Turkmen - English English-Turkmen Dictionary

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com
copyright 1996 do not distribute, repost, or deeplink without permission
Please Note:
This dictionary was intended to further understanding between English and Turkmen speakers.
It may be freely distributed for educational purposes. It may not be sold for profit without the
express written permission of its authors. Please direct all comments and inquiries regarding
this dictionary to the following email address: greglas@aya.yale.edu
Helpful feedback and suggestions are always appreciated.
Greg Lastowka
Charlottesville 1999
Turkmen/English Dictionary 1
www.chaihana.com copyright 1996 do not distribute, repost, or deeplink without permission
Introduction 2
TURKMEN ENGLISH
DICTIONARY
a SPA project of Peace Corps Turkmenistan
Contributing Editors:
Jonathan Garrett
Greg Lastowka
Akgul Muhammetmuradova
Jahan Myradova
Kimberly Naahielua
Meena Pallipamu
Muhammed Rustamov
Meretgul Sharipova
Aynabat Yaylymova
© 1996 Garret, Lastowka, Naahielua, Pallipamu
Introduction 3
Introduction
This dictionary is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive

Turkmen/English dictionary to be printed. It consists of over 10,000
words and definitions and is intended as a general-purpose dictionary.
This dictionary was conceptualized, researched, and written as a
secondary project of Peace Corps volunteers living in Turkmenistan,
aided by Peace Corps staff and local counterparts. Its first printing
was funded by a Small Project Assistance grant from the United States
Goverment through Peace Corps Turkmenistan. We hope that it will aid
in communication and mutual understanding between the people of our two
countries.
Please direct any comments, corrections, or ommissions to Turkmen
Dictionary Project, c/o Peace Corps Turkmenistan, P.O. Box 258,
Krugozor, Central Post Office, Ashgabat 744000.
Introduction 4
Acknowledgements
This dictionary was a cooperative effort. We would like to

extend our thanks to: Ainabat Yaylymova for her enthusiasm and
dedication to the project; Muhamet Rustamov of Bairam Ali for his
expertise and assistance in translating obscure phrases and usages;
Mehri Karkulova and Zuhre of the Peace Corp Staff in Ashgabat for their
proofreading and general assistance; Berdi and Gulya Orazahatov of
Bairam Ali for their encouragement and support; Sofia Esenovna Bagirova
of Buzmein for her encouragement; and special thanks to Atgul
Muhammetmuradova for her assistance throughout the project.
The authors also wish to acknowledge the contribution of V.
Mesgudov, whose Turkmen/Russian Student's Dictionary was an important
resource.
Above all, the authors would like to thank our Turkmen friends,
families, and co-workers, who taught us their language and made this
book possible.
Jonathan Garrett
Greg Lastowka
Kimberly Naahielua
Meena Pallipamu
Ashgabat, September 1996

Introduction 5
Abbreviations
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
anat. anatomical
bot. botanical
col. colloquial
fig. figurative use
geol. geological
geom. geometrical
gram. grammatical
i.e. for example
mat. mathematical
med. medical
mil. military
n. noun, or noun-adjective
poet. poetic language
r. denotes that the word in question is either exists in the Russian
language, or is derived from a word that exists in the
Russian language.
v. verb
zool. zoological
Notes on Method
Every attempt was made to find the most reasonable and accurate
translation for all words. In cases where a single Turkmen word has no
single equivalent in English, multiple possible translations are
separated by a comma, i.e.:
çekisme discussion, debate
When a word has various meaning in Turkmen, the multiple

meanings are separated by numbers, i.e.:
gujak 1. embrace 2. armfull
When a two completely different words are spelled alike, their

different meanings are separated by Roman numerals, i.e.:
saz I. music, musical II. accurate, intact

Introduction 6
Where two words are spelled alike, but differentiated by a long

vowel (see Appendix), they are listed as above, with the long vowel
indicated by the vowel letter in brackets, i.e.:
at I. horse II.[a:] 1. name 2. vowel
Occasional examples of usage are given to help readers understand

the word in context, or understand how the word is used in an idiomatic
way. In this case, the illustrated word is followed by a colon, which
is followed by the example, i.e.:
dek like, as: Bu burç dek ajy = This is hot as a pepper
In most cases, part of speech is obvious and ommitted in the

interest of conserving space. However, when the part of speech is
would otherwise be ambiguous, it is indicated.
When single-word translations are impossible, or clarification of
usage is necessary, editorial text is written in italics. For short
one or two word comments, parentheses are used.
Introduction 7
Printer's Note
At the time of this printing, a complete computer-based font of

the new Turkmen alphabet characters was not available to the
general public. As a result, three characters have been
substituted with close equivalents. These characters are as
follows:
Official Character Substitute Character
¥ / ÿ
£ / £
? / ?
A
afrikaly African ahwalet adverb
aga 1. older brother 2. ahyr 1. trough 2. end, exit
(Balkan dialect) uncle ahyrky last, final
agajet withered, wrinkled ahyryn last, final
agaran 1. creamy froth of ajal death
abadan ﾍ ylyk wellbeing ﾍ al 2. foam, froth 3. ajamak 1. to be spoiled 2. to
abadanlaºdyrmak to make lightened, whipped up be fermented
well agdardu–der etmek to turn ajatmak 1. to spoil 2. to
abadanlaºmak to be made upsidedown ferment
well agdarmak to overturn, push ajaØyp wonderful,
abanmak to lean over over beautiful
abat intact agdyk overmuch ajdarha dragon
abatlyk intactness agdyklyk predominance ajšze on an empty stomach
abraØ reputation aglaba often, the greater ajy spicy, peppery, hot
abuna subscription part ajyga ajyga, a spicy Turkmen
abuna ﾍ y subscriber aglamak to cry, weep salad or sauce made from
abzal tool agralmak 1. to grow heavy, potatoes, garlic, peppers, and
abzallar instruments weighten 2. to advance in onions
abzallaºdyrmak to make a pregnancy ajykmak to be hungry,
tool agram weight hunger
a ﾍ gšz greedy agramly heavy ak white
a ﾍ open agsak lame akaba flowing
a ﾍa ﾍ an freely, frankly : agsamak to limp akar stream, flow
A ﾍa ﾍ an aØtsana = agºamky adj. evening akdyrmak to release, let
Please speak frankly agºamlyk nahar dinner flow water or any other
a ﾍ ar key agtarmak to search, to look liquid
a ﾍ gšzlylyk greed, fighting for akgšwŸnli honest, open
by greedy people agtaryº search, quest hearted
a ﾍ mak to open agtyk grandchild aklamak to whiten, white
a ﾍ yk adj. open agy weeping, crying wash
a ﾍ ylyº opening agyl pen, enclosure aklaw ﾍ y lawyer
ada island agyr heavy akmak 1. foolish, stupid 2.
adaglamak to betrothe agyrlyk weight to flow
adagly betrothed agyrmak to hurt akmaklyk stupidity
adalat fairness agyrtmak to hurt, cause akrobat r. acrobat
adalatly fair, just pain aktiw r. active
adalatlylyk justice agyry 1. ill 2. troubles aktØor r. actor
adalatsyzlyk injustice agyz beklemek to fast akØuzli pale
adalga term, title agyz mouth akyl mind
adam person, man agyzzyryk horse's bit akyldar intellectual
adamkŠr ﾍ ilik philanthrop agza member akylly smart, clever
y agzala disjointed akylsyz stupid
adamzat humanity agzamak 1. to mention akylsyzlyk stupidity
adat ﾍ a normal, okay someone else 2. to give akym stream, flow
adatlanmak to adapt voice to akytmak to pour
adaty usual agzybir friendly al pink
admiral r. admiral agzybirlik friendship ala multicolored (2 colors)
adres r. address ah darn! alabahar early spring
adykmak to acquire aha aha! alabeder multicolored (3 or
adyl lavish, wealthy ahlak moral (of a story) more colors)
ady–daky named after ahmyr etmek to regret, ala ﾍ exit, escape
affiks r. affix lament ala ﾍ syz inescapable
afiºa r. poster ahmyr regret, lament
ala ﾍ syzlyk inevitability, al–asamak to hurry, make ar revenge

unavoidability haste arnamys integrity
alada cares, troubles al–asan hurried ara interval, middle
alada etmek to care for, go al–asatmak to hasten araba cart (animal driven)
to trouble over altmyº sixty arabaglanºyk tie,
aladalanmak to care for, go alty six connection
to trouble over altyn gold ara ﾍ Šk border
aladaly troubled, aluwsatuw commerce ara ﾍ Škdeº bordering
preoccupied alyjy buyer ara ﾍ y intermediary
aladandan in the predawn alym scientist arada recently
alahekik magpie alymlyk science (degree) aradan ﾍ ykmak to die
alahuberen alahuberen, a alyn forehead, way, lead aradan since then
species of white and gray alyndaky fore aragatnaºyk tie, connection
snake alynda–y head scarf arak vodka
alaja talisman of camel hair alyp gelmek to come taking, arakesme recess, break.
alajy purchaser, customer to bring timeout
alaka rat alys far aralamak to take apart
alamat mark, sign, signifier alysda distant aralaºmak to attack
alamatlandyrmak to signify alyºﾍ alyº exchange aralyk 1. distance, interval
ala– hill alyºmak to exchange 2. middlesized
alarmak to dazzle amal action aram moderately
alarylmak to stare aman 1. health, safety, aramaram sometimes, now
threateningly, to glare wholeness 2. safe and then
angrily amanat unknown property arassa clean
alasarmyk cloudy, amatly comfortable, handy arassalamak 1. to clean 2. to
uncertain amatsyz uncomfortable peel
alaØaz early spring: ol angyz spicy plant ardynjyramak to cough up
alaØaz Øaly boldy = he anna friday arga ﾍ woof, weft (carpet
came out of his bad mood anonom anonymous making term)
al ﾍ ak friendly, sociable ant oath argyn tired
aldamak to lie anyk obvious argynlyk weariness
aldanmak to deceive oneself anyklamak to make clear arheolog r. archeology,
aldaw deception, lie anyklyk clarity archeologist
aldaw ﾍ y liar, rascal, faker a– mind, thought arheologik r. archeological
aldygyna to the best of (my, a–bilim education, arhitektura r. architecture
its, his) ability : Men buni knowledge arhiw r. archive
aldyguna etdim = I tried a–dŸºŸnje prospect, vista arka back (physical)
my best to do this a–almak to wonder arkadaØŠn ﾍ brace, support
aldymberdimli hard a–karmak to look over arkalanmak to hope
fought, giveandtake a–kaw stinker arkalaºmak to give a hand
algy debt a–kawmak to emit an to, assist
aljyramak to be insecure unpleasing odor arkalaºyk mutual aid
aljyra––y insecure, a–latma expression, formula arkalaºyk support
uncertain, afraid to act a–latmak to express, signify arkaly supported, helped by
aljyratmak to make a–ly sober arkan prone
someone/something a a–mak to feel, understand arkaØyn bolmak to count
nervous wreck a–ry opposite on
alkym chin a–sat easy arkaØyn safe
allanŠme wonderful a–syrmak to understand arkaØynlamak to quiet, to
alma 1. apple 2. (as a a–zak frost make still
command) Don't take it! apak whitest arman impossible fantasy
almak to take apbasy twosided armyt pear
ar almak to take revenge arpa barley
arryk skinny aºgazan stomach aw hunt

arryklamak to get skinny aºmak to cross : Kš ﾍ eden awamak to hunt
arslan lion aºdym = I crossed the awatmak to hunt
artdyrma increase, multiply street (something)
artilleriØa r. artillery aºpez cook aw ﾍ y hunter
artist r. artist, actor aºyk sheep kneebones awlamak to hunt
artmak 1. to increase 2. to (used in a children's game awuºamak to hunt
peel like dice) (something)
artyk extra aºyr somersault awy poison
artykma ﾍ 1. extra 2. very: aºyrmak to get across aØ 1. moon 2. month
artykma ﾍ gyz = very good at 1. horse 2. [a:] first name aØa palm
girl 3. [a:] noun 4. (as a aØagu ﾍ geo. foot, bottom
ary bee command) shoot! aØak leg, end
arza declaration at calysma pronoun aØak ﾍ y mosquito (lit.
arzan inexpensive at capysyk horse race "legger")
arzuw dream, wish at Øatak stable aØakgap footwear
arzuw etmek to wish atabraØ authority, aØakgap shoe
arzuwlamak to wish reputation aØaklamak to finish
as lizard ata grandfather aØakly leggy, fast
asfalt r. asphalt atababa forefather aØakØala–a ﾍ barefoot
asgy ﾍ hanging peg ataene parents aØal wife, woman
asgyn weak atagzy 1. mouthful, bite 2. aØamak to take care of
asgynlamak to weaken pliers aØan obvious
asgynlyk weakness atanak cross aØat memorial ceremony
asgyrmak to sneeze atanaklaØyn upon the cross aØawly cautious
aslynda generally atarmak to get started aØaz frost
asmak to hang up (about cooking) aØbaaØ every month
asman air, sky atdaº namesake aØbogdaº "Indian style" :
aspirant r. graduate student atgulak 1. wedding gifts 2. AØbogdaºy–y gurup
assa gently a kind of grass otyrØarys = We're sitting
assistent r. assistant atlandyrmak to name, call "Indian style"
assyryn secret atlaØyn 1. [a:] namely 2. on aØdylmak to pronounce :
assyrynlyk secretiveness top By sšz nŠhile aØdilØar? =
ast bottom, below atlaz 1. r. atlas 2. r. satin How do you pronounce
astronom r. astronomer atletika r. athletics this word?
astronomiØa r. astronomy atly 1. [a:] namely 2. [a:] aØdylyº pronunciation
asuda peaceful topmost 3. [a:] famous 4. aØdym song
asudalyk peace on horseback aØdym ﾍ i singer
asyl tribe, kin : sizi– asly–iz atmak 1. throw 2. put 3. aØdy– 1. moonlit, moon
kim? = Who are your kin? shoot (a weapon) 4. to add (adj.) 2. obvious
asylly noble drink or food aØdy–laºdyrmak to make
asylmak to hang atmosfera r. atmosphere clear, explain
asylyp durmak tohang, be atom r. atom aØgyr stallion
hanging atØatak stall, booth aØgyt determination
asyr century atØuzli narrow aØgytly determined
aº food atyjy shooter aØlag 1. circle 2. gulf
aºa too much atym fingerful (about a aØlamak to turn, reflect
aºak below : aØagy– tablespoon) aØlanjyramak to stroll,
aºagynda bolmak = to be atyr scent saunter
underfoot atyºmak to shoot down aØlanma rotation
aºaklamak to lower atyz garden bed aØlanmak 1. to go around,
aºaky beggar, lowlife auditoriØa r. auditiorium turn
aºgar lye aut out (as used in sports) aØla–saØla– a little stroll
B
aØlar seasons bakaly well, c'mon : AØt
aØlaw 1. circle 2. racetrack bakaly = well, tell me
aØlawly circular, curvy, already
winding bakja melonfield
aØlyk 1. salary 2. monthly bakmak to graze animals
aØman ﾍ a fence baba grandfather bakteria r. bacteria
aØna window, glass, mirror babatda on the part of baky eternal
aØnadan reflective babatdan from that, that's bakyna colonial
aØnalamak to make glassy why bakyº glance : ogryn bakyº
aØra singular, unique bada initially = a furtive (stolen) glance
aØralyk loneliness, badabat immediately bal honey
separation badamjan eggplant bala baby
aØratyn specific, particular badyna immediately balak pants
aØratynlyk specificity bag 1. tree 2. lace, shoelace bal ﾍ y beekeeper
aØry different bagaj r. baggage baldak stable
aØrylmak 1. to get out 2. to bagana sheep skin baldyz younger sisterin
complete 3. to die bagjyk lace law
aØy bear (animal) baglamak to join, connect balet r. ballet
aØylsaØyl obvious baglanyºyk joint, unison balkon r. balcony
aØylgan ﾍ fright, horror baglanyºykly united balkyldamak to glisten,
aØyp worthy of blame baglaØjy united, joined glitter
aØypgy ﾍ accusative bagly bolmak to depend on ballistik r. ballistic
(gram.) bagly dependent balyk fish
aØyplamak to blame bagºy singer banderol r. package
aØyrmak to complete bagt luck bank bank
az little, few bagtly happy (with luck) banka r. jar
azazdan little by little bagyr liver bap chapter
azoblak a little bit bagyršØken lungs bar to exist : Seni– kellŠ–
aza ill bagyº devoted barmy? = Are you
azalmak to lessen bagyºlamak 1. to forgive 2. thinking? (Do you have
azap torment, torture to dedicate, devote your head?)
azar bermek to give trouble, baha mark, grade, price barabar equal, equally
pain bahana excuse barada about
azar trouble, pain bahanlamak to find an bardaºly healthy
azaºmak to get lost excuse for bardygeldi if something
azat free bahar spring comes up : Bardygeldi siz
azatlyk freedom bahyl envious gerek bolsany–iz... = If it
azgyrylmak to holler bahyllyk envy happens you need
azmak to get spoiled bahym soon (dialect of something...
azot r. nitrogen basym) barha all
azyk food baja wife's brother barlag checkup
bajak cousin barlag iº quiz
bajy husband's sister (rarely barlag ﾍ y examiner
used) barlamak to check, examine
bajyp significant, important barly rich in possessions,
bak tank, vessel abundant
baka straight toward: Ol barlyk being
ma–a baka ØšrŠr gelØŠrdi barlyºyk coming, meeting,
= she came straight to me gathering
bakaleØa r. grocery store, barmak 1. finger, toe 2. to
groceries go
barrikada r. baracade
bars r. snow leopard
barØer r. barrier batmak to sink, fall bellenme nomination

bary all, everyone, batnyksyz meaningless, bellenmek to nominate,
everything, entire: Bary silly make known
ºumy? = Is this all? batyr courageous, bold belli wellknown
baryØogy all in all batyrlyk courage, boldness bellik sign
baryp again baØ rich bent dam, dyke
basgalamak to trample baØbow good golly! bentlemek to dam up
basgan ﾍ ak step(s) sheesh! benzin r. gasoline
basmak to press baØan enriched, become berbat destroyed,
basseØn r. pool rich destruction
bassyrma awning baØanmak to become rich ber ﾍ tumor
basybalyjy agressor baØdak flag ber ﾍ ikmek to satiate
basylmak to lose, be baØguº owl ber ﾍ in rivet
defeated baØlaºdyrmak to enrich berekella clever, "wayto
basym soon baØlyk wealth go"
basyrganmak to rant and baØrak prize, reward bereket abundance
rave baØram festival bereketli abundant
basyrmak to close, cover baØry old, great berentak some
basyº pressure baØrynmak to rely, be bergi debt
baº 1. head 2. [a:] boil, protected, be supported bergidar debtor
abscess baØtal mare berhizli on a diet
baº egme worship baØyr hill berjaØ fulfilment : Men
baº egmek to worship baza r. base, foundation buØrugy berjaØ etdim = I
baº tutan boss, chief bazar bazaar fulfilled the order
baºabaº one on one be wow! oh! gosh! berk firm, strong
baºagaØ 1. vain 2. busy bede hay berkitme reinforced,
baºagaØlyk vanity beden body reinforcement
baºarjan efficient beden terbiØe physical berkitmek to fortify
baºarmak to be able to training berklik firmness, strength
baºarnykly able, capable bedenterbie gym, exercise berØoza r. birch
baºarnyklyk ability bedre pail bes enough
baºaºak the very height, the bedroØ ugly beslemek to decorate
tippytop begen ﾍ joy bet bad
baºda in the beginning begendirmek to gladden betbagt bad luck
baºdan from the very start begeØik gusset betbagtlyk accident,
baºdanaØak from head to begres coat misfortune
toes bejergi 1. treatment 2. beter worse
baºga other design, pattern beterlemek to worsen : Ùel
baºga zat other things bejermek to treat, repair beterleØŠrdi = The wind
baºga ﾍ a 1. differently 2. bekemek to harden, got worse
otherwise strengthen betgelºik ugly
baºlamak to begin beklemek to block, seal off betlik badness, mischief
baºlangy ﾍ primary bela disaster betnebis greedy
beginning belent big, tall, majestic betnebislik greed
baºlybarat orderliness belentlik height betniet malevolent, plotting
baºlyk boss, hetman belet acquainted betnysan ugly
bat span belet ﾍ ilik acquaintance beton r. concrete
batalion r. battallion belgi sign betpŠl malevolent, plotting
batareØa r. battery belgilemek to signify, make beØan etmek to describe,
batga 1. slime, mud 2. or place a sign retell, relate
swamp belka squirrel beØan tale
batlandyrmak to stretch, belke a noodle dish beØanama tale
extend belki apparent beØem ﾍ i manager
beØem ﾍ ilik etmek to bi ﾍ ak very, extremely : bimamla wrong : Sen

manage Sizde bi ﾍ ak uly piºik bar bimamla = You're wrong.
beØgelmek to grow taller = You have an extremely bimaza sleepless
beØhuº unconscious big cat bina building
beØi quince bi ﾍ im cut, fashion binamys shameless
beØik great, grand bi ﾍ im ﾍ i tailor bintlemek to screw in
beØiklipesli high and low, bi ﾍ mek to cut, tailor binØŠt? eternally joined (?)
one and all biderek 1. useless, biografiØa r. biography
beØiklik height worthless 2. dangerous biologiØa r. biology
beØle 1. so, such : BeØle bidin without permission biparh indifferent, careless
zady nireden aldy–? = bidŸzgŸn undisciplined biperwaØ indifferent
Where did you get such a biedep discourteous biperwaØlyk indifference
thing? 2. that side biedeplik discourtesy bir bar eken, bir Øok
beØleki the other, a bigaØrat incapable eken traditional story
different bigŸnŠ innocent opening, like our "Once
beØlŠk there : Ol beØlŠk bigŸnŠlik innocence upon a time... "(lit. One
gitdi = He went there bihabar misinformed says it was, one says it
beØni brain bihepbe a donothing, wasn't)
bezeg decoration lazybones bir menzes identical
bezemek to decorate bijaØ 1. uncomfortable bir one, a
bezemen welldressed bije lot, fate, fortune : Bijeli biraz a little
bezmek same as bezikmek oglan aglamaz Å Accept birazajyk a little bit
bezzat little rascal your fate birbada from the beginning
bŠ golly, wow bikanun lawless bir ﾍ ak long ago
bŠbek baby bikŠr idle birden suddenly
bŠgŸl rose bil waist birdenka all of a sudden
bŠhbit advantage, gain, bilagyry rheumatism birehim heartless, worthless
profit bilbag belt birekbiregi each other
bŠl ﾍ ik merry bilbil nightingale birhili 1. strange, somewhat
bŠl ﾍ iremek to make merry bildiriº announcement 2. monotonous, boring
bŠl ﾍ ireºmek to joke bildirmek to make known, biri one of : kitaby– biri =
around to report upon one of the books
bŠri 1. here 2. since, this bile together birigŸn day after tomorrow
side of bilek forearm birikmek to unite
bŠrik here : BŠrik geli– = bileleºik association birinbirin from start to
Come here bilelikde together finish
bŠsdeº rival bilen with : ‚aØy gant bilen birinji first
bŠsleºik rivalry i ﾍ! = Drink the tea with biri–ilik priority
bŠº five : BŠº barmagymy– sugar! birkemsiz irreproachable
Øaly bilØŠrin = I know it bilesigeliji curious, prying birleºdirmek to unite
like my five fingers bilesigelijilik curiousity birleºen united
bŠºlik 1. "A" student 2. n. bilet r. ticket birleºik union
five, fiver bilezik bracelet birleºmek to be united :
biabraØ shameful bilgeºleØin on purpose €hli Øurtlary– proletary
biabraØlyk shame: Gšr, bilguºak sash, girdle, belt birleºi–! = Workers of the
nŠhile biabraØlyk! = bilim education, knowledge world, unite!
What a shame! bilimli educated, birlik 1. unit 2. oneness 3.
biagyry careless, carefree knowledgeable only
biala ﾍ willynilly, bilmek to know, to be able : birlikde together, as one
involuntarily: Biz biala ﾍ Men ØŸzŸp bilmeØŠrin = birmahal a long time ago
razylaºdyk = We agreed I can't swim birme–zeº identical
against our will bilmezden unknown birnŠ ﾍ e some
bilmezlik unknowing
birsydyrgyn consecutive, bol 1. full of, rich with : By boz fallow, untilled : boz

uniformly distributed derØada balyk bol = This erler = virgin lands
birsyhly continuous : river is full of fish 2. bozgak troublemaker
‚agajyk birsyhly aglardy = Command form of bozgaklyk trouble, sedition
The kid was crying bolmak, often used with bozgu ﾍ eraser
constantly animals : Bol! = Stay! bozmak 1. to erase 2. to
birtaraplaØyn onesided bolelenlik sufficient ruin
birwagt a long time ago, bolgusyz meaningless, bozulan out of tune, out of
once absurd, ridiculous whack
birØyllyk adj. oneyear bolmak to be, happen bozylmak to be ruined
bisarpa thriftless, bolmasa if not, or else : bškdemek to obstruct
uneconomical Gowy oka, bolmasa bškden ﾍ obstruction
biºduº meal instituta girip bilmersi– = bškmek to bounce, jump
biºirmek to cook, prepare a Study well, or else you bšlek part
dish : meni– ejem ﾍ šrek won't enter the institute. bšlekbšlek to pieces :
biºirdi = my mother made bolu ﾍ lyk abundant Kagyzy bšlekbšlek etdim
bread (ﾍ šrek) boluº 1. behaviour 2. = I tore the paper to pieces
biºmek to be cooked victory bšlekleyin partial
bitarap neutral bolØar okay, good bšlmek to divide, to part
bitaraplyk neutrality bomba r. bomb bšlŸm section
bitaØ pairless, odd: bitaØ bombalamak to bomb bšlŸºmek to get done
jorap = odd sock boran snowstorm bšrek pilmeni
bitewi sole bor ﾍ duty bšri wolf, wolfish
bitin whole, entire bor ﾍ lanmak to take a duty bšrŸk skull cap
bitirmek to fill up upon oneself bšwet dam
bitmek to become full, to be borona r. harrow (in a field) bšwrek kidney
fulfilled: Onu– islegi bitdi borº r. borscht (soup) bšwºe– spacious
= His desires were fulfilled bort r. beehive bšwŸr side, flank : Meni–
biwagt at the wrong time bosaga threshold : sag bšwrŸm agyrØar = My
biwepa faithless, untrue bosagadan Štlemek = to right side hurts
biwepalyk faithlessness cross a threshold bšwŸrslen blackberry
biygtyØar involuntary bosmak to flee bšwŸsmek to penetrate,
biynjalyk uneasy boº free, empty, unused break through
biz 1. we 2. awl boºatmak to empty, unload bu this
bizar bolmak to get sick of, boºluk emptiness bug steam
grow tired of: Sizi– gŸrrŸ– botanika r. botanical bugarmak to evaporate
leri–izden men botlamak to birth, to calve bugdaØ renk dark in
bezigipdirin = I've grown boØ height complexion
tired of your talk boØag paint bugdaØ wheat
blank r. form boØamak to paint bugdaØ wheat
bloknot r. notepad boØdanbaºa from start to buhgalter r. bookkeeper
bogaldak mast finish bukdaklamak to creep, to
bogaz 1. inlet 2. throat boØdaº 1. girlfriend 2. sneak
bogmak to tie, bind person of the same height bukja bag, envelope
bognamak to saw: Agajy boØun almak to admit, bukmak to conceal, hide
bognadym = I sawed wood confess away : Ol otly ﾍ špi
bogulmak to suffocate boØun neck ﾍ agalardan bukØar = She
bogun syllable boØun ﾍ a on, along, hides the matches from the
bok feces according to : Plan kids
boks r. boxing boØun ﾍ a iºledik = We bukullym hide and seek
boks ﾍ y boxer worked according to the (game)
bokyrdak throat plan buky shelter, cover
bulak spring, tap
bulambujar confusion bŸkmek to bend
‚
bulamak to mix, stir bŸkŸlmek to be bent, to
bulanmak 1. to be mixed, bend (oneself)
stirred 2. to feel nauseous, bŸre 1. flea 2. fleabite
vomitous bŸremek to cloud, obscure
bulaºdyrmak to mix up bŸrgŸt eagle
bulaºmak 1. to get dirty 2. bŸrjeºmek to be wrinkled ﾍ abga downpour
to get tangled and bŸrkŸr hunched ﾍ adyr tent
confused bŸrmek to wrinkle ﾍ aga 1. child 2. children's
bulaºyk entangled bŸrŸn ﾍ 1. bronze 2. rice ﾍ agaﾍ uga children, kids
bulaØlamak to wave, bŸtin whole, throughout ﾍ agalar bagy kindergarden
brandish bŸtindŸnØa universal ﾍ agaly with children
buldozer r. bulldozer bŸtinleØ completely ﾍ agalyk 1. childhood 2.
buldur ﾍ yn frost bŸzmek to tighten, pull childness
bulgur wineglass together ﾍ agarmak to call, invite
bulukmak to increase bŸzŸlmek to be tightened ﾍ agaryº invitation
bulut cloud bØujet r. budget ﾍ agsamak 1. to be
burawlamak to drill, bore bØuro r. bureau destroyed 2. to be old
bur ﾍ 1. angle, corner 2. by ﾍ gy saw ﾍ agsyldamak to rustle
pepper by ﾍ gylmak to saw ﾍ agyl gravel
burjy frost bykyn side ﾍ agyrmak 1. to invite 2. to
burmak to twist, whirl byzmyk pancake, crepe call 3. to summon
burug ﾍ y a puff ﾍ ak 1. measure, degree,
burugsamak to puff, swirl, way 2. offer, proposal,
curl (of smoke) suggestion 3. time 4.
burun nose probability, likelihood
buºlamak to bring good ﾍ ak etmek to guess
tidings : Ol meni– ﾍ akdanaºa excessive
oglumy– bolanyny ﾍ akgan dextrous, adroit,
buºlady = He brought me deft
the news of my son's birth ﾍ akganlyk adroitness,
but hip, thigh dexterity
buterbrod r. sandwich ﾍ akgy penknife
buthana church ﾍ aklamak to suppose,
butnamak to move : assume
Butnaman dur! = Stand ﾍ akmak 1. to sting or bite
still! 2. to chirp
buØrak curl, curly = ﾍ aknyºmak 1. to strike,
buØrak sa ﾍ ly Øigit = knock 2. to collide, run
curlyhaired lad into
buØruk command ﾍ aknyºyk collision, crash
buØsan ﾍ pride ﾍ aksyz immeasurable,
buØsanjan proud immense
buØsanmak to be proud ﾍ akylyk invitation
buØurmak to order, ﾍ akyr alcohol
command ﾍ akyºmak to collide, run
buz ice into, come across
bŸdremek to stumble on : ﾍ akyza sick; having a
Daºa bŸdredim = I tripped headache
on a stone ﾍ al I. camel's milk II. gray,
bŸkdŸrmek to pound, twist dull in color
bŸkgŸldemek to throb,
pound
ﾍ ala 1. hardly, scarcely; ﾍ apady chapati ﾍ atlamak to burst, crack up,

only a little 2. incidentally, ﾍ apak I. cotton II. split open
in passing 3. slowly ﾍ ap ﾍ y printer ﾍ atma hut, tent
ﾍ alaja a little ﾍ apgy chopper, small ﾍ atmak 1. to sew,
ﾍ alajan halfdead hammer embroider 2. to tie
ﾍ alamﾍ aº scattered ﾍ apgyn sharp, biting, together, connect, bind 3.
ﾍ alarmak to turn gray piercing to snatch, grasp, seize
ﾍ alasowat uneducated, ﾍ aphana printing plant ﾍ atryk crossroads
ignorant ﾍ apmak I. 1. to skip, hop, ﾍ atynja = tŠze
ﾍ alasowatlyk ignorance gallop, race 2. to run ﾍ atynja newlyweds
ﾍ alasyn quick, agile around, avoid II. to chop ﾍ awmak to ricochet
ﾍ alasynlyk quickness, ﾍ apyk 1. fallen tree 2. scar ﾍ aØ I. tea II. small river,
agility ﾍ apyksuwar equestrian creek
ﾍ algy machete ﾍ apyºmak to compete with; ﾍ aØﾍ šrek meal
ﾍ algyrt with an accent strive to overpass ﾍ aØhana teahouse
ﾍ almak 1. to smear, rub, ﾍ apyºyk race ﾍ aØkamak 1. to rinse out
spread 2. to play a musical ﾍ aramak : baºy–y 2. to rinse, gargle 3. to
instrument 3. to grind; ﾍ aramak to inquire, rock, swing, shake
sharpen 4. to strike, knock, consult ﾍ aØkamak to rinse
hit ﾍ arh 1. spinning wheel 2. ﾍ aØkanmak to stagger,
ﾍ alpaw puddle, pool wheel lurch
ﾍ alºyk exchange, ﾍ arkandak hole ﾍ aØkeº tealover
interchange ﾍ arlak sea gull ﾍ aØlamak to water, give
ﾍ alºyrgy ﾍ shift (of work) ﾍ arpaØa galmak to stand drink
ﾍ alºyrmak 1. to exchange; on end ﾍ aØmak to cover, coat
barter 2. to confuse, mix ﾍ arpmak to clap ﾍ aØºarmak to bend, to
up ﾍ arpyºyk : el distort
ﾍ alºyrynmak to change ﾍ arpyºyk applause ﾍ aØºyk bandylegged
one's clothes ﾍ arsenbe Wednesday ﾍ aØyr bot. chayir
ﾍ arºak 1. pitchfork 2. fork ﾍ ebis kid
ﾍ alt quickly, rapidly ﾍ arºenbe Wednesday ﾍ ebºek little bunny
ﾍ altlandyrmak to ﾍ arwa nomad ﾍ ek check : ﾍ ek boØun ﾍ a
accelerate; speed ﾍ arwad ﾍ ylyk transcience tšlemek = to pay by check
ﾍ altlyk quickness, (the state of being a ﾍ ekankalamak to mint,
swiftness, rapidity nomad) coin, chase
ﾍ alykmak to dry up, wither ﾍ asly loud, great ﾍ ekdirme chekdirme, a
ﾍ alym etmek to resemble ﾍ aslyk bandylegged traditional Turkmen meat
ﾍ alyºma 1. exchange 2. ﾍ asowoØ r. by the hour, by dish
pronoun the clock ﾍ ekelemek 1. to torment,
ﾍ alyºmak 1. to exchange; ﾍ asy slanting, oblique; torture 2. to pester
barter 2. to vary, alternate squintyeyed ﾍ ekeleºik discussion,
3. to try for, strive for 4. to ﾍ asyrmak 1. to pitch a tent, dispute, controversy
be replaced, relieved spread out, set up 2. to ﾍ ekeleºmek to dispute,
ﾍ aman lazy, idle, sluggish knock down, overthrow 3. argue, quarrel
ﾍ anak 1. cup 2. kneecap to knock unconscious ﾍ eker sliding box, drawer
ﾍ anaklyk pelvis ﾍ aºmak 1. to disperse, ﾍ ekge cheekbone
ﾍ a– dust break up 2. to come apart, ﾍ eki ﾍ hammer
ﾍ a–amak to get dusty fall to pieces 3. to lose, ﾍ ekilmek 1. to step back,
ﾍ a–jarmak to get dusty waste 4. to be lost, wasted fall back, retreat 2. to
ﾍ a––alak to become dusty ﾍ at split, crack, crevice reduce diminish, grow less
ﾍ ap etme publication ﾍ atak difficult 3. to grow lean
ﾍ ap etmek to publish ﾍ atalba anat. sacrum ﾍ ekimiz agreeable,
ﾍ ap seal, stamp harmonious
ﾍ ekimli public ﾍ endan sometimes, ﾍ Šklendirmek to organize

ﾍ ekimli ses vowel occasionally, here and ﾍ Šklenmek to be
ﾍ ekimsiz ses consonant there organized, arranged,
ﾍ ekinmede feel free to... ﾍ endanaºa excessive outlined
ﾍ ekinmek 1. to feel shy, ﾍ enemek 1. to take aim at ﾍ Šksiz boundless, limitless
embarrassed 2. to be afraid 2. to threaten ﾍ ŠkØaka collor of a boy's
ﾍ ekirtge locust ﾍ enemek to chew traditional Turkmen shirt
ﾍ ekis hammer ﾍ enlemek to suppose, ﾍ Šre punishment
ﾍ ekisme discussion, debate assume, plan ﾍ Šresiz forced, of necessity
ﾍ ekiºme etmek to debate ﾍ enli until ﾍ ŠrØek quarter
ﾍ ekiºmeler debate ﾍ ensiz immeasurable, ﾍ Šºermek to lie, be still
ﾍ ekize chekize: a common immense ﾍ ŠØnek teapot
milk product resembling ﾍ e––ek hook, crochet ﾍ ŠØnik teapot
cream cheese, but more sour needle ﾍ ig 1. damp, moist 2.
ﾍ ekmek I. 1. to pull, draw, ﾍ ep left, left side unripe, immature 3. crude,
tow 2. to carry, drag, pull ﾍ epbekeØ southpaw, left raw : ﾍ ig mal = natural
3. to last : Examinler bir handed person resources
aØa ﾍ ekdi = The exam ﾍ eper 1. skilled, skillful 2. ﾍ igildem tulip
took one month 4. to lead, artful 3. eloquent ﾍ igilmek to get tied up in
conduct 5. to drag in, ﾍ eper eser fiction knots
involve 6. ﾍ eper ﾍ ilik mastery, art ﾍ igin I. shoulder, back II.
7. to smoke 8. to get ﾍ eperlik mastery lot, destiny
procure 9. to be like, ﾍ epiksi scrawny, skinand ﾍ igit sunflower seed : ﾍ igit
resemble 10. to carry, bear, bones Øag = sunflower oil
bring 11. to draw a ﾍ erkes r. Circassian ﾍ igmal raw materials
picture, make a design II. (ethnicity) ﾍ igmek 1. to get tied up,
to hang up; weigh ﾍ ermek stuck in a knot 2. to get
ﾍ ekremek to bleat ﾍ ermemek to turn up, tuck entangled, confused,
ﾍ elek cask, tun up perplexed
ﾍ elgi landmark ﾍ ernil r. purple ﾍ igrek rime, mist
ﾍ elpek r. ﾍ ertØor r. draft, ﾍ igreklemek to catch a cold
ﾍ em successful moment, mechanical drawing ﾍ igremek 1. to become
good event ﾍ eºme 1. key 2. spring, chilly 2. to become warm
ﾍ em ﾍ e spoon source ﾍ ikge corner of the eye
ﾍ eme convenient situation? ﾍ eºme source ﾍ il border
ﾍ emedan r. suitcase ﾍ et I. 1. border, edge, ﾍ ilik "chilik", a children's
ﾍ emelenmek to prepare, boundary 2. fringe II. game
train foreign ﾍ ilim cigarette
ﾍ emeleºmek to approach, ﾍ etin difficult ﾍ ilimkeº smoker
go up to, arrive, come ﾍ etleºdirmek to isolate, to ﾍ iliºirmek to cross one's
ﾍ emeli 1. convenient, insulate legs
comfortable 2. exemplary, ﾍ etleºmek to be isolated, ﾍ intgemek to inquire, to
approximate 3. insulated ask
apparently, evidently ﾍ eØe flexible, pliable ﾍ i–e steadfast
ﾍ emen 1. banquet wreath ﾍ eØelik flexibility ﾍ i–erilmek to stare
2. meadow ﾍ eØnemek 1. to chew 2. to ﾍ i–rik reed, cane : ºeker
ﾍ emesiz inconvenient, bite ﾍ i–rik = sugar cane
uncomfortable ﾍ Š ﾍ agri. yield (of grain) ﾍ irkeØ mosquito; moth
ﾍ empion r. champion ﾍ Šge sand ﾍ irkin shrill, penetrating,
ﾍ empionat r. ﾍ Šgesšw Øer a place with piercing
championship sandy soil ﾍ irkizmek to roast; fry
ﾍ en 1. situation 2. time 3. ﾍ Šk 1. border 2. a definite ﾍ irtmek 1. to pinch, to
measure, degree, way part tweak 2. to cut, incise
ﾍ isme inflammation ﾍ orba soup ﾍ šzŸlmek 1. to come untied

ﾍ ismek 1. to inflate, swell ﾍ orlamak to get dirty 2. to be resolved
2. to inflate, puff out ﾍ otga r. brush ﾍ šzŸº solution
ﾍ is–emek to drizzle ﾍ otgalamak r. 1. to clean 2. ﾍ ugutmak to roll up, curl
ﾍ is–i drizzle, frost to brush, to brush off up
ﾍ iº I. swelling, tumor II. 1. ﾍ owdary rye ﾍ ukanak hole
spit 2. ﾍ owlamak I. to sharpen II. ﾍ ukur I. hole, pit, dungeon
ﾍ iºik thick, large, big, stout, to burn, scorch, singe II. 1. deep, profound, low
fat ﾍ owluk greatgrandson 2. hollow, sunken
ﾍ iºirmek to inflate, to swell ﾍ oØmak to warm up, heat ﾍ ukuralmak 1. to extend,
ﾍ iºlik shishkebob ﾍ oØun r. cast iron, made make more profuse, make
ﾍ iºme inflammation of cast iron deeper 2. to sink, to grow
ﾍ iºmek to become inflamed ﾍ oØunmak to heat hollow
ﾍ it 1. chinze, cotton 2. adj. ﾍ ozmak 1. to advance 2. to ﾍ ukurlyk hole, pit
cotton dash, rush ﾍ u– deep
ﾍ itgitlemek to crack; chew ﾍ ške dŸºmek to sit on the ﾍ u–almak to make deeper,
nuts, seeds knees, to kneel to become more profound,
ﾍ itim connection, knot ﾍ škermek to kneel extensive
ﾍ itmek to tie together, ﾍ šket low, lower ﾍ u–altmak to deepen
bend, connect ﾍ šketlik lowlands, hollow ﾍ u–laºmak to deepen
ﾍ len r. member, limb, ﾍ škmek 1. to sink, fall, gradually
article, part come down, go down 2. to ﾍ u–luk depth, remoteness
ﾍ lenlik r, membership subside, settle 3. to bend ﾍ u––ur profound
ﾍ og heat, sultriness one's knees 4. to sit down, ﾍ u–samak to shriek, yelp
ﾍ ogdan tuft, shred, rag board, get into ﾍ us swiftfooted
ﾍ ogmak to flow, pour, ﾍ škŸndi 1. sediment, ﾍ uw adjectival intesifier :
spread aftertaste 2. deposit Øumagy gšºlemek =
ﾍ okalamak to peck (geological) ﾍ uwal chuwal, Turkmen
ﾍ okaØ chokai, Turkmen ﾍ šl desert sack
leather shoes ﾍ šp 1. stick 2. ﾍ uwaº r. Chugach
ﾍ okmak to peck, pick, bite ﾍ špboØa bot. chopboia (nationality)
ﾍ ola 1. secluded 2. ﾍ špleme 1. (burning) chip, ﾍ Ÿlpe small, tiny
unpopulated spill 2. brushwood ﾍ ŸmdŸrmek 1. to put
ﾍ olak cripple ﾍ šplemek to pick up inside, to stick into 2. to
ﾍ olamak 1. to wrap up ﾍ šplemek to pick up, immerse, sink into, plunge
drop in 2. to wrap up gather, collect ﾍ Ÿmhšrek legible,
ﾍ olarmak to become empty, ﾍ špŸr goat wool discernible, fastidious
deserted ﾍ šr low ﾍ Ÿmhšreklik legibility,
ﾍ olaºmak 1. to get ﾍ šrlek bread (also "food" in scrupulousness
confused, mixed up 2. to general) ﾍ Ÿmmek 1. to thrust, to
become entangled ﾍ šºlemek used in Øumagy plunge, to transfix 2. to be
ﾍ olpy ladle gšºlemek absorbed in, lost in
ﾍ oluk shepherd boy ﾍ šwre back, inside, wrong ﾍ ŸmmŸk pinch
ﾍ ommalmak to squat, side ﾍ ŸmmŸklemek to pinch, to
curtsy ﾍ šwrŸlmek 1. to turn inside tweak
ﾍ ommaltmak 1. to protrude out 2. to turn over, ﾍ ŸmºŸldi a tickle, a strange
2. to poke, jab, thrust overturn feeling on the skin
ﾍ onak lacking one or more ﾍ šz anat. mesentery ﾍ ŸmŸrmek to soak
toes or fingers ﾍ šzgŸt decision, resolution ﾍ Ÿnki because, therefore
ﾍ opan shepherd ﾍ šzlemek to untangle ﾍ Ÿ–k 1. corner, angle, nook
ﾍ opan ﾍ ilik shepherdhood ﾍ šzmek 1. to untie, unleash, 2. beak, bill
ﾍ opantelpek camomille loosen 2. to solve, decide, ﾍ Ÿpremek to degenerate
ﾍ or dirt, mud resolve
ﾍ Ÿr depesi 1. top, crest 2. ﾍ ygylmak to grieve, long ﾍ ynar plane tree

the highest ranks for ﾍ ynlakaØ in earnest,
ﾍ Ÿrelmek to taper ﾍ ygyrmak to cry out, bawl, seriously
ﾍ Ÿri conical, crested lament, wail ﾍ ynØŸrekdeºlik sincerity
ﾍ Ÿrtkesik bluntly; ﾍ ykalga exit ﾍ yp noise from eating?
categorically ﾍ ykan cousin ﾍ ypar red, sorrel
ﾍ ŸrŸºmek to wither, ﾍ ykarmak 1. to take out, ﾍ ypdyrma lie, falsehood
shrivel, shrink pull at 2. to take off, strip, ﾍ yplak lightly dressed,
ﾍ Ÿwde butt undress 3. to let out, with light baggage
ﾍ ŸwdŸrmek to stream, release 4. to dismiss, ﾍ ypla– lightly dressed, with
flow, run discard 5. to publish, edit, light baggage
ﾍ Ÿwek to drive, transport, put out 6. to manufacture, ﾍ yra lamp
pull produce 7. to get, obtain, ﾍ yr ﾍ yk sickness
ﾍ ŸØ nail procure 8. to display, ﾍ yr ﾍ yklamak to fall ill
ﾍ ŸØlemek to nail expose 9. to dislocate, ﾍ yrlamak to wind around,
ﾍ ŸØremek to rot sprain 10. to remove, embrace with
ﾍ ŸØrŸk rotten, putrid transfer ﾍ yrmamak to wrap up
ﾍ ŸØrŸklik rottenness ﾍ ykdajy expenditure, debt ﾍ yrmaºmak to plait, braid
ﾍ ŸØrŸntgi humus ﾍ ykdaØjy expense ﾍ yrmaºyk ivy
ﾍ ŸØºe 1. glass, pane 2. ﾍ ykgynsyz 1. continual 2. ﾍ yrpmak I. to mint, coin II.
bottle desperate, hopeless to rinse, gargle
ﾍ yban boil, furnucle ﾍ ykmak 1. to exit, to leave ﾍ yrpynmak 1. to wind,
ﾍ ybºyldy rustle (noise) 2. to go, set off 3. to climb wiggle, twist, meander 2.
ﾍ ybºyrlamak to rustle (to up, into 4. to utter, emit 5. to roar, rage, storm
make a rustling noise) to result in 6. to turn out, ﾍ yrryldamak to whistle
ﾍ ybyk rod, switch be found 7. to meet 8. to ﾍ yrryldyy a whistle
ﾍ ybyklamak 1. to cut up, leave, withdraw, drop out ﾍ yrºak dirt, mud
chop, cleave 2. to whip, 9. to originate, eminate 10. ﾍ yrºamak 1. to smear, to
flog to dislocate, sprain : gapºy rub in, to spread
ﾍ ybyn mosquito ﾍ ykmak = to oppose : ﾍ ytalaºmak to try, to
ﾍ ydam patience Øatdan ﾍ ykmak = to endeavor, to strive
ﾍ ydamak 1. to suffer, forget ﾍ ytmak to knit the browns,
endure, withstand 2. to ﾍ ykyrynmak to take off, to to frown, to wrinkle
tolerate, to bear 3. to strip ﾍ ytyk 1. gloomy, sullen,
snatch, grab, seize ﾍ ykyº etmek to perform, cloudy (personal) 2.
ﾍ ydamly 1. tolerant; make a speech gloomy, dark (weather)
bearable 2. solid, firm, ﾍ ykyº speech, presentation ﾍ yzgmak to turn up, to tuck
lasting ﾍ ykyw address up
ﾍ ydamlylyk 1. tolerance 2. ﾍ ylgym strip, streak ﾍ yzgy 1. drawing 2.
durability ﾍ ylka fillet drawing, draft, note
ﾍ ydamsyz 1. impatient 2. ﾍ ylpyk pus ﾍ yzgy ﾍ ruler (for
intolerant ﾍ ylpyklamak to fester geometry)
ﾍ yg moisture ﾍ ylºyrymlaºdyrmak to be ﾍ yzmak to draw, design
ﾍ ygjarmak to wet or complicated ﾍ yzmyk stripe
dampen slightly ﾍ ylºyrymlaºmak to become ﾍ yzyk line, trait, feature
ﾍ ygly moist, raw, wet, complicated
humid, damp ﾍ ylºyrymly complex,
ﾍ yglyk moistness, complicated
humidity, dampness ﾍ ym : ‚ymﾍ ym etme! =
ﾍ ygºyldamak to rustle (to Don't be shy! (used when
make a rustling noise) someone is eating little)
ﾍ ygºyldy rustle (noise) ﾍ yn true
ﾍ yn ØŸrekden sincerely
D
daniØaly Danish "kolhoznik" , meaning
danmak to tie, fasten "collective farmer")
da– atmak to dawn daØy uncle
da– dawn daØza 1. aunt 2. ma'am
da–dan at dawn dazarylmak to come down
daban sole (of foot) da–danky adj. early hard on someone, get
dabara celebration, morning tough with
ceremony da–mak 1. to tie 2. to wrap dazlamak to rush, speed
dabaralanmak to celebrate, around along
observe a ceremony da–y tether, tie debsilmek to spur
dabaraly ceremonial dar narrow degerli 1. persuasive,
dadyrmak to taste darak comb convincing 2. efficacious
dag mountain daraklyk toes degirmek to concern, affect
dagatmat to scatter daralmak to shrink degirmen mill : degirmen
daglamak 1. to grill 2. to daramak to comb daºy = millstone
brand dartgynly tense, intense degiºgen joker
dagly mountaindweller dartmak to tug degiºli bolmak to belong
dagy else, what else : Dagy dary millet degiºli concerning, in
zat tapmady–my? = Didn't darykmak to worry relation to
you find anything else? daº I. far II. 1. exterior 2. degiºmek to joke
dagyduwara from now on, yard, outside area 3. cover degmek 1. to touch 2. to
henceforward (i.e. of a book) III. [a:] bump against 3. fig. to
dagynyk uncoordinated, stone affect, bother, play with :
odd daºtšwerek vicinity, Gowusy, sen ma–a degme!
dahylly important, surroundings = You'd better not mess
relevant : Bu sa–a dahylly daºamak to carry with me!
dŠl = This doesn't concern daºary 1. outside 2. external dek I. still, unmoving II.
you daºary Øurt dili foreign like, as : Bu bur ﾍ dek ajy =
dakmak to put on : Ol language This is hot as a pepper
barmagy–a ØŸzŸk dakdy daºdeºen woodpecker dekabr r, December
= She put the ring on her daºgyn above, beyond dekada r, decade
finger daºky outside, outer dekan r, dean
dakynmak to wear daºlamak to stone, throw dekrek r, decree
dalak med. spleen stones at del unusual, strange
dalan veranda, porch daºlaºdyrmak to remove, delegat r, delegate
dalbar summerhouse extract delegatsiØa r, delegation
dal ﾍ yn carnation daºly stony, rocky delil evidence, case
dalda help, aid daºlykdaky remote delillendirmek to present
daljykmak to pant, be out of daºmak to overflow evidence, make a case
breath daºyndan besides, in dellek barber
damak throat addition to dellekhana barber shop
damar vein, artery, nerve : datbidat! help! dem almak to breathe
gan damar = blood vessel datmak to taste dem breath, vapor : demi–
damdyk small drop (i.e. of davaØ r. "Come on! Let's!" izi goØberi–! = Please
water) dawa conflict, argument exhale!
damja drop dawalaºmak to argue demdyn ﾍ a break, a rest
damjalamak to drip dawaly argumentative demgysma asthma
dammak to drip : Dama daØamak to prop up demikmek to gasp, breath
dama kšl bolar, hi ﾍ daØan ﾍ support heavily
dammasa ﾍ šp bolar Å daØaw strong, healthy demir iron : demir Øol =
Drop by drop makes a daØhan peasant (often used railroad
lake, but not a drop makes to replacethe Russian demirgazyk north
a desert
demirgazykgŸnbatar north deregine instead of : Ol šz dŠnmek 1. to deny 2. to

west kitaby– derigine daºga retract (ie. one's words)
demirgazykgŸndogar nort birini– kitabyny aldy = He dŠp tradition
heast took a different book dŠpdessur tradition
demlemek to boil (water for instead of his own dialekt r. dialect
tea) : ‚aØ demleØŠrin = dereje degree, extent didar face: Men seni–
I'm making tea derek I. information II. in didary–a zar Å I miss you
demokratik r. democratic place of III. bot. poplar didivan gunsight, gun
demokratsiØa r. derekli informative scope
democracy dereksiz 1. uninformative digden eklemek to tremble
demrew herpes (includes all 2. unmotivated digir grain
herpes family diseases, such deri skin, leather diglemek to shudder
as psoriasis, shingles, and derkar necessary dik steep; perpendicular
ringworm) derlemek to sweat dikdŸºdi obstinate
de– the same, equal : derman medicine dikelmek 1. to straighten
BoØlary de– aga ﾍ lar = dermanhana drugstore oneself; raise oneself
The trees are the same dermanlamak to spinkle, dikeltmek 1. to straighten,
height spray to set straight
de–duº person of the same der–ew examination, dikmek to dig in
age, peer analysis diktant r. dictation
de–ede– the same der–ew ﾍ i examiner diktatura r. dictatorship
de–e ﾍ until : Biz gi ﾍ derrew at once, right now : diktor r. radioannouncer
agºama de–e ﾍ oturdyk = Muny derrew etmeli = dil 1. toungue 2. language
We sat until late in the This needs to be done at 3. pointer, indicator (ie. on
evening once a gauge)
de–emek 1. to check ders I. lesson II. manure dilden orally
(against, with) 2. to try on dert ill dildŸwºŸk plot, conspiracy
de–eºdirmek to check derwaØys vital, urgent, dileg prayer
(against, with) important dilemek 1. to ask 2. to wish
de–iz ocean, sea derweze gate 3. to pray
de–iz ﾍ i sailor derØa river dilewar 1. witty 2. wit
de–lemek to make even, to desga structure dilik etmek to slit
even out desse bunch, clump : gŸl dilik n. slit; slice; cut
de–lik equality desse ﾍ i = a bouquet of dilim slice; segment
de–sizlik inequality flowers dillenmek to say something
depder notebook dessine just as, as soon as dilleºmek to make said; to
depder ﾍ e little book dessur tradition, custom come to the point
depe 1. top 2. hill, knoll 3. deºik 1. hole 2. full of dilmek to cut; slice
can be used as a preposition : holes : deºik halta = sack din religion
DepŠmizden samolØot with many holes 3. gap dindar religious; faithful
u ﾍ up ge ﾍ di = A plane deºirmek to check against, dini religious
flew by above us with di– emphatic preposition: Ol
depelemek to trample deºmek to make a hole, di– arkan Øykyldy = He
depgilemek to trample puncture fell flat (directly) on his
depgip pace dŠde uncle, father (Balkan back
depjemek to stitch dialect) di– salmak to overhear; to
depmek to kick dŠl not hear about
deprek drum dŠli crazy: dŠli bolmak = di–e only
deprenmek to get a kick out to go crazy di–ir genmek to ponder,
of, be taken with dŠliremek to go crazy meditate on
deputat r. deputy dŠne 1. seed, pit; grain, di–lemek to listen
der sweat kernel 2. bunch, group di–leØji listener; audience
dere valley
di–leØmek 1. to listen 2. to dogru ﾍ yl honest, sincere do–durma icecream

overhear dogru ﾍ yllyk sincerity do–durmak to freeze
di–mek to become calm; dogruda concerning do–mak to be frozen
grow quiet; cease dogrudan true, really do–uz pig
di–ºirgemek to listen to dogrulamak to direct, aim dor bay (color of a horse)
diplom r. diploma at dos used in superlatives: dos
diplomatic r. diplomatic dogrusy in truth, truly doly = completely full
direg strut, brace, prop dogry 1. true 2. exact 3. dost friend, friendly (male
direktor r. director straight 4. righteous, or neuter)
direlmek to come to life upright dostØar friends
diremek to prop up; brace dogulmak to be born dostlaºmak to become
direnmek to be propped up; dogumly determined friends
c=braced dogurmak to give birth dostluk friendship
diri alive dok full, satisfied dotsent r. doccent
dirijØor r. conductor (of a dokalmak to be woven dowam etmek to continue
band or orchestra) dokamak to weave dowamynda during
diriligene alive dok ﾍ ulyk prosperity dowan length, course (of
diriliº resurrection doklad r. report time)
dispanser r. clinic dokluk satisfaction dowanly lengthy
dispet ﾍ er r. dispatcher dokma weaving, carpet dowar livestock
dissertatsiØa r. dissertation making : dokma fabrigi = (specifically: sheeps, goats,
diº tooth : Diº agyrysy = carpet factory and small cattle)
toothache doktor r. doctor dowul panic
diºlemek 1. to bite 2. to dokument r. document dowzah hell
have a bite, eat a little dokuz nine doØa until satisfied : Men
diversiØa r. sabotage dokuzynjy ninth doØa iØdim = I ate until I
divisiØa r. division doky Belugian was full
(military) dolag wrapper doØmak to eat one's fill,
diwar wall dolak legwrappings stuff oneself: Men
diØen Øaly almost dolama ground meat doØdym = I'm full, I've
diØmek 1. to say: Mu–a wrapped in cabbage stuffed myself
nŠme diØØŠrler? = dolamak 1. to wrap, bind 2. doØurmak to fill (an
What's this called? 2. to to turn, double back animal) with food
mean, to signify; to imply dolandyrmak to manage, dškmek 1. to spill 2. to leak
dizel r. diesel control dškŸlmek 1. to be poured
dodak lip dolandyrys management out 2. to drop : Aga ﾍ lary–
doga from birth dolanmak to come back Øapaklary dškŸlØŠr =
doga okamak to pray doldurgy ﾍ gram. object : Leaves fall from the trees
dogan brother gšni baglanØan dškŸn manure, nightsoil
dogangaryndaº relative doldurgy ﾍ = direct object : dškŸnlemek to fertilize
doganlyk brotherhood gytaklaØyn baglanØan dšmmek to tear off a piece
doganoglan cousin doldurgy ﾍ = indirect dšndermek to flip over
doglan gŸni birthday object dšnmek 1. to be flipped
dogluº birth doldurmak to fill over 2. to switch over, turn
dogmak to rise (of the sun) dolmak to be filled : Bu gŸn howa gyºa dšndi
dogralmak to be doly I. hail II. [o:] full(y), = Today the weather
straightened up filled; thick; complete turned wintry
dograltmak to straighten up domma quiet, reserved dšnŸk traitor, turncoat
dograma dograma, a dish don robe (traditional dšnŸklik treachery
made of stuffing, onions, and Turkmen) dšrdŸnji fourth
sheep's head , sometimes do– frozen dšrediji creator
made into soup do–aklyk freeze, frost dšredijilik creation
dogramak to cut to pieces do–an rigid, frozen dšremek to arise, spring up
dšretme creation duralga stop (as in bus or duØdurmak 1. to warn 2.

dšretmek to create taxi stop) to portend 3. to inform
dšretmek to start, create, durdugy ﾍ a gradually, duØduryº warning
found continually duØgudaº sympathetic
dšrjemek to dig into durlamak to clear, make duØgudaºlyk sympathy
dšrmek to search, dig still duØgur impressionable,
around for durmak 1. to stand, be still perceptive, sensual
dšrt four 2. to be (used to express duØgy sense, feeling
dšrtlŸk a four, a "B" student cost or fixed state) 3. used duØmak to feel
dšrŸºdirmek to turn over as a modal verb to express a duz salt
dšs pile, heap state of being or continual duzak snare
dšº breast action: Ol gŸlŸp durØar = duzlamak to salt
dšw I. set, match II. giant; She's smiling, she's been duzly salty : duzsuz bolsa
demon smiling atarsy–, duzly bolsa
dšwek threshing : dšwek durmuº life, existence nŠdersi–! = If it's not salty,
dšwmek = to thresh durmuºa ﾍ ykan married (of you can add salt; if it's
dšwlet 1. government 2. a girl) salty, there's nothing you
richness, goodness durmuºa ﾍ ykmak to marry can do!
dšwmek to break (of a girl) dŸkan shop, store; stall
dšwrŸnde during durna crane (bird) dŸkŸrdemek 1. to stomp 2.
dšwŸk broken durnukly solid, stable to make an indistinct noise
dšwŸlgi ﾍ fragile durnuklylyk stability dŸkŸrdetmek to stomp
dšwŸlmek to break durºuna entirely dŸme dryfarming
dšwŸm piece, lump, portion duruzmak to make a stop, dŸmew 1. virus, common
dšwŸr 1. epoch 2. period, to stop cold 2. flu
time dury pure dŸmewlemek to have a
dšwŸrdeº contemporary duº bolmak to be faced cold
(said of a person) with something dŸnderilmek to turn
dšwŸrleØin periodic duº gelmek to meet, come upsidedown, flipflop
dšzmek to be uncaring to dŸndermek to turn over,
dšzŸmli hardy, staunch duº I. [u:] close to : Ol flip
dšzŸmsiz sympathetic, duºuna bardy = He went dŸnØewi secular, worldly
compassionate closer II. r. shower dŸnØŠ inmek to be born
drama r. drama duºak fetters dŸnØŠ world, globe
du ﾍ ar bolmak to be faced duºenbe Monday dŸnØŠden štmek to die
with duºly closely dŸ––Ÿrdemek to jingle
duk mixed up duºmak to meet, encounter dŸr pearl
dul 1. place of respect 2. duºman enemy dŸrbi binoculars
widower duºman ﾍ ylyk animosity dŸrli diverse, different
dul aØal widow duºuºmak to meet, dŸrlidŸrli different,
duldegºir near, neighborly : encounter various
duldegºir bolup Øaºamak duºuºyk meeting, dŸrs correct
= to be a neighbor to, live encounter dŸrs jogap bermek to
near dutar dutar, a traditional answer correctly
duluk cheek Turkmen instrument which is dŸrsemek used in the
duman fog, mist, haze twostringed, looks construction: šzŸ–i
dumanlamak to grow foggy somewhat like a mandolin dŸrsemek = to get well
dumanly foggy, misty : and has a twangy sound dŸrtgŸ ﾍ stamp for bread
dumanly daglar = misty duw superlative affiz: duw dŸrtme gŸrsak blunt
mountains ak = the whitest, dŸrtmek to poke, prod
durabara gradually, completely white dŸºbi clever
continually duØdansyz sudden, dŸºbŸlik cleverness
reflexive
dŸºek 1. bed, bedding 2. dŸØpleØin forever, once dymmak to be quiet, to shut

cushion, mattress and for all up
dŸºek ﾍ e mattress dŸØpli essential, dymºyk silence
dŸºelge stopping place, fundamental dymyk humid
camp dŸØrlemek to roll up dyn ﾍ 1. rest; relaxation 2.
dŸºemek 1. to spread out 2. dŸØº dream peace; stillness
to pave dŸØº gšrmek to have a dyn ﾍ almak to take a rest,
dŸºewŸnt profit dream vacation
dŸºewŸntli profitable dŸØºŸrgemek to dream dyndarmak to get out of; to
dŸºlemek to make a stop dŸØt soot escape
dŸºmek 1. to descend, dŸz etmek to repair, mend dyngy pause
dismount, come down dŸz I. 1. plains, flatlands 2. dyngysyz without a break,
(from) 2. to fall 3. to come flat, smooth II. 1. straight nonstop
into, upon 4. used 2. right dynmak 1. to finish 2. to get
figuratively like the English dŸzediº ammendment out of
"to fall": howsala dŸºmek dŸzelmek to be rectified dynman without a break,
= to fall into a panic dŸzetmek to set straight, to nonstop
dŸºnŸkli clear, rectify dyrpytrak bolmak to be
understandable dŸzgŸn rule, order parted; separated
dŸºnŸksiz unclear, not dŸzgŸnnyzam order, dyrjaºmak to try, attempt
understandable discipline dyrmak rake
dŸºŸm gram. case : dŸzgŸntertip order, dyrmaºmak to climb
TŸrkmendilinde alty discipline dyrmyk rake
dŸºŸm bar = The Turkmen dŸzgŸnleºdirmek to set in dyrna ﾍ ak scratch; abrasion
language has six cases order dyrna ﾍ aklamak to scratch
dŸºŸndiriº explanation dŸzgŸnnama position, dyrnak 1. nail (of a finger or
dŸºŸndiriºli explanatory ordering toe) 2. claw
dŸºŸndirmek to explain dŸzlŸk plains, flatlands dyz knee
dŸºŸniºmek to understand dŸzme composition, essay dyzamak to be bursting,
each other dŸzmek 1. to string, to straining
dŸºŸnje 1. notion 2. thread 2. to gather 3. to dyzma ﾍ frisky, hot to trot
explanation compose
dŸºŸnjeli knowledgable dŸzŸji compiler, composer
dŸºŸnmek I. to understand dŸzŸm composition, make
II. to swim up
dŸºŸrmek to help off, to set dŸzŸwli composed,
down orderly, well
dŸwme jangles, little bells dwigatel r. engine, motor
dŸwmek to knot dØadØa r. uncle
dŸwŸlmek to be knotted dyglamak to shudder
dŸwŸn ﾍ ek little knot dykgat attention
dŸwŸnmek to choke on dykmak to stuff; to jam in
dŸwŸrtik pimple, dyknyºmak to be pushed in
blackhead dyknyºyk jam; crush;
dŸØbŸnden absolutely crowding
dŸØe camel dyky cork; stopper
dŸØeguº ostrich dykylmak 1. to put in 2. fig.
dŸØn yesterday to nose around in, to butt
dŸØnki yesterday's into
dŸØp 1. bottom 2. base 3. dykyz packed, dense
root 4. bush 5. essence dykyzlanmak to get packed
dŸØpgšter forever, once dym superlative affiz
and for all dymjykmak to spoil, go bad
E
egmek 1. to bend; stoop; ekzemplØar r. to copy,
bow 2. to curve; fold specimen
egrelmek to be bent; folded el ﾍ arpmak to applaud,
egri bent; crooked clap
egriji spinner el hand
ebedi eternal egrilik curvature elbetde of course
ebedileºdirmek to egsilmez innumerable eldek tame (same as ekdi)
immortalize ejap shame ele almak to know deeply
ebedilik 1. eternity 2. eje mother elek sieve
eternal ejelik motherhood elekﾍ elek gšzŸni elek
ebeteØ approach ejir martyr ﾍ elek etmek = to stare at
edara etmek to manage ejiz feeble, weak, small elektrifikasiØa r.
edara office; institution boned electrification
edebi literary ejizlemek to tire; become elektrifisirlemek to electrify
edebiØat literature enervated elektrik r. electrik
edebiØat ﾍ y man of letters ekabyr 1. senior; older; elektrostansiØa r. power
edenetdilik arbitrariness; higher 2. powerful; mighty; station
despotism; tyrrany intense elemek to sift
edenli businesslike; expert ekdi tame element r. element
edep breeding; politeness eken really (emphatic word) elementar r. elementary
edepli wellbred, polite Bu nahar šrŠn sŸØji eleºan torn, tattered
edeplilik politeness eken=this food is really elgarama dependent
edepsiz uncultured; tasty elhen ﾍ 1. terrible, frightful,
impolite ekeni eken dreadful 2. powerful, very
edepsizlik impoliteness; ekeran ﾍ ylyk agriculture; strong
unculturedness farming elim glue
edermen brave ekin crop elin self, own
edermenlik valour ekipazh r. crew elipbiØ alphabet
edŠhet manner ekiº sowing eljiremek 1. to mince, be
edil I. as such II.exact, ekiz twin prim 2. t loll, lounge
exactly eklemek to contain, hold, ellemek to handle
edilen made of look for, maintain ellemek to touch, handle
edilmek to be made of eklen ﾍ means elleºmek to shake hands
edip bilmek to be able to do eklenmek to earn elli fifty
edren ﾍ ugly ekleØji breadwinner ellik glove
effekt r. effect ekmek to plant elmydam always
efiop r. Ethiopian ekplutasiØa r. exploitation elmydama always
egelenmek to surround ekran r. screen eltmek to deliver, hand,
eger (de) if ekskawator r. excavator bring
egin shoulder ekspedisiØa r. expedition, elujundan etmek to do
egineºik clothes dispatch office elØaglyk handkerchief
eginbaº clothing eksperiment r. experimental elØeter inaccessible, out of
egindeº 1. person of same ekspertizia r. expertise, reach
age 2. brother in arms opinion em medicine
egirmek to spin eksplutatirlemek r. to emaØ bilen with caution,
egismek to reduce; to exploit with care
diminish eksponat r. exhibition emblema r. emblem
eglemek to delay; detain; eksponirlemek r. to exhibit, emdirmek to feed, nurse
hold up expose emedeklemek to crawl
eglenmek to be delayed; eksport r. export emeli artificial, false
detained eksportirlemek r. to export emelsiz awkward, unskilled
egliºik concession ekzamen r. examination emelsizlik awkwardness
emenmek to covet
emgek 1. illness, sickness 2. epilmek 1. to wrinkle 2. to esetmek 1. to look at,

torment, agony, pain curve, bend, bow examine, inspect 2. to
emgemek to take pains, to epin pleat, fold, crease, nurse, care for, look after
make an effort wrinkle esger soldier
emgenmek to toil, work epizod r. episode esgerlik position, location
hard, exert oneself eplemek to fold esgi rag
emjek 1. breast, bosom 2. eplenmek to fold, bend, eskalator r. escalator
udder curve (on one's own) eskiz r. sketch
emlŠk property, belongings epmek to bend, curve, fold esli considerable, large
emma but era r. era essalawmaleØkim formal
emmek to suck erbet bad greeting
emzik dummy, doll erbetlemek to deteriorate, esse time (x)
enaØy good, favorable turn for the worse estafeta r. relay race
en ﾍ eme many, a lot erbetleºmek to deteriorate estetik r. aesthetic
endam body erbetlik badness estetika r. aesthetics
endigan uniform, equal eremek to melt, thaw estrada r. stage, platform
endiganlamak to level, ergin solution eºek donkey
straighten, clip erik apricot eºik clothes
endik habit erjel persistent eºikler clothes
endiremek to tremble, erjellik persistence, eºitmek to hear
shake, quiver perseverance eºret wellbeing, prosperity
ene dili mothertongue erk free eºretli blessed
ene grandmother erkana free, unrestricted, et meat
eneatalar parents easy etazh r. floor, story of
enegiØa r. energy erkek 1. man 2. male camel building
eneke nana erkin 1. free 2. freely, etek lap, skirt
enjam equipment unrestrictedly etli of meat, meaty
enjamlaºdyrmak to equip, erkinlik freedom etliganly fullblooded
outfit ermeni r. Armanian etmek to do, to make, to
ensiklopediØa r. er–ek edge, rim produce
encyclopedia ersmek 1. to build firmly, etmiº offense
entegem still, yet solidly 2. to be firm, solid etrap geographical region
entek still, yet, as yet erteki fairy tale, story etØud r. etude
entemek 1. to wander 2. to ertir 1. morning 2. eØwaØ oh!
roam tomorrow eØwŠk ouch!
entŠk still, yet ertirlik breakfast eØe bolmak to own
entreklemek 1. to wander ertirlik nahar breakfast eØe owner
2. to roam (morning meal) eØe ﾍ ilik ownership
entuziazm r. enthusiasm esas base, basis, foundation eØelemek 1. to capture 2.
e–aºak lowering, descent, esasan basically, with basis to conquer 3. to gain,
slope esasanlamak to be founded occupy, employ
e–ek chin on,based on eØelik etmek to keep house
e–mek to rush, hurry, be esaslsandyrmak to found eØer saddle
directed esassyz unfounded, without eØerlemek to saddle
e––it slope, pitch basis eØermek 1. to follow, ensue
e–remek to cry, weep esasy basic 2. to be led 3. to imitate,
e–termek 1. to pour out 2. esbap 1. tool, instrument 2. copy
to fell 3. to fall in 4. to grant, relief, dole, benefit eØgermek to inquire about,
chase eser written work, ask
epeØ 1. respectable 2. high composition, thesis, eØgilik wellbeing,
flown, bombastic writing prosperity, happiness
epigraf r. epigraph eserde– sensitive, vigilant eØikmek to grow stronger
eserde–lik keenness eØjelik pretty
€
eØle like that, as such ŠºgŠr open, obvious,
eØleki different, others, the evident
others ŠºgŠrlik openness,
eØlemek 1. to tan 2. to obviousness
knead Štiºgir railroad pliers, tongs
eØmen ﾍ older, senior Š ah! I see! ŠtiØa ﾍ caution, heed
eØmenmek to fear, be Šbermek to give, serve, ŠtiØa ﾍ ly cautious, careful
afraid render, get ready Štlemek 1. to step 2. to
eØwan veranda Šdik boot cross, transgress
eØØam I. already II. era Šdik ﾍ i shoemaker Štmek to step
ezenek lazy Šdim footstep Šwmek to feel, react,
ezilmek 1. to get wet 2. to Šdimlemek to step, march respond to
moisten 3. to be oppressed ŠgŠ: Šga bolmak to be Šwmezlik slowness,
eziz dear carefu; tardiness (?)
ezmek 1. to wet, moisten, Šgirt 1.huge 2.very ŠwŸlsŠwŸl by chance (?)
soak 2. to opress Šhe– tone ŠØnek glasses, spectacles
ezØet martyr Šhey yo, hi (greeting)
ŠhŠ ah!, I see!
Šhlepus dunce, know
nothing
Šhli all, the whole, full
Šhlihalk nationwide
Šhlumumy universal,
general
ŠhmiØet meaning,
significance, importance
ŠhmiØetli significant,
considerable
Šht vow, pledge, promise
Šhtibar 1. reliable,
dependable 2. authentic
Šhtimal possibly
ŠhtiØalanlyk treachery,
perfidy
Škitmek to carry, take away
Šklemek to bring, deliver
Šlem world
Šlemjahan universe, world
Šlemgoºar rainbow
Š– lower jaw
Š–etmek 1. to look at 2. to
look over
Špet mighty, powerful,
huge
Špiºge window
Šr husband
ŠraØal married couple
Šsgermek to consider,
regard
Šsgermez ﾍ ilik neglect,
disdain
Šsgermezlik neglect,
disdain
F G
forografilemek r. to
photograph
forto ﾍ ka r. window leaf
forum r. forum
fotoapparat r. camera
fabrik factory fotografiØa r. photograph gaba cumbersome,
fakt r. fact foØe r. foyer; lobby unweildy
fakultØet r. faculty fraseologik r. phraseologic gabahat ﾍ ylyk entrapment,
familiØa r. surname fraseologiØa r. vicious scheme
faner r. plywood, veneer phraseology gabak eyelid
fantastika r. fantastic, front r. front gabamak to encircle
imaginary fundament r. foundation; gabanja– jealous
fantaziØa r. imagination; basis gabanmak to be jealous of
fantasy funksiØa r. function gabara dimension, size
farfor r. china; porcelin futbol r. football gabar ﾍ yk callous
fartuk r. apron futbol ﾍ y r. football player gabarmak to callous
fason r. style gabat against : JaØlar bir
federasiØa r. federation birine gabat salnypdyr =
federatiw r. federative; The houses were built
federal against each other
fehtowaniØe r. fencing gabat gelmek to coincide
feldsher r. medical assistant gabatlamak to intercept
felØeton r. feuilleton gabaw siege, encirclement
ferma r. farm gabsa shutter
festiwal r. festival gabyk bark, shell
fewral r. February ga ﾍ a durmak to avoid,
feØerwerk r. firework keep at a distance : Men
ony ga ﾍ a durØaryn = I'm
filarmoniØa r.
avoiding her
philharmonic
ga ﾍ alak etmek to hide
film r. film
from, to avoid
filologik r. philologic
ga ﾍ alaklamak to hide
filologiØa r. philology
from, avoid
filosofik r. philosophic
ga ﾍ alga avoidance
filosofiØa r. philosophy
ga ﾍ gak fugitive, refugee
fin r. Finn
ga ﾍ gakmak 1. to avoid 2.
final r. final; finale
to fall, be lost : Meni–
firma r. firm
ukym ga ﾍ ypdyr = My
fizika r. physics
hopes were vanishing
fiziki r. physicist
ga ﾍ mak 1. to flee, retreat
flot r. fleet 2.to drop (on its own)
fond r. fund ga ﾍ y dike
fonetik r. phonetic ga ﾍ yrmak 1. to drop, let
fonetika r. phonetics fall 2. to let loose : ol
fontan r. fountain towºany ga ﾍ yrdy = He let
forma r. uniform loose the rabbit
formal r. formal gadagan forbidden,
format r. size; form prohibited
formula r. formula gadam step, movement
formulirlemek r. to gadym ancient
formulate gadymy antiquity
formulirowka r. gadyr fondness
formulation gadyrly dear one
gadyrsyz unloved galmagally noisy lightly, it might cut your

gagal stupid, foolish galmak 1. to raise, be lifted hand
gagºamak to tremble 2. [a:] to stay, remain 3. [a:] gan blood
gagyldamak to cackle, croak used to form modal verbs, gana plenty : Gana syw i ﾍ!
gagyrmak to spit keep Éing : Ol Øatyr galdy = Drink plenty of water!
gagyrynmak to spit out = He kept (remained) ganagy ﾍ adj. bleeding
gahar gelmek to get angry sleeping ganar sack (for cut straw,
gahar getirmek to anger gal–amak to thicken, etc.)
gahar rage, fury become dense : Gar kem ganat wing
gahargazap rage, fury kemden gal–aØar = The ganatlandyrmak to inspire
gaharjan furious, angry snow gradually thickened (lit. to add wings)
gaharjandyrmak to make galoº r. galoshes ganaw ditch
angry galp fake, counterfeit gandym a kind of plant
gaharly furious, mean galpak a baby's first hair : gandyrmak to fill, satisfy,
spirited galpak toØy = a party slake, relieve
gahryman hero (fearless celebrating a child's first ganhor murderer,
person) haircut monstrous person
gahryman ﾍ ylyk heroism galplaºdyrmak to falsify ganjarmak to bleed
gahrymanlar ﾍ a heroic galpyldy tremors ganjyga saddle straps
gakylyk phlegm, phlegmy galstuk r. necktie ganjyk bitch
gala fortress galtak wheelbarrow ganly bloody
galadaw indefatiguable, galtaman bandit ganmak to fill (something
energetic galtaºdyrmak to be right with a liquid)
galagoply disturbing against : ºkafy divara gansyz bloodless
galak leftover, leftbehind : galtaºdyryp goØdyk = gant sugar
galak okuw ﾍ y = a pupil We put the wardrobe gantly sugary
who isn't making progress against the wall ganybir one blooded : Ol
galakgal ﾍ ak leftovers, galtga float meni– ganybir doganym =
clippings galybersede and with He's my blood brother.
galaktika r. galactic that... ganymat not bad
galam 1. pencil 2. spoon galyn bride price ganymatlaºmak to get
(Yomud) galyndy remaining, better
galamdan pencilcase remainder: On iki dšrde ga––a mule saddle
galapyn most of the time : galyndysyz bšlŸnØŠr = ga–rak hook
Galapyn sen gije galyp Twelve goes into four ga–rylamak to bend, make
gelØŠrsi– = You come late without a remainder hooked
most of the time galy– thick ga–ºyrawuk anat.
galat untruthful : Siz galat galy–lyk thickness nasopharynx
aØdØarsy–yz! = You're gam cekmek to mourn ga–yr ﾍ ak hook (for
lying! gamak a kind of plant clothing)
galaØy tin gamaºmak 1. to be dazed, ga–yrmak to bend
galaØylamak to solder overwhelmed 2. to be gap 1. box, package 2.
galdyramak to tremble disgusted vessel : naxar iØilØŠn gap
galdyrnak 1. to raise : Eli–i gamaºyk hazy, cloudy, dull = kitchenware 3.
galdyry–! = Raise your gam ﾍ y whip grammatical intesifier: gap
hand! 2. [a:] to leave gam ﾍ ylamak to whip gara–ky = really dark
(something) : Kataplary– gamgyn sad gapak cover
izi šØde galdyry– = Leave gamlaºdyrmak to pack, gapan 1. trap 2. scale (for
your books at home stuff weighing)
galgamak to flutter gamly sad gapdal side : Gapy jaØy–
galkynys revival gamyº reed : Gamyºy demirgazyk gapdalyda =
galla grain, bread gowºak tutsa–, elinni The door is on the house's
galmagal noise, racket gyØar = Hold the reed north side
gapdalky adj. side : garamak 1. v. to overlook 2. garderob r. wardrobe

gapdalky gapy = side door v. to consider 3. n. garga crow, raven
gapga ﾍ dishes, utensils direction, auspices gargy reed, rush
gapgarmak to fill garamandalak thistle gargyº damnation
gapjamak to clamp garamat responsibility garjaºmak to get mixed up,
gapjawa ﾍ clamp garamaØak common people confused
gaplamak to cover, bury (???) garjaºyk hoarse
gapla– tiger garamazdan despite gark bilmak to drown
gapmagarºy contradictory : garamyk 1. chicken pox 2. a garlawa ﾍ swallow (bird)
Ol ma–a gapmagarºy kind of plant garly snowy
dyrdy = He contradicted garanjaklamak to look garmagŸrmelik chaos,
me around confusion
gapmak to catch garantja scarecrow garmak to mix with, shuffle
gapy door gara–ky 1. dark, unlit 2. garmon r. accordian
gapyl ignorant, illinformed darkness : Gara–kydan garnizon r. garrison
gapyrga rib gorkØary–my? = Are you garnuw dash, pinch (in
gapyrjak box afraid of the dark? cooking)
gar snow gara–kylyk darkness garnym ditch
gara black gara–kyramak to darken garpyºmak to be coupled
garašrt bolmak to char garasšØmez reserved, with, to clamp on to
garabasma nightmare unsociable garpyz watermelon : Ker ﾍ
gara ﾍ orba Turkmen meat garasuw glaucoma garpuz iØ! = Eat a piece of
soup garaºdyrmak to make watermelon!
garagol disorderly someone wait awhile garramak to age
garaguº epilepsy garaºly bolmak to depend garraºmak to get a little
garahassalyk typhys on older
garaj r. garage garaºly dependent garratmak to make old :
garak eye : NŠme, seni– garaºlylyk dependence Agyr zŠhmet ony
garagy– Øokmy? = What, garaºmak to wait garradyrdyr = Hard work
you don't have eyes to see? garaºsyz independent aged him
garak ﾍ y bandit : de–iz gara garaºsyzlyk independence: garry 1. old, aged 2. old
ﾍ ylary = pirates syØasy we ykdysady person
garakšl baby sheep's pelt garaºsyzlyk = political and garrygyz Old Girl (a variety
(used to make Turkmen economic independence of melon)
telpeks) garaºyk attention, notice garrylyk age, old age
garalama draft, rough copy garawul durmak to stand garsamak to put
garalamak 1. to blacken : Ol guard garsylyk obstacle
gaºy–y garalaØar = She's garawul guard garºy 1. against, adjoining
darkening her eyebrows 2. garaØag tar 2. to meet, greet : Olary–
to dye 3. to shame, sully garaØagyz dark garºysyndan babam
garalaw ﾍ y public complexioned ﾍ ykdy = My grandfather
prosecutor, investigating garaØyº 1. attitude, opinion went to meet them 3.
magistrate 2. look, glance constantly : Ol okuwa
garalmak 1. to become dark garaz in general, to put it garºy gijŠ galyp gelmek =
2. to burn : DŸn men gŸne shortly : Garaz sen razy He always comes late to
gataldym = I got a sunburn dŠldŠ = To put it shortyly, study
yesterday 3. to consider you don't agree garºy cykmak to disagree,
garaltmak to make black garbakgurbak etmek to object
garaly plum, plum tree : bite, eat some garºydaº adversary
garaly mŸrepbesi = plum garbamak to suffice garºyldamak to greet, meet
jam garbanmak to bite, eat some garºylyk gšrkezme protest
garalyºmak to wait for gar ﾍ ygaØ fellow garºylyk gšrkezmek to
someone gardaº brother protest
garºylyk obstacle, gatla dam, dike gaØgy etmek to worry

opposition gatlak layer gaØgy worry, sadness
garta– grown : Bu telpek gatlakly layered gaØgyly sad, worrisome
seni garta– gšrkezØŠr = gatlamak to deposit, add a gaØgyrmak to pity, feel
This hat makes you look layer sorry for
older gatmak 1. to add 2. to mix gaØky strutting, with one's
gartaºmak to grow old gatnamak to be going (on a chest puffed out
garymgatym disorderly regular basis) gaØma embroidery
garyn stomach : Meni– gatnaºmak to participate in, gaØmak 1. cream 2. [a:] to
garynym a ﾍ = I'm hungry attend : Men lektsiØalara soar
garyndaº relative gatnaºdym = I attended gaØmakly creamy
garyndaºsyramak to be the lectures gaØmalamak 1. to sew 2.
related gatnaºyjy participant [a:] to whirl, spin around :
garyndy dash, pinch (in gatnaºyk relation: dostlukly ‚agajik enesini– daºynda
cooking) gatnaºyk = friendly gaØmalap Øšrdi = The
garynja ant relations child whirled around its
garyp poor : garyp adam = gatnaw 1. movement, mother
poor person traffic : HŠzir ºaheri– gaØmalaºmak [a:] to hurry
garyplyk poverty kš ﾍ elerinde gatnaw uly = about, bustle, make a fuss
garyº a unit of measurement There's a lot of movent on gaØnag boiled : Men di–e
equal to the width of a hand the streets today 2. gaØnag suw i ﾍ meli = I
from the outside of the thumb communication, route must drink only boiled
to the outside of the little gatnawy route water
finger gaty I. 1. hard, strong 2. gaØnamak to boil
garyºdyrmak to mix, mix in stale : gaty ﾍ šrek = stale gaØnatmak to boil
garyºmak to be mixed bread 3. loud II. 1. very, (something) : Sen suw
garyºyk mixed extremely, a lot : Ol gaty gaØnatØa–my? = Are you
gassap butcher gordy = He was very afraid boiling water?
gastrol r. tour (artistic) 2. welldone : gaty gaØra northeast
gastronom r. gourmet biºirilen Øumurtga = gaØragolulmasyz urgent
gasyk groin, pubis hardboiled egg gaØralmak 1. to worsen 2.
gasyn wrinkle gatyk soft milk product like to move backward
yoghurt gaØramak to hone, sharpen
gaº 1 1. eyebrow 2. before :
gatylyk hardness gaØrat strength, hutzpah
gaºynda durmak = to
gatyr mule gaØratlanmak to buck up,
stand before
gatyrganmak to anger get gutsy
gaº 2 encrustations, inlayed gatyºyk various gaØry different
stones gawun melon gaØºarmak to sag, cave in
gaºamak to scratch gaØ storm gaØºartmak to bend, bend
gaºbagaº face to face (lit. gaØa crag, cliff back, indent
brow to brow) gaØamak to embroider gaØta 1. time(s) : Kitaby
gaºlamak to inlay, encrust gaØcy scissors birnŠ ﾍ e gaØta okadym =
gat layer, floor : iki gat jaØ gaØ ﾍ ylamak to cut with I read the book a few times
= twostory house scissors 2. just the opposite : Ùagyº
gatakar rapids gaØduwsyz intrepid, di–mŠn, gaØta
gatalkmak to raise, fearless gŸØ ﾍ lenØŠrdi = The
strengthen : Ol sesi–i gaØdym derejesi gram. snow didn't slacken – just
galtalkmali = He should passive voice the opposite – it got
raise his voice gaØdyp forward, beyond stronger
gatamak 1. to harden 2. to gaØdyºyn return, way gaØtalanmak to be repeated
grow stale back : GaØdyºyn size gaØtalaºdyrmak to review,
gatan ﾍ share, portion degip ge ﾍ epin = I'll stop repeat several times : …Ø
gatbargatbar manyfloored by on the way back
iºleri–izi gaØtalaºdyry– = ge ﾍ ginli popular, sought geljek future : Bagtly geljek

Review your homework after hakynda arzuw etØŠrin =
gaØtalmak to repeat ge ﾍ i goat : Ge ﾍ i ØŸwrŸp, I wish for a happy future :
gaØtandan anew, again : keØik bolmaz = A very geljek Øyl = next year
GaØtadan geli–! = Come fast goat won't be a gelmek 1. to come, arrive
again! gazelle : Ge ﾍ Š jan gaØgy, 2. to bear, carry 3.
gaØtargy change (money) gassaba – Øag : The goat sometimes used as a modal
gaØtarma 1. negative loves life, the butcher loves verb with the yp/ip gerrund
command or gerrund form fat form : alyp gelmek = to
of gaØtarmak 2. A young ge ﾍ iriji conductor bring : u ﾍ up gelmek = to
wife who returns to her ge ﾍ irimli merciful, fly in 4. used to describe
family for a short time after charitable wants and desires : Ùatasym
a month of marriage ge ﾍ irmek 1. to conduct, gelØŠr = I want to sleep :
gaØtarmak to give back, run, control 2. to translate : Ony– a ﾍ lasy– gelØŠr =
return Turkmendiline ge ﾍ iri–! = She wants to cry
gaØtawul rebuff, repulse : Translate to Turkmen! 3. to gelnalyjy wedding
Duºmana gaØtawul reschedule, set a new time procession
berdik = We repulsed the ge ﾍ is transition gelneje bride
enemy ge ﾍ mek 1. to pass 2. to gelºik beauty
gaØybana externally, by begin, start : TŠze tema gelºikli beautiful
correspondence ge ﾍ ØŠris = We're starting gelºiksiz disadvantageous,
gaØyk boat a new theme 3. to pardon, hideous : Bu gelºiksiz iº =
gaØym firm, tough : forgive 4. used as a helping This is thankless work
gaØym aga ﾍ = solid wood verb like the English gelºiksizlik disadvantage
gaØyn inlaw, inlaws : "through" : deºip ge ﾍ mek gelºin the opposite way
gaØyn ata = fatherinlaw = to pierce through : okap gemir ﾍ ek cartilidge
gaØyº leather ge ﾍ mek = to read through gemirmek to gnaw, nibble
gaØzykmak to become ge ﾍ miº the past : yzak gemiºek foreigner
weatherbeaten, chapped ge ﾍ miº = the distant past gemrijiler rodents
gaz gas gedam proud, arrogant general r. general (military)
gaz [a:] goose gedaØ 1. poor 2. beggar, genial r. brilliant, eminent
Gazak Kazahk poor person geniØ r. genius
gazan big palow pan gedaØlaºmak to ge– strange, surprising,
gazan ﾍ earnings impoverish weird
gazan ﾍ a [a:] pot gedemlik arrogance ge–eº advice
gazan ﾍ ly profitable gegemoniØa r. hegemony ge–eºmek to advise
gazanmak to earn gektar r. hectacre ge–irgendirmek to surprise,
gazap anger gele–sizlik carelessness startle
gazaplandyrmak to make gelin 1. young girl 2. sister ge–irgenmek to be
angry inlaw, bride surprised, startled
gazaplanmak to get angry gelinalyjy wedding caravan ge–lemek to seem strange
gazaply angry gelinbarmak grapes geograf r. geographer
gazet r. newspaper (specifically, Lady's Finger, geografiØa r. geography
gazganak pothole : Ùol a long a sweet variety of geologiØa r. geology
durºuna gazganak = The grape) geometriØa r. geometry
road is full of potholes gelingyz young bride, girl gep talk, conversation,
gazly carbonated, gassy : gelip ﾍ ykmak to originate parlance : dogry gep =
gazly suw = carbonated gelip ﾍ ykyº origin honest words, straight talk
water geliºmek to go with, suit : gepgŸrrŸ– conversation,
gazmak to dig Bu kšØnek sa–a talk
gazyk peg geliºmeØŠr = That dress gep ﾍ i busybody, gossip
ge ﾍ elge passage doesn't suit you geplemek to speak
geplemek to speak
geplemezlik silence Murat, take the dog for a gijikdirmek to make too

geplemºek talky, walk! late, to delay
conversational gezegine in turns, by turns gijikmek to be late : Sen iºe
gepleºik 1. negotiations 2. gezek 1. time (as in "3 gijikØŠri– = You're late to
spoken, negotiated times") : GŸrrŸmisŸ–i work
gepleºikler negotiation(s) indiki gezege goØarys = gikilewik annoyance, itch
gepleºmek 1. to converse, We're putting of talking gimn r. hymn
talk until the next time 2. turn, gimnastika r. gymnastics
gepletmek to allow to speak move gi– 1. wide, spacious 2.
: Ol meni gepletdi = He gezekgezigine in turns, by composed, easygoing
allowed me to speak turns (personality)
gerb emblem gezekleºmek to alternate gi–elmek to be widened
gerbariØ r. barbarism gezelen ﾍ etmek to go for a gi–iº spacious, wide
gerbli stamped, official walk, stroll gi–leme expansion
gerden shoulder(s) gezelen ﾍ stroll gi–lemek to expand
geregi ﾍ e so much, as much gezemek to aim gi–lik 1. width, gauge 2.
as is needed gezende stroll latitude (geographical)
gerek necessary, needed : gezer jog, trot gipdal whirlpool
Sa–a nŠme gerek? = What gezim stroll gipdeji income, revenue
do you need? (lit. What is gezmek 1. to stroll 2. to gipdenek tubby person,
needed to you?) wander : Kšp Øurtlary frump
gereklemek to want gezdik = We wandered gips r. plaster
gerekli necessary, needed : around a lot of countries girelge entrance
Ùany– bilen i– gerekli gezmelemek to pass girew deposity, security
zatlary–y aldy = He took gŠdik breach, fracture deposit
the most necessary things gŠgirmek to belch, burp giriº introduction
gereksiz unnecessary gŠmi ship giriºmek to begin
gerim 1. in a big way, in a gŠp scarecrow giriºmek to embark upon
grand style 2. great strides gŠtmek to break off, chop girizmek to let in, bring in
gerinmek to sip off girmek to enter : Ol ºŠhere
geriº back, spine gŠz dirt girØŠr = He's coming into
gerkgŠbe enough, a lot of gŠzlemek to get dirty town
germek to put up, set up gibrid r. hybrid gitar guitar : alty kiriºli
germemek to obstruct gi ﾍ late : Ol sapagi–a gije gitar = six string guitar
germew obstruction geldi = He came late to gitdigi ﾍ e gradually, little
gero r. hero class : Gi ﾍ Øagºy! = Good by little
getirmek to fetch, bring : Bu evening! gitmek 1. to go 2. used as a
sa–a zyØan getirjek = That gi ﾍ ki late modal verb : Øykypyp
will bring you harm gi ﾍ lemek to come late gitmek = to collapse (lit. to
geØdirmek to dress gi ﾍ lik evening go falling)
(somebody) : Ol gyzy–a gidiºin going, one way gizlemek to be concealed,
tŠze kšØnek geØdirdi = gidiºingaØdyºyn round put away
She put a new dress on her trip gizlenmek to conceal, put
daughter gidiºini passing, incidental away
geØim clothes giew soninlaw, brotherin gizlenpe ﾍ ek hideandseek
geØimeºik clothes law gizligin secret
geØimgejim clothes gigiena r. hygiene gizlin secret, illegal, hidden
geØindirmek to dress gijara before sunset globys r. globe
(somebody) gije night gobsynmak to raise oneself,
geØmek to dress (oneself) gijegŸndiz day and night to stand up
geØnŸwli welldressed gijeki adj. night go ﾍ 1. ram 2. ramlike (a
gezdirmek to take for a giji itch compliment) : go ﾍ Øygit =
walk : Murat, iti gezdir! =
a bold and daring young gonmak to land : Kepderi goºma ﾍ a 1. addition,

man tama gondy = The dove appendage 2. appendix
goduklamak to wobble, landed on the roof goºmak to add, add on,
stagger go–ak dandruff append : goºmak almaty =
goh 1. noise 2. scandal go–ralmak to turn brown addition sign, plus
goja 1. old, ancient 2. an old go–ºy neighbor, goºtorba knapsack
man neighboring goºulma suffix, ending
gojalyk age go–ºygolan neighbor goºulyjy component
gojamak to age (said of go–ur brown goºun army
men) go–ursamak to smell goºun ﾍ ylyk military
gojaman ancient strongly (like burning service
gol 1. hand, arm 2. rubber) gotan pelican
signature 3. gulf goparmak to pull out, tear gotaz tassel
gol ﾍ ekmek to sign (to pull off gotur 1. pitted, pockmarked
arm) gopbamsy arrogant, 2. mangy, scabby
golak handless, armless conceited gow snake scales
golandirly Dutch person gopgun noise, din, fracas gowa waterskin
golasty dependent, colonial gopmak to fall out, fall off gowa ﾍ a cotton
golaØ next, near, about : Ol gopuz mouth harp gowak cave
iki aØa golaØ dien Øaly gor ferment, leaven gowga din, racket
dyn ﾍ aldy : He rested gorag 1. protection 2. fence gowgaly troubled,
about two months : Bizi– gorag ﾍ y protector disturbed
golaØymizdan kanal goramak to protect, defend gowlamak to make a bed
ge ﾍ ØŠr = A canal passes goranmak to be protected gowrak more than
close to here. goraØyº protection gowºak weak
golaØda 1. not far 2. not gor ﾍ itsa r. mustard gowºamak to weaken
long ago gorizontal r. horizontal gowºatmak to make weak
golaØlamak to approach gorka timidity gowºuramak to convey,
golaØlyk closeness gorkak shy, timid deliver
golaØynda at gorkaklyk cowardice gowulandyrmak to make
gol ﾍ a earthenware pot, gorkmak to be afraid better, improve
pitcher gorkuly 1. frightening, gowularmak to get better
gol ﾍ ur offshoot dangerous 2. frightened gowulaºmak to make better
goldamak to support, to aid gorkun ﾍ 1. frightening, gowulyl goodness, good
goldaw support, aid dangerous 2. monster gowurma preserved meat that
gollamak to support gorkuzmak to scare was fried in fat something
gollanmak to be guided, to gorky fear, fright like jerky or hard tack
follow : InstruktsiØany gorp ditch gowurmak to fry
gollanmady–! = You didn't gorsamak to turn (a corner) gowuºmak 1. to give 2. to
follow instructions! gorsanmak to be unsettled reach, make it to : Olar
golsuz 1. armless, handless gorºok r. pot, potty Aºgabada gowuºdylar =
2. unsigned gosgy poem, poetic They reached Ashgabat
goltuk armpit gospital r. hospital gowuz not full
golØazma manuscript goº things, property, gowy good, well
gom storm belongings gowy gšrmek to like, be
gomparmak to put on airs, goºgola– property, fond of
become full of oneself belongings gowylandyrmak to improve
gompy conceited, arrogant goºa two, a pair gowylyk goodness
gonam ﾍ ylyk graveyard goºant contribution gowzalmak to decrease, get
gon ﾍ trouserleg goºar wrist rid of
gondyrmak to land (a goºawu ﾍ handful goØalamk to thicken
plane) goºma compound goØazy serious
goØbermek 1. to let go 2. gšjek clay ball (used for gšrkana 1. nice 2. pretty,

used as a modal verb to slingshots) picturesque
signify reflexive or gšk 1. blue 2. green 3. sky : gšrkezgi ﾍ indicator
involuntary actions : Ol Gškde ekeje bulut Øok = gšrkeziji index, exponent
muny aØdyp goØberdi = There's not a single cloud gšrkezmek to show
He let this slip from his in the sky gšrksŸz not pretty
toungue by accident, He gšk šnŸm vegetable gšrmegšrŸº visit
said this gšl central design, symbol in gšrmegoØ nice
goØbolsun etmek to repeal, a Turkmen carpet gšrmek 1. to see (in various
abolish gšle calf (young cow) senses: to meet, to
goØŠ as if, as though gšmgšk bluest, completely understand, to figure out)
goØmak 1. to put 2. to put blue 2. as a modal verb, implying
forward, submit 3. used as gšmelteØ directly, attempt or dare Men dadyr
a modal verb signifying a immediately gšrdim = I tried (dared) to
completed action : alyp gšmmek to fill in taste it, I tasted it
goØmak = to make a gšmŸk filled gšrnetin plain to see,
purchase : edip goØmak = gšn leather obvious
to get (something) done gšnelmek to straighten out gšrnŸkli visible, eminent,
goØry dense, thick gšnen ﾍ ilik pleasure attractive
goØulmak to be placed, gšnenmek to get pleasure, gšrnŸº 1. look, appearance
given benefit 2. form, shape 3. kind,
goØulyk thickness, density gšni straight, direct type 4. view, scene 5.
goØum deposit, investment gšnŸbur ﾍ luk mat. right gram. aspect
goØun sheep angle gšrŸbilmez ﾍ ilik jealousy
goØy dense, thick gšnŸkdirmek to direct gšrŸnmek to appear, to
goza cotton boll gšnŸkme exercise (in a seem
gozgala– 1. uprising 2. book) gšrŸº vision
unease, disquiet : Ondan gšnŸlmek 1, to go straight gšrŸºmek to meet, greet
gozgala–a duºØŠrin = 2. to speak directly gštergimek 1. to raise above
That makes me feel uneasy, gšnŸme directions 2. to extol
that disturbs me gšnŸmek to be directed gštermek to pick up
gozgala–ﾍ y rebel, mutineer gšnŸmel straightforward gštsbogma whooping cough
gozgamak to move gšr grave, tomb gšwher pearl
(something) gšre ﾍ pupil (of the eye) gšwna ﾍ yk openhearted,
gozganmak to move gšredeli model, example artless
(oneself) gšreº wrestling gšwnamek 1. to agree with,
gšbek bellybutton gšreºmek to fight, wrestle desire : Ol bizi– bilen
gš ﾍ 1. move, turn (in chess gšrŠ 1. by comparison : Ol gitmŠge gšbnŠnok = He
or checkers) 2. nomadic sa–a gšrŠ daØawrak = By doesn't want to go with us,
camp comparison to you, he's He has not agreed to go
gš ﾍ gŸnli jumpy, excited healthy 2. by, according with us
gš ﾍ me mobile, transitory to : seni– aØtmagy–a gšrŠ gšwnejaØ with spirit
gš ﾍ mek to move, to go = by your words, gšwnetmek to persuade,
somewhere else : Gš ﾍaØ! according to your words talk into
= C'mon, move! (Heard gšrgi suffering, torture gšwnŸne degilmek to be
often in buses) gšrgŸli unfortunate person offended
gš ﾍ Ÿrmek 1. to move gšrgŸlik torture : Bu nŠ gšwnŸne degmek to offend
(something) 2. fig. to copy gšrgŸlik! = What torture gšwnŸne gotermek to cheer
gšdek rude this is! up
gšger ﾍ in wild dove gšrip envious gšwre trunk, torso
gšgermek 1. to grow, rise, gšrk beauty : Gšrk gšz bilen gšwreli pregnant
come up 2. to become blue agyzda = Beauty is in the gšwrŸm volume
or green eyes and the mouth
gšwrŸmli voluminous, gruppa r. gruppa guratlyk improvement

sizable gruzin r. Georgian gurbaga frog
gšwºŸl dilapidated (used of gruzovik r. truck gurban sacrifice : gurban
clothing) gubur tomb baØram = festival of the
gšwŸn soul, spirit guda soninlaw or sacrifice (major holiday
gšwŸnje– desirous of, daughterinlaw's father or whichcelebrates the covenant
wanting to : Men gitmŠge mother of Abraham)
gšwŸnje– dŠl = I don't gudrat miracle, marvel gurbat ability
want to go guduz 1. mad, rabid 2. fig. gurbatly able
gšwŸnly spirited : ki ﾍ i mischeivous gur ﾍ uk worm
gšwŸnly = meanspirited gujak 1. embrace 2. armfull gurgun healthy, well
gšwŸnsiz disinterested, not gujaklamak to embrace gurjak doll, toy :
desirous gujaklaºmak to embrace Gyzjagazlar gurjak
gšwŸs breast gujur force, energy oØnaØarlar = The little
gšØduk sickly, puny gujurly energetic girls play with dolls
gšz 1. eye 2. glance 3. gujursyz weak gurjurly forceful
vision 4. peephole gulak asmak to listen gurluº construction
gšz š–Ÿnde tutmak to aim attentively gurluºlyk construction
gšz Øaº teardrop gulak ear(s) gurluºyk ﾍ y carpenter
gšzgšrtele obvious, patent gulak salmak to listen gurmak 1. to build, create 2.
gšzgulak bolmak to watch attentively to set : gapgan gurmak = to
over (lit, to be eyes and gulluk service set a trap
ears) gulluk ﾍ y servant gurp ability
gšzbag ﾍ y hypnotizer gulmak to pour gurplanmak to become
gšzbaº spring, source gulp lock strong, able
gšzbaºy origin gulpak corn silk gurply 1. strong, able 2.
gšzboØag ﾍ ylyk deception gulplamak to lock welloff
gšzdandy blindman's bluff gum 1. sand 2. desert gursak breast
(game) gumgulluk not a soul gurºaw hoop
gšzeg care gumak sandy gurºawmak to enclose,
gšzel pretty, nice gun ﾍ a bud (of a flower) encircle
gšzellik beauty gundag swaddling clothes gurºun lead (metal)
gšzenek grating, lattice gunduz otter gurt I. [u:] wolf II. [u:]
gšzgyny pathetic, pitiable gunuºmak to whip up, worm, maggot III. ball of
gšzleg research inspire dried curds : Ol gurt bolup
gšzlemek to search, search gupba traditional Turkmen oturdy = He was curled up
for girl's headpiece, made of in a ball, huddled up
gšzØ as if metal and worn over a gurtlamak to become
gšzØaº teardrop skullcap wormy
gradus degree(s) (of guradylan dried gurultaØ assembly,
temperature) guragyryly rheunatism conference, convention,
grafa r. graph gurak arid gathering
grafik r. draughtsman gural instrument, tool : saz gurulyk dryness
grafim r. decanter gurallary = musical gurum soot
grajjdan r. citizen instruments guruºmak to get numb :
gram r. gram gurama organization Meni– aØaklarym
grammatik r. grammatical gurama ﾍ y organizer gurºupdyr = My legs fell
grammatika r. grammar guramak I. to organize II. asleep
granat r. grenade [u:] to dry out gury dry
grek hozy walnut guranmak to be put gusgury absolutely dry, the
grek r. Greek together driest
grim r. makeup gurat 1. corrected, improved gusmak to throw up, puke,
grip r. flu 2. fattened (of sheep) vomit
gussa sorrow gŸldŸrmek to make laugh gŸneº sunshine

guº bird gŸlŠlek red poppy gŸneºlemek to sunburn
guºak belt : Ol guºagy–y gŸlki laughter : Meni– gŸneºli sunny : GŸneºli
da–dy = He fastened his gŸlkim tutØar = This TŸrkmenistana hoº geldi–
belt makes me laugh iz! = Welcome to sunny
guºaklyk 1. waist 2. geog. gŸlkŸli funny, humorous Turkmenistan!
belt gŸlkŸn ﾍ ridiculous, funny, gŸnŠ fault, crime, sin :
guºamak to tie with a belt humorous Onu– nŠme gŸnŠsi bar? =
guº ﾍ ulyk poultry gŸlle blooming What has he done wrong?
gutap pastry, pie gŸllemek to bloom gŸnŠkŠr guilty one
gutarmak 1. to finish, to end gŸlmek to laugh gŸnŠkŠrlemek to blame :
2. used as a modal verb to gŸlŸmjiremek to grin Men ony hi ﾍ zat Ÿ ﾍ in
express completion : gazyp gŸlŸºmek to laugh (of large gŸnŠkŠrlŠmok = I don't
gutarmak = to finish groups) blame him for anything
digging, to dig out gŸlØaka traditional Turkmen gŸnŠli guilty
gutarnykly final, last brooch inlayed with stones gŸnŠsiz blameless, innocent
gutaryº conclusion gŸlzar flower bed gŸnin one day
gutlag congratulations gŸm bol! Get out of here! Be gŸnorta south, southern
gutlamak to congratulate gone! gŸnortan noon : Ol
gutly bolsun! Happy ... ! : gŸmana doubtful, gŸnortan ﾍ enli Øatdy =
TŠze Øul gutly bolsun! = uncertain, hardly possible : He slept until noon
Happy New Year! Olu– geljegigelmejegi gŸnortanlyk nahar dinner,
gutulgysyz hopeless gŸmana = It's uncertain if lunch
gutulmak to recover he'll come or not gŸnsaØyn daily
guty box gŸmmez cupola, dome gŸnŸ– dogmagy sunrise
guwan ﾍ pride gŸmmŸrdemek to thunder, gŸnŸ– Øaºmagy sunset
guwanmak to be proud of roar gŸnŸzin all day : Men
guØgu ﾍ funnel gŸmpŸldi gunshot (sound gŸnŸzin iºlemok = I have
guØma casting (metal) of a) not worked all day
guØmak to pour, pour in gŸmrŸk import/export gŸ– deaf
guØruk tail duty, customs gŸplemek to boast
guØy well, shaft gŸmrŸkhana customs gŸpŸrdemek to stamp
guzaØ shady side house gŸr thick, dense
guzlamak to calve (used of gŸmŸrØamŸr etmek to gŸrlemek to say, speak
cows, cats, sheeps, and have a little chat gŸrma bolmak to be
some other animals) gŸmŸryamyr chitchat captivated, fascinated
guzla––y productive, fast gŸmŸrtik unconsidered, gŸrpŸldemek to crash
breeding sloppy : gŸmŸrtik jogap = gŸrpŸrdi stamping, rumble
guzy lamb thoughtless answer gŸrrŸldemek to roar,
gŸber ﾍ ek protruding, gŸn 1. sun 2. day: gŸneºli thunder
bulging, convex gŸn = sunny day gŸrrŸ– talk, conversation,
gŸbermek to swell up, gŸn tertibi agenda discussion
inflate gŸnasa every other day gŸrrŸ–deº partner in
gŸbŸrdemek to thunder, gŸnaºa all day, in a day conversation
roar gŸnbatar west gŸrrŸ–deºmek to converse
gŸe moth gŸndelik diary gŸrrŸ–siz 1. wordless,
gŸje–lemek to tantalize, gŸndiz daytime unspoken 2. certain, sure
tease gŸndizine daytime gŸrsŸldemek to thump,
gŸjŸk puppy gŸndizki daily, daylight beat
gŸl 1. flower 2. rose 3. gŸndogar east, eastern gŸrsŸldi heartbeat
ornament 4. cataract 5. gŸne Øanmak to get gŸrŸmjŸrŸm bolmak to
curl, flourish sunburnt vanish, disappear : Sen
gŸlaby a kind of melon gŸnebakar sunflower nirŠ gŸrŸmjŸrŸm
boldu–? = Where did you gylyk 1. character 2. habit gyrymsy stunted

disappear to? gymmat expensive gyryndy shavings
gŸw swan gymmatlamak to raise a gyryz Kirghiz
gŸwŠ guarantee price, prices gysa ﾍ vice (mechanical
gŸwwŸldemek to buzz, gymmatly expensive, gripping device)
hum valuable gysby tight
gŸØ ﾍ strength, power gymyldamak to budge, stir gysga short
gŸØ ﾍ lenmek to strengthen gymyldamak to stir gysga ﾍ a briefly
gŸØ ﾍ li 1. strong 2. capable gymyldy flutter, small gysgaltmak to shorten
gŸØgŸ ﾍ ladel movement : Øapraklary– gysgan ﾍ 1. miser 2. greedy,
gŸØjemek to strengthen, gymyldysy = fluttering miserly
intensify (of weather) leaves gysgy ﾍ princers, tongs
gŸØlmek to tie up gyn scabbard gysmak to grip, press
(specifically, to tie an gynamak to distress, bring gysmyljyramak to press up
animal's four legs together) grief to against
gŸØmemek 1. to entertain, gynan ﾍ regret gyssag urgently
amuse 2. to detain, gynan ﾍ ly grieved, gyssagara haste, hurry
distract, delay sorrowful gyssagly urgent, hurried
gŸØmenje amusing gynanmak to regret gyssamak to hurry
gŸØmenmek 1. to be gynansamda unfortunately gysym handful, clutch
amused 2. to be detained gy–a ﾍ shawl, big scarf gysymlamak to grab
gŸØz fall, autumn gy–ak little slice, crust (of gysyr barren
gŸzap torture bread) gyº winter
gŸzer ford gy–yr angry, malicious gyºarmak 1. to lean, slant 2.
gŸzeran life, existence gypgyzyl reddest to diverge
gwardiØn r. guard gypjyndyrmak 1. to gyºarnyksyz unswerving,
gybat gossip overstretch, strain 2. to steadfast
gybatkeº gossipper frighten away gyºartmak to bend, distort
gybatkeº scandalmonger gypmak to wink gyºlag wintering
gygyrmak to gab, chatter, gyr I. steppe II. [y:] gray gyºyk curve
whistle, cry out (of horses) gyºyna wintertime
gygyryºmak to shout back gyra border, coast gyt rare
and forth gyrade– the same, exactly gytalmak to be in short
gyjak Turkmen national gyraky extreme, outer supply : ºu gŸnler bazarda
musical instrument, vaguely gyraw frost kŠºir gytalypdyr = These
resembling a violin gyrgy hawk, merlin days carrots are scarce at
gyjalat reproach gyrgyn mass death the bazaar
gyjyk tickle : Gyjygym gyrgyn ﾍ ylyk slaughter, gyØa oblique, slanting
gelØer = It tickles me carnage gyØ ﾍ ak splinter, shard
gyjyklamak to tickle gyrkmak to slaughter, cut gyØk sheep dung
gyjynmak to irritate down gyØkundy rags, scraps
gykbak etmek to shout, gyrkym ﾍ y slaughterer gyØmak to cut
make a noise gyrmak I. to kill : A ﾍ gyz [y:] 1. girl 2. daughter
gykylyk noise, scream saklap gyrdarys = We're gyzamyk cerebral cortex
gykylyklamak to make dying of hunger II. to gyzarmak to redden
noise wear down, grate, rub off gyzdyrmak 1. to heat : GŸn
gyl voice gyrmalamak to fill (to the Øeri gyzdyrØar = The sun
gylaw edge, blade rim) heats the land 2. to
gyl ﾍ yk tiny fishbones gyrman ﾍ a silt, gratings intensify 3. to have a
gyldyrgan splinter gyrmyzy red, pink temperature
gyllyk spit gyrty ﾍ to clear off, clear up gyzgala–ly intense
gylØal horse gyrylmak I. to kill II. to be gyzgyn 1. hot 2. intense 3.
gyly ﾍ saber straining, bursting temperature : Meni–
H
gyzgynym bar = I have a halaºmak to like (one
temperature another)
gyzgynlyk intensity, heat halat time, season
gyzma hottempered halk 1. people, nation 2.
gyzmak 1. to heat 2. to be people's, popular, folk 3.
fascinated with habar 1. news 2. mark, note, crowd, mob
gyzmalyk heat item 3. knowledge 4. halk citizens, people
gyzykdyrmak to be gram. predicate halka 1. loop 2. ring 3.
interesting to : Ony sport habar etmek to inform environment, circle,
gyzykdyrØardy = Sports habar tutmak to get news company
were interesting to him habar ﾍ y correspondent halkara international
gyzyklandyrmak to interest habardar notification, halkylyk nationality
gyzyklanmak to be advice halkyØet nationality
interested habarlaºmak to exchange halta sack
gyzykly interesting news, get news halwa helva, a Turkish
gyzykmak to be fervoured, habarly expert, versed dessert
impassioned habarlyk gram. predicate haly carpet
gyzyksiz boring ha ﾍ cross haly ﾍ y carpet maker
gyzyl I. red II. gold ha ﾍ an when halypa teacher, master
gyzylšdek anat. esophagus, hadys prophecy halys totally
gullet hadysa 1. event, occurence ham animal skin
gyzyºmak to warm, heat 2. phenomenon hamala as it were, as if, as
gyzzyrma malaria hahahaØlamak to roar with though
laughter hammam bathhouse
hajat need, want hamyr dough
hajathana toilet hamyrmaØa leavening,
ha££uk lizard fermented dough
hak I. correct, right II. 1. hamyrturºy leavening,
right, privilege 2. fee, fermented dough
wages 3. lot, fate hamyt collar, harness
hakhukuk right, privilege hamytlamak to collar,
haklaºmak to get even with, harness
settle accounts han ruler
hakly bolmak to be entitled hanha there, over there
to hantama expectation
hakyda memory, hantama ﾍ ylyk expectation
rememberance hany I. where? II. well
hakykan reality now, then
hakykat 1. truth 2. reality ha–latmat to open, open
hakykatdan really, in truth wide
hakyky genuine hapa I. 1. dirt, mud 2. trash
hakynda about II. indecent, obscene
hal I. 1. health 2. strength, hapalamak to dirty
force, power, might 3. hapalanmak to get dirty
dialect II. birthmark, mole hapalyk destruction
halahwal health, situation, haplamak to pour over, to
need scald
halal just, righteous, pure, hapysa slovenly, careless
godly haraba ruins
halamak to like harajat etmek to spend,
halas bolmak to take refuge expend, use up
halas free harakteristika r.
characteristic
haram prohibited, forbidden hasaplaºmak to get even haØdamak to do quickly, to

haramzada rascal, imp with, to settle accounts rush
harap spoiled, broken, hasrat grief, distress, haØdatmak to drive, urge,
depraved trouble, disaster, hurry up
haraplamak to spoil, to misfortune haØkylyk cry, outcry, shout
break down hassa sick, ill haØkyrmak to cry out,
harasat hurricane hassalamak to be ill shout, scream
haraØ help, aid hassalyk illness, disease, haØp used like the English
haraz mill sickness "Unfortunately...", or "It's a
harby military, war hasyl harvest shame..."
harby ØagdaØ martial law hasylly 1. fruitful 2. fertile haØran galmak to admire
harbylaºdyrmak to hasyrhusur quickly, soon haØran suprise,
militarize haºal weed astonishment
har ﾍ expense, expenditure haºam adornment, haØsy which
har ﾍ lamak to spend, decoration haØwan animal
expend, waste haºamlamak to adorn, haØwanat adj. animal
har ﾍ lamak to waste decorate haØwanat bagy zoo
harlamak to neglect, disdain hat 1. letter 2. writing 3. haØØar clamorous,
harmaharp literal, verbal note, slip, letter, memo 4. scandalous
harman flour handwriting 5. document haØØarlyk scandal
harp alphabet letter hathabar news haØykmak to be afraid of
harplyk alphabet book, hatsowat reading and haØyn traitor
kindergarten primer writing haØynlyk treason
harpyk chaff hatar durmak to stand in haØyr 1. benefit, use 2.
hars : hars urmak to order, stand in file profit, gain 3. assistance,
develop, make, evolve hatar I 1. row, line, file 2. aid, help
harsal coarse, crude, gross, order, array 3. in line II. haØyrlanmak to make use
rough danger, risk of, take advantage of
harsallyk roughness hatarlamak to be in order haØyrly 1. beneficial,
haryt good, commodity hatarly dangerous helpful
harytlar products, goods hatda even haØyº etmek to request, ask
has I. very II. peculiar, hatyra respect, esteem for
specific, characteristic hatyrdamak to crunch haØyº request
hasa 1. [has‡] staff, stick 2. hatyrjem relaxed, sure, hazlamak to howl
[h‡sa] gauze certain, calm hazyna 1. treasury 2.
hasabat account of, report hawa yes treasure
hasamak to tally up haØkŸº etmek 1. to calm, heder fear, risk, peril
hasap 1. account, count, soothe, reassure 2. to hek 1. lime 2. chalk
tally 2. inventory, censure hekaØa story
calculation 3. arithmetic, haØa embarassment, hekaØat 1. story 2. even,
mathematics confusion occurence
hasap bermek to give an haØal slow, slowly hekgermek 1. to let in 2. to
account haØalØagallyk etmek to be provoked, be vexed
hasap etmek to take into delay, linger, hesitate heklemek to bleach,
account, calculate haØallamak 1. to weaken, whitewash
hasap ﾍ y accountant slacken 2. to deteriorate heleØ woman, wife
hasaplamak 1. to count in, haØallatmak to slow down, helŠk bolmak to perish
consider 2. to calculate, reduce, delay helŠk ﾍ ilik 1. catastrophe
compute 3. to rate, value, haØallyk slowness 2. torment, suffering
estimate haØasyz shameless, helŠklemek to torment,
hasaplanmak to be indecent torture, vex, worry
regarded, considered, haØat fence, wall hellewlemek to loom
taken into account haØbat threat, menace hem too, also
hemaØat etmek to provide hŠli 1. long ago 2. not long hopmak to fall in, fall off

help ago 3. still, yet, for now hopukmak 1. to gasp, choke
hemaØat help, aid hŠliºindi endlessly, 2. to be frightened, scared
hemiºe 1. always 2. earlier, without conclusion of
former, first, before hŠsiØet 1. character 2. hopurdatmak to drink
hemiºelik permanent property hor ﾍ ekmek to snore
hemme all, every hŠsiØetlendirmek to hor I. 1. thin, scrawny, lean,
hemmetaraplaØyn compre characterize, mark skinny 2. poor II. snore,
hensive hŠzir 1. now, at present 2. snore III. r. chorus, choir
hemra 1. fellow traveller 2. ready, prepared horaz cock
lifelong companion hŠzirki modern, horkuldamak 1. to sob 2. to
heniz until now, yet, still contemporary, present grunt
he– I. tune, melody II. mold hŠzirki zaman gram. horlamak I. to snore, snort
he–kirmek to cry out, shout, present tense II. 1. to exhaust, use up 2.
scream hŠzirlemek to prepare to torment
he–lemek to get moldy hŠzirlik ﾍ e for the time horlanmak 1. to grow thin
hepbik snare, noose being, meanwhile 2. to organize
hepde week hi ﾍ nothing horluk ﾍ ekmek to suffer
hepdeleØin weeklong hikirdemek to snicker, horluk pain, torment,
hepdelik 1. weekly 2. per giggle suffering
week hikirdi giggle, snicker horlyk ﾍ ekmek to suffer
her every, all hil quality, style hormat honor, esteem,
hereket etmek to move hile 1. cunning, craftiness respect
hereket movement hilegŠr cunning fellow, hormatlamak to esteem,
herketlendirmek to move dodger honor, respect
hernŠ 1. as it were 2. hilegŠrlik craftiness, hormatly honored,
sometimes 3. always cunning esteemed
herrelmek to cry out angrily hilibir hili 1. homogeneous hortum trunk
hersi every 2. somwhat hossar 1. patron, guardian
heºelle kakmak to exult himiki r. chemical 2. trustee
het 1. limit, boundary, himiØa r. chemistry hossarlyk 1. trusteeship 2.
border 2. boldness, hin hole, burrow relationship
courage hi––ildik swing hossarlyk etmek to
hetdenaºa excessive hi––ilik swing patronize, protect
heØ I. "really?" , "is that hirurg r. surgeon hoº I. well, good, okay II.
possible?" II. "hey!" hirurgik r. surgery just, favorable III. bye
heØgenek scrambled eggs hiØ I. "really?" , "is that hoºa bunch, cluster
heØkel statue possible?" II. "hey!" hoºal satisfactory
hezel etmek to enjoy hojalyk ownership hoºallyk satisfaction
hezel pleasure hojalyk ﾍ y housekeeper hoºamaØ pleasant, affable
hezil interesting, hojaØyn host, master hoºamaØlyk pleasantness
captivating, pleasing hokga craftiness, cunning hoºbagt happy, fortunate,
hezillik amusement, hokkeØ r. hockey lucky
entertainment, pleasure hokurdamak 1. to gurgle 2. hoºboØ aromatic, fragrant
hezzet hospitality to crunch hoºlaºmak to take leave of,
hezzethormat respect, hol as such, like that say goodbye
esteem holha there, over there hoºloºyk parting
hezzetlemek to show, holodilnik r. refrigerator hoºniØetli benevolent
provide hospitality honha there, over there hoºwagt joyful, merry
hŠ oh, oh yes ho–karmak to gape howa ºary balloon
hŠkim mayor ho–uldamak to grumble, howa weather, air
hŠkimiØet authority, growl howala airs
power, rule, regime hopba bolmak to climb
howandar 1. relative, hšrekšºe etmek to calm, hŸwdi lullaby

relation 2. patron, soothe, reassure hŸwdŸlemek to lull
protector hšrezek scarlet fever hŸwi zool. eagle owl
howandarlyk 1. relationship hštde gelmek to inquire, hŸØtgara–ky total
2. patronage consult darkness
howatyr fear, apprehension, hšwes 1. desire (for) 2. hyjuw passion
anxiety interest, zeal hy££yldamak to rattle,
howaØy empty, void, vain, hšwesje– willingly, gladly, speak hoarsely
idle with pleasure hyklamak to groan, moan
howda pond hšwesje–ler amateurs hykyrdamak to chuckle,
howlukdyrmak to hurry hšweslendirmek 1. to giggle
(someone) up encourage 2. to arouse hykyrdy laugh, chuckle,
interest in giggle
howlukmak to hurry up hšweslenmek to become hyllalla difficulty, trouble,
howly yard interested in embarassment
howlykmak to rush, hurry hšwŸrtge nest hy–ranmak to growl
howp danger hšwŸrtgelemek to next hyrawa wild
howpsuzlyk security hšzir pleasure hyrdar hunter, lover of the
howsala alarm, warning, hronika r. chronicle wild
alert hrustal r. crystal hyrra quickly, soon
howsalaly alarming, hudaØ God, Allah hyrsy–y diºlemek to be
disturbing hudaØa ﾍ okunma prayer annoyed, vexed
howtyrlanmak to fear, hudo£nik r. artist hyrsyz evil, malicious,
beware of hukuk bermek to entitle spiteful, angry
howulhara 1. hasty, hukuk right, perogative hyrsyzlanmak to be angry,
hurried 2. careless, hupbat pain, suffering feel angry
negligent hurma date hyru ﾍ passion
howur heat, fever, ardour hususan particular, peculiar hyryndykyn full, complete,
howuz pond, pool hususy private absolute
hoz nut husyt greedy, avaracious hyssyldamak to puff, pant,
hozanaklamak to turn, husytlyk greed sweat
revolve huº memory hysyrdamak to endeavor,
hš ﾍ jet obstinate, stubborn hut I. just, very, exact, strive
hš ﾍ jetlik stubborness particular II. personal hysyrdy troubles, cares /
hšdŸr 1. entertainment, hutmahut drawn (game) businesses, commissions
food, drinks 2. offer, huwwalamak to lull hyºywuºy rumoured
proposal, suggestion hŸjŸm raid, attack hytyrdamak to crack,
hšdŸr etmek to treat hŸ££ermek to lull crunch
hšdŸrlemek 1. to treat, hŸmer crowd, concourse hyØal 1. intention, design,
entertain 2. to offer, hŸmŸrdemek to murmur, purpose 2. dream,
propose, suggest mutter daydream
hškman imperative, hŸnŠr trade, craft, hyØallanmak to intend
necessary, mandatory occupation hyØally imaginary,
hškmany necessity hŸnŠrment craftsman, artist supposed
hškmany obligatory, hŸnŠrment ﾍ ilik crafted, hyØanat etmek to do evil,
compulsory handmade harm
hškmŸnde as hŸnji beads hyØanat evil, harm, malice
hškŸm 1. order, command hŸ–Ÿrdemek to grumble, hyØanat ﾍ y tresspassor
2. sentence, verdict growl hyØanat ﾍ ylyk tresspassing
hškŸm sŸrmek to reign hŸ–Ÿrdi grumbling, growl hyØar cucumber
hškŸm sŸrmeklik reign hŸºgŠr vigilant, watchful, hyzlamak to buzz, hum
hškŸmet government alert hyzmat 1. service 2. merit
hšrekšºe caress, affection hŸºgŠrlik alertness 3. employment, duty
I
hyzmat ige file (tool)
daºlyk coopertation, igelemek to file
collaboration igen ﾍ grumbling
hyzmat etmek to serve, host igenje– grumbling,
hyzmat service quarrelsome
hyzmatdaº partner ibermek to send igenje–lik grumbling,
hyzmatkŠr servant i ﾍ inside, intestine quarrelsome
i ﾍ agyry diarrhea igenmek to grumble, be
i ﾍ aly spy, traitor quarrelsome
i ﾍ ege intestine iglemek 1. to lose weght 2.
i ﾍ eri inside, within, inner to rust
region igli thin, skinny
i ﾍ erik insides ik spindle
i ﾍ erki insides ikatŠk cuckoo
i ﾍ ge ﾍ me diarrhea iki two
i ﾍ gi alcoholic drink ikiØeke rarely
i ﾍ gin very well ikibir in pairs, by pairs
i ﾍ igara envious, evil (adj.) iki ﾍ Šk eye to eye
i ﾍ igaralyk envy, evil ikigšwŸnli undecided,
i ﾍ inde inside undetermined
i ﾍ inden from inside ikilen ﾍ second time, again
i ﾍ irgi beverage host ikilik the number two, a "D"
i ﾍ irgilemek to saddle grade
i ﾍ irmek to cause to drink ikindi early evening
i ﾍ ki adj. inside ikindin late afternoon
i ﾍ kigeØim undergarment ikinji derejeli secondary
s ikinji second
i ﾍ lekli baked meat pie ikinjilik second place
i ﾍ lik baked meat pie ikirjinlemek to think upon,
i ﾍ liklik female underwear mull over
i ﾍ mek I. to drink II. man's ikiØanlaØyn twosided
sheepskin coat ikiØŸzli twofaced
i ﾍ Øan scorpion ikiØyllyk twoyear, for a
ideal r. ideal two year period
idediji watchful iku ﾍ ly with two meanings,
ideg 1. tending, care 2. double entendre
surveillance il people
idegsorag 1. search 2. ilgŸn people
investigative, watchful ilhalk people
ideklemek to hold in hand, ilat population
rein in ilatly populous
idemek 1. to search for 2. to il ﾍ i ambassador
inform about il ﾍ ihana embassy
ideologik r. ideological ildeº countryman
ideologiØa r. ideology ildirgi ﾍ 1. clothes peg 2.
idetmek to grow jewelry worn on the
ideØa r. idea forehead
idili good, true ildirmek to hang
idioma r. idiom ileri 1. to the front 2. the
idiomatik r. idiomatic southeast ileri bolmak=to
idirdetmek to drive, force heal, get better
forward, to shovel ilerik 1. in the front 2. to the
igde bot. igde southeast
ilerki forward industrialaºdyrmak r. to i––ebagjyk safety pin

ilerlegini 1. in the front 2. industrialize i––Šn very
to the southeast industriØa r. industry i––gildi to be lazy
ilerlemek to move forward indØuk r. turkey i––ildemek to whine
ileºler people ine here you are i–rik dusk
ilgin ﾍ salient, bold, inegana calmly i–rik garalmak to get dark
dazzling inedšrdŸl fat man ir early
ilik button iner male camel iriØmiº vegetable(s)
iliºmek to hook infeksiØa r. infection irden morning
ilkagºam early evening infleksiØon r. inflection irgin hesitation
ilki first, initial informasiØa r. information irginsiz without hesitation
ilkibada from the first, informasiØon r. irgšzin early morning dawn
initially information iri fine, small
ilkibaºda from the start, ini little brother irinmek to be lazy
initially inisiatiwa r. initiative iri– pus
ilkidurmuº primordial, first injener r. engineer iri–lemek to become pus
existing injenerlik r. engineering like
ilkinji initial, primary injik shin iri–li puslike
ilkinjilik primary injir fig iriºme hesitation, pause
illØustrasiØa r. illustration inkŠr etmek to deny irizmek to annoy
illØustratiw r. illustrative inkubasion r. incubation irki early, earlier
ilmek to be fallen inkubasiØa r. incubation irkilmek to fall asleep
iltemek to hook inkubator r. incubator irlandiØaly Irish
ilteºmek to be hooked inli breadth irlemek to make fine, small
imeºik disheveled inmek to appear suddenly irmek to be tired
imeºmek 1. to be disheveled insiz without breadth irnik person who is difficult
2. tangled hair inspeksiØa r. inspection to please
imisala peaceful, quiet inspektor r. inspector isleg boØun ﾍ a at will
imisalalyk peace, institut r. institute isleg desire
tranquility instruksiØa r. instruction islege laØyk rational
imperialistik r. imperialistic instruktor r. instructor islemek to want
imperializm r. imperialism integral r. integral islŠn any
import r. import intelligent r. intelligent ispan Spanish
importirlemek r. to import intenasional r. international isrip bolmak to spoil (food)
imtilmek to covet, be internat r. boarding school istrebitel terminator,
jealous interwal r. interval destroyer
in ﾍ e thin interwensiØa r. iº matter, affair, work
in ﾍ ekesel type of illness intervention iºbil highheeled shoes
in ﾍ elmek to become thin interwØu r. interview iº ﾍ i worker
in ﾍ eltmek to make thin intizar bolmak to miss iºdes colleague
in ﾍ esagt thin (relevant to someone iºdŠ appetite iºdŠ–iz a ﾍ yk
people) intonasiØa r. intonation bolsun=bon appetit
indeks r. index inwalid r. invalid iºdŠmen glutton
indemek to look for inwentor r. inventor iºek young sheep (2 years
(someone) i– most (superlative) old)
indermek to leap off i–irdemek to cause trouble iºe––ir hardworking
indi 1. now 2. next, i–irdi cause iºger colleague
following i–kis doubt iºgŠr colleague
indiki next i–lemek to moan iºik door
indikile next time i–lis English iºje– lover of work
indoneziØaly r. Indonesian i–lis ﾍ e English language iºje–lik love of work
industrial r. industrial i––e needle iºlemek to work
i––e needle iºle––ir hardworking
J
iºletmek to make someone jaØlaºykly comfortable
work jaØryk crack, split, fissure
iºli busy jaØrylmak to crack, split
iºlik verb jaØtarmak 1. to stick out,
iºmek to knit stand out 2. to stand on
iºsiz unemployed jabjynmak to snap at, attack end
iºsizlik unemployment jady magic jaØtartmak to stand
it I. dog II. a push jadygšØ magician, wizard (something) up
italØan Italian jadylamak to cast a spell jaØyrdamak to squeak (of a
iteklemek to push jahan world shoe)
itelemek to push jahyl ignorant, uneducated, jaØyrdy squeak (made by a
itermek to push inexperienced shoe)
iteºen rash jahyllyk ignorance jazyrdamak to hiss, sputter
itigi pushy person jakyrdamak to laugh jazyrdy hiss, sputtering
itmek I. to push, shove II. jakyrdy laughter jebir compulsion
itniºik crush, squash jala downpour, cloudburst, jebis boarded up, sealed
itniºmek to push & shove heavy rain tightly : gapyny jebis
iØdirmek to feed, cause to jalbar pants Øapmak = to board up a
eat jam I. bowl II. capsule door
iØermen glutton jamal poet. visage, jebisleºmek to seal tightly,
iØermenlik gluttony countenance to consolidate
iØilmek to catch hold of jan 1. soul 2. life 3. jebislik unison,
iØm feed, animal food individual 4. energy, consolidation
iØmek to eat vitality 5. dear, dear one jedel argument, debate
iØmeki ﾍ mek food and jan etmek to do one's best jedel etmek to make a bet
drink, to eat and drink janajan 1. cherished jedelleºmek to argue
iØmiº fruit jankšer faithful, devoted jedilli argumentative
iØmit food, nourishment janlandyrmak to refresh, jedirdemek to jabber, gab
iØmitlendirmek 1. to feed bring to life jem 1. sum, total 2. all
2. to nourish janlanmak to come to life, jemagat the public
iØmitlenmek to be fed to revive jemgyØet society
iØmlemek to feed janly 1. alive 2. lively, jemgyØet ﾍ ilik social
iØul July active conscience, public
iØun June jansyz 1. lifeless, dead 2. mindedness
izolirlemek to separate fig. spy jemlemek to sum up
izolØasion r. isolation janykmak to try jemleØji final
izolØasiØa r. isolation janypkeº industrious, jenaØat crime
izolØator r. isolator dedicated, hardworking jenaØatcy criminal (noun)
izweºeniØe information janypkeºlik dedication jenaØat ﾍ ylyk attack,
izzildemek to moan, whine, ja– bell criminal act
make a fuss ja– etmek to telephone jenaØatly criminal (adj)
ja––yrdamak to ring jenaØeakŠr attacker
jar I. ravine, gulley II. jenjel noise, scandal,
information debauche
jarnama appeal, address je––el jungle, forest,
jaØ I. building, dwelling II. wilderness
right, correct, in place jepa ﾍ ekmek to suffer, bear
jaØlama burial a burden
jaØlamak to hide, conceal, jepa compulsion, burden
bury jepakeº hardworking
jaØlaºdyrmak to house, jepakeºlik love of hard
make at home work
jaØlaºmak to be housed
jeren "jeren", gazellelike jora friend (female to jylawlamak to rein in, hold

animal indigenous to female) back (something)
Turkmenistan jorap socks jyn race, caste
jerime fine, penalty joºgun flood jynsparaz racist
jerime salmak to fine joºgunly flooded, gushing jynsparazlyk racism
jet in disagreement, not on joºmak 1. to overflow, gush jy–kyny ﾍ ykarmazlk to
good terms 2. to be enthusiastic (about keep quiet, not let a word
jetleºmek to quarrel, argue something) slip (about something)
(with someone) joØa irrigation ditch jy–kytmak to gulp down
jetlik disagreement, bad joØalmak to irrigate jy––yrdamak to call, ring
feelings jšgi phony, fake, jy––yrdatmak to call up,
jeza 1. punishment, penalty hypocritical (usually of a make a call
2. retribution person) jy––yrdy ringing, bell, tone
jeza bermek to punish jšgŸlik hypocrisy jyzlamak to sizzle
jezalandyrmak to punish jšwenek hail jyzyrdamak to fry, sizzle
jŠgildemek to wail, cry (of a jšwza heat jyzzyk crackling, sizzling
baby) juda incredibly, extremely
jŠgildi wailing jugurdamak to rumble
jŠhek edging, border, hem jul horsecloth
jŠhet point of view juwan youth, young people
jŠjek 1. shard 2. sequin, juwanlyk youth,
spangle, glitter adolescence
jigi younger brother jŸbi pocket
jiglemek to skip a beat jŸbŸt even in number
jikjiki warbler (bird) jŸlge valley
jikmejik in great detail, jŸmle expression
minutely jŸmmŸº 1. depth 2. fig.
jilt binding, jacket, cover heart, center
jiltlemek to bind (a book) jŸmºŸldemek to go numb,
ji–kermek to stare at : Sen tingle (i.e. of a person's
nŠme ma–a ji–kerip legs)
seredØŠrsi–? = Why are jŸmºŸldi tingling, "pins
you staring at me? and needles" (when a limb
jir chintz, calico, printed goes numb)
cotton cloth jŸrletmek to whistle
jisim 1. matter, mass 2. jŸrlewŸk n. whistle
body jŸrŸndik spout (of a teapot)
jogap answer jŸØgŸldemek to peep (of
jogap bermek to answer chicks)
jogapkar responsible jŸØgŸldy peep, squeak
jogapkŠr ﾍ ilik responsibilit jŸØje chick
y jybar frosty, freezing
jogapkŠrli responsible jybarlamak to freeze, be
jogapsyz 1. unanswerable frosty
2. without permission jyda dŸºmek to get better
jojuk piglet jygyldamak to squeak
jojuklamak to farrow jygyldy squeak (i.e. of a
jokrama hot, sultry, burning mouse)
jomart lavish, liberal jyklamak to peep at, spy
jomartlyk liberalness, upon
lavishness jykyrdamak to laugh
jontuk short, bob (of an jylaw reins
animal's tail)
£ K
kanagatlanlarlykly satisfact
ory
kanagatlanlarlyksz unsatisf
actory
kanagatlanmak to be
£anr r. genre kabina r. booth, cubicle satisfied
£eton r. 1. token 2. medal kabinet r. private office; kanagatly consistent
£iraf r. giraffe study kanal r. canal
£iwopis r. painting kabul etmek 1. to accept kanalizasiØa r. sewage
£onglØor r. juggler ka ﾍ a– beautiful, handsome system
£onglØorlyk r. juggling kada rule kandidat r. candidate
£urnal r. journal, magazine kadalaºdyrmak to kandidatly r. candidate
£urnalist r. journalist standardize position
£Øori r. jury kadaly adj. 1. normal 2. kanikul r. vacation
regular kanselØariØa r. office
kadr I.r. personnel II. kanun law
specialist kanunlaºdyrmak to
kafedra pulpit; rostrum legalize, legitimize
kagyz paper kanunlylyk legality,
kak 1. dried melon legitimacy
kaka 1. father 2. kanunsyz illegal, lawless,
uncle(Balkan dialect) unlawful
kakabaº illbred, ill kanunsyzlyk lawlessness
mannered kanuny 1. legal, legitimate
kakamak 1. to become dry 2. natural, logical
2. to dry; to become dry kanunylyk legality;
kakao r. cocoa legitimacy
kakatmak to make dry ka–kamak to go for a walk,
kaklyºmak to collide (head to loiter, to drift (from
on) place to place)
kakma ﾍ "kakmach", a kapas stuffy, close
special quickfried salty meat kapasa 1. cage 2. counter,
dish shelf
kakmak 1. to drive in; kapitalist r. capitalist
hammer in 2. to knock; rap kapitalistik r. capitalistic
3. to shake off 4. to shake kapitalizm r. capitalism
5. to clap 6. to pack down kapitan r. captain
(dirt, sand...) kapyr infidel
kakyn fit, attack, seizure kapyØa rhyme
kakynly adj. fitful, like a kapyØalaºdyrmak to
seizure rhyme; to make something
kalendar r. calendar rhyme
kaloriØa r. calorie kapyØalaºmak to rhyme
kaloriØaly r. caloric (reflexive)
kamera r. chamber karar I. 1. decision 2.
kampaniØa company conclusion II. 1. patience
kanagat 1. patience 2. 2. peace of mind
satisfaction karara gelmek to make up
kanagatlanarlyk satisfaction one's mind
kanagatlandyrmak to karel adj. Karelian
satisfy; make someone (nationality)
content karikatura r. cartoon
karkas frame, framework
karnawal carnival kelep skein; hank (of kengir straining spoon;

karta map thread) skimmer
karto ﾍ ka r. card keleplemek to wind up kentilmek to wearth (of a
karton cardboard kelesa– shiftless; good for rope)
kartoºka r. potatoes nothing kepderi pigeon; dove
karz duty kelesa–lyk dissoluteness kepek siftings
karzyna indebted to kellagyry adj. head (attrib.) kepemek to dry; become
kasam i ﾍ mek to vow, take kelle 1. head 2. mind dry
an oath kellebaºaØak malfunction kepgir large spoonladel to
kasam oath kelleki bridle cook palow
kassa r. cashier's office; kellem cabbage kepil bolmak to guarantee
cashier's desk kelpe– frivolous; flighty kepillik guarantee
kassir r. cashier kelpe–lik flightiness ker deaf
kast 1. revege, vengance 2. kelpeze lizard ker ﾍ hunk; chunk
attempted assassination kelte short ker ﾍ emek to chop up
kaºgŠ if keltelmek to be shortened keremara quietly; silently
katalog catalogue kelteltmek to shorten kerep spiderweb; cobweb
kategoria category kem 1. defect, flaw 2. adv. kereplemek to cover oneself
kater cutter; launch not enough; insufficiently up
katok r. skating rink kemkemden gradually kerlik deafness
kau ﾍ uk rubber kemakyl feebleminded kerpi ﾍ r. brick
kaØuta cabin; stateroom kemal : kemala gelmek = to kert ledge
kaØyl pleased with mature, to become a man kertik cut; incision
kazak 1. Kazahk 2. Cossack kemally 1. honest, decent 2. kertmek 1. to cut slightly;
kebap kebob; shishkebob suitable, proper, make an incision 2. to eat
kebaphana kebob appropriate away 3. to leave
restaurant; cafe kembaha : kembaha (something)
kebelek butterfly garamak = to kerwen caravan
kebºir n. welding underestimate kes any; every
kebºirleØli welder kem ﾍ ilik shortage, scarcity kesdirmek to wound; injure
kebze small shovel kemelmek to decrease; kese 1. horizontal 2.
ke ﾍ 1. n. furrow 2. diminish; decline someone else's; other
stubborn, obstinate kemeltmek to reduce people's 3. side
ke ﾍ de embroidery kemen ﾍ e music bow kesek lump
ke ﾍ e felt kemer strap keseki someone else's; other
ke ﾍ jal stubborn, obstinate kemlik shortage; scarcity; people's
ke ﾍ je 1. obtuse; stupid 2. lack keseklemek to throw; toss
wrong kemmek to reduce kesel 1. illness; disease 2.
ke ﾍ jelik stupidity, kempir old woman sick; ill
incoherence kemput piece of candy keseleØin horizontally
ke ﾍ lik stubborness; kemsinmek to be offended keselhana hospital
obstinacy kemsitmek to humiliate keseligine horizontally
kejebe old Turkmen kemsiz irreproachable; kesellemek to be ill
gelinalyjy flawless keselli ill; sick
kejir stubborn, obstinate kemsizkšstsŸz flawless keser "keser", a special knife
keke ﾍ comb kenar coast used in carpetmaking
kekirdek larynx kendir ? plant kesewi poker (for a fire)
kekre wormwood kendirik "kendirik", special kesgin 1. decisive; forceful;
kel mangy table cloth (oilcloth) for resolute 2. burning
kel ﾍ ermek to show off making dough or sifting flour kesgir sharp
kelek hornless (without on kesgitleme definition
horns) kenep hemp kesgitlemek to define
kelem cabbage kesgitli adj. definite
kesgitnama definition kŠmilleºdirmek to kine offense; insult

kesir stubborn; obstinate improve; perfect; refine kineli offended
kesirlik stobborness; kŠmilleºmek to improve kino r. film
obstinacy oneself kinoteatr r. theater (film)
kesiºmek to cross (each kŠmillik perfection kiosk r. kiosk
other), to intersect kŠmillik Øaºy majority (18 kir mud
kesmek I. 1. to cut 2. to cut years of age) kireØ rental
in, interrupt II. scab kŠmillik Øaºyna kiri ﾍ 1. string of a musical
kesmeklemek to cover Øetmek to reach majority instrument 2. bowstring
oneself up kŠn a lot, much kirlemek to get dirty
kesp profession kŠnelmek kšpelmek kirletmek to soil; dirty;
keºbi surface kŠr profession stain
keºdelemek to embroider kŠrdeº colleague kirli dirty, filthy, muddy
keºdeli embroidered kŠrende rental kirpi 1. hedgehog 2. fig.
keºlemek to furrow kŠrende tšlegi rent crewcut
keºleØin furrowed kŠrhana undertaking; kirpik eyelash
keºp 1. face 2. look, venture kirºen dust
appearance kŠse cup kise pocket
keºte embroidery kŠselemek to cut kisel "kisel", a desert made of
keºte etmek to embroider kŠºir carrot fruit, berries, and potato
ketek birdhouse (i.e. kŠte sometimes starch, served with milk
chicken coop, hen coop, kŠtmen hoe kislorod r. oxygen
pigeon loft) kŠtmenlemek 1. to chop 2. kislota r. acid
ketje stubborn, obstinate to hoe kiºde 1. dried apricots 2.
keØigim (informal address kŠwagt sometimes dried fruit
to women) Dear! Sweetie! kŠØarym kŠte kiºi person
keØik gazelle kŠØemek to scold kiºmiº raisins
keØkermek to behave kŠØi ﾍ mek to quarrel with kiº–emek to neigh
oneself dashingly kŠØin ﾍ 1. pronunciation 2. kit r. whale
keØkertmek to be alerted reproach; reproof; rebuke kitap book
keØp 1. general physical kŠØinmek to complain kitap ﾍ a small book
and mental state 2. delight, kibirdemek to crunch kitaphana library
pleasure ki ﾍ elmek 1. to decrease, kitaphon booklover,
keØp ﾍ ekmek to revel diminish 2. to shorten bibliophile
keØpine just so; simply so ki ﾍ eltmek 1. to reduce 2. kitapsšØŸji booklover,
(for no particular reason) to shorten bibliophile
keØtik adj. lame ki ﾍ i 1. small 2. underage, kitir teapot
keØtiklemek to hobble juvenile 3. adj. younger kitirdetmek to crunch
kezzap cheat; swindler ki ﾍ igšwŸnli modest kitirdewŸk crisp
kezzaplyk cheating kikirdemek to giggle kitŸw slow to forgive,
kŠ 1. that 2. kabir kilim "kilim" small handmade harboring resentment
kŠbir some carpet klas r. class (meaning social
kŠbiri some; some people; kilogram r. kilogram class or class group, but
certain people kilogramlyk r. adj. not lesson)
kŠdi squash, pumpkin kilogram klasdaº classmate
kŠemek to curse out; swear kilometr r. kilometer klassyk classical writer
out kilt bolt; catch klassyky classical
kŠkelemek to cluck kiltlemek to bolt; to hook kleØonka r. oilcloth
kŠkilik partridge the catch klinika r. clinic
kŠmahal sometimes kim who? klub r. club
kŠmil perfect kimin like klubnika r. strawberries
kŠmileºen perfect kinaØa irony knopka r. button; push
kinaØaly ironic; ironical button
kodeks r. code (of law, kompot r. "kompot", a sweet kosekans r. mat. cosecant

principles) drink made of boiled fruit, kosinus r. mat. cosine
kofe r. coffee water, and sugar kosmetika r. makeup,
kofta r. woman's jacket kompozitor r. composer cosmetics
kokamak to stink kompres r. compress kosmos r. outer space
kolbasa r. sausage komsomol r. 1. Komsomol, kospekt r. synopsis;
kolhoz r. collective farm Communist Youth League outline; abstract
kolhoz ﾍ i r. collective 2. Young Communist kospektirlemek r. to
farmer konditer r. pastry cook, abstract; make an abstract
kolleksiØa r. collection pastry chef of
kollektiw r. n. collective, konductor r. conductor (on kostØor r. fire
team, group, body a train, bus, etc.) kostØum r. suit
koloniØal r. colonial konferensiØa r. conference kotlet r. chop; cutlet
kolonka r. waterdispenser, kongres r. congress kowalamak to drive (cattle)
waterpump konki r. horse kowalaºmak to drive
kolonna r. column, pillar konkret r. adj. concrete, (cattle)
kolonoØa r. colony specific kowalmak to chase, follow
komanda r. team konkretleºdirmek r. to kowgy pursuit; chase
komandir r. commander make specific, spell out kowmak 1. to drive on
komandirlik r. position konkurs r. competition, (cattle) 2. to dismiss, fire,
komandirowka r. contest discharge 3. to exile
assignment, businesstrip konsert r. concert, recital kowumgarandaº relatives
komandowanie r. konserw r. canned foods, kš ﾍ e street
command canned goods kš ﾍ ek a little camel
komanduØy ﾍ iØ r. konserwatiw r. adj. kšjemek to lace, to tie
commander conservative kšk 1. root 2. basting
kombaØn r. combine, konserwatoriØa r. kške cookie, biscut
harvester conservatory (for music) kšklemek I. 1. to baste 2. to
kombinat r. integrated konstitutsiØa r. quilt II. to take pleasure in
plant constitution kšl lake
kombinezon r. overalls konstruksiØa r. kšlege shade
komediØa r. comedy construction; design kšlegli shady
komendant r. commandant konstuktor r. designer kšmek n. help
komissar r. commissar konsul r. consul kšmek ﾍ i assistant, helper
komissiØa r. commission; konsulhana r. consulate kšmekleºmek to help
committee; board konsullyk r. consulate kšmelek mushroom
komitet r. committe (consulary position) kšmŸr coal
kommunal r. public; konsultasiØa r. kšne old
municipal consultation kšnekŸºŸl old things, junk
kommunist r. communist kontinental r. continental kšne ﾍ e as before;
kontingent r. contingent unchanged
kommunizm r.
kontor r. office kšneden adj. since olden
communism
kontrol r. control times, since days of yore
komonawt r. cosmonaut,
kšnelmek 1. to wear out, be
astronaut kontrollyk r. control
worn out 2. to wear out all
kompas r. compass kontrolØor r. controller
one's clothes
kompleks r. complex konus r. geom. cone
kšneltmek to wear out (i.e.
kompleksleØin r. adj. konweØer r. conveyor
clothing, machinery)
complex, composite kooperatiw r. cooperative
kšp 1. a lot, much, many 2.
komplekt r. complete (of a kopiØa r. copy
often, frequently
set) korabl r. ship
kšp nokat elipses (...)
komplektlemek r. to koridor r. corridor, hall
kšpbur ﾍ luk geom. polygon
complete (a set) korpus r. body, trunk, torso
kšp ﾍ Ÿlik 1. mass, a lot of, a kšwmek 1. to dig 2. to kŸlpeekun etmek to

heap of 2. social make a hole in 3. to wash break; shatter; smash
kšp ﾍ ŸlikleØin adj. mass away, erode kŸluºak to spit up
(as in "mass transit") kšwŸº shoes kŸl ﾍ e small bread made
kšpden long ago kšwŸººi shoemaker from short pastry
kšpek male dog, hound kšØdŸrmek to let kŸldan ashtray
kšpelmek to increase; grow something be wasted kŸle (of a tail) short
kšpeltmek 1. to increase 2. kšØmek to burn up, be kŸlembibi little finger
to multiply burned up kŸlke small; minute
kšpgranlyk geom. kšØnek 1. shirt (male) 2. kŸlkelemek to crush; grind
polyhedron dress (female) kŸme hut; shack
kšplen ﾍ usually, generally, kšØnek ﾍ e dressmaker kŸmŸº silver
ordinarily kšz live coals, embers kŸmŸºlemek to silver;
kšplŸk a great number, a krahmal r. starch silver plate
multitude kran r. faucet, spigot, tap kŸndŸk special metallic
kšpri bridge kredit r. credit pitcher for washing
kšptaraply multilateral krem r. cream kŸnjek corner
kšpŸk foam kreml r. Kremlin kŸnji sesame
kšpŸrjik foam, bubble kreØser r. cruiser kŸnnŸk silver jug for water
kšpŸrjiklemek to froth, to krizis r. crisis kŸrek oar; paddle
foam kros r. crosscountry race kŸreklemek to row; to
kšr blind krowat r. bed paddle
kšrek unripened cotton bud kru£ok r. small circle, club, kŸrk brood hen
kšremek to begin to burn group kŸrre young/little donkey
properly kub r. cube kŸrsemek to burst into
kšrlŸk 1. blindness, kubok r. goblet kŸrt kurd
darkness 2. dimwit, kuhnØa kitchen kŸºgŸrmek to sic ( a dog
dummy kultiwator r. cultivator on)
kšrpe young kultiwatsiØa r. cultivation kŸºt chess
kšrŸk 1. bellows 2. ashpit kupe r. compartment (on a kŸºtºi chess player
(of a furnace) train) kŸtek dull; blunt
kšrzehin thickheaded, dim kuplet r. verse, stanza kŸtelmek to become dull
witted kurort resort kŸteltmek to blunt; dull
kšsemek to call, summon kurs r. course kŸti thick
kšsenmek to test, try out kursant student kŸtŸlik thickness
kšssek tripod kurtka r. (man's) jacket kŸØ n. thought
kšsseklemek to hobble (a kuwwat power, strength, kŸØkermek to hunch one's
horse) might back; be hunched over
kšst shortage, scarcity, lack kuwwatlanmak 1. to aquire, kŸØki hunchbacked
kšsŸk pod gain 2. to stand kŸØsemek to wish for;
kšsŸkli leguminous, beany kuwwatly strong, powerful desire
kšºeºnek to grow still, kuwwatlylyk strength, kŸØze pitcher; jug
become silent, calm down power kŸØzegarlik potter's trade
kšºk palace kuzow r. basket (craft)
kštel raising, lifting kwadrat r. 1. square (figure)
kŸde stack
kšw hollow, glen, dell kŸdelemek to stack 2. adj. square
kšw salmak to look; peep kŸkemek to be fragrant kwadratura r. n. squaring
(over, under, behind, etc...) kŸkrek chest kwalifikasiØa r.
kšwek 1. removal, kŸkŸrt 1. sulfur 2. match qualification
extraction 2. cave, cavern kŸl ashes kwartal r. quarter; section
kšwlemek to dig kŸlowram (bolmak) to spit (of a city)
up kwartira r. apartment
L
kwas r. "kvass" a fermented leji ﾍ ykmak 1. to become
drink made with bread worn out 2. to become
kwitansiØa r. receipt fatigued
kybap accordance; lejikmek to get tired
conformity lejini ﾍ ykarmak to wear
kybapdaº corresponding la just, will you : Ma–a out
kyn difficult aØtsa–yzla = Just tell me len ﾍ bolmak to be
kyn ﾍ ylyk difficulty laborant r. laboratory hackneyed; tritel; banal
kynlaºdyrmak to worker; assistant lenta ribbon
complicate laboratoriØa r. laboratory le–kewut spider
kynlaºmak to become labyr anchor lerzana gelmek to shudder
complicated labyrdamak to blaze; flare letde scrap
kynlyk difficulty up; glow; burn lezzet pleasure
kyrk forty labyz 1. melody 2. lezzetli 1. sweet; pleasing to
kyrkynjy fortieth melodiousness taste 2. sweet; delightful
kyssa 1. prose 2. story 3. la ﾍ yn falcon lŠbik I. slush II. muddy;
short poem lager r. camp troubled; poppy
kyssa ﾍ y writer lagºamak to collapse; fall lŠle kakmak to sing the
kysym look; appearance into pieces "LŠle Jana" (traditional
lak atmak 1. to start to Turkmen song)
speak 2. to brush against lŠle poppy
lak bolmak to conceal; keep lŠlezar meadow
secret lŠlezarlyk meadow
lak r. lacquer lŠlik coddled; effeminate
lakam nickname lŠliklik effeminateness
lakgy talkative lŠsh 1. corpse; body 2.
lakgyldamak to chat carcass
laklamak to lacquer lŠshermek to wallow
lakyrdamak to seeth; bubble lokga lump; clod
lakyrdy bubbling, gurgling lokgalamak to crumple
lal I. mute II. lomaØ sšwda wholesale
lallyk muteness lomaØ wholesale
lampa moment; instant; lomaØlygyna wholesale
twinkling lomaylygyna satmak to sell
lampa r. lamp wholesale
lampo ﾍ ka r. lightbulb lo–kuldamak to be afraid of
landshaft r. landscape lopbush chubby; plump
lapyke ﾍ bolmak 1. to be lorsuldamak fire
dispirited 2. to be lotereØa r. lottery
disappointed lowlamak to blaze; flare up
lasyrdamak to brew; digest lowurdamak 1. to shine;
laØ I. 1. loam; clay 2. slush; glitter 2. to sparkle 3. to
dirt; mud II. bir laØ one blaze
complete set lowurdawuk brilliant
laØyk appropriate lowurdy 1. lustre; shine 2.
laØyk bolmak to conform flame; blaze
laØyklyk proportion; lšdere grounds;
accordance sediment;thicket
laØyklykda in conformity lŸ– basmak to do the
with boundary strip
lebiz promise lŸ– border
legen basin lŸØk slush; mud
lØstra r. chandelier
M
lØuk r. hatch (way) manat Turkmen (and
lybas clothing Azerbaijanian) currency
lygyrdamak to gurgle mandarin tangerine;
lygyrdy gurgle mandarin
lyzha r. ski; skiing maner 1. riding academy;
lyzha ﾍ y r. skier madda 1. matter; substance riding school 2. circus
lyzhaly r. ski... 2. article arena 3. playpen
maddy material manØowr r. maneuver
madyrdamak to talk; chatter many meaning
magallaklamak to appear in manyly rich in content;
the distance informative
magaryf enlightenment, manysyz 1. having no
education meaning; senseless 2.
magaryf ﾍ y educator pointless
magazin r. shop ma–a to me
magdan ore ma–laØ 1. forehead; brow
magistral highway, 2. frontal
thoroughfare ma–laØly 1. happy 2.
maglumat report, message lucky; fortunate
magnit r. magnet maral fallow deer
magnitofon r. tape recorder mar ﾍ al r. marshall
magtamak to praise marka r. 1. postage stamp
magtan ﾍ praise 2. make, model; brand
magtanmak to brag, to marksistik r. marxist
boast marksizm r. marxism
mahal time marksizmleninizm r.
mahanika r. mechanics marxismleninism
mahlasy in a word; in short marmelad r. fruit jellies;
mahmal plush candy
mahrum devoid mart r. March
mahsus characteristic mas ﾍ tab scale (of a map)
makala article (of magazine) masgara shameful
maksat aim, purpose masgarabaz jester
maksatly having a specific masgaralamak to disgrace
purpose masgar ﾍ ylyk shame,
makul acceptable disgrace
makulatura 1. pages spoiled maska r. 1. mask 2. guise
in printing 2. rubbish maskarad r. masquerade
makullamak to approve of maslahat 1. advice, council
mal cattle, livestock 2. conference
malmŸlk 1. property 2. fig. maslahat ﾍ y adviser
belongings maslahatla ﾍ mak to
mala harrow consult; seek advice
malalamak to harrow maslahatla ﾍ ylyk coordinat
maldar animal breeder ed, concerted
maldar ﾍ ylyk livestock maslahatlaºmak to confer
breeding maslyk dead body, corpse,
maliØe finance cadaver
maliØele ﾍ dirmek to massa r. mass
finance massa£ r. massage
mama 1. pox 2. small pox maºgala family (can be used
mamla right, correct to refer to wife, wife and
husband, or entire family)
maºgala family, wife, maØyllyk warm weather mellek yard; piece of land

household maØyp disabled person, for individual use
maºgalaly adj. family invalid men I; me
maºinist r. machinist, maØyplyk disability menmenlik conceit
mechanic maØyrmak 1. to blow up 2. menek spot, stain; blemish
maºinistka r. 1. (woman) to subvert meni–ﾍ e used as English: "In
mechanic 2. typist maza pleasure my opinion..."; "I think..."
maºinka r. machine mazaly 1. calmly 2. pleasant menØu r. menu
maºk exercise mazar grave menzil distance
maººarmak to become flat; mazar ﾍ ylyk cemetery me–ze ﾍ similar
flatten out mazmun maintenance; me–ze ﾍ lik similarity,
maººartmak to flatten upkeep likeness, resemblance
maºyn 1. machine 2. mazmuny content me–zemek to resemble, to
automobile me used as English: "take it!", look like
mata cloth; fabric "here!" me–zeº similar, resemblance
matal riddle; puzzle mebel furniture me–zetme comparison
matematika r. mathematics me ﾍ ew bermek 1. to sic (a me–zetmet to liken
matematiki r. mathematical dog on somebody, merdana bravely,
material r. material something) 2. coll. to set courageously
materialistik r. materialistic people against each other merdiwan 1. stairs; stairway
materializm r. materialism medal r. medal 2. ladder
materik continent; mainland medeni cultural mergen exceptional hunter;
materiØa r. 1. matter 2. medeniØet cultural, culture marksman
material, fabric medeniØeti culture mergenlik accuracy,
matros r. sailor, seaman medeniØetli cultural marksmanship
mawlamak to meow medisina r. medicine (the mergi cholera
mawut smooth woolen cloth science of) merhum the deceased
mawy 1. light/sky blue meger used as English: "it meridian r. meridian
2.pink can be" merkele ﾍ dirmek to
mawzoleØ r. mausoleum mehanik r. mechanic centralize
maØ 1. May 2. moment; mehanizasiØa r. merkez center
instant mechanization merkezi central
maØa 1. camel 2. leaven, mehanizator r. specialist in mermer adj. marble
ferment 3. n. fund mechanization mert 1. brave, courageous 2.
maØda small; minute mehanizm r. mechanism manly
maØdal 1. moderate 2. mehanizmle ﾍ dirmek r. to mertebe 1. dignity 2. merit;
temperate mechanize virtue
maØdalamak to crush; mejal powers, strength mertler ﾍ e bravely,
grind mejbur etmek to enforce courageously
maØka r. tshirt mejbur forced mertlik courage
maØlamak to become mejbury compulsory mes 1. gay, merry, cheerful
warm; warm up mejlis conference 2. prosperous, affluent 3.
maØmyn monkey; ape mekan 1. inhabited area, well fed, fat, plump 4.
maØor r. major place where people live 2. fertile
maØrylmak 1. to strain edge; rim, brim mesemŠlim obviously
oneself 2. to crack up; mekdep school mesele task
break down mekgejšwen corn meselem for example
maØsa 1. field of grain 2. mekir sly, crafty mesge butter
field of endeavor mekirlik cunning, guile mesgen dwelling, abode;
maØy ﾍ gak 1. flexible 2. mel r. chalk living quarters
supple mele 1. pale; yellow, straw mesi boots (Turkmen
maØy ﾍ gaklyk flexibility colored 2. beige traditional)
maØyl warm melhem panacea
meslik 1. gaiety, mŠº a little green pealike miweli adj. fruit, fruity

cheerfulness 2. prosperity, bean used to make soup miØesser to have occasion
affluence mŠºe cock, hammer (of a (to)
meºgul busy; occupied firearm) mizemez unshakable,
meºgullanmak to be mŠtŠ ﾍ bolmak to need unwaivering, steadfast
occupied (with); to be mŠtŠ ﾍ needy mobilizasiØa r.
engaged (in) mŠtŠ ﾍ lik need (implies mobilization
meºhur celebrated; famous dire need) mobilizlemek r. to
meºhurlyk fame mŠz gland mobilize
metal r. metal mikrob r. microbe; germ moda r. fashion, style
metallurgiØa r. metallurgy mikrofon r. microphone model r. model
metbugat 1. seal; stamp 2. mikroscop r. microscope molamak to moo; bellow
the press, news media milisioner r. policeman moldowan Moldovan
metjit mosque milisiØa r. the police, molekula molecule
metod r. method militia molekulØar molecular
metodik r. methodical millet nation, nationality molla mullah
metodika r. methods milli national mon ﾍ a bolmak to be glad,
metodist r. methodist (one milliard r. billion (in happy; to rejoice
who is skilled in American English), mongol Mongol
methodologies) milliard (British English) monjugatdy Turkmen
metr r. meter millimetr r. millimeter national game for girls only
metro r. subway million r. million played during the Muslim
metropoliten r. subway milt dare New Year
meØdan 1. field 2. clearing milt etmek to dare monjuk 1. beads 2. necklace
(in the woods) mineral r. mineral montaÁ r. assembly;
meØdan ﾍ a ground, site; ministr r. minister installation
area ministrlik r. ministry montØor r. fitter
meØil 1. interest 2. wish minnetdar grateful, monument r. monument
meØillenmek to wish for, appreciative monumental r.
desire minnetdarlyk gratitude, monumental
meØit dead body, corpse, appreciation moral r. morals; morality
cadaver minomØot r. mortar mordwin r. Mordrin (an
meØletin voluntary minus r. 1. minus sign 2. ethnicity of Central Europe
meØletin ﾍ i volunteer subzero, below zero (of and Russia)
mŠde stomach temperature) moroÁny r. icecream
mŠhelle n. crowd minut r. minute motor r. motor, engine
mŠhir love minutlyk r. 1. adj. minute motosikl r. motorcyle
mŠhirli adj. nice; pleasant; 2. momentary moØmuldamak to waddle
warm miras 1. inheritance 2. mš ﾍ ber volume
mŠhirsiz unpleasant, heritage mšhlet 1. term of office 2.
disagreeable miras almak to inherit period of time; in a short
mŠhnet huge, enormous; miras ﾍ y successor time
tremendous mis copper mšhletli urgent; pressing
mŠhri compassion misli like; just as mšhŸm 1. important 2.
mŠhriban dear missiØa r. mission necessary, essential
mŠkŠm strong, durable (assignment) mšjek 1. insect, bug 2. wolf
mŠkŠmlemek to miting r. mass meeting, mšlerilmek to glare, to stare
strengthen, reinforce rally mšlertmek to stare wide
mŠkiØan hen miwe fruit eyed
mŠlemek to bleat miwe ﾍ ilik fruit growing mšn naive
mŠlim known, definite (as an agricultural practice) mš––Ÿrmek to roar
mŠmiºi orange miwelemek to bear fruit mšrmšjek insects
mŠreke n. crowd
mšw ﾍ almak to spread mŸrrelmek to become myrtar bad, poor

terror; to rage; to wreak wrinkled mysal example
havoc mŸrrŸk wrinkled mysal Ÿ ﾍ in for example
mšwkemek to rage mŸØn consciousness mysala appearance; exterior
mšwrit time mŸØnli guilty, at fault, to myssarmak 1.to lower, let
mšwsŸm season blame down 2. to wilt; wither
mšØ spider mŸØnŸrgemek to feel myssyk 1. faded or
mu ﾍ akgat difficulty uneasy, selfcouscious, withered 2. soft; mild;
mu ﾍ dak admirer, devotee awkward gentle
mugallym teacher mŸzzermek to turn sour myºmyº rumors, talk
mugallyma teacher (female) my ﾍ mak 1. to miss, fly
mugt free (of charge) past(a target) 2. to race,
mukaddes sacred, holy speed along
mukam melody mydama always
mukdar quantity; amount; mydamalaØyn forever, for
number good
mum wax mydar 1. strength 2. life
mundan š– ago, before myh nail (metal)
murt moustache myhman 1. guest 2.
murtly moustached, with a foreigner
big moustache myhmanhana 1. hotel 2.
musulman Moslem, Muslim guest room; receiving room
muzeØ r. museum myhmansšØer hospitable
mŸbŠrek congratulation myhmansšØerlik hospitalit
mŸ ﾍ deri client; customer y
mŸ ﾍ gil difficult, hard myjabat n. slander, libel
mŸdir manager (of), head myjjarmakû to become soft,
(of) flabby
mŸmkin 1. possible 2. used myjjykû soaked
as the english "may" or mylakat friendliness,
"can": ‚ilim ﾍ ekmek affability
mŸmkinmi? = Can I mylakatly openhearted;
smoke? Is it permissible to amiable, affable
smoke? mylaØym 1. warm 2.
mŸmkin ﾍ ilik etmek to pleasant, nice 3. polyester;
enable rayon
mŸmkin ﾍ ilik possibility, mylaØymlyk pleasantness
chance mylkarmak to become
mŸmkingadar as far as overripe
possible mynasybetli 1. devoted to
mŸnmek 1. to mount, 2. dedicated (i.e. a book
board, get on 2. to ascend dedicated to someone)
mŸ– thousand mynasyp bolmak to
mŸ–kŸldemek to tremble, deserve
shiver, shake mynasyp worthy (of),
mŸ–kŸr insecure, self deserving (of)
doubting myn ﾍ gamak to knead;
mŸ–kŸrlenmek to doubt, to work (i.e. clay, leather)
have doubts mynjyramak to break into
mŸ–kŸrlik n. doubt pieces, shatter
mŸr ﾍ Ÿk wrinkled mynjyratmak to smash,
mŸrepbe n. jam (as in jelly) shatter
myrat wish; desire
N
namys 1. selfworth; nemli 1. humid; moist;
conscience 2. shame; damp 2. slimy
sense of shame nene– which? what?
namysja– dignity nene–si which? what?
nan bread nepis elegant; graceful
na emphatic suffix nar pomegranite nepislik elegance; grace
nabat sweet narpyz mint nerw r. nerve
na ﾍ alinik r. chief; head, narpyzly adj. mint, minty nesibe fate, destiny
boss narØad 1. order; warrant 2. nesihat precept
nadan ignorant duty nesil 1. generation 2.
nadanlyk ignorance nas green powder used like descendants, posterity
nadara scandalous chewing tobacco nesØe duty
nadaralyk scandal nasos n. pump neºir ediji publisher
nadyl offended naturalist r. naturalist neºir etmek to publish
nadyllyk offence; insult naw log neºir issuance,
nagt available, on hand naØ ﾍ a ovary promulgation
nagyº 1. n. ornamental naØ ﾍ alamak to form neºirØat publishing house
design; decorative pattern naØynjar 1. pitiful, pathetic neºirØat ﾍ y publisher
2. adj. intricate 2. plaintive, mournful netije 1. result 2. conclusion
nagyº ﾍ ekmek to naØynsap unscrupulous; netijede consequently
embroider unconscionable netijeli effective; successful
nagyºlamak 1. to decorate; naØza bayonet netijelilik effectiveness
embellish; adorn 2. to naØzalamak to prick; stab netijesiz ineffective;
embroider nazar look, glance; view, unsuccessful
nah adj. cotton sight nŠbelet unfamiliar,
nahal seedling, sapling nazarkerde adj. unknown
nahar 1. meal 2. food representative nŠbelet ﾍ ilik unfamiliarity
naharhana 1. cafeteria, ne negative particle nŠbeletlik unfamiliarity
dining hall 2. dining room nebere relatives nŠbelli unknown
naharlamak 1. to feed 2. to nebis profit; advantage; nŠbileØin unable to be
nurse, suckle gain known, unknowable
nakyl proverb nebisje– adj. mercenary nŠ ﾍ e how much?
nal horseshoe nebisje–lik selfinterest; nŠ ﾍ elik of what number?
nala 1. n. groan, moan 2. mercantilism nŠ ﾍ enji which? what
complaint nebit 1. oil, petroleum 2. number?
nala ﾍ 1. forced, under kerosene nŠden how much?
duress 2. unintentionally, nebit ﾍ i oil worker nŠdogry wrong, incorrect
unwillingly nebitli adj. containing oil nŠgile dissatisfied;
nalajedeØin clumsy, inept nebsewŸr adj. mercenary discontented; displeased
nalamak 1. to forge 2. to nebsewŸrlik selfinterest; nŠgilelik dissatifaction;
stuff, fill, cram mercantilism discontent; displeasure
nalamak 1. to groan; moan negr r. darkskinned person nŠhak vain, futile
2. to complain (about) 3. to nejat going out; coming out; nŠhili 1. how? 2. what
lament emergence kind? what sort?
nalyº complaint nejis 1. adj. foul, nasty 2. n. nŠhoº unhealthy, not well
nalyºly plaintive, mournful scoundrel nŠhoºlamak to become ill
namart coward, cowardly nem 1. moisture 2. mucus nŠhoºlyk illness
namartlamak to be a nemes German nŠlaØyk unworthy
coward; be afraid; get cold nemjiremek to be covered nŠlet curse; damnation,
feet with mist perdition
namartlyk cowardice nemlenmek to be nŠletlemek to curse, to
namaz prayer dampened damn
nŠme Ÿ ﾍ in why
O
nŠme what? nol r. zero; naught
nŠmede bolsa bir nomer r. number
zat anything nomerlemek r. to number
nŠmŠlim unknown norma r. norm; standard
nŠrazy dissatisfied normal r. normal
nŠrazy ﾍ ylyk wail, scream, nosilººik r. porter oba hojalygy agriculture
outcry nota r. note (musical); note oba village
nŠrazylyk dissatisfaction (diplomatic) oba ﾍ ylyk territory where
nŠsag bolmak to be ill notarius r. notary there are villages
nŠsag unhealthy, ill, sick notorial r. adj. notary obadaº people from the
nŠsaglamak to become ill (attribute) same village
nŠsaglyk illness noØabr r. November obaly persons from village
nŠtanyº unknown noØba kidney beans (attrib.)
nŠtanyºlyk ignorance nukdaØnazar point of view oblast province
nŠtmek what to do? nur ray; beam obraz hero (fictional)
nŠtŸØsli 1. how? 2. what nurana good looking; oburmak to erode
kind? what sort? handsome oburylmak to be eroded
nŠwagt when nurbat screw obØekt r. 1. object 2.
nŠz 1. coquetry; flirting 2. nusga 1. sample; specimen building site
whim; caprice 2. copy 3. example obØektiw r. objective;
nŠzenin beautiful women; a nyglamak to underline unbiased
beauty nygtamak to emphasize o ﾍ erk essay; sketch
nŠzik 1. tender; gentle; nyrh price, fee o ﾍ ko point (in a game)
delicate 2. thin nyrhlamak to appraise; odekolon r. cologne
nŠzirgemek 1. to flirt 2. to evaluate; assess odeØal r. blanket
be capricious nysan almak to take aim odun wood
nŠzli coquettish; flirtatious nysan symbol/aim ofiser r. officer
nika marriage nyºan 1. mark, sign 2. sign ofiserlik officer's mess
nikalaºmak to marry 3. badge ofisian r. waiter
nil trunk (of a tree) nyºana target; mark oglan boy
nire where? what place? nyºanalamak to take aim oglanu ﾍ ak little children
nirede where nyzam 1. formation 2. oglanlyk childhood
niØet intention marching ogramak to thieve
niØetlemek to mean; ogrulyk theft
intend; design (for) ogry thief
nobat n. queue, turntaking ogryn secret
nobat tutmak to queue up ogryn ﾍ a imperceptibly;
nobat ﾍ y adj. on duty insensibly
nobat ﾍ ylyk n. duty ogºamak to kiss
nobatdaky next; immediate ogºaºmak to kiss eachother
at hand ogul son; boy
nobatky next; immediate at ogulgyz boys and girls
hand ogulhajat ring finger
nogaØ Nogai (ethnicity of ogullyk adopted child
the Caucuses) ogurlamak to steal
nogsan ? ogurlyk theft
nogta halter (for a horse) oguºØa to be found (to be);
nogtalamak to bridle a to turn out (to be)
horse ojak 1. hearth 2. center; seat
nohut peas (of war)
nokat 1. dot 2. peroid ojar haloxylon
(punctuation) ok 1. arrow 2. axis
nokatmanokat exactly okdari ammunition
okamak to read, study o–aØly favorable; orunly local

okatmak to teach propitious osetin nationality
okdurylmak to dash; dart o–aØsyz unfavorable; not oslagsyz unexpected
okean r. ocean propitious oslamak to expect
okgunly rapidly; swiftly; o–lamak to agree osmak to suppose
promptly o–luk wellbeing; prosperity ot 1. grass 2. fire
okkupasiØa r. occupation o–ly good ot ﾍ šp twigs
okkupirlemek to occupy o–mak to be satisfied ot iØm feed
oklamak 1. to toss 2. to load; o––ut conditions otag room
charge o–ºuk peace otamak to destroy (crops)
oklaw rolling pin o–ºukly peaceful otarmak to feed grass (to
oklukirpi porcupine o–ºuksyz not peaceful cows etc.)
oktØabr October o–ºuksyzluk unrest otctawka r. dismissal
okudyjy teacher o–urga spine otkrytka r. postcard
okuma whitlow o–uºmak to be compatible otlamak 1. to eat grass 2. to
okuw studies opera r. opera burn
okuw ﾍ y pupil operasiØa r. operation otli ﾍ nik r. person at the
okuwly educated opmak broken (used for top
okyjy person who reads at large things) otli ﾍ no r. excellent
the library opurmak to destroy otlu ﾍ šp match
ol she, he, it opurylmak to be destroyed otluk grassy area
olar they opurylyºyk disruption; otly train
olimpiada r. olympiad frustration otnositel relative
olja trophies; spoils (of war) orak sickle otnoºenie r. attitudes
olluk possessive orak ﾍ y sickler otrisatel negative
olrug region oramak cover otrØad detachment
olta– sole of a shoe orbita r. orbit otur comma
olum ford; passage; crossing orbital r. orbital oturgy ﾍ chair
omurmak to break orden order; decoration oturmak sit
ordenli decorated person oturtmak to plant
omuz shoulder orfografik r. orthographic oturylyºyk meeting; party
omzamak to emphasize; to orfografiØa r. orthography; oturymly local
stress spelling otuz thirty
on ten organ r, organ (biol.) otuzynjy thirtieth
on ﾍ akly not very organik r. organic owadan beautiful
onda then; so organizm r. organism owadanlamak to make
ondan hem baºga in orkestr r. orchestra beautiful
addition to; besides ormak to reap owadanlanmak to be
ongunlyk ten days ornaºdyrmak to inculcate beautified
onluk ten (noun) ornaºmak to work out; to owadanlyk beauty
onso– so then settle down; to get fixed up owarra "go away!" "go far!"
onunjy tenth ornaºykly comfortably owarram "to hell with it!"
onØyllyk ten years ors Russian owaz sound
onyan ﾍ a while; for the time ors ﾍ a Russian language owaza 1. absolute pitch 2.
being orsØet Russia rumour; hearsay
o– success orta center; middle owazlanmak to be heard
o–armak to cope; deal; orta ﾍ al average owgan of Afghanistan
manage ortak participle owkalamak to massage; to
o–at good ortaky middle (adj.) work up
o–atlandyrmak to make ortanjy middle (adj.) owlak baby goat
something better orun place owlaklamak to give birth to
o–atlaºmak to become orunbasar deputy a goat
better orunbasary understudy owmak to crumble
…
ownamak to become small ozmak to overtake
ownatmak 1. to make smal
2. to change money ( to
break a bill)
ownuk little ; small
ownuk ﾍ yl petty; trifling š ﾍ vengeance
owranmak to crumble š ﾍ en extinct
owratmak to make š ﾍ gŸn matted, dull
something crumble š ﾍ mek to extinguish
owu ﾍ a handful š ﾍ Ÿgsi matt, dull
owuntyk crumb š ﾍ Ÿrmek to put out, to turn
owurt gulp down (a fire or light)
oØ idea; thought š ﾍ Ÿrmek to switch off
oØpikir serious ideas; deep šdek oesophagus; gullet
thoughts šdemek to vindicate
oØa awake šermek to marry a man to
oØalyukuly half asleep; someone else
dozing šgemek to vomit
oØanmak to wake up šjŸkdirmek to stir up
oØarmak to awaken; call against
oØkamak 1. to rub 2. to šjŸkmek to become furious;
grate; grind to get mad
oØkanjyramak to fidget škde able; skillful
oØkanmak to rub oneself škdelemek to be able;
oØlamak to suppose capable
oØlamazdan at random škje heel
oØlanma consideration škŸn ﾍ regret; sorrow
oØlanmak to reason; debate škŸnmek to pity; to regret
oØlanyºykly well thought škŸz bull
out; considered šl wet
oØlanyºyksyz not well šl ﾍ eg size, measure
thought out šl ﾍ emek to measure
oØlap tapmak to invent šl ﾍ eØiº measurement
oØlap tapyjy inventor šldŸrmek to kill
oØlyk oasis šli dead
oØmak 1. thimble 2. v. to šlin ﾍ a until one dies; all
hollow; chisel; gouge one's life
oØnamak to play šljermek to become wet
oØnatgy laughing stock; šllemek to wet
butt of a joke šlmek to die
oØnawa ﾍ toy šlmezØitmez immortal;
oØtak naturally formed timeless
bakja šlºermek to cogitate, think
oØun game hard about something
oØun ﾍ y player šlºŸk slaughter, butchery
oØunjak toy šlŸm death
ozal before šlŸm derejesi death rate
ozaldan a long time in the šlŸmØitim deaths
past; from time šmŸr life
immemorial šmŸrlik lifelong, for life
ozallar a long time ago šndŸrijilik productivity,
ozalynda at the very output
beginning šndŸrmek to produce
šnmek 1. to be born 2. to šten last šØke offence; injury

grow up, mature 3. to štgŸr sharp šØkekine injuries; offences
produce štmek 1. to cross, to go šØkelek touchy; sensitive
šnŸm product through 2. to burn šØkelemek to be offended;
šnŸmcilik production štri therefore, that's why take offence
šnŸpšsmek to grow up štunmenk to apologize šØkeli offended; hurt
š– 1. in the past 2. in the štŸn ﾍ apology šØken lung
front štŸn ﾍ soramak toapologize šØkŸnmek to imitate, to
š– 1. ago, past 2. front štŸrmek to put through a mimic
š–delik first place hole, to thread šØle afternoon
š–den from many years ago, šwe ﾍ a lamb two years of šØle/šØlŠn afternoon
from time immemorial age šØlendirmek to marry a
š–in ﾍ Š earlier, before šwelmek to gape man to someone else
š–ki previous, former šweØ step (mother, father), šØlenmek to get married
š–kŸlik previous situation adopted (for a man only)
š––il year before last šwez compensation šØlŠn afternoon
š––in day before yesterday šwgi praise šØtmek to suppose, to think
š–Ÿnde in front of šwgn praise šz himself; herself
š–Ÿrdiklemek to gallop šwlŸØa cemetery šz kelle selfcentered
š–Ÿrti before, at first šwmek to compliment; šzšzŸnden to occur
š–Ÿrtmek to be the first, to praise without help
leave behind šwre 1. times 2. round šzara between two people,
š–Ÿsyra before šwrendekli 1. habit 2. mutual
špmek to kiss chronic šzbaºdak independent
špŸ ﾍ mek to kiss each other šwreniºdirmek to šzbaºdaklyk independence,
špŸº kiss familiarize selfrule
šr to get up šwreniºmek to get used to; šzbaºy–a wilfullness
šrdek duck become accustomed šzbek Uzbek
šrŠn very šwrenje novice; amateur šzboluºly original;
šrgŸn eruption, rash šwrenmek to learn distinctive; peculiar
šrgŸnli typhys, spotted šwretmek to teach, instruct šzelenmek to pray; plead;
fever šwrŸlip in the future; from beg
šri pasture now on; henceforth šzen nucleus; core
šrk leash šwrŸliºik overturn; šzge another
šrklemek to tie, to leash, to revolution šzgeriº change; something
fasten šwrŸlmek 1. turn oneself new
šrkŸ ﾍ hump over 2. to return šzgeriºlik changes;
šrmek 1. to knit 2. to braid šwrŸm n. turn alterations
3. to break out (in a rash) šwºŸn šwŸºgin šzgermek to be altered or
šrtmek to cover šwŸlØŠ graveyard changed
šrŸzmek to wake someone šwŸnje– braggard šzgertmek to alter; change ;
up šwŸnje–lik boasting vary
šsdŸrmek to grow, cultivate šwŸnmek to boast; brag šzleºdirmek to cope;
šsgŸn long šwŸrmek to turn assimilate; master
šsmek to grow, develop something šzluk gram. passive
šssŸrim fourteen šwŸsgin breeze šzmek to repay a debt
šsŸmlik n. plant šwŸsmek to blow šzŸm myself
šsŸº growth, development šwŸºgin brilliance; shine šzŸni alyp baryº behavior,
št bile, gall šwŸtnesihat advisors conduct
šte very šØ hojalyk ﾍ y homemaker šzŸ–e ﾍ ekmek to attract
šteg ﾍ i passerby šØ house; home
štelge passage šØiºik family house
štelgesi mountain passage šØjŸk nest
P
parh difference pe ﾍ ek zool. field loach
parhlandyrmak to (fish)
differentiate pe ﾍ enØe r. cookies
parhly bolmak to pedal r. pedal
distinguish pedelemek to package
pa ﾍ ak peel, rind parhly distinctive pekge dunce, dolt
pagta cotton parhsyz indifferent pel border
pahna wedge park r. park pel ﾍ ekmek to demarcate
pahyr wretch parkyldamak to plumpen, pelle finish
pajalamak to prosper, fatten pellehana finish
thrive parkyldy fattened pelte wick
pak empty parlak sunshine, radiance peltek mispronunciation
paket r. packet parlamak to radiate pelteklemek to
pakgar ﾍ ak blister, bump parran throughout, through mispronounce
pakgarmak to swell and through pena covering, defense
pakyrdamak to laugh parta r. desk penalamak to defend,
loudly partisan r. partisan shelter
pal yawn partiØa r. party (political) penalanmak to defend
palak rotten partladyjy fuse oneself
palan r. horsecloth partlama explosion penje 1. tassle 2. paw
palas r. thin rug partlamak to explode penjek coat, jacket
palata r. chamber (of pasport r. passport penjelemek 1. to snatch 2.
Parliment) passiw r. passive to fight, scuffle
palatka r. tent pasyl season penjire window
pal ﾍ yk mud, clay pasyrdamak 1. to soar 2. to pensiØa r. pension
pal ﾍ ykyldamak to make wave penºenbe Wednesday
muddy pasyrdyr fluctuation pent 1. lecture 2.
pallamak to yawn paº exposure admonition
palta axe paºmak 1. to realize 2. per feather
paltalamak to chop with an anat. sole (of foot) perbaØsyz indifferent
axe pata blessing perde 1. curtain 2.
palto r. overcoat patlamak to hit, strike membrane 3. action,
pamyk absorbant cotton patrak fried corn activity
panorama r. panorama patydyr stamping peresadka r.
pansion r. pension patyºa kind transplantation
panys torch, flashlight paØ r. portion perewod r. translation
pa–kelle fool paØa r. by portions perhaØlyk indifference
pa–lamak to brag paØawlamak to finish perik spinning wheel
papak cap paØ ﾍ y shareholder periºan bolmak to be upset
papiros r. Russian cigarette paØdyrmak to trample periºde angel
papka r. folder paØhas wisdom perizat beautiful woman
para bribe paØhasly wise pero r. feather
parahat peace paØlamak to divide perron r. platform
parahat ﾍ ylyk peace paØlanmak to be divided persala shot up, wounded
parahatlanmak to make paØlasºmak to divide persona£h r. personage
peaceful paØtagt capital personal r. personal
parahatlyk peace paØyº abusive perspektiv r. perspective
parahor briber paza ploughshare pert firm
paramak 1. to reveal oneself pazyl feathers, lashes pes 1. short, low 2.
2. to crack pe ﾍ etmek to bake undistinguished
parasat wisdom pe ﾍ at r. seal, stamp peseletmek to decrease
par ﾍ a scrap pe ﾍ atlamak to seal, stamp peseltme reduction
par ﾍ alamak to scrap peseltmek to reduce
pesinden a little at a time pikir 1. thought, idea, plomwalamak r. to seal, fill

peslemek to decrease opinion 2. intention, in
peslik n. decrease purpose plug r. plow
pessaØlamak to land an pikir etmek to think plØa£ r. beach
airplane pikirlenmek to think plØus r. plus
peºehorda sore, ulcer pil I. elephant II. shovel po ﾍ erk r. handwriting
peºeº gift pil ﾍ e shoulder blade po ﾍ ta mail, post
peºew urine pile cocoon po ﾍ talon r. mailman
pet 1. bravery 2. starch pilot r. pilot podoº r. anat. sole
petde pack, small stack pilotka r. female pilot podpole r. n. underground
petepet face to face pionir r. pioneer podpole ﾍ nyØ r. adj.
petek anat. inner sole pionirlyk r. pioneer days underground
peteke crop pirim trick, strategem, podrazdelenie r.
pete– etmek to be tired, fed artifice subdivision
up with pirog r. cake podwal r. cellar, basement
petilemek to lock piro£ny r. little cakes podØezd r. 1. driveway,
petir r. unleavened bread pis 1. bad 2. suffering entrance 2. porch
petiº stuffy, sultry pisint oturmak to like poema r. poem
petiºlik stuffiness pislemek to go bad poeztik r. poetic
petle r. loop, stitch pisse pistachio pogon r. shoulder strap
petlemek to stitch up pistolet r. pistol pokryºka r. cover, lid
petretmek to stare piºek crutch pol r. 1. floor 2. half 3. sex
peØa r. landscape piºik cat pola£hitel r. affirmative
peØda bolmak to emerge piºme r. fried bread polat steel
peØda n. use piti pot poliklinika r. polyclinic
peØdalanmak to make pitiki n. crack politeknika r. polytechnic
oneself useful pitikilemek 1. to click one's polk r. 1. regiment 2. shelf
peØdaly useful tongue 2. to snap one's polkownik r. colonel
peØdasyz useless fingers pollamak 1. to lay, spread
peØnir cheese pitirdemek 1. to vomit 2. to 2. to pave
peØwagtna 1. in one's way crawl away polotenste r. towel
2. idle, aimless pitne mutiny, rebellion polotno r. linen
peØwent etmek 1. to pitnesi rebel polØak r. Pole
inoculate 2. to graft piwa r. beer polØar r. polar
pŠendeki "paendeky", a plakat r. poster, placard polØus r. pole, terminal
winter melon plan r. plan pomidor r. tomato
pŠhim reason planaºdyrmak r. to plan populØar r. popular
pŠhimli reasonable planeta r. planet poroºak r. powder
pŠk pure, clean, clear planetara r. between porsy stench, stink
pŠki razor planets porsyn r. bed sheet
pŠkize clean planly r. planned porºen r. portion
pŠkizelik cleanliness planlyk r. planning port 1. brittle, frail, fragile 2.
pŠklik honesty plastilin r. plasticine r. port
pŠl intention plastinka r. vinyl record portfel r. briefcase
pŠlwan fighter, hero plaº r. raincoat portret r. portrait
pŠsgel bermek to bother platforma r. platform portsiØa r. portion
pŠsgel ﾍ ilik obstacles pleØonka r. film, roll of portugal r. Portugal
pianino r. piano film pos rust
pianist r. pianist plita r. 1. slab 2. stove, posly rusty
pida sacrifice range possun fur (coat)
pide haydust plomwa r. filling (for a post r. 1. post 2. fast
pijama r. pajamas tooth) (religious)
pikerdeº likeminded
posulka r. parcel protez r. artificial limb pykyrdamak 1. to seethe 2.

posØolok r. settlement protokol r. protocol to chuckle, giggle
potolok r. ceiling protsent r. percent pylan a certain, some
potrat ﾍ ylyk contract protses r. process pylan ﾍ a a certain (time,
potratlaØyn piece (of work) prowlenie r. 1. government amount)
powest r. story 2. management, board, pyl ﾍ amak to crack, strike
powestka r. summons administration pyntyk 1. bud 2. kidney
pozitsiØa r. position prowodnik r. guide, pyntyklamak 1. to enlist,
pškgi 1. ball 2. chubby, conductor recruit 2. to dial
plump prowokatsiØa r. (telephone)
pškremek to swell provocation py–kyrmak to leap
pškretmek to inflate proØekt r. project, plan pyrlamak 1. to twist, twirl
praktika r. practice proØektirlemek to project 2. to roll up
predmet r. object proza r. prose pyrlanmak to twist oneself
premera r. premier proza ﾍ i r. prose writer pyssarmak 1. to wither, fade
prentsip r. principle pru£in r. spring, source 2. to give up hope
preparat r. preparation pu ﾍ empty, hollow pyºbaga turtle
preskonferentisiØa r. pudak branch, twig pyºdyl turtle
press conference pudaklamak to branch out pyºyrdamak to whisper
preslemek to press pugta 1. firm, solid, long pyºyrdy whisper
prezent child, baby lasting, durable 2. serious pytramak 1. to crumble 2. to
prezi queen (in chess) pugtalandurmak 1. to disperse
prezident r. president consolidate 2. to stabilize pyØada by foot
prezidium r. presidium pugtalyk firmness pyØadalamak to go by foot
printsipal r. of principle pukara n. poor pyØaluºka little cup
pristan r. pier, quay pukaralyk poverty pyzmak to hurl, fling
pristawka r. prefix pul money
priz r. prize pulemØot r. machine gun
problema r. problem punkt r. 1. station, place 2.
professional r. professional point, item
professor r. professor punktuatsiØa punctuation
profsoØuz r. trade union pursat time, moment
prognoz r. prognosis puºman etmek to regret,
programa r. program pity
progres r. progress puºman getermek to
progressiw r. progressive compel
progul etmek to shirk puºman regret, pity
progul truancy putØowka r. pass, permit
projhektor r. searchlight pŸr crown
prokuratura r. office of the pŸrepŸr overcrowded,
public prosecutor overflowing
prokuror r. public pŸrepŸrlemek to overfill
prosecutor pŸrkmek splash, shuffle,
proletariat r. proletariat sprinkle
proletor r. proletarian pŸrs 1. hollow 2. beam
propaganda r. propoganda pØan drunk
propagandirlemek r. to pØure r. puree
propagate py ﾍ ak knife, blade
propusk r. omission, blank, py ﾍ aklamak to knife, stab
py ﾍ gy saw
absence
pygamber prophet
prospekt r. avenue
pygyl intention, design,
protest r. protest
purpose
R
razy rende plane
bolmazlyk disagreement rendelemek to plane
razy in agreement with rentgen r. Xray(s)
razylaºmak 1. to make an re–bere– multicolored
agreement 2. to forgive 3. re–k 1. paint 2. color
radio r. radio to reconcile re–klemek to paint, color
radionpryomnik r. razylaºmak to agree re–kli colorful, colored
receiving set razylyk harmony repetisiØa r. rehearsal
radiostantsiØa r. radio reaksion r. reactionary replika r. replica
station reaksiØa r. reaction resmi official, formal
radiouzel r. radio center reaktiw r. reactive resmileºdirmek to form,
radist r. radio operator real r. real shape, legalize
radius r. radius realistik r. realistic respublika r. republic
rahat 1. peace 2. peaceful; realizm r. realism respublikan r. republican
quiet redaksion r. editing restoran r. restaurant
rahat peaceful redaksiØa r. editorial staff resurs r. resource
rahatlanmak to calm down; redaktirlemek r. to edit ret etmek to deflect,
subside; become quiet redaktor r. editor dissuade, reject
rahatlyk rest; repose; peace redaktorlyk r. editorship retsept r. recipe
rahatsyzlandyrmak to rediska r. radish rewolØusion r.
alarm; disquiet; disturb reforma r. reform revolutionary
rahatsyzlanmak to be upset; regbi r. rugby rewolØusiØa r. revolution
anxious; alarmed regbi ﾍ i r. rugby player reØs r. flight, voyage, trip
raketa r. rocket registrasiØa r. registration rezerw r. reserve(s)
raport r. raport registratura r. registry rezhim r. regime
ras ﾍ Øot r. calculation; registrirlemek r. to register rezhissØor r. stage manager
estimation; settlement of regulirlemek r. to regulate rezin r. rubber
accounts regulØar r. regular rezolØusiØa r. resolution
raspisaniØe r. schedule rehim pity, compassion rŠhnet 1. wellbeing 2.
ratsiona ﾍ ylyk r. rationality rehimdar generous, bliss
ratsionalizator rationalist compassionate, sorrowful rŠhnetli blissful
raund r. round (of a rehimli generous, rifma r. rhyme
competition) compassionate, sorrowful rol r. part, role
raØat nationality; rehimsiz ruthless, heartless, rolik r. roller
citizenship soulless rom r. rhombus
raØat bolmak to become a reje 1. sign, feature, roman r. novel
citizen characteristic 2. order, rota r. company
raØdaº someone in way, conditions rowa bolmak to be worthy
sympathy with others rejelemek to bring, lead, rowa worthy, welldeserved
raØdaºlyk solidarity result in rowa ﾍ successful, good
raØon r. region rejeli accurate, punctual, rowa ﾍ lanmak to attain
razrØad r. category; class neat, tidy success
razwedka r. 1. geol, reklama r. advertisement rowaØat legend, story
prospecting 2. rekomendasiØa r. roØal r. grand piano
reconnaissance party 3. recommendation ršwºen radiant, brilliant,
secret service rekord r. record light, joyful
razwedka ﾍ y r. 1. scout 2. rektor r. president, rector, ru ﾍ ka r. pen
secret service officer, chancellor rugsat permission
intelligence officer rektorlyk r. rectorship ruh I. soul, spirit, mood II.
razØlyk 1. contentment ; rels r. rails, track r. rook (of chess)
satisfaction 2. agreement remont r. repair(s) ruh spirit, soul
razy 1. content ; satisfied 2. ruhlandyrmak to inspire
agreeable
S
ruhlanmak to feel inspired sakgal beard
ruhubelent inspired saklamak 1. to keep 2. to
ruhubelentlik inspiration store 3. to detain 4. to take
ruhy spiritual, mental, care of, oversee, act as a
ecclesiastical, religious guardian 5. to retain 6. to
rul r. steering wheel sabamak 1. to diminish 2. support 7. to keep from
rumyn r. Romanian to release, to get rid of 3. to someone 8. to make
rus Russian be empty someone do something
rus ﾍ a Russian language sabyn soap saklanan secondhand
rus ﾍ alamak to speak in sabynlamak to wash with saklanmak to restrain one's
Russian soap self
rØadowoØ 1. r. ordinary 2. sabyr et "God bless you" saklaØyº upkeep,
r. private (class of soldier) (said after a sneeze) maintenence
rØukzak r. sabyr patience sakydamak to tweet
rucksack,backpack sabyrly patient sakyrdama!=shut up!
sabyrlylyk patience sakynmak to stutter
sa ﾍ hair sakyrtga skin burrowing
sa ﾍ šrŸmi braid, plait animal, chigger
sada 1. simple 2. sincere sal raft
sadalyk simplicity sala advice
sadap button salam hi
sag aman safely salamlaºmak to greet, say
sag I. health sag bol!=be "hi"
healthy/thank you! II. salat r. salad
right salawmaleØkim may peace
saggurgun saggurgun be upon you
gezip Øšremek=to be in a saldamly heavy, ponderous
good mood, healthy salfetka r. napkin
sagalmak to recover salgamak to wave, flap
sagat I.healthy II. 1. watch salgy atmak to find out
2. hour about
sagatlyk hour's worth salgylanmak to refer to, cite
sagdyn healthy salgym mirage
sagdynlaºdyrmak to cure, salgyt tribute, payment, tax
treat, take care of salgyt tšlemek=to pay
sagdyrmak to make taxes
someone milk a cow salkym bunch, cluster bir
saglyk health salym ŸzŸm=a bunch of
sagmak to milk grapes
sagry back of a salkyn cool
horse/donkey salkynlamak to become
sagym mirage cool
sagym ﾍ y milkmaid sallah bachelor
sagynmak to pause, sallamak to lower, cast
hesitate, delay down, drop, hang
sahap cover sallan ﾍ ak 1. crib 2. swing
sahna stage sallanmak 1. to hang 2. to
sahypa page be hung
sak vigilant, watchful salmak 1. to place, put 2. to
saka divide, watershed build jaØ salmak=to build
sakar kelle bald a house 3. iºe salmak=to
sakaw stutterer help someone get a job 4.
sak ﾍ y watchman abraØdan salmak=to
dishonor 5. to pretend sanjy colic sarsgyn shoving, shaking

not to bilmezlege sanly counted sarsmak 1. to shudder 2. to
salmak=to pretend not to sansyzsanjaksyz a lot quiver
know, gšrmezlege sa–almak sa–alyp sarsmaz indestructible,,
salmak=to pretend not to durmak=to stop numb/ untouchable, proud
see stop dead sary yellow
salparmak to dangle sa––yldamak sandyrama sarykmak to dry
salpy dangling k=to shake, shiver sarymsyk garlic
salØut r. salute sap I. 1. cunning 2. saryØag clarified butter,
salyhatly serious shrewdness 3. temptation ghee
salykatly to be courteous 4. a row II. 1. pure, clean saryØagyz sallow,
salym one moment bir 2. morally pure III. handle yellowish
salym aØak ﾍ ekmek=to sap sary yellowest sataºmak to meet someone
stop for one moment sapa enjoyment, delight, satmak 1. to sell 2. to betray
samahylamak to chatter pleasure satyjy seller
saman straw saman sapak I. thread II. lesson satyn almak to buy
kelle=stupid sapalk evasion satynalmak to sell
sambo wrestling sapaly merry, happy, saw ﾍ y machmaker
samolØot r. airplane blessed saw ﾍ ylar matchmaker
samramak to mutter, sapar I. time indiki saw ﾍ ylyk matchmakerness
mumble sapar=next time II. trip, saØ sandbank, shoal
samsyk fool, stupid journey saØgarmak to distinguish
samsyklyk foolishness saplamak to clarify, purify, saØgylamak to whip
samyrdy mutterings, leanse saØhallaºdyrmak to put in
mumblings saplanmak to be cleaned, order, organize
san 1. number 2. amount 3. purified saØlama 1. selected, chosen
score 4. cardinal numbers sapmak 1. to thread a 2. choice
5. ordinal numbers 6. needle 2. to immunize a saØlamak to choose
weight plant 3. to combine saØlanan chosen
sancyz 1. a great number of sar starling bird saØlanmak 1. to be chosen
something 2. person who sarag bandage saØlaw election
has lost his authority, saralmak 1. to become saØlaw ﾍ y voter, elector
credibility, or honor yellow 2. to make yellow saØlow election, vote
sansajak a lot, an saramak 1. to spin 2. to saØmak I. 1. to consider 2.
exaggerated amount wrap 3. to tie to think II. 1. to tousle,
sana ﾍ 1. leather bag 2. sar ﾍ cowardly churn up 2. to beat up
bellows sargamak 1. to confide 2. to saØpallamak to subside,
sanamak to count order hall, decrease
sanandarlyk musucianship sargyt commission, saØrak singing saØrak
sanaºmak to talk back message, mission sargyt guº=singing bird
sanatoriØa r. sanatorium, etmek=to go on a mission saØramak to sing
resort sarkmak to drip saz I. music, musical II.
san ﾍ mak to stab with a sarkyrmak to make accurate, intact
dagger something drip sazak type of tree
sandyk chest, hope chest sarmak sargamak=1. to sazanda musician
sandyramak to tremble, confide 2. to order sazandar musician
shake, shudder sarnamak to mutter, saz ﾍ ylyk adj. music
sandyrawuk trembling, mumble saz ﾍ ylyk
shaking sarp etmek to consume mekdebi=music school
sani r. sled sarpa goØmak to respect sazlamak to make accurate,
sanitar r. male nurse sarpa respect intact
sanjak safety pin sarsdyrmak to shove, to sazlaºyk concordant,
sanjamak to prick shake accordant
sazly musical, with music semizlik fatness, girth, seresaply carefully

sebŠbi because obesity seretmek 1. to look at 2. to
sebŠp cause, reason semremek to fatten, gain look after 3. to stare 4. to
sebŠpkŠr guilty person weight glare
sebŠpli 1. reasonable 2. semretmek 1. to get fat 2. sereØa series
with an alabi to put on weight sergezdan bum, vagrant
sebŠpsiz 1. unreasonable 2. sen you sergezdan ﾍ ylyk hermitage,
without an alabi senagat industry state of being a vagabond
se ﾍ ek fringe sene date sergezdanlyk hermitage,
se ﾍ ekli fringed senemere ediºmek to state of being a vagabond
se ﾍ me bullet quarrel sergi exhibition, show
se ﾍ mek 1. to shatter 2. to senet 1. trade, craft 2. serhet border
choose occupation serhet ﾍ i border guard
segezdan wanderer, senet ﾍ i master, skilled serhoº drunkard
vagabond person seriºde means, remedy
segsen eighty senet ﾍ ilik master serkerde commander,
segseninji eightieth seni–ﾍ e your way, in your general
seh r. shop, guild style sermek to spread out
seki porch senitmeter r. centimeter sersag sober
sekiz eight senlik Øš–keme "you" sersaglyk sobriety
sekizinji eighth pronoun serzhant r. sergeant
sekmek to appear, emerge sentner r. sentner (100 kg.) ses 1. sound 2. voice 3.
sekretar r. seretary sentØabr September noise
seksiØa r. section se–kildemek to leap sesŸØn sounds
sekunt r. second se––er rampart, bank, wall seslenmek 1. to be heard 2.
sel ﾍ en seyØrek=seldom se–rik bridge of the nose to respond
sel ﾍ enlemek seØreklemek se–se braindamaged from sesli I. andj. sound, talking
=to diminish, reduce and explosion II. loud, noisy
sele– 1. space 2. coolness se–selemek to faint sessiØa r. session
sele–lemek to go out into se–selik confusion, bruise sessiz 1. silent 2. mute
coolness sep I. 1. seam, joint 2. row, setilemk to line up, to put in
seljermek to distinguish, line, file, series II. dowry lines, rows
determine sepelemek 1. to shatter 2. to setin r. satin
selle turban drizzle 3. to spray setir 1. line 2. row
sellem bir sellem=a little sepgil freckle setka r. net
bit sepgit 1. joint 2. hem seØalka seeder
sellofan r. cellophane sepikdirmek to cut out seØil walking, revelry
sellØuloza r. cellulose sepikmek to retreat stroll, roam, wander
selpemek 1. to trot 2. to sepiºmek to join, connect seØis horse jockey
look for seplemek 1. to join, connect seØislemek to train a horse
sem bolmak to pause, 2. to weld seØran etmek to roam,
hesitate sem bol!=shut up! sepmek I. 1. to sprawl 2. to stroll, wander
semawar r. samovar, water fold down II. 1.to sprinkle seØrek 1. rare, seldom 2.
boiler 2. to shatter unusual
semek to weigh, to hang sepºik de– bšlemek to cut seØreklemek to diminish,
out, spread out along the grain reduce
semelemek to fumble serb r. Serb, Serbian sezewar bolmak to face
sememek to fumble ser ﾍ e sparrow difficulties and overcome
sement r. cement ser ﾍ i sparrow them
sementlemek to cement serdar leader sŠginmek to pause, hesitate,
seminar r. seminar serenjam gear, equipment stop
semiz fat, plump seresap careful seresap sŠhel a little, slightly
bol=be careful sŠhel ﾍ e a liitle, slight
sŠher dawn skulptora r. sculpture sowamak 1. to cool 2. to

sŠhra steppe skwar r. alley become disinterested
sŠwlik occasion skwazhina r. motorized sowat literacy
sfera r. shpere water pump sowatly literate
shema r. scheme slawØan r. Slavic sowatmak to become
sifr r. figure, number slesar r. plumber literate
sifrlemek to count, to figure slØot r. congress sowatsyz illiterate
signal r. signal smena r. period, shift sowatsyzlyk illiteracy
sil flood smirno r. at attention sowet r. advice
silindr r. cylinder snaØard missle sowgat president
silkmek 1. to shake 2. to sogan onion sowhoz state farm
brush off sogap good deed
silos r. hay sogurmak to pull out sowly successful
siloslamak to make hay sojamak to gasp sowmak 1. to consume 2. to
siltemek to jolt or shake sokgarylmak to be snoopy divert 3. to urn around 4.
sim wire, clothesline sokjamak to suck to complete
simap mercury sokmak to insert sowsuzlyk failure
simbol r. symbol soky pestle sowuk cold
simlemek to become soldat r. soldier sowuksala sloppy
infected soldatlyk soldierhood sowukganly oldblooded
sindirmek to digest solgun pale, faded sowukganlylyk cold
sink r. zinc solmak 1. to fade 2. to wilt bloodedness
sinonim r. synonym somsa r. meatpie sowuklamak to catch a cold
sintaksis r. syntax so– 1. later, after, then 2. sowuklatmak to give
sintaktik r. synthetic continuing 3. end someone a cold
sintenjiremek to fidget so–abaka adv. later sowuklyk cold
sintez r. synthesis so–ky final, last sowulmak 1. to turn 2. to
sinus r. sinus so–lamak to complete, finish 3. to bypass, to
si–dirmek 1. to absorb 2. to finish avoid
digest so–ra later sowurmak 1. to have a dust
si–e attentively so–raundan after storm 2. to blow money
si–ek fly sorag 1. question 2. carelessly
si–mek 1. to be absorbed 2. interrogation soØmak 1. to skin 2. to
to be digested sorag bermek to question scratch 3. to cut off
si––itli 1. to be drizzled 2. sorag question soØulmak 1. to shed hair 2.
soft food soragcyz unquestionable to flake (skin)
sirk r. circus soramak to ask, question soØuz union
sirke I. lice eggs II. vinegar soraºmak to ask someone a sšbeºmek to fight
sirkul r. circle question sšbŸk hill
sistema r. system sorgu ﾍ tissue paper sše supporter (thing)
sistemleºdirmek to sorkuldmak to throb,beat sšgmek 1. to scold, curse,
systemize sormak 1. to suck 2. to abuse 2. to swear at
sisterna r. cistern absorb sšgŸn ﾍ obsenity, swear
siºenbe Wednesday sort r. sort, kind, variety word
sitada r. quotation sortdurmak to be angry sšgŸºmek to quarrel
sitirlemek to quote sortlamak to sort sšhbet chat, discussion
siØdik wine sosial r. social sšhbetdeº conversation
siz you (pl.) sosialism r. socialism partner
sizing ﾍ e your way, as you sosialstik r. socialistic sškmek 1. to take apart 2. to
would (pl.) sosiska r. sausage link rip out a seam 3. to plow
skafandr helmut sostaw r. staff 4. to reinvestigate
sklad r. storehouse sowa bypassed, missed sškŸlmek to rip out a seam
skulptor r. sculptor sowal question sšlpi absentminded, sloppy
sšmelmek to be dumb spwa£ga 1. pocket money 2. suwjarmak 1. to soak 2. to

founded, numb reason sentimentalize over
sšndŸrmek to extinguish, stadion r. stadium suwlamak to spray
turn off the light stakan r. glass suwsamak to be thirsty
sšnen extinct stanok r. loom suwuk thin, fluid
sšnmek to fade stansiØa r. station suwuklyk liquid (n.)
sšwsšw with syryp starºina the oldest in the suwul ﾍ u sprayer
Øšremek=to hang out group suwulgan lizard
sšwda commerce, trade start r. beginning (n.) sŸbce broom
sšwda etmek to make a stazh r. tenure sŸbcelemek to sweep
trade sterzhen r. ink cartrige sŸem barmak pointer finger
sšwdagar trader, merchant, stil r. style sŸl ﾍ hi detective
businessman stol r. table sŸle oats
sšwdalaºmak to bargain, strahowanie r. insurance sŸlenmek to crown, swarm
haggle student r. student sŸlgŸn phesant
sšweº battle studentlyk studenthood sŸllermek to fade
sšweºjen militant, energetic stul r. chair sŸllŸmbaØ to be wet, to be
sšweºlyk militancy subut bolmak to be proven soaked
sšweºmek to fight subut etmek to prove, make sŸlŸk leech
sšwmek to swear (curse) clear sŸmek earlobe
sšwŸt willow subutnama proof sŸmgŸrmek to blow one's
sšØemek to lean sud r. court nose
sšØenmek to be leaning sudlaºmak to sue sŸmmek to creep into, get
sšØget support sudur outline into
sšØgi love sudØa judge sŸmmŸl stalk
sšØguli favorite sugun deer sŸmsŸnmek to walk, stroll
sšØli favorite, beloved sugun ﾍ ylyk raising deer sŸnbŸl stalk of wheat
sšØmek to love sumat bolmak to disappear sŸnnet circumcision
sšØnji gift to the bearer of 2. to disguise 3. to conceal sŸ–k bone
good news sumka r. bag sŸpŸrmek 1. to sweep 2. to
sšØnmek to be happy sungat art wipe
sšØŸºmek to love one surat 1. picture 2. sŸr ﾍ ek icecrusted,
another photographg slippery
sšz 1. word, introduction 2. surat ﾍ y artist sŸren den, cave, lair
conversation 3. speech 4. suratlandyrma description sŸrgŸn etmek to exile
promise suratlandyrmak to depict, sŸrgŸn exile
sšzbaºy preface, title describe sŸri 1. herd, flock 2. group,
sšzlem sentence suraty illustrated crowd
sšzlemek to speak surnukmak to suffer, to be sŸrmek 1. to drive 2. to till
sšzleºmek to arrange tortured sŸrtenmek to rub
sšzlŸk dictionary susak ladle sŸrtmek to rub in
sšzlŸklik little dictionary susgu ﾍ shovel sŸrŸgi driver
sšzso–y preposition susmak to scoop sŸrŸm tillage
spartakiØada r. olympics sustupes exhausted, sŸsdŸrilmek to run into
spasiba r. thank you frustrated something
spektakl r. spectile suºilka dryer sŸsmek to butt, gore
spesalist r. specialist suw 1. water 2. watery sŸtem pressure, oppression
spirit rubbing alcohol suwag stucco plaster sŸtŸk fur
spisok r. the least suwamak to plaster sŸtŸkli furry
sport r. sport suwarmak to water sŸtŸn column, pillar
sportmen r. sportsman suwarym watering sŸu goºamak to feel sick 2.
sprawka r. permission suwasty underwater to be numb
sŸu organism, constitution
sŸØdemdirijiler animal sykyklyk whistling sypyrmak to peel, tear off

sŸØgeºik swampy, marshy sylag 1. respect, honor 2. syr secret, mystery
sŸØgeºiklik swamp, marsh gift 3. reward syramak I. to circle, whirl,
sŸØjemek to be sweet sylamak to respect spin (sand or snow) II. to
sŸØji 1. sweet, sugary 2. sylaºyk mutual respect sew a blanket, to quilt
fresh water 3. pleasant 4. syn etmek to stare, observe syrat appearance, figure
sweets, candy syn survey, review syratly slender, slim
sŸØji ﾍ il sweet tooth synsyn on end (as hair) syr ﾍ a enamel
sŸØkemek to rub, grate synag test, trial syrdambitin unspoiled
sŸØkenmek 1. to rub, itch synamak to test, experience, syrdaº favorite
oneself 2. to pester, annoy undergo, try, attempt syrgyn I. blizzard,
sŸØndŸrmek 1. to stretch synanmak to try, attempt snowstorm II. row of
out 2. to extend, prolong synanyºyk attempt houses
sŸØnmek 1. to stretch out, syn ﾍ gamak to pick, poke syrkaw 1. ill 2. ill person
recline 2. to extend syn ﾍ gylawuk hiccup syrkawlamak to fall ill, to
sŸØpent rudder, wheel, syn ﾍ gylawugy– ache
handle bar tutmak=to hiccup syrkawlyk disease, illness
sŸØremek to pull out syn ﾍ y 1. alert, shrewd, syrkyramak to ache
sŸØrenjen to be at the end sharp 2. surveyor, reviewer syrly weird, mysterious
sŸØrenjiler reptiles syndyrmak to destroy, syrma knot, noose
sŸØrenmek 1. to creep, to abolish, annul syrmak 1. to sweep 2. to
crawl 2. to be at the end synlamak to watch, observe shave
sŸØri oblong synmak to abolish syrt 1. backside 2. bottom
sŸØºmek to move synp class, caste (anatomical)
sŸØºŸrmek to move synpy class (struggle) syrtartmak to grin, jeer
something synthetika r. synthetic syrtky back (adj.)
sŸØt milk sy–ral hoof syryk pole
sŸØtdeº native, own, blood, sypal straw, thatch syrykdyrmak to divert one's
true sypalamak to smooth, to pet attention, to digress
sŸØtli milky. dairy sypalga reason, cause syrykmak to flow, leak,
sŸØŸm fiber sypa–serme– sypa–serme– stream
sŸØŸºmek 1. to move 2. to etmek=to be haughty, to syrylmak diffused, to
move forward spoil (a child) diffuse (?)
sŸzgu ﾍ filter sypat I. 1. appearance 2. syØa ink
sŸzme yogurt quality II. adjective syØahat etmek to travel
sŸzmek to strain, filter sypatlandyrmak to depict, syØahat trip, journey,
sŸzŸlmek 1. to wear out 2. describe travels
to stick togehter, close sypaØ ﾍ ylyk politeness, syØahat ﾍ y traveller
eyes from fatigue courtesy syØasat politics, policy
sy ﾍ an mouse sypaØ ﾍ ylykly courteously syØasat ﾍ y politician
sy ﾍ ramak 1. to spray, , with courtesy syØasy political
splash 2. to stand on sypaØy 1. courteous 2. syzlamak to ache, throb
someone's feet suddenly (?) elegant syzmak I. 1. to feel 2. to
sy ﾍ ratmak to splash, spray sypdyrmak 1. to miss, let have a premonition II. to
sygmak to find room go, let escape 2. to miss 3. ooze
sygym capacity to say something
sygyr cow accidentally
sygyrmak to whistle sypjyrmak to scratch
syhalamak to slice, cut with sypjyryk scratch
a sharp edge sypmak 1. to release, escape
syk thick, density 2. to get rid of 3. to make a
syklyk density mistake
sykmak to squeeze, press sypynmak to have free time
º
ºa–lamak to ring, jingle ºeker sugar
ºa––yrdamak to ring, jingle ºekillendirmek to depict
ºa––yrdy peal, chime ºekilli similar to, such, like
ºapak glow of dusk, glow of ºeksiz without doubt,
dawn unquestionably
ºa king, shah ºapba quickly, momentarily ºem candle
ºabyrdamak to pour, flow, ºapbat 1. palm of hand 2. ºemal wind : Øuwaº ºemal
spread slap in the face = breeze
ºadyØan merry ºapyrdy splash ºemallamak to be aired out,
ºadyØanlyk merriment ºapyrtdatmak to squelch inflated
ºagal jackal ºar r. sphere, ball ºemallatmak to air, inflated
ºagala– merriment ºaramak to take with a fork ºembe Saturday
ºagala–ly gay, merry, ºarf r. scarf ºembeºik sticky
cheerful ºar£ cartoon character ºepbeºmek to stick
ºagga quickly, soon ºarkºurk quickly ºepbik resin, pitch, tar
ºaggyldamak to make a ºarkyldamak to rattle, ºer scandal
noise, rustle clatter, knock, rap ºerap wine
ºaggyldy noise, rustle ºarkyldy knock, rattle, ºerbert r. sherbert
ºaglawuk waterfall clatter ºerebe salty, salt solution
ºagyrdamak to rustle, make ºarlamak to rage, seethe ºermende wretch
a noise ºartyldamak to crack, ºert I. 1. condition 2. vow,
ºagyrdy rustle, noise, sound crackle pledge II. conditional,
ºah horn (of an animal) ºartyldy crack, crash relative
ºaha branch ºaryk fork ºertli conditional, relative
ºahadatnama certificate ºaºka r. checkers (Asian ºertnama contract
ºahalak branchy style) ºetdaly peach
ºahalamak to branch out ºat joyful, happy ºeØle such, so, just like
ºahly horned ºatlama 1. frozen 2. hard, ºeØlede as such
ºahra poetess ringing ºeØlelik bilen thus, then,
ºahs personality, identity ºatlamak to freeze, congeal so, well
ºahsy personal ºatlanmak to enjoy ºeØlelikde well, then, so,
ºahsyØet personality, ºatlyk joy thus
identity ºatlykly joyful ºeØtan devil
ºahta r. mine, pit ºatyrdamak to crack, chirp, ºeØtanlyk cunning,
ºahta ﾍ y r. miner crackle trickery, craftiness, ruse
ºahtØor r. miner ºatyrdy crash, crack ºeØtmek to do so, to do
ºahyr poet ºaØ adornment, decoration, such
ºahyrlyk poetic works, embellishment ºŠgirt apprentice
creations ºaØsep 1. dowry 2. costly, ºŠgirtlik apprenticeship
ºakŠse bowl valuable ºŠhda ﾍ yk merrily, in good
ºakgalamak to split ºaØat witness spirts
ºakgyrdamak to rumble ºaØatlyk evidence ºŠher city
ºakgyrdatmak to rumble ºaØatnama evidence, ºŠherara intercity, long
ºakgyrdy rumble certificate, license distance
ºalgam turnip ºaØba r. disk ºŠht spirit, mood
ºalpyºara– 1. complete 2. ºaØlar parts ºŠnik stone
wet, moist ºaØy 1. coin 2. nickel ºŠrik companion
ºalpyldamak to splash ºaØylyk 1. nickel 2. trinket ºŠrikli together
ºalpyldy splash ºek doubt, question ºifirlemek r. to cover, coat,
ºaly adj. rice ºekel 1. form, outline, trump
ºan glory, fame sketch 2. image, picture, ºifr r. cipher, code
ºanºšhrat glory representation 3. figure ºifrlemek r. to ciphere,
ºanly famous ºeker ﾍ inrigi sugarbeet code
ºikaØat 1. complaint 2. ºšhrat glory ºyltak etmek to slander

appeal ºšhratlanmak to glorify ºyltak slander
ºikaØat etmek to complain ºšhratly glorious ºy––yrdamak to ring, jingle,
ºikes 1. mutilation 2. ºšhratparaz vain click
breakage ºšhratparazlyk vanity ºy––yrdy jingle, ring, peal,
ºillirdemek to murmur ºšwŸr wakefulness, care chime
ºillirdi murmur ºrift r. type, print ºyrdak hat (esp. for
ºin r. 1. tire 2. splint ººi beet soup horseback riding)
ºinde 1. wedge 2. embryo, ºtab r. headquarters, staff ºyrkyldamak to snap, crack,
bud ºtamp r. stamp crackle
ºindi 1. now 2. still, yet ºtamplamak r. to stamp ºyrkyldy snap, crackle,
ºindiki present, actual ºtat r. state rustle
ºinel r. overcoat ºtepsel r. plug, jack ºyrlamak to murmur
ºinelemek to get bound up, ºu this, that
get entangled ºugullamak to carry or
ºir Leo (zodiac sign) bring, inform, slander
ºire juice ºugundyr beet
ºirin 1. sweet, tasty 2. ºum wicked, evil
pleasant, agreeable ºumjarmak to sob
ºirrildemek to murmur, ºumlukda thus, so, well,
purr then, now
ºitil sprout, sprouts ºumroØ deformed, ugly,
ºitilhana nursery abnormal
ºitirdi rustle ºumroØluk ugliness,
ºiwe accent, dialect, talk deformity
ºkaf r. cupboard, wardrobe ºun ﾍ a so, so much, so
ºlang r. hose many
ºlem r. helmet ºuwlamak to buzz, honk,
ºlØapa r. hat hoot, whistle
ºofØor r. driver, chauffeur ºuwwuldamak to whistle
ºoh gay, merry, happy ºuwwuldy whistle, hiss
ºokolad chocolate ºŸbhe doubt
ºokolady adj. chocolate ºŸbhelenmek to suspect,
ºol that doubt
ºon ﾍ a so, so much, so ºŸbheli doubtful, dubious
many ºŸbhesiz unquestionable,
ºor salty, saline doubtless
ºorluk saltiness ºŸdŸgŠr field, tillage
ºorpuldatmak to squelch ºŸle rice porridge
ºorsuw salt water ºŸwele– merry, joyful
ºorta sšz anecdote ºŸwele–li merrily, joyfully
ºosse r. highway, turnpike ºwed r. Swede
ºow good luck, success ºybyrdamak to rustle
ºowa kšr shortsighted ºybyrdy rustle
ºowalyk shortsightedness ºygar slogan
ºowhun din, hubbub, noise, ºyglamak to buzz, rustle,
rustle hiss, whiz
ºowhunly noisy, loud, ºygyr verse, poem
sensational ºygyrdamak to rustle
ºowly successful, good ºygyrdy rustle
ºšhle ray, beam ºykyrdamak to rustle
ºšhlelendirmek 1. to shine ºykyrdy rustle
2. to illuminate, elucidate ºylha rags, tatters
T
should reach the village in tank r. tank
about 2 kilometers. tankydy critical
takmynan almost tankyt criticism, critique,
taksi r. taxi review
taktika r. tactic tankytlamak to critique
taba pan takyk exact tans etmek r. to dance
tabak dish, bowl, cup takyklamak to specify tans r. dance
tabel r. timesheet takyklyk exactness, tans ﾍ y r. dancer
tabigat 1. nature 2. personal precision (prominent)
nature takyr I. bald II.smooth, tanymal distinquished,
tabletka r. tablet, pill plain, lank notable, eminent
tablisa table, list, schedule, takyramak to be empty tanyº bolmak to meet (lit. to
scale takyrdamak to rumble become acquaintance)
tabºyrmak 1. to charge with takyrdatmak to rumble tanyº I. known, familiar II.
a comission, to entrust 2. takyrlyk cracked desert area acquaintance, known
to deliver, hand in, hand tal willow person
over 3. to punish, order talamak to rob, plunder tanyºbiliº acquaintance
tabºyryk 1. message, talant r. talent tanyºdyrmak 1. to introduce
mission, comission, talantly r. talented 2. to acquaint
instruction 2. warning, tala– theft tanyºlyk acquaintance
notification, prevention tala–ﾍ ylyk theft tanyºmak 1. to meet, make
tabyn subordinate tala–ﾍ ylykly stolen acquaintance 2. to be
tabynlyk subordination talap 1. demand 2. introduced to
tabyt coffin requirement 3. claim 4. ta–ka "tangka", a traditional
tagalla effort, strain, order Turkmen tea vessel, placed in
exertion talapkŠr exacting, a fire
tagam dish, taste, flavor particular, fussy ta––yr basin
tagamly tasty talapkŠrlik exactitude, ta––yrdamak to peal,
tagan vanity mirror particularity thunder, rattle
tagaºyk convenience, talh tart ta–rybir united under God
comfort talhan oat flour tap 1. mood, spirits 2.
tagaºykly 1. convenient, talon r. coupon strength, force, power,
comfortable 2. close tam house might
taglymat apprenticeship, tama etmek to hope tapa rest, repose, peace,
learning tama hope calm
tagma brand, stigma, strain tamakin inept person tapawut difference,
tagmalamak to brand, tamam bolmak to finish, differentness
stigmatize end tapawutlandyrmak to
tagt ripe tamamlamak to finish, end distinguish, differentiate
tagta I. 1. board 2. plank 3. tamamlanmak to finish, tapawutlanmak 1. to differ
blackboard II. sheet, complete, accomplish 2. to be noted, to stand out
certificate, deed tamdyr clay oven for baking tapba suddenly, all of a
tagtabiti bedbug, termite ﾍ šrek sudden
tahØa "tahya", Turkmen tamdyra dutar tapbat pat
national cap tamdyra ﾍ y dutarist tapbatlamak to pat
tahyl box, case tamºanmak 1. to bite tapgyr 1. group, party 2.
takat patience through, take a bite 2. to round, tour
takdyr fate lick one's lips taplamak 1. to whet, grind,
takgaz herring tanalmak to introduce sharpen 2. to kill or
takmyn approimately, tanamak 1. to know slaughter
about, almost: Oba ﾍ henli somebody 2. to recognize taplanmak to be hardened,
takmyn 2 kilometer Øol tanap rope, cable tempered
Øšremeli bolarcyn = You tangens r. math tapma ﾍ a riddle
tapmak 1. to find, come tas 1. almost: Men tas tehnika r. technique

across 2. to think out, Øykyldym = I almost fell tehniki r. technical
devise 3. to find, discover 2. nearly, missing a little tehnikum r. technical shool
4. to determine, designate, taslama sketch, draft tejribe experience
define 5. to receive, get, taslamak to give up tejribeli experienced
obtain tassyklamak to ratify teke I. Teke (Turkmen
tapylgysyz irreplacable tassyklanmak to be ratified tribe) II. goat producer
tapylmak to be found taºlamak to throw with tekepbir haughty, arrogant
tapyndy find, discovery force tekepbirlik haughtiness,
tapyrdamak to stomp taºlandy thrown arrogance
tapyrdy stamping, tramping tatar Tartar tekge support, approval
tapyºmak to help to find tataºmak to inflame, get tekiz smooth
something inflamed tekizlemek to smooth
tar 1. string 2. r. tar tawus peacock tekizlik smoothness
tarap 1. direction 2. place, taØ I. stallion, colt II. 1. tekje level, shelf
land 3. side 4. part 5. pair, couple 2. one of a teklip etmek to make an
group, side pair III. direction : ºu offer
tarapdar supporter taØda = here teklip offer
tarapdar supporter taØak stick, cane, club, pole tekst r. text
taraplaØyn sided : bir taØaklamak to knock telbe crazy, mad
taraplaØan = onesided taØ ﾍ anak foal, colt telefon etmek to telephone
taraº cleansing, polishing taØga slippery telefon r. phone
taraºlamak 1. to cleanse, taØgan ﾍ ak 1. slippery 2. telegraf r. telegraph
polish, clean 2. to grind, rink, mangle (?) telegrafirlemek r. to
polish taØhar baby donkey telegraph
taraz divide, watershed taØlamak to balance telegramma r. telegram
tarkyldamak to knock, rap, taØmak to slide, slip telek erroneous, mistaken
rattle taØpa tribe, clan teletin skin, leather
tarkyldatmak to knock, rap, taØØar ready telewideniØe r. adj.
rattle taØØyn ready television
tarkyldy knocking, rattling taØyarlamak 1. to prepare telewizion r. television
tarlamak to buzz, honk, 2. to cook 3. to compose, telŠr awning, shed
hoot, whistle make up telim 1. a few, some,
tarp virgin soil taØyarlyk preparedness, several, somewhat 2.
tarpa sudden, unexpected preparations repeated, many
tarpataØyn sudden taØyarlyly ready telkermek to slouch
tarpyldatmak to stamp, taØynalmak to prepare, get tellipelli somehow (or
trample ready other)
tarpyldy stamping, taØzarmak to stick out telpek hat, Turkmen hat
trampling tazy hound telper small little, pretty,
tarsuldamak to knock, rap teatr theatre fine
tarsuldy n. knock, rap tebigy natural : tebigy gaz = tema r. theme, subject
tartmak 1. to pull, draw, natural gas tematic r. thematic
tow 2. to stretch, drain, tebip arch. doctor temen big needle
pull tebit heat, fever temenge pin, saftey pin
tarØelka r. plate tegek coil, spool temmŠki tobacco
taryh history tegelek I. 1. round, circular temmi bermek to punish
taryh ﾍ y historian 2. precisely, exactly II. temmi punishment
taryhy historical circle, sphere temperatura r. temperature
taryp etmek to speak highly tegelenmek to become ten flesh
taryp praise circular, grow in a circle tene ﾍ ir 1. dragonfly 2.
taryplamak to praise tegmil spot, stain, blotch earrings
tehnik r. technician tenekar borax
tengin heat rash tertip order tŠzelemek 1. to renew,

tenmek to pour out, in tertip sanlar ordinal renovate 2. to replace,
tennis r. tennis numbers substitute
tentek I. silly, stupid II. tertipdŸzgŸn order, way tŠzelenmek 1. to renew 2.
fool, simpleton tertipli ordered, disciplined to replace, substitute
tentemek to wander, roam tertipsiz undisciplined, tŠzelik news, newness, new
te––e coin, currency unruly thing
teorema r. theorem tes superlative prefix tŠzelik ﾍ i innovator
teoretiki r. theoretic tesilli peaceful tŠzelik ﾍ ilik innovation
teoriØa r. theory tesmek to slow down tibirdemek to tremble,
teplisa r. hothouse teºne thirsty shake, shiver
teplohod r. motorship teºnelik thirst tigir 1. wheel 2. spool,
teplowoz r. cargo ship teØ I. bottom II. 1. by no bobbin
ter fresh, cool, lastest, new means, not at all 2. quite, tigirlemek to roll, drive,
terapewt r. therapist totally wheel
terapewtik r. therapeutic teØahyr at last, finally tigirlenmek to sweep,
terbiØe upbringing teØdar mark, marking move, flow
terbiØe ﾍ i educator, tutor teØene reproach tijemek to strain, stretch,
terbiØe ﾍ ilik educational, tez timid, fearful bow
pedalogical tezek dung, droppings tijenmek to strain, stretch,
terbiØelemek to bring up, tŠ right up to, until : TŠ Øe– bow
educate Øan ﾍ Š– gšreºmek = to tike piece, bit, morsel, scrap
terbiØeleØiº upbringing, fight until victory tiken thorn, prickle, barb
education tŠ ﾍ 1. crown 2. birthmark, tikeneklemek to feel, sense
terbiØeleØjilik educational mole tikenli thorny, prickly,
, pedalogical tŠjihoraz scarlet fever barbed
terbiØeli wellbred tŠjik Tajik (person from tikin seam, joint, stitch
terezi scales, balance Tajikistan) tikin ﾍ i seamstress, tailor
terjime translation tŠk 1. odd (in number) 2. tikin ﾍ ilik sewing
terjime ﾍ i translator alone tikmek 1. to sew, embroider
terjimehal biography tŠleØ fate, lot 2. to hem, sew onto
terlik freshness tŠlim learning, instruction, tikmek to sew
termin r. term, notion apprenticeship tilki fox
terminologiØa r. tŠmislik cleanliness, purity tilsim secret, mystery
terminology tŠmiz clean, pure timar bermek to brush,
termometr r. thermometer tŠmizlemek to cleanse, comb
termos r. thermos purify timarlamak to bring, lead,
ternaw gutter tŠr method, means, manner, result
terne small mellon way ti––irdemek to click, jingle,
ternelemek to begin to grow tŠsgenmek to suspend, strum
territoriØa r. territory linger, be delayed ti––irdetmek to click, jingle,
terrorizm r. terrorism tŠsin wonderful, marvelous, strum
ters 1. incorrect, false 2. amazing ti––irdi click, jingle
uneven 3. backwards, tŠsir etmek to influence tip r. type, style
insideout tŠsir galdyrmak to impress tipik r. typical
tersine 1. on the contrary, tŠsir influence, impression tipleØin r. typical
opposite 2. against 3. tŠsirli interesting, tipografiØa r. printing
contrary to, in spite of 4. influential, impressive plant, office
viceversa 5. in defiance of tŠze 1. new 2. modern 3. tira£ 1. circulation 2.
tersleºik quarrel, altercation latest, current, cool 4. fresh drawing of a lottery
tersleºmek to quarrel 5. young tire I. tribe, clan II. r. dash
tertibe ﾍ agyrmak to tŠze ﾍ e anew, once again tirkeg sight
discipline, call order tŠzeden again, anew
tirkemek to hook onto, latch tokmak mallet, wooden toºap molasses

onto hammer toty parrot
tirkeºmek 1. to go together : tolgundyrmak to agitate, tow 1. turn, rotation : tow
Olar tirkeleºip excite, worry (someone) bermek = to give a turn
barØardylar = They used tolgunyºyk agitation, tow bermek to give a turn
to go together 2. to worry, excitement towakga request, petition
befriend, to be on friendly tolkun wave tow ﾍ a apricot pit
terms tom r. tome, volume towlamak to turn, twist,
tirlemek to twist, twirl, roll, tomaºa sight, spectacle, rotate
whirl show towlanmak to twist, turn,
tirlendirmek to twist, twirl, tomaºa ﾍ y spectator, on roll
roll, whirl looker towly twisted
tirsek 1. elbow 2. knee tomat r. 1. tomato sauce 2. towsa gštermek to snatch
tisginmek to start, shudder, adj. tomato away, buy up
shake up tomazak dung beetle towºan rabbit
titremek 1. to tremble, tomsma in the summer towuk chicken
shiver 2. to shake, quake tomus summer towusmak to jump, spring,
titretmek to be shaken tomusky adj. summer leap
titretmek to be shaken tonna r. ton toØ celebration, party
titrewuk tremble, shake tonnel r. tunnel toØlamak to organize a
tiz fast, quickly top I. ball II. gun, cannon party, have a party
tizleºdirmek to speed up, III. 1. group 2. piece, bit, toØnak hoof
accelerate morsel toØun loam, clay
tizlik speed topala– rebellion, mutiny toØunsow loamy
toba penance topar 1. group 2. layer, toz dust
togalak sphere, spherical stratum tozamak to dust
togalamak 1. to roll, drive, toparlamkak to form a tozan dust
ride 2. to wheel, roll along group tozanlamak to become
togalanmak to sweep, toparlanmak to form a dusty
move, flow group tozatmak to dust
toganynjy nintieth topbak heap, pile, a lot of tozdurmak to wear out (by
togaØ skylark (bird) top ﾍ y artilleryman use)
togsan ninety toplamak to gather or tozga pollen
togtamak 1. to stop, pause collect tozmak 1. to wear out 2. to
2. to cease toplanmak to gather, be bankrupt
tohum I 1. seed 2. race, assemble, prepare tšhmet atmak to slander
breed 3. posterity, toplum group tšhmet slander
descendants II. toprak ground, earth, land : tšhmet ﾍ i slanderer
thoroughbred Ene toprak = Mother Earth tšhmet ﾍ ilikli slanderous
tohum ﾍ ylyk seeding topuk ankle tšleg payment
tohumlyk seeded, seminal topulmak 1. to dash, rush, tšlemek 1. to pay 2. to
tok r. electrical connection plunge, dart 2. to have a fit compensate, recompense
toka buckle tor 1. net 2. grid, scale 3. tšlemek to pay
tokar r. lathe, turning trap, snare tš––e stump
instrument torba bag tšp 1. thickness, density,
tokaØ forest, wood tormoz r. break mass 2. bream
tokaØ ﾍ ylyk forestry torsarmak to be offended tšr head of the table for
tokaØlyk forest, wooded torsuk badger : torsuk Øaly honoured guests
place = full, complete, absolute tšrpi sander, planer
tokga a lump, clod tort r. cake tšrpŸlemek to grind, polish
tokgalamak to crumple torum camel (specific type) tštŠnden casual, by accident
tokly small sheep, lamb tostoslamak to invent, tštŠnleØin accidental,
contrive, design casual, by chance
tšwekgel resolute, firm, turuzmak to wake someone tŸrgenleºik training

decisive tussag 1. prisoner 2. tŸrgenleºmek 1. to train 2.
tšwekgel ﾍ ilik risk arrested person, detainee to master
tšwekgellik risk tussag etmek to arrest, take tŸrk Turk
tšweleme excellent prisoner tŸrkana simple, humble
tšwella admonition: tšwella tussag prisoner tŸrki Turkish
etmek = to admonish tut mulberry tŸrkmen Turkmen
tšwerek 1. environs, tutanØerli persevering, tŸrkmen ﾍ ilik "Turkmeness
neighborhood 2. persistent, obstinate "
surroundings, vicinity 3. tutanØerlik persistence, tŸrme prison
circumfrence 4. near, obstinance tŸrmŠ basmak to imprison
about 5. around tutaryk argument tŸrmŠ basmak to imprison
tšwir (galdyrmak) post tutaºdyrmak to heat, rouse, tŸsse smoke
meal prayer unleash, set loose tŸsselemek to smoke (give
tragediØa r. tragedy tutaºdyryjy incendiary off smoke)
tragiki r. tragic tutawa ﾍ 1. handle 2. tŸtemek to smoke, steam
traktor r. tractor railing, banister tŸw 1. rice 2. palow (pilaf)
traktor ﾍ y r. tractor driver tutgaØ epilepsy tŸwe heifer
tramwaØ r. streetcar tutma grip tŸweleme 1. well done 2.
transport r. transportation tutmak 1. to hold, support, exclam. "Great!"
trassa r. route, line keep 2. to catch 3. to hire "Fantastic!" "Stupendous!"
trener r. trainer, coach out, employ 4. to fill, tŸweleØ gust
trewoga r. alarm, warning, crowd, imbue 5. to stretch, tŸØ hair
alert draw in, pull in tŸØdŸk "tuyduk", a native
tribuna r. tribune, platform tutnak assault, onslaught, Turkmen flutelike
trikota£ r. hosiery onset instrument
trolleØbus r. trolley tutuk 1. dully, gloomy 2. tŸØdŸk ﾍ i person who
trotuar r. sidewalk gloomy, sullen, cloudy 3. performs on the tŸØdŸk
truba r. pipe, tube, chimney hoarse, husky tŸØdŸlmek to wear out
trubka r. 1. tube, pipe 2. tutuº entirely, wholly tŸØjermek to be hairy
receiver tutuºlagyna totally, entirely tŸØkŸlik saliva, spittle
tukat sad, sorrowful, dreary tutuºlaØyn totally, entirely tŸØkŸliklemek to salivate
tukatlanmak to grieve, long tuty 1. partition 2. curtain tŸØkŸrrmek to spit
tukatlyk sadness, grief, tuwaly r. from Tuva tŸØlek hairy
melancholy tŸkel all, the whole, full, tŸØs 1. genuine, real 2. just
tultuk 1. soft, mild, gentle, everything like 3. sincere, frank,
tender 2. sleek, smooth 3. tŸkeniksiz incessantly cordial 4. definite, fixed,
lenient, easy tŸkenmek to be finished certain, positive
tulum wineskin tŸketmek to finish, to cease tŸØsli as such, like : her
tumºuk muzzle, snout tŸm darkness, obscurity tŸØsli = all kinds
tundra r. tundra tŸmlŸk darkness, obscurity tŸØtmŸØt etmek to
tunir r. tournament tŸmmek I. hillock II. full, lacerate, tear to pieces
tupan storm, tempest complete, absolute, perfect tŸØtmek 1. to comb one's
turist r. tourist tŸmmeklemek to fill, hair 2. to wear out (by use)
turistic touristic crowd, imbue tØul r. tulle
turmak 1. to stand up 2. to tŸnt blunt, obtuse, stupid tyg 1. blade, edge : Tyg
awake tŸ–ﾍ e pitcher (iron) Øarasy biter, sšz Øarasy
turp radish tŸ––Ÿn can bitmez = A blade wound
turºamak to turn sour tŸpe– rifle will get bigger, a verbal
turºy sour tŸpe–lemek to shoot, fire (a wound, never
turuzmak 1. to get up, make rifle) tygºyt economy, saving
stand 2. to waken 3. to tŸrgen 1. skillful, skilled 2. tygºytlamak to save,
begin, to undertake trained economize
U
tygºytlamak to spare ukyply 1. capable, able 2.
tygºytly economical talented, gifted
tygºytlylyk economy ukyplylyk ability
tykyramak to waver ulag transport
tykyrdamak 1. to rumble 2. ulalmak 1. to magnify,
to knock, rap, rattle u ﾍ finish, end enlarge 2. to grow,
tykyrdatmak to knock, rap, u ﾍ ar airplane increase
rattle, clatter u ﾍ astok r. district, region ulaltmak 1. to increase,
tyl rear, base u ﾍ dantutma successively, make larger 2. to grow,
tylla gold, golden one after the other rear 3. to raise, promote 4.
typan ﾍ an I. slippery II. u ﾍ gun sparkle, spangle to swell up, puff up,
rink, mangle u ﾍ gur shoe lace exaggerate
typmak to slide, glide, slip u ﾍ iliººe r. school ulanmak to use, utilize
tyrkyldamak to knock, rap, u ﾍ mak 1. to fly 2. to ulgam ridge, geol. range
throb, rattle stagger 3. to disappear, ullakan 1. big, heavy 2.
tyrkyldatmak to knock, rap, vanish grownup
throb, rattle u ﾍ ramak 1. to come across, ululyk size, quantity
tyrkyldy knock, rattle, meet, receive, welcome 2. ulumsy snobby
clatter, noise to undergo, be exposed to ulumsylyk snobbiness
tyrpma to slide down, slip u ﾍ urmak to rock, swing, ulumsyramak to put on airs
off shake uly 1. big in size, weighty 2.
u ﾍ ursyz very much, big in number 3.
u ﾍ uº flight old 4. significant,
u ﾍ Øot r. inventory important 5. long in
u ﾍ Øot ﾍ ik r. bookkeeper duration
udel r. specific ulyki ﾍ i young and old
uglerod r. carbon alike
ugramak 1. to set off, ummasyz without end
embark 2. to direct, refer, umuman generally
send umumy common
ugratmak 1. to see off 2. to umumyhalk nationwide
set off for 3. to embark umumylaºdyrmak to sum
upon up
ugrukdyrmak to put right, umumylyk commoness,
in order, to set straight community
ugur 1. direction 2. trend 3. umyt etmek to hope
list umyt hope
ugurdaº 1. parallel 2. fair, un flour
favorable unamak to find, come
ugurlaºmak to agree upon, across
arrange unaº noodle soup
ugurly good uniwermag r. department
ugursyz bad store
ujypsyz insignificant, tiny uniwersal r. universal
ukaz r. decree, edict uniwersitØet r. university
uklamak to sleep, fall asleep unutmak to forget
ukol r. injection uprawleniØaØuººi¬ r.
ukrain r. Ukranian manager
uku ﾍ yl sleepyhead uprawleniØe r.
uky sleep, dream management
ukyp 1. capability, talent, urtut at once
ability urgy blow, shock
urka ﾍ y female
†
urmak to strike uØgur Uighur (nationality)
urnamak to combine uØluk pail
urpadat custom, habit uzak 1. far, distant 2. long,
urºujy fighter for a long time 3. whole,
urug genus, race intact
urunmak 1. to fight, beat 2. uzaklaºdyrmak 1. to ŸbtŸk down, fluff
to toss, jerk postpone, put off 2. to Ÿ ﾍ three
uruº 1. war 2. scuffle, fight draw out, drag out Ÿ ﾍ bur ﾍ luk triangle
uruºmak 1. to struggle, fight uzaklaºmak to become Ÿ ﾍ in for, intended for
2. to wage war distant, move away from Ÿ ﾍ lŸk three
ussa master, craftsman uzaklyk 1. length 2. Ÿ ﾍ Ÿnji third
ussa ﾍ ylyk mastery distance 3. longitude Ÿflemek to blow, gust
ussahana studio, workshop uzalmak to be lengthened Ÿlemek to divide, share
ussat craftsman, master uzaltmak 1. to lengthen 2. Ÿlje cherry
ussatlyk knowhow, to prolong Ÿlke 1. region, land, country
mastery uzanmak to lie down, to go 2. fringe, edge, outskirt
ustaw r. statute, resolution, to bed Ÿl–i pattern
charter uzatmak to stretch out, ŸlpŸldemek to shine,
usul 1. manner, way 2. extend glitter, flash
method uzel r. junction, center ŸlŸº 1. lot, fate 2. part,
usully careful uzyn 1. long 2. tall 3. share, piece
uºak small, little, fine protracted 4. sustained Ÿmez fog
uºamak to become smaller uzynlyk 1. length 2. Ÿmezlemek to grow foggy,
uºatmak 1. to make smaller, longitude 3. extent dim
shallower 2. to exchange, Ÿndemek to put, place, set
barter Ÿnjalmak to calm down,
utan ﾍ shame subside, become quiet
utan ﾍ syz shameless Ÿnji unrest, trouble, anxiety
utandyrmak to embarass, to Ÿns attention
shame Ÿns bermek to pay attention
utanja– shy, bashful ŸpjŸn 1. in full supply 2.
utanja–lyk shyness provided for, welltodo
utanmak to be shy, ŸpjŸn ﾍ ilik security
ashamed of ŸpjŸnetmek to supply,
utdurmak to lose provide
utgaºdyrmak to combine ŸpjŸnlik prosperity
utgaºmak to unite Ÿr ﾍ etmek to fall into the
utgaºyk united habit of
utmak to win ŸrgŸn dry
utuk point, spot Ÿrkek timid, fearful
utulmak to lose (a game) Ÿrkmek to be frightened, be
utuº winnings, profit scared of
uwlamak to howl ŸrkŸzmek to frighten, scare
uwlundyrmak to cause pain ŸsgŸlewuk cough
uØa sister ŸsgŸlewukli suffering from
uØalmak to be shamed a cough
uØamak to go sour ŸsgŸrlewŸk cough
uØan bridle ŸsgŸrmek to cough
uØanlamak to bridle Ÿst surface, top, upper part
uØat shame Ÿstbaº clothing
uØgunlaºdyrmak to adapt Ÿstaºyr over, about, at, with
uØgunlaºmak to get used Ÿste to boot, in addition
to Ÿstesine to boot, in addition
W
Ÿsti bilen via, by way of waØ oh! oh boy! : WaØ
ŸstŸn ﾍ ykmak to win, waØ waØ != Oh my
conquer, vanquish goodness!
ŸstŸnlik success, waØkyrmak to cry out
achievement wazypdamak to buzz
ŸstŸnlikli accomplished wada promise wazzyldy buzz, drone
Ÿºemek to be cold, catch wadalaºmak to make a pact, we and
cold negotiate wehim terror
Ÿºerilmek to be on the alert, wadalaºyk treaty, wejera shameful
to be on one's guard settlement wekil representative
Ÿºertmek to prick up (one's wagon r. wagon weli but, but also
ears) wagºy predatory welosiped r. bicycle
Ÿºetmek to be cold wagºylar ﾍ a brutal, bestial welwet r. velvet
ŸºŸk sharpness, quick wagt time welØur r. velour
wittedness wagtalwagtal from time to wengr r. Hungary
ŸºŸtmek to feel chilly time wepa truth
Ÿtmek to tear, pull out wagtlaØyn temporary wepaly true, honest
ŸtŸk r. iron (for clothing) wagtlywagtynda at the wepalylyk allegiance
ŸtŸklemek r. to iron right time wepat bolan deceased
Ÿwemek to grind wagtynda at the right time wepat bolmak to die
Ÿwremek to rock wagyr noise wepat dead, finished
ŸØn sound, tone, tune wagyrdamak to make noise werdiº adaptation: agyr iºe
ŸØºenmek to fear, be afraid wagyz etmek to preach werdiº boldim = I've
of wagyznesihat 1. adapted to this difficult
ŸØºmele– 1. crowd, mob, directions, instructions 2. work
throng 2. party, gathering sermon wertikal r. vertical
ŸØºŸrmek to gather, collect wah oh! gosh! wertolØot r. helicopter
ŸØtgediji 1. to change (by waharman a kind of melon wesØet law
itself) 2. to spoil wajyp important wesØetnama will
ŸØtgeºik 1. different 2. waka event, situation (document)
particular, peculiar, special wakgyldamak to cluck (like weºalka r. peg, rack
ŸØtgeºiklik 1. difference 2. a chicken) weºe–weºe– very much
modification, alteration waktsina r. vaccine weteran r. veteran
ŸØtgetmek to change, alter, wakyrdamak to bellylaugh weterinariØa r. veterinary
modify WaleØkimessalam "And weØran ﾍ ylykly ruined,
Ÿze––i stirrup God's peace be with you!" demolished
Ÿzmek 1. to tear off, pluck (formal reply to wezipe 1. task 2. position,
2. to extinguish, put out 3. SalamaleØkim) appointment, rank
to interrupt waleØkimessalam response wŠ eek! (expresses surprise)
ŸznŸksiz uninterrupted to formal greetng wŠgirmek to scream from
Ÿz–e enraged, furious walla honestly fright
Ÿz–elik rage, fury walØuta r. currency wŠk ouch!
ŸzŸlkesil resolute, firm, wanna r. bath wŠºi joker, jokingly
decisive wa–kyrmak to wail wŠºilik lightheartedness
ŸzŸlmek 1. to tear off, pluck warak nogood, worthless wiktorina r. quiz
2. to settle accounts with, wariant r. variant wilka r. fork
get even with 3. to break warkyldamak to croak witamin r. vitamin
off warsaky chatter, gossip witrina r. shop window
ŸzŸm grape wasp description wiØ oh!
ŸzŸm ﾍ ilik grape watan country wizit r. visit, call
production watan ﾍ y patriot wodolaz r. diver
wodoprowod r. water pipe
wodorod r. hydrogen
Ù
wojatyØ r. guide Øagtylyk 1. light 2. joy,
wokzal r. station (railway) gladness, pleasure
woleØbol r. volleyball Øagy enemy
wra ﾍ r. doctor Øagyn precipitation
wulkan r. volcano Øagynly rainy
wyjdan conscience Øa 1. or 2. "well, now" Øagyrni ﾍ lik lining,
wyklØu ﾍ atel r. switch Øabany 1. wild 2. out of support
wympel r. pennant control Øagyrny back, spine
wypiska r. copying, Øabºyrmak to sew into Øagyº rain
excerpting Øaby horse Øagyºly rainy
wyºka r. turret, tower Øada or Øakymly nice, pleasant
wyºywyºy whisper Øadamak to tire, grow Øakymsyz mean
wyºyrdamak to whisper, weary Øakyn near
gossip Øadatmak to tire out Øakynda the other day
wznos r. payment, fee Øadaw tired Øalan false
wzwod r. platoon Øadawlyk fatigue Øalana ﾍ naked
Øadawsyz tireless, energetic Øalan ﾍ y liar
Øadro r. nuclear Øalandan false
ØadygŠr recollection, Øalkamak to pardon or
memory spare : ta–ry Øalkasyn =
ØadygŠrlik 1. monument thank you
2. souvenir Øal–yº mistake
Øadyrgamak to shun, avoid Øal–yºdyrmak to confuse,
Øag oil (for cooking), grease muddle, mix up
ØagdaØ 1. situation, Øal–yºmak to be mistaken
condition 2. scenery 3. Øalpa momentary,
atmosphere instantaneous
ØagdaØlaºmak to operate, Øalpak 1. shallow 2. small,
function petty
Øaglamak to grease, oil Øalpylda duran shiny,
Øagly 1. oily 2. bun brilliant
Øaglyk scarf Øalpyldawuk brilliant,
Øagmak to precipitate sparkling, shining
Øagmyr rain, precipitation Øalpyldy lustre, shine,
Øagny "that is to say..." brilliance
Øagºy good Øalta still, idle, lazy
Øagºylandyrmak to Øaltaklamak to examine,
improve take a view of
Øagºylanmak to be Øaltalyk stillness, idleness,
improved, grow more laziness
beautiful Øaltanmak to be idle, lazy,
Øagºylaºmak to be to tire
improved, grow more Øaly like
beautiful Øalyla seems
Øagºylyk benefit ØalymØulumetmek to
Øagty well lit ingratiate
Øagtygšzin by daylight Øalyn flame
Øagtylgy ﾍ star Øama patch
Øagtylmak 1. to dawn 2. to Øamamak 1. to mend,
brighten repair 2. to sharpen
Øagtyltmak 1. to ellucidate Øaman 1. bad 2. very
2. to illuminate Øamanlamak 1. to slander
2. to talk, say
Øamanlyk harm, damage, Øaralamak to wound Øassanmak to lean on one's

detriment Øaraly 1. wounded 2. adj. elbows
Øamaºgan anew, once wound Øassyk pillow
again Øaramak to like Øasy flat
Øamaºgandan anew, once Øaramaz bad, useless Øasylamak to flatten
again Øaramazlaºmak to Øaº 1. age 2. young 3.
Øanamak 1. lean 2. to press deteriorate, worsen teardrop
3. to oppress Øaramly 1. suitable, good, Øaºamak to live
Øanawu ﾍ handful fit 2. useful, helpful Øaºarmak to water
Øa– echo Øaran adherent, supporter, ØaºaØyº life, living
Øa–ak cheek partisan Øaºdaº person of the same
Øa–y Øakynda recently Øaranja– toady, lickspittle, age
Øa–yja just now sycophant Øaºlyk youth
Øa–yltma ﾍ tonguetwister Øaranja–lyk sycophancy Øaºmak "yashmak",
Øap ditch Øaranlyk friendship traditional bridal mouth
Øapbaºak slope, pitch Øaranmak to please covering
Øapbaºdyrmak to flatten Øaraºdyrmak to reconcile Øaººik r. case, chest, box
Øapbaºmak to flatten (others to others) Øaºuly elder
Øapgy cover Øaraºmak to make up Øaºyl green
Øapgyt slope, incline (become friends) Øaºyrmak to conceal, hide
Øaplamak to lean Øaraºyk peace, Øaºyryn secret, stealthy,
Øaplanmak to lean against reconciliation vague
Øapmak 1. to close 2. to Øaratmak to use, employ Øat I. mind II. 1. alien,
cover 3. to bake 4. to Øarawsyzlyk painfulness, foreign
enclose, affix 5. to finish, morbidity, sickness Øata stagnant
to end Øardam aid, help Øatak 1. bread 2. stall for
Øapon Japanese Øardam etmek to help animals
ØaponiØa Japan Øarma grits, groats Øatakhana hostel, home
Øaprak leaf Øarmak 1. to cut up 2. to Øatalatmak to remind
Øapraklamak to be leafy, blow up, explode Øatdan ﾍ ykarmak to forget
grow leaves Øarmaºmak to climb Øatlamak to remember
Øapy I. slope II. lid, cover Øarpy half Øatmak to lie down, sleep
Øapyk 1. closed 2. covered, Øarsmak 1. to be warped 2. ØatymlaØyn 1. overnight
enclosed to be offended, disgusted 2. daily, a day's
Øapynja cape, cloak Øartma ﾍ cut, section, angle Øatyrlma abolition
Øapyºdyrmak to stick Øarty half Øatyrmak to abolish
(something into something Øary gije midnight Øaz spring
else) Øary half Øazdyrmak 1. to unbutton,
Øapyºmak 1. to stick to, Øaryk fissure, crack, crevice unfasten 2. to lower,
hold fast to 2. to be pasted Øarylma explosion launch, set loose, slacken
to Øarylmak 1. to crack, split Øazgarmak to accuse of,
Øar beloved 2. to explode charge with
Øara wound Øarym half Øazgy 1. entry, registration,
Øarag weapon Øarymada peninsula record 2. note, sign,
Øaraglandyrmak to arm Øaryº race, competition inscription
someone Øaryºmak to race, compete Øazgyt fate
Øaraglanmak to take up Øasama artificial, false, Øazlamak to lead, guide,
arms, arm oneself imitation conduct
Øaragly armed Øasamak to craft, make Øazlyk adj. summer, spring
Øaragsyzlandyrmak to ØasaØjy master, craftsman Øazma ﾍ a cursive,
disarm Øasli r. 1. day care center handwriting
Øaragsyzlanmak to lay 2. crib, manger Øazmak I. to lay down;
down arms write II. to become loose,
unfastened III. 1. to spread Øelim glue Øe–iº victory

2. to smooth, iron, press Øelimlemek 1. to glue 2. to Øe–lemek to become easier;
Øazuw writing seal lighter
Øazyjy writer Øelin gozgamak to lactate Øe–lenmek to shake hands
Øazyk sin Øelken n. sail Øe–leºmek to become
Øazykly guilty Øelkenli adj. sail, sailing: easier; lighter
Øazyksyz innocent Øelkenli gaØyk = a sail Øe–letmek to lighten
Øazyksyzlyk innocence boat Øe–lik a cushionlike mitt
Øazylmak to subscribe Øellenmek 1. to be bloated; used when baking Traditional
Øazylysyk subscription troubled with gas 2. to be Turkmen bread in a clay oven
Øedi seven swollen Øe–mek to defeat; conquer;
Øedigen : Uli Øedigen = Big Øelli windy be victorious
Dipper : Ki ﾍ i Øedigen = Øelmemek to glue; attach Øe––e
Little Dipper with glue; seal with glue Øepbeºdirmek to stuff;
Øedilik a "seven" (i.e. used Øelmeºmek to be glued; make bulging
for a bus number) attached with glue Øepbeºik flabby;
Øedinji seventh Øelpemek to fan overstuffed
ØefreØtor mil. lance Øelpewa ﾍ n. fan (for Øer 1. place 2. land 3.
corporal fanning) earth, ground 4. Earth 5.
Øegen 1. nephew 2. niece Øemlemek to stick place, position, duty 6.
Øegen ﾍ i niece Øemºermek to be dented; sleeping area
Øegsan etmek to destroy; pressed in Øer ºary globe
obliterate Øemºertmek to dent; press Øer titremesi earthquake
Øegºermek to bend; flex in Øerasty underground
ØektŸk rarely Øemºik 1. dented 2. Øerdeºikli comfortably
Øeke 1. alone 2. lone; only flattened Øeri well; so : Ùeri nŠme
Øekeﾍ Šk alone Øen ﾍ mek to beat up; beat aØtmak ﾍ y? = Well, what
ØeketŠk one and only on would you like to say?
ØekeØeke one by one Øene 1. again; once more 2. Øerine in place of
Øekebara personal and even more; and Øerine Øetirmek to
Øekedaban sledgehammer furthermore : hi ﾍ zat bile– complete
Øekelemek to thin out ok, Øene šwnen bolØarsy– Øerlemek to be settled, to
ØekeleØin by the piece = You know nothing and make a place home
Øekelik 1. one (the number) you even brag about it Øerleºdirmek 1. to lay,
2. oneness Øe– sleeve place 2. to accomodate,
Øekemen unsociable; Øe–ﾍ e 1. the back of the lodge, place
solitary head 2. the back end, rear Øerleºmek 1. to be situated,
Øekesiremek to feel the part (of something) 3. used located 2. to enter into, be
same as a preposition: ye–sesine placed in 3. to be staying
Øekºenbe Sunday ge ﾍ mek = to move back (at)
Øel wind Øe–iji victor; winner Øerleºmek to be situated, to
Øele leeward; out of the Øe–il 1. light 2. simple 3. get situated
wind fig. easy 4. fig. weak Øerli local
Øelejiretmek to air out Øe–ilkelle lightwited; Øerlikli appropriate,
ØelejirŠp gelmek to stroll airheaded apropos
in the open air Øe–ilkellelik stupidity; Øerliksiz inappropriate
Øelejirmek to be aired out vapidity Øerzemin basement
Øelek feather Øe–illeºdirmek to simplify; Øeser gšzler shifty eyed
Øelekli feathered easy Øesir captive, prisoner
Øelgin gust of wind Øe–illik privilege; ease Øesirlik captivity
Øelgine 1. carried by the Øe–ilmek to lose (a game or Øeterlik enough
wind 2. fig. in the throes contest) Øetginjek juvenille,
(of something) Øe–ilmez invincible adolescent
Øetginjeklik adolescence Øokarlygyna 1. above, over Øo– cold, chill, fever

Øetim orphan the top 2. to the east Øo–lamak to catch a cold
Øetiºik progress Øokarsyna above Øorelmek to creep, crawl
Øetiºikli successful, Øokary 1. above, on top 2. Øorgan quilt
efficient tall 3. high, high up 4. ØorgandŸºek bedding
Øetiºiksiz inefficient, senior Øorka film, coating
unsuccessful Øokary ﾍ ykmak to climb Øorkaryk above
Øetiºmek I. to be on time, to Øoklamak to put Øorunja clover
make (a train, plane) II. 1. Øokluk 1. absence 2. Øowar community aid,
to ripen, mature 2. to reach poverty assistance
a marriagable age Øokmak 1. to come off 2. to Øowuz hard
Øetmek to suffice get better (of a patient ØoØmak to distort,
Øetmez ﾍ ilik insufficient, recovering from an illness) misconstrue
unsuitable 3. fig. to be healthy (of Øšne I. 1. gratis, free, for
Øetmiº seventy food) nothing 2. just, only,
Øetºenlik maturity Øoknasyz incessant simply so II. but, however
Øgjarmak to shine Øokumly helpful ØšnekeØ 1. simple, easy 2.
Øigdelmek to grow or look Øokundy plank, layer plain, humble
younger Øokuº degmek to be Øšnekme subject (of a
Øigit fellow unpleasant (of words or sentence)
Øigitlik youth, adolescence actions) Øšneliº turn
Øigren ﾍ hatred Øokuº gšrmek to be Øšnelmek to head for, turn
Øigrenji repugnant, hateful, offended for
disgusting Øokuº sšz aØtmak to say Øš–keme face, countenance
Øigrenmek to hate, despise unpleasant words Øš–kemek to denegrate,
Øigrimi twenty Øokuºmak 1. to come off 2. slander
Øigriminji twentieth to get better (of a patient Øšrelge 1. path 2. tradition
Øilik bone marrow recovering from an illness) Øšremek 1. to walk, go 2. to
Øiteltmek to sharpen 3. fig. to be healthy (of advance, move forward
Øitgi loss, waste food) Øšretmek 1. to establish 2.
Øiti 1. sharp 2. poignant, Øol 1. road, path, way 2. to conduct, guide
penetrating 3. quick course, system 3. means, ØšrgŸnli 1. popular 2.
witted 4. slim, slender 5. method 4. purpose marketable, saleable
caustic, venomous Øola time, repetition Øšriº 1. gait 2. pace, speed
Øitigsi dim, dull, dead Øolag ﾍ y passenger Øšrite special
Øitileºmek to become Øolbars lion Øšrite special
aggravated, strained Øolbaº ﾍ y leader Øšritelesºdirmek to
Øitirim bolmak to vanish, Øolbaº ﾍ ylyk leadership specialize in
be lost, go missing Øoldaº friend, companion, Øšrmek modal verb (see
Øitirmek 1. to lose, give up ally, partner appendix for usage examples)
2. to spend, waste Øolgalmak to be finished, ØšrŸº march, campaign
Øitmek 1. to go missing 2. used up ØubileØ r. jubilee
to vanish, disappear Øolka r. evergreen tree Øubka r. skirt
Øoda tropic, tropical Øollamak to send Øuka 1. thin, slender,
Øogsa or else, otherwise Øolmak 1. to pluck, strip off delicate 2. tender,
Øogsada by the way 2. to cut off sentimental
Øogyn wide, thick Øolmalamak to pluck out Øuka ØŸrek goodnatured,
Øok no, not present Øolukmak to meet someone tenderhearted
Øokan ﾍ infectious Øolunmak to be broken, to Øukalmak to refine
Øokan ﾍ ly infectious cut off Øukalyk thinness
Øokarky top, upper Øomak pun Øumak skein, claw, tangle
Øokarlanmak to raise, bring Øonmak to shave, plane off Øummak to close
up Øonuºga shaving, filing Øumralmak to round off
Øumruk fist ØŸrege dŸºmek to annoy, Øygnanyºyk 1. collection,

Øumruklamak to make a bother gathering, harvest 2. party,
fist ØŸregine dŸwmek to gathering
Øumruklaºmak to fistfight decide (set your heart) Øygnaºdyrmak to tidy up
Øumrulmak to destroy, ØŸrek 1. heart 2. soul, Øygra shy, timid
demolish mind, disposition Øygralyk shyness, timidity
Øumºak 1. soft 2. loose, ØŸrek gysmak to miss Øygren ﾍ hateful
crumbly 3. gentle, meek ØŸrek heart Øygrenmek to hate
Øumºaklyk 1. softness, ØŸrekdeº affectionate, Øygrykmak to become
gentleness 2. looseness intimate embarassed, perplexed
Øumºamak 1. to soften 2. ØŸrekdeºlik intimacy Øygrylmak 1. to shrink, be
to loosen ØŸrekli bold, courageous shy 2. to waver
Øumurmak to destroy, ØŸreklilik courage, Øygºyrmak to hide, conceal
demolish boldness Øygy thick, dense, deep
Øumurtga egg ØŸrkese edinmek to bite, ØygyØygydan often
Øumurtgalamak to lay eggs have a snack Øygyjy I. 1. typesetter,
Øumuº duty, errand ØŸwrŸk deft, nimble, quick compositor 2. collector II.
Øurt land, nation ØŸwse thimble harvesting, harvest
Øuwan liquid, watery, ØŸwŸrji brotherinlaw Øygym collection, gathering
sparse, weak ØŸwŸrmek to be victorious Øygym ﾍ y collector
Øuwaº 1. quiet 2. slowly over, to vanquish Øygyndy I. collector II.
Øuwaºamak 1. to cram in, ØŸz I. 1. face 2. surface 3. selection
stuff 2. to reduce side 4. edge II. one Øygyrmak 1. to crumple,
Øuwaºatmak to diminish, hundred twist, wrinkle 2. to draw in
reduce ØŸz tutmak to turn to, to Øygyrt wrinkled
Øuwaºlyk humility, appeal to, to apply for Øykgyn ﾍ ylyk sabotage,
meekness ØŸze ﾍ ykmak to arise diversion
Øuwdum a swallow ØŸzin prone Øykmak to destroy,
Øuwdunmak to swallow ØŸzlenme conversion, demolish, knock down,
Øuwgurmak to knead transformation overthrow
Øuwmak to wash ØŸzlenmek 1. to turn to, Øykylmak 1. to fall 2. to die
Øuwmarlamak to smooth address 2. to direct, refer, 3. to be ruined, wrecked
out send, assign Øykyrdamak to chuckle
Øuwundy slops, garbage, ØŸzleØ 1. small, petty 2. Øyl year
dust superficial Øylamak to warm up, heat
Øuwundyrmak to wash ØŸzlŸk one hundred up
Øuwunmak to wash oneself ØŸzmek to swim Øylan snake
Øuwutmak to swallow ØŸzŸgaralyk shame, Øylatmak to warm, heat
ØŸk 1. load, freight, cargo disgrace Øyldan frisky
2. duty, service ØŸzŸji swimmer ØyldanØyla from year to
ØŸk ﾍ i loader ØŸzŸk ring year
ØŸklemek 1. to load up 2. ØŸzŸnji one hundredth Øyldanlyk friskiness
to entrust with Øygjam dense Øyldyramak to sparkle,
ØŸkli loaded Øygjamlatmak to speed up, glitter, flash
ØŸksŸz empty make more frequent Øyldyrawuk sparkly,
ØŸ– wool Øygmak to pick, gather glittery
ØŸp string, yarn Øygnak gathering Øyldyrym
ØŸpek silk Øygnamak 1. to gather, ﾍ akmak lightning to
ØŸpek ﾍ i one who works collect 2. to concentrate, strike
with silk store up 3. to pile up, pack Øyldyrym lightning
ØŸpek ﾍ ilik silk up, clean up, tidy up Øyldyz star
production Øygnanmak 1. to be Øylgyrmak to smile
ØŸplŸk adj. cotton yarn collected 2. to amass Øylgyrys smile
Y
Øyllyk 1. annual 2. ylmy scientific
anniversary ylym science, knowledge
Øylmamak to cut, hew ylymly educated
Øylmanak smooth ymam pilgrim (one who has
Øylpyldamak to twinkle made the trip to Mecca)
Øylpyldy 1. light 2. blaze, ybadathana 1. council, diet ymarat building
flash 2. cathedral ymgyr boundless, unlimited
ØylsaØyn year by year ybarat bolmak to consist ymtylmak 1. to desire, long
Øyly pleasant, warm ybarat comprised of for 2. to aspire, strive to
Øylylyk 1. warmth 2. ydysat ﾍ y economist ymykly 1. serious 2. final,
temperature ygal rain, precipitation definitive
Øylynmak to warm up, heat ygally rainy ynam belief
Øyly–Øylyna from year to yglan etme announcement ynamly 1. reliable,
year yglanetmek to declare dependable, sure 2. firm,
Øyrºarmak to grin, smile ygºyldamak to rustle steady, confident 3.
Øyrtmak to tear off, break ygºyldy rustle trustworthy
off ygtyØar permission, license ynan ﾍ belief
Øyrtyjy 1. beast 2. predator ygtyØarly entitled ynandyrmak to convince
3. bird of prey ygtyØarsyz 1. without ynandyryjy convincing,
Øyrtyk 1. torn, broken, permission 2. against one's urgent
ripped 2. slit, torn will ynanja– trusting,
Øyrtylmak to tear, be torn yhlas zeal confidential
yhlasly zealous, eager ynanmak to believe, to trust
yk leeward ynjalyk rest, repose, peace,
ykbal fate calm
ykdysady economy ynjalykly comfortable
ykdysadyØet economics ynjalyksyzlandyrmak to
ykjam strong, hearty, firm, alarm, disquiet
robust, solid ynjalyksyzlanmak to be
ykjamak 1. to sway, swing, anxious, to worry
flicker 2. to shake, rattle, ynjalyksyzlyk unrest
rock ynjamak to be afflicted,
ykjamlamak to gather, distressed
collect ynjatmak to grieve
yklamak to take shelter ynjyk 1. capricious,
ykmak to linger, loaf whimsical 2. tender, fond,
around delicate, soft, sentimental
ykmanda tramp, vagabond ynsjyns nothing, no one
ykrar etmek to recognize ynsan human
ykyrdamak to crunch, ynsanyØet humanity
gnash, creak ynsap 1. conscience 2.
ykyrdy creak, scratch justice, truth
ylalaºdyrmak to reconcile ynsaply 1. conscientious 2.
ylalaºmak to agree, make just, fair, true, right
up, be reconciled ynsapsyz 1. unconscious 2.
ylalaºyksyz disagreeable unjust, unfair, untrue
ylalyºyk harmony, ynsapsyzlyk 1.
agreement unconsciousness 2.
ylaØta particularly unfairness
ylgamak to run y––yldamak to whine,.
ylgamak to run snivel
ylgaw run, running, escape y––yldy whine
ylham inspiration yralamak to swing, rock
Z
yramak to swing, rock yzy bilen right after,
yranmak to swing, rock behind, following
yra– atmak to swing, rock yzygideri consistent,
yrga rolling, pitching successively
yrgyldamak to vibrate, yzynda behind
move yzzat reverence, respect, zabt etmek to invade, attack
yrgyldatmak to vibrate, awe zabun cruel
oscillate za ﾍ Øot r. exam
yrgyldy oscillation, zag crow, raven
vibration zagyrdamak to shake,
yrmak to bend, incline tremble
yrsaramak to find fault with zakaz r. order, command
yrØa loss, waste zakaznoØ by order, by
ys odor, smell, aroma command
ysgamak to smell zakyja jackdaw
ysgyn strength, power, zal r. hall
force, might zalym tyrant, tyrannical
ysgynsyzlanmak to tire, zalymlyk tyranny
lose energy zaman epoch, era, time
ysgynsyzlyk feebleness, zam ﾍ a type of melon
weakness zamun bail, surety,
yslanan rotten guarantee
ysly aromatic zapas r. storage, savings,
ysmanak spinach backup
ysnyºmak to become zaply 1. strong 2. swift,
friends sudden
ysnyºyk closeness zapowednik r. preserve,
(emotional) reserve
yssy hot zar die, dice
yssylamak to get hot, heat zarba swift attack, blitzkreig
up zarbykdyrmak to wound, to
ysygra earrings inflict harm
ysytma fever, malaria zarbykmak to be hurt, to be
yº crevice, slit, crack inflamed
yºk love zar–yldamak to call, ring
yºyk light zarp strength, force, power
yºyklamak to spy, peep zarp ﾍ y battler, fighter
yºyklandyrmak to touch zarplandyrmak to
up, brush up, refresh strengthen
yz 1. trace 2. backside, rear, zarplanmak to be
base 3. close by strengthened
yza ache, pain zarØadi r. 1. charge
yzaly painful (electric) 2. cartridge,
yzarlamak 1. to track down ammunition
2. to trace, follow, look zarØadka r. 1. drill,
after, watch exercise 2. loading,
yzgar moisture charging
yzgarly humid, damp zarØadlamak to load, to
yzgyt caress, affection charge
yzlamak to whine, snivel zaryn mournful, sad,
yzlyyzynda successively, plaintive
one after the other zarynlamak to mourn
zastawa r. outpost
A
zat thing zoraØakdan by force,
zawod r. factory forcibly
zaØa spoiled zordan with effort
zaØa ﾍ ylyk rotteness zorlamak to compell, to
zaØalamak to pollute, spoil force
zaØalamak to spoil, ruin zowlatmak to shout, cry out
zaØalanan spoiled zowwam straight, through a bir
zaØalanmak to spoil, go zowzuldamak to worry a little biraz, ﾍ alaja, sŠhel, az
bad zšmmek pointed, conical oblak, birazajyk
zšrletmek to howl a lot kŠn, kšp, sansajak, sansyz
zaØawka r. claim, demand
sanjaksyz, en ﾍ eme, gerkgŠbe
zaØleek to dampen, liquify, zšwwe immediately,
a lot of kšp ﾍ Ÿlik, topbak
moisturize without delay A student bŠºlik
zaØom r. loan zulum opression, tyranny ability baºarnyklyk, gurbat,
zehin talent, gift zut ga ﾍ yp gitmek to run gurp, ukyplylyk, ukyp
zehinli talented, gifted away able baºarnykly, gurbatly, škde,
zehinsiz untalented zŸwwetdin coward gurplanmak, gurply, ukyply
abnormal ºumroØ
zelel harm zweno r. a link, section,
abode mesgen
zelelli harmful row abolish goØbolsun etmek,
zemzen giant lizard zynjyr chain syndyrmak, synmak,
zenzele noise, racket zy–mak to throw Øatyrmak
zerarly because zyØan harm abolition Øatyrlma
zergŠr jeweler about barada, hakynda, takmyn,
zerrin bolmak to be stuffed Ÿstaºyr, golaØ
above daºgyn, Øokarlygyna,
(from eating)
Øokarsyna, Øokary, Øorkaryk
zerur necessary abrasion dyrna ﾍ ak
zerurlyk need absence Øokluk, propusk(r)
zeØ dampness, moisture absentminded sšlpi
zeØilli such absolute hyryndykyn, tŸmmek
zeØren ﾍ complaint absolute pitch owaza
zeØrenmek to complain absolutely dŸØbŸnden
zeØtin olive absolutely dry gusgury
absorb si–dirmek, sormak
zŠherli poisonous
absorbant cotton pamyk
zŠhmet labor
abstract kospekt(r),
zibil litter, trash, garbage
zna ﾍ ok r. sign kospektirlemek(r)
absurd bolgusyz
zogdyrylmak to spurt, gush,
abundance bereket
rush out abundant bereketli, bolu ﾍ lyk,
zol all the time, constantly barly
zolak 1. bar 2. band, belt, abuse sšgmek
strip abusive paØyº
zolakly striped accelerate tizleºdirmek,
ﾍ altlandyrmak
zoluk compulsion
accent ºiwe
zomamak to go, to press accept kabul etmek
forward, to push acceptable makul
zomp edip ﾍ ykak to jump accident betbagtlyk
out, to spring forth accidental tštŠnleØin
suddenly accomodate Øerleºdirmek
zompa suddenly accomplish tamamlanmak
accomplished ŸstŸnlikli
zona r. zone
accordance kybap, laØyklyk
zoologik r. zoological accordant sazlaºyk
zoologiØa r. zoology
accordian garmon(r)
zor 1. strong 2. force, according to boØun ﾍ a
forceful account hasap
account of hasabat aesthetic estetik(r) alert syn ﾍ y, hŸºgŠr, howsala,

accountant hasap ﾍ y
aesthetics estetika(r) hŸºgŠr, trewoga(r)
accuracy mergenlik alertness hŸºgŠrlik
affability mylakat
accurate rejeli alien Øat
affable hoºamaØ, mylakatly
accusative (gram.) aØypgy ﾍ alive diri, diriligene, janly
affair iº
accuse of Øazgarmak all barha, bary, Šhli, hemme,
affect degirmek
ache yza, syrkyramak, syzlamak, tŸkel, her, em
affection hšrekšºe, yzgyt
syrkawlamak all day gŸnaºa, gŸnŸzin
affectionate ØŸrekdeº
achievement ŸstŸnlik all in all baryØogy
affirmative pola£hitel(r)
acid kislota(r) all of a sudden birdenka, tapba
acquaint tanyºdyrmak affix affiks(r) all one's life šlin ﾍ a
acquaintance belet ﾍ ilik, tanyº African afrikaly all the time zol
biliº, tanyºlyk after so–raundan, so– Allah hudaØ
acquainted belet afternoon šØle, šØle/šØlŠn, allegiance wepalylyk
šØlŠn
acquire adykmak alley skwar(r)
aftertaste ﾍ škŸndi
acrobat akrobat(r) allow speak gepletmek
again baryp, tŠzeden, Øene,
action amal, perde ally Øoldaº
gaØtandan, ikilen ﾍ
active aktiw(r), janly against gabat, garºy, tersine
almost diØen Øaly, takmynan,
activity iº tas, takmyn
against one's will ygtyØarsyz
alone Øeke, Øekeﾍ Šk, tŠk
actor aktØor(r), artist(r) age garrylyk, gojalyk, Øaº,
along boØun ﾍ a
actual ºindiki garramak, (said of men)
alphabet elipbiØ
adapt adatlanmak, gojamak
alphabet book harplyk
uØgunlaºdyrmak aged garry
alphabet letter harp
adaptation werdiº agenda gŸn tertibi
already I era eØØam
add gatmak, goºmak agile ﾍ alasyn
also hem
add a layer gatlamak agility ﾍ alasynlyk
alter ŸØtgetmek, šzgertmek
add on goºmak agitate tolgundyrmak
alteration ŸØtgeºiklik
addition goºma ﾍ a agitation tolgunyºyk
alterations šzgeriºlik
address adres(r), ﾍ ykyw, ago mundan š–, š–
altercation tersleºik
jarnama, ØŸzlenmek agree o–lamak, razylaºmak,
alternate gezekleºmek
adherent Øaran ylalaºmak
always elmydam, elmydama,
adjective sypat agree upon ugurlaºmak
hemiºe, mydama, hernŠ
adjoining garºy agree with gšwnamek
amass Øygnanmak
agreeable ﾍ ekimiz, razy
admiral admiral(r) amateur šwrenje
agreement ylalyºyk, razØlyk
admire haØran galmak amateurs hšwesje–ler
agressor basybalyjy
admirer mu ﾍ dak amazing tŠsin
agriculture ekeran ﾍ ylyk, oba
admit boØun almak ambassador il ﾍ i
hojalygy
admonition tšwella, pent amiable mylakatly
ah! ŠhŠ
adolescence Øetginjeklik, ammendment dŸzediº
ah! I see! Š
juwanlyk, Øigitlik ammunition okdari, zarØadi(r)
aha! aha
adolescent Øetginjek amount mukdar, san, pylan ﾍ a
aid Øardam, dalda, goldaw,
adopted šweØ amuse gŸØmemek
haraØ, hemaØat, goldamak
adopted child ogullyk amusement hezillik
aim maksat, gezemek, gšz š–
adorn nagyºlamak, haºamlamak amusing gŸØmenje
Ÿnde tutmak
adornment haºam, ºaØ analysis der–ew
aim at dogrulamak
adroit ﾍ akgan anchor labyr
aimless peØwagtna
adroitness ﾍ akganlyk ancient gadym, gojaman, goja
air asman, howa, ºemallatmak
advance ﾍ ozmak, Øšremek and we
air out Øelejiretmek
advance in pregnancy agralmak and even more Øene
airheaded Øe–ilkelle
advantage bŠhbit, nebis and with that... galybersede
adverb ahwalet airplane samolØot(r), u ﾍ ar
anecdote ºorta sšz
adversary garºydaº airs howala
anew gaØtandan, tŠze ﾍ e,
advertisement reklama(r) alarm howsala, trewoga(r), Øamaºgan, Øamaºgandan,
advice ge–eº, maslahat, sala, rahatsyzlandyrmak, tŠzeden
ynjalyksyzlandyrmak
sowet(r), habardar angel periºde
alarmed rahatsyzlanmak anger gazap, gahar getirmek,
advise ge–eºmek
alarming howsalaly gatyrganmak
adviser maslahat ﾍ y
alcohol ﾍ akyr angle bur ﾍ, ﾍ Ÿ–k, Øartma ﾍ
advisors šwŸtnesihat
alcoholic drink i ﾍ gi angry gazaply, gy–yr, gaharjan
animal haØwan, apricot erik as if goØŠ, gšzØ, hamala

sŸØdemdirijiler apricot pit tow ﾍ a as it were hamala, hernŠ
animal breeder maldar apron fartuk(r) as much as is needed geregi ﾍ e
animal food iØm apropos Øerlikli as one birlikde
animal skin ham aquire kuwwatlanmak as soon as dessine
animosity duºman ﾍ ylyk arbitrariness edenetdilik as such hol, ºeØlede, tŸØsli,
ankle topuk beØle
archeological arheologik(r)
anniversary Øyllyk as though goØŠ, hamala
announcement bildiriº, yglan archeologist arheolog(r) as yet entek
etme archeology arheolog(r) as you would (pl.) sizing ﾍ e
annoy irizmek, ØŸrege dŸºmek architecture arhitektura(r) ashpit (of a furnace) kšrŸk
annoyance gikilewik ashamed of utanmak
archive arhiw(r)
annual Øyllyk ashes kŸl
ardour howur
annul syndyrmak ashtray kŸldan
area meØdan ﾍ a
anonymous anonom ask eØgermek, dilemek,
argue ﾍ ekeleºmek, dawalaºmak,
another šzge soramak, soramak, ﾍ intgemek
jedelleºmek, (with someone)
answer jogap, jogap bermek ask for haØyº etmek
jetleºmek
answer correctly dŸrs jogap ask someone a
argument jedel, tutaryk, dawa
bermek question soraºmak
argumentative dawaly, jedilli
ant garynja asphalt asfalt(r)
arid gurak
antiquity gadymy aspire ymtylmak
arise dšremek, ØŸze ﾍ ykmak
anxiety howatyr, Ÿnji assault tutnak
arm gol
anxious rahatsyzlanmak assemble toplanmak
arm oneself Øaraglanmak
any islŠn, kes
arm someone Øaraglandyrmak assembly gurultaØ, montaA(r)
anything nŠmede bolsa bir zat
Armanian ermeni(r) assess nyrhlamak
apartment kwartira(r)
armed Øaragly assignment komandirowka(r)
ape maØmyn
armfull gujak assimilate šzleºdirmek
apologize štunmenk
armless golsuz, golak assist arkalaºmak
apology štŸn ﾍ, štŸn ﾍ
armpit goltuk assistance Øowar
apparent belki
army goºun assistant assistent(r), kšmek ﾍ i,
appeal jarnama, ºikaØat
aroma ys
appeal to ØŸz tutmak laborant(r)
aromatic hoºboØ, ysly
appear gšrŸnmek, sekmek association bileleºik
arouse interest
appear in the assume ﾍ aklamak, ﾍ enlemek
in hšweslendirmek
distance magallaklamak asthma demgysma
arrange ugurlaºmak, sšzleºmek
appear suddenly inmek astonishment haØran
arranged ﾍ Šklenmek
appearance mysala, sypat, syrat,
arrest tussag etmek astronaut komonawt(r)
gšrnŸº, kysym, sypat, keºp
arrested person tussag astronomer astronom(r)
append goºmak
appendage goºma ﾍ a
arrive gelmek, ﾍ emeleºmek astronomy astronomiØa(r)
arrogance gedemlik, tekepbirlik at golaØynda, Ÿstaºyr
appendix goºma ﾍ a
arrogant gopbamsy, gedam,
appetite iºdŠ at attention smirno(r)
gompy, tekepbir
applaud el ﾍ arpmak at dawn da–dan
arrow ok
applause ﾍ arpyºyk at fault mŸØnli
art sungat, ﾍ eper ﾍ ilik
apple alma at first š–Ÿrti
artery damar
apply for ØŸz tutmak at last teØahyr
artful ﾍ eper
appointment wezipe at once derrew, urtut
appraise nyrhlamak article ﾍ len(r), madda, (of at present hŠzir
appreciation minnetdarlyk magazine) makala at random oØlamazdan
appreciative minnetdar artifice pirim at the right time wagtly
apprehension howatyr artificial emeli, Øasama wagtynda, wagtynda
apprentice ºŠgirt artificial limb protez(r) at the very beginning ozalynda
apprenticeship ºŠgirtlik, artillery artilleriØa(r) at the wrong time biwagt
taglymat, tŠlim artilleryman top ﾍ y at will isleg boØun ﾍ a
approach ebeteØ, ﾍ emeleºmek,
artist artist(r), hudo£nik(r), athletics atletika(r)
golaØlamak
surat ﾍ y, hŸnŠrment atlas(r) atlaz
approimately takmyn
artless gšwna ﾍ yk atmosphere atmosfera(r)
appropriate laØyk, Øerlikli
as hškmŸnde, dek
approval synag, tekge atom atom(r)
as before kšne ﾍ e
approve of makullamak attach with glue Øelmemek
as far as possible mŸmkingadar
attached with glue Øelmeºmek basement Øerzemin, podwal(r)
B
attack jenaØat ﾍ ylyk, hŸjŸm, bashful utanja–
jabjynmak, kakyn, zabt etmek, basic esasy
aralaºmak basically esasan
attacker jenaØeakŠr basin legen, ta––yr
attain success rowa ﾍ lanmak
basis esas, fundament(r)
attempt synanyºyk, dyrjaºmak,
synanmak baby bala, bŠbek, prezent basket kuzow(r)
attend gatnaºmak baby donkey taØhar baste kšklemek
attention dykgat, garaºyk, Ÿns baby goat owlak basting kšk
attentively si–e bachelor sallah bath wanna(r)
attitude garaØyº back ﾍ šwre, geriº, Øagyrny, bathhouse hammam
attitudes otnoºenie(r) (adj.) syrtky, (physical) arka battallion batalion(r)
attract šzŸ–e ﾍ ekmek back of a horse/donkey sagry
battery batareØa(r)
attractive gšrnŸkli backup zapas(r) battle sšweº
audience di–leØji backside syrt, yz battler zarp ﾍ y
auditiorium auditoriØa(r) bacteria bakteria(r) bawl ﾍ ygyrmak
aunt daØza bad bet, erbet, myrtar, pis, bay (color of a horse) dor
authentic Šhtibar ugursyz, Øaman, Øaramaz bayonet naØza
authority atabraØ, hŠkimiØet bad feelings jetlik bazaar bazar
automobile maºyn bad luck betbagt be bolmak
autumn gŸØz badger torsuk be able to škdelemek, bilmek,
available nagt badness betlik, erbetlik edip bilmek, baºarmak
avaracious husyt bag bukja, sumka(r), torba be absorbed si–mek
avenue prospekt(r) baggage bagaj(r)
be afflicted ynjamak
average orta ﾍ al be afraid eØmenmek,
bail zamun
avoid ga ﾍ alaklamak, namartlamak, gorkmak,
bake pe ﾍ etmek, Øapmak
Øadyrgamak, ga ﾍ a durmak, ﾍ ekinmek, ŸØºenmek,
baked meat pie i ﾍ lekli, i ﾍ lik
ga ﾍ gakmak, ga ﾍ alak etmek haØykmak, o–kuldamak
balance terezi, taØlamak
avoidance ga ﾍ alga be aired out ºemallamak,
balcony balkon(r) Øelejirmek
awake oØa, turmak
bald sakar kelle be alerted keØkertmek,
awaken oØarmak
awe yzzat ball pškgi, ºar(r), top šzgermek
awkward emelsiz, ballet balet(r) be amused gŸØmenmek
mŸØnŸrgemek be angry hyrsyzlanmak,
ballistic ballistik(r)
awkwardness emelsizlik sortdurmak
balloon howa ºary
awl biz be annoyed hyrsy–y diºlemek
banal len ﾍ bolmak
awning bassyrma, telŠr be anxious ynjalyksyzlanmak
band zolak
axe palta be at the end sŸØrenjen,
bandage sarag
axis ok sŸØrenmek
bandit galtaman, garak ﾍ y be bankrupt tozmak
bandylegged ﾍ aslyk, ﾍ aØºyk be beautified owadanlanmak
banister tutawa ﾍ be bent bŸkŸlmek, egrelmek
bank bank, se––er be bloated Øellenmek
banquet wreath ﾍ emen be born dogulmak, dŸnØŠ
bar zolak inmek, šnmek
baracade barrikada(r) be broken Øolunmak
barb tiken be burned up kšØmek
barbarism gerbariØ(r) be bursting dyzamak
barbed tikenli be capricious nŠzirgemek
barber dellek be captivated gŸrma bolmak
barber shop dellekhana be careful ŠgŠ bolmak
barefoot aØakØala–a ﾍ be chosen saØlanmak
bargain sšwdalaºmak be cleaned saplanmak
bark gabyk be cold Ÿºemek, Ÿºetmek
barley arpa be collected Øygnanmak
barren gysyr be compatible o–uºmak
barrier barØer(r) be
barter ﾍ alºyrmak, ﾍ alyºmak complicated ﾍ ylºyrymlaºdyr
mak
base baza(r), esas, dŸØp, tyl
be concealed gizlemek be happy sšØnmek be proud buØsanmak,

be cooked biºmek be hardened taplanmak guwanmak
be coupled with garpyºmak be heard owazlanmak, be proven subut bolmak
be courteous salykatly seslenmek be provoked hekgermek
be covered with be hooked ilteºmek be pushed in dyknyºmak
mist nemjiremek be housed jaØlaºmak be put together guranmak
be dampened nemlenmek be hunched over kŸØkermek be quarrelsome igenmek
be dazed gamaºmak be hung sallanmak be quiet dymmak
be defeated basylmak be hungry ajykmak be ratified tassyklanmak
be delayed tŠsgenmek, be hurt zarbykmak be reconciled ylalaºmak
eglenmek be idle Øaltanmak be rectified dŸzelmek
be dented Øemºermek be ill hassalamak, kesellemek, be regarded hasaplanmak
be destroyed ﾍ agsamak, nŠsag bolmak, syrkawlamak be related garyndaºsyramak
opurylmak be improved Øagºylanmak, be repeated gaØtalanmak
be detained gŸØmenmek Øagºylaºmak be resolved ﾍ šzŸlmek
be digested si–mek be in order hatarlamak be right against galtaºdyrmak
be directed e–mek, gšnŸmek be in short supply gytalmak be ruined bozylmak, Øykylmak
be disappointed lapyke ﾍ be inflamed zarbykmak be satisfied kanagatlanmak, o–
bolmak be insecure aljyramak mak
be disgusted gamaºmak be interested gyzyklanmak be scared of Ÿrkmek
be disheveled imeºmek be interesting to gyzykdyrmak be settled Øerlemek
be dispirited lapyke ﾍ bolmak be introduced to tanyºmak be shaken titretmek
be divided paØlanmak be isolated ﾍ etleºmek be shamed uØalmak
be driven crazy bizar bolmak be jealous imtilmek, gabanmak be shortened keltelmek
be drizzled si––itli be knotted dŸwŸlmek be shy Øygrylmak, utanmak
be dumbfounded sšmelmek be late gijikmek be situated Øerleºmek
be empty takyramak be lazy i––gildi, irinmek be snoopy sokgarylmak
be engaged (in) meºgullanmak be leafy Øapraklamak be soaked sŸllŸmbaØ
be entitled to hakly bolmak be leaning sšØenmek be spoiled ajamak
be eroded oburylmak be led eØermek be still ﾍ Šºermek, durmak
be eyes and ears) gšzgulak be lengthened uzalmak be straightened up dogralmak
bolmak be lifted galmak be strengthened zarplanmak
be faced with du ﾍ ar bolmak, be lost Øitirim bolmak, be stuffed (from eating) zerrin
duº bolmak ga ﾍ gakmak bolmak
be fallen ilmek be made of edilmek be supported baØrynmak
be fascinated with gyzmak be made well abadanlaºmak be surprised ge–irgenmek
be fed iØmitlenmek be mistaken Øal–yºmak be sweet sŸØjemek
be fermented ajamak be mixed bulanmak, garyºmak be swollen Øellenmek
be fervoured gyzykmak be noted tapawutlanmak be taken with deprenmek
be filled dolmak be numb sŸu goºamak be the first š–Ÿrtmek
be finished tŸkenmek, be occupied be thirsty suwsamak, suwsamak
Øolgalmak (with) meºgullanmak be tightened bŸzŸlmek
be firm ersmek be offended gšwnŸne degilmek, be tired irmek, pete– etmek
be flipped over dšnmek kemsinmek, šØkelemek, be torn Øyrtylmak
be fond of gowy gšrmek torsarmak, Øokuº gšrmek, be tortured surnukmak
be found tapylmak, oguºØa Øarsmak be uncaring dšzmek
be founded on esasanlamak be old ﾍ agsamak be united birleºmek
be fragrant kŸkemek be on one's guard Ÿºerilmek be unpleasant Øokuº degmek
be frightened Ÿrkmek, be on the alert Ÿºerilmek be unsettled gorsanmak
hopukmak be on time Øetiºmek be upset periºan bolmak,
be frosty jybarlamak be oppressed ezilmek rahatsyzlanmak
be frozen do–mak be organized ﾍ Šklenmek be vexed hekgermek
be fulfilled bitmek be out of breath daljykmak be victorious Øe–mek,
be glad mon ﾍ a bolmak be parted dyrpytrak bolmak, ØŸwŸrmek
be glued Øelmeºmek Øapyºmak be warped Øarsmak
be going (on a regular be placed goØulmak be wet sŸllŸmbaØ
basis) gatnamak be poured out dškŸlmek be widened gi–elmek
be guided gollanmak be prim eljiremek be worn out kšnelmek
be hackneyed len ﾍ bolmak be propped up direnmek be worthy rowa bolmak
be hairy tŸØjermek be protected baØrynmak, be woven dokalmak
be hanging asylyp durmak goranmak be wrinkled bŸrjeºmek
beach plØa£(r) become overripe mylkarmak Belugian doky

beads hŸnji, monjuk become puslike iri–lemek bend ﾍ itmek, eplenmek,
beam nur, pŸrs, ºšhle become quiet rahatlanmak, epilmek, bŸkmek, ﾍ aØºarmak,
beany kšsŸkli Ÿnjalmak egmek, epmek, ga–rylamak,
bear (animal) aØy become rich baØan, baØanmak ga–yrmak, gaØºartmak,
bear (bring) gelmek become silent kšºeºnek gyºartmak, Øegºermek, yrmak,
bear a burden jepa ﾍ ekmek become small ownamak, (oneself) bŸkŸlmek
bear fruit miwelemek uºamak bend back gaØºartmak
bearable ﾍ ydamly become soft myjjarmak– beneficial haØyrly
beard sakgal become strong gurplanmak benefit haØyr, Øagºylyk,
beast Øyrtyjy become thin in ﾍ elmek gšnenmek
beat gŸrsŸldemek, urunmak become warm maØlamak, benevolent hoºniØetli
beat on Øen ﾍ mek ﾍ igremek bent egri
beat up Øen ﾍ mek become weather berries kisel
beautiful gelºikli, ka ﾍ a–, beaten gaØzykmak besides daºyndan, ondan hem
owadan, ajaØyp become wet šljermek baºga
beautiful woman perizat, become wormy gurtlamak bestial wagºylar ﾍ a
nŠzenin become worn out leji ﾍ ykmak betray satmak
beauty gelºik, gšrk, gšzellik, become wrinkled mŸrrelmek betrothe adaglamak
owadanlyk become yellow saralmak betrothed adagly
because ﾍ Ÿnki, sebŠbi, zerarly bed dŸºek, krowat(r) between planets planetara(r)
become a citizen raØat bolmak bed sheet porsyn(r) between two people šzara
become a man kemal bedbug tagtabiti beverage host i ﾍ irgi
become accustomed šwreniºmek bedding ØorgandŸºek, dŸºek beware of howtyrlanmak
become aggravated Øitileºmek bee ary beyond daºgyn, gaØdyp
become chilly ﾍ igremek beekeeper bal ﾍ y bibliophile kitaphon,
become kitapsšØŸji
beehive bort(r)
complicated ﾍ ylºyrymlaºmak, bicycle welosiped(r)
kynlaºmak beer piwa(r)
big belent, ullakan, ﾍ iºik
become cool salkynlamak beet ºugundyr
big in size uly
become dark garalmak beet soup ººi(r)
billion milliard(r)
become dense gal–amak before ozal, š–Ÿrti, š–Ÿsyra, gaº,
bind bogmak, dolamak
become disinterested sowamak mundan š–, š–in ﾍ Š
bind (a book) jiltlemek
become distant uzaklaºmak before sunset gijara
binding jilt
become dry kepemek, kakamak befriend tirkeºmek
binoculars dŸrbi
become dull kŸtelmek beg šzelenmek
become dusty ﾍ a––alak, beggar aºaky, gedaØ biography biografiØa(r),
tozanlamak begin baºlamak, giriºmek, terjimehal
become easier Øe–lemek, Øe– ge ﾍ mek biology biologiØa(r)
leºmek begin to grow ternelemek birch berØoza(r)
become beginning start(r) bird guº
embarassed Øygrykmak behavior šzŸni alyp baryº, bird of prey Øyrtyjy
become empty ﾍ olarmak hŠsiØet, boluº birdhouse ketek
become enervated ejizlemek behind yzynda, yzy bilen birth dogluº, botlamak
become entangled ﾍ olaºmak being barlyk birthday doglan gŸni
become fatigued leji ﾍ ykmak belch gŠgirmek birthmark tŠ ﾍ
become flat maººarmak belief ynam, ynan ﾍ biscut kške
become friends dostlaºmak, believe ynanmak bit tike
ysnyºmak bell ja–, jy––yrdy bitch ganjyk
become full bitmek bellow molamak bite atagzy, ﾍ okmak, diºlemek,
become full of bellows kšrŸk, sana ﾍ garbakgurbak etmek,
oneself gomparmak bellybutton gšbek garbanmak, ØŸrkese edinmek,
become furious šjŸkmek bellylaugh wakyrdamak ﾍ eØnemek
become ill nŠhoºlamak, belong degiºli bolmak bite through tamºanmak
nŠsaglamak belongings emlŠk, goºgola–, goº biting ﾍ apgyn
become infected simlemek beloved Øar, sšØli black gara
become inflamed ﾍ iºmek below aºak, ast blackberry bšwŸrslen
become interested blackboard tagta
below zero minus(r)
in hšweslenmek blacken garalamak
belt bilbag, guºak, bilguºak,
become literate sowatmak blackhead dŸwŸrtik
zolak
blade tyg, gylaw, py ﾍ ak bone sŸ–k breadth inli

blame aØyplamak, bone marrow Øilik breadwinner ekleØji
gŸnŠkŠrlemek, mŸØnli book kitap break tormoz(r), dšwmek,
blameless gŸnŠsiz booklover kitaphon, dšwŸlmek, kŸlpeekun etmek,
blank propusk(r) kitapsšØŸji omurmak
blanket odeØal(r) bookkeeper buhgalter(r), break down maØrylmak,
blaze Øylpyldy, labyrdamak, u ﾍ Øot ﾍ ik(r) haraplamak
lowlamak boot Šdik, Ÿste, Ÿstesine, mesi break inpieces mynjyramak
break off Øyrtmak, gŠtmek
bleach heklemek booth kabina(r), atØatak
bleat ﾍ ekremek, mŠlemek break out (in a rash) šrmek
borax tenekar
bleed ganjarmak break through bšwŸsmek
border ara ﾍ Šk, ﾍ et, ﾍ Šk, ﾍ il,
blemish menek break up ﾍ aºmak
gyra, lŸ–, pel, serhet, jŠhek, het
blessed eºretli, sapaly break. timeout arakesme
border guard serhet ﾍ i
blessing pata breakage ºikes
bordering ara ﾍ Škdeº
blind kšr breakfast ertirlik, ertirlik nahar
bore burawlamak
blindman's bluff breast dšº, emjek, gšwŸs, gursak
boring gyzyksiz
(game) gšzdandy breath dem
borscht borº(r) breath heavily demikmek
blindness kšrlŸk
bosom emjek breathe dem almak
bliss rŠhnet
boss baº tutan, baºlyk, breeding edep
blissful rŠhnetli
blister pakgar ﾍ ak na ﾍ alinik(r) breeze šwŸsgin
blitzkreig zarba botanical botanika(r) brew lasyrdamak
blizzard syrgyn bother ØŸrege dŸºmek, pŠsgel bribe para
block beklemek bermek briber parahor
blood gan, sŸØtdeº bottle ﾍ ŸØºe brick kerpi ﾍ(r)
bloodless gansyz bottom ast, dŸØp, aØagu ﾍ, teØ, bride gelneje, gelin
bloody ganly syrt bride price galyn
bloom gŸllemek bounce bškmek bridge kšpri
blooming gŸlle boundary het, ﾍ et bridge of the nose se–rik
blotch tegmil boundless ﾍ Šksiz, ymgyr bridle kelleki, uØan,
blow urgy, šwŸsmek, Ÿflemek bow egmek, tijemek, tijenmek uØanlamak
blow one's nose sŸmgŸrmek bowl ºakŠse, tabak, jam bridle a horse nogtalamak
blow up maØyrmak, Øarmak bowstring kiri ﾍ briefcase portfel(r)
blue gšk box gap, gapyrjak, guty, tahyl, briefly gysga ﾍ a
bluest gšmgšk Øaººik(r) brighten Øagtylmak
blunt dŸrtme gŸrsak, tŸnt, boxer boks ﾍ y brilliance šwŸºgin, Øalpyldy
kŸtek, kŸteltmek boxing boks(r) brilliant genial(r), lowurdawuk,
bluntly ﾍ Ÿrtkesik boy oglan, ogul Øalpyldawuk, ršwºen,
board tagta, mŸnmek, boys and girls ogulgyz Øalpylda duran
komissiØa(r), prowlenie(r) brace arkadaØŠn ﾍ, direg, bring getirmek, eltmek,
boarded up jebis diremek Šklemek, rejelemek,
boarding school internat(r) bracelet bilezik timarlamak, alyp gelmek
boast gŸplemek, šwŸnmek, brag šwŸnmek, magtanmak, pa– bring good tidings buºlamak
magtanmak lamak bring grief to gynamak
boasting šwŸnje–lik braggard šwŸnje– bring in girizmek
boat gaØyk braid sa ﾍ šrŸmi, ﾍ yrmaºmak, bring life janlandyrmak
bob (of an animal's tail) jontuk šrmek, šrmek bring up Øokarlanmak,
bobbin tigir brain beØni terbiØelemek
body beden, endam, korpus(r), branch pudak, ºaha brittle port
lŠsh, jisim branch out pudaklamak, broken dšwŸk, harap, Øyrtyk,
boil baº, ﾍ yban, gaØnamak, ºahalamak opmak
gaØnatmak, (water for tea) branchy ºahalak bronze bŸrŸn ﾍ
demlemek brand tagma, tagmalamak, brood hen kŸrk
boiled gaØnag daglamak broom sŸbce
bold ØŸrekli, batyr, ilgin ﾍ brandish bulaØlamak brother dogan, gardaº
boldness batyrlyk, ØŸreklilik brave edermen, mert brother in arms egindeº
bolt kilt, kiltlemek bravely merdana, mertler ﾍ e brotherinlaw ØŸwŸrji, giew
bravery pet brotherhood doganlyk
bomb bomba(r), bombalamak
breach gŠdik brow ma–laØ
bombastic epeØ
bread ﾍ šrek, nan, Øatak, galla brown go–ur
bruise se–selik button ilik, knopka(r), sadap
C
brush ﾍ otga(r), timar bermek, buy satyn almak
ﾍ otgalamak(r) buy up towsa gštermek
brush against lak atmak buyer alyjy
brush off silkmek, buzz wazzyldy, gŸwwŸldemek,
hyzlamak, ºuwlamak,
ﾍ otgalamak(r)
ºyglamak, tarlamak,
brush up yºyklandyrmak c'mon bakaly
wazypdamak
brushwood ﾍ špleme cabbage kellem
by accident tštŠnden
brutal wagºylar ﾍ a cabin kaØuta
by chance tštŠnleØin, ŠwŸl
bubble kšpŸrjik, lakyrdamak cable tanap
sŠwŸl
bubbling lakyrdy cackle gagyldamak
by command zakaznoØ
buck up gaØratlanmak cadaver maslyk, meØit
by comparison gšrŠ
buckle toka cafe kebaphana
by correspondence gaØybana
bud pyntyk, ºinde, gun ﾍ a cafeteria naharhana
by daylight Øagtygšzin
budge gymyldamak cage kapasa
by foot pyØada
budget bØujet(r) by force zoraØakdan cake pirog(r), tort(r)
bug mšjek by no means teØ calculate hasap etmek,
build gurmak by order zakaznoØ hasaplamak
build firmly ersmek by pairs ikibir calculation ras ﾍ Øot(r)
building bina, jaØ, ymarat
by portions paØa(r) calendar kalendar(r)
building site obØekt(r)
by the clock ﾍ asowoØ(r) calf (young cow) gšle
bulging gŸber ﾍ ek
bull škŸz by the hour ﾍ asowoØ(r) calico jir
by the piece ØekeleØin call atlandyrmak, oØarmak,
bulldozer buldozer(r)
by the way Øogsada wizit(r), ﾍ agarmak, jy––
bullet se ﾍ me
by turns gezegine, gezek yrdamak, kšsemek, zar–
bum sergezdan
gezigine yldamak, ﾍ agyrmak
bump pakgar ﾍ ak
by way of Ÿsti bilen call order tertibe ﾍ agyrmak
bump against degmek
bypass sowulmak call up jy––yrdatmak
bun Øagly
bypassed sowa callous gabar ﾍ yk, gabarmak
bunch desse, hoºa, salkym
calm haØkŸº etmek, hšrekšºe
burden jepa
etmek
bureau bØuro(r) calm down kšºeºnek,
burial jaØlama rahatlanmak, Ÿnjalmak
burn garalmak, otlamak, štmek calmly inegana, mazaly
burn up kšØmek
caloric kaloriØaly(r)
burning jokrama
burp gŠgirmek calorie kaloriØa(r)
burrow hin calve botlamak, guzlamak
burst ﾍ atlamak camel dŸØe, maØa, torum
burst into kŸrsemek camel's milk (fermented) ﾍ al
bursting gyrylmak camera fotoapparat(r)
bury gaplamak, jaØlamak camomille ﾍ opantelpek
bus konductor(r) camp lager(r), dŸºelge
businesslike edenli campaign ØšrŸº
businesstrip komandirowka(r) can tŸ––Ÿn
businessman sšwdagar canal kanal(r)
bustle gaØmalaºmak candidate kandidat(r),
busy iºli, meºgul, baºagaØ
kandidatly(r)
busybody gep ﾍ i
candle ºem
but emma, weli
but also weli candy marmelad(r), sŸØji
butcher gassap cane ﾍ i–rik, taØak
butchery šlºŸk canned foods konserw(r)
butt ﾍ Ÿwde, sŸsmek cannon top
butt into dykylmak cap papak
butt of a joke oØnatgy capability ukyp
butter mesge capable ukyply, baºarnykly,
butterfly kebelek gŸØ ﾍ li, škdelemek
capacity sygym cat piºik change šzgeriº, šzgertmek,

cape Øapynja catalogue katalog ﾍ alyºmak, ŸØtgetmek,
capital paØtagt catastrophe helŠk ﾍ ilik (returned money) gaØtargy
capitalism kapitalizm(r) catch kilt, gapmak change clothes ﾍ alºyrynmak
catch a cold ﾍ igreklemek, change money ownatmak
capitalist kapitalist(r)
sowuklamak, Øo–lamak, changes šzgeriºlik
capitalistic kapitalistik(r) Ÿºemek chaos garmagŸrmelik
capricious ynjyk catch hold of iØilmek chapati ﾍ apady
captain kapitan(r) categorically ﾍ Ÿrtkesik chapped gaØzykmak
captivating hezil category kategoria, azrØad(r) chapter bap
captive Øesir cathedral ybadathana char garašrt bolmak
captivity Øesirlik cats guzlamak character gylyk, hŠsiØet,
capture eØelemek cattle mal hŠsiØet
caravan kerwen cause i–irdi, sebŠp, sypalga characteristic harakteristika(r),
carbon uglerod(r) cause pain agyrtmak, mahsus, has, reje
carbonated gazly uwlundyrmak characterize hŠsiØetlendirmek
carcass lŠsh cause trouble i–irdemek charge oklamak, zarØadlamak,
card karto ﾍ ka(r) caution ŠtiØa ﾍ (electric)
cardboard karton cautious aØawly, ŠtiØa ﾍ ly zarØadi(r) FALSE
care gšzeg, ideg, ºšwŸr cave gowak, sŸren, kšwek charge with Øazgarmak
care for alada etmek, cave in gaØºarmak charge with a
aladalanmak cease di–mek, tŸketmek, comission tabºyrmak
carefree biagyry togtamak charitable ge ﾍ irimli
careful usully, ŠtiØa ﾍ ly, ceiling potolok(r) charter ustaw(r)
seresap celebrate dabaralanmak chase kowgy, ﾍ ekankalamak,
carefully seresaply celebrated meºhur kowalmak
careless biagyry, biparh, hapysa, celebration dabara, toØ chat sšhbet, lakgyldamak
howulhara cellar podwal(r) chatter warsaky, gygyrmak,
carelessness gele–sizlik madyrdamak, samahylamak
cellophane sellofan(r)
cares alada, hysyrdy
cellulose sellØuloza(r) chauffeur ºofØor(r)
caress hšrekšºe, yzgyt
cheat kezzap
cargo ØŸk cement sement(r), sementlemek
cheating kezzaplyk
cargo ship teplowoz(r) cemetery mazar ﾍ ylyk, šwlŸØa
check ﾍ ek, barlamak
carnage gyrgyn ﾍ ylyk center merkez, orta, ojak, uzel(r), check against de–emek, de–
carnation dal ﾍ yn jŸmmŸº eºdirmek, deºirmek
carnival karnawal centimeter senitmeter(r) checkup barlag
carpenter gurluºyk ﾍ y central merkezi checkers (Asian style) ºaºka(r)
carpet haly central design gšl cheek duluk, Øa–ak
carpet maker haly ﾍ y centralize merkele ﾍ dirmek cheekbone ﾍ ekge
carpetmaking dokma century asyr cheer up gšwnŸne gotermek
carrot kŠºir cerebral cortex gyzamyk cheerful mes, ºagala–ly
carry daºamak, Škitmek, ceremonial dabaraly cheerfulness meslik
ºugullamak ceremony dabara cheese peØnir
cart araba certain gŸrrŸ–siz, hatyrjem
cartilidge gemir ﾍ ek chemical himiki(r)
certain people kŠbiri
cartoon karikatura(r) certificate ºahadatnama, chemistry himiØa(r)
cartoon character ºar£ ºaØatnama cherished janajan
chaff harpyk cherry Ÿlje
cartridge zarØadi(r)
chain zynjyr chess kŸºt
case Øaººik(r), delil, tahyl chess player kŸºtºi
chair oturgy ﾍ, stul(r)
cashier kassir(r) chest kŸkrek, sandyk, Øaººik(r)
chalk hek, mel(r), hek
cashier's desk kassa(r) chew ﾍ enemek, ﾍ eØnemek
cask ﾍ elek chamber kamera(r), palata(r) chew nuts ﾍ itgitlemek
cast a spell jadylamak champion ﾍ empion(r) chick jŸØje
cast down sallamak championship ﾍ empionat(r) chicken towuk
cast iron ﾍ oØun(r) chance mŸmkin ﾍ ilik chicken pox garamyk
caste jyn, synp chancellor rektor(r) chief na ﾍ alinik(r), baº tutan
casting (metal) guØma chigger sakyrtga
chandelier lØstra(r)
casual tštŠnden, tštŠnleØin child ﾍ aga, prezent
childhood ﾍ agalyk, oglanlyk clarify saplamak, anyklyk cluster hoºa

childness ﾍ agalyk class synp, razrØad(r), klas(r) clutch gysym
children ﾍ agaﾍ uga classical klassyky coach trener(r)
children's ﾍ aga classical writer klassyk coal kšmŸr
chill Øo– classmate klasdaº coarse harsal
chime ºa––yrdy clatter ºarkyldamak, ºarkyldy, coast kenar, gyra
chimney truba(r) tyrkyldy coat begres, penjek, ﾍ aØmak
chin alkym, e–ek claw dyrnak, Øumak coating Øorka
china farfor(r) clay laØ, pal ﾍ yk, toØun cobweb kerep
chintz jir clay oven tamdyr cock horaz, mŠºe
chinze ﾍ it clean arassa, pŠkize, tŠmiz, pŠk, cocoa kakao(r)
chirp ºatyrdamak, ﾍ akmak taraºlamak, arassalamak, cocoon pile
chisel oØmak ﾍ otgalamak(r) coddled lŠlik
chitchat gŸmŸryamyr cleanliness pŠkizelik, tŠmislik code ºifr(r), ºifrlemek(r), (of law)
chocolate ºokolad cleanse taraºlamak, tŠmizlemek
kodeks(r)
choice saØlama cleansing taraº
choke hopukmak clear dŸºnŸkli, pŠk, durlamak coffee kofe(r)
choke on dŸwŸnmek clear off gyrty ﾍ coffin tabyt
cholera mergi clearing meØdan cogitate šlºermek
choose saØlamak, se ﾍ mek cleave ﾍ ybyklamak coil tegek
clever berekella, dŸºbi, akylly coin ºaØy, te––e, ﾍ ekankalamak
chop kotlet(r), ﾍ ybyklamak,
cleverness dŸºbŸlik coincide gabat gelmek
ﾍ apmak, kŠtmenlemek
click ti––irdi, ºy––yrdamak, ti–– cold sowuk, sowuklyk, Øo–
chop off gŠtmek
irdemek, ti––irdetmek coldbloodedness sowukganlyly
chop up ker ﾍ emek
click one's tongue pitikilemek k
chop with an axe paltalamak
client mŸ ﾍ deri colic sanjy
chopper ﾍ apgy
cliff gaØa collaboration hyzmat daºlyk
chosen saØlanan, saØlama
climb dyrmaºmak, hopba collapse lagºamak
chronic šwrendekli
bolmak, Øarmaºmak, Øokary collar hamyt, hamytlamak
chronicle hronika(r) colleague iºdes, iºger, iºgŠr,
ﾍ ykmak
chubby lopbush, pškgi kŠrdeº
chuckle hykyrdy, hykyrdamak, clinic dispanser(r), klinika(r)
collect ŸØºŸrmek, Øygnamak,
Øykyrdamak, pykyrdamak clip endiganlamak
ykjamlamak, ﾍ šplemek
chunk ker ﾍ clippings galakgal ﾍ ak
cloak Øapynja collection kolleksiØa(r),
church buthana
clock sagat Øygnanyºyk, Øygym
churn up saØmak
cigarette ﾍ ilim clod lokga, tokga collective farm kolhoz(r)
cipher ºifr(r)
close kapas, tagaºykly, collective farmer kolhoz ﾍ i(r)
basyrmak, Øapmak, Øummak collector Øygym ﾍ y
ciphere ºifrlemek(r) close eyes sŸzŸlmek collide ﾍ akyºmak, ﾍ aknyºmak,
circle aØlag, aØlaw, sirkul(r), close to duº (head on) kaklyºmak
syramak closed Øapyk collision ﾍ aknyºyk
circular aØlawly, tegelek closely duºly
cologne odekolon(r)
circulation tira£ closeness golaØlyk, (emotional)
circumcision sŸnnet ysnyºyk colonel polkownik(r)
circus sirk(r) cloth mata colonial bakyna, koloniØal(r),

circus arena maner clothes egineºik, eºik, eºikler, golasty
cistern sisterna(r)
geØim, geØimeºik, geØim colony kolonoØa(r)
gejim color re–klemek, re–k
cite salgylanmak
clothes peg ildirgi ﾍ colored re–kli
citizen grajjdan(r) clothesline sim colorful re–kli
citizens halk clothing eginbaº, lybas, Ÿstbaº colt taØ ﾍ anak, taØ
citizenship raØat cloud bulut, bŸremek
city ºŠher column kolonna(r), sŸtŸn, sŸtŸn
cloudburst jala
comb darak, keke ﾍ, timar
claim zaØawka(r), talap cloudy alasarmyk, gamaºyk,
bermek, daramak
clamorous haØØar (personal) ﾍ ytyk
comb one's hair tŸØtmek
clamp gapjawa ﾍ, gapjamak clover Øorunja
combine kombaØn(r), urnamak,
clamp on to garpyºmak club klub(r), kru£ok(r), taØak
clan taØpa, tire utgaºdyrmak, sapmak
cluck kŠkelemek, wakgyldamak
come gelmek
clap el ﾍ arpmak, ﾍ arpmak clump desse
clarified butter saryØag clumsy nalajedeØin
come across tapmak, unamak, compass kompas(r) condition ºert, ØagdaØ

ﾍ akyºmak, u ﾍ ramak compassion mŠhri, rehim conditional ºertli
come apart ﾍ aºmak compassionate dšzŸmsiz, conditions o––ut
come back dolanmak rehimdar, rehimli conduct šzŸni alyp baryº,
come down ﾍ škmek, dŸºmek compel puºman getermek, Øazlamak, ge ﾍ irmek,
come down on dazarylmak zorlamak Øšretmek
come late gi ﾍ lemek compensate tšlemek conductor ge ﾍ iriji,
come off Øokmak, Øokuºmak compensation šwez prowodnik(r), (of a band or
come on! davaØ(r) compete Øaryºmak orchestra) dirijØor(r), (on a
come taking alyp gelmek compete with ﾍ apyºmak
train) konductor(r)
come the point dilleºmek competition konkurs(r), Øaryº confer maslahatlaºmak
come to duº gelmek compiler dŸzŸji
come to life direlmek, janlanmak conference konferensiØa(r),
complain kŠØinmek, ºikaØat
come untied ﾍ šzŸlmek mejlis, gurultaØ, maslahat
etmek, zeØrenmek, nalamak
come up gšgermek confess boØun almak
complaint nalyº, ºikaØat,
confide sargamak, sarmak
comedy komediØa(r) zeØren ﾍ, nala
confidential ynanja–
comfort tagaºyk complete ºalpyºara–, hyryn
conflict dawa
comfortable amatly, jaØlaºykly, dykyn, tamamlanmak,
conform laØyk bolmak
ynjalykly, ﾍ emeli, tagaºykly tŸmmek, torsuk, aØyrmak, so–
conformity kybap
comfortably ornaºykly, lamak, Øerine Øetirmek,
confuse Øal–yºdyrmak,
Øerdeºikli aØrylmak, (a set)
ﾍ alºyrmak
coming barlyºyk komplektlemek(r), komplekt(r) confused garjaºmak
coming out nejat completely bŸtinleØ confusion bulambujar, se–selik,
comission tabºyryk complex ﾍ ylºyrymly, garmagŸrmelik, haØa
comma otur kompleks(r) congeal ºatlamak
command buØruk, complicate kynlaºdyrmak congratulate gutlamak
komandowanie(r), buØurmak, complicated ﾍ ylºyrymly congratulation mŸbŠrek
hškŸm, zakaz(r) compliment šwmek congratulations gutlag
commandant komendant(r) component goºulyjy congress kongres(r), slØot(r)
compose taØyarlamak conical ﾍ Ÿri, zšmmek
commander komandir(r),
composed dŸzŸwli, gi– connect baglamak, sepiºmek,
komanduØy ﾍ iØ(r), serkerde
composer kompozitor(r), dŸzŸji seplemek, ﾍ itmek
commerce aluwsatuw, sšwda,
sšwda composite kompleksleØin(r) connection ﾍ itim, arabaglanºyk,
composition dŸzme, dŸzŸm, aragatnaºyk
commissar komissar(r) conquer ŸstŸn ﾍ ykmak, Øe–
eser
commission komissiØa(r), compositor Øygyjy mek, eØelemek
sargyt compound goºma conscience wyjdan, ynsap,
commissions hysyrdy comprehensive hemmetaraplaØ namys
committe komitet(r) yn conscientious ynsaply
consciousness mŸØn
committee komissiØa(r) compress kompres(r)
consecutive birsydyrgyn
commodity haryt comprised of ybarat
consequently netijede
common umumy compulsion jebir, jepa, zoluk
common cold dŸmew compulsory mejbury, hškmany conservatory konserwatoriØa(r)
common people conceal jaØlamak, Øygºyrmak, consider hasaplamak, Šsgermek,
(???) garamaØak bukmak, gizlenmek, lak saØmak
commoness umumylyk bolmak, Øaºyrmak, sumat considerable esli, ŠhmiØetli
bolmak consideration oØlanma
communism kommunizm(r)
conceit menmenlik considered hasaplanmak,
communist kommunist(r) oØlanyºykly
conceited gompy, gopbamsy
communist youth consist ybarat bolmak
concentrate Øygnamak
league komsomol(r) concern degirmek consistent kanagatly, yzygideri
community umumylyk concerning degiºli, dogruda consolidate pugtalandurmak,
community aid Øowar jebisleºmek
concert konsert(r)
companion ºŠrik, Øoldaº consolidation jebislik
concerted maslahatla ﾍ ylyk
company kampaniØa, rota(r) consonant ﾍ ekimsiz ses
concession egliºik
comparison me–zetme conspiracy dildŸwºŸk
conclusion gutaryº, netije, karar
compartment (on a constantly zol
concordant sazlaºyk
train) kupe(r) concourse hŸmer constitution konstitutsiØa(r),
sŸu
concrete beton(r)
construction gurluº, gurluºlyk, copy kopiØa(r), nusga, covering pena

konstruksiØa(r) ekzemplØar(r)
covet emenmek, imtilmek
cow sygyr
consul konsul(r) copying wypiska(r) coward namart, zŸwwetdin
consulate konsulhana(r), coquetry nŠz cowardice gorkaklyk, namartlyk
konsullyk(r) coquettish nŠzli cowardly sar ﾍ, namart
consult hštde gelmek, ﾍ aramak, core šzen crack jaØryk, ºartyldy, ﾍ at,
maslahatla ﾍ mak cork dyky ºatyrdy, ºyrkyldamak, Øaryk,
corn mekgejšwen
consultation konsultasiØa(r) yº, ﾍ itgitlemek, hytyrdamak,
corn silk gulpak jaØrylmak, pyl ﾍ amak,
consume sarp etmek, sowmak
corner ﾍ Ÿ–k, kŸnjek, (of the eye) ºartyldamak, ºatyrdamak,
contain eklemek
ﾍ ikge Øarylmak, paramak
contemporary hŠzirki, (peer)
corpse lŠsh, maslyk, meØit crack up ﾍ atlamak, maØrylmak
dšwŸrdeº
correct dŸrs, hak, mamla, jaØ crackle ºartyldamak, ºyrkyldy,
content mazmuny, razy
corrected gurat ºatyrdamak, ºyrkyldamak
contentment razØlyk
correspondent habar ﾍ y crackling jyzzyk
contest konkurs(r) corresponding kybapdaº craft hŸnŠr, senet, Øasamak
continent materik
corridor koridor(r) crafted hŸnŠrment ﾍ ilik
continental kontinental(r) craftiness hilegŠrlik, hokga, hile,
cosmetics kosmetika(r)
contingent kontingent(r) ºeØtanlyk
cosmonaut komonawt(r)
continual ﾍ ykgynsyz craftsman hŸnŠrment, ussat,
Cossack kazak
continually durabara, ussa, ØasaØjy
costly ºaØsep
durdugy ﾍ a crafty mekir
cotton gowa ﾍ a, pagta, ﾍ it,
continue dowam etmek crag gaØa
ﾍ apak
continuous birsyhly cram in Øuwaºamak
cotton boll goza
contract potrat ﾍ ylyk, ºertnama crane (bird) durna
cough ŸsgŸlewuk, ŸsgŸrlewŸk,
contradictory gapmagarºy crash ºatyrdy, ﾍ aknyºyk,
ŸsgŸrmek
contribution goºant ºartyldy, gŸrpŸldemek
cough up ardynjyramak
contrive tostoslamak crawl Øorelmek, emedeklemek,
council ybadathana, maslahat
control kontrol(r), kontrollyk(r), sŸØrenmek
count hasap, sanamak, sifrlemek
dolandyrmak, ge ﾍ irmek crawl away pitirdemek
count in hasaplamak
crazy dŠli, telbe
controller kontrolØor(r) count on arkaØyn bolmak
creak ykyrdy, ykyrdamak
controversy ﾍ ekeleºik counted sanly
convenience tagaºyk countenance jamal, Øš–keme cream gaØmak, krem(r)
convenient ﾍ emeli, tagaºykly counter kapasa creamy gaØmakly
convenient situation ﾍ eme counterfeit galp crease epin
convention gurultaØ country watan, Ÿlke, Øurt create dšretmek, gurmak,
conversation gepgŸrrŸ–, gep, countryman ildeº dšretmek
gŸrrŸ–, sšz creation dšredijilik, dšretme
coupon talon(r)
conversation partner sšhbetdeº creations ºahyrlyk
courage batyrlyk, mertlik,
conversational geplemºek creator dšrediji
ØŸreklilik
converse gepleºmek, gŸrrŸ– credibility sancyz
courageous batyr, mert, ØŸrekli
deºmek courageously merdana, credit kredit(r)
conversion ØŸzlenme mertler ﾍ e creek ﾍ aØ
convex gŸber ﾍ ek creep bukdaklamak,
course kurs(r), dowan
convey gowºuramak sŸØrenmek, Øorelmek
court sud(r) creep into sŸmmek
conveyor konweØer(r)
courteous sypaØy crepe byzmyk
convince ynandyrmak
courteously sypaØ ﾍ ylykly crest ﾍ Ÿr depesi
convincing ynandyryjy, degerli
courtesy sypaØ ﾍ ylyk crested ﾍ Ÿri
cook aºpez, biºirmek,
cousin bajak, ﾍ ykan, crevice yº, ﾍ at, Øaryk
taØyarlamak
doganoglan
cookie kške, pe ﾍ enØa(r) crew ekipazh(r)
cover Øapmak, gapak, oramak,
cool salkyn, ters, sowamak crib sallan ﾍ ak, Øasli(r)
pokryºka(r), sahap, Øapgy,
coolness sele– crime jenaØat, gŸnŠ
basyrmak, buky, Øapy, jilt,
cooperative kooperatiw(r) ﾍ aØmak, gaplamak, šrtmek,
criminal jenaØatly, jenaØatcy
coopertation hyzmat daºlyk criminal act jenaØat ﾍ ylyk
ºifirlemek(r) cripple ﾍ olak
coordinated maslahatla ﾍ ylyk
cover oneself up kereplemek,
cope o–armak, šzleºdirmek crisis krizis(r)
kesmeklemek
copper mis crisp kitirdewŸk
covered Øapyk
critical tankydy cupboard ºkaf(r)
D
criticism tankyt cupola gŸmmez
critique tankyt, tankytlamak cure sagdynlaºdyrmak
croak gagyldamak, curious bilesigeliji
warkyldamak curiousity bilesigelijilik
crochet needle ﾍ e––ek curl buØrak, (of smoke)
crooked egri burugsamak
crop ekin, peteke curl up ﾍ ugutmak daily gŸndizki, gŸnsaØyn,
cross atanak, ha ﾍ, aºmak, štmek, curly buØrak ØatymlaØyn
Štlemek, (each other) kesiºmek dam bent, bšwet, gatla
currency walØuta(r), te––e
cross one's legs ﾍ iliºirmek dam up bentlemek
curse nŠlet, sšgmek, nŠletlemek
crosscountry race kros(r) curse out kŠemek
damage Øamanlyk
crossing olum damn nŠletlemek
cursive Øazma ﾍ a
crossroads ﾍ atryk damnation gargyº, nŠlet
curtain perde, tuty
crow garga, zag damp ﾍ ig, yzgarly, nemli
curtsy ﾍ ommalmak
crowd hŸmer, ŸØºmele–, dampen zaØleek
curvature egrilik
tŸmmeklemek dampness zeØ, ﾍ yglyk
curve gyºyk, epmek, epilmek,
crowding dyknyºyk (on one's own) eplenmek dance tans(r), tans etmek(r)
crown pŸr, tŠ ﾍ, sŸlenmek curvy aØlawly dancer (prominent) tans ﾍ y(r)
crude harsal cushion dŸºek dandruff go–ak
cruel zabun custom urpadat, dessur danger howp
cruiser kreØser(r) customer alajy, mŸ ﾍ deri dangerous hatarly, gorkuly,
crumb owuntyk customs gŸmrŸk gorkun ﾍ, biderek
crumble owmak, owranmak, customs house gŸmrŸkhana dangle salparmak
pytramak cut kesmek, bi ﾍ im, kertik, dangling salpy
crumbly Øumºak Øartma ﾍ, dilik, bi ﾍ mek, dare milt, milt etmek
crumple lokgalamak, dilmek, gyØmak, kŠselemek, dark gara–ky
tokgalamak, Øygyrmak Øylmamak, ﾍ irtmek dark complexioned garaØagyz,
crunch hytyrdamak, cut along the grain sepºik de– bugdaØ renk
hatyrdamak, kibirdemek, bšlemek darken gara–kyramak
kitirdetmek, ykyrdamak, cut down gyrkmak darkness gara–kylyk, tŸm,
hokurdamak cut in kesmek tŸmlŸk, kšrlŸk, gara–ky
crush itniºik, dyknyºyk, cut off Øolunmak, soØmak, dart okdurylmak
kŸlkelemek, maØdalamak Øolmak dash garnuw, garyndy,
crust (of bread) gy–ak cut out sepikdirmek okdurylmak, topulmak,
crutch piºek cut pieces dogramak ﾍ ozmak
cry haØkylyk, aglamak, e– cut slightly kertmek date hurma, sene
remek, (of a baby) jŠgildemek cut up Øarmak dawn da–, sŠher, da– atmak,
cry out zowlatmak, ﾍ ygyrmak, cut with a sharp Øagtylmak
haØkyrmak, he–kirmek, edge syhalamak day gŸn
waØkyrmak cut with scissors gaØ ﾍ ylamak day after tomorrow birigŸn
cry out angrily herrelmek cutlet kotlet(r) day and night gijegŸndiz
crying agy cutter kater day before yesterday š––in
crystal hrustal(r) cylinder silindr(r) day care center Øasli(r)
cube kub(r) daylight gŸndizki
cubicle kabina(r) daytime gŸndiz, gŸndizine
cuckoo ikatŠk dazzle alarmak
cucumber hyØar dazzling ilgin ﾍ
cultivate šsdŸrmek dead šli, šli, wepat, jansyz,
Øitigsi
cultivation kultiwatsiØa(r) dead body maslyk, meØit
cultivator kultiwator(r) deaf gŸ–, ker
cultural medeni, medeniØet, deafness kerlik
medeniØetli, medeniØeti deal o–armak
culture medeniØet dean dekan
cumbersome gaba dear eziz, mŠhriban
cunning hile, mekirlik, sap, dear one gadyrly
ºeØtanlyk, hilegŠrlik, hokga death ajal, šlŸm
cunning fellow hilegŠr death rate šlŸm derejesi
cup ﾍ anak, kŠse, tabak deaths šlŸmØitim
debate ﾍ ekiºmeler, ﾍ ekisme, delegation delegatsiØa desirous of gšwŸnje–

jedel, oØlanmak, ﾍ ekiºme delicate nŠzik, Øuka desk parta(r)
etmek delight keØp, sapa desperate ﾍ ykgynsyz
debauche jenjel deliver Šklemek, gowºuramak, despise Øigrenmek
debt algy, bergi, ﾍ ykdajy eltmek, tabºyrmak despite garamazdan
debtor bergidar dell kšw despotism edenetdilik
decade dekada demand talap, zaØawka(r) destiny nesibe, ﾍ igin
decanter grafim(r) demarcate pel ﾍ ekmek destroy opurmak, syndyrmak,
deceased wepat bolan democracy demokratsiØa(r) Øegsan etmek, Øumrulmak,
deceive oneself aldanmak Øumurmak, Øykmak
democratic demokratik(r)
December dekabr destroy (crops) otamak
demolish Øumrulmak,
decent kemally destroyed berbat
Øumurmak, Øykmak
deception aldaw, destroyer istrebitel
demolished weØran ﾍ ylykly
gšzboØag ﾍ ylyk destruction hapalyk, berbat
demon dšw
decide (set your heart) ØŸregine detachment otrØad
den sŸren
dŸwmek detain eglemek, gŸØmemek,
denegrate Øš–kemek
decision ﾍ šzgŸt, karar saklamak
dense goØry, goØy, Øygjam,
decisive kesgin, tšwekgel, ŸzŸl detained eglenmek
dykyz, gŸr, Øygy
kesil detainee tussag
density syklyk, goØulyk, syk,
declaration arza detective sŸl ﾍ hi
tšp
declare yglanetmek deteriorate erbetlemek,
dent Øemºertmek
decline kemelmek erbetleºmek, Øaramazlaºmak,
dented Øemºik
decorate haºamlamak, beslemek, haØallamak
deny dŠnmek, inkŠr etmek
bezemek, nagyºlamak determination aØgyt
decorated person ordenli department store uniwermag(r) determine seljermek
decoration bezeg, haºam, orden, depend on bagly bolmak, determined aØgytly, dogumly
ºaØ garaºly bolmak detriment Øamanlyk
decorative pattern nagyº dependable Šhtibar, ynamly develop šsmek, hars
decrease saØpallamak, dependence garaºlylyk development šsŸº
gowzalmak, kemelmek, dependent bagly, elgarama, devil ºeØtan
ki ﾍ elmek, peseletmek, garaºly, golasty devoid mahrum
peslemek depict suratlandyrmak, devoted bagyº, jankšer
sypatlandyrmak,
decree ukaz(r), dekrek devoted to mynasybetli
ºekillendirmek devotee mu ﾍ dak
dedicated janypkeº, mynasybetli
deposit goØum, gatlamak, dexterity ﾍ akganlyk
dedication janypkeºlik
ﾍ škŸndi dextrous ﾍ akgan
deep ﾍ u–, Øygy
depraved harap dial (to telephone) pyntyklamak
deep thoughts oØpikir
depth ﾍ u–luk, jŸmmŸº
deepen ﾍ u–altmak dialect dialekt(r), ºiwe
deepen gradually ﾍ u–laºmak deputy deputat(r), orunbasar diarrhea i ﾍ agyry, i ﾍ ge ﾍ me
deer sugun, sugun descend dŸºmek diary gŸndelik
defeat Øe–mek descendants nesil dice zar
defect kem descent e–aºak
dictation diktant(r)
defend goramak, penalamak describe suratlandyrmak,
sypatlandyrmak, beØan etmek, dictatorship diktatura(r)
defend oneself penalanmak
suratlandyrmak dictionary sšzlŸk
defense pena
description suratlandyrma, die šlmek, zar, aradan ﾍ ykmak,
define kesgitlemek
wasp dŸnØŠden štmek, šlmek,
definite mŠlim
desert ﾍ šl, gum wepat bolmak, Øykylmak,
definition kesgitleme,
deserted ﾍ olarmak aØrylmak
kesgitnama
definitive ymykly deserve mynasyp bolmak diesel dizel(r)
deflect ret etmek deserving (of) mynasyp diet ybadathana
deformed ºumroØ design bejergi, ﾍ yzmak, hyØal, differ tapawutlanmak
deformity ºumroØluk konstruksiØa(r), pygyl, tos difference parh, tapawut,
deft ØŸwrŸk, ﾍ akgan toslamak ŸØtgeºiklik
degenerate ﾍ Ÿpremek design (for) niØetlemek different aØry, dŸrlidŸrli,
eØleki, gaØry, ŸØtgeºik, dŸrli
degree dereje, ﾍ ak, gradus designer konstuktor(r)
delay haØallatmak, sagynmak, differentiate tapawutlandyrmak
desire isleg, gšwnamek,
eglemek, haØalØagallyk , parhlandyrmak
kŸØsemek, meØillenmek,
etmek, gijikdirmek differently baºga ﾍ a
myrat, ymtylmak
delegate delegat differentness tapawut
desire (for) hšwes
difficult ﾍ atak, ﾍ etin, kyn, discontent nŠgilelik diver wodolaz(r)

mŸ ﾍ gil discontented nŠgile diverge gyºarmak
difficulty hyllalla, kyn ﾍ ylyk, discourteous biedep diverse dŸrli
kynlyk, mu ﾍ akgat discourtesy biedeplik diversion Øykgyn ﾍ ylyk
diffused syrylmak discovery tapyndy divert sowmak
dig gazmak, kšwlemek, kšwmek discussion ﾍ ekeleºik, ﾍ ekisme, divert one's
dig around for dšrmek sšhbet, gŸrrŸ– attention syrykdyrmak
dig in dikmek disdain Šsgermez ﾍ ilik, divide saka, taraz, bšlmek,
dig into dšrjemek Šsgermezlik, harlamak paØlamak, paØlasºmak,
digest lasyrdamak, sindirmek, disease syrkawlyk, hassalyk, Ÿlemek
si–dirmek kesel
division (military) divisiØa(r)
dignity mertebe, namysja– disgrace masgar ﾍ ylyk,
do elujundan etmek, etmek
digress syrykdyrmak ØŸzŸgaralyk, masgaralamak
do evil hyØanat etmek
dike ga ﾍ y, gatla disguise sumat bolmak
do one's best jan etmek
dilapidated (used of disgusted Øarsmak
do quickly haØdamak
clothing) gšwºŸl disgusting Øigrenji
do so ºeØtmek
dim Øitigsi, Ÿmezlemek dish tabak, tagam
do such ºeØtmek
dimwitted kšrzehin dishes gapga ﾍ
dimension gabara disheveled imeºik doccent dotsent(r)
diminish kemelmek, ki ﾍ elmek, disinterested gšwŸnsiz doctor doktor(r), wra ﾍ(r)
sabamak, seØreklemek, disjointed agzala document dokument(r)
Øuwaºatmak, egismek disk ºaØba(r) dodger hilegŠr
dimwit kšrlŸk dismiss kowmak dograma dograma
din gowga, ºowhun, gopgun
dismissal otctawka(r) doll gurjak, emzik
dining hall naharhana dolt pekge
dismount dŸºmek
dining room naharhana dome gŸmmez
disorderly garagol, garym
dinner agºamlyk nahar, donkey eºek
gatym
gŸnortanlyk nahar door gapy, iºik
dispatch office ekspedisiØa(r)
diploma diplom(r) dot nokat
dispatcher dispet ﾍ er(r)
diplomatic diplomatic(r) double entendre iku ﾍ ly
disperse ﾍ aºmak, pytramak doubt i–kis, ºek, ºŸbhe,
direct gšni, dogrulamak,
displeased nŠgile ºŸbhelenmek, mŸ–kŸrlenmek
gšnŸkdirmek, ugramak,
displeasure nŠgilelik doubtful gŸmana, ºŸbheli
ØŸzlenmek
dispute ﾍ ekeleºik, ﾍ ekeleºmek doubtless ºŸbhesiz
direction tarap, ugur
disquiet rahatsyzlandyrmak, dough hamyr
directions gšnŸme, wagyz
ynjalyksyzlandyrmak, dove kepderi
nesihat
gozgala– down ŸbtŸk
directly gšmelteØ
disruption opurylyºyk downpour ﾍ abga, jala
director direktor(r) dissatifaction nŠgilelik, dowry ºaØsep
dirt ﾍ or, ﾍ yrºak, gŠz, hapa nŠrazylyk dozing oØalyukuly
dirty hapa, kirli, kirletmek, dissatisfied nŠgile, nŠrazy
hapalamak draft ﾍ ertØor(r), garalama,
dissertation dissertatsiØa(r) taslama, ﾍ yzgy
disability maØyplyk
dissoluteness kelesa–lyk dragon ajdarha
disabled person maØyp
dissuade ret etmek dragonfly tene ﾍ ir
disadvantage gelºiksizlik
distance aralyk, menzil, uzaklyk
disadvantageous gelºiksiz drama drama(r)
distant alysda, uzak
disagree garºy cykmak draughtsman grafik(r)
distinctive parhly, šzboluºly
disagreeable ylalaºyksyz, draw tartmak, ﾍ ekmek, ﾍ yzmak
distinguish parhly bolmak,
mŠhirsiz draw out uzaklaºdyrmak
saØgarmak, seljermek,
disagreement jetlik, razy drawer ﾍ eker
tapawutlandyrmak
bolmazlyk drawing ﾍ yzgy, ﾍ yzgy
distinquished tanymal
disappear gŸrŸmjŸrŸm drawing of a lottery tira£
distort gyºartmak, ØoØmak,
bolmak, Øitmek, sumat drawn (game) hutmahut
ﾍ aØºarmak
bolmak, u ﾍ mak
distress hasrat, gynamak dreadful elhen ﾍ
disarm Øaragsyzlandyrmak
distressed ynjamak dream arzuw, dŸØº, uky,
disaster bela
district u ﾍ astok(r) dŸØºŸrgemek
discernible ﾍ Ÿmhšrek dreary tukat
discipline dŸzgŸnnyzam, disturb rahatsyzlandyrmak
dress kšØnek
dŸzgŸntertip, tertibe disturbed gowgaly
dress oneself geØmek
ﾍ agyrmak disturbing galagoply, howsalaly
dress somebody geØdirmek,
disciplined tertipli ditch ganaw, garnym, gorp, Øap
geØindirmek
dressmaker kšØnek ﾍ e
E
educational terbiØe ﾍ ilik,
dried guradylan terbiØeleØjilik
dried apricots kiºde educator magaryf ﾍ y, terbiØe ﾍ i
dried fruit kiºde eek! wŠ
dried melon kak effect effekt(r)
drift ka–kamak effective netijeli
drill zarØadka(r), burawlamak effectiveness netijelilik
drink hopurdatmak, i ﾍ mek each other birekbiregi effeminate lŠlik
drinks hšdŸr eager yhlasly effeminateness lŠliklik
drip damjalamak, dammak, eagle bŸrgŸt efficacious degerli
sarkmak ear(s) gulak efficient baºarjan, Øetiºikli
drive tigirlemek, togalamak, earlier š–in ﾍ Š, hemiºe, irki effort tagalla
ﾍ Ÿwek, haØdatmak, earlobe sŸmek egg Øumurtga
idirdetmek, sŸrmek early ir, irki eggplant badamjan
drive cattle kowalamak, early evening ikindi, ilkagºam eight sekiz
kowalaºmak early morning dawn irgšzin eighth sekizinji
drive in kakmak early spring alabahar, alaØaz eightieth segseninji
earn eklenmek, gazanmak
driver sŸrŸgi, ºofØor(r) eighty segsen
earnings gazan ﾍ, ysygra, elbow tirsek
driveway podØezd(r) tene ﾍ ir elder Øaºuly
drizzle ﾍ is–i, ﾍ is–emek, earth toprak, Øer election saØlaw, saØlow
sepelemek earthenware pot gol ﾍ a elector saØlaw ﾍ y
drone wazzyldy earthquake Øer titremesi
drop damja, sallamak, electrical connection tok(r)
ease Øe–illik
ga ﾍ yrmak, dškŸlmek, east gŸndogar electrification elektrifikasiØa(r)
ga ﾍ mak eastern gŸndogar electrify elektrifisirlemek
droppings tezek electrik elektrik(r)
easy a–sat, Øe–illeºdirmek,
drown gark bilmak elegance nepislik
ØšnekeØ, erkana
drugstore dermanhana eat iØmek elegant nepis, sypaØy
drum deprek eat a little diºlemek element element(r)
drunk pØan(r), serhoº eat and drink iØmeki ﾍ mek
elementary elementar(r)
dry gury, ŸrgŸn, kepemek, eat away kertmek
elephant pil
sarykmak, kakamak eat grass otlamak
dry out guramak elipses kšp nokat
eat one's fill doØmak
dry up ﾍ alykmak else dagy
eat some garbakgurbak etmek,
dryfarming dŸme elucidate ºšhlelendirmek
garbanmak
dryer suºilka embarass utandyrmak
ecclesiastical ruhy
dryness gurulyk embarassment haØa, hyllalla
echo Øa–
dubious ºŸbheli embark ugramak
economical tygºytly
duck šrdek embark upon giriºmek,
economics ykdysadyØet
dull kŸtek, kŸteltmek, š ﾍ gŸn, ugratmak
economist ydysat ﾍ y
embarrassed ﾍ ekinmek
š ﾍ Ÿgsi, Øitigsi, gamaºyk economize tygºytlamak
dull in color ﾍ al embassy il ﾍ ihana
economy tygºyt, tygºytlylyk,
dummy emzik embellish nagyºlamak
ykdysady
dunce Šhlepus, pekge embellishment ºaØ
edge er–ek, gylaw, ﾍ et, tyg,
dung tezek embers kšz
mekan
dung beetle tomazak edging jŠhek emblem emblema(r), gerb
durability ﾍ ydamlylyk edible iØmit embrace gujak, gujaklamak,
durable mŠkŠm gujaklaºmak
edict ukaz(r)
during dowamynda, dšwrŸnde embrace with ﾍ yrlamak
edit redaktirlemek(r) embroider ﾍ atmak, tikmek,
dusk i–rik
dust ﾍ a–, kirºen, toz, tozan, editing redaksion(r) gaØamak, keºdelemek, keºte
Øuwundy, tozamak, tozatmak editor redaktor(r) etmek, nagyº ﾍ ekmek
duty bor ﾍ, karz, nesØe, Øumuº, embroidered keºdeli
editorial staff redaksiØa(r)
narØad embroidery gaØma, ke ﾍ de,
editorship redaktorlyk(r) keºte
dwelling mesgen, jaØ
educate terbiØelemek embryo ºinde
dye garalamak
educated bilimli, okuwly, emerge sekmek, peØda bolmak
dyke bent
ylymly emergence nejat
education bilim, magaryf,
eminent genial(r), gšrnŸkli,
terbiØeleØiº
tanymal
emit an unpleasing odor a– entire bitin every month aØbaaØ

kawmak entirely durºuna, tutuº, every other day gŸnasa
emphasize nygtamak, omzamak tutuºlagyna, tutuºlaØyn everyone bary
emphatic preposition di– entitle hukuk bermek everything bary
emphatic suffix na entitled ygtyØarly evidence delil, ºaØatlyk,
employ Øaratmak entrance girelge, podØezd(r) ºaØatnama
employment hyzmat entrapment gabahat ﾍ ylyk evident ŠºgŠr
emptiness boºluk entrust tabºyrmak evil hyrsyz, hyØanat,
empty howaØy, pak, pu ﾍ, entrust with ØŸklemek i ﾍ igaralyk, um, i ﾍ igara
ØŸksŸz, boº, boºatmak entry Øazgy exact takyk, dogry, hut
enable mŸmkin ﾍ ilik etmek envelope bukja exacting talapkŠr
enamel syr ﾍ a envious bahyl, gšrip, i ﾍ igara exactitude talapkŠrlik
encircle gurºawmak, gabamak environment halka exactly nokatmanokat, edil,
encirclement gabaw environs tšwerek gyrade–
enclose gurºawmak envy bahyllyk, i ﾍ igaralyk exactness takyklyk
enclosed Øapyk
epigraph epigraf(r) exam za ﾍ Øot(r)
enclosure agyl examination der–ew,
epilepsy garaguº, tutgaØ
encounter duºmak, duºuºmak,
episode epizod(r) ekzamen(r)
duºuºyk
epoch dšwŸr, zaman examine barlamak, esetmek,
encourage hšweslendirmek
equal barabar, de–, endigan Øaltaklamak
encrust gaºlamak
equality de–lik examiner barlag ﾍ y, der–ew ﾍ i
encrustations gaº
equally barabar example mysal, gšredeli
encyclopedia ensiklopediØa(r)
equestrian ﾍ apyksuwar excavator ekskawator(r)
end ahyr, tamam bolmak,
tamamlamak, u ﾍ, gutarmak,
equip enjamlaºdyrmak excellent otli ﾍ no(r)vtšweleme
equipment enjam, serenjam
aØak excerpting wypiska(r)
endeavor hysyrdamak, era era(r), zaman excessive ﾍ akdanaºa,
ﾍ ytalaºmak erase bozmak ﾍ endanaºa, hetdenaºa
ending goºulma eraser bozgu ﾍ exchange alyºﾍ alyº, ﾍ alºyk,
endlessly hŠliºindi erode oburmak ﾍ alyºma, alyºmak, ﾍ alºyrmak,
endure ﾍ ydamak errand Øumuº ﾍ alyºmak, uºatmak
enemy duºman, Øagy erroneous telek exchange news habarlaºmak
energetic gujurly, galadaw, eruption šrgŸn excite tolgundyrmak
sšweºjen escalator eskalator(r) excited gš ﾍ gŸnli
energetic Øadawsyz escape ala ﾍ, sypmak, ylgaw, excitement tolgunyºyk
energy enegiØa(r), gujur dyndarmak excuse bahana
enforce mejbur etmek essay o ﾍ erk, dŸzme exemplary ﾍ emeli
essential dŸØpli, mšhŸm exercise maºk, bedenterbie,
engine dwigatel(r), motor(r)
establish Øšretmek zarØadka(r), (in a book)
engineer injener(r) esteem hatyra, hezzethormat, gšnŸkme
engineering injenerlik(r) hormat, hormatlamak exert oneself emgenmek
English i–lis, i–lis ﾍ e esteemed hormatly exertion tagalla
enjoy hezel etmek, ºatlanmak estimation ras ﾍ Øot(r) exhaust horlamak
enjoyment sapa eternal baky, ebedi, šmŸrlik, exhausted sustupes
enlarge ulalmak ebedilik exhibit eksponirlemek(r)
enlightenment magaryf eternity ebedilik
enlist pyntyklamak exhibition eksponat(r), sergi
Ethiopian efiop(r) exile sŸrgŸn, sŸrgŸn etmek
enormous mŠhnet
enough bes, gerkgŠbe, Øeterlik etude etØud(r) exist bar
enraged Ÿz–e evaluate nyrhlamak existence durmuº, gŸzeran
enrich baØlaºdyrmak evaporate bugarmak exit ala ﾍ, ﾍ ykalga, ahyr,
enriched baØan evasion sapalk ﾍ ykmak
ensue eØermek even hatda, hekaØat expand gi–lemek
entangled bulaºyk even in number jŸbŸt expansion gi–leme
enter girmek even out de–lemek expect oslamak
enter into Øerleºmek evening gi ﾍ lik expectation hantama,
entertain hšdŸrlemek, event hadysa, waka hantama ﾍ ylyk
gŸØmemek evergreen tree Øolka(r) expedition ekspedisiØa(r)
entertainment hšdŸr, hezillik everlasting šmŸrlik expend harajat etmek,
enthusiasm entuziazm(r) every her, hersi, hemme, kes har ﾍ lamak
expenditure ﾍ ykdajy, har ﾍ
expense ﾍ ykdaØjy, har ﾍ fashion moda(r), bi ﾍ im
F
expensive gymmat, gymmatly fast tiz, aØakly, agyz beklemek,
experience tejribe, synamak
(religious) post(r)
experienced tejribeli
fastbreeding guzla––y
experimental eksperiment(r) fasten danmak, šrklemek
expert habarly, edenli fastidious ﾍ Ÿmhšrek
expertise ekspertizia(r) fat semiz
explain aØdy–laºdyrmak, fabric mata, materiØa(r) fat man inedšrdŸl
dŸºŸndirmek face didar, keºp, Øš–keme, ØŸz fate nesibe, takdyr, tŠleØ,
explanation dŸºŸndiriº, dŸºŸnje face to face petepet, gaºbagaº Øazgyt, ykbal, bije, ŸlŸº
explanatory dŸºŸndiriºli fact fakt(r) father kaka, dŠde, šweØ
explode Øarmak, partlamak, factory fabrik, zawod(r) fatigue Øadawlyk
Øarylmak fatness semizlik
faculty fakultØet(r)
exploit eksplutatirlemek(r) fade pyssarmak, solmak,
fatten parkyldamak, semremek
fattened parkyldy, gurat
exploitation ekplutasiØa(r) solmak, sšnmek, sŸllermek
explosion partlama, Øarylma faded solgun, myssyk faucet kran(r)
exponent gšrkeziji failure sowsuzlyk fault gŸnŠ
favorable o–aØly, enaØy,
export eksport(r), faint se–selemek
fair adalatly, ugurdaº, ynsaply ugurdaº
eksportirlemek(r) favorite sšØguli, sšØli, syrdaº
fairness adalat
expose eksponirlemek(r) fairy tale erteki fear gorky, heder, howatyr,
exposure paº faithful jankšer, dindar eØmenmek, howtyrlanmak,
express a–latmak faithless biwepa ŸØºenmek
expression a–latma, jŸmle faithlessness biwepalyk fearful tez, Ÿrkek
extend batlandyrmak, uzatmak, fake galp, jšgi fearless gaØduwsyz
ﾍ ukuralmak, sŸØndŸrmek, faker aldaw ﾍ y feather pero(r), Øelek
sŸØnmek falcon la ﾍ yn feathered Øelekli
extensive ﾍ u–almak fall gŸØz, batmak, ﾍ škmek, feathers pazyl
extent dereje, uzynlyk Øykylmak, ga ﾍ gakmak feature reje, ﾍ yzyk
exterior daº, mysala fall asleep uklamak, irkilmek February fewral(r)
external daºary fall back ﾍ ekilmek feces bok
externally gaØybana fall ill ﾍ yr ﾍ yklamak, fed up with pete– etmek
extinct š ﾍ en, sšnen syrkawlamak
extinguish š ﾍ mek, sšndŸrmek, federal federatiw(r)
fall in hopmak, e–termek
Ÿzmek fall in the habit of Ÿr ﾍ etmek federation federasiØa(r)
extol gštergimek fall inpieces lagºamak federative federatiw(r)
extra artyk, artykma ﾍ fall off gopmak, hopmak fee nyrh, wznos(r)
extract daºlaºdyrmak fall out gopmak feeble ejiz
extraction kšwek fallen tree ﾍ apyk feebleminded kemakyl
extreme gyraky fallow boz feebleness ysgynsyzlyk
extremely bi ﾍ ak, juda fallow deer maral feed iØmlemek, iØm, ot iØm,
exult heºelle kakmak false Øalan, Øalandan, emeli, emdirmek, iØdirmek,
eye garak, gšz ters, Øasama iØmitlendirmek, naharlamak
eye to eye iki ﾍ Šk falsehood ﾍ ypdyrma feed grass to otarmak
eyebrow gaº 1 falsify galplaºdyrmak feel a–mak, duØmak, Šwmek,
eyelash kirpik fame meºhurlyk, ºan syzmak, tikeneklemek
eyelid gabak familiar (person) tanyº feel angry hyrsyzlanmak
familiarize šwreniºdirmek feel chilly ŸºŸtmek
family maºgala feel free to... ﾍ ekinmede
family house šØiºik feel inspired ruhlanmak
famous ºanly, meºhur feel nauseous bulanmak
fan Øelpemek feel shy ﾍ ekinmek
fantastic fantastika(r) feel sick sŸu goºamak
fantasy fantaziØa(r) feel sorry for gaØgyrmak
far alys, uzak, daº feel the same Øekesiremek
feel uneasy mŸØnŸrgemek
farm ferma(r)
feeling duØgy
farming ekeran ﾍ ylyk
fell e–termek
farrow jojuklamak
fellow gar ﾍ ygaØ, Øigit
fascinated gŸrma bolmak
fellow traveller hemra find out about salgy atmak flexibility ﾍ eØelik,

felt ke ﾍ e find room sygmak maØy ﾍ gaklyk
female urka ﾍ y fine iri, jerime, telper, uºak, flexible ﾍ eØe, maØy ﾍ gak
female pilot pilotka(r) jerime salmak flicker ykjamak
female underwear i ﾍ liklik finger barmak flight reØs(r), u ﾍ uº
fence aØman ﾍ a, haØat, gorag fingerful atym flightiness kelpe–lik
finish pelle, pellehana, u ﾍ, so– flighty kelpe–
fencing fehtowaniØe(r)
lamak, aØaklamak, dynmak, fling pyzmak
ferment gor, maØa, ajatmak
gutarmak, paØawlamak, flip dŸndermek
fermented dough hamyrmaØa,
tamam bolmak, tamamlamak, flip over dšndermek
hamyrturºy
tamamlanmak, tŸketmek, flipflop dŸnderilmek
fertile hasylly
sowulmak flirt nŠzirgemek
fertilize dškŸnlemek
finished wepat flirtatious nŠzli
fester ﾍ ylpyklamak
fire kostØor(r), lorsuldamak, ot, flirting nŠz
festival baØram, festiwal(r)
kowmak, (a rifle) tŸpe–lemek float galtga
fetch getirmek
fetters duºak firework feØerwerk(r) flock sŸri, sŸri
firm berk, firma(r), gaØym, pert, flood joºgun, sil
feuilleton felØeton(r) flooded joºgunly
fever ysytma, howur, tebit, Øo– pugta, tšwekgel, ŸzŸlkesil,
ykjam floor etazh(r), pol(r), gat
few az
firmness berklik, pugtalyk flour harman, un
fiber sŸØŸm
first birinji, ilki flow akar, akym, ﾍ ŸwdŸrmek,
fiction ﾍ eper eser
first existing ilkidurmuº ºabyrdamak, tigirlenmek,
fidget oØkanjyramak,
first name at togalanmak, ﾍ ogmak,
sintenjiremek
first place š–delik syrykmak, akmak
field meØdan, ºŸdŸgŠr
fish balyk flower gŸl
field of endeavor maØsa
fissure Øaryk, jaØryk flower bed gŸlzar
field of grain maØsa
fist Øumruk flowing akaba
fifty elli
fig injir fistfight Øumruklaºmak flu grip(r), dŸmew
fight uruºmak, uruº, gšreºmek, fit kakyn, Øaramly fluctuation pasyrdyr
sšbeºmek, sšweºmek, urunmak, fitter montØor(r) fluff ŸbtŸk
penjelemek five bŠº fluid suwuk
fighter pŠlwan, urºujy, zarp ﾍ y fiver bŠºlik flutter gymyldy, galgamak
fighting by greedy flabby Øepbeºik, myjjarmak– fly si–ek, u ﾍ mak
people a ﾍ gšzlylyk flag baØdak fly past(a target) my ﾍ mak
flake (skin) soØulmak foal taØ ﾍ anak
figure sifr(r), syrat, sifrlemek
flame Øalyn, lowurdy foam kšpŸk, kšpŸrjik, agaran,
file igelemek, (tool) ige
flank bšwŸr kšpŸrjiklemek
fill doldurmak, ganmak,
flap salgamak fog duman, Ÿmez
gandyrmak, gapgarmak,
flare up labyrdamak, lowlamak foggy dumanly
nalamak, tŸmmeklemek
flash ŸlpŸldemek, Øyldyramak, fold epin, epmek, eplemek,
fill in gšmmek, plomwalamak(r) eplenmek
Øylpyldy
fill up bitirmek fold down sepmek
flashlight panys
filled doly2, gšmŸk folded egrelmek
flat Øasy, dŸz
fillet ﾍ ylka
flatlands dŸz, dŸzlŸk folder papka(r)
filling plomwa(r), Øonuºga flatten maººartmak, follow kowalmak, yzarlamak,
film film(r), kino(r), Øapbaºdyrmak, Øapbaºmak, eØermek, gollanmak
pleØonka(r), Øorka Øasylamak following indi, yzy bilen
filter sŸzgu ﾍ, sŸzmek flatten out maººarmak fondness gadyr
filthy kirli flattened Øemºik food aº, azyk, iØmit, hšdŸr,
flavor tagam nahar
final final(r), gutarnykly,
flaw kem food and drink iØmeki ﾍ mek
jemleØji, so–ky, ahyrky,
flawless kemsizkšstsŸz, kemsiz fool pa–kelle, samsyk
ahyryn, ymykly
flea bŸre foolish akmak, gagal
finale final(r) fleabite bŸre foolishness samsyklyk
finally teØahyr flee bosmak, ga ﾍ mak football futbol(r)
finance maliØe,
fleet flot(r) football player futbol ﾍ y(r)
maliØele ﾍ dirmek
flesh ten footstep Šdim
find tapyndy, tapmak, unamak
flex Øegºermek footwear aØakgap
find an excuse for bahanlamak
find fault with yrsaramak for Ÿ ﾍ in
for a two year period ikiØyllyk foundation fundament(r), from start to finish birinbirin,

for example meselem, mysal boØdanbaºa
baza(r), esas
Ÿ ﾍ in from that babatdan
for good mydamalaØyn fountain fontan(r) from the beginning birbada
for life šmŸrlik four dšrt from the first ilkibada
for nothing Øšne fourteen šssŸrim from the start ilkibaºda, baºdan
for now hŠzirlik ﾍ e fourth dšrdŸnji from time immemorial ozaldan,
for the time being hŠzirlik ﾍ e, fox tilki š–den
onyan ﾍ a foyer foØe(r) from time to time wagtalwagtal
forbidden gadagan, haram fracas gopgun from year to year ØyldanØyla,
force gujur, zarp, zor, hal, ysgyn, fracture gŠdik Øyly–Øylyna
zorlamak fragile dšwŸlgi ﾍ, port front front(r), š–
force forward idirdetmek fragrant hoºboØ frontal ma–laØ
forced ﾍ Šresiz, mejbur, nala ﾍ frail port frost a–zak, aØaz, buldur ﾍ yn,
forceful gurjurly, esgin, zor frame karkas burjy, gyraw, ﾍ is–i, do–aklyk
forcibly zoraØakdan framework karkas frosty jybar
ford gŸzer, olum frankly a ﾍa ﾍ an froth agaran, kšpŸrjiklemek
fore alyndaky freckle sepgil frown ﾍ ytmak
forearm bilek free azat, boº, erk, erkana, erkin, frozen do–, ºatlama, do–an
forefather atababa halas, Øšne fruit iØmiº, miwe
forehead alyn, ma–laØ free of charge mugt fruit farming miwe ﾍ ilik
foreign Øat freedom azatlyk, erkinlik
fruit jellies marmelad(r)
foreign language daºary Øurt freely a ﾍa ﾍ an, erkin
fruitful hasylly
dili freeze do–aklyk, do–durmak,
fruity miweli
foreigner gemiºek, myhman jybarlamak, ºatlamak
frump gipdenek
forest tokaØ, tokaØlyk, je––el freezing jybar
frustrated sustupes
forestry tokaØ ﾍ ylyk freight ØŸk
frustration opurylyºyk
forever dŸØpgšter, dŸØpleØin, fresh ter
fry ﾍ irkizmek, gowurmak,
mydamalaØyn fresh water sŸØji
jyzyrdamak
forge nalamak freshness terlik
fugitive ga ﾍ gak
forget unutmak, Øatdan friday anna
fulfilment berjaØ
ﾍ ykarmak fried bread piºme(r) full dok, hyryndykyn, Šhli,
forgive razylaºmak, bagyºlamak fried corn patrak tŸkel
fork ºaryk, wilka(r), ﾍ arºak friend dost, Øoldaº full of bol
form blank(r), ºekel, format(r), friend (female to female) jora full of holes deºik
gšrnŸº, naØ ﾍ alamak, friend (male) dost full(y) doly
resmileºdirmek friendliness mylakat fullblooded etliganly
form a group toparlamkak, friendly agzybir, al ﾍ ak fumble semelemek, sememek
toparlanmak friends dostØar
function funksiØa(r),
friendship agzybirlik, dostluk,
formal formal(r), resmi ØagdaØlaºmak
Øaranlyk
formal fund fond(r)
fright aØylgan ﾍ, gorky
greeting essalawmaleØkim fundamental dŸØpli
frighten ŸrkŸzmek
formation nyzam funnel guØgu ﾍ
frighten away gypjyndyrmak
former š–ki, hemiºe funny gŸlkŸli, gŸlkŸn ﾍ
frightened gorkuly
formula formula(r), a–latma frightening gorkuly, gorkun ﾍ fur sŸtŸk, possun
formulate formulirlemek(r) frightful elhen ﾍ furious gaharjan, gaharly, Ÿz–e
furniture mebel
formulation formulirowka(r) fringe se ﾍ ek
fringed se ﾍ ekli furnucle ﾍ yban
fortieth kyrkynjy
friskiness Øyldanlyk furrow keºlemek
fortify berkitmek
frisky dyzma ﾍ, Øyldan furrowed keºleØin
fortress gala
frivolous kelpe– furry sŸtŸkli
fortunate hoºbagt, ma–laØly
frog gurbaga fury gahar, gahargazap, Ÿz–elik
fortune bije
from dan, den fuse partladyjy
forty kyrk
from birth doga fussy talapkŠr
forum forum(r) futile nŠhak
from head toes baºdanaØak
forward gaØdyp, ilerki future geljek
from inside i ﾍ inden
found dšretmek,
from many years ago š–den
esaslsandyrmak
from now on dagyduwara,
šwrŸlip
Georgian gruzin(r)
G
get tired lejikmek
get tough with dazarylmak
germ mikrob(r)
get up turuzmak, durmak
German nemes
get used to šwreniºmek,
get a kick out of deprenmek
uØgunlaºmak
get a little older garraºmak
get wet ezilmek
get across aºyrmak
gift peºeº, zehin, sylag
get angry gahar gelmek,
gab jedirdemek, gygyrmak gifted zehinli
gazaplanmak
gaiety meslik giggle hikirdi, hikirdemek,
get better ileri, ganymatlaºmak,
gain bŠhbit, kuwwatlanmak, hykyrdamak, hykyrdy,
gowularmak, jyda dŸºmek,
nebis, eØelemek pykyrdamak, kikirdemek
Øokmak, Øokuºmak
gain weight semremek
get bound up ºinelemek giraffe £iraf(r)
gait Øšriº girdle bilguºak
get cold feet namartlamak
galactic galaktika(r) get confused ﾍ olaºmak girl gelingyz, gyz
gall št get dark i–rik garalmak girlfriend boØdaº
gallop ﾍ apmak, š–Ÿrdiklemek get dirty bulaºmak, ﾍ orlamak, girth semizlik
galoshes galoº(r) gŠzlemek, hapalanmak, give Šbermek, gowuºmak
gape ho–karmak, šwelmek kirlemek give a hand to arkalaºmak
get done bšlŸºmek give a turn tow bermek
garage garaj(r)
get dusty ﾍ a–amak, ﾍ a–jarmak give an account hasap bermek
garbage Øuwundy, zibil
get entangled ºinelemek, give back gaØtarmak
garden bed atyz
ﾍ igmek give birth dogurmak
gargle ﾍ aØkamak, ﾍ yrpmak
get even with haklaºmak, give birth a goat owlaklamak
garlic sarymsyk, ajyga
hasaplaºmak give drink ﾍ aØlamak
garrison garnizon(r) give someone a
get fat semretmek
gas gaz cold sowuklatmak
get fixed up ornaºmak
gasoline benzin(r) get gutsy gaØratlanmak give trouble azar bermek
gasp demikmek, hopukmak, get hot yssylamak give up Øitirmek, taslamak
sojamak get inflamed tataºmak give up hope pyssarmak
gassy gazly get into sŸmmek give voice to agzamak
gate derweze get lost azaºmak giveandtake aldymberdimli
gather ﾍ šplemek, Øygmak, get mad šjŸkmek given goØulmak
toplanmak, ŸØºŸrmek, get married (for a man gladden begendirmek
Øygnamak, ykjamlamak, only) šØlenmek gladly hšwesje–
dŸzmek, toplamak get mixed up garjaºmak gladness Øagtylyk
gathering Øygnak, Øygnanyºyk, get moldy he–lemek glance bakyº, gšz, nazar
Øygym, barlyºyk get news habarlaºmak, habar gland mŠz
gauge gi–lik tutmak glare mšlerilmek
gay mes, ºagala–ly, ºoh get numb guruºmak glare angrily alarylmak
gazelle keØik get on mŸnmek glass ﾍ ŸØºe, stakan(r), aØna
gear serenjam get out aØrylmak glasses ŠØnek
general Šhlumumy, serkerde, get out of dyndarmak, dynmak glaucoma garasuw
(military) general(r) get out of here! gŸm bol! glen kšw
generally aslynda, umuman, owarra! glide typmak
kšplen ﾍ get packed dykyzlanmak glisten balkyldamak
generation nesil get pleasure gšnenmek glitter balkyldamak,
generous rehimdar, rehimli get ready taØynalmak lowurdamak, ŸlpŸldemek,
genius geniØ(r) get rid of gowzalmak, sabamak, Øyldyramak
sypmak glittery Øyldyrawuk
genre £anr(r)
get sick of bizar bolmak globe globys(r), Øer ºary,
gentle nŠzik, tultuk
get situated Øerleºmek dŸnØŠ
gentleness Øumºaklyk
get skinny arryklamak gloomy ﾍ ytyk, tutuk
gently assa
get spoiled azmak glorify ºšhratlanmak
genuine hakyky, tŸØs
get started (about glorious ºšhratly
genus urug
cooking) atarmak glory ºan, ºanºšhrat, ºšhrat
geographer geograf(r) get sunburnt gŸne Øanmak glove ellik
geographical region etrap get tangled and glow labyrdamak
geography geografiØa(r) confused bulaºmak glue elim, Øelim, Øelimlemek,
geology geologiØa(r) get tied up ﾍ igmek Øelmemek
get tied up in knots ﾍ igilmek
geometry geometriØa(r) glutton iºdŠmen, iØermen
gluttony iØermenlik grab gysymlamak oØkamak, tšrpŸlemek,

gnash ykyrdamak grace nepislik Ÿwemek
gnaw gemirmek graceful nepis grip gysmak, tutma
go gitmek, Øšremek, gitmek, grade baha grits Øarma
zomamak, barmak, ﾍ ykmak gradually durabara, groan hyklamak, nalamak
go around aØlanmak durdugy ﾍ a, gitdigi ﾍ e, kem groats Øarma
go bad dymjykmak, kemden groceries bakaleØa(r)
zaØalanmak, pislemek, graduate student aspirant(r) grocery store bakaleØa(r)
uzanmak graft peØwent etmek groin gasyk
go by foot pyØadalamak grain digir, galla, dŠne gross harsal
go crazy dŠliremek
gram gram(r) ground meØdan ﾍ a, toprak
go for a walk gezelen ﾍ etmek,
ka–kamak grammar grammatika(r) grounds lšdere
group tapgyr, topar, toplum,
go missing Øitirim bolmak, grammatical grammatik(r)
Øitmek grand beØik kollektiw(r), kru£ok(r), sŸri,
go numb jŸmºŸldemek top
grand piano roØal(r)
go out incoolness sele–lemek grow kšpelmek, gšgermek,
grandchild agtyk
go somewhere else gš ﾍ mek idetmek, šsdŸrmek, šsmek,
grandfather ata, baba
go sour uØamak ulalmak, ulaltmak
grandmother ene
go straight gšnŸlmek grow foggy dumanlamak,
grant esbap
go through štmek Ÿmezlemek
grape ŸzŸm
go together tirkeºmek grow heavy agralmak
grape production ŸzŸm ﾍ ilik
go trouble over alada etmek, grow in a circle tegelenmek
grapes (specifically gelinbarmak
aladalanmak grow leaves Øapraklamak
graph grafa(r) grow more
go up to ﾍ emeleºmek
grass ot beautiful Øagºylanmak,
go with geliºmek
grassy area otluk Øagºylaºmak
goat ge ﾍ i
grate sŸØkemek, gyrmak, grow old gartaºmak
goat wool ﾍ špŸr
oØkamak grow quiet di–mek
goats dowar
grateful minnetdar grow stale gatamak
goblet kubok(r) grating gšzenek grow still kšºeºnek
God hudaØ gratings gyrman ﾍ a grow stronger eØikmek
God bless you sabyr et gratis Øšne grow taller beØgelmek
going gidiºin gratitude minnetdarlyk grow thin horlanmak
going out nejat grave gšr, mazar grow tired of bizar bolmak
gold altyn, tylla gravel ﾍ agyl grow up šnŸpšsmek, šnmek
golden tylla graveyard gonam ﾍ ylyk, grow weary Øadamak
golly bŠ šwŸlØŠ growl ho–uldamak, hŸ–
good Øagºy gowy, enaØy, haryt, graze animals bakmak Ÿrdemek, hŸ–Ÿrdi, hy–ranmak
idili, o–at, o–ly, ugurly, bolØar, grease Øag, Øaglamak grown garta–
gowulyl, hoº, rowa ﾍ, ºowly, great beØik, baØry, ﾍ asly grownup ullakan
Øaramly greatgrandson ﾍ owluk growth šsŸº
good deed sogap greed a ﾍ gšzlylyk, betnebislik, grumble ho–uldamak, hŸ–
good event ﾍ em husytlyk Ÿrdemek, igenmek
good for nothing kelesa– greedy a ﾍ gšz, betnebis, husyt, grumbling hŸ–Ÿrdi, igen ﾍ,
good golly! baØbow gysgan ﾍ igenje–, igenje–lik
good looking nurana
Greek grek(r) grunt horkuldamak
good luck ºow
green Øaºyl, gšk guarantee gŸwŠ, kepillik,
goodnatured Øuka ØŸrek
greet gšrŸºmek, garºyldamak, zamun, kepil bolmak
goodness gowulyl, gowylyk,
dšwlet
salamlaºmak guard garawul, gwardiØn(r)
goods harytlar grenade granat(r) guardian hossar
goose gaz grid tor guess ﾍ ak etmek
gopher alaka grief hasratvtukatlyk guest myhman
gore sŸsmek grieve ﾍ ygylmak, tukatlanmak, guest room myhmanhana
gossip gybat, gep ﾍ i, warsaky, ynjatmak guide prowodnik(r), wojatyØ(r),
wyºyrdamak grieved gynan ﾍ ly Øazlamak, Øšretmek
grill daglamak
gossipper gybatkeº guild seh(r)
grin gŸlŸmjiremek, syrtartmak,
gourmet gastronom(r) guile mekirlik
Øyrºarmak
government dšwlet, hškŸmet, guilty gŸnŠli, mŸØnli, Øazykly
grind kŸlkelemek,
prowlenie(r) guilty one gŸnŠkŠr
maØdalamak, taplamak,
guilty person sebŠpkŠr
H
harmful zelelli
guise maska(r) harmonious ﾍ ekimiz
guitar gitar harmony razylyk, ylalyºyk
gulf aØlag harness hamyt, hamytlamak
gullet gyzylšdek, šdek harrow mala, malalamak,
gulp owurt borona(r)
gulp down jy–kytmak harvest hasyl, Øygnanyºyk
habit endik, šwrendekli, gylyk,
gun pistolØet(r) harvester kombaØn(r)
urpadat
gunscope didivan haste gyssagara
haggle sšwdalaºmak
gunsight didivan hasten al–asatmak
hail doly, jšwenek
gunshot (sound of a) gŸmpŸldi hasty howulhara
hair sa ﾍ, tŸØ
gurgle lygyrdy, hokurdamak,
hairy tŸØlek hat ºlØapa(r), telpek, ºyrdak
lygyrdamak
half Øarpy, Øarty, Øary, hatchway lØuk(r)
gurgling lakyrdy
Øarym, pol(r) hate Øigrenmek
gush joºmak, zogdyrylmak
half asleep oØalyukuly hateful Øygren ﾍ, Øigrenji
gushing joºgunly
halfdead ﾍ alajan hatred Øigren ﾍ
gusset begeØik
haughtiness tekepbirlik
gust tŸweleØ, Ÿflemek hall zal(r), koridor(r),
haughty tekepbir
gust of wind Øelgin saØpallamak
have a bite diºlemek
gutter ternaw haloxylon ojar
have a cold dŸmewlemek
gym bedenterbie halter (for a horse) nogta
have a dream dŸØº gšrmek
gymnastics gimnastika(r) hammer ﾍ eki ﾍ, ﾍ ekis, (of a
have a dust storm sowurmak
firearm) mŠºe
have a little chat gŸmŸrØamŸr
hammer in kakmak
etmek
hand el, gol, eltmek
have a party toØlamak
handful goºawu ﾍ, gysym,
have a premonition syzmak
Øanawu ﾍ
have a snack ØŸrkese edinmek
handkerchief elØaglyk
have doubts mŸ–kŸrlenmek
handle tutawa ﾍ, ellemek,
have free time sypynmak
ellemek
have occasion (to) miØesser
handle bar sŸØpent
hawk gyrgy
handless golak, golsuz
handmade hŸnŠrment ﾍ ilik hay bede, silos(r)
handsome ka ﾍ a–, nurana haydust pide
handwriting Øazma ﾍ a, haze duman
hazy gamaºyk
po ﾍ erk(r)
he ol
handy amatly
hang asylmak, ildirmek, head baº, kelle, na ﾍ alinik(r),
sallanmak mŸdir
hang out semek head for Øšnelmek
hang up asmak head of the table tšr
hanging peg asgy ﾍ head scarf alynda–y
hank (of thread) kelep headquarters ºtab(r)
happen bolmak health aman, hal, halahwal,
happiness eØgilik saglyk
happy hoºbagt, ma–laØly, mon ﾍ healthy bardaºly, gurgun, sag,
a bolmak, sapaly, ºat, ºoh, (with sagat, sagdyn, daØaw, sag
luck) bagtly gurgun
hard gaty, Øowuz, mŸ ﾍ gil, heap topbak, dšs
ºatlama hear eºitmek
hardfought aldymberdimli hear about di– salmak
harden bekemek, gatamak hearsay owaza
hardly ﾍ ala heart ØŸrek
hardly possible gŸmana heartbeat gŸrsŸldi
hardness gatylyk hearth ojak
hardworking iºle––ir, janypkeº, heartless birehim, rehimsiz
iºe––ir, jepakeº hearty ykjam
hardy dšzŸmli heat ﾍ og, gyzmalyk, howur,
harm Øamanlyk, zelel, zyØan, jšwza, tebit, ﾍ oØmak,
hyØanat etmek, hyØanat gyzgynlyk, gyzyºmak,
Øylatmak, Øylynmak, hide and seek (game) bukullym hope chest sandyk

ﾍ oØunmak, gyzdyrmak, hide away bukmak hopeless gutulgysyz,
gyzmak, tutaºdyrmak hide from ga ﾍ alak etmek, ﾍ ykgynsyz
heat rash tengin a ﾍ alaklamak horizontal gorizontal(r), kese
heat up Øylamak, yssylamak hideandseek gizlenpe ﾍ ek horizontally keseleØin,
heavy agramly, agyr, saldamly, hideous gelºiksiz keseligine
ullakan high and low beØiklipesli horn (of an animal) ºah
heavy rain jala high flown epeØ horned ºahly
hectacre gektar(r) highheeled shoes iºbil hornless (without horns) kelek
hedgehog kirpi higher ekabyr horror aØylgan ﾍ
heed ŠtiØa ﾍ highway magistral(r), ºosse(r) horse at, gylØal, konki(r), Øaby
heel škje hill ala–, baØyr, sšbŸk, depe, horse jockey seØis
hegemony gegemoniØa(r) tŸmmek horse race at capysyk
heifer tŸwe himself šz horse's bit agyzzyryk
height belentlik, beØiklik, boØ hip but horsecloth July
hiss jazyrdy, ºuwwuldy,
helicopter wertolØot(r) horsecloth palan(r)
ºyglamak, jazyrdamak
hell dowzah horseshoe nal
historian taryh ﾍ y
helmet ºlem(r) historical taryhy hose ºlang(r)
help dalda, haraØ, hemaØat, history taryh hosiery trikota£(r)
Øardam, kšmekleºmek, hit patlamak hospitable myhmansšØer
Øardam etmek, (as an hoarse garjaºyk hospital gospital(r), keselhana
exclamation) datbidat! hobble keØtiklemek, hospitality hezzet,
help find something tapyºmak kšsseklemek myhmansšØerlik
help off dŸºŸrmek
hockey hokkeØ(r) host hojaØyn, hyzmat etmek
helped by arkaly
hoe kŠtmen, kŠtmenlemek hostel Øatakhana
helper kšmek ﾍ i
hold eklemek, tutmak hot gyzgyn, jokrama, yssy, ajy
helpful Øokumly, haØyrly
hold back hot to trot dyzma ﾍ
helva halwa
hem sepgit, jŠhek, tikmek
(something) jylawlamak hothouse teplisa(r)
hold fast to Øapyºmak hottempered gyzma
hemp kenep
hold in hand ideklemek hotel myhmanhana
hen mŠkiØan
hold up eglemek hound tazy, kšpek
hen coop ketek
hole ﾍ arkandak, ﾍ ukanak, hour sagat
henceforth šwrŸlip
ﾍ ukur, ﾍ ukurlyk, deºik, hin hour's worth sagatlyk
henceforward dagyduwara
holler azgyrylmak house šØ, jaØlaºdyrmak, tam
herd sŸri
hollow kšw, pŸrsv ﾍ šketlik, pu ﾍ household maºgala
here ºu taØda, ºu Øerde, bŠri,
holy mukaddes housekeeper hojalyk ﾍ y
bŠrik, ﾍ endan
home šØ, Øatakhana how much? nŠ ﾍ e, nŠden
here you are ine
homemaker šØ hojalyk ﾍ y how? nŠhili, nŠtŸØsli
here! me
homogeneous hilibir hili howl hazlamak, uwlamak,
heritage miras
hone gaØramak zšrletmek
hermitage sergezdan ﾍ ylyk,
honest akgšwŸnli, dogru ﾍ yl, hubbub ºowhun
sergezdanlyk
kemally, wepaly huge Šgirt, mŠhnet, Špet
hero gero(r), pŠlwan, gahryman, honestly walla hum gŸwwŸldemek, hyzlamak
obraz honesty pŠklik human ynsan
heroic gahrymanlar ﾍ a honey bal humanity adamzat, ynsanyØet
heroism gahryman ﾍ ylyk honk ºuwlamak, tarlamak humble tŸrkana
herpes demrew honor hormat, hormatlamak, humid dymyk, nemli, yzgarly
herring takgaz sylag humidity ﾍ yglyk
herself šz honored hormatly humiliate kemsitmek
hesitate sagynmak, sŠginmek, hoof sy–ral, toØnak humility Øuwaºlyk
haØalØagallyk etmek hook ﾍ e––ek, ga–rak, iliºmek,
hesitation irgin, iriºme humorous gŸlkŸli, gŸlkŸn ﾍ
iltemek, ga–yr ﾍ ak hump šrkŸ ﾍ, šrkŸ ﾍ
hetman baºlyk hook onto tirkemek
hew Øylmamak humus ﾍ ŸØrŸntgi
hook the catch kiltlemek hunch kŸØkertmek
hi salam, Šhey hoop gurºaw
hiccup syn ﾍ gylawuk hunchbacked kŸØki
hoot ºuwlamak, tarlamak hunched bŸrkŸr
hidden gizlin hop ﾍ apmak
hide Øaºyrmak, jaØlamak, Hungary wengr(r)
hope tama, umyt, arkalanmak,
Øygºyrmak hunger ajykmak
tama etmek, umyt etmek
hunk ker ﾍ
hunt aw, awamak, awlamak,
I
immerse ﾍ ŸmdŸrmek
awatmak, awuºamak immortal šlmezØitmez
hunter aw ﾍ y, yrdar immortalize ebedileºdirmek
hurl pyzmak imp haramzada
hurricane harasat impassioned gyzykmak
hurried al–asan, gyssagly, impatient ﾍ ydamsyz
howulhara imperative hškman
hurry e–mek, gyssagara, I men imperceptibly ogryn ﾍ a
howlykmak, al–asamak, I see! ŠhŠ imperialism imperializm(r)
gyssamak I think... meni–ﾍ e
imperialistic imperialistik(r)
hurry about gaØmalaºmak ice buz
imply diØmek2
hurry someone icecream do–durma,
impolite edepsiz
up howlukdyrmak moro£ny(r) impoliteness edepsizlik
hurry up haØdatmak, icecrusted sŸr ﾍ ek
howlukmak import import(r),
idea ideØa(r), oØ, pikir
hurt šØkeli, agyrmak, agyrtmak importirlemek(r)
husband Šr ideal ideal(r) import/export duty gŸmrŸk
husband's sister bajy identical bir menzes, birme–zeº importance ŠhmiØet
hut ﾍ atma, kŸme identity ºahs, ºahsyØet important dahylly, mšhŸm,
hutzpah gaØrat ideological ideologik(r) wajyp, bajyp, derwaØys
hybrid gibrid(r) ideology ideologiØa(r) impoverish gedaØlaºmak
impress tŠsir galdyrmak
hydrogen wodorod(r) idiom idioma(r)
impression tŠsir
hygiene gigiena(r) idiomatic idiomatik(r) impressionable duØgur
hymn gimn(r) idle bikŠr, ﾍ aman, peØwagtna, impressive tŠsirli
hypnotizer gšzbag ﾍ y Øalta imprison tŸrmŠ basmak, tŸrmŠ
hypocrisy jšgŸlik idleness Øaltalyk basmak
hypocritical jšgi if eger (de), kaºgŠ improve gowulandyrmak,
if not bolmasa gowylandyrmak,
ignorance ﾍ alasowatlyk, kŠmilleºdirmek,
jahyllyk, nadanlyk, nŠtanyºlyk Øagºylandyrmak
ignorant gapyl, jahyl, nadan, improve oneself kŠmilleºmek
ﾍ alasowat improved gurat
ill agyry, aza, dert, keselli, improvement guratlyk
syrkaw, hassa, nŠsag in i ﾍ inde
ill person syrkaw in a big way gerim
illbred kakabaº in a day gŸnaºa
illinformed gapyl in a grand style gerim
illmannered kakabaº in a short time mšhlet
illegal kanunsyz, gizlin in a word mahlasy
illiteracy sowatsyzlyk in addition Ÿste, Ÿstesine
illiterate sowatsyz in addition to ondan hem baºga,
illness emgek, hassalyk, kesel, daºyndan
nŠhoºlyk, nŠsaglyk, syrkawlyk in agreement with razy
illuminate ºšhlelendirmek, in conformity with laØyklykda
Øagtyltmak in disagreement jet
illustrated suraty in earnest ﾍ ynlakaØ
illustration illØustrasiØa(r) in front of š–Ÿnde
illustrative illØustratiw(r) in full supply ŸpjŸn
in general garaz
imaginary hyØally, fantastika(r)
in good spirts ºŠhda ﾍ yk
imagination fantaziØa(r) in great detail jikmejik
imbue tŸmmeklemek in my opinion... meni–ﾍ e
imitate šØkŸnmek in one's way peØwagtna
imitation Øasama in order ugrukdyrmak
immeasurable ﾍ aksyz, ﾍ ensiz in pairs ikibir
immediate at hand nobatdaky, in place of Øerine
nobatky in relation to degiºli
immediately badabat, zšwwe, in short mahlasy
gšmelteØ, badyna in the beginning baºda
immense ﾍ aksyz, ﾍ ensiz in the front ilerik, ilerlegini, š–
in the future šwrŸlip inexpensive arzan inspect esetmek

in the past š– inexperienced jahyl inspection inspeksiØa(r)
in the predawn aladandan infection infeksiØa(r) inspector inspektor(r)
in the summer tomsma infectious Øokan ﾍ, Øokan ﾍ ly inspiration ruhubelentlik, ylham
in truth dogrusy, hakykatdan infidel kapyr inspire gunuºmak,
in turns gezegine, gezek inflame tataºmak ruhlandyrmak,
gezigine inflammation ﾍ isme, ﾍ iºme ganatlandyrmak
in your style seni–ﾍ e inflate gŸbermek, ﾍ ismek, inspired ruhubelent
inlaw gaØyn ﾍ iºirmek, pškretmek, ﾍ ismek
inaccessible elØeter installation montaA(r)
inflated ºemallamak,
inappropriate Øerliksiz instant lampa, maØ
ºemallatmak
incapable bigaØrat instantaneous Øalpa
inflection infleksiØon(r) instead of deregine
incendiary tutaºdyryjy
inflict harm zarbykdyrmak
incessant Øoknasyz institute institut(r)
influence tŠsir, tŠsir etmek
incessantly tŸkeniksiz institution edara
influential tŠsirli
incidental gidiºini instruct šwretmek
inform ºugullamak, habar
incision kertik
etmek, duØdurmak, idemek instruction instruksiØa(r), tŠlim,
incline Øapgyt, yrmak wagyznesihat
informal goodbye hoº
incoherence ke ﾍ jelik
information informasiØa(r), instructor instruktor(r)
income gipdeji
instrument gural, esbap
inconvenient ﾍ emesiz informasiØon(r), izweºeniØe,
instruments abzallar
incorrect ters, nŠdogry derek
insufficient Øetmez ﾍ ilik
increase artdyrma, artmak, informative manyly, derekli
insulate ﾍ etleºdirmek
bulukmak, kšpelmek, ingratiate ØalymØulumetmek
insulated ﾍ etleºmek
kšpeltmek, ulaltmak inhabited area mekan
insult kine, nadyllyk
incredibly juda inherit miras almak
inheritance miras insurance strahowanie(r)
incubation inkubasion(r),
initial ilkinji, ilki intact abat, sazlamak, saz
inkubasiØa(r) intactness abatlyk
initially bada, ilkibada, ilkibaºda
incubator inkubator(r) integral integral(r)
initiative inisiatiwa(r)
inculcate ornaºdyrmak
injection ukol(r) integrated plant kombinat(r)
indebted to karzyna
injure kesdirmek integrity arnamys
indecent haØasyz
injuries šØkekine intellectual akyldar
indefatiguable galadaw
injury šØke intelligence
indent gaØºartmak
independence garaºsyzlyk, injustice adalatsyzlyk officer razwedka ﾍ y(r)
šzbaºdaklyk, šzbaºdaklyk ink syØa intelligent intelligent(r)
independent garaºsyz, šzbaºdak ink cartrige sterzhen(r) intend hyØallanmak,
indestructible, sarsmaz inlay gaºlamak niØetlemek
index gšrkeziji, indeks(r) inlayed stones gaº intended for Ÿ ﾍ in
Indian style aØbogdaº inlet bogaz intense gyzgala–ly, dartgynly,
indicator gšrkezgi ﾍ inner region i ﾍ eri gyzgyn
indifference biperwaØlyk, innocence bigŸnŠlik, intensify gyzdyrmak, gŸØjemek
perhaØlyk Øazyksyzlyk intensity gyzgynlyk
indifferent biparh, biperwaØ, innocent bigŸnŠ, Øazyksyz, intention hyØal, niØet, pŠl,
parhsyz, perbaØsyz gŸnŠsiz pygyl
individual January innovation tŠzelik ﾍ ilik intercept gabatlamak
innovator tŠzelik ﾍ i interchange ﾍ alºyk
Indonesian indoneziØaly(r)
innumerable egsilmez intercity ºŠherara
industrial industrial(r) inoculate peØwent etmek interest hšwes, meØil, hšwes,
industrialize industrialaºdyrma inquire ﾍ intgemek, hštde gyzyklandyrmak
k(r) gelmek, ﾍ aramak interesting gyzykly, hezil, tŠsirli
industrious janypkeº inquire about eØgermek intermediary ara ﾍ y
industry industriØa(r), senagat insect mšjek international halkara,
ineffective netijesiz insects mšrmšjek intenasional(r)
inefficient Øetiºiksiz insecure aljyra––y, mŸ–kŸr interrogation sorag
inept nalajedeØin insensibly ogryn ﾍ a interrupt kesmek
inept person tamakin insert sokmak intersect kesiºmek
inside i ﾍ, i ﾍ eri, i ﾍ inde, ﾍ šwre
inequality de–sizlik interval ara, interwal(r), aralyk
inescapable ala ﾍ syz insides i ﾍ erik, i ﾍ erki
insignificant ujypsyz intervention interwensiØa(r)
inevitability ala ﾍ syzlyk
interview interwØu(r)
J
jungle je––el
intestine i ﾍ ege, i ﾍ junk kšnekŸºŸl
intimacy ØŸrekdeºlik jury £Øori(r)
intimate ØŸrekdeº just halal, hut, la, adalatly,
intolerant ﾍ ydamsyz ynsaply
intonation intonasiØa(r) just as dessine, misli
intrepid gaØduwsyz just like ºeØle, tŸØs
ivy ﾍ yrmaºyk just now Øa–yja
introduce tanalmak,
jab ﾍ ommaltmak just so keØpine
tanyºdyrmak
jabber jedirdemek just the opposite gaØta
introduction giriº, sšz
invade zabt etmek jack ºtepsel(r) justice adalatlylyk, ynsap
jackal ºagal juvenile ki ﾍ i, Øetginjek
invalid inwalid(r), maØyp
jackdaw zakyja
invent oØlap tapmak, tos
jacket jilt, penjek
toslamak
jam/jelly mŸrepbe
inventor inwentor(r), oØlap jam in dykmak
tapyjy jangles dŸwme
inventory u ﾍ Øot(r) Japan ØaponiØa
investigative idegsorag Japanese Øapon
investment goØum jar banka(r)
invincible Øe–ilmez jealous gabanja–
invitation ﾍ agaryº, ﾍ akylyk jealousy gšrŸbilmez ﾍ ilik
invite ﾍ agarmak, ﾍ agyrmak jeer syrtartmak
involuntarily biala ﾍ jeren jeren
involuntary biygtyØar jester masgarabaz
Irish irlandiØaly jeweler zergŠr
iron ŸtŸklemek(r), demir, (for jingle ºy––yrdy, ºa–lamak, ºa––
clothing) ŸtŸk(r) yrdamak, ºy––yrdamak, ti––
ironic kinaØaly irdemek, ti––irdetmek, ti––irdi,
ironical kinaØaly dŸ––Ÿrdemek
irony kinaØa jog gezer
irreplacable tapylgysyz join baglamak, sepiºmek,
irreproachable birkemsiz, seplemek
kemsiz joined baglaØjy
irrigate joØalmak joint baglanyºyk, sepgit, tikin
irrigation ditch joØa joke degiºmek
irritate gyjynmak joke around bŠl ﾍ ireºmek
island ada joker degiºgen, wŠºi
isolate ﾍ etleºdirmek jokingly wŠºi
jolt or shake siltemek
isolation izolØasion(r),
journal £urnal(r)
izolØasiØa(r)
journalist £urnalist(r)
isolator izolØator(r)
journey syØahat, sapar, syØahat
issuance neºir
joy begen ﾍ, ºatlyk, Øagtylyk
it ol
joyful hoºwagt, ºat, ºatlykly,
it can be meger
ºŸwele–
Italian italØan
joyfully ºŸwele–li
itch giji, gikilewik
itch oneself sŸØkenmek jubilee ØubileØ(r)
judge sudØa
jug kŸØze
juggler £onglØor(r)
juggling £onglØorlyk(r)
juice ºire
July iØul
jump bškmek, towusmak
jump out zomp edip ﾍ ykak
jumpy gš ﾍ gŸnli
junction uzel(r)
June iØun
K
know bilmek
L
know deeply ele almak
know somebody tanamak
knowhow ussatlyk
knownothing Šhlepus
knowledgeable dŸºŸnjeli,
bilimli
Kazahk Gazak, kazak knowledge a–bilim, bilim, ylym labor zŠhmet
kebob kebap known mŠlim, tanyº laboratory laboratoriØa(r)
kebob restaurant kebaphana known person tanyº
laboratory worker laborant(r)
keenness eserde–lik Kremlin kreml(r) lace bagjyk, bag, kšjemek
keep tutmak, saklamak kurd kŸrt lacerate tŸØtmŸØt etmek
keep at a distance ga ﾍ a durmak
lack kemlik, kšst
keep house eØelik etmek
keep quiet jy–kyny ﾍ ykarmazlk lacquer lak(r), laklamak
keep a secret lak bolmak lactate Øelin gozgamak
kerosene nebit ladder merdiwan
key a ﾍ ar, ﾍ eºme ladel gŸØgŸ ﾍ
kick depmek ladle ﾍ olpy, susak
kid ﾍ ebis lair sŸren
kidney bšwrek, pyntyk lake kšl
kidney beans noØba lamb guzy, tokly
kids ﾍ agaﾍ uga lame agsak
kill gyrmak, šldŸrmek, lament ahmyr etmek, ahmyr,
gyrylmak ﾍ ygyrmak
kilogram kilogram(r) lamp ﾍ yra, lampa(r)
land Øurt, Ÿlke, Øer, tarap,
kilometer kilometr(r)
toprak, gonmak
kin asyl
land a plane gondyrmak,
kind patyºa, sort(r) pessaØlamak
kindergarden ﾍ agalar bagy landmark ﾍ elgi
kindergarten primer harplyk
landscape landshaft(r), peØa(r)
king ºa
language dil
kiosk kiosk(r) lank takyr
Kirghiz gyryz lap etek
kisel kisel large ﾍ iºik, esli
kiss špŸº, ogºamak, špmek, larynx kekirdek
špmek lashes pazyl
kiss each other špŸ ﾍ mek, last ahyrky, ahyryn, šten,
ogºaºmak gutarnykly, so–ky
kitchen kuhnØa lastest ter
knapsack goºtorba latch onto tirkemek
knead myn ﾍ gamak, late gi ﾍ, gi ﾍ ki
Øuwgurmak, eØlemek late afternoon ikindin
knee dyz, tirsek later so–, so–ra
kneecap ﾍ anak latest tŠze
kneel ﾍ škermek, ﾍ ške dŸºmek
lathe tokar(r)
knife py ﾍ ak, py ﾍ aklamak
latitude (geographical) gi–lik
knit šrmek, iºmek, šrmek
lattice gšzenek
knit the browns ﾍ ytmak
laugh hykyrdy, gŸlmek,
knock ºarkyldy, tyrkyldy,
jakyrdamak, jykyrdamak, (of
ﾍ aknyºmak, ºarkyldamak,
large groups) gŸlŸºmek,
tarkyldamak, tarkyldatmak,
(loudly) pakyrdamak
tarsuldamak, taØaklamak,
laughing stock oØnatgy
tykyrdatmak, tyrkyldamak,
laughter gŸlki, jakyrdy
tyrkyldatmak, tykyrdamak,
launch kater
kakmak
lavish adyl, jomart
knock down Øykmak
lavishness jomartlyk
knocking tarkyldy
law kanun, wesØet
knoll depe
lawless bikanun, kanunsyz
knot syrma, ﾍ itim, dŸwmek
lawlessness kanunsyzlyk legitimacy kanunlylyk, lime hek

lawyer aklaw ﾍ y kanunylyk limit het
lay pollamak, Øerleºdirmek legitimate kanuny limitless ﾍ Šksiz
lay down Øazmak legitimize kanunlaºdyrmak limp agsamak
lay down arms Øaragsyzlanmak leguminous kšsŸkli line ﾍ yzyk, setir, trassa(r), hatar
lay eggs Øumurtgalamak length dowan, uzaklyk, uzynlyk line up setilemk
layer gat, gatlak, topar, lengthen uzaltmak
linen polotno(r)
Øokundy lengthy dowanly
linger haØalØagallyk etmek,
layered gatlakly Leo (zodiac sign) ºir
tŠsgenmek, ykmak
laziness Øaltalyk lessen azalmak
lining Øagyrni ﾍ lik
lazy ﾍ aman, ezenek, Øaltanmak, lesson sapak
lion arslan, Øolbars
Øalta let down myssarmak
lip dodak
lazybones bihepbe let escape sypdyrmak
liquid Øuwan, suwuk,
lead Øazlamak, rejelemek, let fall ga ﾍ yrmak
suwuklyk
timarlamak, alyn let go sypdyrmak, goØbermek
liquify zaØleek
lead (metal) gurºun let in girizmek, hekgermek
list tablisa, ugur
leader serdar, Øolbaº ﾍ y let loose ga ﾍ yrmak
listen di–lemek, di–leØmek
leadership Øolbaº ﾍ ylyk letter hat, hat
listen attentively gulak asmak,
leaf Øaprak level tekje, endiganlamak
gulak salmak
leak syrykmak, dškmek liar aldaw ﾍ y, Øalan ﾍ y
listen to di–ºirgemek
lean Øanamak, hor, gyºarmak, libel myjabat
listener di–leØji
sšØemek, Øaplamak liberal jomart
literacy sowat
lean against Øaplanmak liberalness jomartlyk
literal harmaharp
lean on one's library kitaphana
literary edebi
elbows Øassanmak license ygtyØar, ºaØatnama
literate sowatly, sowatly
lean over abanmak lick one's lips tamºanmak
literature edebiØat
leanse saplamak lickspittle Øaranja–
litter zibil
leap towusmak, py–kyrmak, se– lid pokryºka(r) little az, ownuk, uºak
kildemek lie ﾍ ypdyrma, aldaw, aldamak, little bells dŸwme
leap off indermek ﾍ Šºermek little book depder ﾍ e
learn šwrenmek, šwrenmek lie down uzanmak, Øatmak little brother ini
learning tŠlim, taglymat life durmuº, gŸzeran, šmŸr, little bunny ﾍ ebºek
leash šrk, šrklemek šmŸr, ØaºaØyº, January, little by little azazdan,
leather gaØyº, gšn, deri, teletin mydar gitdigi ﾍ e
leather bag sana ﾍ lifelong companion hemra
leave ﾍ ykmak little cakes piro£ny(r)
lifeless jansyz
leave behind š–Ÿrtmek little children oglanu ﾍ ak
lifelong šmŸrlik
leaven gor, maØa little cup pyØaluºka
lifting kštel
leavening hamyrmaØa, little dictionary sšzlŸklik
light Øagtylyk, Øe–il, Øylpyldy,
hamyrturºy little finger kŸlembibi
yºyk, ršwºen
lecture pent little knot dŸwŸn ﾍ ek
light/sky blue mawy
ledge kert little rascal bezzat
lightbulb lampo ﾍ ka(r) little slice gy–ak
leech sŸlŸk
lighten Øe–letmek live Øaºamak
leeward Øele, yk
lighter Øe–lemek, Øe–leºmek live coals kšz
left ﾍ ep
lightheartedness wŠºilik lively janly
left side ﾍ ep
lightly dressed ﾍ yplak, ﾍ ypla– liver bagyr
leftbehind galak
lightning Øyldyrym livestock mal, dowar
lefthanded person ﾍ epbekeØ
lightning strike Øyldyrym livestock
leftover galak
ﾍ akmak breeding maldar ﾍ ylyk
leftovers galakgal ﾍ ak
lightwited Øe–ilkelle living ØaºaØyº
leg aØak
like kimin, misli, Øaly, tŸØsli, living quarters mesgen
legwrappings dolak
ºekilli, gowy gšrmek, halamak, lizard as, ha££uk, kelpeze,
legal kanuny
pisint oturmak, Øaramak suwulgan
legality kanunlylyk, kanunylyk
like (one another) halaºmak load ØŸk, zarØadlamak,
legalize resmileºdirmek,
like a seizure kakynly oklamak
kanunlaºdyrmak
like that ºeØle, hol load up ØŸklemek
legend rowaØat
likeminded pikerdeº loaded ØŸkli
leggy aØakly
liken me–zetmet loader ØŸk ﾍ i
legibility ﾍ Ÿmhšreklik
likeness me–ze ﾍ lik
legible ﾍ Ÿmhšrek loading zarØadka(r)
limb ﾍ len(r) loaf around ykmak
loam laØ, toØun lucky ma–laØly, hoºbagt
M
loamy toØunsow lull huwwalamak, hŸ££ermek,
loan zaØom(r) hŸwdŸlemek
lullaby hŸwdi
lobby foØe(r)
lump kesek, lokga, dšwŸm
local orunly, oturymly, Øerli
lunch gŸnortanlyk nahar
located Øerleºmek
lung šØken, šØken
location esgerlik
lungs bagyršØken ma'am daØza
lock gulp, gulplamak, petilemek
lurch ﾍ aØkanmak machete ﾍ algy
locust ﾍ ekirtge
lustre lowurdy, Øalpyldy machine maºinka(r), maºyn
log naw
lye aºgar
loiter ka–kamak machine gun pulemØot(r)
lone Øeke machinery) kšneltmek
loneliness aØralyk machinist maºinist(r)
long šsgŸn, uzyn, tukatlanmak, machmaker saw ﾍ y
uzak mad guduz, telbe
long ago bir ﾍ ak, hŠli, kšpden made of edilen
long for ﾍ ygylmak, ymtylmak
magazine £urnal(r)
longdistance ºŠherara
magic jady
longlasting pugta
magician jadygšØ
longitude uzynlyk, uzaklyk
look gšrnŸº, kysym, nazar, keºp, magnet magnit(r)
garaØyº, kšw salmak magnify ulalmak
look after seretmek magpie alahekik
look around garanjaklamak mail po ﾍ ta
look at esetmek, Š–etmek, mailman po ﾍ talon(r)
seretmek mainland materik
look for eklemek, agtarmak, maintenance mazmun, saklaØyº
selpemek majestic belent
look for someone indemek major maØor(r)
look like me–zemek
make marka(r), Øasamak, hars,
look over a–karmak, Š–etmek
etmek
loom stanok(r), hellewlemek make a bed gowlamak
loop halka, petle(r) make a bet jedel etmek
loose Øumºak make a call jy––yrdatmak
loosen ﾍ šzmek, Øumºamak make a case delillendirmek
looseness Øumºaklyk make a fist Øumruklamak
lose basylmak, utdurmak, make a fuss izzildemek
Øitirmek make a hole deºmek
lose a game Øe–ilmek, utulmak make a hole in kšwmek
lose energy ysgynsyzlanmak make a noise gykbak etmek,
lose weight iglemek ºagyrdamak, ºaggyldamak
loss Øitgi, yrØa make a pact wadalaºmak
lot bije, ŸlŸº, tŠleØ make a place home Øerlemek
lottery lotereØa(r) make a speech ﾍ ykyº etmek
loud ﾍ asly, ºowhunly make a stop duruzmak,
love mŠhir, sšØgi, yºk, sšØmek dŸºlemek
love of work jepakeºlik, iºje–lik make a tool abzallaºdyrmak
love one another sšØŸºmek make a trade sšwda etmek
lover of the wild hyrdar make accurate sazlamak
lover of work iºje– make acquaintance tanyºmak
low ﾍ šket, ﾍ šr, pes make an abstract
lowlife aºaky of kospektirlemek(r)
lower ﾍ šket, aºaklamak, make an agreement razylaºmak
myssarmak, sallamak, make an effort emgemek
Øazdyrmak make an incision kertmek
lower jaw Š– make an indistinct
lowering e–aºak noise dŸkŸrdemek
lowlands ﾍ šketlik make an offer teklip etmek
luck bagt
make angry gaharjandyrmak, make up one's mind karara martyr ejir, ezØet

gazaplandyrmak gelmek marvel gudrat
make at home jaØlaºdyrmak make use of haØyrlanmak marvelous tŠsin
make beautiful owadanlamak make weak gowºatmak marxism marksizm(r)
make better gowulandyrmak, make well abadanlaºdyrmak marxismleninism marksizm
gowulaºmak make yellow saralmak
leninizm(r)
make black garaltmak makeup grim(r), kosmetika(r),
make bulging Øepbeºdirmek marxist marksistik(r)
dŸzŸm
make clear subut etmek, malaria gyzzyrma, ysytma mask maska(r)
anyklamak, aØdy–laºdyrmak
male nurse sanitar(r) masquerade maskarad(r)
make deeper ﾍ ukuralmak, ﾍ u–
malevolent betniet, betpŠl mass kšp ﾍ Ÿlik, massa(r), jisim,
almak
malfunction kellebaºaØak tšp
make dry kakatmak
malice hyØanat mass death gyrgyn
make even de–lemek
make fine irlemek
malicious gy–yr, hyrsyz mass meeting miting(r)
mallet tokmak
make glassy aØnalamak massage massaA(r), owkalamak
man erkek, adam
make haste al–asamak mast bogaldak
man of letters edebiØat ﾍ y
make hay siloslamak master senet ﾍ i, senet ﾍ ilik, ussa,
manage o–armak, beØem ﾍ ilik
make hooked ga–rylamak ØasaØjy, halypa, hojaØyn,
etmek, dolandyrmak, edara
make it to gowuºmak ussat, šzleºdirmek,
etmek
make in time Øetiºmek tŸrgenleºmek
management dolandyrys,
make known bellenmek, mastery ﾍ eper ﾍ ilik, ﾍ eperlik,
bildirmek uprawleniØe(r), prowlenie(r) ussa ﾍ ylyk, ussatlyk
make larger ulaltmak manager beØem ﾍ i, match otlu ﾍ šp, kŸkŸrt, dšw
make laugh gŸldŸrmek uprawleniØaØuººi£(r), mŸdir matchmaker saw ﾍ ylar
make merry bŠl ﾍ iremek mandarin mandarin material maddy, material(r),
make more mandatory hškman
materiØa(r)
frequent Øygjamlatmak maneuver manØowr(r)
make more profuse ﾍ ukuralmak materialism materializm(r)
manger Øasli(r)
make muddy pal ﾍ ykyldamak materialistic materialistik(r)
mangle typan ﾍ an, taØgan ﾍ ak
make noise gykylyklamak,
mangy kel, gotur math tangens(r)
wagyrdamak mathematical matematiki(r)
manly mert
make old garratmak
make oneself
manner edŠhet, usul, tŠr mathematics matematika(r)
manure dškŸn matt š ﾍ Ÿgsi
useful peØdalanmak
manuscript golØazma matted š ﾍ gŸn
make a sign belgilemek
many en ﾍ eme, kšp matter iº, jisim, madda,
make peaceful parahatlanmak
manyfloored gatbargatbar
make smaller uºatmak materiØa(r), iº
map karta
make someone mattress dŸºek ﾍ e
content kanagatlandyrmak March mart(r) mature šnmek
make someone march ØšrŸº, Šdimlemek maturity Øetºenlik
marching nyzam
wait garaºdyrmak mausoleum mawzoleØ(r)
make someone work iºletmek mare baØtal may mŸmkin
make someone mark hŠsiØetlendirmek, alamat, May maØ
insecure aljyratmak baha, nyºan, teØdar, habar, may peace be upon
make something better o– nyºana
you salawmaleØkim
atlandyrmak marketable ØšrgŸnli
mayor hŠkim
make something marking teØdar
me men, lŠlezar, lŠlezarlyk,
crumble owratmak marksman mergen
ﾍ emen
make something marksmanship mergenlik
meal biºduº, ﾍ aØﾍ šrek, nahar
drip sarkyrmak marriage nika
mean Øakymsyz, diØmek2,
make something married (of a girl) durmuºa
niØetlemek
rhyme kapyØalaºdyrmak ﾍ ykan meanspirited gaharly
make married couple ŠraØal
meaning ŠhmiØet, many
marry nikalaºmak
specific konkretleºdirmek(r) meaningless batnyksyz,
marry (of a girl) durmuºa
make stand turuzmak bolgusyz
ﾍ ykmak
make still durlamak, means eklen ﾍ, seriºde, tŠr
marsh sŸØgeºiklik
arkaØynlamak meanwhile hŠzirlik ﾍ e
make thin in ﾍ eltmek marshall mar ﾍ al(r) measure ﾍ ak, šl ﾍ eg, ﾍ en,
make up ylalaºmak, Øaraºmak marshy (adj.) sŸØgeºik šl ﾍ emek, šl ﾍ emek
martial law harby ØagdaØ measurement šl ﾍ eØiº
meat et metallurgy metallurgiØa(r) miss someone intizar bolmak

meatpie somsa(r) meter metr(r)
missed sowa
meaty etli mission tabºyryk, missiØa(r)
method metod(r), tŠr, usul
mechanic mehanik(r), maºinist(r) missle snaØard
methodical metodik(r) mist ﾍ igrek, duman
mechanical drawing ﾍ ertØor(r) methodist (one who is skilled in mistake Øal–yº
mechanics mahanika(r) methodologies) metodist(r) mistaken telek
mechanism mehanizm(r) methods metodika(r) misty dumanly
mechanization mehanizasiØa(r) microbe mikrob(r)
mix bulamak, garyºdyrmak,
mechanize mehanizmle ﾍ dirme gatmak
microphone mikrofon(r) mix in garyºdyrmak
k(r)
microscope mikroscop(r) mix up Øal–yºdyrmak,
medal medal(r), £eton(r) middle ara, orta, ortaky, ortanjy bulaºdyrmak
medical assistant feldsher(r) middlesized aralyk mix with garmak
medicine derman, em, midnight Øary gije mixed garyºyk
medisina(r) might kuwwat mixed up duk, ﾍ olaºmak
meditate on di–ir genmek mighty Špet moan hyklamak, nala, nalamak,
meekness Øuwaºlyk mild tultuk, myssyk i–lemek, izzildemek
meet gšrŸºmek, garºyldamak, militancy sšweºlyk mob ŸØºmele–
u ﾍ ramak, duº gelmek, militant sšweºjen mobile gš ﾍ me
duºmak, duºuºmak, tanyºmak, militarize harbylaºdyrmak mobilization mobilizasiØa(r)
gšrmek, garºy, tanyº bolmak military harby
mobilize mobilizlemek(r)
meet someone sataºmak, military service goºun ﾍ ylyk
model gšredeli, model(r),
Øolukmak militia milisiØa(r)
meeting duºuºyk, oturylyºyk, milk sŸØt, sŸØt, sagmak marka(r)
barlyºyk milkmaid sagym ﾍ y moderate maØdal
melancholy tukatlyk milky sŸØtli moderately aram
melodiousness labyz mill degirmen, haraz modern hŠzirki, tŠze
melody labyz, mukam, he– millet dary modest ki ﾍ igšwŸnli
melon gawun modification ŸØtgeºiklik
millimeter millimetr(r)
melonfield bakja modify ŸØtgetmek
melt eremek million million(r) moist ﾍ ygly, ﾍ ygly, ﾍ ig, nemli,
mimic šØkŸnmek ºalpyºara–
member agza, ﾍ len(r) mince eljiremek moisten ezmek, ezilmek
membership ﾍ lenlik mind akyl, a–, kelle, ØŸrek, Øat moistness ﾍ yglyk
membrane perde
memorial ceremony aØat mine ºahta(r) moisture ﾍ yg, nem, yzgar, zeØ
miner ºahta ﾍ y(r), ºahtØor(r) moisturize zaØleek
memory hakyda, huº, ØadygŠr
molasses toºap
menace haØbat mineral mineral(r)
Moldovan moldowan
mend dŸz etmek, Øamamak minister ministr(r) mole tŠ ﾍ
mental ruhy
ministry ministrlik(r) molecular molekulØar
mention someone else agzamak
mint narpyz, ﾍ ekankalamak, molecule molekula
menu menØu(r) ﾍ yrpmak moment lampa, maØ, pursat
meow mawlamak minty narpyzly momentarily ºapba
mercantilism nebisje–lik,
minus sign minus(r) momentary Øalpa, minutlyk(r)
nebsewŸrlik
merchant sšwdager, sšwdagar minute minut(r), kŸlke, maØda Monday duºenbe
minutely jikmejik money pul
merciful ge ﾍ irimli
miracle gudrat Mongol mongol
mercury simap
mirage sagym, salgym monkey maØmyn
meridian meridian(r) monotonous birhili
mirror aØna
merit hyzmat, mertebe monster gorkun ﾍ
mischief betlik
merlin gyrgy monstrous person ganhor
misconstrue ØoØmak
merrily ºŠhda ﾍ yk, ºŸwele–li month aØ
miser gysgan ﾍ
merriment ºadyØanlyk, ºagala– monthly aØlyk
miserly gysgan ﾍ
merry bŠl ﾍ ik, sapaly, ºadyØan,
misfortune betbagtlyk monument monument(r),
ºŸwele–, hoºwagt, mes, ºagala–
misinformed bihabar ØadygŠrlik
ly, ºoh
message tabºyryk, maglumat, mispronounce pelteklemek monumental monumental(r)
sargyt mispronunciation peltek moo molamak
miss my ﾍ mak, sypdyrmak, mood tap, ºŠht
metal metal(r)
ØŸrek gysmak moon aØ, aØdy–
moonlit aØdy– mule saddle ga––a
N
moral moral(r), ahlak mull over ikirjinlemek
mullah molla
morality moral(r)
multicolored re–bere–, (2
morals moral(r) colors) ala, (3 or more colors)
morbidity Øarawsyzlyk alabeder
more than gowrak multilateral kšptaraply
morning ertir, irden multiply artdyrma, kšpeltmek nail ﾍ ŸØ, ﾍ ŸØlemek, (metal)
morsel tike mumble samramak, sarnamak myh, (finger or toe) dyrnak
mortar minomØot(r) mumblings samyrdy naive mšn
Moslem musulman municipal kommunal(r) naked Øalana ﾍ
mosque metjit Murat gezdirmek name atlandyrmak
mosquito aØak ﾍ y, ﾍ irkeØ, murderer ganhor named after ady–daky
ﾍ ybyn murmur ºillirdi, hŸmŸrdemek, namely atlaØyn, atly
most i– ºillirdemek, ºirrildemek, namesake atdaº
most of the time galapyn ºyrlamak nana eneke
moth gŸe, ﾍ irkeØ napkin salfetka(r)
museum muzeØ(r)
mother eje narrow atØuzli, dar
mushroom kšmelek
motherhood ejelik nasty nejis
music saz
mother tongue ene dili nation millet, halk, Øurt
music bow kemen ﾍ e
motor motor(r), dwigatel(r) musical sazly, saz national milli
motorcyle motosikl(r) musician sazanda, sazandar nationality halkylyk, halkyØet,
motorized water Muslim musulman osetin, raØat, millet
nationwide Šhlihalk,
pump skwazhina(r) mustard gor ﾍ itsa(r)
umumyhalk
motorship teplohod(r) musucianship sanandarlyk
native sŸØtdeº
mount mŸnmek mute sessiz, lal
natural tebigy, kanuny
mountain dag muteness lallyk
mutilation ºikes naturalist naturalist(r)
mountain passage štelgesi
mutineer gozgala–ﾍ y naturally formed bakja oØtak
mountaindweller dagly
mutiny pitne, topala– nature tabigat
mourn gam cekmek, zarynlamak
mournful zaryn, nalyºly mutter hŸmŸrdemek, naught nol(r)
mouse sy ﾍ an, sy ﾍ an samramak, sarnamak near duldegºir, Øakyn, golaØ
moustache murt mutterings samyrdy nearly tas
moustached murtly mutual šzara neat rejeli
mouth agyz mutual aid arkalaºyk necessary derkar, gerek, gerekli,
mouth harp gopuz mutual respect sylaºyk zerur, hškman, mšhŸm
mouthful atagzy muzzle tumºuk necessity hškmany
move gš ﾍ, tigirlenmek, myself šzŸm neck boØun
togalanmak, yrgyldamak, mysterious syrly, syrly necklace monjuk
butnamak, gš ﾍ mek, hereket mystery syr, syr, tilsim necktie galstuk(r)
etmek, herketlendirmek, need hajat, zerurlyk, halahwal,
sŸØºmek, sŸØŸºmek mŠtŠ ﾍ bolmak, (dire need)
move oneself gozganmak mŠtŠ ﾍ lik
move something gozgamak needed gerek, gerekli
move something gš ﾍ Ÿrmek, needle i––e, i––e
sŸØºŸrmek needy mŠtŠ ﾍ
move away from uzaklaºmak negative otrisatel
move backward gaØralmak neglect Šsgermez ﾍ ilik,
move forward ilerlemek, Šsgermezlik, harlamak
sŸØŸºmek negotiate wadalaºmak
movement gatnaw, hereket, negotiated gepleºik
gadam negotiation(s) gepleºikler
much kŠn, kšp, uly negotiations gepleºik
mucus nem neigh kiº–emek
mud kir, pal ﾍ yk, batga, ﾍ or, neighbor go–ºy, go–ºygolan
ﾍ yrºak, hapa, lŸØk neighborhood tšwerek
muddle Øal–yºdyrmak neighboring go–ºy
muddy kirli neighborly duldegºir
mulberry tut nephew Øegen
mule gatyr
nerve nerw(r), damar not a soul gumgulluk
O
nest hšwŸrtge, hšwŸrtge, šØjŸk not at all teØ
not bad ganymat
net setka(r), tor
not far golaØda
neutral bitarap
not full gowuz
neutrality bitaraplyk
not long ago golaØda, hŠli
new tŠze
not on good terms jet
new thing tŠzelik
not peaceful o–ºuksyz oar kŸrek
newlyweds ﾍ atynja = tŠze
not present Øok oasis oØlyk
ﾍ atynja
not understandable dŸºnŸksiz oat flour talhan
newness tŠzelik
not very on ﾍ akly oath ant, kasam
news habar, hathabar, tŠzelik
not well nŠhoº oats sŸle
newspaper gazet(r) not well thought obesity semizlik
next golaØ, indiki, nobatdaky, out oØlanyºyksyz object obØekt(r), predmet(r),
nobatky, indi, hšwŸrtgelemek notable tanymal garºy cykmak
next time indikile
notary notarius(r) objective obØektiw(r)
nibble gemirmek
note habar, hat, (diplomatic or obligatory hškmany
nice gšrkana, gšrmegoØ,
Øakymly, gšzel, mylaØym musical) nota(r) oblique gyØa, ﾍ asy
nickel ºaØylyk, ºaØy notebook depder obliterate Øegsan etmek
nickname lakam notepad bloknot(r) oblong sŸØnmek, sŸØri
niece Øegen, Øegen ﾍ i nothing hi ﾍ, ynsjyns obscure bŸremek
night gije notice garaºyk obscurity tŸm, tŸmlŸk
nightingale bilbil notification habardar obsenity sšgŸn ﾍ
nightmare garabasma observe syn etmek, synlamak
notion dŸºŸnje, termin(r)
nightsoil dškŸn observe a
nourish iØmitlendirmek
nimble ØŸwrŸk ceremony dabaralanmak
nourishment iØmit
nine dokuz obstacle garsylyk, garºylyk
novel roman(r) obstacles pŠsgel ﾍ ilik
ninety togsan
ninth dokuzynjy November noØabr(r) obstinacy ke ﾍ lik, kesirlik
nintieth toganynjy novice šwrenje obstinance tutanØerlik
now hŠzir, hŠzir, indi, ºindi obstinate dikdŸºdi, hš ﾍ jet, ke ﾍ,
nitrogen azot(r)
now then Øa ke ﾍ jal, kejir, kesir, ketje,
no Øok, dŠl
now and then aramaram tutanØerli
no one ynsjyns
nogood warak nuclear Øadro(r) obstruct bškdemek, germemek
nucleus šzen obstruction bškden ﾍ, germew
noble asylly
numb sšmelmek obtuse ke ﾍ je, tŸnt
noise galmagal, goh, gopgun,
obvious anyk, aØan, aØyl
gykylyk, jenjel, ºaggyldy, number nomer(r), san, san,
saØyl, gšzgšrtele, ŠºgŠr,
wagyr, zenzele, ºagyrdy, ses, sifr(r), mukdar, nomerlemek(r) gšrnetin, aØdy–
ºowhun nurse emdirmek, naharlamak obviously mesemŠlim
noisy galmagally, ºowhunly, nursery ºitilhana obviousness ŠºgŠrlik
sesli nut hoz occasion sŠwlik
nomad ﾍ arwa
occasionally ﾍ endan
nomadic camp gš ﾍ
nominate bellenmek occupation okkupasiØa(r),
nomination bellenme hŸnŠr, senet
nonstop dyngysyz, dynman occupied meºgul
noodle soup unaº occupy okkupirlemek
nook ﾍ Ÿ–k occur without help šzšzŸnden
noon gŸnortan occurence hadysa, hekaØat
noose hepbik, syrma ocean de–iz, okean(r)
norm norma(r) October oktØabr
odd bitaØ, dagynyk
normal adat ﾍ a, normal(r),
odd (in number) tŠk
kadaly
odor ys
north demirgazyk
oesophagus šdek
northeast gaØra, demirgazyk
of course elbetde
gŸndogar
offence nadyllyk, šØke
northwest demirgazykgŸnbatar
offences šØkekine
nose burun
offend gšwnŸne degmek
not dŠl
offended šØkeli, kineli, nadyl
offense etmiº, kine one way gidiºin orthographic orfografik(r)

offer teklip, hšdŸrlemek onesided birtaraplaØyn
orthography orfografiØa(r)
office edara, kanselØariØa(r), oneness birlik, Øekelik
oscillate yrgyldatmak
onion sogan
kontor(r), tipografiØa(r) oscillation yrgyldy
only di–e, birlik, Øeke
officer ofiser(r) only a little ﾍ ala
ostrich dŸØeguº
officer's mess ofiserlik other baºga
onset tutnak
official resmi, gerbli other people's keseki, kese
onslaught tutnak
offshoot gol ﾍ ur other things baºga zat
open a ﾍ, ŠºgŠr, a ﾍ mak, ha–
often aglaba, ØygyØygydan others eØleki
latmat
oh hŠ otherwise baºga ﾍ a, Øogsa
open wide ha–latmat
oh, yes hŠ otter gunduz
openhearted gšwna ﾍ yk,
oh! eØwaØ, wiØ ouch! eØwŠk, wŠk
mylakatly, akgšwŸnli
oh! gosh! wah opening a ﾍ ylyº out (sports) aut(r)
oh! oh boy! waØ openness ŠºgŠrlik out of control Øabany
oil nebit, Øaglamak, (cooking) out of reach elØeter
opera opera(r)
Øag out of the wind Øele
operate ØagdaØlaºmak
oil worker nebit ﾍ i out of tune bozulan
operation operasiØa(r)
oilcloth kleØonka(r) out of whack bozulan
oily Øagly opinion ekspertizia(r), garaØyº, outcry haØkylyk, nŠrazy ﾍ ylyk
okay bolØar, adat ﾍ a, hoº pikir outer daºky, gyraky
old baØry, garry, goja, kšne opposite a–ry, tersine outer space kosmos(r)
old age garrylyk opposition garºylyk outfit enjamlaºdyrmak
old person garry oppress Øanamak
outline kospekt(r)
old things kšnekŸºŸl oppression sŸtem, zulum
outline sudur, ºekel
old woman kempir or Øa, Øada
outlined ﾍ Šklenmek
older eØmen ﾍ, ekabyr or else Øogsa, bolmasa
orally dilden outpost zastawa(r)
older brother aga
orange mŠmiºi output šndŸrijilik
olive zeØtin
outside daºary, daºky
olympiad olimpiada(r) orbit orbita(r)
oval sŸØri
olympics spartakiØada(r) orbital orbital(r) ovary naØ ﾍ a
omission propusk(r) orchestra orkestr(r) over Ÿstaºyr
on boØun ﾍ a order dŸzgŸntertip, dŸzgŸn over the top Øokarlygyna
on a diet berhizli nyzam, hškŸm, narØad, orden, over there hanha, holha, honha
on an empty stomach ajšze tertip, tertipdŸzgŸn, zakaz(r), overalls kombinezon(r)
on end synsyn dŸzgŸn, buØurmak, overcoat palto(r), ºinel(r)
on hand nagt sargamak, sarmak overcrowded pŸrepŸr
on purpose bilgeºleØin ordered tertipli overfill pŸrepŸrlemek
on the contrary tersine ordering dŸzgŸnnama overflow daºmak, joºmak
on the part of babatda orderliness baºlybarat overflowing pŸrepŸr
on top Øokary, atlaØyn orderly dŸzŸwli overhear di– salmak, di–leØmek
onlooker tomaºa ﾍ y ordinal numbers tertip sanlar overmuch agdyk
once birwagt ordinarily kšplen ﾍ overnight ØatymlaØyn
once again tŠze ﾍ e, Øamaºgan, ordinary(r) rØadowoØ overstretch gypjyndyrmak
Øamaºgandan ore magdan overstuffed Øepbeºik
once and for all dŸØpgšter, organ organ overtake ozmak
dŸØpleØin
organic organik(r) overturn šwrŸliºik, ﾍ šwrŸlmek,
once more Øene agdarmak
one bir, Øekelik organism organizm(r), sŸu
organization gurama overwhelmed gamaºmak
one after the other u ﾍ dantutma, owl baØguº
yzlyyzynda organize saØhallaºdyrmak,
ﾍ Šklendirmek, horlanmak, own elin, sŸØtdeº, eØe bolmak
one and all beØiklipesli owner eØe
one and only ØeketŠk guramak
organize a party toØlamak ownership eØe ﾍ ilik, hojalyk
oneblooded ganybir
organizer gurama ﾍ y oxygen kislorod(r)
one by one ØekeØeke
one day gŸnin origin gelip ﾍ ykyº, gšzbaºy
one hundred ØŸzlŸk original šzboluºly
one hundredth ØŸzŸnji originate gelip ﾍ ykmak
one of biri ornament gŸl
one on one baºabaº orphan Øetim
partisan partisan(r), Øaran
P
pedalogical terbiØe ﾍ ilik,
partition tuty terbiØeleØjilik
partner hyzmatdaº peel pa ﾍ ak, sypyrmak,
partridge kŠkilik arassalamak, artmak
parts ºaØlar peep (squeak) jŸØgŸldy,
party oturylyºyk, tapgyr, toØ, yºyklamak, jŸØgŸldemek
peep over kšw salmak
(political) partiØa(r)
pace depgip, Øšriº peep at jyklamak
pack petde, gamlaºdyrmak pass putØowka(r), ge ﾍ mek, peer (person) egindeº, de–duº,
gezmelemek Øaºdaº
package banderol(r), gap,
passage ge ﾍ elge, štelge, olum
pedelemek peg gazyk, weºalka(r)
passenger Øolag ﾍ y
packed dykyz pelican gotan
passerby šteg ﾍ i
packet paket(r) pelvis ﾍ anaklyk
passing gidiºini
paddle kŸrek, kŸreklemek passion hyjuw, hyru ﾍ pen agyl, ru ﾍ ka(r)
paendeky pŠendeki penknife ﾍ akgy
passive passiw(r)
page sahypa penalty jerime, jeza
pail bedre, uØluk passport pasport(r) penance toba
pain horluk, hupbat, azar past š– pencil galam
bermek, azar, yza pastry gutap pencilcase galamdan
painful yzaly pastry chef konditer(r) penetrate bšwŸsmek
painfulness Øarawsyzlyk pasture šri penetrating ﾍ irkin, Øiti
paint boØag, re–k, boØamak, pat tapbat, tapbatlamak peninsula Øarymada
re–klemek patch Øama pennant wympel(r)
painting £iwopis(r) patent gšzgšrtele
pension pansion(r), pensiØa(r)
pair taØ path Øšrelge, Øol
people halk, il, il, ilgŸn, ilhalk,
pairless bitaØ pathetic gšzgyny, naØynjar
ileºler, halk
patience ﾍ ydam, kanagat, sabyr,
pajamas pijama(r) people's halk
sabyrlylyk, takat, karar
palace kšºk pepper bur ﾍ
patient sabyrly, syrkaw
pale akØuzli, mele, solgun, peppery ajy
patriot watan ﾍ y
solgun
patron hossar, howandar percent protsent(r)
palm aØa perceptive duØgur
patronage howandarlyk
palm of hand ºapbat perdition nŠlet
patronize hossarlyk etmek
palow (pilaf) tŸw perfect kŠmil, kŠmileºen,
pattern Ÿl–i, bejergi
pan taba kŠmilleºdirmek
pause dyngy, iriºme, togtamak,
panacea melhem perfection kŠmillik
sagynmak, sem bolmak,
pancake byzmyk perfidy ŠhtiØalanlyk
sŠginmek
pane ﾍ ŸØºe perform ﾍ ykyº etmek
pave dŸºemek, pollamak
panic dowul peril heder
paw penje
panorama panorama(r) pay tšlemek, tšlemek period smena(r), dšwŸr,
pant hyssyldamak, daljykmak pay attention Ÿns bermek (punctuation) nokat
pants balak, jalbar period of time mšhlet
payment tšleg, wznos(r), salgyt
paper kagyz periodic dšwŸrleØin
peace parahat ﾍ ylyk, ynjalyk,
parallel ugurdaº perish helŠk bolmak
asudalyk, imisalalyk, o–ºuk,
parcel posulka(r) parahat, parahatlyk, rahat, permanent hemiºelik
pardon Øalkamak Øaraºyk, dyn ﾍ, rahatlyk, tapa permission rugsat, sprawka(r),
parents ataene, eneatalar peaceful asuda, imisala, o– ygtyØar
park park(r) ºukly, rahat, tesilli, rahat permit putØowka(r)
parlance gep peach ºetdaly perogative hak, hukuk
parrot toty peacock tawus perpendicular dik
part bšlek, rol(r), ŸlŸº, bšlmek peal ºa––yrdy, ºy––yrdy, ta–– perplexed Øygrykmak
partial bšlekleyin yrdamak perseverance erjellik
participant gatnaºyjy pear armyt persevering tutanØerli
participate in gatnaºmak pearl dŸr, gšwher persistence erjellik, tutanØerlik
participle ortak peas nohut persistent erjel, tutanØerli
particular hususan, aØratyn, peasant daØhan person adam, kiºi
peck ﾍ okalamak, ﾍ okmak
talapkŠr, ŸØtgeºik person at the top otli ﾍ nik(r)
particularly ylaØta peculiar hususan, šzboluºly,
ŸØtgeºik personage persona£h(r)
parting hoºloºyk
pedal pedal(r)
personal personal(r), ºahsy, pilmeni bšrek platoon wzwod(r)

Øekebara pilot pilot(r) play oØnamak
personal nature tabigat pimple dŸwŸrtik player oØun ﾍ y
personality ºahs, ºahsyØet pin temenge plead šzelenmek
perspective perspektiv(r) pinch ﾍ ŸmmŸk, ﾍ irtmek, pleasant hoºamaØ, Øyly,
persuade gšwnetmek ﾍ ŸmmŸklemek mazaly, mŠhirli, mylaØym,
persuasive degerli pinch (in cooking) garnuw, Øakymly, ºirin
pester ﾍ ekelemek, sŸØkenmek garyndy pleasantness hoºamaØlyk,
pestle soky pink mawy, al, gyrmyzy mylaØymlyk
pet sypalamak pins and needles jŸmºŸldi please Øaranmak
petition towakga pioneer pionir(r) pleased with kaØyl
pleasing hezil
petroleum nebit pioneer days pionirlyk(r)
petty Øalpak, ownuk ﾍ yl, pleasing taste lezzetli
pipe truba(r), trubka(r) pleasure gšnen ﾍ ilik, hezel,
ØŸzleØ
pistachio pisse hšzir, lezzet, maza, hezillik,
phenomenon hadysa
phesant sŸlgŸn pistol pistolet(r) keØp, sapa
philanthropy adamkŠr ﾍ ilik pit ﾍ ukur, ﾍ ukurlyk, dŠne, pleat epin
ºahta(r) pledge Šht
philharmonic filarmoniØa(r)
pitch e––it, ºepbik, Øapbaºak plenty gana
philologic filologik(r) pliable ﾍ eØe
pitch a tent ﾍ asyrmak
philology filologiØa(r) pitcher kŸØze, gol ﾍ a, (iron) tŸ– pliers atagzy
philosophic filosofik(r) ﾍe plot dildŸwºŸk
pitchfork ﾍ arºak plotting betniet, betpŠl
philosophy filosofiØa(r)
pitching yrga ploughshare paza
phlegm gakylyk
phlegmy gakylyk pitiable gšzgyny plow plug(r), sškmek
pitiful naØynjar pluck Ÿzmek, ŸzŸlmek, Øolmak
phone telefon(r)
pitted gotur pluck out Øolmalamak
phonetic fonetik(r) pity rehim, puºman etmek, plug ºtepsel(r)
phonetics fonetika(r) puºman, gaØgyrmak, škŸnmek plum garaly
phony jšgi placard plakat(r) plum tree garaly
photograph fotografiØa(r), place orun, Øer, punkt(r), tarap, plumber slesar(r)
forografilemek(r), surat Ÿndemek, Øerleºdirmek, plump lopbush, semiz, pškgi
phraseologic fraseologik(r) salmak plumpen parkyldamak
place of respect dul plunder talamak
phraseology fraseologiØa(r)
place where people live mekan plunge topulmak, ﾍ Ÿmmek
physical training beden terbiØe
plain takyr, ØšnekeØ plus plØus(r)
physics fizika(r) plain to see gšrnetin plush mahmal
pianist pianist(r) plains dŸz, dŸzlŸk
plywood faner(r)
piano pianino(r) plaintive nalyºly, naØynjar,
pocket jŸbi, kise
pick ﾍ okmak, syn ﾍ gamak, zaryn
pocket money spwa
Øygmak plait sa ﾍ šrŸmi, ﾍ yrmaºmak
pockmarked gotur
pick up ﾍ šplemek, ﾍ šplemek, plan plan(r), proØekt(r), pod kšsŸk
gštermek ﾍ enlemek, planaºdyrmak(r) poem gosgy, poema(r), ºygyr
picture surat, surat plane rende, rendelemek poet ºahyr
picturesque gšrkana plane off Øonmak poetess ºahra
pie gutap plane tree ﾍ ynar
piece dšwŸm, tike poetic poeztik(r), gosgy
planer tšrpi
piece of candy kemput poetic works ºahyrlyk
planet planeta(r) poignant Øiti
pieces bšlekbšlek
plank Øokundy, tagta
pier pristan(r) point utuk, punkt(r)
planned planly(r)
piercing ﾍ apgyn, ﾍ irkin point (in a game) o ﾍ ko(r)
pig do–uz planning planlyk(r) point of view jŠhet,
pigeon kepderi plant ekmek, oturtmak nukdaØnazar
piglet jojuk plaster gips(r), suwamak pointed zšmmek
pile dšs, topbak plasticine plastilin(r) pointer dil
pilgrim (to Mecca) ymam pointer finger sŸem barmak
plate tarØelka(r)
pill tabletka(r) pointless manysyz
platform perron(r), platforma(r), poison awy
pillar kolonna(r), sŸtŸn
estrada(r), tribuna(r) poisonous zŠherli
pillow Øassyk
poke syn ﾍ gamak, dŸrtmek, pot gazan ﾍ a, gorºok(r), piti preserve zapowednik(r)

ﾍ ommaltmak
potatoes kartoºka(r) president prezident(r), rektor(r),
poker (for a fire) kesewi
pothole gazganak sowgat
polar polØar(r) potter's trade presidium prezidium(r)
Pole polØak(r) (craft) kŸØzegarlik press sykmak, gysmak, basmak,
pole polØus(r), syryk potty gorºok(r) preslemek, Øanamak
policeman milisioner(r) poultry guº ﾍ ulyk press conference pres
policy syØasat, syØasat pound bŸkgŸldemek, konferentisiØa(r)
polish taraºlamak, tšrpŸlemek bŸkdŸrmek press forward zomamak
polishing taraº pour ﾍ ogmak, akytmak, gulmak, press in Øemºertmek
polite edepli guØmak, ºabyrdamak press up against gysmyljyramak
politeness edeplilik, pour in guØmak pressed in Øemºermek
sypaØ ﾍ ylyk, edep pour out e–termek, tenmek pressing mšhletli
political syØasy pour over haplamak pressure basyº, sŸtem
politician syØasat ﾍ y poverty garyplyk, pukaralyk, pretty eØjelik, gšzel, gšrkana,
politics syØasat, syØasat Øokluk telper
pollen tozga powder poroºak(r) previous š–ki
pollute zaØalamak power kuwwat, gŸØ ﾍ, previous situation š–kŸlik
polyclinic poliklinika(r) hŠkimiØet, kuwwatlylyk, price nyrh, baha
ysgyn, zarp prices gymmatlamak
polytechnic politeknika(r)
pomegranite nar power station elektrostansiØa(r) prick naØzalamak, sanjamak
powerful Špet, kuwwatly prick up (one's ears) Ÿºertmek
pond howda, howda, howuz
powers mejal prickle tiken
ponder di–ir genmek
pox mama prickly tikenli
ponderous saldamly
pride buØsan ﾍ, guwan ﾍ
pool basseØn(r), ﾍ alpaw, howuz practice praktika(r)
primary ilkinjilik, ilkinji
poor gedaØ, garyp, myrtar praise magtan ﾍ, šwgi, šwgn,
primary beginning baºlangy ﾍ
poor person gedaØ taryp, šwmek, magtamak,
primordial ilkidurmuº
poppy lŠle, lŠbik šwmek, taryplamak
princers gysgy ﾍ
pray doga okamak, šzelenmek,
popular ge ﾍ ginli, populØar(r), principle prentsip(r)
dilemek
ØšrgŸnli
prayer dileg, hudaØa ﾍ okunma, principles kodeks(r)
population ilat
namaz print ºrift(r)
populous ilatly
preach wagyz etmek printed cotton cloth jir
porcelin farfor(r) precept nesihat printer ﾍ ap ﾍ y
porch seki, dalan, podØezd(r) precipitate Øagmak printing plant ﾍ aphana,
porcupine oklukirpi precipitation Øagyn, Øagmyr,
tipografiØa(r)
portend duØdurmak ygal
priority biri–ilik
porter nosilººik(r) precisely tegelek
prison tŸrme
precision takyklyk
portion paØ(r), porºen(r), prisoner tussag, tussag, Øesir
predator Øyrtyjy
portsiØa(r), gatan ﾍ, dšwŸm private hususy, hususy
predatory wagºy
private (soldier) rØadowoØ
portrait portret(r) predominance agdyklyk
preface sšzbaºy private office kabinet(r)
Portugal portugal(r)
privilege Øe–illik, hakhukuk
position dŸzgŸnnama, esgerlik, prefix pristawka(r)
pregnant gšwreli prize baØrak, priz(r)
komandirlik(r), pozitsiØa(r),
wezipe premier premera(r) problem problema(r)
possessive olluk preoccupied aladaly process protses(r)
possibility mŸmkin ﾍ ilik preparation preparat(r) prod dŸrtmek
possible mŸmkin preparations taØyarlyk produce šndŸrmek, šnmek,
possibly Šhtimal prepare toplanmak, etmek
post post(r), po ﾍ ta ﾍ emelenmek, hŠzirlemek, product šnŸm
postmeal prayer tšwir taØyarlamak, taØynalmak production šnŸm, šnŸmcilik,
(galdyrmak) prepare a dish biºirmek šnŸm ﾍ ilik
preparedness taØyarlyk productive guzla––y
postage stamp marka(r)
preposition sšzso–y productivity šndŸrijilik
postcard otkrytka(r) products harytlar
present hŠzirki, ºindiki
poster afiºa(r), plakat(r) present evidence delillendirmek profession kesp, kŠr
posterity nesil presentation ﾍ ykyº professional professional(r)
postpone uzaklaºdyrmak
professor professor(r) provide hospitality hezzetlemek put in lines setilemk

profit dŸºewŸnt, nebis, utuº, provided for ŸpjŸn put in order saØhallaºdyrmak
bŠhbit, haØyr province oblast put inside ﾍ ŸmdŸrmek
profitable dŸºewŸntli, provocation prowokatsiØa(r) put it shortly garaz
gazan ﾍ ly prying bilesigeliji put off uzaklaºdyrmak
profound ﾍ u––ur pubis gasyk put on dakmak
put on airs gomparmak,
prognosis prognoz(r) public ﾍ ekimli, kommunal(r)
ulumsyramak
program programa(r) public prosecutor garalaw ﾍ y,
put on weight semretmek
progress progres(r), Øetiºik prokuror(r) put out š ﾍ Ÿrmek
publicmindedness jemgyØe
progressive progressiw(r) put right ugrukdyrmak
t ﾍ ilik put through a hole štŸrmek
prohibited haram, gadagan
publication ﾍ ap etme put up germek
project proØekt(r), publish ﾍ ap etmek, neºir etmek putrid ﾍ ŸØrŸk
proØektirlemek publisher neºir ediji, neºirØat ﾍ y puzzle matal
proletarian proletor(r) publishing house neºirØat
proletariat proletariat(r) puddle ﾍ alpaw
prolong sŸØndŸrmek, uzaltmak puff burugsamak, hyssyldamak
promise lebiz, wada, Šht puke gusmak
promptly okgunly pull ﾍ Ÿwek, tartmak, ﾍ ekmek
promulgation neºir pull at ﾍ ykarmak
prone arkan, ØŸzin pull out Ÿtmek, goparmak,
pronoun at calysma, ﾍ alyºma sogurmak, sŸØremek
pronounce aØdylmak pull together bŸzmek
pronunciation aØdylyº, kŠØin ﾍ pulpit kafedra
proof subutnama pumpkin kŠdi
prop direg pun Øomak
prop up daØamak, diremek punctual rejeli
punctuation punktuatsiØa
propagate propagandirlemek(r)
puncture deºmek
property emlŠk, goºgola–, mal
punish jeza bermek,
mŸlk, goº, hŠsiØet, hŠsiØet
jezalandyrmak, temmi bermek
prophecy hadys
punishment temmi, ﾍ Šre, jeza
prophet pygamber
puny gšØduk
propitious o–aØly
pupil okuw ﾍ y, (of the eye)
propoganda propaganda(r) gšre ﾍ
proportion laØyklyk puppy gŸjŸk
prose kyssa, proza(r) purchaser alajy
prose writer proza ﾍ i(r) pure dury, pŠk, tŠmiz, halal
prospect a–dŸºŸnje puree pØure(r)
prospecting razwedka(r) purified saplanmak
prosper pajalamak purify saplamak, tŠmizlemek,
prosperity eØgilik, dok ﾍ ulyk, tŠmislik
ŸpjŸnlik, eºret, o–luk, meslik purple ﾍ ernil(r)
protect hossarlyk etmek, purpose maksat, hyØal, pygyl
goramak purr ºirrildemek
protection gorag, goraØyº pursuit kowgy
protector gorag ﾍ y pus ﾍ ylpyk, iri–
protest garºylyk gšrkezme, puslike iri–li
protest(r), garºylyk gšrkezmek push iteklemek, itelemek,
itermek, itmek, zomamak
protocol protokol(r)
push and shove itniºmek
protracted uzyn
protrude ﾍ ommaltmak push button knopka(r)
protruding gŸber ﾍ ek push over agdarmak
proud buØsanjan, gedam, pushy person itigi
sarsmaz put atmak, salmak, garsamak,
prove subut etmek, subut etmek goØmak, Ÿndemek, Øoklamak
proverb nakyl put away gizlemek, gizlenmek
provide ŸpjŸnetmek put forward goØmak
provide help hemaØat etmek put in dykylmak
Q R
tykyrdatmak, tyrkyldamak,
tyrkyldatmak, tykyrdamak
rapidity ﾍ altlyk
rapidly okgunly, ﾍ alt
rapids gatakar
raport raport(r)
rare gyt, seØrek
qualification kwalifikasiØa(r) rabbit towºan rarely ikiØeke, ØektŸk
quality hil rabid guduz rascal haramzada, aldaw ﾍ y
quantity mukdar, ululyk race Øaryºmak, ﾍ apyºyk, jyn, rash iteºen, šrgŸn
quarrel ﾍ ekeleºmek, tersleºik, Øaryº, urug, tohum, my ﾍ mak rat alaka
jetleºmek, senemere ediºmek, race track aØlaw ratify tassyklamak
sšgŸºmek, tersleºmek racism jynsparazlyk rational islege laØyk
quarrel with kŠØi ﾍ mek racist jynsparaz rationalist ratsionalizator
quarrelsome igenje–, igenje–lik rack weºalka(r) rationality ratsiona ﾍ ylyk(r)
quarter ﾍ ŠrØek, kwartal(r) racket galmagal, gowga, zenzele rattle ºarkyldy, tyrkyldy, ta––
radiance parlak yrdamak, tarkyldamak,
quay pristan(r)
radiant ršwºen tarkyldatmak, tykyrdatmak,
queen (in chess) prezi
radiate parlamak hy££yldamak, ºarkyldamak
quest agtaryº
question sorag, sorag, sowal, radio radio(r) rattling tarkyldy
soramak, ºek, sorag bermek radio center radiouzel(r) raven garga, zag
queue nobat, nobat tutmak ravine jar
radio operator radist(r)
quick ﾍ alasyn, ØŸwrŸk raw ﾍ ygly
radio station radiostantsiØa(r) raw materials ﾍ igmal
quick wittedness ŸºŸk
quickly ﾍ alt, hasyrhusur, hyrra, radioannouncer diktor(r) ray nur, ºšhle
ºagga, ºapba, ºarkºurk, tiz radish rediska(r), turp razor pŠki
quickness ﾍ alasynlyk, ﾍ altlyk reach gowuºmak
radius radius(r)
quiet domma, Øuwaº, imisala, react Šwmek
raft sal
rahat, arkaØynlamak rag esgi, ﾍ ogdan reaction reaksiØa(r)
quietly keremara rage gahar, gahargazap, Ÿz– reactionary reaksion(r)
quilt Øorgan, syramak elik, mšwkemek, ºarlamak, reactive reaktiw(r)
quince beØi mšw ﾍ almak read okamak
quiver endiremek, sarsmak rags gyØkundy, ºylha reading and writing hatsowat
quiz barlag iº, wiktorina(r) raid hŸjŸm ready taØØar, taØØyn,
quotation sitada(r) railing tutawa ﾍ taØyarlyly, hŠzir
railroad pliers Štiºgir
quote sitirlemek real real(r), tŸØs
rails rels(r)
realism realizm(r)
rain Øagmyr, Øagyº, ygal
rainbow Šlemgoºar realistic realistik(r)
reality hakykan, hakykat
raincoat plaº(r)
realize paºmak
rainy Øagynly, Øagyºly, ygally
really hakykatdan, dogrudan
raise galdyrnak, galmak,
really? hiØ? heØ?
gatalkmak, Øokarlanmak
reap ormak
raise a price gymmatlamak
rear tyl, yz
raise above gštergimek
rear part Øe–ﾍ e
raise oneself dikelmek,
reason pŠhim, sypalga, sebŠp,
gobsynmak
spwa, oØlanmak
raising kštel
reasonable pŠhimli, sebŠpli
raising deer sugun ﾍ ylyk
reassure haØkŸº etmek, hšre
raisins kiºmiº
kšºe etmek
rake dyrmak, dyrmyk
rebel gozgala–ﾍ y, pitnesi
rally miting(r) rebellion topala–, pitne
ram go ﾍ rebuff gaØtawul
ramlike (a compliment) go ﾍ
receipt kwitansiØa(r)
rampart se––er
receive u ﾍ ramak
range plita(r)
receiver trubka(r)
rant and rave basyrganmak
receiving room myhmanhana
rap tarsuldamak, tarkyldamak,
tarkyldatmak, tarsuldy, receiving set radionpryomnik(r)
recently arada, Øa–y Øakynda regular regulØar(r), kadaly report doklad(r), maglumat,

recess arakesme
regulate regulirlemek(r) hasabat
recipe retsept(r) report upon bildirmek
rehearsal repetisiØa(r)
recital konsert(r) repose rahatlyk, tapa, ynjalyk
reign hškŸm sŸrmeklik, hškŸm
recline sŸØnmek representative wekil
sŸrmek
recognize ykrar etmek, tanamak reproach gyjalat, teØene,
rein in ideklemek, jylawlamak
recollection ØadygŠr kŠØin ﾍ
reinforce mŠkŠmlemek
recommendation rekomendasiØ reproof kŠØin ﾍ
reinforced berkitme
reptiles sŸØrenjiler
a(r) reinforcement berkitme
recompense tšlemek reins jylaw republic respublika(r)
reconcile ylalaºdyrmak, reject ret etmek republican respublikan(r)
razylaºmak, Øaraºdyrmak rejoice mon ﾍ a bolmak repugnant Øigrenji
reconciliation Øaraºyk relate beØan etmek repulse gaØtawul
reconnaissance relation gatnaºyk, howandar reputation abraØ, atabraØ
party razwedka(r) relationship howandarlyk, request haØyº, towakga, haØyº
hossarlyk etmek
record rekord(r), Øazgy
relative dogangaryndaº, requirement talap
recover gutulmak, sagalmak
garyndaº, howandar, otnositel, research gšzleg
recruit pyntyklamak
ºertli resemblance me–zeº
rectify dŸzetmek
relatives kowumgarandaº, resemblance me–ze ﾍ lik
rector rektor(r) nebere resemble ﾍ alym etmek, me–
rectorship rektorlyk(r) relaxation dyn ﾍ zemek
red ﾍ ypar, gyrmyzy, gyzyl relaxed hatyrjem reserve zapowednik(r)
red poppy gŸlŠlek relay race estafeta(r) reserve(s) rezerw(r)
redden gyzarmak release sypmak, akdyrmak, reserved garasšØmez, domma
reddest gypgyzyl sabamak resin ºepbik
reduce haØallatmak, relevant dahylly resolute tšwekgel, ŸzŸlkesil,
sel ﾍ enlemek, seØreklemek, reliable Šhtibar, ynamly kesgin
Øuwaºatmak, egismek, religion din
kemeltmek, kemmek, resolution rezolØusiØa(r),
religious dindar, dini
ki ﾍ eltmek, peseltmek, rely baØrynmak ﾍ šzgŸt, ustaw(r)
Øuwaºamak remainder galyndy resort kurort, sanatoriØa(r)
reduction peseltme remaining galyndy resource resurs(r)
reed ﾍ i–rik, gamyº, gargy remedy seriºde, seriºde respect hatyra, hezzethormat,
refer to salgylanmak remember Øatlamak hormat, sylag, yzzat,
refine kŠmilleºdirmek, rememberance hakyda hormatlamak, sarpa goØmak,
Øukalmak remind Øatalatmak sylamak
reflect aØlamak remote daºlykdaky respect sarpa
reflective aØnadan remoteness ﾍ u–luk respectable epeØ
reflexive duØdansyz removal kšwek respond seslenmek
reform reforma(r) remove ﾍ ykarmak, respond to Šwmek
refresh yºyklandyrmak, daºlaºdyrmak responsibility garamat, jogapkŠr
janlandyrmak render Šbermek ﾍ ilik
refrigerator holodilnik(r) renew tŠzelemek, tŠzelenmek responsible jogapkar, jogapkŠrli
refugee ga ﾍ gak renovate tŠzelemek rest dyn ﾍ, rahatlyk, tapa,
regard Šsgermek rent kŠrende tšlegi ynjalyk
rental kŠrende, kireØ restaurant restoran(r)
regime rezhim(r)
repair bejermek, Øamamak, dŸz restrain one's self saklanmak
regiment polk(r) etmek result netije, timarlamak
region olrug, raØon(r), Ÿlke, repair(s) remont(r) result in rejelemek
u ﾍ astok(r) repay a debt šzmek resurrection diriliº
register registrirlemek(r) repeal goØbolsun etmek retell beØan etmek
repeat gaØtalmak
registration registrasiØa(r), retract dŠnmek
repeat several retreat ga ﾍ mak, ﾍ ekilmek,
Øazgy
times gaØtalaºdyrmak sepikmek
registry registratura(r) repetition Øola retribution jeza
regret ahmyr, gynan ﾍ, škŸn ﾍ, replace tŠzelenmek, tŠzelemek return gaØdyºyn, šwrŸlmek,
puºman, ahmyr etmek,
gynanmak, puºman etmek, replica replika(r) gaØtarmak
reveal oneself paramak
škŸnmek
revel keØp ﾍ ekmek rise gšgermek, (of the sun) rub ﾍ almak, oØkamak,

revenge ar, kast dogmak sŸrtenmek, sŸØkemek,
revenue gipdeji risk tšwekgel ﾍ ilik, tšwekgellik, sŸØkenmek
reverence yzzat heder rub in sŸrtmek, ﾍ yrºamak
review syn etmek, syn, tankyt, rival bŠsdeº rub oneself oØkanmak
gaØtalaºdyrmak rivalry bŠsleºik rubber kau ﾍ uk, rezin(r)
revival galkynys river derØa rubbing alcohol spirit
revive janlanmak rivet ber ﾍ in rubbish makulatura
revolution rewolØusiØa(r), road Øol
rucksack rØukzak(r)
šwrŸliºik roam tentemek, seØil, seØran
rudder sŸØpent
etmek, entemek, entreklemek
revolutionary rewolØusion(r) rude gšdek
roar gŸbŸrdemek,
revolve hozanaklamak
gŸmmŸrdemek, gŸrrŸldemek, rugby regbi(r)
reward baØrak
mš––Ÿrmek rugby player regbi ﾍ i(r)
rheumatism bilagyry,
roar with ruin zaØalamak, bozmak
guragyryly
laughter hahahaØlamak ruined weØran ﾍ ylykly
rhombus rom(r) roast ﾍ irkizmek ruins haraba
rhyme kapyØa, rifma(r), rob talamak rule dŸzgŸn, kada, hŠkimiØet
kapyØalaºdyrmak, robe don ruler han, (measuring) ﾍ yzgy ﾍ
kapyØalaºmak rock yralamak, yramak, rumble ºakgyrdy, gŸrpŸrdi,
rib gapyrga yranmak, yra– atmak, jugurdamak, ºakgyrdamak,
ribbon lenta u ﾍ urmak, Ÿwremek ºakgyrdatmak, takyrdamak,
rice tŸw, bŸrŸn ﾍ rocket raketa(r) takyrdatmak, tykyrdamak
rice porridge ºŸle rocky daºly rumours myºmyº
rich baØ rod ﾍ ybyk rumour owaza
rich in content manyly rodents gemrijiler rumoured hyºywuºy
rich in possessions barly run ylgaw, ge ﾍ irmek,
role rol(r)
rich with bol ﾍ ŸwdŸrmek, ylgamak,
roll tirlemek, tirlendirmek,
richness dšwlet ylgamak
towlanmak, tigirlemek,
ricochet ﾍ awmak run away zut ga ﾍ yp gitmek
togalamak
riddle matal, tapma ﾍ a run insomething sŸsdŸrilmek
ride togalamak roll of film pleØonka(r) run into ﾍ akyºmak
ridge ulgam roll up ﾍ ugutmak, dŸØrlemek, running ylgaw
ridiculous gŸlkŸn ﾍ, bolgusyz pyrlamak rush gargy, topulmak, ﾍ ozmak,
riding academy maner roller rolik(r) dazlamak, e–mek, howlykmak,
riding school maner rolling yrga haØdamak
rifle tŸpe– rolling pin oklaw rush out zogdyrylmak
right hak, hakhukuk, hukuk, Romanian rumyn(r) Russia orsØet
hukuk, mamla, hak room otag Russian ors, rus
right after yzy bilen root kšk, dŸØp Russian language ors ﾍ a, rus ﾍ a
right now derrew rope tanap rust pos, iglemek
right up to tŠ rose bŠgŸl, gŸl rustle ºagyrdy, ºitirdi, ºybyrdy,
righteous halal rostrum kafedra ºygyrdy, ºykyrdy, ygºyldy,
rigid do–an rot ﾍ ŸØremek ºaggyldamak, ºaggyldy,
rim er–ek rotate towlamak ºyglamak, ºyrkyldy,
rime ﾍ igrek rotation aØlanma, tow ﾍ agsyldamak, ºagyrdamak,
rind pa ﾍ ak rotten ﾍ ŸØrŸk, palak, yslanan ºybyrdamak, ºygyrdamak,
ring ØŸzŸk, halka, jy–– rotteness zaØa ﾍ ylyk, ºykyrdamak, ygºyldamak,
yrdamak, ºy––yrdy, zar– ﾍ ŸØrŸklik ﾍ ybºyrlamak, ﾍ ygºyldamak,
yldamak, ja––yrdamak, ºa– rough copy garalama ﾍ ybºyldy, ﾍ ygºyldy
lamak, ºa––yrdamak, ºy–– roughness harsallyk rusty posly
yrdamak round tegelek, šwre, tapgyr, ruthless rehimsiz
ring finger ogulhajat rye ﾍ owdary
raund(r)
ringing jy––yrdy, ºatlama
round off Øumralmak
rink taØgan ﾍ ak
round trip gidiºingaØdyºyn
rinse ﾍ aØkamak
rouse tutaºdyrmak
rinse out ﾍ aØkamak
rip out a seam sškŸlmek, route gatnawy, trassa(r)
sškmek row hatar, setir, September,
ripe tagt zweno(r), kŸreklemek
ripped Øyrtyk rows setilemk
S
satisfactory hoºal, scratch dyrna ﾍ ak, sypjyryk,
kanagatlanlarlykly ykyrdy, dyrna ﾍ aklamak,
satisfied dok, razy gaºamak, sypjyrmak, soØmak
satisfy gandyrmak, scrawny ﾍ epiksi, hor
kanagatlandyrmak scream gykylyk, nŠrazy ﾍ ylyk,
Saturday ºembe haØkyrmak, he–kirmek, (from
saunter aØlanjyramak fear) wŠgirmek
saber gyly ﾍ sausage kolbasa(r) screen ekran(r)
sabotage diversiØa(r), Øykgyn ﾍ sausage link sosiska(r) screw nurbat
ylyk save tygºytlamak screw in bintlemek
sack halta, ganar saving tygºyt scrupulousness ﾍ Ÿmhšreklik
sacred mukaddes scuffle uruº, penjelemek
savings zapas(r)
sacrifice gurban, pida
saw by ﾍ gy, py ﾍ gy, bognamak, sculptor skulptor(r)
sad gamgyn, gamly, gaØgyly,
by ﾍ gylmak sculpture skulptora(r)
tukat, zaryn
say Øamanlamak, diØmek1, sea de–iz
saddle eØer, eØerlemek,
gŸrlemek sea gull ﾍ arlak
i ﾍ irgilemek
saddle straps ganjyga
say goodbye hoºlaºmak seal ﾍ ap, metbugat, pe ﾍ at(r), pe
say hi salamlaºmak
sadness gaØgy, tukatlyk ﾍ atlamak, plomwalamak(r),
say something dillenmek
safe arkaØyn Øelimlemek
say unpleasant words Øokuº sšz
safely sag aman, aman seal off beklemek
aØtmak
safety pin i––ebagjyk, sanjak, seal tightly jebisleºmek
scabbard gyn
temenge seal with glue Øelmemek
scald haplamak
sag gaØºarmak sealed tightly jebis
scale tor, (for weighing) gapan,
saggurgun gezip Øšremek=be seam September, tikin
(of a map) mas ﾍ tab
in a good mood saggurgun
scales terezi seaman matros(r)
sail Øelken seamstress tikin ﾍ i
scandal haØØarlyk, nadaralyk,
sailing Øelkenli search agtaryº, idegsorag,
ºer, goh, jenjel
sailor de–iz ﾍ i, matros(r) scandalmonger gybatkeº agtarmak, dšrmek, gšzlemek
salad salat(r) scandalous haØØar, nadara search for gšzlemek, idemek
salary aØlyk scar ﾍ apyk searchlight projhektor(r)
saleable ØšrgŸnli scarcely ﾍ ala season mšwsŸm, pasyl, halat
salient ilgin ﾍ scarcity kem ﾍ ilik, kemlik, kšst seasons aØlar
saline ºor scare ŸrkŸzmek, gorkuzmak seat (of war) ojak
saliva tŸØkŸlik scarecrow garantja, gŠp secluded ﾍ ola
salivate tŸØkŸliklemek scarf ºarf(r), Øaglyk second ikinji, sekunt(r)
sallow saryØagyz scarlet fever hšrezek, tŠjihoraz second place ikinjilik
salt duz, duzlamak scatter dagatmat second time ikilen ﾍ
salt solution ºerebe scattered ﾍ alamﾍ aº secondhand saklanan
salt water ºorsuw scenery ØagdaØ secondary ikinji derejeli
saltiness ºorluk scent atyr secret assyryn, gizligin, gizlin,
salty duzly, ºerebe, ºor ogryn, syr, tilsim, Øaºyryn
schedule raspisaniØe(r), tablisa
salute salØut(r) secret service officer razwedka ﾍ
scheme shema(r)
samovar semawar(r) y(r)
school mekdep, u ﾍ iliººe(r)
sample nusga secretiveness assyrynlyk
science ylym
sanatorium sanatoriØa(r) science (degree) alymlyk section bšlŸm, seksiØa(r),
sand ﾍ Šge, gum scientific ylmy Øartma ﾍ, zweno(r), (of a city)
sandbank saØ scientist alym kwartal(r)
sander tšrpi scissors gaØcy secular dŸnØewi
sandwich buterbrod(r) scold kŠØemek, sšgmek security howpsuzlyk,
sandy gumak scoop susmak howpsuzlyk, ŸpjŸn ﾍ ilik
sapling nahal scorch ﾍ owlamak security deposit girew
sash bilguºak score san sediment ﾍ škŸndi, lšdere
satiate ber ﾍ ikmek scorpion i ﾍ Øan sedition bozgaklyk
satin setin(r), atlaz scout razwedka ﾍ y(r) see gšrmek
satisfaction dokluk, hoºallyk, scrambled eggs heØgenek see off ugratmak
kanagatlanarlyk, kanagat, scrap letde, par ﾍ a, par ﾍ alamak seed dŠne, tohum
razØlyk scraps gyØkundy seeded tohumlyk
seeder seØalka
seeding tohum ﾍ ylyk set down dŸºŸrmek shave Øonmak, syrmak

seedling nahal set in order dŸzgŸnleºdirmek shaving Øonuºga
seeds ﾍ itgitlemek set off ugramak shavings gyryndy
seek advice maslahatla ﾍ mak set off for ugratmak shawl gy–a ﾍ
seem gšrŸnmek set straight dŸzetmek, she ol
seem strange ge–lemek dikeltmek, ugrukdyrmak shed telŠr
seems Øalyla set up germek, ﾍ asyrmak shed hair soØulmak
seeth lakyrdamak settle accounts haklaºmak, sheep goØun
seethe ºarlamak, pykyrdamak hasaplaºmak, ŸzŸlmek sheep dung gyØk
segment dilim settle down ornaºmak sheep hold agyl
seizure kakyn settlement posØolok(r), sheep skin bagana
seldom seØrek, seØrek wadalaºyk shelf polk(r), tekje, kapasa
selected saØlama seven Øedi shell gabyk
self elin, šz seventh Øedinji shelter buky, penalamak
selfcentered šz kelle seventy Øetmiº shepherd ﾍ opan
selfcouscious mŸØnŸrgemek several telim shepherd boy ﾍ oluk
selfdoubting mŸ–kŸr sew ﾍ atmak, gaØmalamak, shepherdhood ﾍ opan ﾍ ilik
selfinterest nebisje–lik, tikmek, tikmek sherbert ºerbert(r)
nebsewŸrlik sew a blanket syramak
selfrule šzbaºdaklyk shift smena(r), (work) ﾍ alºyrgy ﾍ
sew into Øabºyrmak
selfworth namys shiftless kelesa–
sewage system kanalizasiØa(r) shifty eyed Øeser gšzler
sell satmak, satynalmak
sewing tikin ﾍ ilik shin injik
sell wholesale lomaylygyna
satmak sex pol(r) shine lowurdy, šwŸºgin,
seller satyjy shack kŸme Øalpyldy, lowurdamak,
seminal tohumlyk shade kšlege ºšhlelendirmek, ŸlpŸldemek,
shady kšlegli Øgjarmak
seminar seminar(r)
shady side guzaØ shingles demrew
send ibermek, Øollamak
shaft guØy shining Øalpyldawuk
senior ekabyr, eØmen ﾍ
shah ºa shiny Øalpylda duran
sensational ºowhunly
shake endiremek, sandyramak, ship gŠmi, korabl(r)
sense duØgy, tikeneklemek
tibirdemek, titrewuk, mŸ– shirk progul etmek
senseless manysyz
kŸldemek, u ﾍ urmak, silkmek, shirt kšØnek
sensitive eserde–, šØkelek
zagyrdamak, sarsdyrmak, shishkebob ﾍ iºlik, kebap
sensual duØgur titremek shiver mŸ–kŸldemek, sa––
sentence sšzlem, hškŸm shake hands elleºmek, Øe–
sentimentalize over suwjarmak yldamak, titremek, tibirdemek
lenmek shoal saØ
sentner (100 kg.) sentner(r) shake up tisginmek shock urgy
separate izolirlemek shaking sandyrawuk, sarsgyn shoe aØakgap
separated dyrpytrak bolmak shallow Øalpak shoe lace u ﾍ gur
separation aØralyk shallower uºatmak shoelace bag
September sentØabr shame biabraØlyk, ejap, shoemaker Šdik ﾍ i, kšwŸººi
sequin jŠjek masgar ﾍ ylyk, utan ﾍ, uØat, shoes kšwŸº
Serb serb(r) ØŸzŸgaralyk, namys, shoot tŸpe–lemek, atmak
utandyrmak
Serbian serb(r) shoot down atyºmak
shameful biabraØ, masgara,
seretary sekretar(r) shooter atyjy
wejera
sergeant serzhant(r) shameless binamys, haØasyz, shop dŸkan, magazin(r), seh(r)
series sereØa utan ﾍ syz shop window witrina(r)
serious goØazy, salyhatly, shape resmileºdirmek short gysga, jontuk, kelte, pes
ymykly shard jŠjek, gyØ ﾍ ak short poem kyssa
serious ideas oØpikir share gatan ﾍ, Ÿlemek shortsighted ºowa kšr
seriously ﾍ ynlakaØ shareholder paØ ﾍ y shortsightedness ºowalyk
sermon wagyznesihat sharp ﾍ apgyn, kesgir, štgŸr, shortage kem ﾍ ilik, kemlik, kšst
servant gulluk ﾍ y, hyzmatkŠr, Øiti, syn ﾍ y shorten gysgaltmak, kelteltmek,
hyzmatkŠr sharpen gaØramak, taplamak, ki ﾍ eltmek, ki ﾍ elmek
serve Šbermek, hyzmat etmek Øiteltmek, Øamamak shot up persala
service gulluk, hyzmat, hyzmat sharpness ŸºŸk shoulder ﾍ igin, egin, omuz
sesame kŸnji shatter kŸlpeekun etmek, shoulder blade pil ﾍ e
session sessiØa(r) mynjyramak, mynjyratmak, shoulder strap pogon(r)
set dšw, Ÿndemek, gurmak se ﾍ mek, sepelemek, sepmek shoulder(s) gerden
shout haØkyrmak, he–kirmek, silk ØŸpek skin deri, teletin, soØmak,

haØkylyk, gykbak etmek, silk production ØŸpek ﾍ ilik soØmak
zowlatmak silly tentek, batnyksyz skinandbones ﾍ epiksi
shout back and silt gyrman ﾍ a skinny arryk, igli
forth gygyryºmak silver kŸmŸº, kŸmŸºlemek skip ﾍ apmak
shove sarsdyrmak silver jug for water kŸnnŸk skip a beat jiglemek
shovel pil, susgu ﾍ, idirdetmek silver plate kŸmŸºlemek skirt Øubka(r), etek
shoving sarsgyn similar me–ze ﾍ, me–zeº skull cap bšrŸk
show sergi, tomaºa, gšrkezmek, similar to ºekilli sky asman, gšk
hezzetlemek similarity me–ze ﾍ lik skylark (bird) togaØ
show off kel ﾍ ermek simple sada, tŸrkana, ØšnekeØ,
slab plita(r)
shpere sfera(r) Øe–il
slacken haØallamak
shred ﾍ ogdan simple greeting salam
slake gandyrmak
shrewd syn ﾍ y simpleton tentek
slander ºyltak, tšhmet, Øš–
shrewdness sap simplicity sadalyk
kemek, ºugullamak, ºyltak
shriek ﾍ u–samak simplify Øe–illeºdirmek
etmek, tšhmet atmak,
shrill ﾍ irkin simply so keØpine
Øamanlamak
shrink ﾍ ŸrŸºmek, daralmak, sin Øazyk, gŸnŠ
slanderer tšhmet ﾍ i
Øygrylmak since bŠri
slanderous tšhmet ﾍ ilikli
shrivel ﾍ ŸrŸºmek since days of yore kšneden
slant gyºarmak
shudder tisginmek, sandyramak, since then aradan
slanting ﾍ asy, gyØa
diglemek, dyglamak, lerzana sincere dogru ﾍ yl, sada
slap in the face ºapbat
gelmek, sarsmak sincerely ﾍ yn ØŸrekden
slaughter gyrgyn ﾍ ylyk, šlºŸk,
shuffle garmak, pŸrkmek sincerity ﾍ ynØŸrekdeºlik,
gyrkmak
shun Øadyrgamak dogru ﾍ yllyk
slaughterer gyrkym ﾍ y
shut up dymmak sing saØramak
sing the LŠle Jana lŠle kakmak Slavic slawØan(r)
shutter gabsa
shy gorkak, utanja–, Øygra singe ﾍ owlamak sled sani(r)
shyness utanja–lyk, Øygralyk singer aØdym ﾍ i, bagºy sledgehammer Øekedaban
sic (a dog) kŸºgŸrmek, me ﾍ ew singular aØra sleep uky, Øatmak, uklamak
bermek sink batmak, ﾍ škmek sleepless bimaza
sick ﾍ akyza, hassa, keselli, kesel, sinus sinus(r) sleepyhead uku ﾍ yl
nŠsag sip gerinmek sleeve Øe–
sickle orak sister uØa slender syratly, Øuka
sickler orak ﾍ y sisterinlaw gelin slice dilim, dilik, dilmek,
sickly gšØduk sit oturmak syhalamak
sickness ﾍ yr ﾍ yk, emgek, sit on the knees ﾍ ške dŸºmek slide taØmak, typmak
hassalyk, Øarawsyzlyk site meØdan ﾍ a slide down tyrpma
side bšwŸr, bykyn, gapdal, ØŸz situation ﾍ en, ØagdaØ, hal sliding box ﾍ eker
sided taraplaØyn ahwal, waka slight sŠhel ﾍ e
slightly sŠhel
sidewalk trotuar(r) six alty
sixty altmyº slim syratly
siege gabaw
sizable gšwrŸmli slime batga
sieve elek
slip taØmak, typmak
sift elemek size format(r), šl ﾍ eg, šl ﾍ eg,
slip off tyrpma
siftings kepek ululyk, gabara
slippery taØga, taØgan ﾍ ak,
sight tirkeg, tomaºa sizzle jyzyrdamak, jyzlamak
sŸr ﾍ ek
sign alamat, belgi, bellik, reje, sizzling jyzzyk
slit yº, dilik etmek
zna ﾍ ok(r), nyºan, nyºan, gol skating rink katok(r) slogan ºygar
ﾍ ekmek skein kelep, Øumak slope e––it, Øapbaºak, Øapgyt,
signal signal(r) sketch eskiz(r), taslama, o ﾍ erk, e–aºak
signature gol ºekel sloppy sowuksala, gŸmŸrtik,
significance ŠhmiØet ski lyzha(r) sšlpi
significant bajyp, ŠhmiØetli slops Øuwundy
skier lyzha ﾍ y(r)
signifier alamat slouch telkermek
signify a–latmak, skiing lyzha(r) slovenly hapysa
alamatlandyrmak, belgilemek, skilled ﾍ eper, škde, tŸrgen slow haØal, Øuwaº
diØmek2 skilled person senet ﾍ i slow down haØallatmak, tesmek
silence dymºyk, geplemezlik skillful tŸrgen, ﾍ eper, škde slowly haØal, Øuwaº
silent sessiz skimmer kengir slowness Šwmezlik, haØallyk
silently keremara sluggish ﾍ aman
slush lŸØk, laØ so then onso– soul ØŸrek, gšwŸn, ruh

sly mekir soak ezmek, ﾍ ŸmŸrmek, soulless rehimsiz
small ki ﾍ i, ﾍ Ÿlpe, kŸlke, suwjarmak sound owaz, ses, ŸØn, ºagyrdy
maØda, uºak, ØŸzleØ, iri, soaked myjjyk– sounds sesŸØn
irlemek, ownuk, Øalpak soap sabyn soup ﾍ orba
small boned ejiz soar gaØmak, pasyrdamak sour turºy
small book kitap ﾍ a sob horkuldamak, ºumjarmak source ﾍ eºme, gšzbaº, pru£in(r),
small circle kru£ok(r) sober a–ly, sersag ﾍ eºme
small drop damdyk sobriety sersaglyk south gŸnorta
small hammer ﾍ apgy sociable al ﾍ ak southern gŸnorta
small movement gymyldy social sosial(r) southpaw ﾍ epbekeØ
small pox mama social conscience jemgyØet ﾍ ilik souvenir ØadygŠrlik
small sheep tokly socialism sosialism(r) sowing ekiº
small shovel kebze space sele–
socialistic sosialstik(r)
small stack petde spacious bšwºe–, gi–iº, gi–
society jemgyØet
smart akylly span bat
socks jorap
smash kŸlpeekun etmek, spangle u ﾍ gun, jŠjek
soft tultuk, Øumºak, myssyk
mynjyratmak Spanish ispan
soft food si––itli
smear ﾍ almak, ﾍ yrºamak spare tygºytlamak
soft milk product like
smell ys, ysgamak, (to smell sparkle u ﾍ gun, Øyldyramak,
yoghurt gatyk
strongly) go–ursamak lowurdamak
soften Øumºamak
smile Øylgyrys, Øyrºarmak, sparkling Øalpyldawuk
softness Øumºaklyk
Øylgyrmak sparkly Øyldyrawuk
soil kirletmek
smoke tŸsse, tŸtemek sparrow ser ﾍ e, ser ﾍ i
solder galaØylamak
smoke (give off sparse Øuwan
smoke) tŸsselemek soldier esger, soldat(r) speak gŸrlemek, geplemek,
smoker ﾍ ilimkeº soldierhood soldatlyk geplemek, sšzlemek
smooth tekiz, Øylmanak, sole bitewi speak directly gšnŸlmek
sypalamak, tekizlemek sole (of foot) daban speak highly taryp etmek
smooth out Øuwmarlamak sole of a shoe olta– speak hoarsely hy££yldamak
smooth woolen cloth mawut solid durnukly, pugta, ﾍ ydamly speak in Russian rus ﾍ alamak
smoothness tekizlik solidarity raØdaºlyk special Øšrite, Øšrite
snake Øylan solidly ersmek
specialist spesalist(r)
snake scales gow solitary Øekemen
specialize in Øšritelesºdirmek
snap ºyrkyldy, ºyrkyldamak solution ﾍ šzŸº, ergin
some berentak, birnŠ ﾍ e, kŠbir, specific aØratyn, udel(r), has,
snap at jabjynmak
snap one's fingers pitikilemek kŠbiri, pylan, telim konkret(r)
snare duzak, hepbik some people kŠbiri specificity aØratynlyk
snatch penjelemek somehow (or other) tellipelli specify takyklamak
snatch away towsa gštermek someone else's keseki, kese specimen ekzemplØar(r), nusga
sneak bukdaklamak somersault aºyr spectacle tomaºa
sneeze asgyrmak something new šzgeriº spectacles ŠØnek
snicker hikirdi, hikirdemek sometimes aramaram, ﾍ endan, spectator tomaºa ﾍ y
snivel yzlamak kŠmahal, kŠte, kŠwagt, hernŠ
spectile spektakl(r)
snobbiness ulumsylyk somewhat birhili, hilibir hili
speech ﾍ ykyº
snobby ulumsy son ogul
speed ﾍ altlandyrmak, tizlik,
snore hor ﾍ ekmek, hor ﾍ ekmek, soninlaw giew
Øšriº
horlamak song aØdym
speed along dazlamak
snort horlamak soon basym, hasyrhusur, hyrra,
speed up tizleºdirmek,
snout tumºuk ºagga
Øygjamlatmak
snow gar soot dŸØt, gurum
soothe haØkŸº etmek, hšrekšºe spell out konkretleºdirmek(r)
snow leopard bars(r)
etmek spelling orfografiØa(r)
snowstorm boran
sore peºehorda spend harajat etmek,
snowy garly
sorrel ﾍ ypar har ﾍ lamak, Øitirmek
so beØle, ºun ﾍ a, ºeØle,
sorrow gussa, škŸn ﾍ spend money sowmak
ºumlukda, ºeØlelik bilen,
ºeØlelikde
sorrowful gynan ﾍ ly, tukat, sphere ºar(r), togalak
rehimdar, rehimli spherical togalak
so many ºon ﾍ a, ºun ﾍ a
so much geregi ﾍ e, ºon ﾍ a, sort sort(r), sortlamak spicy ajy
ºun ﾍ a soughtafter ge ﾍ ginli spider le–kewut, mšØ
spiderweb kerep sprout ºitil standardize kadalaºdyrmak

spigot kran(r) spur debsilmek stanza kuplet(r)
spill ﾍ špleme, dškmek spurt zogdyrylmak star Øagtylgy ﾍ, Øyldyz
sputter jazyrdamak
spin egirmek, saramak starch krahmal(r), pet
spinach ysmanak sputtering jazyrdy
stare ﾍ i–erilmek, petretmek, syn
spindle ik spy i ﾍ aly, yºyklamak, jyklamak
etmek, mšlerilmek, seretmek
spine o–urga, geriº, Øagyrny square kwadrat(r) stare at ji–kermek
spinner egriji squash kŠdi, itniºik stare threateningly alarylmak
spinning wheel ﾍ arh, perik squat ﾍ ommalmak stare wideeyed mšlertmek
spirit ruh, ºŠht, gšwŸn, ruh squeak jŸØgŸldy, jygyldamak, starling sar
spirited gšwŸnly jygyldy, (of a shoe) jaØyrdy, start ge ﾍ mek, dšretmek,
spirits tap (of a shoe) jaØyrdamak tisginmek
spiritual ruhy squeeze sykmak startle ge–irgendirmek
spit gyllyk, ﾍ iº, gagyrmak, squelch ºapyrtdatmak, startled ge–irgenmek
tŸØkŸrrmek ºorpuldatmak
state ºtat(r)
spit out gagyrynmak squintyeyed ﾍ asy
spit up kŸlowram (bolmak), squirrel belka state farm sowhoz(r)
kŸluºak stab naØzalamak, py ﾍ aklamak stateroom kaØuta
spiteful hyrsyz stab with a dagger san ﾍ mak station punkt(r), stansiØa(r),
spittle tŸØkŸlik stability durnuklylyk wokzal(r)
splash pŸrkmek, ºalpyldy, stabilize pugtalandurmak statue heØkel
ºapyrdy, sy ﾍ ramak, stable at Øatak, baldak,
statute ustaw(r)
sy ﾍ ratmak, ºalpyldamak durnukly
staunch dšzŸmli
splint ºin(r) stack kŸde, kŸdelemek
steadfast ﾍ i–e, gyºarnyksyz,
splinter gyldyrgan, gyØ ﾍ ak stadium stadion(r) mizemez
split ﾍ at, jaØryk, jaØrylmak, staff sostaw(r), ºtab(r) steal ogurlamak
Øarylmak, ºakgalamak stealthy Øaºyryn
stage estrada(r), sahna
split open ﾍ atlamak steam bug, tŸtemek
spoil zaØalamak, ajatmak, stage manager rezhissØor(r)
steel polat
dymjykmak, haraplamak, stagger goduklamak,
steep dik
zaØalamak, zaØalanmak, ﾍ aØkanmak, u ﾍ mak
stagnant Øata steering wheel rul(r)
ŸØtgediji, isrip bolmak
stain menek, tegmil, kirletmek stench porsy
spoil a child sypa–serme–
stairs merdiwan step gadam, Šdimlemek,
spoiled harap, zaØa, zaØalanan
stairway merdiwan Štlemek, Štmek
spoils of war olja
stale gaty step back ﾍ ekilmek
spoken gepleºik
stalk sŸmmŸl step(s) basgan ﾍ ak
spool tegek, tigir
stall atØatak, dŸkan, Øatak step (mother/father) šweØ
spoon ﾍ em ﾍ e, (Yomud) galam
stallion aØgyr, taØ steppe sŠhra, gyr
sport sport(r) stick taØak, ﾍ šp, hasa,
stamp ºtamp(r), ﾍ ap, metbugat,
sportsman sportmen(r) ºepbeºmek, Øemlemek, (into)
spot menek, tegmil, utuk pe ﾍ at(r), pe ﾍ atlamak, Øapyºdyrmak
spotted fever šrgŸnli gŸpŸrdemek, ºtamplamak(r), stick into ﾍ ŸmdŸrmek
spout (of a teapot) jŸrŸndik tarpyldatmak, dŸrtgŸ ﾍ stick out jaØtarmak, taØzarmak
spray dermanlamak, stamped gerbli stick to Øapyºmak
sy ﾍ ratmak, suwlamak, stamping gŸrpŸrdi, patydyr, stick togehter sŸzŸlmek
sy ﾍ ramak, sepelemek tapyrdy, tarpyldy sticky ºembeºik
sprayer suwul ﾍ u stand durmak, kuwwatlanmak stigma tagma
spread pollamak, ﾍ almak, stand something up jaØtartmak stigmatize tagmalamak
ﾍ ogmak, ºabyrdamak, stand guard garawul durmak still dek, entegem, entek, entŠk,
ﾍ yrºamak stand in file hatar durmak Øalta, ºindi, heniz, hŠli
spread out ﾍ asyrmak, semek, stand in order hatar durmak stillness Øaltalyk
dŸºemek, sermek stand on end ﾍ arpaØa galmak, sting or bite ﾍ akmak
spread terror mšw ﾍ almak jaØtarmak stink porsy, kokamak
spring bahar, bulak, gšzbaº, stand on someone's feet stinker a–kaw
pru£in(r), Øaz, ﾍ eºme, suddenly (?) sy ﾍ ramak stir bulamak, gymyldamak,
towusmak, Øazlyk stand out jaØtarmak, gymyldamak
spring forth suddenly zomp tapawutlanmak stir up against šjŸkdirmek
edip ﾍ ykak stand up turmak, gobsynmak stirred bulanmak
spring up dšremek standard norma(r) stirrup Ÿze––i
sprinkle pŸrkmek, sepmek
stitch petle(r), tikin, depjemek stretch tijemek, tijenmek, subscribe Øazylmak

stitch up petlemek batlandyrmak subscriber abuna ﾍ y
stobborness kesirlik stretch out sŸØnmek, subscription abuna, Øazylysyk
stolen tala–ﾍ ylykly sŸØndŸrmek, uzatmak subside rahatlanmak, Ÿnjalmak,
stomach aºgazan, garyn, mŠde strike patlamak, pyl ﾍ amak, saØpallamak
stomp dŸkŸrdemek, ﾍ aknyºmak, urmak substance madda
dŸkŸrdetmek, tapyrdamak string ØŸp, dŸzmek substitute tŠzelenmek
stone ºŠnik, daºlamak strip ﾍ ylgym, ﾍ ykyrynmak subvert maØyrmak
stony daºly strip off Øolmak subway metro(r),
stripe ﾍ yzmyk
stoop egmek metropoliten(r)
stop sŠginmek, togtamak, striped zolakly
strive hysyrdamak, ﾍ ytalaºmak subzero minus(r)
duruzmak, (bus) duralga
strive to overpass ﾍ apyºmak success o–, ŸstŸnlik, ºow
stopper dyky
stroll gezelen ﾍ, gezende, gezim, successful rowa ﾍ, sowly, ºowly,
stopping place dŸºelge
gezelen ﾍ etmek, seØran etmek, Øetiºikli, netijeli
storage zapas(r) successively u ﾍ dantutma, yzly
sŸmsŸnmek, aØlanjyramak,
store dŸkan, saklamak yzynda, yzygideri
gezmek, (in open air) ØelejirŠp
storehouse sklad(r) gelmek successor miras ﾍ y
storm gaØ, gom, tupan strong daØaw, gurply, gŸØ ﾍ li, such ºeØle, zeØilli, beØle, ºekilli
story erteki, hekaØa, hekaØat, kuwwatly, mŠkŠm, ykjam, suck sokjamak, emmek, sormak
powest(r), kyssa, rowaØat, zaply, zor, berk, gaty suckle naharlamak
structure desga sudden duØdansyz, tarpa,
(floor) etazh(r)
struggle uruºmak tarpataØyn, zaply
stove plita(r) suddenly birden, tapba, zompa
strum ti––irdemek, ti––irdetmek
straight gšni, zowwam, dogry sue sudlaºmak
strut direg
straight toward baka suffer ﾍ ydamak, horluk
strutting gaØky
straighten endiganlamak, ﾍ ekmek, horlyk ﾍ ekmek, jepa
stubborn ke ﾍ, ke ﾍ jal, kejir,
dikeltmek ﾍ ekmek, surnukmak
kesir, ketje, hš ﾍ jet
straighten oneself dikelmek suffering gšrgi, hupbat, pis,
stubborness hš ﾍ jetlik, ke ﾍ lik
straighten out gšnelmek helŠk ﾍ ilik, horluk
stucco plaster suwag
straighten up dograltmak suffering from a
stuck in a knot ﾍ igmek
straightforward gšnŸmel cough ŸsgŸlewukli
strain gypjyndyrmak, tagalla, student kursant, student(r)
suffice garbamak, Øetmek
tagma, sŸzmek, tijemek, studenthood studentlyk
sufficient bolelenlik
tijenmek studies okuw
suffix goºulma
strain oneself maØrylmak studio ussahana
suffocate bogulmak
strained Øitileºmek study kabinet(r), okamak sugar gant, ºeker
straining dyzamak stuff nalamak, gamlaºdyrmak, sugarbeet ºeker ﾍ inrigi
straining spoon kengir Øuwaºamak, dykmak, sugary gantly, sŸØji
strange birhili, ge–, del Øepbeºdirmek
suit kostØum(r), geliºmek
strap kemer stuff oneself doØmak
suitable Øaramly, kemally
strategem pirim stuffiness petiºlik
stratum topar stuffy kapas, petiº suitcase ﾍ emedan(r)
straw sypal stumble on bŸdremek sulfur kŸkŸrt
straw colored mele stump tš––e sullen ﾍ ytyk
straw saman stunted gyrymsy sultriness ﾍ og
kelle=stupid saman stupid akylsyz, gagal, samsyk, sultry jokrama, petiº
akmak, ke ﾍ je, tŸnt, tentek sum jem
strawberries klubnika(r)
stupidity akmaklyk, akylsyzlyk, sum up jemlemek,
streak ﾍ ylgym
ke ﾍ jelik, Øe–ilkellelik umumylaºdyrmak
stream akar, akym, syrykmak,
stutter sakynmak summer tomus
ﾍ ŸwdŸrmek
stutterer sakaw summerhouse dalbar
street kš ﾍ e
summon kšsemek, ﾍ agyrmak
streetcar tramwaØ(r) style fason(r), stil(r), hil,
summons powestka(r)
strength gaØrat, gŸØ ﾍ, moda(r), tip(r)
sun gŸn
kuwwatlylyk, mydar, ysgyn, subdivision podrazdelenie(r) sunburn gŸneºlemek
zarp, berklik, hal, kuwwat,
subject tema(r), (of a sentence) Sunday Øekºenbe
mejal, tap
Øšnekme sunflower gŸnebakar
strengthen bekemek, gatalkmak,
submit goØmak sunflower seed ﾍ igit
gŸØ ﾍ lenmek, gŸØjemek,
subordinate tabyn sunny gŸneºli
mŠkŠmlemek, zarplandyrmak
subordination tabynlyk sunrise gŸnŸ– dogmagy
stress omzamak
sunset gŸnŸ– Øaºmagy swiftness ﾍ altlyk
T
sunshine gŸneº, parlak swim dŸºŸnmek2, ØŸzmek
superficial ØŸzleØ swimmer ØŸzŸji
supple maØy ﾍ gak swindler kezzap
supply ŸpjŸnetmek swing hi––ildik, hi––ilik, sallan ﾍ
support arkalaºyk, daØan ﾍ, ak, u ﾍ urmak, ykjamak,
goldaw, sšØget, tekge, yralamak, yramak, yranmak,
arkadaØŠn ﾍ, tutmak, yra– atmak tshirt maØka(r)
Øagyrni ﾍ lik, goldamak, swirl burugsamak
table stol(r), tablisa
gollamak switch wyklØu ﾍ atel(r), ﾍ ybyk
supported arkaly tablet tabletka(r)
switch off š ﾍ Ÿrmek
supporter tarapdar, tarapdar, switch over dšnmek tactic taktika(r)
Øaran, sše sycophancy Øaranja–lyk tahya tahØa
suppose ﾍ aklamak, ﾍ enlemek, sycophant Øaranja– tail guØruk
osmak, oØlamak, šØtmek syllable bogun tailor bi ﾍ im ﾍ i, bi ﾍ mek,
supposed hyØally tikin ﾍ i
symbol simbol(r)
suprise haØran take almak
symbol nysan
sure hatyrjem, ynamly take a bite tamºanmak
sympathetic dšzŸmsiz,
surety zamun take a
duØgudaº
surface keºbi, Ÿst, ØŸz responsibility bor ﾍ lanmak
sympathy duØgudaºlyk
surgeon hirurg(r) take a rest dyn ﾍ almak
synonym sinonim(r) take a view of Øaltaklamak
surgery hirurgik(r)
synopsis kospekt(r) take advantage of haØyrlanmak
surname familiØa(r)
syntax sintaksis(r) take aim nysan almak,
surprise ge–irgendirmek nyºanalamak
surprising ge– synthesis sintez(r)
take aim at ﾍ enemek
surround egelenmek synthetic sintaktik(r), take an oath kasam i ﾍ mek
surroundings daºtšwerek, synthetika(r) take apart aralamak, sškmek
tšwerek
system sistema(r) take away Škitmek
surveillance ideg take care of sagdynlaºdyrmak,
systemize sistemleºdirmek
survey syn aØamak
suspect ºŸbhelenmek take for a walk gezdirmek
suspend tŠsgenmek take inaccount hasap etmek
swaddling clothes gundag take it! me!
swallow Øuwdunmak, take leave of hoºlaºmak
Øuwutmak, garlawa ﾍ take off ﾍ ykyrynmak,
swamp sŸØgeºiklik, batga ﾍ ykarmak
swampy sŸØgeºik take offence šØkelemek
swan gŸw take out ﾍ ykarmak
swarm sŸlenmek take pains emgemek
sway ykjamak take prisoner tussag etmek
swear (curse) sšwmek take refuge halas bolmak
swear out kŠemek take revenge ar almak
swear word sšgŸn ﾍ take shelter yklamak
sweat der, hyssyldamak, take up arms Øaraglanmak
derlemek take with a fork ºaramak
Swede ºwed(r) taken inaccount hasaplanmak
sweep sŸpŸrmek, togalanmak, tale beØan, beØanama
sŸbcelemek, sŸpŸrmek, talent talant(r), zehin, ukyp
syrmak, tigirlenmek
sweet lezzetli, nabat, sŸØji, talented talantly(r), zehinli,
sŸØji, ºirin, lezzetli škde, ukyply
sweet tooth sŸØji ﾍ il talisman of camel hair alaja
swell ﾍ ismek, pakgarmak, talk gep, gŸrrŸ–, gepgŸrrŸ–,
pškremek, ﾍ iºirmek gepleºmek, myºmyº, ºiwe,
swell up gŸbermek madyrdamak, Øamanlamak
talk back sanaºmak
swelling ﾍ iº
talk into gšwnetmek
swift zaply
talkative lakgy, geplemºek
swift attack zarba
tall belent, uzyn, Øokary
swiftfooted ﾍ us
tally hasap, hasap
swiftly okgunly
tally up hasamak, hasaplamak temporary wagtlaØyn thickheaded kšrzehin

tame ekdi, eldek temptation sap thicken gal–amak, goØalamk
tan eØlemek ten on thicket lšdere
tangerine mandarin ten (noun) onluk thickness galy–lyk, goØulyk,
tangle Øumak ten days ongunlyk kŸtŸlik, tšp
tangled hair imeºmek ten years onØyllyk thief ogry, ogry
tank bak, tank(r) tender nŠzik, ynjyk thieve ogramak
tantalize gŸje–lemek tenderhearted Øuka ØŸrek thigh but
tending ideg thimble oØmak, ØŸwse
tap bulak, kran(r)
tennis tennis(r) thin hor, hor, igli, in ﾍ e, suwuk,
tape recorder magnitofon(r) Øuka, in ﾍ esagt
tense dartgynly
taper ﾍ Ÿrelmek thin out Øekelemek
tar garaØag, tar, ºepbik tent ﾍ adyr, palatka(r), ﾍ atma
tenth onunjy thin rug palas(r)
tardiness Šwmezlik
thing zat
target nyºana tenure stazh(r)
things goº, zatlar
tart talh term adalga, termin(r) think pikir etmek, šØtmek,
task mesele, wezipe term of office mšhlet pikirlenmek, saØmak
tassel gotaz
terminal polØus(r) think hard šlºermek
tassle penje
terminator istrebitel think out tapmak
taste tagam, dadyrmak, datmak
terminology terminologiØa(r) think upon ikirjinlemek
tasty tagamly, ºirin
termite tagtabiti thinness Øukalyk
tattered eleºan
terrible elhen ﾍ third Ÿ ﾍ Ÿnji
tatters ºylha
thirst teºnelik
tax salmak territory territoriØa(r)
thirsty teºne
taxi taksi(r) terror wehim
thirtieth otuzynjy
tea ﾍ aØ terrorism terrorizm(r) thirty otuz
teahouse ﾍ aØhana test synag, kšsenmek, synamak this bu, ºu
tealover ﾍ aØkeº tether da–y this side of bŠri
teapot kitir text tekst(r) thistle garamandalak
teach okatmak, šwretmek,
thank you sag bol, spasiba(r) thorn tiken
šwretmek thorny tikenli
that kŠ, ºol, ºu
teacher mugallym, halypa, thoroughfare magistral
that is to say... Øagny
okudyjy thought pikir, a–, oØ
that's why babatdan, štri
teacher (female) mugallyma thousand mŸ–
thatch sypal
team komanda(r), kollektiw(r) thaw eremek thread dŸzmek, štŸrmek, sapak
teapot ﾍ ŠØnek, ﾍ ŠØnik the back end Øe–ﾍ e thread a needle sapmak
tear Ÿtmek, Øyrtylmak threat haØbat
theater (film) kinoteatr(r)
tear off goparmak, sypyrmak, threaten ﾍ enemek
theatre teatr
Ÿzmek, ŸzŸlmek, Øyrtmak three Ÿ ﾍ, Ÿ ﾍ lŸk
theft ogrulyk, ogurlyk, tala–,
tear off a piece dšmmek threshing dšwek
tala–ﾍ ylyk
tear pieces tŸØtmŸØt etmek threshold bosaga
teardrop Øaº, gšz Øaº, gšzØaº thematic tematic(r) thriftless bisarpa
tease gŸje–lemek theme tema(r) thrive pajalamak
technical tehniki(r) then onda, hany, ºeØlelik bilen, throat bokyrdak, damak, bogaz
ºeØlelikde, so– throb syzlamak, tyrkyldamak,
technical school tehnikum(r)
theorem teorema(r) tyrkyldatmak, bŸkgŸldemek
technician tehnik(r) throb,beat sorkuldmak
theoretic teoretiki(r)
technique tehnika(r) throng ŸØºmele–
theory teoriØa(r)
telegram telegramma(r) through zowwam
therapeutic terapewtik(r) through and through parran
telegraph telegraf(r),
therapist terapewt(r) throughout parran, bŸtin
telegrafirlemek(r) throw atmak, keseklemek, zy–
there beØlŠk, hanha, holha,
telephone ja– etmek, telefon mak
honha
etmek throw stones at daºlamak
therefore štri, ﾍ Ÿnki
television telewizion(r) throw up gusmak
thermometer termometr(r)
temperate maØdal throw with force taºlamak
thermos termos(r)
temperature temperatura(r), thrown taºlandy
thesis eser thrust ﾍ Ÿmmek
Øylylyk, gyzgyn
they olar thump gŸrsŸldemek
tempered taplanmak
thick ﾍ iºik, galy–, gŸr, kŸti, syk,
tempest tupan
Øygy, goØry, goØy, Øogyn
thunder gŸrrŸldemek, ta–– tone Šhe–, ŸØn, jy––yrdy traitor dšnŸk, haØyn, i ﾍ aly

yrdamak, gŸbŸrdemek, tongs Štiºgir, gysgy ﾍ tramp ykmanda
gŸmmŸrdemek tonguetwister Øa–yltma ﾍ tramping tapyrdy
Thursday penºenbe too hem, #NAME? trample basgalamak, depelemek,
thus ºeØlelik bilen, ºumlukda too much aºa depgilemek, paØdyrmak,
ticket bilet(r) tool abzal, esbap, gural tarpyldatmak
tickle gyjyk, gyjyklamak tooth diº trampling tarpyldy
tidy up Øygnaºdyrmak top ﾍ Ÿr depesi, depe, Øokarky, tranquility imisalalyk
tie arabaglanºyk, aragatnaºyk, Ÿst transfix ﾍ Ÿmmek
da–y, bogmak, danmak, da– torch panys transformation ØŸzlenme
mak, šrklemek, kšjemek, torment ﾍ ekelemek, helŠklemek, transgress Štlemek
saramak azap, helŠk ﾍ ilik, horluk, transition ge ﾍ is
tie an animal's four legs emgek transitory gš ﾍ me
together) gŸØlmek torn eleºan, Øyrtyk translation perewod(r), terjime
tie together ﾍ itmek, ﾍ atmak torso gšwre, korpus(r) translator terjime ﾍ i
tie up (specifically gŸØlmek torture gšrgŸlik, gŸzap, azap, transplantation peresadka(r)
tie with a belt guºamak ﾍ ekelemek, gšrgi, helŠklemek transport ulag, ﾍ Ÿwek
tiger gapla– toss oklamak, urunmak,
transportation transport(r)
tight gysby keseklemek
trap gapan
tighten bŸzmek total jem
trash zibil, hapa
till sŸrmek total darkness hŸØtgara–ky
travel syØahat etmek
tillage sŸrŸm, ºŸdŸgŠr totally tutuºlaØyn
traveller syØahat ﾍ y
time zaman, gezek, esse, halat, totally halys, tutuºlagyna
travels syØahat
mahal, mšwrit, pursat, wagt, touch degmek, ellemek
treachery dšnŸklik,
Øola, ﾍ en, dšwŸr, gaØta touch up yºyklandyrmak
ŠhtiØalanlyk
timesheet tabel(r) touchy šØkelek
treason haØynlyk
timeless šlmezØitmez tough gaØym
treasure hazyna
times šwre toungue dil
treasury hazyna
timid tez, Ÿrkek, gorkak, Øygra tour gastrol(r) treat bejermek, hšdŸr etmek,
timidity gorka, Øygralyk tourist turist(r) hšdŸrlemek, sagdynlaºdyrmak
tin galaØy touristic turistic treatment bejergi
tingle ( jŸmºŸldemek
tournament tunir(r) treaty wadalaºyk
tingling jŸmºŸldi tree bag
tousle saØmak
tiny ﾍ Ÿlpe, ujypsyz tremble digden eklemek,
tow tartmak, ﾍ ekmek
tiny fishbones gyl ﾍ yk endiremek, gagºamak,
towel polotenste(r)
tire ºin(r), ejizlemek, Øadamak, galdyramak, mŸ–kŸldemek,
ysgynsyzlanmak, Øaltanmak tower wyºka(r) sandyramak, tibirdemek,
tire out Øadatmak toy oØnawa ﾍ, oØunjak, gurjak titremek, titrewuk,
tired argyn, Øadaw trace yzarlamak, yz zagyrdamak
tireless Øadawsyz track rels(r) trembling sandyrawuk
tissue paper sorgu ﾍ track down yzarlamak tremendous mŠhnet
title sšzbaºy, adalga tractor traktor(r) tremors galpyldy
toady Øaranja– trend ugur
tractor driver traktor ﾍ y(r)
tobacco temmŠki tresspass on hyØanat etmek
trade hŸnŠr, senet, sšwda
toe barmak tresspassing hyØanat ﾍ ylyk
toes daraklyk trade union profsoØuz(r) tresspassor hyØanat ﾍ y
together bile, bilelikde, birlikde, trader sšwdagar trial synag
ºŠrikli tradition dessur, dŠp, dŠp triangle Ÿ ﾍ bur ﾍ luk
toil emgenmek dessur, Øšrelge tribe asyl, taØpa, tire
traffic gatnaw
toilet hajathana tribune tribuna(r)
token £eton(r) tragedy tragediØa(r) tribute salgyt
tolerance ﾍ ydamlylyk tragic tragiki(r) trick pirim
tolerant ﾍ ydamly train tŸrgenleºmek, otly, trickery ºeØtanlyk
tomasauce tomat(r) ﾍ emelenmek trifling ownuk ﾍ yl
train a horse seØislemek trinket ºaØylyk
tomato pomidor(r)
trained tŸrgen trip syØahat, syØahat, reØs(r)
tomb gubur, gšr
trainer trener(r) tripod kšssek
tome tom(r)
training tŸrgenleºik tritel len ﾍ bolmak
tomorrow ertir
trait ﾍ yzyk trolley trolleØbus(r)
ton tonna(r)
trophies olja turn gray ﾍ alarmak
U
tropic Øoda turn inside out ﾍ šwrŸlmek
tropical Øoda turn off a light sšndŸrmek
trot selpemek, gezer turn oneself over šwrŸlmek
trouble azar, bozgaklyk, hyllalla, turn out oguºØa
Ÿnji, hasrat turn over dšrŸºdirmek,
troublemaker bozgak dŸndermek, ﾍ šwrŸlmek
troubled aladaly, gowgaly, lŠbik turn something šwŸrmek udder emjek
troubles hysyrdy, agyry, alada turn sour mŸzzermek, turºamak ugliness ºumroØluk
trough ahyr turn to ØŸz tutmak, ØŸzlenmek ugly bedroØ, betgelºik,
trouserleg gon ﾍ turn up ﾍ ermemek, ﾍ yzgmak betnysan, edren ﾍ, ºumroØ
truancy progul turn upsidedown agdardu–der Uighur (nationality) uØgur
truck gruzovik(r), Øuk maºina etmek, dŸnderilmek Ukranian ukrain(r)
true ﾍ yn, dogrudan, dogry, turncoat dšnŸk ulcer peºehorda
wepaly, idili turnip ºalgam unanswerable jogapsyz
truly dogrusy turnpike ºosse(r) unavoidability ala ﾍ syzlyk
trump ºifirlemek(r) turret wyºka(r) unbiased obØektiw(r)
trunk gšwre, hortum, korpus(r), turtle pyºbaga, pyºdyl unbutton Øazdyrmak
(of a tree) nil tutor terbiØe ﾍ i uncertain alasarmyk, aljyra––y,
trust ynanmak tuyduk tŸØdŸk gŸmana
trustee hossar, hossar tweak ﾍ irtmek, ﾍ ŸmmŸklemek unchanged kšne ﾍ e
trusteeship hossarlyk twentieth Øigriminji uncle daØy, dŠde, dØadØa(r),
trusting ynanja– twenty Øigrimi (Balkan dialect) kaka
truth hakykat, wepa, ynsap twig pudak unclear dŸºnŸksiz
try ﾍ ytalaºmak, dyrjaºmak, twigs ot ﾍ šp uncomfortable amatsyz, bijaØ, ﾍ
janykmak, synanmak, twin ekiz emesiz
synanmak twinkle Øylpyldamak unconscionable naØynsap
try on de–emek twinkling lampa unconscious beØhuº, ynsapsyz
try out kšsenmek twirl pyrlamak, tirlemek, unconsciousness ynsapsyzlyk
tubby person gipdenek tirlendirmek unconsidered gŸmŸrtik
twist burmak, pyrlamak,
tube trubka(r), truba(r) uncoordinated dagynyk
tirlemek, tirlendirmek, uncultured edepsiz
tuck up ﾍ yzgmak, ﾍ ermemek
towlanmak, bŸkdŸrmek, unculturedness edepsizlik
Tuesday siºenbe
towlamak, Øygyrmak, undecided ikigšwŸnli
tuft ﾍ ogdan
ﾍ yrpynmak under kšw salmak
tug dartmak
twist oneself pyrlanmak under duress nala ﾍ
tulip ﾍ igildem
twisted towly underage ki ﾍ i
tulle tØul(r) two goºa, iki undergarments i ﾍ kigeØim
tumor ber ﾍ, ﾍ iº twofaced ikiØŸzli undergo synamak
tun ﾍ elek twosided apbasy, ikiØanlaØyn underground Øerasty
tundra tundra(r) twoyear ikiØyllyk underline nyglamak
tune he–, he–, ŸØn Tyg Øarasy biter tyg understand a–syrmak,
tunnel tonnel(r) type ºrift(r), tip(r) dŸºŸnmek1, gšrmek, a–mak
turban selle type of illness in ﾍ ekesel understand each
Turk tŸrk type of melon zam ﾍ a other dŸºŸniºmek
turkey indØuk(r) type of tree sazak understandable dŸºnŸkli
Turkish tŸrki typesetter Øygyjy understudy orunbasary
Turkmen tŸrkmen typhys garahassalyk, šrgŸnli undertaking kŠrhana
Turkmeness tŸrkmen ﾍ ilik typical tipik(r), tipleØin(r) underwater suwasty
undetermined ikigšwŸnli
turn nobat, šwrŸm, aØlamak, typist maºinistka(r)
hozanaklamak, sowulmak, undisciplined bidŸzgŸn,
tyrannical zalym
towlamak, dolamak, tow, tertipsiz
tyranny zalymlyk, zulum, eden
Øšneliº, aØlanmak, undistinguished pes
etdilik
towlanmak, dšnmek, gezek, (a unease gozgala–
tyrant zalym
corner) gorsamak, (in a game) uneasy biynjalyk
gš ﾍ uneconomical bisarpa
turn brown go–ralmak uneducated ﾍ alasowat, jahyl
turn down a light š ﾍ Ÿrmek unemployed iºsiz
turn for Øšnelmek unemployment iºsizlik
turn for the worse erbetlemek uneven ters
unexpected oslagsyz, tarpa unsatisfactory kanagatlanlarlyks
V
unfair ynsapsyz z
unfairness ynsapsyzlyk unscrupulous naØynsap
unfamiliar nŠbelet unshakable mizemez
unfamiliarity nŠbelet ﾍ ilik, unsigned golsuz
nŠbeletlik unskilled emelsiz
unfasten Øazdyrmak unsociable Øekemen,
unfavorable o–aØsyz garasšØmez vacation kanikul(r), dyn ﾍ almak
unfortunate person gšrgŸli unspoiled syrdambitin
vaccine waktsina(r)
unfortunately gynansamda unspoken gŸrrŸ–siz
vagabond segezdan, ykmanda,
unfounded esassyz unsuccessful netijesiz, Øetiºiksiz
sergezdan
unhealthy nŠhoº, nŠsag unsuitable Øetmez ﾍ ilik
vague Øaºyryn
uniform endigan, forma(r) unswerving gyºarnyksyz
vain baºagaØ, nŠhak,
uniformly untalented zehinsiz
ºšhratparaz, howaØy
distributed birsydyrgyn untangle ﾍ šzlemek
valley dere, jŸlge
uninformative dereksiz untie ﾍ šzmek
valour edermenlik
unintentionally nala ﾍ until ﾍ enli, de–e ﾍ, tŠ
valuable gymmatly, ºaØsep
uninterrupted ŸznŸksiz until now heniz
vanish gŸrŸmjŸrŸm bolmak,
union birleºik, soØuz until one dies šlin ﾍ a
Øitirim bolmak, Øitmek
unique aØra until satisfied doØa
vanity baºagaØlyk,
unison jebislik, baglanyºyk untilled boz
ºšhratparazlyk
unit birlik untouchable sarsmaz
vanity mirror tagan
unite birikmek, birleºdirmek, untrue biwepa
vanquish ØŸwŸrmek, ŸstŸn
utgaºmak untruthful galat
ﾍ ykmak
united baglanyºykly, baglaØjy, unused boº
vapidity Øe–ilkellelik
birleºen, utgaºyk unusual del, seØrek
vapor dem
united under God ta–rybir unwaivering mizemez
unweildy gaba variant wariant(r)
universal bŸtindŸnØa,
unworthy nŠlaØyk variety sort(r)
Šhlumumy, uniwersal(r)
upbringing terbiØe, various gatyºyk, dŸrlidŸrli
universe Šlemjahan
terbiØeleØiº vary ﾍ alyºmak, šzgertmek
university uniwersitØet(r) upkeep saklaØyº, mazmun vegetable gšk šnŸm
unjust ynsapsyz upon the cross atanaklaØyn vegetable(s) iriØmiº
unknowable nŠbileØin upper Øokarky vein damar
unknowing bilmezlik upper part Ÿst velour welØur(r)
unknown bilmezden, nŠbelli, uprising gozgala–
nŠmŠlim, nŠtanyº, nŠbelet velvet welwet(r)
urge haØdatmak
unknown property amanat urgent gaØragolulmasyz, veneer faner(r)
unlawful kanunsyz gyssagly, mšhletli, derwaØys, vengance kast
unleash ﾍ šzmek, tutaºdyrmak ynandyryjy vengeance š ﾍ
unleavened bread petir(r) urgently gyssag venture kŠrhana
unlimited ymgyr urine peºew veranda dalan, eØwan
unlit gara–ky urn around sowmak verb iºlik
unload boºatmak use peØda, ulanmak, Øaratmak, verbal harmaharp
unloved gadyrsyz haØyr verdict hškŸm
unmotivated dereksiz use up harajat etmek verse kuplet(r), ºygyr
unmoving dek used up Øolgalmak versed habarly
unnecessary gereksiz useful peØdaly vertical wertikal(r)
unpleasant mŠhirsiz useless biderek, peØdasyz, very bi ﾍ ak, i––Šn, šrŠn, šte,
unpopulated ﾍ ola Øaramaz u ﾍ ursyz, artykma ﾍ, Šgirt, hut,
unquestionable soragcyz, usual adaty Øaman
ºŸbhesiz usually kšplen ﾍ very much weºe–weºe–
unquestionably ºeksiz utensils gapga ﾍ very well i ﾍ gin
unreasonable sebŠpsiz utilize ulanmak vessel gap, bak
unrest o–ºuksyzluk, Ÿnji, Uzbek šzbek
veteran weteran(r)
ynjalyksyzlyk
unrestricted erkana veterinary weterinariØa(r)
unrestrictedly erkin vex helŠklemek
unripe ﾍ ig vexed hyrsy–y diºlemek
unruly tertipsiz via Ÿsti bilen
vibrate yrgyldamak,
W
water ﾍ aØlamak, suwarmak,
yrgyldatmak suwarmak, Øaºarmak, suw,
vibration yrgyldy suw, kompot(r)
vicinity daºtšwerek
water boiler semawar(r)
vicious scheme gabahat ﾍ ylyk
victor Øe–iji water pipe wodoprowod(r)
victory Øe–iº, boluº waterdispenser kolonka(r)
view nazar waddle moØmuldamak waterpump kolonka(r)
vigilant hŸºgŠr, sak, eserde– wage war uruºmak waterfall ºaglawuk
village oba wagon wagon(r) watering suwarym
vindicate šdemek wail jŠgildemek, wa–kyrmak, watermelon garpyz
vinyl record plastinka(r) nŠrazy ﾍ ylyk watershed saka, taraz
virgin soil tarp wailing jŠgildi waterskin gowa
virtue mertebe waist bil, guºaklyk watery suw, Øuwan
virus dŸmew wait garaºmak wave bulaØlamak, salgamak,
visible gšrnŸkli wait for someone garalyºmak pasyrdamak, tolkun
vision gšrŸº, gšz waiter ofisian(r) waver tykyramak, Øygrylmak
visit gšrmegšrŸº, wizit(r) wake someone turuzmak, wax mum
vista a–dŸºŸnje šrŸzmek way alyn, tertipdŸzgŸn, usul,
vital derwaØys wake up oØanmak ﾍ ak, Øol
wakefulness ºšwŸr way back gaØdyºyn
vitamin witamin(r)
waken turuzmak waytogo berekella
vodka arak
walk sŸmsŸnmek, Øšremek we biz
voice gyl, ses
walking seØil weak asgyn, gowºak, gujursyz,
void howaØy
wall diwar, haØat, se––er ejiz
volcano wulkan(r) weaken asgynlamak, gowºamak,
wallow lŠshermek
volleyball woleØbol(r) walnut grek hozy haØallamak
volume gšwrŸm, mš ﾍ ber, wander entemek, entreklemek, weakness asgynlyk,
tom(r) tentemek, gezmek, seØran ysgynsyzlyk
voluminous gšwrŸmli etmek wealth baØlyk
voluntary meØletin wanderer segezdan wealthy adyl
volunteer meØletin ﾍ i want gereklemek, islemek, weapon Øarag
vomit šgemek, pitirdemek, islemek, hajat wear dakynmak
gusmak wanting to gšwŸnje– wear out kšnelmek, lejini
vote saØlow war uruº, harby ﾍ ykarmak, sŸzŸlmek, tozmak,
voter saØlaw ﾍ y warbler (bird) jikjiki tŸØdŸlmek, kšneltmek (by
vow kasam i ﾍ mek, Šht, ºert use) tozdurmak, tŸØtmek
wardrobe garderob(r), ºkaf(r) weariness argynlyk
vowel ﾍ ekimli ses warm gyzyºmak, Øylatmak, weather howa
voyage reØs(r) maØyl, mylaØym, Øyly, weave dokamak
mŠhirli
weaving dokma
warm up ﾍ oØmak, Øylamak,
wedding caravan gelinalyjy
Øylynmak, maØlamak
wedding gifts atgulak
warm weather maØyllyk
wedding procession gelnalyjy
warmth Øylylyk
wedge pahna, ºinde
warn duØdurmak
Wednesday ﾍ arºenbe
warning duØduryº, howsala,
weed haºal
trewoga(r) week hepde
warrant narØad weeklong hepdeleØin
wash Øuwmak, Øuwundyrmak weekly hepdelik
wash away kšwmek weep aglamak, e–remek
wash oneself Øuwunmak weeping agy
wash with soap sabynlamak weft (carpetmaking
waste har ﾍ lamak, Øitgi, yrØa, term) arga ﾍ
har ﾍ lamak weigh semek
watch synlamak, sagat, sagat weight agram, agyrlyk
watch over (lit gšzgulak bolmak weighten agralmak
watchful hŸºgŠr, idediji, sak, weighty uly
idegsorag weird syrly, ge–
watchman sak ﾍ y weld seplemek
welder kebºirleØli who? kim with spirit gšwnejaØ

well bakaly, guØy, hoº, hoº, whole bitin, bŸtin with two meanings iku ﾍ ly
ºeØlelikde, Øeri, gowy, wholeness aman wither ﾍ ŸrŸºmek, pyssarmak,
gurgun, Øa, dŸzŸwli, wholesale lomaØ sšwda, ﾍ alykmak
ºumlukda lomaØ, lomaØlygyna withered agajet
well done tŸweleme wholly tutuº within i ﾍ eri
well lit Øagty whooping cough gštsbogma without basis esassyz
well thought out oØlanyºykly why nŠme Ÿ ﾍ in without delay zšwwe
wellbeing abadan ﾍ ylyk, eºret, wick pelte without doubt ºeksiz
eØgilik, o–luk, rŠhnet wicked ºum without end ummasyz
wellbred edepli, terbiØeli wide gi–, Øogyn, gi–iº without hesitation irginsiz
welldeserved rowa widow dul aØal without permission bidin,
welldressed bezemen, widower dul ygtyØarsyz, jogapsyz
geØnŸwli width gi–lik withstand ﾍ ydamak
wellknown belli wife aØal, heleØ, maºgala witness ºaØat
welloff gurply wife and husband maºgala witty dilewar
welltodo ŸpjŸn wife's brother baja wizard jadygšØ
west gŸnbatar wiggle ﾍ yrpynmak wobble goduklamak
wet ezmek, šllemek, šl, ºalpy wild hyrawa, Øabany wolf bšri, mšjek, gurt
ºara–, ﾍ ygly wild dove gšger ﾍ in wolfish bšri
whale kit(r) wilderness je––el woman heleØ, aØal
what to do? nŠtmek wilfullness šzbaºy–a woman's jacket kofta(r)
what else dagy will (testament) wesØetnama wonder a–almak
what kind? nŠhili will you la wonderful ajaØyp, allanŠme,
what sort? nŠtŸØsli willingly hšwesje– tŠsin
what? nŠme willow sšwŸt, tal wood odun, tokaØ
wheat bugdaØ, bugdaØ willynilly biala ﾍ wooded place tokaØlyk
wheel tigir, ﾍ arh, sŸØpent, wilt solmak, myssarmak wooden hammer tokmak
tigirlemek win utmak, ŸstŸn ﾍ ykmak woodpecker daºdeºen
wheelbarrow galtak wind ﾍ yrpynmak, ºemal, Øel woof arga ﾍ
when ha ﾍ an, nŠwagt wind around ﾍ yrlamak wool ØŸ–
where nirede wind up keleplemek word sšz
where? hany, nire winding aØlawly wordless gŸrrŸ–siz
whet taplamak window aØna, Špiºge, penjire work iºlemek, iºlemek, iº, iº
which? haØsy, nene–, nene–si window leaf forto ﾍ ka(r) work hard emgenmek
which number? nŠ ﾍ enji windy Øelli work out ornaºmak
while onyan ﾍ a wine siØdik, ºerap work up owkalamak
whim nŠz wineglass bulgur worker iº ﾍ i, iº ﾍ i
whimsical ynjyk wineskin tulum workshop ussahana
whine i––ildemek, yzlamak, y–– wing ganat world dŸnØŠ, Šlem, jahan,
yldy, izzildemek, y––yldamak wink gypmak Šlemjahan
whip gam ﾍ ylamak, winner Øe–iji worldly dŸnØewi
saØgylamak, gam ﾍ y winnings utuº worm gurt, gur ﾍ uk
whip up gunuºmak winter gyº wormwood kekre
whirl gaØmalamak, burmak, wintering gyºlag worrisome gaØgyly
syramak wintertime gyºyna worry darykmak, gaØgy etmek,
whirlpool gipdal wipe sŸpŸrmek zowzuldamak,
whisper pyºyrdamak, wire sim ynjalyksyzlanmak, gaØgy,
wyºyrdamak, pyºyrdy, wyºy wisdom parasat, paØhas tolgunyºyk
wyºy wise paØhasly worry someone tolgundyrmak
whistle ﾍ yrryldamak, jŸrletmek, wish arzuw etmek, arzuwlamak, worse beter
sygyrmak, sygyrmak, dilemek, myrat, arzuw, meØil worsen beterlemek, gaØralmak,
ºuwwuldamak, ºuwwuldy, wish for meØillenmek, Øaramazlaºmak
gygyrmak kŸØsemek worship baº egmek, baº egme
whistling sykyklyk wit dilewar worthless biderek, birehim,
white ak with bilen, deºirmek warak
whitewash aklamak with an accent ﾍ algyrt worthy rowa
whiten aklamak with caution emaØ bilen worthy (of) mynasyp
whitest apak with effort zordan worthy of blame aØyp
whitewash heklemek with pleasure hšwesje–
wound kesdirmek, Øaralamak,
X Y
zarbykdyrmak, Øara
wounded Øaraly, persala
wow bŠ
wow! oh! gosh! be
wrap dolamak, saramak
wrap around da–mak
wrap up ﾍ yrmamak, ﾍ olamak Xray(s) rentgen(r) yard howly, mellek, daº
wrapper dolag yarn ØŸp
wreak havoc mšw ﾍ almak yawn pallamak, pal
wrestle gšreºmek year Øyl
wrestling gšreº, sambo year before last š––il
wretch pahyr, ºermende year by year ØylsaØyn
wrinkle epilmek yellow sary, mele
wrinkle bŸrmek, ﾍ ytmak, yellowest sap sary
gasyn, Øygyrmak yellowish saryØagyz
wrinkled mŸr ﾍ Ÿk, mŸrrŸk, yelp ﾍ u–samak
Øygyrt, agajet yes hawa
wrist goºar yesterday dŸØn
write Øazmak yesterday's dŸØnki
writer kyssa ﾍ y, Øazyjy yet entegem, entek, entŠk, heniz,
writing Øazuw, hat ºindi
written work eser yield (cotton) ﾍ Š ﾍ
wrong bimamla, nŠdogry, ke ﾍ je yo Šhey
wrong side ﾍ šwre yoghurt sŸzme
you sen, (plural or formal) siz
young kšrpe, Øaº
young and old alike ulyki ﾍ i
Young Communist komsomol(r)
young girl gelin
young people juwan
young/little donkey kŸrre
younger brother jigi
younger sisterinlaw baldyz
your way seni–ﾍ e, sizing ﾍ e
youth juwan, juwanlyk, Øaºlyk,
Øigitlik
Z
zealous yhlasly
zero nol(r)
zinc sink(r)
zone zona(r)
zoo haØwanat bagy
zoological zoologik(r)
zeal yhlas, hšwes zoology zoologiØa(r)
Contents of the Appendix
1.0 Brief Introduction to the Turkmen Language

1.1 The Alphabets
1.2 Brief Dicussion of the Alphabets
1.3 Learning the New Alphabet
1.4 Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet
1.5 Vowel Harmony
1.6 Long and Short Vowels
1.7 Vocal Transformations
2.0 The Case System
2.1 Cases of Pronouns
3.0 Verbs
3.1a- Present Comprehensive, long form
3.1b - Present Comprehensive, short form
3.2a - Present Perfect
3.2b - Present Perfect (negative)/Habitual Present (negative)
3.3 - Future Certain
3.4 - Future Indefinite
3.5 - Conditional
3.6 - Past Definite
3.7 - Obligatory Form
3.8 - Imperative Forms
3.9 - Intentional Form
4.0 Relative Clauses
5.0 Cases and their suffixes
5.1 Possessive Suffixes
6.0 The Absolute Posessive
7.0 Nouns in Direct Relation
8.0 Coparatives & Superlatives
9.0 Some Unusual Structures in Turkmen Grammar
10.0 Go?ylmalar
10.1 Passive
10.2 Reflexive
10.3 Reciprocal
10.4 Causitive
11.0 Four Important Modal Verbs: otyr, ÿatyr, dur, ÿör
12.0 Selected Suffixes and Prefixes
12.1 -çy/-çi
12.2 -dar
12.3 -ke?
12.4 -siz/-suz/-syz
12.5 -lik/-lük/-lyk/-luk
12.6 The prefix bi-
12.7 -daky/-däki
13.0 Expressing Needs and Desires
14.0 Indicating Possibility: mümkin

15.0 -dygy/ digi
16.0 Double Verbs
16.1 Expressing Ability: -p/-yp/-ip bilmek
16.2 Doing an Action for Someone: -p/-yp/-ip bermek
16.3 Attempted Action: -p/-yp/-ip görmek
16.4 Anticipated Action: -jak/-jek bolmak
1.0: Brief Introduction to the Turkmen Language
The Turkmen Language belongs to the greater family of Turkic

languages. The Turkic languages, together with the Mongolian and
Manchu-Tungus languages, form the Altaic language group. Specifically,
Turkmen is included in the sub-group of Southern Turkic languages,
along with Turkish and Azeri. Among all the Turkic languages, there
are similar grammatical structures, similar phonetics and some shared
vocabulary.
In some ways Turkmen is an easy language to learn. Unlike
Russian or Spanish, Turkmen has no genders. There are no irregular
verbs. For the most parts, words are written exactly as they are
pronounced. Finally, Turkmen's grammatical case system is remarkably
simple once understood, and has almost no exceptions.
The greatest difficulty for beginning Turkmen speakers will
probably be adapting to Turkmen's elaborate system of grammatical
suffixes, or "tag words" and learning to re-order their speech so that
the predicate (verb) is the last thing spoken. Also, many simple
English grammatical structures (such as "to have", "to need", or "to be
able to") are handled differently in Turkmen.
1.1 The Alphabets
Täze Elipbi Tkmn Cyrillic English Equivalent

Aa Aa a, as in father
Ää ‰´ a, as in cat
Bb Bb b
Çç Hh ch
Dd Dd d
Ee ?/ e, as in egg
Ff Ff f
Gg Gg when starting a word, voiced like the
English "g" in "go". Within words,
voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"
Hh Xx h
Ii Ii ee, as in see
Jj Ú… j
Kk Kk k
Ll Ll l
Mm Mm m
Nn Nn n
Oo Oo o, as in go
Öö Øø oo, as in good (approximately)
Pp Pp p
Rr Rr r, pronounced with a trill, as in Russian
or Spanish
Ss Ss s
Tt Tt t
Uu Uu u, as in flute
Üü Á¥ like u, but pronounced with rounded lips
and higher in the throat
Ww Vv w (in Russian words, as v)
Yy Yy i, as in sit
Ÿÿ Jj y, as in yes
Zz Zz z
Ññ ?§ ng, as in song
£¡ "' zh, as in pleasure (only found in
Russian words)
? Ww sh, as in wash
?? }] sch, as in fresh cheese (only found in
Russian words)
(ÿe) Ee ye, as in yes
(ÿo) |\ yo, as in yo-yo
(ÿa) Qq ya, as in yacht
(ts) Cc ts, as in hats
1.2 Brief Dicussion of the Alphabets

The Turkmen alphabet was first written in Arabic, until about
1930, when a Latin script was introducted. The Latin script was
replaced in 1940 when all Turkic people in the Soviet Union were
required to adopt the Cyrillic script. Finally, in 1995, the "Täze
Elipbiÿi" or New Alphabet, was formally introduced by the President to
re-align Turkmenistan with the non-Soviet world. (Similar new
alphabets have been introduced in Uzbekiztan and other republics.)
The New Alphabet is currently used for street signs and political
slogans, but there is a severe deficit of other reading materials.
Almost all Turkmen books in print use the Cyrillic alphabet, and
despite the national-wide trainings that have taken place, and
televised instructional programs, the New Alphabet has yet to gain
popular acceptance.
1.3 Learning the New Alphabet

The new alphabet is much easier for native English speakers to
read and understand than is the Cyrillic, and also seems better suited
to the Turkmen language. For this reason we have used it in the
grammar discussions of this text. Most all letters are pronounced more
or less like their English counterparts. The unusual letters are as
follows:
New Turkmen English Equivalent

Aa always the long a, as in "father"
Ää always the short a, as in "cat"
Çç ch, as in "cheese"
Gg when starting a word, voiced like the English "g" in "go".
Within words, voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"
Ii ee, as in see
Oo always the long o, as in go
Öö oo, as in good but rounder
Rr r, pronounced with a slight trill
Uu always the long u, as in flute
Üü like u, but pronounced with rounded lips and higher in the throat
Ww w, as in "water" (in Russian words, v, as in "very")
Yy i, as in sit
Ÿÿ y, as in yes
Ññ ng, as in song
£¡ zh, as in pleasure (only found in Russian words)
? sh, as in wash
1.4 Learning the Cyrillic Alphabet

The Cyrillic Alphabet is a little disorienting at first, since
many of the letters seem like English counterparts, but they're
actually not. The Cyrillic alphabet is also not ideally suited to
Turkmen, and as a solution to this, several distinctly Turkic
characters are present in the Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet that not
present in Russian Cyrillic. Also, several Russian Cyrillic characters
are only found in words taken from Russian.
Five characters look and sound approximately like their English
counterparts. These are:
Cyrillic English
Aa long a, as in "father"
Kk k
Mm m
Oo long o, as in "go"
Tt t
The following eight characters might look like English letters,

but unfortunately they're different.
Cyrillic English
Vv w, as in "water" (in Russian words, as v, as in "very")
Ss s, as in "see"
Ee at the beginning of a word, ye, as in yes (with the "y") In the
middle or at the end of the word, usually as e, as in "egg"
Nn n, as in "no"
Rr r, pronounced with a trill, as in Spanish
Xx h, as in "hot", but throatier
Uu long u, as in "flute"
Á¥ like u, but pronounced with rounded lips and higher in the throat
The following 22 characters look unlike anything in seen in

written English, though some bear striking resemblance to kindergarten
experiments:
‰´ short a, as in "cat"
Bb b, as in "ball"
Hh ch, as in "cheese"
Dd d, as in "dog"
?/ e, as in "egg" (almost exclusively used at the beginning of
words)
Ff f, as in "fire"
Gg when starting a word, voiced like the English "g" in "go".
Within words, voiced like the throaty "g" in "bag"
Ii ee, as in "see"
Ú… j, as in "jump"
Ll l, as in "lye"
Øø oo, as in good, but rounder (approximately)
Pp p, as in "pi"
Yy i, as in "sit"
Jj y, as in "yes"
Zz z, as in "zoo"
?§ ng, as in "song"
"' zh, as in "pleasure" (only found in Russian words)
Ww sh, as in "wash"
}] shch, as in "fresh cheese" (only found in Russian words)
|\ yo, as in "yo-yo"
Qq ya, as in "yacht"
Cc ts, as in "hats"
1.5 Vowel Harmony

One very interesting feature of Turkmen is that all vowels can be
divided into two groups, the front vowels (inçe çekimli sesler) and the
back vowels (ÿogyn çekimli sesler). Front vowels are pronounced higher
in the throat and are more nasal, while back vowels are pronounced
lower in the throat and are more guttural. The front vowels are ä, e,
i, ö, and ü. The back vowels are a, y, o, and u. The "harmony" lies
in the fact that all Turkmen words of Turkic origin are pronounced
either entirely with front vowels, like kädi (pumpkin) or köwü?
(shoes), or with back vowels, like doganlyk (brotherhood) or mugallym
(teacher). Grammatical and verb suffixes also follow vowel harmony,
being divided into two groups for front-vowel words and back-vowel
words. For example, the front-vowel plural suffix -ler would be added
to kädi to form the word for "pumpkins," whereas the back-vowel plural
suffix -lar would be added to mugallym to produce "teachers." In
short, front vowels go with front vowels and back vowels with back.
Subsequent suffix appendices will more completely explain applications
of this rule.
Turkmen has many Russian words, such as telewizor (television)
and radio (radio), that have simply been incorporated into the
language. These are spelled exactly according to the original Russian
and often have both front and back vowels within one word. Such is
true for the numerous Turkmen words of Persian and Arabic origin, such
as kitap (book), dükan (shop), and serdar (leader). In these cases,
consistent with the general rule for vowel harmony in Turkmen, the
final vowel of the word determines the vowel harmony for suffixation.
Verbs in Turkmen adhere consistently to vowel harmony. All verbs
belong to one of two groups determined by their infinitive forms: those
ending in -mak, and those ending in -mek. The suffixes for all -mak
verbs have only back vowels, whereas only front vowels will be found in
the suffixes of -mek verbs. Examples of this will follow in the
explanations of verb tenses.
1.6 Long and Short Vowels

Another interesting feature of Turkmen is the use of long and
short vowels. Short vowels are like those in English, like the a in
"bar." Long vowels simply require pronouncing short vowels for the
duration of two vowels. Often this difference in duration is all that
distinguishes the meanings of two words, as in the pairs below:
SHORT LONG
at horse at name
gyz get excited! (imperative) gyz girl
bil know! (imperative) bil waist
ot grass ot fire
öç extinguish! (imperative) öç revenge
gurt curd, dry cheese gurt wolf, worm
dü? come down! (imperative) düÿ? dream
1.7 Vocal Transformations

Certain consonat combinations are rendered differently in spoken
Turkmen than their written forms would indicate. For example, the nd
of mende (on my person) is pronounced "nn" when spoken (menne). The
following chart will illustrate these combinations and examples with
the spoken transformations rendered in the new alphabet.
Written Spoken Written Spoken
Translation _________________
n + d nn sende senne on your person
l + d ll aldym allym I took
z + d zz agyzda agyzza in the mouth
s + d ss bäsde? bäsde? rival
s + t ss üsti üssi top, surface
? + j ?? go?jak go??ak will add
z + s ss ÿazsyn ÿassyn let him write
t + s ss gitse gisse if she goes
t + ç çç parahatçylyk parahaççylyk peace
ç + s ?s açsa a?sa if it opens
ç + l ?l açlyk a?lyk hunger, famine
ç + d ?d geçdik ge?dik we passed
ç + j ?? içjek i??ek will drink
g + b gw bagban bagwan gardener
2.0 The Case System

Like Russian or German, Turkic languages have a system of
grammatical cases. Cases are defined by changes that occur to a word
when it is placed in different grammatical context. English has cases
for personal prounouns. For example: "I see him", "He sees me". Not:
"Me sees he", "Him sees I". Turkmen, however, has six cases, and these
cases are used for all words, not just personal prounouns. The six
Turkmen cases are: the nominative, used for the subject of the
sentence; the possessive, similar to English possessives; the dative,
used to show directed action; the accusative, which is similar to the
English "direct object"; the time/place, which shows locality; and the
instrumental, which is used to show origin.
While six cases might seem a bit overwhelming at first, it should
be noted that the case suffixes simply replace our English prepositions
such as "from," "at," "with," "in," "on," and "to". Also, the rules
for their use are remarkably simple and inflexible, unlike those of the
Russian cases.
2.1 Cases of Pronouns

These follow fairly straightforwardly from the regular case
endings. The only unusual exceptions being the mutation of ol to on in
all cases, and the dative pronouns maña, saña, and oña.
Nomnative men sen ol biz siz olar

I you he, she, we you they
(singular it (plural
informal) or
formal)
Poss. meniñ seniñ onyñ biziñ siziñ olaryñ
my your his, her, our your their
its
Dative maña saña oña bize size olara

˜to me ˜to you ˜to him, ˜to us ˜to you ˜to them
her, it
Accus. meni seni ony bizi sizi olary

˜ me ˜ you ˜ him, ˜ us ˜ you ˜ them
her, it
T/Place mende sende onda bizde sizde olarda

˜ upon me ˜ upon ˜ upon ˜ upon us ˜ upon ˜ upon
you him, her, you them
it
Instrum. menden senden ondan bizden sizden olardan

˜ from me ˜ from ˜ from ˜ from us ˜ from ˜ from
you him, her, you them
it
3.0 Verbs
Like English, Turkmen has a great variety of verb tenses. Verbs
in Turkmen are conjugated in plural and singular for first, second, and
third persons. As in Romance languages and Russian, the subject of a
sentence is often not spoken if it is obvious.
Following is a selection of verb tenses and forms. All verbs are
conjugated on the model of ÿazmak, to write.
3.1a- Present Comprehensive, long form
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEK verbs

Men ÿazÿaryn I write/I am writing. stem +(ÿar)yn +(ÿär)in
Sen ÿazÿarysyñ You write/You are writing. stem +(ÿar)syñ +(ÿär)siñ
Ol ÿazÿar He writes/He is writing. stem +(ÿar) +(ÿär)
Biz ÿazÿarys We write/We are writing stem +(ÿar)ys +(ÿär)is
Siz ÿazÿarsyñyz You write/You are writing. stem +(ÿar)syñyz +(ÿär)siñiz
Olar ÿazÿarlar They write/They are writing. stem +(ÿar)lar +(ÿär)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:

Men ÿazmaÿaryn = I am not writing. I don't write.
Men iÿmeÿärin = I am not eating. I don't eat.
3.1b - Present Comprehensive, short form
Translates to the English Present Simple or Present Progressive

Men ÿazÿan I write/I am writing. stem +ÿan +ÿän
Sen ÿazÿañ You write/You are writing. stem +ÿañ +ÿäñ
Ol ÿazÿar He writes/He is writing. stem +ÿar +ÿär
Biz ÿazÿas We write/We are writing. stem +ÿas +ÿäs
Siz ÿazÿañyz You write/You are writing. stem +ÿañyz +ÿäñiz
Olar ÿazÿarlar They write/They are writing. stem +ÿarlar +ÿärler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:

Men ÿazmaÿan = I am not writing. I don't write.
Men içmeÿän = I am not drinking. I don't drink.
3.2a - Present Perfect
Translates to the English Present Perfect.

Men ÿazypdyrym I have written. stem +(yp)dyrym (ip)dirim
Sen ÿazypsyñ You have written. stem +(yp)syñ (ip)siñ
Ol ÿazypdyr He/she has written. stem +(yp)dyr (ip)dir
Biz ÿazypdyrys We have written. stem +(ypdyrys (ip)diris
Siz ÿazypsyñyz You have written. stem +(yp)syñyz (ip)siñiz
Olar ÿazypdyrlar They have written. stem +(yp)dyrlar (ip)dirler
To form the negative, insert -man or -män in place of the -yp or -ip after the
stem in the above endings:
Ol ÿazmandyr = He/she has not written.
Olar gelmänderler = They have not come.
3.2b - Present Perfect (neg.)/Habitual Present (neg.)
Translates to the negative English Present Perfect (or to a negative

form of a "Habitual Present Tense")*, as such:

Men ÿazamok I have not written. stem +(a)mok +(e)mok
Sen ÿazañok You haven't written. stem +(a)ñok +(e)ñok
Ol ÿazanok He hasn't written. stem +(a)nok +(e)nok
Biz ÿazamzok We haven't written. stem +(a)mzok +(e)mzok
Siz ÿazañzok You haven't written. stem +(a)ñzok +(e)ñzok
Olar ÿazanoklar They haven't written. stem +(a)noklar +(e)noklar
*These forms can also indicate that a certain activity is generally not
performed by the speaker:
Men ÿazamok = I don't write. (as a habit)
Men çilim çekemok = I don't smoke. (as a habit)
3.3 - Future Certain
Translates to the English Future Simple with the tone of certainty.

Men ÿazjak I will write. stem +jak +jek
Sen ÿazjak You will write. stem +jak +jek
Ol ÿazjak He will write. stem +jak +jek
Biz ÿazjak We will write. stem +jak +jek
Siz ÿazjak You will write. stem +jak +jek
Olar ÿazjak They will write. stem +jak +jek
To form the negative, add -däl after the verb:

Men ÿazjak däl = I will not write.
Men gitjek däl = I will not go.
3.4 - Future Indefinite
Translates to English Future Simple with a tone of probability.

Men ÿazaryn I (probably) will write. stem +(ar)yn +(er)in
Sen ÿazarsyñ You (probably) will write. stem +(ar)syñ +(er)siñ
Ol ÿazar He (probably) will write. stem +(ar) +(er)
Biz ÿazarys We (probably) will write. stem +(ar)ys +(er)is
Siz ÿazarsyñyz You (probably) will write. stem +(ar)syñyz +(er)siñiz
Olar ÿazarlar They (probably) will write. stem +(ar)lar
+(er)ler
To negate, add -m after the stem, except in the third person, where -maz is
used.
Men ÿazmaryn = I (probably) won't write. Ol ÿazmaz = He (probably) won't
write.
Men gitmerin = I (probably) won't go. Olar gitmezler = They (probably) won't
go.
3.5 - Conditional
Expresses hypothetical situations, used like the English "if". Usually

followed by a statement in the Future Indefinite tense.

Men ÿazsam If I write... stem +(sa)m +(se)m
Sen ÿazsañ If you write... stem +(sa)ñ +(se)ñ
Ol ÿazsa If he writes... stem +(sa) +(se)
Biz ÿazsak If we write... stem +(sa)k +(se)k
Siz ÿazsañyz If you write... stem +(sa)ñyz +(se)ñiz
Olar ÿazsalar If they write... stem +(sa)lar +(se)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the verb stem.
Men ÿazmasam = If I do not write...
Men gitmesem = If I do not go.
3.6 - Past Definite
Translates to the English Past Simple.

Men ÿazdym I wrote. stem +(dy)m +(di)m
Sen ÿazdyñ You wrote. stem +(dy)ñ +(di)ñ
Ol ÿazdy He wrote. stem +(dy) +(di)
Biz ÿazdyk We wrote. stem +(dy)k +(di)k
Siz ÿazdyñz You wrote. stem +(dy)ñyz +(di)ñiz
Olar ÿazdylar They wrote. stem +(dy)lar +(di)ler
To form the negative, add -ma or -me after the stem.

Men ÿazmadym = I didn't write.
Men gitmedim = I didn't go.
3.7 - Obligatory Form
Translates to English "must," "should," or "ought to" with a verb.

Men ÿazmaly I must write. stem +maly +meli
Sen ÿazmaly You must write. stem +maly +meli
Ol ÿazmaly He must write. stem +maly +meli
Biz ÿazmaly We must write. stem +maly +meli
Siz ÿazmaly You must write. stem +maly +meli
Olar ÿazmaly They must write. stem +maly +meli
To form the negative, add -däl after the verb.

Men ÿazmaly däl = I must (should) not write.
Men gitmeli däl = I must (should) not go.
3.8 - Imperative Forms
In the singular and plural "you" forms, the verbs are simply rendered
as commands, with the varying levels of politeness as noted below.
Note that the personal pronouns are parenthetical, indicating that they
are not spoken as part of the command form, but indicate to whom the
command is being delivered.
Verb Form Translation Form w/ MAK verbs MEKverbs

(Sen) ÿaz! Write! stem
(Sen) ÿazyñ! Write! stem +yñ +iñ
(Sen) ÿazsana! Write, please! (polite) stem +sana +sene
(Siz) ÿazyñ Write! stem +yñ +iñ

(Siz) ÿazsañizlañ Write, please! (polite) stem +sañizlañ +señizläñ
The first person singular and plural forms translate not as commands,
but more as expressions of "I'm going to," "may I," "let me," or "let
us." The personal pronouns are necessary here.

Men ÿazaÿyn. May I write. stem +aÿyn +eÿin
Men geçeÿin. Let me pass.
Biz ÿazalyñ Let's write!. stem +alyñ* +eliñ*

Biz gideliñ Let's go!
*In colloquial speech, the endings are sometimes shortened to -aly and -ely.
To form the plural negative, add -ma or -me after the stem:
Hat ÿazmalyñ = Let's not write a letter.
Bazara gitmeliñ = Let's not go to the bazaar.
The third person forms are also not commands as much as they are urges
or wishes, translated roughly as "let..." or "would that..."

Ol ÿazsyn Let him write. stem +syn +sin
Ol geçsin Let him pass.
Olar ÿazsynlar Let them write! stem +synlar +sinler

Olar geçsinler Let them pass!
To form the negatives for all the above forms, add -ma or -me after the stems,
according to vowel harmony:
Ol ÿazmasyn = May he not write.
Olar gitmesinler = May they not go.
3.9 - Intentional Form
Translates to the English "intend to."

Men ÿazmakçy I intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
Sen ÿazmakçy You intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
Ol ÿazmakçy He/she intends to write. stem +makçy mekçi
Biz ÿazmakçy We intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
Siz ÿazmakçy You intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
Olar ÿazmakçy They intend to write. stem +makçy mekçi
To form the negative, add after the verb.

Men ÿazmakçy däl = I do not intend to write.
Men gitmekçi däl = I do not intend to go.
4.0 Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are formed in Turkmen simply by using verb suffixes

based on the tense and vowel harmony of the verb. Who and which, used in
English to form relative clauses, are not used as such in Turkmen.
Relative clauses in the present tense are formed by adding the suffixes
-ÿan and -ÿän to the stems of MAK and MEK verbs, respectively:
gelÿän adamlar = people who are coming

ÿazÿan dostum = my friend who is writing
Sentence structure is as follows:
A?gabatdan gelÿän adamlar ÿolda durdular.

from-Ashgabat-coming-people-road-at-stopped
The people who are coming from Ashgabat stopped on the road.
Kitap ÿazÿan dostum Çärjewde ÿa?aÿar.

book-writing-my friend-Charjew-in-lives
My friend who is writing a book is from Charjew.
Relative clauses in the past are formed by adding -an and -en to the
stems of MAK and MEK verbs, respectively:
gelen adamlar = those who came

ÿazan dostum = my friend who has written
Sentence structure is as follows:
Tejenden gelen adamlar köp iÿdiler.

Tejen-from-came-people-much-they ate
The people who came from Tejen ate a lot.
Bu kitaby okanlar ony gowy diÿip tapdylar.

This-book-read (plural)-it-good-that-they found
Those who read this book found it (to be) good.
In the future tense, the definite future forms of the verb (-jak and
-jek) form the relative clauses. There are no unique suffixes:
Biziñ klasymyzy okatjak mugallym Eÿrandan geldi.

to-our-class-will teach-teacher-from Iran-came
The teacher who will teach our class came from Iran.
Gökdepä gitjek okuwçylar duralgasynda gara?yp durlar.

to Geok Depe-will go-students-stop-at-are waiting
The students who will go to Geok Depe are waiting at the stop.
5.0 Cases and their suffixes
Vowel Endings Consonant Endings
Nomnative --- (no change) --- (no change)

pagta - cotton gazan - pot
Gök Depe - Goek Depe (a kä?ir - carrot(s)
town)
Possessive nyñ, niñ (nuñ, nüñ) yñ, iñ (uñ, üñ)
pagtanyñ - ˜ cotton's gazanyñ- ˜ pot's
Gök Depeniñ- ˜ Goek kä?iriñ- ˜ carrots's
Depe's
Dative -a,-ä or -na, -ne -a, -e
pagta - ˜ to cotton gazana- ˜ to the pot
Gök Depä- ˜ to Goek Depe kä?ire- ˜ to the carrots
Accusative ny, ni y, i
pagtany - ˜ the cotton gazany- ˜ the pot (d.o.)
(direct ob.) kä?iri- ˜ the carrot(s)
Gök Depeni- ˜ Goek Depe (d.o.)
(d.o.)
Time/Place da, de or nda, nde da, de

pagtada- ˜ in cotton gazanda- ˜ in the pot
Gök Depede- ˜ in Goek kä?irde- ˜ in carrots
Depe
Instrumental dan, den or ndan, nden dan, den
pagtadan - ˜ from cotton gazandan- ˜ from the pot
Gök Depeden- ˜ from Goek kä?irden- ˜ from carrots
Depe
The Nominative Case answers Kim? Who?, Näme? What? , Nire? Where? It is used
for the subject of the sentence and sometimes for non-specific direct objects.
Gök Depe gowy. = Goek Depe is nice.
The Possessive Case answers Kimiñ? Whose?, Nämäniñ? Of what? , Niräniñ? Of

where? Itis usually used to show simple possessive relationships. Gök
Depeniñ häkimligi = Goek Depe's mayor's office. However, it is sometimes used
in ways unfamiliar to English speakers, most notably in prepositional
contexts: Gök Depeniñ ÿanynda = by Goek Depe, near Goek Depe.
The Dative Case answers Kime? To whom?, Nämä? Towards what? To what end? ,
Nirä? To where? It describes a motion directed toward something. Bu awtobus
Gök Depä gitÿär = This bus is going to Goek Depe. It also describes abstract
direction. Maña çaÿ gerek = Tea is necessary to me. (I need tea.) Please
note how the final vowels change in the following examples: (Türkmenba?y) Bu
awtobus Türkmenba?a gidÿär. (Mary) Bu awtobus Mara gidÿär. (Çüli) Bu awtobus
Çülä gidÿär.
The Accusative Case answers Kimi? Who?, Nämäni? What? , Niräni? Where? It is
used for direct objects – things that are acted upon by the verb of the
sentence. Men kä?iri kesÿärin. = I'm cutting the carrots. It carries the
specificity of an English "the" and is only used when the object is definite.
The Time/Place Case answers Kimde? Upon whom?, Nämede? At what? , Nirede?
Where? At what place? It translate to English in various ways depending on
the context. Gök Depede ÿa?aÿaryn = I live in Goek Depe. Mende çaÿ ÿok = I
don't have any tea. (on me)
The Instrumental Case answers Kimden? From who?, Nämeden? From what? ,
Nireden? From where? Like the English "from" it can be used to describe both
physical origin, and more abstract concepts of origin. Bu köÿnek Gök
Depeden/pagtadan. = This dress is from Goek Depe/ made from cotton.
5.1 Possessive Suffixes

Unlike English, the Turkmen language also adds a suffix to the
object of possession. This may at times be redundant (Meniñ kakam
geldi. = My father-(my) came.) but often the possessive participle is
omitted (Kakam geldi. = Father-(my) came.) so the suffix alone shows
possession.
Vowel ending Consonant Ending Vowel ending Consonant Ending

My My Our Our
-m -ym, -im (-um, üm) -myz, -miz -ymyz, -imiz
kakam, my father balykym, my fish kakamyz, our (-umyz, ümiz)
ejem, my mother itim, my dog father balykymyz, our
ejemiz, our mother fish
itimiz, our dog
Your (sing, Your (sing, Your (plural, Your (plural,

informal) informal) formal) formal)
-ñ -yñ, -iñ (-uñ, üñ) -ñyz, ñiz -yñyz, -iñiz
kakañ, your father balykyñ, your fish kakañyz, your (-uñyz, üñiz)
ejeñ, your mother itiñ, your dog father balykyñyz, your
ejeñiz, your fish
mother itiñiz, your dog
His, her, its His, her, its Their Their

-sy, -si -y, -i -sy, -si y, -i
kakasy, her father balyky, his fish kakasy, their balyky, their fish
ejesi, her mother iti, his dog father iti, their dog
ejesi, their
mother
6.0 The Abs ol ut e Pose ss ive
meniñki mine biziñki ours

seniñki yours siziñki yours
onuñky his/hers/its olaryñky theirs
kimiñki whose? Jereniñki Jeren's
Bu meniñ kitabym =this is my book

Bu kitab meniñki =this book is mine
7.0 Nou ns in Dire ct Rel ati on

Turkmen contains certain pairs of nouns that are in "direct
relation," or which together illustrate a concept, exist without
use of the posessive suffixes. For example, the general concept
of "bus stop" is rendered as awtobus duralgasy , whereas the
posessive awtobusyñ duralgasy would indicate "one bus's stop." In
these direct relation pairs, the first noun, in its nominative
form, acts more as an adjective than a noun, specifying the
genreal meaning of the two-word concept. Other examples are as
such:
ma?yn ÿagy=motor oil (ma?ynyñ ÿagy=one car's oil)
miwe sogy=fruit juice (miweniñ sogy=one fruit's juice)
ÿylan deresi =snakeskin (ÿylanyñ deresi=that snake's skin)
mekdep howlysy=schoolyard (mekdebiñ howlysy =a school's yard)
Note that the second noun is in its "posessed" form with the appropriate
-i, -y, -si, or -sy ending.
8.0 Coparatives & Superlatives
To form the comparative, the -dan/den suffix (than) is added to the noun
being compared, and the suffix -rak or -räk is then added to the adjective.
As in the following examples, the -rak/räk ending is not mandatory:
Bu üzümler ?ol üzümlerden süÿji

Bu üzümler ?ol üzümlerden süÿjiräk = These grapes are sweeter than those
grapes
The -rak/räk ending can be used to indicate a comparitive idea without

the actual comparative structure:
Olaryñ köÿnekleri kelteräk = Their dresses are (generally) shorter.
To form the superlative, the words iñ or has (most) are added before the
adjective:
Maral meniñ iñ gowy okuwçym = Maral is my best pupil.
Bu ma?ynlardan seniñki has owadan = Of all these cars yours is the most
beautiful.
Sekizinji klaslaryñ iñ ökde okuwçylaryny saÿla = Choose the most

talented pupils of the eighth grade.
9.0 Some Unusual Structures in Turkmen Grammar
A. Comparisons "As... as"
Your hat is as expensive as hers. =

Seniñ ?lÿapañ hem onuñky ÿaly gymmat.
Your hat and hers as expensive.
Your dog is as big as his. =

Seniñ itiñ hem onuñky ÿaly uly.
Your dog and his as big.
Their students are as good as ours. =

Onuñ owkuwçylar hem biziñki ÿaly gowy.
Their students and ours as good.
B. I (verb) (noun) to (verb)
I want him to come. =

Onuñ gelmegini isleÿärin.
His to come I want.
She wants you to listen. =

Ol seniñ e?itmegiñi isleÿär.
She your to listen wants.
I was asking her to do so. =

Onuñ ?eÿle etmegini haÿy? edÿärdim.
Her so to do I was asking.
I want him to come. =

Onuñ gelmegini isleÿärin.
His coming I want.
10.0 Go?y lm al ar
Letters, go?ylmalar , are added to verbs to change their function.
10.1 : Pass iv e
Adding these go?ylmalar changes the verb to passive voice where

the doer of the sentence is unspoken.
-yl/- il; -ul/ - ül; - l
Meniñ ejem uly halyny dokady.=

My mother made/wove a big carpet.
?u haly ÿüñden dokyldy. =
This carpet was made/woven from wool.
?u ÿyl iki ÿazyjy täze hekaÿalary döretdiler.

This year two writers created new stories.
¥añy-ÿakynda ?äherimiz hakynda täze go?gy döretildi. =
A new poem was written about our city.
10.2 : Refl ex iv e
Adding these go?ylmalar make the verb reflexive where the action
of the sentence has its effect on the person or thing that does
the action.
-yn/- in; -un/ - ün; - n
Günde meniñ joralarymy görÿärin. =

I see my girlfriends everyday.
Ol i?e gidip görenip gaÿtdy.=
He went to work, showed himself and left.
Kakam paltany ma?yna söÿedi.=

My father leaned the axe against the car.
Men ardamyny diwara söÿendym. =
I leaned my back against the wall.
10.3 : Reci pr oc al
Adding these go?ylmalar make the verb exchanged between two people
or groups, or given and recieved in return.
-y?/ - i?; - u?/ü ?; - ?
Maral jigisini gyjaklady. =

Maral hugged her little brother/sister.
Dostlar gyjakla?dylar we og?a?dylar. =
The friends hugged and kissed each other.
Sen Selbini gördüñmi? =

Did you see Selbi?
Biz göre?ip salamla?dyk.=
We saw and greeted each other.

10.4 : Caus it iv e
Adding these go?ylmalar makes the subject of the verb also the
cause of an action or state.
-dyr /- dir; - dur/ - dür ;- yr/- ir; - ur/- ür; -uz, - üz; - ar/- er;
-der /- dar; - t
Men ?u kitap bilen gyzyklanamok. =

I am not interested in this book.
Meniñ mugallymym maña Türkmen go?gularany öwrenmäge
gyzyklandyrdy. -
My teacher got me interested in Turkmen poetry.
Mergen öÿe gelip derrew yatdy. =

Mergen came home and went to sleep right away.
Gül?at çagalaryny giç ÿatardy. =
Gulshat put her children to bed late.
Men Ainabady görenimde güldim. =

When I saw Ainabat, I laughed.
Ol gülkunçli dege?me aÿdanynda dostlaryny gülderdi.
He made his friends laugh when he told a funny joke.
Men ÿerde çökip gülleri ni çöpledim. =

I knelt on the ground and picked flowers.
Çopan düÿäni çökerdi. =
The shepherd made the camel kneel down.
Tomsuna hemme adama ir turÿar. =

Everyone gets up/wakes up early in the summer.
Sagat onda maña turuzsana! =
Wake me up at 10 o'clock!
Ol i?ini etdi.=
He did the work.
Ol meni holynda i?letdi.=
He made me work in the yard.
Only görmek=to see uses go?ylma -kez in its causitive form:
Olar bizi köçede gördiler. =

They saw us on the street.
Men suratlarymy jorama görkezÿärin. =
I am showing my friend my pictures.
11.0 Four Imp or ta nt Mod al Verb s : otyr, ÿat yr , dur, ÿör
Four verbs in Turkmen, oturmak, ÿatmak, durmak, and ÿörmek ,

have special 3rd person singular forms, otyr, ÿatyr, dur, and ÿör,
respectively, that can be used alone or with compound verb
structures to indicate a continuous action or the physical
position of something. Personal endings are added to these 3rd
person forms as such:
men otyryn men ÿatyrn men durun

sen otyrsyñ sen ÿatyrsyñ sen dursuñ
ol otyr ol ÿatyr ol dur
biz otyrys biz ÿatyrys biz durus
siz otyrsyñyz siz ÿatyrsyñyz siz dursuñyz
olar oyrlar olar ÿatyrlar olar durlar
*The 3rd person singular, ÿör, is used alone only in certain

regional dialects.
Examples of the use of the three above forms are as follows:
Myrat ?u wagt ÿatyr=Myrat is sleeping now.
Meniñ dostum mugallymlar jaÿynda otyr=My friend is sitting in

the teachers' room.
Ma?ynym mekdebiñiziñ öñünde dur=My car is in front of your

school.
In compound structures, these verbs' meanings are retained

only in that they indicate the position of the doer of the action:
Ol okap ÿatyr=He is reading. (while lying down)
Men çaÿ içip otyryn =I'm drinking tea. (while seated)
Ol taÿda toÿ gidip dur=There's a party going on over there.

(in one place)
Sag-aman i?läp ÿörsiñizmi? =Are you (safely) working?

(continuously)
Physical objects capable of continuous action but not

movement such as cars, refrigerators, electricity, and
televisions, use dur in compound structures:
Swet ÿanyp dur=The lights are on.

Holodilnik i?läp dur=The refrigerator is running.
Duhowka ÿanyp dur=The oven is hot (on).
12.0 Sele ct ed Suf fi xe s and Pre fi xe s
12.1 : - çy/- çi
The suffix -çy or -çi, according to vowel harmony, functions like

-ist or -er in English to denote occupation, profession, or
position.
i? work i?çi worker

okuw school okuwçy pupil
In certain cases where the verbs are made into nouns, the suffix
becomes -jy or -ji:
diñlemek to listen diñleÿji listener

okamak to read okaÿjy reader
ÿasamak to craft ÿasaÿjy master
12.2 : - dar
The suffix, -dar can make personal nouns out of other nouns. It
is unaffected by vowel harmony.
bergi debt bergidar debtor

tarap side tarapdar supporter
12.3 : - ke?
The suffix -ke? personalizes certain nouns indicative of a

particular cistom or habit.
gybat gossip gybatke? gossipper

nas chewing tobacco naske? tobacco chewer
(habitual)
çilim cigarette çilimke? smoker
12.4 : - siz/ - suz /- syz
The suffixes -siz, -suz, or -syz, according to vowel harmony, mean

without or un-.
tertip order tertipsiz disorderly

howp danger howpsuz secure
jan spirit jansyz inanimate
12.5 : - lik/ - lük /- lyk/ - luk
These suffixes function to create abstract nouns, like -hood,

-ness, or -ity in English. They adhere to vowel harmony.
gözel beautiful gözellik beauty

köp much, many köplük collective
çaga child çagalyk childhood
dost friend dostluk friendship
These suffixes can also make nouns and adjectives from numerical
expressions.
bä? five bä?lik five-Manat note

bir ÿyl one year bir ÿyllyk a year's worth
on üç thirteen on üçlük bus #13
These suffixes make nouns and adjectives which show purpose.
gün day gündelik diary

ÿetmek to suffice ÿeterlik enough
el hand ellik glove
12.6 : The pre fi x bi-
The prefix bi- expresses the idea of without-. It does not

affect, nor is subject to, vowel harmony.
tarap side bitarap neutral

günä sin bigünä innocent
The above forms can then combine with the -lik/-lük/-lyk/-luk

forms to form nouns.
bitaraplyk neutrality
bigünälik innocence
12.7 : - daky /- däki
These suffixes adhere to the rules of vowel harmony and act as

adjective clauses do in English, as in the following examples:
Men ?ol kinodaky gyzy halamok.

I don't like the girl in that film.
Tejendäki mugallymlar biziñ ÿygnagymyza gelÿärler.

The teachers from Tejen are coming to our meeting.
A?gabatdaky çörek biziñkiden gowy.

The bread in Ashgabat is better than ours.
Öÿüñizdäkilere köp salam aÿt!

Say "hi" to those at your house.
10njy "A" klasdaky okuwçylaryñ tertibi gowy däl.

The pupils of the 10th "A" class are not well behaved.
Eliñdäkini aÿyr!
Get rid of what's in your hand!
Parkyñ içindäki gazly suw ?äherimiziñ iñ gowysy.

The juice in the park is the best in our city.
Mekdebiñ ÿanyndaky howlyda toÿ bar.

There's a party in the yard next to the school.
Men ?u köÿnekdäki ÿakany gowy görÿärin.

I like the yoke (collar) of this dress.
Öten ÿyldaky hasyl bu ÿylydakydan köpdi.

Last year's harvest was more than this year's.
13.0 Expr es si ng Nee ds and Desi re s
Although in Turkmen there is a way to express a wish to do

something that parallels the English use of infinitives, such as
Men çaÿ içmek isleÿärin (I want to drink tea), a far more common
way to express desires involves a construction unlike any in
English, utilizing the verb gelmek as a helping verb: Meniñ çaÿ
içesim gelÿär (My-tea-drinking-comes).This would roughly translate
as "I want to drink tea." or "I feel like drinking tea." The main
verb içmek has the personal ending -esim added to the stem, with
gelmek in the 3rd person singular, gelÿär. Note the use of
posessive pronouns rather than personal pronouns in the following
charts:
-mak verbs
meniñ ÿat-asym gelÿär I'd like to sleep

seniñ ÿat-asyñ gelÿär You'd like to sleep
onuñ ÿat-asy gelÿär He'd like to sleep
biziñ ÿat-asymyz gelÿär We'd like to sleep
siziñ ÿat-asyñyz gelÿär You'd like to sleep
olaryñ ÿat-asy gelÿär They'd like to sleep
-mek verbs
meniñ iç-esim gelÿär I'd like to drink

seniñ iç-esiñ gelÿär You'd like to drink
onuñ iç-esi gelÿär He'd like to drink
biziñ iç-esimiz gelÿär We'd like to drink
siziñ iç-esiñiz gelÿär You'd like to drink
olaryñ iç-esi gelÿär They'd like to drink
The negative is formed by changing the gelÿär to gelmeÿär or

gelenok:
Meniñ hiç zady iÿesim gelenok. I don't feel like eating
anything.
The past tense is also possible, as such:

Meniñ bir zady bilesim geldi. I wanted to know something.
14.0 Indi ca ti ng Pos si bi lit y: müm ki n
The word mümkin is used to indicate possibility or to ask

permission for an action, using infinitive verbs, such as:
Çilim çekmek mümkinmi? Is it possible to smoke? (May I

smoke?)
Girmek mümkinmi? May I come in?
Jañ etmek mümkinmi? May I make a call?
Grammatically, it can be used to signify "may" or "might," as

in:
Men ertir siziñ mekdebiñize geläÿmegim mümkin.

I might come to your school tomorrow.
Men hat ÿazaÿmagym mümkin.

I might write a leter.
-mak verbs
men ÿaz-aÿmagym mümkin I might write

sen ÿaz-aÿmagyñ mümkin you might write
ol ÿaz-aÿmagy mümkin he/she might write
biz ÿaz-aÿmagymyz mümkin we might write
siz ÿaz-aÿmagyñyz mümkin you might write
olar ÿaz-aÿmagy mümkin they might write
-mek verbs
men gel-äÿmegim mümkin I might come

sen gel-äÿmegiñ mümkin you might come
ol gel-äÿmegi mümkin he/she might come
biz gel-äÿmegimiz mümkin we might come
siz gel-äÿmegiñiz mümkin you might come
olar gel-äÿmegi mümkin they might come
The negative is formed as such:
Men ertir mekdebiñize gelmezligim mümkin.

I might not come to your school tomorrow.
Men hat ÿazmazlygym mümkin.

I might not write a letter.
-mak verbs
men ÿaz-mazlygym mümkin I might write

sen ÿaz-mazlygyñ mümkin you might write
ol ÿaz-mazlygy mümkin he/she might write
biz ÿaz-mazlygymyz mümkin we might write
siz ÿaz-mazlygyñyz mümkin you might write
olar ÿaz-mazlygy mümkin they might write
-mek verbs
men gel-mezligim mümkin I might come

sen gel-mezligiñ mümkin you might come
ol gel-mezligi mümkin he/she might come
biz gel-mezligimiz mümkin we might come

siz gel-mezligiñiz mümkin you might come
olar gel-mezligi mümkin they might come
15.0 -dyg y/ dig i
Men oña alty-da geljekdigimi aÿtdym.

I told him I would come at 6:00.
Siz maña näme isleÿändigiñizi aÿdyñ.

Tell me what you want.
Ol maña köp zat öwrenÿändigini aÿtdy.

He told me he's learning a lot.
Ol maña seniñ gelendigiñi aÿtdy.

She told me that you came (had come).
Köwü?iñ bahasynyñ näçcdigini aÿdyp biljekmi?

Can you tell me how much your shoes cost?
Mugallymyñ nirededigini bilÿärsiñmi?

Do you know where the teacher is?
Men ol gyzyñ menden ulydygyny bilÿärin.

I know that girl is taller than I.
Men seniñ kitabyñ meniñkiden gowydygyny bilÿärin.

I know your book is better than mine.
Biz ?u kitabyñ sözlükdigini bilÿäris.

We know this book is a dictionary.
16.0 Doub le Ver bs
Whereas in English we conjugate all verbs and place "and"

between them when two actions are done at once or at relatively
the same time, Turkmen employs a structure that puts the two verbs
together. The first verb is reduced to its stem and the
participial ending -yp or -ip, according to vowel harmony, is
added. The ending of the second verb determines the doer of the
action indicated, as below.
Men düÿn nahar iÿip ÿatdym.

Yesterday I ate and went to sleep.
Men radio diñläp hat ÿazÿaryn.

I'm listening to the radio and writing a letter.
This form may be used to express an action which has been or

will be completed before the expressed action of the second verb:
Biz iÿip gelÿäris.

We ate before coming. (lit. We–eat-come)
Nahar iÿip okuwa gidiñ!

Eat before going to school. (lit. Food-eat-to-school-go)
Swedi öçürip gaÿt.

Go turn off the light. (lit. Light-turn off-come back)
The participlial -ip and -yp endings have negative

counterparts, -män and -man, also added to the stem of the first
verb
Çagalar iÿmän okuwa gitdiler.

The children went without eating.
Okuwçylar okaman sapaga gelÿärler.

The pupils come to the lesson without studying.
16.1 Exp re ss in g Abil it y: -p/- yp/- ip bil me k
A modal structure involving bilmek is used to convey the idea

of being able to do something.
Men Türkmençe okap bilÿärin = I can read Turkmen
Ol Rusça ÿazyp bilenok = He can't write Russian
Biz bazara gidip biljek däl = We won't be able to go to the

bazaar
16.2 Doi ng an Acti on for Some on e: - p/- yp/ - ip berm ek
A modal structure involving bermek is used to express the

doing of an action for someone:
Men size jaÿy salyp berdim = I built a house for you
?ol gapyny ÿapyp bermesene = Don't close that door
?ol käsäni saña alyp bererin = I'll give you that teacup
According to vowel harmony the main verb's stem is followed

by the participial ending -yp or -ip, and bermek appears according
to the doer of the action and the tense.
16.3 Att em pt ed Act io n: - p/- yp/- ip gör me k
A modal structure involving görmek is used to express the

idea of trying to do something, or the idea of doing-and-seeing:
Bu nahary datyp gör = Try this food
Men pikir edip göreÿin = Let me think about it (and see)
?ol köÿnegi geÿip gördi = She tried on that dress
16.4 Ant ic ip at ed Act io n: -jak /- jek bolm ak
A modal structure involving the future tense and bolmak is

used to indicate the idea of being about to do something:
Sen ÿatjak bolÿañmy? = Are you about to sleep?
Olar saña jañ etjek bolÿarlar = They're about to call you

Gara?yñ, men iÿjek bolÿaryn = Wait, I'm going to (about to)

eat
References
The following works were used in preparing this dictionary:
A. Almammedov, R. Nazarov. English-Turkmen Dictionary. - Magaryph

Publishers. Ashgabad. 1989. 10,000 words from English to Turkmen.
P. Azimova. Turkmenche-Ruscha Okuw Sozlugi. - Moscow "Russkiy Yazik".

1988. 9000 words from Turkmen to Russian. Our main reference text.
B. Chariyarova. Bolshoy Russko-Turkmenskiy Slovar. - Moscow "Russkiy

Yazik". 1987. 77,000 entries in two volumes, translations from Russian
to Turkmen.
B. Jumageldieva, G. Sopieva. Turkmenche-Ruscha Gysgalzha Tematik

Sozlugi. - Ashgabad "Ilham". 1994. 75 pages of thematic word lists,
listing Russian and Turkmen.
B. Meskutova. Ruscha-Turkmenche Okuw Sozlugi. - Moscow "Russkiy

Yazik". 1982. 5000 words from Russian to Turkmen.
M. Soyegov, N. Rejepov. Taze Turkmen Elipbi. - Ashgabat "Ruh". 1993.

An introduction to the new Turkmen alphabet for Turkmen speakers.
M. Wheeler. The Oxford Russian-English Dictionary. - New York "Oxford

University Press". 1992. 82,000 entries from Russian to English.
The following additional works were used as references in preparing the

brief grammatical appendix:
R. Nepesova, O. Yaslydeva. Let's Speak English. - Ashgabat "Ilim".

1992. Beginning English for Turkmen Speakers.
Peace Corps Turkmenistan. Turkmen. - Ashgabad. 1995. Compentency-

based basic Turkmen instruction.
N. Rejepov. Turkmenskiy Yazik. - Ashgabad "Magarif". 1993. Beginning

Turkmen for Russian Speakers.
A. Retman, R. Retman. Let's Learn to Speak English. - Ashgabat.

1992. Beginning English for Turkmen Speakers.
Turkmen Language Project. Turkmen Language Course. - Indiana

University. 1994. Compentency-based basic Turkmen instruction.
D. Tyson, L. Clark. Turkmen Language Manual, 2nd Edition. - "U.S.

Peace Corps". 1994. Compentency-based basic Turkmen instruction.
J. Yagmirov. Turkmen Dilini Owrenyeris. - Ashabad "Ilim". 1993.

Beginning Turkmen for Russian Speakers.

Turkmen - English English-Turkmen Dictionary

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This dictionary is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive

This dictionary was a cooperative effort. We would like to

Ashgabat, September 1996

çekisme discussion, debate

When a word has various meaning in Turkmen, the multiple

gujak 1. embrace 2. armfull

When a two completely different words are spelled alike, their

saz I. music, musical II. accurate, intact

Where two words are spelled alike, but differentiated by a long

at I. horse II.[a:] 1. name 2. vowel

Occasional examples of usage are given to help readers understand

dek like, as: Bu burç dek ajy = This is hot as a pepper

In most cases, part of speech is obvious and ommitted in the

At the time of this printing, a complete computer-based font of

Official Character Substitute Character

ala ﾍ syzlyk inevitability, al–asamak to hurry, make ar revenge

arryk skinny aºgazan stomach aw hunt

barØer r. barrier batmak to sink, fall bellenme nomination

beØem ﾍ ilik etmek to bi ﾍ ak very, extremely : bimamla wrong : Sen

birsydyrgyn consecutive, bol 1. full of, rich with : By boz fallow, untilled : boz

ﾍ ala 1. hardly, scarcely; ﾍ apady chapati ﾍ atlamak to burst, crack up,

ﾍ ekimli public ﾍ endan sometimes, ﾍ Šklendirmek to organize

ﾍ isme inflammation ﾍ orba soup ﾍ šzŸlmek 1. to come untied

ﾍ Ÿr depesi 1. top, crest 2. ﾍ ygylmak to grieve, long ﾍ ynar plane tree

demirgazyk­gŸnbatar north deregine instead of : Ol šz dŠnmek 1. to deny 2. to

di–leØmek 1. to listen 2. to dogru ﾍ yl honest, sincere do–durma ice­cream

dšretme creation duralga stop (as in bus or duØdurmak 1. to warn 2.

dŸºek 1. bed, bedding 2. dŸØpleØin forever, once dymmak to be quiet, to shut

emgek 1. illness, sickness 2. epilmek 1. to wrinkle 2. to esetmek 1. to look at,

gadyrsyz unloved galmagally noisy lightly, it might cut your

gapdalky adj. side : garamak 1. v. to overlook 2. garderob r. wardrobe

garºylyk obstacle, gatla dam, dike gaØgy etmek to worry

iºleri–izi gaØtalaºdyry– = ge ﾍ ginli popular, sought­ geljek future : Bagtly geljek

geplemezlik silence Murat, take the dog for a gijikdirmek to make too

a bold and daring young gonmak to land : Kepderi goºma ﾍ a 1. addition,

goØbermek 1. to let go 2. gšjek clay ball (used for gšrkana 1. nice 2. pretty,

gšwrŸmli voluminous, gruppa r. gruppa guratlyk improvement

gussa sorrow gŸldŸrmek to make laugh gŸneº sunshine

boldu–? = Where did you gylyk 1. character 2. habit gyrymsy stunted

haram prohibited, forbidden hasaplaºmak to get even haØdamak to do quickly, to

hemaØat etmek to provide hŠli 1. long ago 2. not long hopmak to fall in, fall off

howandar 1. relative, hšre­kšºe etmek to calm, hŸwdi lullaby

ilerki forward industrialaºdyrmak r. to i––ebagjyk safety pin

jeren "jeren", gazelle­like jora friend (female to jylawlamak to rein in, hold

karnawal carnival kelep skein; hank (of kengir straining spoon;

kesgitnama definition kŠmilleºdirmek to kine offense; insult

kodeks r. code (of law, kompot r. "kompot", a sweet kosekans r. mat. cosecant

kšp ﾍ Ÿlik 1. mass, a lot of, a kšwmek 1. to dig 2. to kŸl­peekun etmek to

maºgala family, wife, maØyllyk warm weather mellek yard; piece of land

meslik 1. gaiety, mŠº a little green pea­like miweli adj. fruit, fruity

mšw ﾍ almak to spread mŸrrelmek to become myrtar bad, poor

okamak to read, study o–aØly favorable; orunly local

šnmek 1. to be born 2. to šten last šØke offence; injury

pesinden a little at a time pikir 1. thought, idea, plomwalamak r. to seal, fill

posulka r. parcel protez r. artificial limb pykyrdamak 1. to seethe 2.

dishonor 5. to pretend sanjy colic sarsgyn shoving, shaking

sazly musical, with music semizlik fatness, girth, seresaply carefully

sŠher dawn skulptora r. sculpture sowamak 1. to cool 2. to

sšmelmek to be dumb­ spwa£ga 1. pocket money 2. suwjarmak 1. to soak 2. to

sŸØdemdirijiler animal sykyklyk whistling sypyrmak to peel, tear off

ºikaØat 1. complaint 2. ºšhrat glory ºyltak etmek to slander

tapmak 1. to find, come tas 1. almost: Men tas tehnika r. technique

demirgazykgŸnbatar north deregine instead of : Ol šz dŠnmek 1. to deny 2. to

di–leØmek 1. to listen 2. to dogru ﾍ yl honest, sincere do–durma icecream

iºleri–izi gaØtalaºdyry– = ge ﾍ ginli popular, sought geljek future : Bagtly geljek

howandar 1. relative, hšrekšºe etmek to calm, hŸwdi lullaby

jeren "jeren", gazellelike jora friend (female to jylawlamak to rein in, hold

kšp ﾍ Ÿlik 1. mass, a lot of, a kšwmek 1. to dig 2. to kŸlpeekun etmek to

meslik 1. gaiety, mŠº a little green pealike miweli adj. fruit, fruity

sšmelmek to be dumb spwa£ga 1. pocket money 2. suwjarmak 1. to soak 2. to

emit an unpleasing odor a– entire bitin every month aØbaaØ

for a two year period ikiØyllyk foundation fundament(r), from start to finish birinbirin,

tally up hasamak, hasaplamak temporary wagtlaØyn thickheaded kšrzehin