDQW LQWHUQD LRQDO SHQWUX GLYHUVH FRQFHUQH SUHFXP &RFD-&ROD +3 úL DO LL
(VWH SURIHVRU GH OHDGHUVKLS úL FRPSRUWDPHQW RUJDQL]D LRQDO OD ,QVWLWXWXO
,QWHUQD LRQDOSHQWUX'H]YROWDUHD0DQDJHPHQWXOXL,0'XQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLEXQH
úFROLGHDIDFHULGLQOXPHúLFRRUGRQDWRUDO+LJK3HUIRUPDQFH/HDGHUVKLS3URJUDP
Este profesor asociat de psihologie la Universitatea de Stat Wright din Dayton,
2KLRúLPHPEUXDOGHSDUWDPHQWXOXLRPRORJGHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHD=DJUHE&URD LD
De curând, edituUD 3ROLURP D WUDGXV úL SXEOLFDW OXFUDUHD VD Hostage at the Table.
How Leaders Can Overcome Conflict, Influence Others, and Raise Performance
(6ROX LRQDUHDFRQIOLFWHORUúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HLSXEOLFDW SHQWUXSULPDGDW vQ
68$vQDQXO$FHDVW OXFUDUHDIRVWWUDGXV úLvQOLPELOHIUDQFH] PDJKLDU 
úLFKLQH] 
*HRUJH .RKOULHVHU D VXV LQXW SH SDUFXUVXO D WUHL ]LOH WUHL DWHOLHUH
(workshopuri vQ FDUH D FRPXQLFDW vQ VSHFLDO LQIRUPD LL GLQ OXFUDUHD DPLQWLW 
SUH]HQW UL FDUH DX HOHFWUL]DW SXEOLFXO SDUWLFLSDQW D VWDELOLW R OHJ WXU  EXQ  FX
Facultatea de Sociologie-Psihologie,FXFDUHHVWHLQWHUHVDWV FRODERUH]HvQYLLWRUúL
DGHFODUDWDWDúDPHQWXOV XID GHFRPXQLWDWHD$7GLQ5RPkQLDúLGLQOXPH
/DFRQIHULQ úLODHYHQLPHQWHOHHLFRQH[HDXSDUWLFLSDWXQQXP UGHDSURDSH
200 de persoane, care au oferit feedback-XUL SR]LWLYH FX SULYLUH OD RUJDQL]DUHD úL
FRQ LQXWXOFRQIHULQ HL0HGLDWL]DUHDFRQIHULQ HLDIRVWIDFLOLWDW GHUHYLVWDÄ2SLQLD
1D LRQDO ´úL7HOHYL]LXQHDRomânia de Mâine (TVRM), printr-RSUH]HQWDUHDPSO 
la un înalt standard profesional.
&RQVLGHU PF DFHVWHYHQLPHQWHVWHXQXOGLQWU-o serie ce va urma, în care vor
IL LPSOLFDWH DO WXUL GH $5$7 úL DOWH LQVLWX LL FDUH SURPRYHD]  YDORULOH
universale autentice, umanismul, cooperarea úLvQ HOHJHUHD

Elena – Claudia Rusu

252
 DISCURSUL DE DESCHIDERE
/$&21)(5,1 $1$ ,21$/ '($1$/,= 
75$1=$& ,21$/ - $7$ù$0(17ù,$872120,(686 ,187
DE JOHN PARR (ANGLIA)
(29.11.2007)

Nicoleta Gheorghe: We were asking who is going to do the keen out speech
and the answer came easily...who else but the one who brought the transactional
analysis in Romania and who was very attached to the AT community in Romania,
and I hope he still is…John Parr.
(applause)
JOHN PARR: I am beginning to learn Romanian and I find it very
difficult…while I am standing here, seeing many of my students in the audience. I
want to start by saying…students…observe I am wearing a tie, this is the first time
you see this and it may be the last time, so take pictures, so you can tell to your
children and grandchildren, see…John Parr did wear a tie. Why am I wearing a tie?
Cezara asked me to wear a tie. My wife always tells me that in Romania, when I
am doing something official I should wear a suit and a tie, and I thought that my
students couldn't manage the leap between my normal casual appearance and total
formality, so I am gone for a workable compromise …
The next, I want to tell you that, until the last weekend, I had a keen out
speech about attachment and autonomy, and so you do not miss a lot of I am going
to say, there is a reading list on the desk behind me, so you can go there and find
out much of I am going to say. Last weekend Cezara said to me: oh we want you to
say something at the begin on bonding process for the conference, so my notes are
screwed up, I am doing this mostly on the hoof. I will refer occasionally to some
notes, because there are things that I do want to say, before I invite you to do
something.
And the first thing I want to do from my notes is to read you a poem. Birgitta
knows this poem, it was read at her wedding, and the poem is by a guy, a Persian
man Kahlil Gibran and it’s about love and marriage (which according to the song
goes together like the horse and carriage, and I think this is an unfortunate rhyme),
Gibran said:

Love one another but make not a bond of love:

Let it rather be a moving sea between the shores of your souls.
Fill each other’s cup but drink not from one cup.
Give one another of your bread but eat not from the same loaf.
Sing and dance together and be joyous, but let each one of you be alone,

Even as the strings of a lute are alone though they quiver with the same music.
Give your hearts, but not into each other’s keeping.
253
 For only the hand of Life can contain your hearts.
And stand together, yet not too near together:
For the pillars of the temple stand apart,
And the oak tree and the cypress grow not in each other’s shadow.

That poem for me sums up everything about attachment, autonomy, and

individuation, it is a brilliant poem, and it captures the subject completely.
In a little while, I will read what Bowlby said about the subject, which goes
with this poem. Therefore, what I want to encourage you to think about this series
of workshops and this conference are issues about attachment, bonding, forming a
secure base and of individuation, being ourselves, being autonomous, people who
can take responsibility about themselves and do. If you read the Kaplan material,
you will see that, what he has done in this work was to take the concept of
attachment and the concept of individuation, two child developmental processes,
and combine them to show the developmental process. We move in our lives from
being deindividuated, not knowing who we are, little infants and not attached, not
having a secure bond and base; so in personal terms having not a real sense into
personal bonding and therefore being very vulnerable, needing defenses.
This is the starting point in our lives. And we progress to be clear about the
self and the boundary. Where are my limits? This is the real issue about the self
and the boundary, it’s not about other people’s limits, it’s about being clear about
who I am, where my limits are and my boundaries; and trusting others of being
responsible for their boundaries and their limits. And when we can do that, we
don’t need the defenses, we are able to be more the real me, together with the real
you. This is the healthy developmental axis. And this developmental material can
be seen in almost all area of human doing. We see it taking place in group
development, for example, Tuckman developmental sequences in groups, and in
the work that Berne did on that in terms of group imago. So, another book I
recommend you to read is The Structure and the Dynamic in Organizations and
Groups, or maybe, get Petruska Clarkson article in TAJ that combines Tuckman
and Berne and the work they have done. I will leave you this article, something I
have written on the subject, where I put into Clarkson’s material, Kaplan’s material
on individuation and attachment.
So, what do we see when a group comes together? Individuals in the group
are anxious, the understanding about who I am and how do I fit in this group, is not
very good, perhaps a tendency to regress to that early stage of infancy: who am I,
who are you, what are we doing here. As we move to stages of group development
from forming to storming, norming and performing, a deep level of what we are
doing each one of us in the group is recapitulating the developmental process.
So we’re learning over and over again how to be together with other people
and how to be ourselves, and how we, together, produce something that has
synergy (you know the word synergy…the output of the group is more than the
sum of the inputs). This is because in group we arrived to intimacy, we are able to
be together more real, make stronger attachments and so be willing to contribute to
each other performing well. That’s a king of a summary that I have planned to say:
254
this is the beat that I want to read you from Bowlby. It’s true that Bowlby wrote his
material long time ago, but I don’t think that invalidates it. He says: well adapted
personalities show smoothly working balance on the one hand initiative and self
reliance and on the other, a capacity both to seek help and make use of help when
the occasions demand.
They grow up in a closely nit family, with parents who have never failed to
provide them a supportive encouragement (as a foot note I think that the concept of
NEVER failing is probably a little bit exaggerated, and I think you can probably
see the trust of where is going); the family has been and still is a stable social
network within which the growing child is welcomed and commits with other
adults and peers. Also autonomy is evidently encouraged in this families, it is not
forced, each step follows the previous one in a series of easy stages, although home
ties may be attenuated they never broke up. So in the context of that I’m thinking
about my ties with you, as a community and with Romania, and Nicoleta said she
hoped I wouldn’t loose my attachment, and indeed this is my intention not to loose
my attachment. And it is also my intention to allow you to attenuate the attachment
so that you can also be autonomous.
0\ HDUO\ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK WKH JURXS LQ 7LPLúRDUD ZDV , ZLOO ZRUN ZLWK WKH
group until you are ready to take your exams; one of you has taken the written
exam and passed it and is ready to take the oral exam, even if she is not aware of it
(don’t point your tongue out, it is not polite). So, I’ve done what I agreed to do, so
for me it is time to move on to retiring from teaching TA, and I will never loose my
ties with you as a group. I hope to be around to look on with pride, the children and
grandchildren of this community, and in the same time to be far enough way, so
you can develop in your own right, as a community, the way you want to be, and
not as a string of sausages that all look like John Parr.
So I am absolutely convinced that you will, as a community, thrive. It’s with
enormous pride that I see you here with your first conference that you organize,
actually this is your second conference, the first one was an international one, and
you needed a lot of support and help to do that one, this one…you have done,
you’ve put all together yourselves. I am immensely proud of you for having grown
to maturity, your association is growing, and I am proud to see that too. It will not
be many years before you don’t need any of us, external trainers to come because
you need us, because you will have your own trainers; workshops will be in
Romanian not English through translation.
Occasionally I guess you will ask some of us to came for fancy footwork or
because you like us. Personally, I prefer the second option. You are there, you are
ready to leave home and make your own nests. I read somewhere that in your
wedding ceremony the bride and the groom ask forgiveness to their parents for
leaving home. I didn’t think to ask a Romanian if the case is real, but I wouldn’t be
at all surprised knowing your culture. So my view on this is you don’t need my
permission or the others trainer’s permission to leave home. You leave home when
you are ready, and my love goes with you, and I will always be around if you need
us. You can as Bowlby said, take care of yourselves and ask for help when you
need it. So, I am delighted to be in this position today, having return back in the
255
UK in August, to be here among you as a group of autonomous transactional
analysts.
I have an exercise for you to do in a minute as my instructions, and before I
give you an exercise, I want to do that all keen out speakers are suppose to do and
that is a call for action.
My call for action for you as a TA community is to bond together not only in
\RXU ORFDO JURXS %XFKDUHVW DQG 7LPLúRDUD EXW DOVR 7LPLúRDUD WR %XFKDUHVW
Bucharest WR7LPLúRDUDWKDW\RXIRUPPRUHDQGPRUHDQDWLRQDODVVRFLDWLRQDQGWR
begin to think about the rest of Romania. Start finding ways to involve more people
from other parts of the country. For the time I have been visiting Romania or living
in Romania (for those of you who don’t know I have a Romanian wife and a
Romanian-English son, and I lived here for four and a half years), I know a little bit
from your culture of your region, not only Romania but the Balkans. I know that
you are struggling with deep cultural issues around attachment and standing
together, so my call to action is learn to cooperate one with another, keep your
identity –it is not about loosing your identity as individual or as a regional group,
it’s about living beyond that to attachment, to a larger group. As a nation you are
now doing that when you form your attachment to the EU (I think it’s ratter bizarre
incidentally we think about Romania joining Europe, when Romania as a nation
sits pretty much in the cradle of Europe but according to the history you’ve just
joined Europe), and you have to struggle with what means about being Romanians
and part of the EU. My call to action is that you, as a transactional analysts,
develop a Romanian version of TA as a community and make your attachments
with the global community. So you don’t have to give up being Romanians to do
that.
Now I have a little exercise for you and the exercise is about making
attachments, so the first thing that I want you to do: look around the room and
identify three other people that you know very well and than go to them and form
a little group, that means you have to move around the amphitheater so you have
one minute 1, 2, 3 go…when you’ve done that I give you other instruction
…okay…
Now is the second part. I think you’ve already begun to do this, in your small
groups for five minutes tell each other what was that brougth you together, what
would be the call part of the identity of your little group …okay….stay together.
There is a second part: in your small group look around you and find a group of
people that you do not know and go and make yourself known to them, it doesn’t
matter if more than one group meets with another group, you can be 2, 3, 4 groups
together, but what I don’t want to see is a group not attached to other group, so get
together. In the group you are now with people you don’t know, make yourself
known to one another and find one thing that you have in common that can help
you see each other as a group, identify each other as members of a group, like: we
all are interested in psychology, we all are interested in human beings what they
can be, we all are interested in social justice, etc. Make sure that in this part of the
exercise you really begin the process of getting to know you. I invite you to
continue joining this weekend, renewing your old friendships, contacting people
256
that you know but don’t see so often, and I invite you all to find at least two people
you’ve never spoken before and get to know them. And especially if this is the first
conference in TA and the first contact with TA, invite them in, make them
welcome.
In summary, what I want to say to you as a community is to continue to bond
to one another and to take your place in the community of Romanian
psychotherapists and psychologists. I invite you not to become insulars, I invite
you not to simply be the TA community who doesn’t talk with all the others, rather
to recognize that other colleagues in other fields of psychology have interesting
things to say and to add to the knowledge you have and that you can also offer
things to them. Don’t make the mistake of becoming an exclusive club, don’t
become a sect, but rather just show people what you do, what you are, who you are,
be proud to be transactional analyst, and don’t despise others who are not, and
especially invite you as a group: this is ARAT. Form strong attachments with
strong organizations like this university, thinking of negotiating with an university
to have recognition of your training, to find ways to cooperate with the university
to, perhaps, have masters degree attached to your CTA degree. This is what in the
UK Metanoia did some years ago, now they forged a link between their training
institute and a university, and together now offer a training and a master available.
They led the way in the UK and others follow them, so almost all transactional
analysts in the UK now complete their training with a master’s degree in the
university, so I strongly urge you to do something like that in Romania.
So avoid the script that you have/had in TA and Berne gave us that: we don’t
need all those other people. You can rearrange those words into a well known
phrase or saying: bull shit.
I am going to finish now: so thank you very much for having me… this is
what my mother always told me to say when I left a party. Have a great weekend of
workshops and party, let’s learn together and play together!

Transcriere: Alice Dima,

VWXGHQW 8QLYHUVLWDWHDSpiru Haret,
Facultatea de Sociologie-Psihologie,
DQXO,,,úLPHPEUX$5$7

257
258
 ',6&856/$Ì1&+,'(5($&21)(5,1 (,
1$ ,21$/('($1$/,= 75$1=$& ,21$/ -
$7$ù$0(17ù,$872120,(
686 ,187'(*(25*(.2+/5,(6(568$
(2.12.2007)

De-DOXQJXOYLH LLvQVSHFLDOvQSULPDSDUWHDDFWLYLW LLPHOHDPDYXWPDUHD

úDQV  V  FXQRVF SHUVRDQH FDUH DX PDUFDW HYROX LD SVLKRORJLHL &DUO 5RJHUV )ULW]
3HUOV DO WXUL GH DO LL RDPHQL FDUH DX IRVW LQRYDWRUL vQ DGHY UDWXO VHQV DO
FXYkQWXOXL DX DGXV LGHL QRL LQRYD LL $YHDX DFHD VWDUH GH ELQH DFHHD SUH]HQ 
aparte pe care o au întotdeauna cei carHDXvQLQLP úLvQPLQWHELQHOHVHPHQLORUORU
,QWXL LDPHDHVWHF YRLVXQWH LRJHQHUD LHPDLWkQ U FDUHS VWUHD] DFHODúL
VSLULWDFHHDúLILORVRILH&kWHRGDW vQF O WRULLOHPHOHGLQMXUXOOXPLLY GWHQGLQ D
oamenilor de a da la o parte trecutul înORFV FRQVWUXLDVF SHDFHVWWUHFXW6SHUF 
YRLWR LYH LFRQVWUXLYH LFUHDQRLDERUG ULQRLLGHLIRQGDWHSHFXQRúWLQ HOHFDUH
H[LVW GHMD1XWU LPvQWU-o cutie, nu-LDúD"
La un nivel personal, mi-DX SO FXW IRDUWH PXOW workshop-urile. N-DP Y ]XW
niFLRGDW XQJUXSDWkWGHGDQVDQWDIRVWIRDUWHGLVWUDFWLYDVHDU ÌPLSDUHU XFDDP
UDWDWHYHQLPHQWXOGHYLQHULVHDU GHVSUHFDUHDPDX]LWF DIRVWIDEXORV
Toate acestea mi-DXUHFRQILUPDWFHHDFHúWLDPGHMDF YRLFDURPkQLDYH LR
abilitate naturaO  GH D FUHD OHJ WXUL ]kPEHWH IUXPRDVH QHXURQLL-RJOLQG  FKLDU
IXQF LRQHD]  vQ 5RPkQLD $P Y ]XW úL FkWHYD VFKLPEXUL LQWHQVH DúD F  úWLX F 
H[LVW GHDVHPHQHDúLPXOW SDVLXQHQXY GD LvQDSRLGHODFkWHYDFHUWXULEXQH
6SHU F  Y  YH L DPLQWL PHUHX GHVSUH SXWHUHD GH D FRQVWUXL SRGXUL OHJ WXUL
vQWUHRDPHQL&RPXQLW LOHGH$QDOL] 7UDQ]DF LRQDO $7GLQvQWUHDJDOXPHVXQW
FXDGHY UDWPLQXQDWHúLODIHOFDvQWRDWHVLVWHPHOHVRFLDOHúLDLFLYHGHPGHVHRUL
DS UkQG FRQIOLFWH 6SHU F  RULFkWH GLVHQVLXQL YRU H[LVWD V  SXQH L vQWRWGHDXQD SH
SULPSODQELQHOHRUJDQL]D LHL
AT-XO HVWH R WHRULH SXWHUQLF  ÌQ FHHD FH SULYHúWH LQIOXHQ D VRFLDO  QX HVWH
GHS úLW GHQLFLRDOW WHRULHGLQSVLKRORJLH3HQWUXFHLGLQWUHYRLFDUHúWL LSRYHVWHD
OX ULLPHOHFDRVWDWLFHXVXQWDFXPvQYLD vQPDUHSDUWHGDWRULW OXFUXULORUSHFDUH
le-DPvQY DWGLQ$7
3H P VXU  FH FUHúWHP vQ FRPSOH[LWDWH GHVHQkQG WRDWH DFHVWH GLDJUDPH
DQDOL]kQGGRULQ DPHDHVWHV QXXLWD LQLFLRGDW OXFUXULOHGHED] 1X-PLSDV FkWH
diagrame GHVHQD L FkW GH SURIXQG DQDOL]D L $7-ul este fundamental legat de
VW ULJHQLDOQX"'DUDYHPPXOWHVW ULRUJDQL]DWHLQMXUXO3 ULQWHOXL$GXOWXOXLúL
&RSLOXOXL ,QIOXHQ D VW ULORU WUDQ]DF LLXDX 1X H[LVW  XQ VLVWHP PDL EXQ FDUH V 
analizeze ceea cH VH vQWkPSO  vQWUH RDPHQL (X vO IRORVHVF ]LOQLF GH RELFHL I U 
OLPEDMXOGHVSHFLDOLWDWHSHFDUHvODPWRWXúLvQPLQWH
ÌQ HOHJHUHDFRQVHFLQ HORUVRFLDOHDFRQIOLFWHORUDMRFXULORUXDXFHXQHDOW 
Victima, Salvatorul, Persecutorul, structura simbiR]HL &kQG HUDP 3UHúHGLQWH DO
$VRFLD LHL ,QWHUQD LRQDOH GH $QDOL]  7UDQ]DF LRQDO  DP IRVW LPSUHVLRQDW V 
259
F O WRUHVF vQ vQWUHDJD OXPH úL V  Y G FkW GH HILFLHQW HUD DSOLFDW  DFHDVW  WHRULH D
jocurilor.
ùLDOSDWUXOHDOXFUXVFHQDULXOGHYLD –vQ HOHJHUHD destinului. În munca mea
OHLQWHJUH]SHWRDWHSDWUXSHQWUXDDU WDF QXHVWHQLFLRGDW QHYRLHV ILPRVWDWLFL
DLXQXLVFHQDULXGHYLD &XWR LLDYHPSRVLELOLWDWHDGHDDOHJH
ÌQFRQFOX]LHS U VHVF5RPkQLDLQVSLUDW/HYRLVSXQHRDPHQLORUFXPDIRVW
aLFL$PvQY DWRPXO LPHGHOXFUXULvQXUPDGLVFX LLORUúLDvQWUHE ULORULQWHUHVDQWH
care mi-DX SURYRFDW JkQGLUHD 6SHU F  YRL DYHD RFD]LD V  P  vQWRUF vQ YLLWRUXO
apropiat.
$FXPDúYUHDFDWRDW OXPHDV VHULGLFH–PDLPXOW HQHUJLHSHQWUXFUHLHU
maiPXO LQHXURQLvQIXQF LXQH9RPDYHDRSURYRFDUH&kWGHXúRUHVWHV WUHFH L
SHVWH E QFLOH DVWHD" 9UHDX V  Y  XLWD L vQ MXU úL V  J VL L WUHL RDPHQL GH SUHIHUDW
persoane pe care nu le-D LFXQRVFXWvQDLQWHGHFRQIHULQ V PHUJH LODHLúLV OH
VSXQH LFHSO FHUHDIRVWV Y vQWkOQL LFXHLúLV IL LvPSUHXQ ODFRQIHULQ úLGH
ce. Cine mai are nevoie de un partener?
,DW FHYUHDXV GLVFXWD LFDUHDXIRVWOXFUXOVDXSRDWHDXIRVWGRX OXFUXUL
cele mai importante, mai puternice pe care le-D LvQY DWODDFHDVW FRQIHULQ úLOD
FH DF LXQL YH L WUHFH QX QXPDL FH D L vQY DW FL úL FH YH L IDFH 'RX  PLQXWH GH
fiecare.
ÌQFHSH L
0XO XPL L-LSDUWHQHUXOXLúLJ VL LXQDOWSDUWHQHUSRDWHFLQHYDFXFDUHQXD L
vorbit atât de mult în timpul conferiQ HL &H Y-D SO FXW FHO PDL PXOW" 1X YRUELP
GHVSUHFRQ LQXW– un moment în care v-D LVLP LWIRDUWHELQH'HDVHPHQHDFHY-a
GLVSO FXW FHO PDL PXOW – D H[LVWDW YUHR GH]DP JLUH FHYD FH QX Y-D SO FXW" ùL FH
HPR LLD LDYXW–QXXLWD LQXHYRUEDGHVSUHFRQ LQXWHVWHGHVSUHYRLDLFLDO WXUL
GHDO LRDPHQL
$FXP YUHDX V  Y  XLWD L FKLDU vQ RFKLL SDUWHQHUXOXL YRVWUX úL V  vL VSXQH L
Ä(úWL vQWU-DGHY U XQ JHQLX´ 9UHDX V  Y  XLWD L SULQ VDO  V  Y  DPLQWL L FLFOXO GH
DWDúDPHQWúLGHFUHDUHGHOHJ WXU GHVSUHFDUHDPYRUELW7RDWHDWDúDPHQWHOHFKLDU
úL R FRQIHULQ  DMXQJ OD VIkUúLW 3HQWUX XQLL OHJ WXUD FUHDW  SRDWH D IRVW PDL
SXWHUQLF QXFRQWHD] GDUFRQIHULQ DVHWHUPLQ QXVHYDPDLvQWkPSODQLFLRGDW 
ODIHO3ULQXUPDUHYUHDXV Y XLWD LvQMXUúLV J VL LFHOSX LQWUHLRDPHQLF URUD
D LYUHDV OHVSXQH LODUHYHGHUHVDXV OHvPS UW úL LXQOXFUXSHFDUHHLO-DXI FXW
sau l-au spus care a însemnat ceva pentru voi, care v-DDMXWDW3XWH LFRQWLQXDDVWDúL
mai târziu.
9 URJV Y DúH]D LDFXP9 PDLSXWH LOXDODUHYHGHUHúLGXS FRQIHULQ 
9UHDX V  Y  VSXQ úL HX OD UHYHGHUH &RQIHULQ D VH DSURSLH GH VIkUúLW 8UPHD] 
workshop-XODX[LOLDUSHFDUHRV -O LQúLSHXQLLGLQWUHYRLRV -LY GDFROR3HQWUX
DFHúWLDYDILFDXQQRXÄEXQ ]LXD´
SpuQkQGDVWDYUHDXV vLGDXFXYkQWXO1LFROHWHLSUHúHGLQWD$5$7

Traducere: Marina Vasile,

psiholog, membru A.R.A.T.

260
 A XVIII-$&21)(5,1 ,17(51$ ,21$/ 
$$/,$1 (,81,9(56,7 ,/253(1758'(02&5$ ,(
CLUJ, 4-7 NOIEMBRIE 2007

În perioada 4-7 noiembrie 2007 s-DX GHVI úXUDW OD &OXM OXFU ULOH FHOHL GH-a
XVIII-D &RQIHULQ H LQWHUQD LRQDOH $8'(0 $OLDQ D 8QLYHUVLW LORU Sentru
'HPRFUD LHFXWHPDÄ8QLYHUVLWDWHDVHFROXOXL;;,´&RQIHULQ DDIRVWRUJDQL]DW 
GH$8'(0vQFRODERUDUHFX8QLYHUVLWDWHD%DEHú-Bolyai.
$OLDQ D8QLYHUVLW LORUSHQWUX'HPRFUD LHDIRVWFRQVWLWXLW FDXQFRQVRU LXDO
XQLYHUVLW LORUúLDOXQRUSHUVRQDOLW LúWLLQ LILFHGLQ6WDWHOH8QLWHúL(XURSD&HQWUDO 
vQDQXOGHF WUHXQQXP UGHUHFWRULGLQ68$úLGLQXQLYHUVLW LGLQFHQWUXO
Europei. În S.U.A., fondatoarea AUDEM a fost Universitatea Tennessee din
.QR[YLOOH FDUH D J ]GXLW VHGLXO $OLDQ HL SkQ  vQ DQXO  GXS  FDUH RILFLXO
FHQWUDODO$OLDQ HLV-DPXWDWOD8QLYHUVLWDWHD$PHULFDQ GLQ%XOJDULDLDUGLQ
la Universitatea din Pecs, Ungaria.
0LVLXQHD LQL LDO  úL RELHFWLYXO IXQGDPHQWDO DO $OLDQ HL D IRVW DFHOD GH D
SURPRYD UHOD LLOH LQVWLWX LRQDOH GLQWUH XQLYHUVLW L GH D IDYRUL]D FRQWDFWH úL
VFKLPEXULvQWUHLQVWLWX LLOHGHvQY PkQWVXSHULRUPHPEUHDOH$OLDQ HLúLGHDFUHD
RSRUWXQLW LSHQWUXSURLHFWHFRPXQHGHFHUFHWDUHúWLLQ LILF 
3H OkQJ  VSULMLQLUHD GH DF LXQL FRQFUHWH SH WHPH úL probleme de interes
UHFLSURFvQWUHGLIHULWHXQLYHUVLW L$OLDQ DDLQL LDWFDPLMORFSULQFLSDOGHUHDOL]DUH
DRELHFWLYHORUVDOH&RQIHULQ DDQXDO DWXWXURUPHPEULORUV LRUJDQL]DW vQILHFDUH
WRDPQ ODvQFHSXWGHQRLHPEULHvQ ULOHGLQ(XURSD&HQWUDO úLGH(VWÌQFDGUXO
FRQIHULQ HORUFDUHDXIRVWRUJDQL]DWHOD9DUúRYLD%XGDSHVWD6RILD%HOJUDG3UDJD
1LWUD7LPLúRDUD9LOQLXV3HFV<DOWD.DWRZLFHDXDYXWORFGH]EDWHULúLFRQWDFWH
pe unele din cele mai largi teme posibile, de interes pentru GH]YROWDUHDFRQWLQX D
vQY PkQWXOXLVXSHULRUFRQWHPSRUDQ
'XS XQGHFHQLXGHDFWLYLWDWHI FkQGXQELODQ DODFWLYLW LLGHVI úXUDWHúLD
UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH OD FHD GH-a X-D &RQIHULQ  GLQ DQXO  RELHFWLYHOH úL
SUREOHPDWLFDDFWLYLW LL$OLDQ HLDXIRVWUHRULHQWDWHvQGLUHF LDFRUHO ULLPDLVWUkQVH
D vQY PkQWXOXL VXSHULRU FX QHFHVLW LOH VRFLHW LORU vQ VFKLPEDUH úL VWLPXODUHD
FUHúWHULL FDSDFLW LL XQLYHUVLW LORU GH D VH VLWXD OD FHOH PDL vQDOWH VWDQGDUGH GH
SHUIRUPDQ úLHILFLHQ vQSUHJ WLUHDúLIRUPDUHDQRLORUJHQHUD LLGHVSHFLDOLúWLGH
vQDOW FDOLILFDUHÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WGLUHF LLOHSULQFLSDOHGHDFWLYLWDWHDOH$OLDQ HLOD
începutul secolului XXI sunt:
− OXDUHD vQ FRQVLGHUDUH GH F WUH XQLYHUVLW L D IDSWXOXL F  SUREOHPHOH OXPLL
contemporane VXQW WLSLF PXOWH úL LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH úL F  DFHDVW  UHDOLWDWH UHFODP 
SURPRYDUHDúLVSULMLQLUHDSDUWHQHULDWXOXLPXOWLSOXúLFRQWLQXXvQWUHLQVWLWX LLSHQWUX
VROX LRQDUHDORU
− DFFHQWXDUHDYDORULORUPRUDOHúLVRFLDOHvQSUHGDUHvQY DUHúLHYDOXDUH
− reînnoLUHDHIRUWXULORUSHQWUXVWXGLXOúWLLQ HORUVRFLDOHúLXPDQHúLDODUWHORU
261
 − DFFHOHUDUHD VWXGLXOXL vQY ULL úL XWLOL] ULL QRLORU WHKQRORJLL DWkW GH F WUH
SHUVRQDOXOGLGDFWLFFkWúLGHF WUHVWXGHQ L
− SURPRYDUHDVXV LQXW DvQY ULLDFWLYHúLDWHKQLFLORU de studiu independent
DOVWXGHQ LORUPDVWHUDQ]LORUúLGRFWRUDQ]LORU
− DQJDMDUHDKRW UkW DXQLYHUVLW LORUvQYHGHUHDvQW ULULLGH]YROW ULLHGXFD LHL
úL IRUP ULL VWXGHQ LORU vQ VSLULW FLYLF úL DO SDUWLFLS ULL DFWLYH OD YLD D VRFLDO  vQ
statele democratice;
− vPEXQ W LUHDFRQWLQX DFDOLW LLvQY PkQWXOXLXQLYHUVLWDU
− GH]YROWDUHDFRRSHU ULLúLDUHOD LLORULQWHUQD LRQDOHvQWUHXQLYHUVLW L
În acest context, cea de-a XVIII-D &RQIHULQ  $8'(0 VWUXFWXUDW  SH GRX 
VHVLXQL JHQHUDOH SOHQDUH úL GRX ]HFL úL FLnci de sesiuni tematice concurente, a
IDYRUL]DWVXV LQHUHDúLGH]EDWHUHDDGHFRPXQLF ULSHWHPHGHLQWHUHVLQWHOHFWXDO
úL DFDGHPLF GH DFWXDOLWDWH FHQWUDWH SH XUP WRDUHOH GRPHQLL GH LQYHVWLJD LH
úWLLQ LILF úLHGXFD LRQDO 
− SDUWHQHULDWXOXQLYHUVLW LORUSHQWUXHGXFD LHFLYLF úLFHW HQLHvQFRQWH[WXO
VFKLPE ULLJOREDOHUROXOWLQHUHWXOXLvQSROLWLFLOHFRQWHPSRUDQH
− FHUFHWDUHDVRFLDO HGXFD LDúLSUDFWLFDVRFLDO UROXULOHúLUHVSRQVDELOLW LOH
XQLYHUVLW LORUvQVLVWHPHOHGHPRFUDWLFHSRVW-WUDQ]L LRQDOHúLvQVRFLHWDWHDFLYLO 
− GH]YROW ULvQvQY PkQWXOVXSHULRUGLQ(XURSD&HQWUDO GHVXG-HVWúLHVW
− VFKLPE ULLQVWLWX LRQDOHQRLGLUHF LLvQSHGDJRJLHúLGLGDFWLFDvQY PkQ-
tului superior; procesul Bologna;
− GH]YROW UL UHFHQWH vQ SROLWLF  VRFLHWDWH úL YLD D VRFLDO  GLQ UHJLXQH
SUREOHPHOH VRFLDOH DFWXDOH PLJUD LD IRU HL GH PXQF  PLQRULW LOH PXOWLFXOWXUD-
OLVPXOH[RGXOFUHLHUHORUúD
− WUDQVIRUPDUHDFRQWXUXULORUQD LRQDOLVPXOXLúLDLGHQWLW LLvQUHJLXQH
− UROXOIHPHLORUúLDVWXGLLORUIHPLQLVWHvQVRFLHW LOHSRVW-WUDQ]L LRQDOH
− GH]YROWDUHDúWLLQ HORUVRFLDOHXPDQLVWHDDUWHORUúLDOLWHUDWXULL
− HYROX LLvQGRPHQLXODIDFHULORUvQY PkQWXOHFRQRPLFúLFRPHU XO
2SUREOHPDWLF DWkWGHYDVW úLGHFRPSOH[ DIDYRUL]DWSXQHUHDvQGLVFX LHúL
dezbaWHUHD XQXL PDUH QXP U GH WHPH úWLLQ LILFH DFWXDOH SULYLQG ORFXO úL UROXO
XQLYHUVLW LLvQVRFLHW LOHFRQWHPSRUDQHUHOD LLOHXQLYHUVLW LLFXFRPXQLW LOHVRFLDOH
XQLYHUVLWDWHDúLLGHDOXOGHPRFUDWLFXQLYHUVLWDWHDGH]YROWDUHDFXQRDúWHULLúWLLQ LILFHúL
WHKQRORJLFH QRLOH WHKQRORJLL LQIRUPDWLFH FXQRDúWHUHD PHGLDWL]DW  VFKLPE ULOH
LQVWLWX LRQDOH úL XQLYHUVLWDWHD vQ VHFROXO ;;, FDSLWDOXO VRFLDO PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPXO úL
XQLYHUVLWDWHDDQJDMDPHQWXOFLYLFúLXQLYHUVLW LOHFDLQVWLWX LLDOHVFKLPE ULLúD
ÎQDFHVWFRQWH[W&RQIHULQ DD;9,,,-a a AUDEM s-DGLVWLQVSULQIDSWXOF D
VLWXDW vQ FHQWUXO OXFU ULORU VDOH ÄSURYRF ULOH´ FX FDUH VH FRQIUXQW  XQLYHUVLW LOH
europene, central, sud-HVWLFHúLHVWHXURSHQHvQDFWXDODVLWXD LHDHYROX LHL(XURSHL
úLDVSD LLORUHFRQRPLFHúLVRFLR-politice extraeuropene.
2FRQWULEX LHGHVXEVWDQ vQDFHDVW SULYLQ DDGXV-RFRQIHULQ DLQDXJXUDO D
reuniunii, „Universitatea secolului XXI – 3URYRF UL´ VXV LQXW  GH SURI XQLY GU
$QGUHL0DUJD3UHúHGLQWHOH&RQVLOLXOXL$FDGHPLFDO8QLYHUVLW LL%DEHú-Bolyai din
&OXMÌQHVHQ 'RPQLDVDDGHPRQVWUDWF XQLYHUVLW LOHHXURSHQHFHOHPDLYHFKL
LQVWLWX LL HXURSHQH GXS  %LVHULF  úL-DX SURSXV LQL LDO FD PLVLXQH V  DVLJXUH R
262
HGXFD LHVXSHULRDU SHQWUXVSHFLDOLúWLGHvQDOW FDOLILFare cu sprijinul unor profesori
FDOLILFD LSULQFXOWLYDUHDDGHY UXOXL8OWHULRUvQ(YXO0HGLXXQLYHUVLW LOHDXIRVW
OHJDOOHJLWLPDWHGH3DSDOLWDWHDSRLGHDXWRULW LOHHFOH]LDVWLFHvQJHQHUDOÌQVHFROXO
al XIX-lea, ele au fost legitimate de Stat, ca p U LDOHSURLHFWHORUFXOWXUDOHQD LRQDOH
DYkQGFDPLVLXQHIRUPDUHDHOLWHORUúLFHUFHWDUHDúWLLQ LILF vQVSULMLQXOGH]YROW ULL
HFRQRPLHLúLVRFLHW LLLQGXVWULDOHPRGHUQHGHYHQLQGPRWRDUHDOHPRGHUQL] ULL
ÌQ VHFROXO ;; XQLYHUVLW LOH HXURSHQH FX PRúWHQLUHD ORU PHGLHYDO  DX
experimentat un ansamblu de înnoiri, între care:
− H[WLQGHUHDFXQRDúWHULLSR]LWLYHDQDWXULLVRFLHW LLúLRPXOXL
− HPHUJHQ DUHOD LHLGLQWUHFXQRDúWHUHúLVHPQLILFD LH
− LQVWUXPHQWDUHDLGHRORJLF úLGHWHULRUDUHDDXWRQRPLHLXQLYHUVLtare;
− GH]YROWDUHDGLVFLSOLQDU DFXQRDúWHULLúWLLQ LILFHúLGLVROX LDXQLW LLúWLLQ HORU
− JOREDOL]DUHDFXQRDúWHULLFRPXQLF ULLúLDHFRQRPLHL
− LPSOLFDUHDXQLYHUVLW LLvQFRPSHWL LDGHSLD 
&DUHVXQWFRQVHFLQ HOHXQRUDVHPHQHDHYROX LL"$FHVWHDVHUHVLmt în secolul XXI,
vQPDULOHSURFHVHHFRQRPLFHVRFLDOHúWLLQ LILFHWHKQRORJLFHúLFXOWXUDOHFXPVXQW
− LQWHUQD LRQDOL]DUHDLQWHJUDUHDúLJOREDOL]DUHD
− H[WLQGHUHD úL LQWHQVLILFDUHD PLJUD LHL SRSXOD LLORU GLQ ULOH VXEGH]YROWDWH
sau în curs de dezvoltDUHVSUH ULOHGH]YROWDWH
− U VSkQGLUHDWHURULVPXOXLFDSHULFROPDMRUODDGUHVDFLYLOL]D LHLXPDQH
− HUR]LXQHD ÄPXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPXOXL´ UHGXV QX GH SX LQH RUL OD FRH[LVWHQ D
culturilor insulare;
− FUHúWHUHDPDUFDW DÄFRPSHWL LHLXQLYHUVLW LORU´vQQRXOFRQWH[WDOJOREDOL] ULL
$FHVWHD QX UHSUH]LQW  GHFkW FkWHYD GLQ SURYRF ULOH PDMRUH OD DGUHVD
XQLYHUVLW LLFRQWHPSRUDQH0DUHDSUREOHP HVWHvQFHPRGFXFHPLMORDFHúLvQFH
VHQVHVWHGHDúWHSWDWFDXQLYHUVLWDWHDFRQWHPSRUDQ V U VSXQG DGHFYDWúLHILFLent
ODDFHVWWLSGHÄSURYRF UL´"
2 FRQWULEX LH IXQGDPHQWDO  SHQWUX FD XQLYHUVLW LOH FRQWHPSRUDQH V  VH
SR]L LRQH]HFRUHFWúLHILFLHQWvQQRXOFRQWH[WvQFDUHVXQWREOLJDWHV DF LRQH]HHVWH
DFHHD D YDORULILF ULL SH ED]D XQXL HIRUW GH UHIOHF LH PDWXU  D propriilor resurse de
care dispun pentru a-úLGHWHUPLQDPLVLXQHDúLRELHFWLYHOHORUVSHFLILFHvQSUH]HQWúL
vQSHUVSHFWLY 3ULPDGLQWUHDFHVWHDRUHSUH]LQW DXWR-proiectarea propriei deveniri,
SH WHUPHQ PHGLX úL OXQJ vQ FRQFRUGDQ  FX DXWRQRPLD VD úL FX angajarea în
adaptare la contextele economico-VRFLDOH FXOWXUDOH HWF vQ FRQWLQX  VFKLPEDUH úL
WUDQVIRUPDUH 'LUHF LD GH GH]YROWDUH DXWHQWLF  QX WUHEXLH V  ILH DGDSWDUHD úL
UD LRQDOL]DUHD DFWLYLW LL VDOH OD VLVWHPH GHPRGDWH FL VWDELOLUHD OXFLG  úL FODU  D
SURSULXOXL V X SURILO ILH GH vQY PkQW GH FHUFHWDUH GH VHUYLFLL HWF I U 
DPHVWHFDUHDFRQIX] DDFHVWRUD
3H DFHDVW  ED]  XQLYHUVLWDWHD YD WUHEXL V  FRPELQH GHVFKLV FDUDFWHUXO
DFFHVLELO DO WLQHULORU OD VWXGLL XQLYHUVLWDUH FX FDUDFWHUXO H[LJHQW úi selectiv al
YLLWRULORU VSHFLDOLúWL FX VWXGLL VXSHULRDUH 6  GH]YROWH HFKLOLEUDW SURJUDPHOH GH
VWXGLL úL FXUULFXODUH vPELQkQG DUPRQLRV WUDQVPLWHUHD FXQRDúWHULL FX GHVFRSHULUHD
úWLLQ LILF  LQIRUPDUHD FX IRUPDUHD FXQRDúWHUHD FX DSOLFDUHD SUDFWLF  úWLLQ a cu
YL]LXQLOHDVXSUDOXPLL6 DVLJXUHXQPHGLXV Q WRVGHvQY DUHWUDQVIRUPkQGX-se
263
într-R YHULWDELO  ÄFRPXQLWDWH D vQY ULL´ FDUH V  LQVSLUH úL V  VSULMLQH SH WR L
„actorii” ei – SURIHVRUL PDQDJHUL úL HYLGHQW VWXGHQ L – V  vQYH H WR L vQ
permanen  LQFOXVLY XQLL GH OD DO LL vQ EHQHILFLXO UHFLSURF DO WXWXURUD 6 
UHvQW UHDVF  DQJDMDUHD úL REOLJD LLOH VWXGHQ LORU vQ SURFHVHOH GH vQY DUH vQ
FRQGL LLOH DVLJXU ULL WXWXURU RSRUWXQLW LORU úL PLMORDFHORU QHFHVDUH GH vQY DUH
inclusiv de angajare adeFYDW  vQ SURJUDPH GH FHUFHWDUH úWLLQ LILF  6  DGRSWH R
JXYHUQDQ  GHVFKLV  úL SDUWLFLSDWLY  úL XQ PDQDJHPHQW FHQWUDW SH UH]XOWDWH úL V 
DVLJXUH ULGLFDUHD FRQWLQX  D FDOLW LL vQ WRDWH GRPHQLLOH úL VIHUHOH GH DFWLYLWDWH
SURIHVLRQDO  úL HGXFD LRQDO  D WXWXURU PHPEULORU XQLYHUVLW LL ÌQ DFHODúL WLPS V 
GHSXQ  HIRUWXUL VXV LQXWH SHQWUX vQW ULUHD H[WLQGHUHD úL UHvQQRLUHD FRQWLQX  D
UHOD LLORUFXFRPXQLW LOHVRFLDOHúLXPDQHúLFXVRFLHWDWHDvQJHQHUDOvQVFULLQGX-se
vQ VHULD FHORU PDL DFWLYL SDUWLFLSDQ L DL SURPRY ULL vQWUHJXOXL VLVWHP GH YDORUL
VRFLDOHúLPRUDOHDVSLULWXOXLFLYLFúLDOFLYLOLW LLvQVRFLHWDWHvQDQVDPEOXOV X
ÌQ SULYLQ D XQLYHUVLW LORU HXURSHQH V-D VXEOLQLDW LPSRUWDQ D LPSDFWXOXL SH
FDUHvODUHúLvOYDDYHDvQGHYHQLUHDORUYLLWRDUH'HFODUD LDGHOD%RORJQD
DYkQG FD RELHFWLY V  DVLJXUH FUHDUHD DULHL HXURSHQH D vQY PkQWXOXL VXSHULRU úL
VSRULUHDFRPSHWLWLYLW LLLQWHUQD LRQDOHDXQLYHUVLW LORUHXURSHQH
6HPQLILFDWLYHGH]EDWHULvQFDGUXO&RQIHULQ HLDXDYXWORFúLvQOHJ WXU cu:
− ÄLGHQWLWDWHD´ VSHFLILF  D XQLYHUVLW LL vQ FDGUXO VRFLHW LL vQWHPHLDWH SH
FXQRDúWHUHúLDÄOXPLLJOREDOL]DWH´
− FDSDFLWDWHD LQVWLWX LLORU GH vQY PkQW VXSHULRU GH D-úL DVLJXUD
„sustenabilitatea” proprie pentru a-úL SXWHD UHDOL]D PLVLXQHD GH D VDWLVIDce
QHFHVLW LOH JHQHUD LLORU YLLWRDUH HQXQ kQGX-VH SULQFLSDOHOH FRQGL LL DOH DFHVWHLD
SHUVRQDO GLGDFWLF FX FDOLILF UL úL VSHFLDOL] UL FRPSHWLWLYH OHJLVOD LH DFDGHPLF 
IDYRUDELO  SHUIRUPDQ HL HGXFD LRQDOH úL úWLLQ LILFH DVLJXUDUHD FRQFRPLWHQW  D
autonomLHLXQLYHUVLWDUHúLDUHVSRQVDELOLW LLvQID DIDFWRULORUDXWRUL]D LGHHYDOXDUH
D UH]XOWDWHORU RE LQXWH vQFXUDMDUHD FRQ LQXWXULORU VWXGLLORU LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH úL D
SUHJ WLULLSUDFWLFHDVWXGHQ LORUúLDEVROYHQ LORUDVLJXUDUHDúLRUJDQL]DUHDSURSULLORU
VLVWHPHGHILQDQ DUHGHS úLUHDVXSUDUHJOHPHQW ULORUGHRULFHWLS
− FDUDFWHUXO LPSHUDWLY DO LQGHSHQGHQ HL úL SURIHVLRQDOLVPXOXL DJHQ LLORU GH
DXWRUL]DUHHYDOXDUHúLDFUHGLWDUHDXQLW LORUGHvQY PkQWVXSHULRU
− DFWXDOLWDWHDVWULQJHQW úLLPSRUWDQ DGH]YROW ULLSHGDJRJLHLúLPHWRGRORJLHL
vQY PkQWXOXL VXSHULRU vQ JHQHUDO FX DFFHQW DVXSUD FHORU FRQVDFUDWH DVLJXU ULL
FDOLW LLvQY PkQWXOXLúLHGXFD LHL
− DVLJXUDUHD FRQGL LLORU QHFHVDUH SURPRY ULL XQHL VXV LQXWH FRRSHU UL
LQWHUQD LRQDOHDXQLYHUVLW LORUvQIRUPHQRLFDUHV IDYRUL]H]HFUHúWHUHDHILFLHQ HL
úL D SHUIRUPDQ HL HGXFD LHL VXSHULRDUH OD WRDWH QLYHOHOH FRQFRPLWHQW FX OLPLWDUHD
ÄH[RGXOXLFUHLHUHORU´GLQVSUH ULOHPDLSX LQGH]YROWDWHVSUHFHOHGH]YROWDWH
Luând în considerare aceste date, la care s-DUSXWHDDG XJDúLDOWHOHVHSRDWH
FRQFKLGH F  SULQ WRDWH FRPSRQHQWHOH VDOH GH FRQ LQXW RUJDQL]DUH úL GHVI úXUDUH
cea de-a XVIII-D &RQIHULQ  DQXDO  $8'(0 V-a constituit într-o reuniune
úWLLQ LILF  GH VXEVWDQ  PXOWLSOX EHQHILF  SHQWUX WR L SDUWLFLSDQ LL úL XQ SDV vQDLQWH vQ
GLUHF LD vQGHSOLQLULL PLVLXQLL $8'(0 vQ FHO GH-DO GRLOHD GHFHQLX GH QHvQWUHUXSW 
DFWLYLWDWHGHYRWDW SURPRY ULLFRRSHU ULLLQWHUXQLYHUVLWDUH

ùWHIDQ&RVWHD
264
 ù&2$/$$&$'(0,& '(62&,2/2*,(–%5$1(', ,$,
(OCTOMBRIE 2007)

3ULPD HGL LH D ùFROLL $FDGHPLFH GH 6RFLRORJLH D IRVW RUJDQL]DW   VXE WXWHOD
Institutului de Sociologie „Dimitrie Gusti” al Academiei Române, Catedrei de
Sociologie-Filosofie a Universit LL Ä7UDQVLOYDQLD´ GLQ %UDúRY úL &RQVLOLXOXL
-XGH HDQ%UDúRY/RFXOGHGHVI úXUDUH–%UDQMXG%UDúRY– a fost ales în corelare
FXWHPDDFHVWHLSULPHvQWkOQLULDXQLYHUVLWDULORUVRFLRORJLF FLOXFU ULOHúFROLLV-au
GHVFKLV FX SUREOHPDWLFD FRPXQLW LORU UXUDOH Ä3DWULPRQLX FXOWXUDO úL GH]YROWDUH
VRFLDO  vQ UXUDOXO URPkQHVF´ ([WUHP GH PLQX LRV SUHJ WLW  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH
RUJDQL]DWRULF ùFRDOD D DYXW WLPS GH R V SW PkQ  RDVSH L GH OD FHQWUHOH
XQLYHUVLWDUHGLQ%XFXUHúWL)DFXOWDWHDGH6RFLRORJLHD8QLYHUVLW LLÄ6SLUX+DUHW´D
IRVW ELQH UHSUH]HQWDW  DWkW GLQ SDUWHD VWXGHQ LORU FkW úL D FDGUHORU GLGDFWLFH
%UDúRY&OXM$OED,XOLD&UDLRYD,DúLHWF'H]EDWHULOHV-DXJUXSDWSHWUHLVHF LXQL
1) SUREOHPHVRFLDOHvQFRPXQLW LOHGLQ5RPkQLDúL ULPHPEUH ale U.E.; 2) specificul
FHUFHW ULORU VRFLDOH vQ VSD LXO UXUDO úL  WHQGLQ H GH GH]YROWDUH VRFLR-HFRQRPLF  DOH
FRPXQLW LORUUXUDOHGLQ5RPkQLDúL ULPHPEUHDOH8(
&RPXQLF ULOH SUH]HQWDWH úL GH]EDWHULOH GLQ FDGUXO PHVHORU URWXQGH DX IRVW
adunate în volumul ùFRDOD$FDGHPLF GH6RFLRORJLH(Ed. Kron-$UW%UDúRY
SXEOLFDW  VXE FRRUGRQDUHD FRQI XQLY GU &ODXGLX &RPDQ 8QLYHUVLWDWHD
Ä7UDQVLOYDQLD´%UDúRYúLDSURIXQLYGU(PLOLDQ'REUHVFX8QLYHUVLWDWHDÄ6SLUX
+DUHW´%XFXUHúWL

Corina Bistriceanu-Pantelimon

265
266
 5(&(1=,,127('(/(&785

Virgiliu Constantinescu-Galiceni,6RFLRORJLDFRPXQLW LORUUXUDOH,

(GLWXUD)XQGD LHLRomânia de Mâine, %XFXUHúWL

&DUWHD GH ID  VH UHFRPDQG  DSDUHQW FD XQ PDQXDO GH VRFLRORJLH UXUDO 
GHVWLQDW vQ SULPXO UkQG VWXGHQ LORU úL DSRL PHPEULORU FRUSXOXL DFDGHPLF $FHDVWD
HVWH vQV  QXPDL GHVWLQD LD LPHGLDW  F FL YROXPXO úL LGHLOH SH FDUH OH FRQ LQH DX
ÄE WDLH´FXPXOWPDLPDUHYL]kQGRUHFRQVLGHUDUHDWHRULLORUVSD LXOXLUXUDOúLvQ
HJDO  P VXU  R UHHYDOXDUH D VWUDWHJLLORU GH ÄUHFXSHUDUH VRFLDO ´ D VDWXOXL úL GH
transformare a lui într-XQXOGLQPRWRDUHOHSURJUHVXOXLLVWRULFvQVSD LXOURPkQHVF
'H DFHHD FDUWHD WUHEXLH VWXGLDW  QX QXPDL GLQ FXULR]LWDWH WHRUHWLF  FL úL SHQWUX
orientarea eforturilor de modernizare a mediului UXUDOFRQIRUPH[LJHQ HORULVWRULFH
DFWXDOH 'RFXPHQWDUHD HVWH H[KDXVWLY  UHDOL]DW  SH GRX  SDOLHUH DWkW OD QLYHO
WHRUHWLFELEOLRJUDILDvQGRPHQLXHVWHDFRSHULW GHODÄFODVLFLL´VRFLRORJLHL7|QQLHV
:HEHU'XUNKHLPSkQ ODúFROLOHPRGHUQHGHVRFLRORJLHDPHULFDQHúLHXURSHQHúL
FKLDU SkQ  OD SUHYHGHULOH FH LPSOLF  VRFLRORJLD GLQ GRFXPHQWHOHLQWHUQD LRQDOHGH
XOWLP  RU  FkW úL OD QLYHO SUDFWLF FHUFHW ULOH GH WHUHQ FDPSDQLLOH UXUDOH OD FDUH
DXWRUXO D OXDW SDUWH vúL Y GHVF DLFL R LPSRUWDQW  FRQWULEX LH HSLVWHPRORJLF  3ULQ
DFRSHULUHD DVSHFWHORU WHRUHWLFH GH FHUFHWDUH SUDFWLF  úL GH RULHQWDUH DSOLFDWLY 
DXWRUXOUHXúHúWHV DWLQJ WRDWHSDOLHUHOHVRFLRORJLHLDúDFXPDXIRVWSRVWXODWHGH
Ferdinant Tönnies.

6DWXOFDVWUXFWXU DXWRUHJHQHUDWLY
'DF  FHOH PDL PXOWH FHUFHW UL DOH VSD LXOXL UXUDO VH RSUHVF OD ÄFKHVWLXQHD
U QHDVF ´ OD IUkQHOH SH FDUH WLSXO GH FXOWXU  PHQWDOLWDWHD WUDGL LD úL PRUDOD
UDQLORU OH SXQ vQ FDOHD SURJUHVXOXL VRFLR-economic, Virgiliu Constantinescu-
Galiceni trece dincolo de aFHDVW SLHGLF úLRGH]Y OXLHFDDSDUHQ 6DWXO– chiar
SULQWLSXOV XVSHFLILFGHFXOWXU SULQPRUDODIDPLOLDO SULQDSDUWHQHQ DODFXWXPD
WUDGL LHL – poate fi factor de progres în societate. În demonstrarea acestei idei,
DXWRUXOIRUPXOHD] RLGHHGHLPSRUWDQ IXQGDPHQWDO vQVRFLRORJLHúLPDLDOHVvQ
VRFLRORJLD UXUDO  DQXPH D VDWXOXL FD VRFLHWDWH DXWRUHJHQHUDWLY  1X QXPDL
DXWRKWRQLVPXO úL DXWRQRPLD UXUDO  VXQW YL]DWH GH DFHDVW  WHRULH GDU úL
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHD VSUH SURJUHV úL LQRYD LH D PHGLXOXL UXUDO ÌQ IXQF LH GH DFHDVW 
GLVSRQLELOLWDWHWUHEXLHFODVLILFDWHVDWHOHúLQXDúDFXPVHvQWkPSO vQGHREúWHPDL
DOHV vQ OLWHUDWXUD URPkQHDVF  GXS  FULWHULLOH VWDWLFH JHRJUDILFH HWQRJUDILFH HWF
$VWIHO UHIRUPD UXUDOXOXL SRUQHúWH GH OD DERUGDUHD OXL GLIHUHQ LDW  FRQIRUP XQRU
WLSRORJLL FDUH V  P VRDUH DSWLWXGLQHD úL JUDGXO GH FRPSDWLELOLWDWH DO GLIHULWHORU
FRPXQLW LFXVWUDWHJLLOHGHGH]YROWDUHHFRQRPLFR-VRFLDO 
Tratarea cooperatismului într-un capitol ce poate constitui singur un câmp de
dezbatere demoQWHD] VWHUHRWLSLLOHFDUHDVRFLD] PLúFDUHDFRRSHUDWLVW GHUHJLPXO
267
SROLWLF VRFLDOLVW úL FRPXQLVW $XWRUXO GHVFRSHU  úL SUH]LQW  DUJXPHQWH SHQWUX
LQWHUSUHWDUHD FRRSHUDWLVPXOXL FD R WHQGLQ  ILUHDVF  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH LVWRULF
FKLDUúLvQVDWXOURPkQHVFSULPHOHPDQLIHVW ULGHDFHVWIHODYkQGORF – la nivelul
FRPXQLW LORUORFDOH–vQF GHODVIkUúLWXOVHFROXOXLDO;,;-lea.
(FRORJLD UXUDO  HVWH DERUGDW  vQ DFHHDúL QRW  D RULHQW ULL VSUH YLLWRU D
PHGLXOXLUXUDO$EVHQW GLQFHOHPDLPXOWHF U LGHVRFLRORJLHUXUDO HDWUHEXLHV 
IDF SDUWHLQWHJUDQW GLQDFHVWGRPHQLXLDUYROXPXOGHID GHVFKLGHGUXPXOXQRU
DVHPHQHDLQWHUSUHW ULLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDUH

Satul ca factor de echilibru social

3H OkQJ  RULHQW ULOH SURJUHVLVWH FDUH WUHEXLH FXOWLYDWH vQ FRPXQLW LOH Uurale,
VXQWDQDOL]DWHPLQX LRVúLFRRUGRQDWHOHFRQVHUYDWRULVPXOXLV WHVFIDPLOLDúLFXOWXUD
UXUDO  &D JHQHUDWRDUH GH XQ DQXPLW WLS GH PRUDO  WUDGL LRQDO  úL GH FUHDWLYLWDWH
RUJDQLF  vQ FDGUXO XQHL YL]LXQL FH LQWHJUHD]  FXOWXUD vQ YLD D FRWLGLDQ  9LUJLOiu
Constantinescu-Galiceni are argumente nu numai de „salvare a satului” ca mediu
FXPDUHSRWHQ LDODXWRUHJHQHUDWRUGDUúLFDPHGLXFDSDELOGHRDQXPLW UHJHQHUDUH
– PRUDO  úL FXOWXUDO  – D VRFLHW LORU XUEDQH $úD FXP VDWXO I U  RUDú QX SRDWH IL
decât o YL]LXQH URPDQWLF  QLFL RUDúXO I U  WLSXO GH FLYLOL]D LH VSHFLILF VDWXOXL QX
este decât o artificialitate.1

Corina Bistriceanu-Pantelimon

1
$úD FXP GHPRQVWUHD]  GH SLOG  vQWU-R FDUWH UHFHQW  -DPHV & 6FRWW FDUH FULWLF 
HúHFXULOH SURLHFWHORU GH GH]YROWDUH VRFLDO  XUEDQ  VDX DJUDU  DUWLILFLDOH 9H]L În numele
VWDWXOXL0RGHOHHúXDWHGHvPEXQ W LUHDFRQGL LHLXPDQH, Editura Polirom , 2007.
268
 $YUDP&ULVWHDúL-DQ1LFRODH3ULQDO LLVSUHVLQH–(WQRORJLHúL
LPDJRORJLHvQPHPRULDFXOWXUDO HXURSHDQ , editori Editura
Reîntregirea, Alba Iulia, 2007

9ROXPXO PHQ LRQDW DS UXW FX ELQHFXYkQWDUHD ÌQDOW 3UHD 6ILQ LWXOXL $QGUHL
Arhiepiscop al Albei-,XOLD HVWH ELQHFXYkQWDW úL SULQ GHVFKLGHUHD SH FDUH R
VLPEROL]HD]  & FL GHSDUWH GH YXLHWXO YLH LL úWLLQ LILFH PHWURSROLWDQH DX ORF
HYHQLPHQWH UHPDUFDELOH GH FXOWXU  QD LRQDO  úL LQWHUQD LRQDO  'XS  FXP UHPDUFD
SURIHVRUXO,OLH0RLVHMXGH XO$OEDGH LQ WRUDOXQRUSULRULW LDEVROXWHvQGRPHQLXO
folcloristicii (prima culegere de folclor – Nicolae Pauleti, 1838, prima monografie
etno-IROFORULF  – 7 )UkQFX úL * &DQGUHD  HWF D LQL LDW FX VSULMLQXO
&RQVLOLXOXL-XGH HDQXQSURLHFWGHFHUFHWDUHúi identificare a valorilor patrimoniale
VSHFLILFH VDWXOXL FRQWHPSRUDQ XQLF GLQ FkWH VH SDUH vQ DU  GDU úL RUJDQL]DUHD
FRORFYLLORUGHHWQRJUDILHúLIROFORUDMXQVHvQDFHVWDQODFHDGHD9-DHGL LH
&XRSDUWLFLSDUHLQWHUQD LRQDO FRORFYLLOHGLQDQXOWUHFXWDXODQVDWRWHP GH
GH]EDWHUH H[WUHP GH JHQHURDV  Ä(WQRORJLH úL LPDJRORJLH vQ PHPRULD FXOWXUDO 
HXURSHDQ ´ FDUH GH]LFkQGX-se de sentimentul „provincialismului european” de
FDUH DP DX IRVW DFX]D L VDX SH FDUH QL O-DP DVXPDW LQGHFLV UHFRPDQG  cultura
HWQRJUDILF URPkQHDVF GUHSWXQDGLQWUHFHOHPDLERJDWHúLPDLYLWDOHGLQ(XURSD
/D SURYRFDUH DX U VSXQV GH SH SR]L LL WHRUHWLFH VDX DSOLFDWH FX UHIHULUH OD
GRPHQLLOH IROFORUXOXL PLWRORJLHL DQWURSRORJLHL WHRORJLHL LVWRULHL PHQWDOLW LORU
úDSHVWHWUHL]HFLGHDXWRUL(QXPHU PQXPDLFk LYDGLQWUHDFHúWLDFXVFX]HOHGH
ULJRDUHFHORUODO LúLFXDVLJXUDUHDF VHOHF LDHVWHSXUDOHDWRDUH$UKLP7HRILO7LD
Ä7UDQVLOYDQLD ©VXELHFWLY ª 'LYHUVLWDWH FRQIHVLRQDO  úL FXOWXUDO  3ULQFLSLL
pastorale GH UHOD LRQDUH LQWHUXPDQ  vQWU-XQ VSD LX SOXULFRQIHVLRQDO´ 3U -DQ
1LFRODH Ä,FRQRJUDILD SRSXODU  D 5XVDOLLORU ,QWHUIHUHQ H FXOWXUDOH vQ SLFWXUD SH
VWLFO  GLQ 7UDQVLOYDQLD´ 0LKDL $OH[DQGUX &DQVLRYLFL Ä(URXO OHJHQGDU – simbol
arhetipal al mitului istoULF´ ,RQ 7DORú Ä&X SULYLUH OD OHJHQGHOH GHVSUH +RUHD
&ORúFDúL&ULúDQ´$QD'XPLWUDQÄ6IkQWDWURL vQWU-XQWUXSÌQWUHFXUDMXOLQRYD LHL
DUWLVWLFHúLVXEWLOLWDWHDWHRORJLF ´$YUDP&ULVWHDÄ&RQVLGHUD LLSULYLQGUHFHSWDUHD
vQVWU LQ ULLWLQHULORUGXS ´.ODXV+HLWPDQQÄ,PDJLQHDURPkQXOXLvQVSD LXO
GHOLPE JHUPDQ GHODVIkUúLWXOVHFDO;9,,,-OHDSkQ ODvQFHSXWXOVHFDO;;-lea”),
$QWRDQHWD2OWHDQXÄ%DOFDQLLEDOFDQLFLORU´3DXOD5RPDQHVFXÄ3RUWXOGHWLKQ DO
XQXLQRX8OLVVH´úD
StudiLOH DGXQDWH vQ DFHVW YROXP VXQW XQ H[HPSOX DO LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDULW LL
LQHYLWDELO  úWLLQ HORU XPDQH 2UJDQL]DWH SH WUHL VHF LXQL  Ä,PDJRORJLH LVWRULF  úL
FXOWXUDO ´ Ä,PDJRORJLH LFRQRORJLF  úL KDJKLRORJLF ´ úL Ä)ROFORU úL HWQRJUDILH´
WH[WHOHVHFRQMXJ DUPRQLRVVXEWXWHODGLUHF LHLSULQFLSDOHDYROXPXOXL-GHúWLLQ D
VSLULWXOXLSRSXODUVDXDúDFXPVSXQHVRFLRORJXO,OLH% GHVFXDVXIOHWXOXLSRSXODU

Corina Bistriceanu-Pantelimon

269
270
 „Semnele Timpului” –UHYLVW GHDQDOL] úLRSLQLHFUHúWLQ

„Semnele Timpului” HVWH R UHYLVW  FDUH vQFHDUF  V  RIHUH U VSXQVXUL OD

vQWUHE ULOH SURIXQGH DOH OXPLL LQWHOHFWXDOH SULQ SUH]HQWDUHD XQRU WHPH GH PDUH
DFWXDOLWDWH SUHFXP WHURULVPXO úL UHRULHQW ULOH SH SODQ SROLWLF FUL]D HFRORJLF  úL
IRDPHWHD HWF vQ SDUDOHO FX DEXQGHQ D PkQWXLWRUL GH RFD]LH úL FUHGLQ H EHWHJH
QDXIUDJLXOHGXFD LHLúLDOWUXLVPXOHúXDWGLQSHUVSHFWLY ELEOLF 

ÌQY WXULYHFKLSUREOHPHQRLSHUVSHFWLYHVXUSULQ] WRDUH

Cri]HOH WHQVLXQLOH úL FKLDU SHULFROHOH SH FDUH WUHEXLH V  OH vQIUXQWH úL V  OH
VROX LRQH]HOXPHDGHDVW ]LDSDUHQWVXQWWRWDOGLIHULWHGHFkWFHOHGHDFXPGH
DQL (VWH DGHY UDW F  XFHQLFLL VDX PDULL DSRORJH L FUHúWLQL QX GLVFXWDX GHVSUH
inginerie genetLF  UHDOSROLWLN SURJUDPDUH QHXUROLQJYLVWLF  VDX GHVSUH FUL]D
SHWUROXOXLúLJOREDOL]DUH1XSXWHPF XWDU VSXQVXULvQ%LEOLHFDvQWU-o enciclopedie
úL QLFL VROX LL UDSLGH FD vQ Ä3DJLQL $XULL´ &DUWHD DFHDVWD YHFKH GH PLL GH DQL QH
RIHU QRUPHGHFRQGXLW úLSULQFLSLLHWHUQYDODELOH,PDJLQD L-Y SHQWUXRFOLS F 
SROLWLFLHQLL URPkQL DU WUHEXL V -úL QRUPH]H FRPSRUWDPHQWXO QX QXPDL GXS 
&RQVWLWX LHVSUHH[HPSOXFLúLGXS Decalog,PDJLQD L-Y F LXELUHDúLUHVSHFWXO
SHQWUXDSURDSHOHDUIXQF LRQDPDLHILFient decât pragmatismul unei superputeri care
vúL SURWHMHD]  LQIOXHQ D úL LQWHUHVHOH vQ 2ULHQWXO PLMORFLX 1X HVWH YRUED DLFL GH
UHQDúWHUHDIXQGDPHQWDOLVPXOXLUHOLJLRVQLFLGHSURLHFWXOXWRSLFDOVWDWXOXLELVHULF 
VDX GDF  YUH L GH LQWURGXFHUHD XQRU FXUVXUL GH GRJPDWLF  vQ SDUODPHQWH VDX
IDFLOLW L GH PHGLFLQ  FL GH UHRULHQWDUHD FXULR]LW LL QRDVWUH F WUH R FDUWH IRDUWH
DFWXDO 2ULFLQHSRDWHvQ HOHJHF Biblia este altceva decât Odiseea lui Homer. În
DFHDVW  FDUWH GDF  HVWH OXDW  vQ VHULRV SRW IL J VLWH U VSXQVXUL SHQWUX SUREOHPHOH
OXPLLQRDVWUHÄ6HPQHOHWLPSXOXL´SRDWHGDRP UWXULHvQDFHVWVHQVDWkWWLPSFkW
PHVDMXOHVWHXQXOSURIXQGFUHúWLQQHDJ DWGHLGHQWLW LFRQIHVLRQDOHGHSHSR]L LL
QHXWUHO VkQGFLWLWRUXOXLOLEHUWDWHDGHD-úLIRUPDXQ punct de vedere.

,QYLWD LHODPHGLWD LHSHQWUXXQSXEOLFODUJ

6SUHGHRVHELUHGHDOWHSXEOLFD LLUHOLJLRDVHÄSemnele Timpului”DERUGHD] 
R SDOHW  PDL ODUJ  GH VXELHFWH ÌQ UHYLVW  VXQW DUWLFROH SH WHPH DWkW ILORVRILFH
SVLKRORJLFHH[LVWHQ LDOHFkWúLSROLWLFHHFRQRPLFHúWLLQ LILFHFXOWXUDOHVRFLDOHúL
de mediu.

6XQW SURSXVH XQXL SXEOLF PDWXU WHPH FD DJQRVWLFLVPXO VDX OLPLWHOH UD LXQLL
%LEOLD úL FLYLOL]D LD OLEHUWDWHD UHOLJLRDV  úL QRXD WROHUDQ  FLYLOL]D LD SRUQR
YLQGHFDUHFXRULFHSUH FUL]DDSHLúLWHRULDFDWDVWURIHORUH[WUDWHUHúWULLVDXWHUHúWULL
PLVWHUXOXQHLHWHUQHF XW UL*UDDOXOVSLULWXDOLWDWHGHODWULEXQDRILFLDO HWF7RDWH
SUREOHPH DOH WLPSXOXL QRVWUX DERUGDWH FX LQVWUXPHQWHOH VSHFLILFH ILHF UXL
271
GRPHQLX OD FDUH VH DGDXJ  vQY WXUD Bibliei &DUWHD 6IkQW  DUH QHQXP UDWH
U VSXQVXUL SHQWUX QHQXP UDWH vQWUHE UL úL GH IRDUWH PXOWH RUL SRDWH RIHUL
SHUVSHFWLYHVXUSULQ] WRUGHFODUHDVXSUDXQRUFKHVWLXQLSHFDUHvQPRGRELúQXLWOH
H[SHGLHP GRDU F WUH FRPSHWHQ HOH XQRU VSHFLDOLúWL În paginile revistei nu apar
SUHGLFL DSHOXUL SDWHWLFH SHQWUX VDOYDUHD VXIOHWXOXL úL QLFL DWDFXUL IXULEXQGH
vPSRWULYD VHFXODUL] ULL VDX LQGLIHUHQWLVPXOXL UHOLJLRV FRQWHPSRUDQ 6H vQFHDUF 
vQ HOHJHUHD SUREOHPHORU OXPLL vQ FDUH WU LP úL LGHQWLILFDUHD GH VROX LL $WkW 'DU
suficient, spunem noi!

Revista „Semnele Timpului” are un format distinct, are 48 de pagini în

SROLFURPLHDSDUHRGDW SHOXQ vQ%XFXUHúWL

Diana Gavajec

272
 GEORGE KOHLRIESER, 62/8 ,21$5($&21)/,&7(/25
ù,&5(ù7(5($3(5)250$1 (,
METODE BAZATE PE NEGOCIEREA DE OSTATICI
(GLWXUD3ROLURP%XFXUHúWL

*HRUJH .RKOULHVHU HVWH SVLKRORJ SURIHVRU LQWHUQD LRQDO GH OHDGHUVKLS

FRQVXOWDQW RUJDQL]D LRQDO úL QHJRFLDWRU GH RVWDWLFL (O VXV LQH F  QXPDL SULQ
DERUGDUHDGHVFKLV DFRQIOLFWXOXLSXWHPWUHFHSHVWHFHOHPDLGLILFLOHSURYRF UL
În cartea sa, 6ROX LRQDUHD FRQIOLFWHORU úL FUHúWHUHD SHUIRUPDQ HL 0HWRGH
bazate pe negocierea de ostatici DUDW  FXP WHKQLFLOH úL insight-urile psihologice
XWLOL]DWHvQQHJRFLHUHDGHRVWDWLFLSRWILDSOLFDWHFXVXFFHVvQRULFHUHOD LHSHUVRQDO 
VDXSURIHVLRQDO 
3DVFXSDVHOVXEOLQLD] FHLúDSWHIDFWRUL-cheie pe care îi putem folosi pentru
D vQGHS UWD EORFDMHOH FDUH VWDX vQ FDOHD UH]ROY ULL SUREOHPHORU úL QH DUDW  FXP
RULFLQHVHSRDWHGH]YROWDúLvúLSRDWHDFFHVDDELOLW LOHGHFDUHDUHQHYRLHSHQWUXD
FUHDRVWDUHSR]LWLY DSURSULHLPLQ L
În anul 2006, George Kohlrieser a publicat în Statele Unite prima sa carte
sub titlul: Hostage at the table. How leaders can overcome conflict, influence
others, and raise performance.
6SHFLDOL]DW vQ SVLKRORJLH RUJDQL]D LRQDO  úL FOLQLF  *HRUJH .RKOULHVHU HVWH
SURIHVRUSVLKRORJvQFDGUXOSROL LHLúLQHJRFLDWRUGHRVWDWLFL
$ OXFUDW DO WXUL GH RUJDQL]D LL PLOLWDUH úL XPDQLWDUH vQ ]RQH GH FRQIOLFW
SUHFXP,VUDHOXOWHULWRULLOHSDOHVWLQLHQHúL&URD LDGDUúLDO WXULGHGHSDUWDPHQWHúL
DFDGHPLLGHSROL LHGLQ6WDWHOH8QLWH2ODQGD*HUPDQLD)UDQ DúL,QGLD
&D SVLKRORJ D IRVW SUHúHGLQWHOH $VRFLD LHL ,QWHUQD LRQDOH GH $QDOL] 
7UDQ]DF LRQDO RDVSHWHOHPXOWRUHPLVLXQLSUH]HQWDWHGH%%&&11$%&úL&%6
iar „Matters of the Mind”, talk-show-XOV XUDGLRIRQLFDIRVWGLIX]DWWLPSGHSHVWH
zece ani în Statele Unite.
În prezent, dr. Kohlrieser este consultant al unor importante companii
LQWHUQD LRQDOHSULQWUHFDUHCoca-Cola, HP, IBM, IFC, Morgan Stanley, Motorola,
1HVWOH1RNLD5RFKH6DUD/HH7HWUD3DNúL7R\RWD
(VWH SURIHVRU GH OHDGHUVKLS úL FRPSRUWDPHQW RUJDQL]D LRQDO OD ,QVWLWXWXO
,QWHUQD Lonal pentru Dezvoltarea Managementului (IMD), profesor asociat de
SVLKRORJLH OD 8QLYHUVLWDWHD GH 6WDW :ULJKW GLQ 'D\WRQ 2KLR úL PHPEUX DO
GHSDUWDPHQWXOXLRPRORJGHOD8QLYHUVLWDWHD=DJUHE&URD LD
/DPDLSX LQGHXQDQGHODDSDUL LHvQPDUWLHFartea lui George Kohlrieser
D IRVW WUDGXV  úL SXEOLFDW  vQ 5RPkQLD OD HGLWXUD 3ROLURP VXE WLWOXO 6ROX LRQDUHD
FRQIOLFWHORUúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HL0HWRGHED]DWHSHQHJRFLHUHDGHRVWDWLFL.
3kQ  vQ SUH]HQW FDUWHD D PDL IRVW WUDGXV  vQ OLPELOH IUDQFH]  XQJDU  úL
FKLQH] XUPkQGFDvQFXUkQGV ILHSXEOLFDW vQJHUPDQ UXV úLNRUHDQ 
/XFUDUHDGHPRQVWUHD] FXPSULQDERUGDUHDGHVFKLV DFRQIOLFWHORUFXDMXWRUXO
XQRUWHKQLFLVSHFLDOHLQVSLUDWHGLQPHWRGHOHGHQHJRFLHUHGHRVWDWLFLSRWILGHS úLWH
chiarúLFHOHPDLGLILFLOHSURYRF ULDS UXWHvQUHOD LLOHSURIHVLRQDOHVDXSHUVRQDOH
$XWRUXOGHVFULHVLWXD LLUHDOHLPSUHVLRQDQWHGHOXDUHGHRVWDWLFLúLDOWHH[HPSOH
DOHXQRULQFLGHQWHYLROHQWHH[WUDVHGLQSURSULDH[SHULHQ GHYLD SHQWUXDQHvQY D
• cXPV SXQHPÄSHúWHOHSHPDV ´DWXQFLFkQGYUHPV UH]ROY PXQFRQIOLFW
273
 • FXPV FUH POHJ WXULFKLDUúLFXÄGXúPDQXO´
• FXPV QXJkQGLPQLFLRGDW FDXQRVWDWLF
• FXPV GH LQHPSXWHUHDvQGLDORJúLQHJRFLHUH
• FXPV DFFHV POHJHDUHFLSURFLW LLSHQWUXDFRQVWUui cooperarea
• FXPV ILPRED] VLJXU SHQWUXVWDELOLUHDvQFUHGHULL
• FXPV vQ HOHJHPF SUREOHPDQXHQLFLRGDW SHUVRDQDvQVLQH
• FXPV QHFRQFHQWU PRFKLLPLQ LLúLV YL]XDOL] PVXFFHVXO
&HHD FH LPSUHVLRQHD]  FLWLQG FDUWHD OXL * .RKOULHVHU HVWH IDSWXO F  H
SULHWHQRDV SHQWUXPLQWHDFHOXLFDUHRSDUFXUJHRIHULQGWRWRGDW RERJ LHGHLGHL
úLGDWHúWLLQ LILFHH[HPSOHSRYHVWLULHORFYHQWHúLVFKHPHJUDILFHVLQWHWL]DWRDUHGH
LQIRUPD LLILLQGJkQGLW DVWIHOvQFkWDWXQFLFkQGRFLWHúWLV - LILHVROLFLWDWH ambele
emisfere ale creierului.
* VLPvQFDUWHRPXO LPHGHFRQFHSWHúLPHWDIRUHGLQWUHFDUHGRX HVHQ LDOH
ÄRFKLL PLQ LL úL ED]D VLJXU ´ GDU úL DOWHOH FD ÄD IL OXDW RVWDWLF´ ÄQHSXWLQ D
vQY DW ´ ÄFLFOXO OHJ WXULL´ ÄD SXQH SHúWHOH SH PDV ´ ÄFRQIOLFWXO úL GLDORJXO
HILFLHQW´ ÄQHJRFLHUHD´ ÄOHJHD UHFLSURFLW LL úL D FRQFHVLLORU´ ÄLQIOXHQ D úL
SHUVXDVLXQHD´ÄDXWHQWLFLWDWHD´ÄLQWHOLJHQ DHPRWLRQDO ´ÄGHWXUQDUHDDPLJGDOHL´úL
ÄVWLPDGHVLQH´7RDWHDFHVWHDDúDFXPvQVXúLDXWRUXOP UWXULVHúWHvQSUHID VXQW
„piese” ale unui puzzle, care -SXVHODRODOW - te-DUSXWHDDMXWDV UHDOL]H]LLPDJLQHD
GH DQVDPEOX D XQXL RP DXWHQWLF VW SkQ SH YLD D OXL GHFLV V  UH]ROYH FX VXFFHV
VLWXD LLFRQIOLFWXDOHEXQQHJRFLDWRUFDSDELOV VHEXFXUHGHYLDW úLV Iie fericit.
6FULV  vQ VSLULWXO OXL (ULF %HUQH FUHDWRUXO DQDOL]HL WUDQ]DF LRQDOH FDUH
SURPRYD LGHHD GH D SUH]HQWD UHDOLW L SVLKRORJLFH FRPSOH[H UHVSHFWkQG SUHFL]LD
úWLLQ LILF vQWU-XQOLPEDMSHvQ HOHVXOWXWXURUFDUWHDOXL*.RKOULHVHUVHED]HD] SH
stuGLLOHXQRUHPLQHQ LRDPHQLGHúWLLQ GLQGLYHUVHGRPHQLL-RKQ%RZOE\WHRULD
DWDúDPHQWXOXL ,3DYORY FRQGL LRQDUHD RSHUDQW  'DQLHO *ROHPDQ LQWHOLJHQ D
HPR LRQDO  &DUO 5RJHUV DFFHSWDUHD QHFRQGL LRQDW  ( %HUQH 6 .DUSPDQ úL
Richard Weiss (analiúWLWUDQ]DF LRQDOL-DPHV/\QFK5RJHU)LVKHUúL:LOOLDP8U\
SVLKRORJL$QWRQLR'DPDVLRúL3DXO0DF/HDQQHXURORJL
&RQWULEX LDRULJLQDO DOXL*.RKOULHVHUFRQVW SHGHRSDUWHvQDGHPRQVWUD
SHED]DGDWHORUGLQQHXURúWLLQWHúLSVLKRORJLHF VXQWHPFRQGXúLVSUHSLHUGHUHVDX
VXFFHVGHF WUHFHHDFHHOQXPHúWHÄRFKLLPLQ LL´LDUSHGHDOW SDUWHvQDSXQHvQ
HYLGHQ LPSRUWDQ DSHFDUHRDUHVWDELOLUHDXQHLOHJ WXULDXWHQWLFHFXDO LRDPHQL
úLVDXFXWLQHvQVX LSXWHUHDWUDQ]DF LHLFDVFKLPEGHLQIRUPD LHúLHQHUJLH
*.RKOULHVHUHVWHúLFUHDWRUXODGRX PHWDIRUHGHPDUHLPSDFWÄDILOXDWRVWDWLF´
GH F WUH DO LL VDX GH F WUH SURSULD SHUVRDQ  úL ÄD SXQH SHúWHOH SH PDV ´ DFHDVWD GLQ
XUP UHIHULQGX-VHODDERUGDUHDGLUHFW FXEXQ YRLQ úLIHUPLWDWHDVLWXD LLORUFRQIOLF-
WXDOHDFHHDFHQHGHUDQMHD] VDXHVWHQHSO FXWvQUHOD LLOHQRDVWUHFXFHLODO L
3UHPLVHOH ILORVRILFH FDUH WUDQVJUHVHD]  vQWUHJXO FRPSOH[ GH LGHL úL GH GDWH
VXV LQXWHúWLLQ LILFHYLGHQ LD] DWkWIDSWXOF UHVSHFWXOúLDFFHSWDUHDQHFRQGL LRQDW D
ILHF UXL RP VXQW HVHQ LDOH RDPHQLL QX RPRDU  RDPHQL FL vL GH]XPDQL]HD]  vQ
mintea lor înainte de a-LGLVWUXJHFkWúLIDSWXOF RDPHQLLVXQWILLQ HVRFLDOHDYkQG
QHYRLHXQLLGHFHLODO LSHQWUXDDMXQJHODvPSOLQLUHDGHVLQH
PorninG GH OD VLWXD LL FRQFUHWH GH OXDUH GH RVWDWLFL * .RKOULHVHU DUDW  F 
RDPHQLL SRW UHXúL V  VH VDOYH]H GLQ DFHVWH VLWXD LL H[WUHPH úL SXQH vQ HYLGHQ 
IDSWHOHHVHQ LDOHFDUHVWDXODED]DDFHVWHLUHXúLWHVXV LQkQGF GLQWUHVLWXD LLOH

274
de luare de ostaWLFL VXQW UH]ROYDWH FX VXFFHV FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  VDOYDUHD YLH LL
YLFWLPHORUúLDDJUHVRUXOXLDWXQFLFkQGLQWHUYLQHXQQHJRFLDWRU
([WUDSROkQGDXWRUXODUDW F PXO LGLQWUHQRLVXQWHPÄOXD LRVWDWLFL´GHF WUH
QRLvQúLQHvQVLWXD LLOHGHYLD SHFDUHOHWU LPDWXQFLFkQGQHVLP LPQHSXWLQFLRúL
vQFRUVHWD LVDXvQJU GL LSHSODQSHUVRQDOVDXSURIHVLRQDODSRLULGLF vQWUHEDUHDQX
DUILPLQXQDWFDRDPHQLLV DMXQJ ODDFHHDúLUDW GHVXFFHVDWXQFLFkQGVXQW
LPSOLFD LvQWU-RQHJRFLHUHPDLSX LQGUDPDWLF "
6XEWLWOXOF U LLVDOHMetode bazate pe negocierea de ostatici,DUHPHQLUHDV 
DUDWHF vQWUHDJDOXFUDUHHVWHXQU VSXQVODvQWUHEDUHDIRUPXODW DQWHULRUúLF VW vQ
SXWHUHDILHF UXLDGLQWUHQRLV vQY PFXPV IDFHPDFHVWOXFUX
În continuare, voPUHGDVXFFLQWFkWHYDGLQWUHLGHLOHFHQWUDOHDOHFRQ LQXWXOXL
ILHF UXLDGLQWUHFHOHQRX FDSLWROHDOHOXFU ULL
6XQWH LRVWDWLFI U V Y GD LVHDPD"
&XPV Y J VL LOLEHUWDWHDFXDMXWRUXORFKLORUPLQ LL
3RWHQ LDOXOGH LQXWGHFLFOXOOHJ WXULL
)RU DXQHLED]HVLJXUH
$UWDJHVWLRQ ULLFRQIOLFWHORU
6. Dialogul eficient
7. Puterea negocierii
&XPV QH LQHPHPR LLOHVXEFRQWURO
&XPV DYHPPHQWDOLWDWHGHRPOLEHU
&H vQVHDPQ  ÄV  ILL OXDW RVWDWLF´ PHWDIRULF YRUELQG" $XWRUXO VH UHIHU  OD
DFHOH VLWXD LL vQ FDUH QH VLP LP FRQWUROD L GH HYHQLPHQWHOH H[WHULRDUH QH SLHUGHP
FXPS WXO FD UHDF LH OD FHHD FH QL V-D vQWkPSODW VDX QX J VLP VROX LL OD DQXPLWH
SUREOHPHFXFDUHQHFRQIUXQW P
6HQ]D LD GH FRQVWUkQJHUH WLSLF  R SXWHP UHVLP L FX SUHF GHUH vQ UHOD LLOH
LQWHUSHUVRQDOHFkQGSR]L LDGHDXWRULWDWHHIRORVLW DEX]LYRULFRQVWLWXLHRVXUV GH
WHDP QHMXVWLILFDW 
$XWRUXO DUDW  F  vQ ILQDO PRWLYXO SHQWUX FDUH ÄQH O V P OXD L RVWDWLFL´ - la
modul metaforic -HVWHOHJDWDWkWGHIDSWXOF QXam dobândit capacitatea de a ne
FRQWURODPLQWHDDVWIHOvQFkWV F XW PúLV J VLPRS LXQLFkWúLGHLPSRVLELOLWDWHD
GHDQHIRORVLSXWHUHDSHUVRQDO SHQWUXDDF LRQDvQDFHDVW GLUHF LH
1HSXWLQ D HVWH XQ VHPQDO FDUH DQXQ  R VLWXD LH GH DFHVW JHQ /D Qivel verbal
folosim expresii ca: „N-DP GH DOHV´ Ä0  VLPW SULQV vQWU-R FDSFDQ ´ Ä0  VLPW
JURD]QLF´Ä8U VFFKHVWLDDVWD´Ä,DUXUPHD] R]LGLQDFHOHD´SÌQWRWDFHVWWLPS
PHQWDOXOQRVWUXVHD[HD] vQSULQFLSDOSHDVSHFWHOHQHJDWLYHúLDMXQJHPV ne spunem
vQVLQHDQRDVWU F VXQWHPQHSXWLQFLRúLúLF QXDYHPúDQVHV RE LQHPFHQHGRULP
,QWHUHVDQWHVWHF SRUQLQGGHODFHUFHW ULOHPHGLFXOXLUXV,3DYORY6HOLJPDQ
DGHPRQVWUDWF QHSXWLQ DHVWHvQY DW ([SHULPHQWXOV XDUDW F FHHDFHDvQY DW
FkLQHOH FRQGL LRQDW DWXQFL FkQG D IRVW vQFKLV D IRVW IDSWXO F  QX DUH FXP V 
UHXúHDVF V VFDSH$VWIHODGHYHQLWQHDMXWRUDWúLSDVLYUHQXQ kQGV PDLvQFHUFHV 
VHHOLEHUH]HFKLDUúLDWXQFLFkQGFLUFXPVWDQ HOHL-DUILSHUPLVV UHXúHDVF 
Teoria nHDMXWRU ULL vQY DWH D IRVW IRORVLW  úL SHQWUX H[SOLFDUHD
comportamentului uman ca, de exemplu, cel din cazul depresiei, pentru care sunt
FDUDFWHULVWLFH VHQ]D LD GH OLSV  GH FRQWURO DVXSUD YLH LL SDVLYLWDWHD QHSXWLQ D
DWLWXGLQHDGHLQGLIHUHQ úLDEVHQ a sentimentelor.

275
 3RUQLQG GH OD FHUFHW ULOH QHXURORJXOXL 3DXO 0DF /HDQ FDUH HYLGHQ LD]  vQ
DOF WXLUHD FUHLHUXOXL XPDQ WUHL FRPSRQHQWH VHSDUDWH FUHLHUXO UHSWLOLDQ VLVWHPXO
OLPELF úL QHRFRUWH[XO DXWRUXO VXEOLQLD]  IDSWXO F  GH PXOWH RUL SXWHP IL OXD L
ostDWLFL SULQ PHFDQLVPXO ÄOXSW  VDX IXJL´ DFWLYDW vQ FUHLHUXO UHSWLOLDQ VDX SULQ
HPR LLOHVLQWHWL]DWHvQVLVWHPXOOLPELFúLDWXQFLVSXQHPF ÄQHSLHUGHPFXPS WXO´
RUL F  ÄUHDF LRQ P HPR LRQDO H[DJHUDW´ I U  V  PDL SURFHV P VLWXD LD OD QLYHOXO
neocortexului.
&XPSXWHPVFKLPEDDFHVWOXFUX"&DUHHVWHVROX LD"
*.RKOULHVHUDUDW F VROX LDSUREOHPHLRUHSUH]LQW FUHDUHDXQHLOHJ WXUL; el
SUHFL]HD]  F  DFHDVWD HVWH R VROX LH FRQWUDLQWXLWLY   SHQWUX F  IUHFYHQW RDPHQLL
care au mentalitate de tip „ostatic” conVLGHU  F  QX SRW LHúL GLQ LPSDV GHFkW SULQ
VFKLPEDUHDVLWXD LHLH[WHUQHGHH[HPSOXV SOHFHV -úLVFKLPEHORFXOGHPXQF 
V -úLFDXWHDOW ORFXLQ HVWHYRUEDGHDDYHDFDSDFLWDWHDGHDVWDELOLRFRQH[LXQH
HPR LRQDO RULFkWGHGLILFLO VDXGHSHULFXORDV DUILFHDODOW SHUVRDQ FXVFRSXO
ELQHSUHFL]DWGHDJ VLRS LXQLODSUREOHPDFXFDUHQHFRQIUXQW P
,PSRUWDQWHVWHFDvQDFHDVW UHOD LHV vQ HOHJHPQHYRLOHúLGRULQ HOHFHOXLODOWúLV 
PHQ LQHPOHJ WXUDFKLDUGDF HPR LLOHQRDVWUHQHvQGHDPQ V IXJLPVDXV DWDF P
&HHD FH QH DMXW  vQ VWDELOLUHD XQHL DVWIHO GH OHJ WXUL HVWH VWDUHD QRDVWU 
PHQWDO FRQúWLHQWL]DUHDIDSWXOXLF DYHPGHDOHVvQFHHDFHSULYHúWHPRGXOvQFDUH
JkQGLPVLP LPVDXDF LRQ P

În capitolul al doilea, auWRUXOQHDUDW FXPSXWHPJ VLOLEHUWDWHDFXDMXWRUXO

ÄRFKLORUPLQ LL´
2FKLLPLQ LLVHUHIHU ODXQPHFDQLVPGHDWHQ LHVHOHFWLY GDUúLODXQVLVWHP
GH LQWHUSUHWDUH D UHDOLW LL DFHúWLD FRQWUROHD]  GDF  QH FRQFHQWU PSHF XWDUHDGH
pericole, pe evitareD GXUHULL VDX D IUXVWU ULL DVSHFWH QHJDWLYH VDX SH EHQHILFLL
DVSHFWHSR]LWLYH2DPHQLLFDUHDXRE LQXWVXFFHVHúLSHUIRUPDQ HvQGRPHQLXOORU
SURIHVLRQDOúWLXF UHXúLWDQHFHVLW RVWDUHHQHUJHWLF SR]LWLY FDUHSRDWHILFUHDW 
cu ajutorul ochilor miQ LL
&RQFHQWUDUHDSHEHQHILFLLDUHODED] FXQRDúWHUHDSURSULLORUPRWLYD LLVLWXD LH
FDUH QH vPSLHGLF  V  GHYHQLP RVWDWLFL úL FDUH QH PRELOL]HD]  V  GHS úLP
GLILFXOW LOHLQWHUYHQLWHSHGUXPXOQRVWUXF WUHDRE LQHFHQHGRULP
ÌQDFHVWFDSLWROPDLDIO PGHVSUHSURIH LDDXWRvPSOLQLW JHQHUDW GHFUHGLQ HOH
QRDVWUH SURIXQGH OHJDWH GH UHXúLW  VDX GH HúHF GHVSUH FXP SXWHP vQ HOHJH ÄRFKLL
PLQ LL´DOWHLSHUVRDQHSHQWUXDVWDELOLROHJ WXU FXHDúLGHVSUHFXPSXWHPRE LQH
ceea ce vrem de la ea.
G. KohlrieseUQHDUDW DSRLFDUHHVWHSXWHUHDXQHLVW ULGHVSLULW(OSRUQHúWH
GH OD FHHD FH (ULF %HUQH GHQXPHD R VWDUH D HXOXL GUHSW ÄR VHULH FRHUHQW  GH
VHQWLPHQWHJkQGXULúLFRPSRUWDPHQWH´úLH[WLQGHQR LXQHDODÄIHOXOvQFDUHVXQWHP
într-un anumit moment. O starH LQFOXGH IL]LRORJLD DWLWXGLQLOH HPR LLOH VWDUHD GH
VSLULWFRPSRUWDPHQWXOúLFRQYLQJHULOHQRDVWUHDGXQDWHvQWU-un singur tot.” (p. 58)
1H SXWHP FRQWUROD VW ULOH vQ FDUH QH DIO P IRORVLQG GLDORJXO LQWHULRU
vorbindu-QHQRX vQúLQHÌQ HOHJHUHDPRGXOXLvQFDUHIXQF LRQHD] RFKLLPLQ LLQH
DMXW  V  SXWHP RSWD SHQWUX R VWDUH SR]LWLY  vQ FDUH V  QH PHQ LQHP FKLDU GDF 
FLUFXPVWDQ HOHVXQWGLQWUHFHOHPDLQHIDVWH
)RORVLQGWHKQLFDYL]XDOL] ULLXWLOL]DW úLvQSURJUDPDUHDQHXUROLQJYLVWLF QH
SXWHPDMXWDV ajungem acolo unde ne dorim.
276
 *.RKOULHVHUVSXQHIRDUWHIUXPRVÄ8QDWOHWGHVXFFHVHVWHFHOFDUHDFkúWLJDW
deja cursa, titlul sau medalia de mai multe ori în mintea sa înainte de a intra pe
SLVW ´SSHQWUXF ÄFHHDFHVHDIO vQRFKLLPLQ LLYDGeveni realitate” (p.73).
În continuare, capitolul trei SUH]LQW  SRWHQ LDOXO GH LQXW GH FLFOXO OHJ WXULL
SRUQLQGGHODWHRULDDWDúDPHQWXOXLDOXL-RKQ%RZOE\
&LFOXO OHJ WXULL HVWH XQ FRQFHSW FDUH HYLGHQ LD]  IDSWXO F  LQWHUDF LXQLOH
XPDQH XUPHD]  HWDSHOH GH DWDúDUH FUHDUH D OHJ WXULL VHSDUDUH úL MHOLUH )LHFDUH
UHOD LH SH FDUH R DYHP ILH FX FHLODO L RDPHQL ILH FX DQLPDOHOH GH FRPSDQLH FX
anumite obiecte concrete sau cu lucruri mai abstracte – FXP DU IL RELHFWLYHOH úL
scopurile pe care ni le stabilim îQYLD –HYROXHD] FRQIRUPDFHVWXLPRGHO
(VWH LPSRUWDQW GH UH LQXW F  FLFOXO OHJ WXULL HVWH XQ FRQFHSW SXWHUQLF FX
DMXWRUXO F UXLD SXWHP H[SOLFD vQWU-R PDUH P VXU  PRWLYD LD XPDQ  LDU H[HPSOHOH
FRQFUHWHSUH]HQWDWHvQFDUWHGHPRQVWUHD] DFHVWOXFUX
G.RKOULHVHUVXV LQHF RULFHSHUVRDQ FDUHVHDIO vQWU-RHWDS GHMHOLUHFDUH
QXDIRVWGHS úLW HVWHvQVLWXD LDGHDILRVWDWLFLDUQHFRQIUXQWDUHDDFHVWHLHWDSHDUH
FRQVHFLQ H JUDYH 3HQWUX XQLL RDPHQL MHOLUHD FDUH XUPHD]  SLHUGHULORU úL
GHVS U LULORUFRQVWLWXLHSDUWHDFHDPDLJUHDDYLH LL
'HDVHPHQHDDXWRUXOPHQ LRQHD] F SXWHPVWDELOLúLFUHDOHJ WXULFKLDUúL
cu oamenii care nu ne plac, mai mult, acest lucru poate deveni uneori crucial, în
FLXGD GLIHUHQGHORU SURIXQGH VDX JUDYH ÌQ DEVHQ D XQHL OHJ WXUL QX SXWHP YRUEL
despre negociere.
* .RKOULHVHU DQDOL]HD]  ILHFDUH HWDS  D FLFOXOXL XQHL OHJ WXUL SXQkQG vQ
HYLGHQ  DVSHFWHOH SR]LWLYH úL QHJDWLYH RUL VLWXD LLOH vQ FDUH LQWHUYLQ GLYHUVH
REVWUXF LRQ ULFDUHvPSLHGLF RHYROX LHILUHDVF 'LQWUHFRQVHFLQ HOHQHJDWLYHSXWHP
HQXPHUD VHQWLPHQWXO GH L]RODUH úL GHWDúDUH QHLPSOLFDUHD vQ DFWLYLWDWHD SH FDUH R
GHVI úRDU SHUVRDQDUHVSHFWLY VDXWHQGLQ DGHDILKLSHUFULWLFFXVLQHVDXFXFHLODO L
Sunt prezentate în continuare cele opt etape ale prRFHVXOXLGHMHOLUHVWXGLDWHúL
DQDOL]DWH GH F WUH (OLVDEHWK .XEOHU-5RVV 6WHSKDQ /HYLQH úL DO LL ÄQHJDUHD
SURWHVWXO úL IXULD WULVWH HD GRUXO VDX WkQMLUHD IULFD VDX VHQWLPHQWXO GH JURD] 
DFFHSWDUHD PHQWDO  úL HPR LRQDO  IRUPDUHD GH QRL DWDúDPHQWH VDX reînnoirea
UHOD LHLLHUWDUHDúLvQFHOHGLQXUP UHFXQRúWLQ D´S
0RGXO vQ FDUH IDFHP ID  SLHUGHULL úL GXUHULL OHJDWH GH HD GHYLQH SDUWH
LQWHJUDQW  D LGHQWLW LL QRDVWUH úL HVWH VHPQLILFDWLY SHQWUX HYROX LD SHUVRQDO 
$WXQFL FkQG R SHUVRDQ  QX UHXúHúWH V  VH FRQIUXQWH vQWU-un mod adecvat cu o
SLHUGHUH VDX FX R VHSDUDUH FDUH LQWHUYLQH EUXVF HVWH SRVLELO V  IDF  X] GH
DJUHVLYLWDWHúLGHYLROHQ FDPHFDQLVPHGHVXSUDYLH XLUH
$XWRUXO SUHFL]HD]  F  HYLWDUHD VDX UHIX]XO GH D FUHD OHJ WXUL FHHD FH el
QXPHúWHIRDUWHSODVWLFÄOHJ WXULUXSWH´DXFDUH]XOWDWVLWXD LDGHÄDILOXDWRVWDWLF´
SHUVRDQDvQFDX] ILLQGEORFDW vQWU-o stare de separare sau în procesul de jelire.
0DQLIHVW ULOH ÄOHJ WXULORU UXSWH´ VXQW vQ QXP U GH úDSWH úL DQXPH ERDOD OD
nLYHO SVLKRVRPDWLF YLROHQ D úL DJUHVLYLWDWHD FD PDQLIHVW UL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH DOH
XQRU SHUVRDQH FDUH DX VXIHULW SLHUGHUL úL DX U PDV EORFDWH vQ SURFHVXO GH GROLX
GHSHQGHQ D FD] vQ FDUH DOFRROXO PkQFDUHD GLYHUVH DFWLYLW L úL VXEVWDQ H VXQW
folosite penWUX D RE LQH VHQWLPHQWXO GH DOLQDUH SH FDUH R SHUVRDQD QX-O J VHVWH vQ
UHOD LLOHLQWHUSHUVRQDOHGHSUHVLDFDUHVHUHIHU ODVXIHULQ DQHVROX LRQDW OHJDW GH
277
SLHUGHUHúLGHOLSVDXQRUOHJ WXULSR]LWLYHvQSURFHVXOGHDWDúDUHHSXL]DUHDSVLKLF 
UHDF LDGHVWUHVúLFRQIOLFWXORUJDQL]D LRQDOFDUHVXQWGHDVHPHQHDFRQVHFLQ HDOH
XQRUVLWXD LLGHEORFDMvQSURFHVXOGHFUHDUHGHOHJ WXUL
0RGHOXO H[SOLFDWLY DO FLFOXOXL OHJ WXULL HVWH IRDUWH LPSRUWDQW SHQWUX F  QH
DUDW F HVWHQHFHVDUFDRDPHQLLV VHFRQIUXQWHFXVHSDUDUHDúLSURFHVXOGHMHOLUH
SHQWUXDSXWHDUHVWDELOLDWDúDPHQWHúLOHJ WXULFXFHLODO LRDPHQLúLSHQWUXDRE LQH
UHXúLWHQXQXPDLvQSODQSHUVRQDOFLúLSURIHVLRQDO
Capitolul patruDGXFHvQGLVFX LHIRU DXQHLED]HVLJXUH&HvQVHDPQ RED] 
VLJXU "&RQFHSWXOVHUHIHU ODDFHOHSHUVRDQHRELHFWLYHVDXOXFUXULFXFDUHVWDELOLP
OHJ WXULPDLSURIXQGHúLFDUHQHRIHU SURWHF LHDOLQDUHHQHUJLHILLQGSHQWUXQRLXQ
punct de sprijin.
Fiecare dintre noi are permanent nevoie de baze sigure pentru a se confrunta
FXJUHXW LOHYLH LL
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHUHXúLPV QHOX PRDPHQLLFDED]HVLJXUHvQY PV LXELP
úLV ILPLXEL LvQY PF SXWHPILDFFHSWD LQHFRQGL LRQDWúLF DYHPYDORDUH
Când obiectivele pe care ni le propunem constituie pentru noi baze sigure,
SXWHP GREkQGL FRQYLQJHUHD F  VXQWHP FRPSHWHQ L vQWU-XQ DQXPLW GRPHQLX F 
putem avea succes.
&RPELQD LDGLQWUHRDPHQLúLRELHFWLYHFDED]HVLJXUHHVWHKRW UkWRDUHSHQWUX
un nivel ridicat al stimei de sine.
$ELOLWDWHD GH D J VL FUHD úL GREkQGL ED]H VLJXUH HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  GH LVWRULFXO
SHUVRQDOGHPRGXOvQFDUHILHFDUHGLQWUHQRLDUHOD LRQDWFXILJXULOHSDUHQWDOH&XDOWH
FXYLQWH DXWRUXO H[SOLF  SURFHVXO GH LQWURLHFWDUH FDUH DUH OD ED]  LGHHD F  DYHP
WHQGLQ DV PDQLIHVW PID GHQRLvQúLQHúLID GHDOWHSHUVRDQHXQFRPSRUWDPHQW
GHWHUPLQDWGHPRGXOvQFDUHDPUHOD LRQDWvQFRSLO ULDWLPSXULHFXILJXULOHSDUHQWDOH
(VWHODvQGHPkQDILHF UXLDGLQWUHQRLV QHFXQRDúWHPFDSDFLWDWHDGHDVWDELOL
ED]HVLJXUHúLGHDOHIRORVLDVWIHOvQFkWV GREkQGLPFHHDFHYUHP
În capitolul cinci – $UWD JHVWLRQ ULL FRQIOLFWHORU – VH DUDW  FXP
folosindu-QH GH SXWHUHD XQHL ED]H VLJXUH UHSUH]HQWDW  GH XQ RELHFWLY VDX R
SHUVRDQ  SXWHP V  QH GLUHF LRQ P FRQFHQWUDUHD RFKLORU PLQ LL GH OD DERUGDrea
XQHL VLWXD LL FRQIOLFWXDOH FD R VXUV  GH SHULFRO úL GLVFRQIRUW FD] vQ FDUH GHYHQLP
RVWDWLFLL DFHVWHL VLWXD LL OD J VLUHD GH EHQHILFLL úL FXP SXWHP FKLDU V  DMXQJHP V 
J VLPVDWLVIDF LLvQUH]ROYDUHDúLJHVWLRQDUHDVLWXD LLORUFRQIOLFWXDOH
Ideea centUDO  HVWH F  SXWHP vQY D V  VWDELOLP OHJ WXUL FKLDU FX SHUVRDQHOH
FDUH QX QH SODF VDX FX FDUH DYHP PDUL GLYHUJHQ H DXWRUXO DGXFkQG  GLQ QRX vQ
GLVFX LHH[HPSOHOHJDWHGHQHJRFLHUHDGHRVWDWLFL
&KLDU GDF  GLIHUHQGHOH úL GLYHUJHQ HOH SDU LQVXUPRQWDELOH negociatorul de
RVWDWLFLHVWHvQY DWV JHVWLRQH]HFRQIOLFWXOSURYRFDWGHDJUHVRUVWDELOLQGvQSULPXO
UkQG R OHJ WXU  FX DFHVWD úL DYkQG FD ED]  VLJXU  RELHFWLYXO GH D VDOYD YLH LOH
oamenilor care sunt în pericol.
1HJRFLDWRUXOGHRVWDWLFLUHXúHúWHV VWDELOHDVF ROHJ WXU FXDJUHVRUXOSHQWUX
F DUHDWHQ LDvQGUHSWDW VSUHD-úLGDVHDPDFXPIXQF LRQHD] RFKLLPLQ LLDFHVWXLD
úLVSUHHYDOXDUHDSLHUGHULORUúLDOHJ WXULORUUXSWHFDUDFWHULVWLFHOXL
*.RKOULHVHUVXV LQHF ODED]DRULF UXLFRQIOLFWVHDIO GHIDSWROHJ WXU 
UXSW  R SLHUGHUH VDX DQWLFLSDUHD XQHL SLHUGHUL LDU GDF  YRP vQ HOHJH PRGXO FXP
RDPHQLL IDF ID  SLHUGHULORU YRP SXWHD vQ HOHJH úL RULJLQHD PRGXOXL vQ FDUH
FRQIOLFWXOVHDJUDYHD] VDXHVWHVROX LRQDW
278
 $XWRUXOIDFHGLIHUHQ LHUHDGLQWUHFRQIOLFWHOHGHLQWHUHVHúLFRQIOLFWHOHGHQHYRL
SURPRYkQG FX PXOW  FRQYLQJHUH ÄSXQHUHD SHúWHOXL SH PDV ´ DGLF  DERUGDUHD
VLWXD LLORU FRQIOLFWXDOH OD PRGXO GLUHFW FX VWDELOLUHD XQHL OHJ WXUL vQWUH SHUVRDQHOH
implicate, fapt care este la latitudinea fiHF UXLDGLQWUHQRL3HQWUXF GDF DPkQ P
VDXHYLW PFRQIOLFWXODFHVWDQXVHYDUH]ROYDvQQLFLXQFD]GHODVLQHúLDUILFDúL
FXPDPO VDSHúWHOHSHFDUHYUHPV -OJ WLPSHQWUXFLQ VXEPDV vQWkU]LLQGV -l
SUHSDU PFHHDFHYDGXFHODDOWHUDUHDOXLvQVR LW GHXQPLURVQXWRFPDLSO FXW
Ceea ce ne poate ajuta într-R VLWXD LH GH FRQIOLFW vQ DIDU  GH VWDELOLUHD XQHL
OHJ WXULVXQWGLDORJXOHILFLHQWúLQHJRFLHUHDWUDWDWHvQFDSLWROHOHúDVHúLúDSWH
&H vQVHDPQ  XQ GLDORJ HILFLHQW" ÌQVHDPQ  D DYHD XQ Fadru mental orientat
VSUH H[SORUDUHD úL GHVFRSHULUHD FHOXL FX FDUH YRUEHúWL (VWH XQ SURFHV SULQ FDUH
vPS UW úLPFHYDFXRDOW SHUVRDQ ÄÌQVHDPQ DYRUELvPSUHXQ SHQWUXDGHVFRSHUL
XQDGHY UVXSHULRU´FXPIRDUWHIUXPRVVSXQHD*.RKOULHVHUvQFDGUXOworkshop-
XOXL FX WHPD Ä&XP V  FUH P OHJ WXUL EXQH´ VXV LQXW OD &RQIHULQ D 1D LRQDO  GH
$QDOL] 7UDQ]DF LRQDO GHOD%XFXUHúWLGLQGHFHPEULH
Într-XQ GLDORJ DXWHQWLF SDUWHQHULL VH ODV  LQIOXHQ D L XQLL GH DO LL úL SHUPLW
VFKLPEDUHD $XWRUXO VXEOLQLD]  F  DQDOL]D WUDQ]DF LRQDO  PRGHOXO FUHDW GH (ULF
%HUQHHVWHÄFHOPDLSXWHUQLFLQVWUXPHQW´SSHQWUXDvQWHOHJHFHVHvQWkPSO OD
QLYHOXOVFKLPEXULORULQIRUPD LRQDOHúLHQHUJHWLFHFDUHDXORFvQFDGUXOXQXLGLDORJ
$SRL J VLP vQ FDUWH SUH]HQWDUHD celor patru blocaje principale care
REVWUXF LRQHD]  GLDORJXO SDVLYLWDWHD VXEDSUHFLHUHD UHGHILQLUHD úL GHWDOLHUHD
H[DJHUDW ODFDUHVHDGDXJ RDWLWXGLQHSUHDUD LRQDO RDWLWXGLQHSUHDHPR LRQDO 
JHQHUDOL]DUHDH[DJHUDW DEVWUDFWL]DUHDOLSVDDWLWXGLQLLGLUHFWHúLDWLWXGLQHDQHVLQFHU 
6HH[SOLF vQFRQWLQXDUHúLFXPSXWHPSURFHGDSHQWUXDvQO WXUDDFHVWHEORFDMH
'HRVHELW GH LQWHUHVDQW  HVWH FRQVHPQDUHD IDSWXOXL F  FHUFHW ULOH GH OD
LQWHUID D GLQWUH SVLKRORJLH úL PHGLFLQ  DX GHPRQVWUDW F  H[LVW  R LQIOXHQ  D
GLDORJXOXLHILFLHQWDVXSUDULWPXOXLFDUGLDFúLDDIHF LXQLORUOHJDWHGHLQLP 
8QD GLQWUH FHOH PDL HORFYHQWH GHILQL LL DOH QHJRFLHULL GLQ OLWHUDWXUD GH
specialitate, am întâlnit-RvQDFHDVW FDUWHÄ>@QHJRFLHUHDHVWHDUWDGHDVSXQHnu
prLQ PHQ LQHUHD WRWRGDW  D OHJ WXULL SkQ  vQ PRPHQWXO vQ FDUH VH DMXQJH OD XQ
DFRUG 8Q QHJRFLDWRU SULFHSXW HVWH FHO FDUH H vQ VWDUH V  VSXQ  1X GDU KDL V 
GLVFXW PvQFRQWLQXDUH” (p. 241).
Negocierea presupune capacitatea de a ne implica într-un dialog úL SULQ
DFHDVWD VWDELOLUHD XQHL OHJ WXUL 1HJRFLHUHD DUH GH-D IDFH FX D úWL FH YUHP V 
RE LQHPFXDúWLFDUHQHVXQWOLPLWHOHúLDIRORVLOHJHDUHFLSURFLW LLúLFRQFHVLLORU
&XPXOW JHQHUR]LWDWHDXWRUXOQHvPS UW úHúWHGLQPXOWLWXGLQHDGHFXQRúWLQ H
pe care le-D GREkQGLW FD QHJRFLDWRU GH RVWDWLFL úL FRQVXOWDQW vQ GRPHQLXO
RUJDQL]D LRQDOvQWU-XQPRGFDUHQHFRQYLQJHF OHSXWHPIRORVLúLQRLSHQWUXF VW 
QXPDLvQSXWHUHDQRDVWU V GHYHQLPQHJRFLDWRULLPEDWDELOL
6SUHILQDOXOF U LLVXQWDERUGDWHDVSHFWHOHJDWHGHHPR LLúLGHLPSRUWDQ DORU
Capitolul optDUDW FXPV QH LQHPHPR LLOHVXEFRQWURO
Ä(PR LLOHVSXQH*.RKOULHVHUUHSUH]LQW SURGXVXOVXSUHPDOOHJ WXULLGLQWUH
PLQWH úL FRUS´ S   (OH SRW FRQVWLWXL R VXUV  YDORURDV  GH LQIRUPD LL FX
DMXWRUXOF UHLDQHSXWHPRULHQWDvQSURFHVXOGHVWDELOLUHDXQHLUHOD LLFXFHLODO L
8QD GLQWUH QXPHURDVHOH LGHL FRQ LQXWH vQ DFHVW FDSLWRO HVWH F  DYHP
SRVLELOLWDWHDV vQ HOHJHPúLV QHFRQWURO PSURSULLOHHPR LLúLSHDOHFHORUGLQMXU
astfel vQFkWV HYLW PV ILPOXD LRVWDWLFLGHHOH

279
 7RWRGDW DXWRUXODILUP F H[LVW ROHJ WXU SXWHUQLF vQWUHPRWLYD LHHPR LH
úL GRULQ  SHQWUX FD RDPHQLL V  ILH PRWLYD L H LPSRUWDQW V  GHYLQ  FDSDELOL V 
DVRFLH]H HPR LL SXWHUQLF SR]LWLYH FX HIRUWXO GHSXs pentru atingerea unui obiectiv
SOLQGHVHPQLILFD LHSHQWUXHL
ÌQ PHGLXO GH DIDFHUL H[LVW  WHQGLQ D GH D GHVFRQVLGHUD DVSHFWXO HPR LRQDO
RDPHQLLFUH]kQGF FHHDFHFRQWHD] PDLPXOWHVWHD[DUHDSHDSWLWXGLQLOHOHJDWHGH
JkQGLUHDDEVWUDFW 
De fapt, reaOLWDWHD GHPRQVWUHD]  F  SULQ IRORVLUHD D FHHD FH 'DQLHO *ROHPDQ
QXPHúWH ÄLQWHOLJHQ  HPR LRQDO ´ DGLF  D FRPSHWHQ HORU OHJDWH GH FRRSHUDUH
HPSDWLHFDSDFLWDWHGHDSUHFLHUHMXVW DSURSULHLSHUVRDQHúLFDSDFLWDWHDGHDUH]LVWDOD
VWUHVDQJDMD LLXQHLILUPHGHYLQPXOWPDLLPSOLFD LvQDFWLYLWDWHDSHFDUHRGHVI úRDU 
FHHDFHGXFHODvPEXQ W LUHDFDOLW LORUUH]XOWDWHORUúLFUHúWHUHDSHUIRUPDQ HLORU
ÌQ XOWLPXO FDSLWRO * .RKOULHVHU DUDW  FXP SXWHP DF LRQD SHQWUX D  DYHD R
mentalitate de om liber.
E[HPSOXOVXFFHVXOXLRE LQXWGH:LOPD5XGROSKRDWOHW PHGDOLDW FXDXUGH
WUHLRULOD-RFXULOH2OLPSLFHQ VFXW FXXQGHIHFWODSLFLRUúLF UHLDGRFWRUXOQXL-a
GDW úDQVH GH D SXWHD PHUJH YUHRGDW  LOXVWUHD]  FXP IRORVLQG SXWHUHD ED]HORU
sigure constituiWH GLQ RDPHQL úL RELHFWLYH SXWHP DOHJH V  QH FRQFHQWU P DVXSUD
SRVLELOLW LORUúLQXDVXSUDOLPLWHORUSHFDUHOHDYHPúLSXWHPV GHS úLPJUHXW LúL
obstacole care par de netrecut.
ÌQHVHQ HVWHYRUEDGHVSUHFRQúWLHQWL]DUHDDOHJHULORUH[LVWHQ LDOHSHFare le
IDFHPvQWUHDILSDVLYLDQHVLP LQHDMXWRUD LSULQúLvQFDSFDQDVLWXD LLORUGHYLD 
úLDDF LRQDvQIUXQWkQGX-ne temerile, asumându-QHULVFXULvQY kQGV UHQXQ POD
SLHUGHULOH GLQ WUHFXW DGLF  DVXPkQGX-ne responsabilitatea pentru propria viD 
3HQWUXF DúDFXPVSXQH*.RKOULHVHUÄ2S LXQHDGHDWU LDYkQGRPHQWDOLWDWHGH
RPOLEHUUHSUH]LQW RDOHJHUHSHFDUHRSXWHPIDFHFKLDUDFXP´S
ÌQ SUH]HQWDUHD UHDOL]DW  QH-DP D[DW SH UHGDUHD VXFFLQW  D SULQFLSDOHORU LGHL
VXV LQXWHGHDXWRUúLDPXUP ULWvQO Q XLUHDORUFDXQIHOGHUDGLRJUDILHUHODQLYHO
ideatic, abstract.
/ V P FLWLWRUXOXL EXFXULD GH D GHVFRSHUL SULQ OHFWXU  XQ FRQ LQXW ERJDW vQ
H[HPSOH GLQ YLD D UHDO  úL DUJXPHQWH VXV LQXWH GH FHUFHW UL úWLLQ LILFH FDUH
GHPRQVWUHD] PRGXOvQFDUHDFHVWHLGHLIXQF LRQHD] úLvúLJ VHVFDSOLFDELOLWDWHDvQ
SODQXOGH]YROW ULLSHUVRQDOHúLSURIHVLRQDOHDILHF UXLDGLQWUHQRL

Claudia Buzoianu
Anca Coman

280