Section IV: Calculus

.
._ ~ ~ '. '1,." 'I
'" _. _I ~ • l',1
..
!
..It .~ ~ ..
!li J.5

Definition of a Derivative

Suppose y = f(x). The derivative of y or f(x) is defined as

1 1 dy = lim I(x + h) - f(x) = lim I(x + llx) - I(x)

5.. dx Io~ h <1;-00 Ax

'~

where h = llx. The derivative is also denoted by y~ dfldx or j'(x). The process of taking a derivative is called

differentiation. •

General R-ules of Differentiation

In the following, u, VI W are functions of x; a, b, c, n are constants (restricted if indicated); e ": 2.71828 , .. is the natural base ciflogarithms;'ln u is the natural logarithm of u (i.e.ithe logarithm tothe base e) where it is assumed

that u > 0 and all angles are in radians.

d

15.2. dx (e) = 0

d

15.3. dx (ex) = c

d

- (cz") = ncx·-I dx

15.4.

d du du dw

15.5. dx (u±v±w±"') = dx ± dx ± dx ± ...

d du

15.6. dx (cu) =' c dx

15.7.

d dv du -(uv)~u-+v-

dx dx dx

d dw dv du

-(uvw) = Ulr-+uw-+UWdx dx dx dx

!!_(~)= v(duldx)-u(dvldx) ~~

dx v v2,

15.8.

15.9.

,.

15.10.

d du - (u·) == nu·-I - dx dx

dy dy du

15.11. -=-dx du dx

(Chain rule)

._.

DERIVATIVES

du I

-=:--

dx dxldu

dy dy/du 15.13. - =: -dx dxldu

Derivatives of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d du dx tan u = sec! u dx

d du -cot u =-csclu-

dx dx

d du

-sec u=sec u tanu-

dx dx

d du

fix esc u;;;;;; -esc ucot u dx

d . du dx sin u = cos u dx

. d . du

15.15. dx cos u = -sm u dx

d -I du

-COS-I u == [0 < COS-I u < rr]

dx .,Jl-u2 dx

d -I· 1 .du [ 1f 1fJ

dx tan u::::;; 1 + ul dx -'2 < tan:' u <"2

15 d _I -1 du- v

.23. dx cot u ::::;; -- - [0 < cor" u < 1f] I+ul dx

15.12.

15.14.

15.16.

15.17.

15.18.

15.19.

15.20.

15.21.

15.22.

d , _I 1 du

-sm 14- -

fix .,J1-u2 dx

d» '-1' 1 du ±I du

15.24. dx sec u::::;; - ~~-

~~ ~, lulJu2 -1 dx - u.,Ju2-1 dx

II

[+ if 0 < sec:' u < 1f 12] - if 1f I 2 < sec" u < 1f

Derivatives of, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d log e du

15.26. dx log u = _Q_- a * 0 1

a U dx '

d d 1 du

15.27. dx In u = dx log u =-_

• u dx

15.28.

d du dx aK = aN Ina dx

d , du

15.29. dx e" :::;i; e" dx

d d d du dv

O _uu =-e"ln. =eulnu-[vlnu]=vuu-l-+u"lnu-

15.3. dx dx- dx dx dx

DERIVATIVES

Derivatives of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

15.31.

d . du dx sinh u = cosh u dx

d ," du dx cosh u = sinh u dx

d du dx tanh u = sech 2 u dx

d du dx coth u = -csch2u d:x

d du dx sech u = -sech u tanh u dx

d du dx' csch u = -csch u coth u dx

15.32.

15.33.

15.34.

15.35.

15.36.

d. I 1 du

15.37. dx sinh- u = ~ dx ",u2 + 1

15.39.

d 1 du -tanh-1 u = ---

dx 1- u2 dx

d 1 du

-coth-1u=---

dx 1- u2 dx

d _I _ =Fl du

-sech u - ~- dx

dx u",l-w.

d -1 du =+1 du

dx csch?« = I u I Jl+'ii dx = u.Jl + u2 dx

15.40.

15.41.

IS.42.

Higher Derivatives

[+if COSh-I u > 0, u > 1] -if COSh-I u < 0, u > 1

[:"1 < u < 1] I

~u>1 oru<-I]

[- if sech" u > 0, 0< u < 1] + if sech " u < 0, ° < u < 1

[- if u > 0, + if u < 0]

The second, third, and high€r derivatives are defined as follows. ~>

" d (dY) d2y f"() "

15.43. Second derivative = dx dx = dx2 = X = Y

.. . .

15.44. Third derivative _ .!!...(d2y) = d3~ = f::CX) = y'"

- dx d:x2 dx

15.45. nth derivative = .!!...(d"-'Y) = d"y = pn)(x) = yr")

dx dx"? dx"

DERIVATIVES

Lelbniz's Rule for Higher Derivatives of Products

h d" dru h h deri . f Th

Let [)P stand for t e operator - so that DPu = - = t e pt envattve 0 u. en

dx" dxP

15.46. Dn(uv) = ulr'u+ (~}DUXD'-IV)+(;)(D2u)(Dn-2v) + ···+vD"u

where (~). (;). ... are the binomial coefficients (see 3.5).

As special cases we have

15.47.

15.48.

Differentials

Let Y = fix) and.1.y = f(x + Ax) - f(x). Then

15.49. ~ = f(x+~- f(x) =j'(x)+e= i +e

where e -7 0 as Ax -7 O. Thus,

15.50. .1.y = f'(x)Ax + eAx

If we call Ax = dx the differential of x, then we define the differential of y to be ,

15.SI. dy = j'(x)dx

r

Rules for. Differentials

The rul~s for differentials are exactly analogous to those for derivatiyes. As examples we observe thai·

-

15.S2. ~ d!u ±v± w± ... ) = du±dv±dw±···

15.53. d(uv) = u du+ v du
15.54. d ( .!: ) = v du - u dv
.. V v2
15.55 . d(u")= nur+du 15.56. d(sin u) = cos udu

15.57. d(cos u) = -sin u du

DERIVATIVES

Partial Derivatives

Let z = lex, y) be a function of the two variables x and y, Then we define the partial derivative of z orj(x, y) with respect to x, keeping y constant, to be

15 58 af _ ll f(x + At, y) - f(x, y)

• . a - 1m A-

x &:-+0 LU

This partial derivative is also denoted by az/Ch:, t.; or ix'

Similarly the partial derivative of z= f(x, y) with respect to y, keeping x constant, is defined to be

1559 af_t, f(x,y+.1.y)-f(x,y)

• • ::I., - irn ~ A

uy 4y-+1I uy

Ijllllll

I,

t~llll~

IIIIP~

! II li!1 \~

illl1!lij 1IIIt,[~

III I~ III!II

IIII!\

I

I ill~l

i ljl'~!

11111111 '1111!1 ~llfl~i Il~111111

This partial derivative is also denoted by az/dy, fy' or Zy' Partial derivatives of higher order can be defined as follows:

.l

The results in 15.61 will be equal if the function and its partial derivatives are continuous; that is, in such cases, the order of differentiation makes no difference.

Extensions to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.

Multlvarlable Differentials

The differential of z = j(x, y) is defined as

aj af 15.62. dz = df > ax dx + cry dy

where dx = dx and dy = .1.y. Note that d; is a function of four variables, namely x, y, dx, dy, and is linear in the variables dx and dy.

Extensions to functions of more than two variables are exactly analogous.

EXAMPLE: ~t Z = xl + 5xy + 2y3, Then

z.= 2x+ 5y

and

z =5x+6i

y

and hence

dz = (2x + 5y) dx + (5x + 6i) dy

Suppose we want to find d: for dx = 2. dy =); and at the point P (4, 1), i.e., when x = 4 and y = 1. Substitution

yields :;,

" "dz = (8 + 5)2 + (20 + 6)3 = 26 + 78 = 104

"

I III Iii' I r~II~~r 111'111,

.

~~

:-'--~~"i"~.~------------~------------------~----------------------------

1.6

,~'!! ill ill

,_ ::J ."if' _ ~

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

!!"" ~ _.

-, .. ,,~

• .

Definition of an Indefinite Integral

If : = f(x). then y is the function whose derivative isf(x) and is called the anti-derivative of/ex) or the indefinite integral offix) , denoted by f f(x)dx. Similarly if y = f f(u)du, then 7 = f(u), Since the derivative of a

constant is zero, all indefinite integrals differ by an arbitrary constant. u

For the definition of a definite integral, see 18.1. The process of finding an integral is called integration.

General.Rules of Integration

In the following, u, v, ware functions ofx; a, b, p, q, n any constants, restricted if indicated; e = 2.71828 ... is the natural base of logarithms; In u denotes the natural logarithm of u where it is assumed that u > 0 (in general, to extend formulas to cases where u < 0 as well, replace In u by In luI); all angles are in radians' all constants of

integration are omitted but implied. '

16.1. fa dx = ax

16.2. J af(x)dx = a J f(x)dx

16.3. f (u ±v± w± .. ·)dx:= f udx± f vdx± f wdx± .. · 16.4. f u dv = uv - J v du (Integration by parts)

For generalized integration by parts, see 16.48.

16.5. fy<ax)dx = ~ f f(u)du

16.6. ! F{f(x)} dx = f F(u) ~ du = f ;,~~) du where u = f(x) , .

~ U"+l

16.7. 'fundU=--. n;t:-l (Forn=-l, see 16.8) n+l

16.8. f~U=lnu ifu>Oorln(-u)ifu<O =lnlul

16.9.

16.10.

fa"du = feUlnadu = e"lnd := .z; 0

In a In a' a > .a « 1

.....

~I

lit

,

~~-------

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

16.11. f sin u du= -cos u
16.12. f cos u du ;;;;;; sin u
16.13. f tan u du ;;;;; In sec u ;;;;; +ln cos u
16.14. f cot u du = In sin u
16.15. f see-n du :::: In (sec u + tan u) :::: In tan(;' + :)
16.16. f esc u du = In(csc u - cot u):::: In tan';'
16.17. f sec! u du= tan u
16:18. f esc? udu = -cot u
16.19. f tan' u du = tanu - u
16.20. f cot- u du = - cot u - u
16.21. f . 2 d u sin 2u 1 ( .
sm u u = '2 - -4- = '2 u - sin u cos u)
16.22. f u sin 2u 1 .
cos2udu::::'2+-4-='2(u+sm u cos u)
16.23. f sec u tan u du :::: sec u
16.24. f esc u cot udu = -esc u
16.25. f sinh udu = cosh u
16.26. f cosh u du = sinh u
16.27. f tanh u du = In cosh u
9
..
16.28. f coth u du = In shih u
-:..>
16._~_9. f sech udu = sin-1(tanh u) or 2 tan-I e"
. ~
16.30. f u ~ 4~/
cseh u du = In tanh"2 or - coth " e"
16.31. f sech2u du = tanh u II' II

I

I 1;1:

I J : ~

, II

, ' II

I "I

;

I'ii ~I",I

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

16.32. f csch 2 u du ;;;;; - coth u

16.33. f tanh2udu = u- tanh u

16.34. I f coth2u du = u - coth u

16.35.

16.36.

16.37.

16.38.

16.39.

·16.40.

16.41.

16.42.

16.43.

16.44.

f . sinh 2u u 1 .

sinh2udu =----- =-(sinh ucosh u-u)

4 2 2

J sinh2u u 1 -

cosh2u du = --4- +'"2 = "2 (sinh u cosh u + u)

f sech u tanh u du = ...:.s~ch u

f csch u coth u du = =csch u

f du 1 (u - a) 1 u

---=-In -._ =--coth-I- u2 >a2

u2 -,- a2 2a u + a a a

f du - 1 1 (a + u) _ 1 • __ 1.-1 U 2 2

----- n -- --UUUf - u <a

a2 - u2 2a a - u a a

f du . I U ---,=== = sm" - .,Ja2 - u2 a

16.48.

This is called generalized integration by parts .

Ci·

LjJI)----

INDEFINITE INTEG~AL_S

Important Transformations

Often in practice an integral can be simplified by using an appropriate transformation or substitution together with Formula 16.6. The following list gives some transformations and their effects.

16.49. f F(ax+b)dx;;;;~ f F(u)du 16.50. f F(-Jax+ b)dx = ~ f u F(u)du 16.51. f F('-"ax + b)dx =; f U"-l F(u) du

where u = ax +,b

where u;;;; Jax+b

where u = '-"ax + b

16.52. f F(Ja2 -x2)dx =a J F(a cos u)cos u du

,wherex=a sin u

Ijlll'\ ,

,

where x :0:: a tan u

16.54. J F(.Jx2 - a2)dx = a J F(a tan u)sec u tan u du

where x;; a sec u_

I !

f I J F(u)

16.55. F(ea.t)dx = a -u-du

16.56. f F(ln x) dx :: J F(u)e"du

16.57. fF(sin-1 ~)I".U = a f F(u) cos u du

"

where u == e"

~\

~!'I

I.,

'~Idrl'

jl~'1 '111111'

I

where u == In x

. I x where u = sin" - a

Similar results apply for other inverse trigonometric functions.

16.58. J F(sin x, cos x)I".U = 2 J F(l ~:2' ~ ::~) 1 ::2

x where u = tan "2

I

I1111II1

1'1111'1 il~~lllli I

[lllj~i II

1

"

J~~ :1, I'

'I" 'I

"·1 r,j

~J~~

"

l-ill7~J0'· TABLES of ~PE~IAL~INI!E~,!ITE~

INTEGRALS ._- -_ --, ~>

(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(10)

Jax+b (14) r+a3
ax + b and px + q (15) X4 ±a4
Jax+b andpx + q (16) x" ±a"
.Jax+b and -Jpx+q (17) 'sin ax
r+a2 (18) cos ax
r_a2, with r! >a2 (19) sin ax and cos ax
a2-xZ, with xl < a2 (20) tan ax
.JX2 + a2 (21) COL ax
JX2 -a2 (22) sec ax
Ja2 -x2 (23) esc ax (28) cosh ax

(29) sinh ax and cosh ax (30) tanh ax

(31) coth ax

(32) sech ax

(33) csch ax

(34) inverse hyperbolic functions

(11)

(12) ax2 + bx + c (24) inverse trigonometric functions

Some integrals contain the Bernouilli numbers B and the Euler numbers E defined in Chapter 23.

,~ "

(1) Integrals Involving ax + b
J I".U 1 ..
17~1.1. -- = -In(ax+b)
ax+b a
17.1.2. J x dx x b
--;;;;---In(ax+b)
.ax s- b a a2
.Jt
-; J X2I".U = (ax+b)2 _ 2b(ax+b) + b21n(ax+b)
17.1.3.
ax+b 2a3 a3 a3 s •
17.1.4. J dx -.!.In(_x)
~ x(ax+b) - b ax+b
17.1.5. J I".U I a (ax+b)
x2(ax+b~ =- bx +bTln -x- &
17.1.6. J itx -1
... (ax+b)2 - a(ax+b)
x dx b 1
17.1.7. J (ax + b)2 = a2(ax+b) +Q"2ln(ax+b)
J
17.1.8. J - x'dx = ax+b _ b2 _ 2b In ax+b
(ax+b)2. a3 a3(ax+b) a3 ( )
17.1.9. J dx 1 1 (x)
X(ax+b)2 = b(ax+b)+p-In ax+b
_I.
TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

.-

17.1.10.

17.1.11.

17.1.12.

b2 1

3( b)2 +31n(ax+b)

2a ax+ a

(ax +b)n+1

17.1.14. J(ax+.b)"4x= (n+l)a . Ifn=-I,see17.1.1.

(ax + b)n+l b(ax + b)"+l

17.1.15. Jx(ax+b)"ch= (n+2)a1 - (n+l)a2 ' n:;e-J,-f

If n = -1, -2, see 17.1.2 and 17.1.7.

. , (ax + b)""3 2b(ax+ b)"+2 b2(ax+b)n+l

17.1.16. Jx2(ax+b)~~= (n+3)a1 - (n+2)a3 + (n+l)al

If n = -I, -2, -3, see .I7.1.3, 17.1.8, and 17.1.13.

1",,1

I"

x"'+l(ax+b)n + nb JX"'(ax+b)"-ldx

m+n+l m+n+l

17.1.17. Jx"'(ax + b)"ch ':::!. x"'(ax + b)n+' mb Jx .. -I (ax + b)"dx

(m + n+ l)a (m + n + l)a

_xm, + .... 1 (ax + b)n+l m + n + 2 J

_~. ~.,....,----::..__ + x" (ax + b )"+1 dx

(n + l)b . (n + l)b

(2)

Integrals Involving Jax+ b

J dx _ 2..rax+b

-lax+b - a

J xch = 2(ax-2b) -lax+b

17.2.2. -lax + b 3a2

17.2.1.

17.2.3.

(see 17.2.12.)

17.2.4.

17.2.5.

17.2.6.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.2.8.

f 2 r=-7b ..I~ = 2(15a1x2 -12abx+8b2) ~( b)3

X <oJ ax + 0 <u 105a3 ax +

J ~ r=r: J dx

dx = 2"ax + b + b J (See 17.2.1,2.)

x x ax+b ."

17.2.9.

17.2.10.

Jt;:+b.1~= ~+~J dx

2 UA I (See 17.2.12.)

x x 2 x-Jax+b

J x'" dx - 2xm..JCiX+b _ 2mb J X ",-I dx

17.2.11. .jax + b - (2m + l)a (2m + l)a -lax + b

,J dl ~ (2m-3)a J dx

x.,.jax+b =- (m-l)bx",-l - (2m-2)b x",-l.jax+b

17.2.13. J xm J:U+b dx = (2;:'"3)a (ax + b)312 (2~~)a J x.,-l.jox+'bdx

17.2.12.

J ..rax+b dx':::i; ~+ a f dx

17.2.14. 1 2 1)

xm (m -I)xm- ~~ - ,x .. <Jax + b

f .JCiX+b dx = -(ax + b )312 (2m - S)a J.J ax + b dx

17.2.15. I (2 2 b 1

x" (m -l)bxm- • m.- .> x"-

17.2.16.

17.2.17.

17.2.18.

17.2.19.

17.2.20.

J dx 2 1 J dx

17.2.21. f x(ax+b)m!2 = (m-2)b(ax+bym-2)12 +1i x(~+b)(,"-l)I2

(3)

Integrals Involving ax T band px + q

J dx = I In(Px+q)

(ax+b)(px+q) bp+aq ax+b

17.3.2. f ( :: ) b 1 {~ln{ax+b)-!Lln(px+q)}

ax+ px+q p-aq a p

17.3.1.

~.--.---- ._-------

1111:\' i'lilil. IIII[ I,

'II~I

,

1111~11

'III!II

:1

1~III·lIIJ I

, I

~III~

I@il~

17.3.3.

17.3.4,

17.3.6.

1111[,llj \1\\1\~ I Ijlltl~

I

TABLES OF SPECIAl: INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.3.5. f x1dx _ b2 + 1 {qp2ln(pX+q)+b(bP~2aq)Jn,(ax+b)}

(ax + b)2 (px + q) - (bp - aq)a2(ax + b) (bp - aq)2

f' ax + b dx _ ax bp - aq r ( )

17.3.7. -- --+ 2 n px+q

px+q P P

17.3.8. f (ax + b)m dx(px+ q)"

f dx 1 {I ,p 1 (PX++bq)}

(ax + b)2(pX+q) :;;: bp-aq ax+b + bp-aq n ax

J xdx _ I { q rn:(ax+b)_ b }'

(ax+b)1(px+q) - bp+aq bp=aq px+q] a(ax+b)

f dx -I { I

(ax + b)"(px+ q)" - (n -I)(bp-aq) (ax + b)",I(pX+q),,-1

+ a(m+n-2) f (ax+b)"%x+qt I}

-1 '{(ax+b);';:'1 +(n- 2 J (ax+b)m dx}

(n -IXbp - aq) (px + q),,-I m -)a (px + q)"-I

-1 {,(ax + b)" (b f(ax+-b)m-I dx} ,

+m p-aq)

(n - m -l)p (px + qy-I (px + q)"

-1 {(ax+b}m , f(dx+b)m-l dx}

(II -1) P (px:; q )0-1 r: ma, (px + q )"-1

(4) Integrals Involving .Jax+b andpx + q

17.4.1.

)17.4.2.

il!l:jtl i 1111;1[I;il

.~:;

: II!'I

, IIII'~

I'

17.4.3.

f px+q dx= 2(apx+ 3aq-2bp) Jax+b

Jax+b 3a2

1--;===1 =rt= (Jp(ax+b) -~bp-aq) f " dx = Jbp-aq'[p In Jp(ax,;+- b) + Jbp-aq)

(px + q)~ax + b 2 tan:' p(ax + b)

Jaq -bp'[p aq - bp

2.;;;;+b ~bp-a4 (Jp(ax+b) -JbP,-aq]

f..Jax+b p + pfp In Jp(ciX<+b)+Jbp'-aq

--dx-

px+q - 2.;;;;+b 2Jaq-bp, -I /p(ax+b)

p" ,- PJ; tan aq+bp

""

f·'$- 2(px+q)"+1~ bp=aq f (px+qy'

17.4.4. (px + q)" Jax + b dx = (2n + 3)p + (2n + 3)p &+b

~;P.

17.4.5.

17.4.6.

f dx . &+b (2n-3)a f dx

(px+q)"Jax+b ;;;;; (n-})(aq-bp)(px.+q)n I + 2(n':':"')(aq-bp) (px+q)n:!.lJax+b I',!

f(px+q)n 2(px+q)"JCiX+ij 2n(aq-bp) f(px+q)n-1dx

dx- +

Jax+b - (2n+l)a (2n+l)a Jax+b

I ,

f J(iX+b dx = -..JOX+b + a f __ dx--===

,17.4.7. (px+qy' (n-J)p(px+qY-1 2(n-l)p (px+q),,-lJax+b

'ill ! I ~II

"Iiw

Ie.",;;

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(5) Integrals Involving .Jax+b and ..jpx+q

17.5.1.

+In(Ja(p'x+q)+Jp(dx+b) )

f dx ..Jap

J(ax+bXpx+q) = 2 tan" -p(ax+b)

J-ap a(px+q)

f xdx ,J(ax+;b)(px + q) bp+aq f dx

17.5.2. ~(ax + b)(px + q) ;;:: ap - 2ap'~(ax + b)(px + q)

17.5.3. f~(ax+b)(px+q)dx= =a= .J(ax'.f.b)(px+q)- (bPg-aQ)2 Jj~' ==' ~dx:=:====

ap ap .jCax+b)(px+q)

f~px+qdx"" ,J(ax+,b)(px+q) +aq-bp J---r.==dx~='7

17.5.4. b 2'

ax+ a a J(ax+b)(px+q)

17.5.5.

J dx 2J(i;+b

(px + q)~(ax + b)(px + q) = (aq - bp)~ px + q

(6) Integrals Involving x2 + a2

7 J dx _ 1 -I X

1 .6.1. 2 2 --tan -

x +a a a

17.6.3.

17.6.4.

17.6.8.

17.6.9.

17.6.10.

--'--~

1~lill

:111'1 I

. !Iliil I 'III'

.1/11 I

Illl

n 111.1

liP. 111111, liP;

1111 1111 1111

1111 •

'1111

'11 !

'I Iii :1 :,

1111111,1, ,11~'lh I, IIJIIIII 11111111

'11Jlilj

Inlll'j

111~;111' I

IIIItll'1 lIWil,IJI

,ll~!I;11 ' IjJlij,![,Ii

1111:1.1111 'jlllill :ll~~ll!

1II11'l! ~II'IIII

Gf1ID--

17.6.11.

17.6.12.

17.6.13.

17.6~14.

17.6.15.

TABLES OF SPECIAL.INDEFINITE.INTEGRALS .

17.6.17.

17.6.18.

17.6.19.

x"'dx xr+dx x",-2dx

f (x2 +a2)n ;;;;;; f (x2 +a2)" 1 -a~ f (x2 +a2)n

(7) Integrals Involving x2 - a2, x2 > a2

17.7.1.

17.7.2.

17.7.3.

17.7.4.

17.7.5.

17.7.6.

17.7.7.

17.7.8.

f dx __ 1 In(x-a)

x2 - a2 - 2a x + a

1 x

or - -coth-·-

a a

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITEINTEGRAt.S

17.7.9.

17.7.10.

17.7.11.

17.7.12.

17.7.13.

17.7.14.

17.7.15.

17.7.16.

17.7.17.

'17.7.18.

17.7.19.

, ,

f-:--::X_2_dx-;;-:--.- _ -x +_1 In(_x_-_a)

(x2 _a2)2 - 2(x2 -a2) 4a x+a

f dx -1 1 f dx

x(x2 - a2)" ;;;;;; 2(n -1)a2(x; - a2t-1 - (i2 x(x2 - a2)0-1

f x"'dx - J x",-2dx +a2 f--;:-X"'_'-_2dx='_'

(x2-a2)" - (x2-a2)"-. (x2-a2)"

(8) Integrals Involving x2 - a2, x2 < a2

17.8.1.

17.8.2.

17.8.3.

17.8.4.

17.8.5.

w

=" (

.cdx II a+x

~ .L, -_ n -- or

f a2 -x2 - 2a a-x)

1 x -tanh-'- a a

f x2dx a (a+x)

2 2 ;;;;;;-x+-2In _. -

a ....! x a-x

f dx 1 1 (a+x)

17.8.6. 2( 2 2) ;;;;;; --2-+ -2 3 In --

x a -x a x a a-x

17.8.7.

17.8.8.

17.8.9.

17.8.10.

17.8.11.

17.8.12.

17.8.13.

17.8.14.

17.8.15.

17.8.16.

17.8.17.

17.8.18.

17.8.19.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE'INTEGRALS

~

(9) Integrals Involving .J X2 + a2

""<>

. h-1 x

or Sill -

a

17.9.3.

I

"III!,I, ,

I

I II' , [I

' .. 'II!

! I111 --.:... ~

17.9.4.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.9.S.

17.9.6.

17.9.7.

17.9.8.

17.9.9.

17.9.10.

a2x~

8

J~X2 +a2 dx ~X2 +a2 1 ( ~)

17.9.13. 2 = - + n x+-Jr +a'

x x

17.9.14.

17.9.15.

I xdx -1

17.9.16·~:(xl +a2)312 = f 2 + 1

..., , "X a

17.9.17.

I X2tJx -x .j 2 2

( 2 2)312 = .j +In(x+ x +a )

x +a Xl +al

17.9.19.

17.9.20.

17.9.21.

17.9.22.

17.9.23.

1

I tJx ,jxl +a2 x

X2(X2 +a2)312 =- a4x - a4Jx2 +a2

J dx ...; 1 3 3 (a + J x2 + a2 )

3( 2 2 312 = - f + -2 5 In

x x + a ) 2a2 x2.J Xl + al 2a4 v Xl + a2 a . x

( 2 + 2)312 3 2 ~+ 2 3

I( 2 2)312tJx X x a a x-s xr+a: 4Jn(.Jx2+a2)

x +a = 4 + 8 +Sa x+ x +a

J (2 2)312tJx _ (x2 +a2)512

x x +a - 5

I

j!

• ! I

I

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITEJNTEGRALS

4!J_

lABLES OF.5PECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.10.13.

17.9.24.

17.9.25.

17.10.14.

f(x2+a2)lJ2 (x2+al)312 (a+.JX2+a2)

-'---__;_·;___dx = + a2.Jx2 + a~ - a3 In ----

x· 3 . x

1 (X2 + a2)]12 (~2 + a2)312 3x../x2 + a2 3 - - ...

-'--------:--'--dx = - + + -a2Jn (x +../X2 + a2)

x2 x 2 2

17.10.15.

17.9.26.

f x2dx _ x ts=»

(2 2)312 - ,....-::;--::; + In (x + '1/ x· - a4 )

x -a 'l/X2 -a2

17.10.16.

17.9.27.

17.10.17.

,II

1 -II xl

-sec -

a] a

17.10.18.

Integrals Involving ../ X2 - aZ

(10)

x

17.10.19.

17.1_0,20.

17.10.2.

3a2x.Jx2-a2 3 4) ( ~)

_----'---+-a n X+'l/x·-a<

88

( 2 _ 2)312 f (X2 _a2)]12 dx = x x 4 a

17.10.3.

17.10.21.

f dx 1. -llx I

~;==== - - sec -

x../x2 -a2 - a a

17.10.22.

17.10.4.

f. dx .JX2 - a2

X2.JX2 _a2 - a2x

17.10.23.

17.10.5.

17.10.24.

17.10.6.

17.10.7.

17.10.8.

17.10.27.

17.10.10.

(11) Integrals Involving ../a2;- Xl

--=------=--'-------------------------

17.10.1I.

17.11.1.

17.10.12.

17.11.2.

17.11.3.

17.11.4.

17.11.5.

17.11.6.

17.11.7.

17.11.8.

TABLES OF· SPECIAL INDEFINITE.INTEGRALS

I (a2 - X2)312

17.11.9. x.Ja2-x2dx=- 3

I x(a2_x2)312 a2x-Ja2-x2, a4 X

17.11.10. x2.Ja2 -x2dx = - 4 ,+ 8 + gsin-l a

17.11.11.

17.11.12.

17.11.13.

17.11.14.

17.11.15.

17.11:16.

17.11.17.

17.11.18.

17.11.19.

17.11.20.

17.11.21.

I-Ja2-x2 dx 12'2 1 (a+-Ja2-x2)

= "a -x -a n ----

x x

-J a2 - x2 I (a + .J a2 - x2 )

2 2 +-2 In ----

x a x

I'

..

,I •

TABLES OF SPECIALINDEFINITEJNTEGRALS

17.11.22.

17.11.23.

17.11.24.

17.11.25.

17.11.26.

17.11.27.

...

( 2 .. 2)312 3 2 .J 2 - 2 3 x

I( 2 2)312dx - X a -x a x a x 4 • -J

a - x - ~ . + 8 + Sa sin a

(12)

Integrals Involving ax' + bx + c

17.12.1 .

~.

If b2 == 4ac, ax2 + bx + C = a(x + b 12a)2 and the results 17.1.6 to 17.1.10 and 17.1.14 to 17.1.17 can be used. If b = 0 use results on page 75. If a or c;;;;; 0 use results on pages 7,1-72.

17.12.2.

I xdx 1·. b I dx

=-In ax! +bx+c --

ax2 +bx+c. 2a ( ) 2a ax2 +bx+c

I x2dx x b 1 2 b ) b'l - 2ac I dx

17.12.3. 2 :;;;; ---2 n(ax + x+c + 2 2 b

ax +bx+c a 2a ... fa ax + x+c

.;..:-

• x"'dx x",-J c I xm-2dx b I x",-ldx

I ax2 + bx + c = (m - l)a - a. ax: + bx + c - a ax! + bx + c.

17.12.4.

17.12.7. I 2 dx = 1 I

x·(ax + bx + c) (n -l)cx·-

17.12.8.

17.12.9.

I dx 2ai+b 2a I dx

(ax2 + bx +C)2 = (4ac-b2)(ax2 +bx+c) + 4ac-b2 ax2 + bx +c

I xdx ... bx+2c b I dx

(ax2 +bX+C)2 =-~(4::;~-'b2)(ax2 +bx+c) - 4ac-b2 ax2 +bx+c

-:; 11"

17.12.10.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

J xldx (b2 - 2ac)x + be 2c J dx

(ax2 + bx + C)2 = a(4ac - b2)(ax1 + bx + c) + 4ac - b7. ax? + bx +.~

J xmdx X,"-l (m -'1)c J xm-2dx

17.12.11. (1 b ) = (2 1 2 ) I +(2 I) -;--'2--:-----0-

ax + x+c n n-m- )a(ax +bx+e n- n-m- a (ax +bx+e)"

(n - m)b _ x,"-ldx

- (2n - m -I)a J (ax2 + bx + e)"

17.12.12.

1

,; I

17.12.13.

17.12.14.

"

17.12.15.

J dx • 1 b J dx '1 J dx

x(ax2 + bx + e)2 ;;;;;; 2c(ax2 + bx +e) .:.... 2c (ax2 + bx + C)2 + C x(ax2 + bx + e)

J dx .L_,,_ (m+2n-3)a J dx

xm(ax2 + bx + e)" ;;;: - (m -1)ex ... -1(ax2 + bx + C)"-I - (m -I)c x" 2(ax2 + bx + c)n

(m+n""-2)b f dx

(m -1)e x .. -I (ax2 + bx + e)"

(13) Integrals Involving -Jax1 +bx+c

In the following results if b2 ;;;;: 4ae, ,J ax' + bx+ c = .J;; (x ~'b 12a) and the results 17.1 can be used. If b ;;;;;; 0 use the results 17.9. If a = 0 or e ;;;;: 0 use the results 17.2 and 17.5.

s.,

1

I'

17.13.1.

17.13.2.

f x d.x _ -J ax']. + bx + c

,J ax2 + bx + e - a

b f dx

2a .J ax' + bx + e

J x2dx 2ax - 3b.J i' b 3bz - 4ae f dx

17.13.3. .Jax2+bx+e = 4a2 ax + x+e+ 8a2 .Jax1+bx+e

17.13.4.

17.13.5.

17.13.6.

I

~,: :

--

__ 1_ln(2.JC.Jdx2 + bx + e + bx + 2c)

f dx .. 0.Jc x

x.Jax2+bx+e;;;;: 1 . ( bX+2C) i. ( bx+2c )

--sm-I -. or - -smh-1

k I x r.J b2 - 4ac .Jc I x I .J 4ae - b2

f dx .J axl ~- bx + e t:.J!.... f dx

x2.Jax2+bx+e = ex 2c x.Jax2+bx+e

f .J 2 b dx (2ax + b).J ax2 + bx + e 4ae - b2 J _;===dx===

ax + x + C = 4(l + 8a

c .Jax~ +bx+c

,I •

TABLES OF.SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

-:~

17137 J .J 7. b dx (ax2+bx+C)3/2 b(2ax+b).J 1 b

• •• x ax + x + e = 3a - 8a2 ax + x + C

17.13.8.

17.13.9.

17.13.10.

17.13.11.

17.13.12.

17.13.13.

-

17.13.14.

17.13.15.

b(4ae - b2) f dx

- 16a2 .Jax1 +bx+e

f 6ax - 5b 5b2 - 4ae f.J

X2.Jax2 + bx + e dx = (ax2 + bx + C)312 +ax2 + bx + c dx

24a2 16a2

J ..fax2 +bx+c dx ..f 7. b b J d.x . f d.x

:: ax + x+c +- . +e .

x 2 -Jax7.+bx+e x.Jax2+bx+e

f dx 2(2ax + b)

(ax2 + bx+e)312 = (4ae-b2).Jax2 + bx+c

. e.

J xdx '. 2(bx+2c)

(ax2 + bx + C)3/2 - (b2..:,. 4ac).Jax2 + bx + e

f x2dx (2b2 - 4ac)x + 2be 1 f d.x

(ax2+bx+C)3/2 = a(4ac-b2).Jax7.+bx+c +0 .Jax2+bx+e

3b f dx

-2c2 x.Jax2+bx+c

17 3 6 j-J( 2 b ) +112 dx (2ax + b)(axZ,+ bx + c)n+112 (2n.f lX4ac - b2) J( 2 b )n-1I2dx

.. 1.1. ,X ax + x+c n = 4a(n+I) + 8a(n+l) ax + x+c

(ax1 +bx+c)n+312 b J

17.13.17. ~. fx(ax~ + bx + e)n+112dx;;;;;; - - (axz + bx + c)n+112dx

II a(2n + 3) 2a

17.13.18.

17.13.19.

f d.x 2(2ax + b)

(ax2 + bx + e)n+112 - (2n -1)(4ac - b2)(ax2 + bx + c)n-1I2

+ 8a(n-l) f d.x .•

(2n - 1)( 4ae - b2) (ax2 + bx + C )0-112

J dx 1

x(ax2 + bx + c)" ... ll2 = (2n -l)c(ax2 + bx + c)" 112

1 f dx b f dx

+ C x(ax1 + bx + e)n-112 - 2c (ax2 + bx + c)n+112

'11 :1 u I

II' !II

l! ~ ~

"

.. 1<----

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(14) Integrals Involving x3 + a3

Note that for formulas involving .xl - a3 replace a with -a.

f_E__=_l_ln( (x+a)2 )+_. _I_tan-1 2x-a

17.14.1. 2 -t: -r:

Xl +a3 6a2 x2 -ax+a a2_,J3 a~3

17.14.2.

17.14.3.

17.14.4.

17.14.5.

17.14.7.

.

f dx 1 1 (X3)

17.14.9. (3 3)2 = '3 3(' 3 3) + -3 6 In -)--3

_ X x +a a x +a a ;c +a

17.14.10.

17.14.11.

17.14.12.

(15)

Integrals Involving x4 ± a~

17.15.1.

17.15.2.

., "I

I 'Ii I

.1 /11

I i"

IIII "

17.15.3.

1

TABlES' OF, SPECIALINDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.15.4.

17.15.5.

17.15.6.

1 [ (xJ2) (. xJ2)]

+-- tan:' 1--- -:tan-1 1+--

2a5.fi a . a

17.15.8.

17.15.9.

J ......,.._.dx---;- = ,_I_In (_x_-_a) __ ' 1_ tan -I ~ X4 - a4 4a3 x + a 2a3 a

17 0 J x'dx = _1 In (x - a) + _1 tan-:-1'::

.15.1 . 4 4 4 2

p. , x - a a x + a ' . a' a'

17.15.11 .

17.15.12.

17.15.13.

17.15.14.

(16)

Integrals Involving XII ± all

17.16.1. '''f dx = -I-In( x" )

x(x" + an) nan xn + a"

J xr+dx 1

17.16:2.A n n""-In(x"+an)

x +a n

17.16.3.

17.16.4.

17;16.5.

17.16.6;

f dx If dx If dx

xm(xn+a"Y=~ x'"(x"+a"y-I ~ xm-"(xn+a"),

f dx __ 1_ln(,J x="=+ a=n""---7#=" )

x.Jx" +an - n;;'; .Jx" +a" +#

J dx = _I In(_xn_-_a")

x(xn - an) na" x"

17.16.7.

17.16.8.

17.16.9.

17.16.10.

17.16.11.

III

III

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITEJNTEGRALS

xn-ldx 1

J-- =-In(xn -an) xn -an n

dx 2 r;.:

J x.Jxn _ an = -n-ra;-a-n cos:" V~

f. xr+dx 1 Lm. (2k -1)Plr _I (x +acos[(2k -1)lCI2m))

---= -sm tan

x2m+a2m ma2m-p k=l 2m asin[(2k-l)lrl2ml

1 Lm (2k-l)Plrl (2 2 (2k-l)lr 2)

- 2 cos n x + ax cos 2 + a

2ma m-p 2m m

~ .

where 0 < P ;:2 2m.

rd
!I
I I
i'
I,: 17.16.12.

I

I '

jl\\

I

"1111

!:'

xr+dx 1 "'-I kpt: ( klr)

J = Lcos.-ln Xl -2axcos-+al

X2 .. - a2m 2ma2 .. -p t.1 m m

1 ~l. kpr: -I (x-aCOS(klrlm») £... sin - tan --. --''------'-

ma2m-p lzl m aSm(klClm)

where 0 < P ;:2 2m.

1

+ (In(x-'-a)+(-I)P In(x+a)}

2ma2m-p

17.16.13.

J xr=dx 2( _l)P-1 I"'· 2kplr _I (x + a cos [2kJrl(2m + 1)])

----= sm--tan

x2m+l+a2nHI (2m+l)a2 .. -P+l k=l 2m+l·· a sin [2klr/(2m + I»)

,

(-1)P-1 m 2kp1! ( 2k1t)

- ~ cos--ln x2 + 2axcos--+a2

(2m + l)aZm-P+' f:t 2m + 1 2m + 1

(_1)P-lln(x+a)

+ ..;__.,:___.:..______:_

(2m + 1)a2m-P+1

where 0 < P 2 2m + 1.

17.16.14.

J __ XP-_'dx....,.....;_:.,.= -2 ~ sin-2_kp_lr_tan-1 (x -acos[2klrl(2m+ I)])

X2m+1 - a2mrl(2m + 1)a2m-P+l f:t 'J.m +! a sin [2klr/(2m + I)]

1 ~~ 2kplr ( 2kn)

+ oos--ln x2 -2axoos--+a2

(2m + 1)a2m-ptl i; 2m + 1 2m + 1 -

.'

In'(x - a) 4"

+'(2m + 1)a2"'''p+l'

where 0 <p;:2 2m + 1.

TABLES OF SP.ECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(17)

Integrals Involving sin ax

J . cos ax sm ax dx = - -a-

17.17.13.

f. sin zzr x sm ax dx = --or

xcosax a

17.17.1.
17.17.2.
.'
17.17.3.
17.17.4.
17.17.5.
17.17.6.
17.17.7.
17.17.8.
17.17.9.
17.17.10.
17.17.11.
17·17.12. J 2' dx 2x. (2 Xl)

. X smax =Q2smax+ a3 --a cosax

J 3" dx (3X2 6). (6X x3)...

x smax = --;;_r--7 sm ar+ 7-a cosax

f sioax dx = - sioax +aJ cosax dx (See 17.18.5.)

x2 x x

J dx 1 1 ax

-.-- = -In(csc ax - cot ax) = -In tan-2

Stnax a a

J . I dx x sin 2ax sin ax =2-~

f . 2 dx _ x2 xsin2ax coslax

x sm ax - 4' - 4a . . - . 8al

3

fsin3 ax dx = _"_co_s_ax_ + _co_s_ax_

a 3a.

f . 4 dx 3x sin 2ax sin.4ax sin ax =----+--

8 4a 32a

J _;!!_ = -.!_ cot ax

sin? ax a

j

f dx cos ax 1 ax

171714 --= +-lntan-

. •• sin! ax 2asin2 ax 2a 2

17.17.1~

17.17.16.

17.17.17.

17.17.18.

17.17.19.

J . . dx _,sin(p - q)x sin(p+ q)x smpxsmqx - ) - 2(" ,

2(p-q p+q)

(If p = ±q.see 17.17.9.)

J ""I---::-'n-ax- = ~ tan(: +-a;)

J xdx x (lr ax) 2 . (lr ax)

. =-tan -+- +-lnsm ---

I':"':sinax a 4 2 a2 4 2

f dx 1 (lr ax)

I+sinax =- a tan "4-2

~---

17.17.20.

17.17.21.

17.17.22.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE.INTEGRALS

(Ifp:::: ± q. see 17.17.16 and 17.17.18.)

17.17.23.

17.17.24.

17.17.25.

17.17.26.

17.17.27.

17.17.28.

17.17.29.

I

U I

11 I I

17.17.30.

(18)

J dx q cos ax P J' dx

(p+qsinax)2'= a(p2 -q2)(p+qsinax) + p2 _q2 p+.qsina.,t

J . dx x" COSax mxm-I sin ax m(m -1) J' -2" dx

x" Slfl ax =: - + 2 - 2 ,xm sm ax

a a a

J sin ax dx= _ sinax +_a_ J COS ax , xft (n-})xft-I n-l ~dx (See 17.18.30.)

J ." dx sin=' ax cos ax n - 1 J . "-2 dx

sm ax =- +-- sin ax

an n

J dx -cosax , 'n-2 J dx

sinn ax = a(n -1) sin":' ax + n -} sin"? ax

J X dx - X cos ax 1 n - 2 J X dx

sin" ax = a(n -1)sin·-1 ax - a2(n -1)(n - 2)sin" 2 ax + n -1, ~ sin"? aX

Integrals Involving cos ax

J sin ax

17.18.1. cos ax dx :;;;;--

a '}

17.18.2.

17.18.3.

f dx cosax xsinax

xcosax ;;;;;: --2-+

a . a

J 2 dx 2x (X2 2). ,

x COSax =7cosax+ a-or SInO!

TABLES OF SPECIAL IN,DEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.18.4.

J 3 (3X2 6) (X3 6X).

x cosaxdx= 7:::df COS ax + a-ar smax

17.18.5. JCO:ax dx=lnx-~~i; + ~~1; - ~~~; + ...

17.18.6.

17.18.7.

17.18.8.

17.18.9.

17.18.10.

17.18.11.

17.18.12.

17.18.13.

17.18.14.

17.18.15.

17.18.16.

J cos ax cos ax J sin ax

-2-dx=----a --dx (See 17.17.5.)

x x. X

J dx 1 1 (rc ax)

--=-In(secax+tanax)=-ln tan '--4 +-2

cosax a ' a

J X sin 2ax

cos? ax dx ="2+ 4a

I 2 dx _ x2 xsin2ax cos2ax xcos ax - 4+ 4a + 8a2

J 3 dx sin ax sirr' ax cos ax =-----

a 3a

J 4 dx _3x sin 2ax sin 4ax cos ax -8+~+32'(l

J dx tan ax

cos2ax =-a-

f dx sin ax 1 (1r ax)

--::---= +-lntan -+-

cos) ax 2a cos? ax 2a 4 2'

f dx sin(a - p)x sin(a + p)x

cosaxcospx = + (Ifa=±p, see 17.18.9.)

2(a - p) 2(a + p)

f dx 1 ax l-cosax =-acotT

f x dx x ax 2 ',. ax

17.18.17. I ;;;;; --cot-2 +'21n5m-2

!-, - cos ax (1. a

-.'fI'

17.18.18.

J dx 1 ax I + cos ax = a tan T

J x dx x ax 2 ax

17.18.19.~ 1+ =-tan-2 +"2'lncos-2

co~ax a a

17.18.20.

17.18.21.

17.18.22.

J dx 1 ax I ax (1- cosax)2 = - 2a cotT- 6a cot) T

J dx 1 ax I ax -,-----;:- = - tan - + - tan) -

(l+cosax}2 ; 2a 2 6a 2

(2 tan:' ~(p _ q) I (p + q) tan!ax

ayp. _q2 2

1 In(tan1ax+~(q+P)/(q'_P»)

a~q2_p2 tan1ax-~(q+p)/(q-p)

J p+q~osax =

(lfp::±q, see 17.17.20 and 17.17.21.)

J dx I -I ~p2 +q2 tanax

2 2'2 = tan

p +q Sill ax ap..Jp2 +q2 P

(Jfp=±q, see \7.18.16 and 17.18.18.)

'<1fj)I-----

17.1,8.+3.
17.18.24.
III 17.18.25.
III
17.18.26.
.,l7.18.27.
17.18.28.
17.18.29. TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

J dx _, qsinax

(p+qcosax)2 - a(q2-p2)(p+qcosax)

(If p = ±q see 17.18.19 and 1'7:18 . 20,)

17 18 30 J x dx _ x sin ax _ 1 n - 2 J x d.x

• .. cos" ax - a(n -1)cos" I ax a'(n -l)(n - 2)cos" 2 ax + n -] COSn-2 ax

,

J dx _ 1 -1 ptanax.

p2'+ q2 COS2 ax - ap~ p2 + q2 tan ~ p2 + q2

1 ptanax

--;===tan-I -7===

ap~p2 _q2 ~p2 _q2

1 [ptanax-~q2-p2)

2ap~q2-p2 In ptanax+~q2-p2

J .. xm sin ax mxm-I m(m= 1)

xfflcosaxdx= +--2-~cosax-; Jxm-2cosaxdx

a a a ~

J cos ax dx = - cosax __ a_ J sin ax dx

(See 17.17.27:)

x" , (n -l)x"-) n -1. x·-I

J dx sin ax COS"-l ax n -1 f

cos" ax = + -- COS"-2 ax dx

an n

J dx sin ax n-2 J dx

cos" ax = a(n -1)cos·-1 ax + b -1 COSn,-2 ax

(19) Integrals Involving sin ax and cos ax

J . sin" ax

17.19.1. smax cos ax dx =; ~

. dx __ cos(p - q)x _ cos(p + q)x

17.19.2. smpxcosqx - 2(p-q) 2(p+q)

17.19.3.

17.19.4.

17.19.5.

17.19.6.

17.19.7.

17.19.8.

17.19.9.

J sin'"! ax .

sin"axcosaxdx = (Ifn = -1, see 17.21.1".)

(n + l)a

cos'"' ax

Jcosnaxsinaxdx;;;;; - (Ifn;;;;; -1. see 17.20.1.)

(n + ])a

J . x sin4ax sin? axcos2 ax dx = ----

8 32a

f dx <11

. =- ntanax

smaxcosax a

--";'

J dx 1 (1r ax) 1

sin2axcos; =aln~ '"4+2 - asinax

, J-.

dx 1 ax r:

J . ;;;;;-Intan-+---

sinzn cos! ax a . 2 . a cos ax

f dx 2cot2ax

. sin? axcos2 ax = - a

. ~.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

--CIB

f sin? ax sinax 1 (ax 1r) 1
17:19.10. --dx=!.c.--+-lntan -+-
cos ax a a 2 4 ..
17:19.11. J cos? ax dx cos ax 1 1 aX,
. =--+- ntan-
smax a a 2
J dx 1 1 (ax 1r)
17.19.12. -- +-lntan -+-
cosax(l±sinax) -+2a(l±sinax) 2a 2 4
f dx 1 1 ax
17.19.13. =+ +-Intan-
sin ax(1 ± cos ax) - 2a(l ± cos ax) 2a ,. 2
J dx 1 (ax 1r)
17.19.14. =--Intan -+-
sinax±cosax a.fi 2 -8
J sinaxdx xl.
17.19.15. . ± =2+~ln(smax±cosax)
sin ax cos ax a
f cosaxdx xl.
17.19.16. . ± =±2+~ln(smax±cosax)
sm ax cos ax a
J sinaxdx 1,
17.19.17. = - -In (p + q cos ax)
p+q cos ax aq
17.19.18. J cos ax dx 1 r ( . , )
. =- n + smax
p+qsmax aq p q
17.19.19. f sinaxdx 1
(p+qcosax)" = aq(n-I)(p+qcosax)" 1
17.19.20. J cos ax dx -I
(p+qsinax)" - aq(n-l)(p+qsinax)" 1 17.19.23.

J dx 1 ( ax)

. =-In + tan-

p sin ax + q(l + cos ax ),ap q p 2

17.19.24.

f dx -1 (1r.ax+t~-l(qIP»)

1 ;;;;; tan -=t .

psinax+qcosax±~p2+q2 a~p2+q2 4 2

17.19.25.

J dx = _l_tan-I (ptanax)

p2 sin! ax + q2 cos? ax apq q

17.19.26 .

f dx =_l_ln(Ptanax-q)

p2 sin 2 ax - q2 cos? ax 2apq p tan ax + q

[III

f.'

! I

.~ II I

::: :1;1;1:

'/.1 ': II·

, 'II' II,

1!!1,

IIlilll'

11.11' ,

1I11'j'·

l:,t::I,.· ,

111111 1 'II~I I .. I' I III" I,

lillll! I

~ ~I 1,. ,~ llLi'

~"I Ii I~I

I II

i ~ I I I

::J' '

III II

uu I

'111

"II'. I

IIj '!

11 1'1

11" ,;~ I 1'1 ',U. II III, u

IIII.IIIJD IIhl! ~

'11;:1'1'11'11:,

,III" II

,:::111 '

II It! I I!'!tll,

jlJill

I.~I Ii ".!,'fJ." 1,'II'l

"llblll '" '11I1lll I!, "IIi 1'1 li 11111'11 'I'

lilll'l' 1l"·.ll :'1

u""II' 'I~

It HI 11111, III 1111111 II 1111'1/'1'

. 111 'I' 111111/11

"11.1111'

"11,1 QI

"1l1" l' 11I11 II 11 ,r II

'lilli'

I I"

,,:: ,1111'

11"1 '1111

111111, 11'1

1111,1'1111

U ",11'11" ft I 'jill

~ ~:I! 1111:1

I I III,

1:1,

TABLES OF SPECIAL tN'DEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.19.27.

{ sin",-l ax COS"+I ax m -,I J .

- +-- sm,"-2 ax cos" ax dx

J . a(m+n) m+n

sm'" ax cos" ax dx =

sin,"+1 axCOS"-1 ax n -1 J . ---;---;--- + -- sin" ax cos"? ax dx

a(m+n) m+n .

17.19.28.

J sin'" ax dx = cos" ax

sin=' ax m - 1 J sin'"? ax

......,---:-:--....,.-- - _- dx

a(r' -1), cos":' ax n -1 cos" 2 ax

sin",+lax m-n+2 J sinmax dx

a(n -l)cos·-I ax n -I cos" 2 ax

=sin=' ax m -1 J sin .. -2 ax

~ +-- dx

a(m - n) COS"-I ax m - n cos" ax

17.19.29.

J c~s'" ax dx =

sm"ax

- cos .. -I ax m - 1 J cos .. -2 ax

--.,---...,....--- -- dx

a(n-l)sin"-Iax n-I sinn-2ax

-cos .. +1 ax in - n-+ 2 J cos" ax

a(n -1) sin":' ax - n -1 sin·-2 ax dx

COS,"-l ax m -I f cos=? ax

( ). 1 +-,.- . dx

a m+n sin"' ax m+ n sin" ax

17.19.30.

{ 1 m+n~2

J dx = a(n -1) sin'"! ax cos=' ax + n-l

sin= ax cos" ax -1 m + n - 2

a(m-I) sin ,"-1 ax cos"" ax + m -1 .

J dx.

sin",-2 ax cos" ax.'

(20) Integrals Involving tan ax
17.20.1. f 1 I
tan ar dr e= --lncosax = -Insecax .
a a
17.20.2. J tan ax
tan 2 ax dx =rs=>
17.20.3. J ' tan! ax 1 ,
tan' ax dx == ~ + a In cos ax
t "+1
17.20.4. J tan" ax sec2 ax dx "" ;::+1:
17.20.5 . J sec2 ax dx = .!_ In tan ax
tan ax a '
,
.. "
17.20.6. dx 1 ~
J -- ;;::: -In sin ax
tanax a "1.> 17.20.10.

17.20.11.

J dx px q .

---- = 2 2 + (2 2) In(qsmax+ pcosax)

p+qtanax p +q a p +q

tan""

J tan" ax dx = ax - J tann-2 ax dx

(n -l)a

(21) Integrals Involving cot ax

c._

17.21.1.

17.21.2.

17.21.3.

17.21.4.

17.21.5.

17.21.6.

17.21.7.

17.20.7.

J - _!_ {(ax») (ax)5 2(ax)' ." 22n (22n -1)8. (ax)2n+1 ".}

xtanaxdx- a2 - 3 ,;t.15 + 105 + + (2n+l)! +

.~ ~"-"

17.20.8.

17.20.9.

17.21.8.

17.21.9.

J cot ax dx = ~ In sin ax

J cot ax

cot? ax dx == - -a- - x

J cot? ax 1 .

cot3axdx = ---- - -Insmax

2a a

cor"! ax

Jcotn axcsc2 axdx = ---(n + l)a

J CSC2 ax I

---dx =--lncotax

cot ax a

J ~ = -.!_ In cos ax

cot ax a

I { (ax)] (ax)~ 22n B. (ax)2"+1

J x cot ax dx = ~ ax - -9- - 225 -". - (2n + I)!

Jcotax dx > __ l _ ax _ (ax? _".

x ax 3 135

(2~ -lX2n)!

J x cot! ax dx =

xcotax 1 In . x2 ---+- smax--

a a' 2

17.21.10. f dx == px - q 2 In(qsinax+qcosax)

.;. p + q cot ax p2 + q2 a(p2 + q )

17.21.11.

(22)

cor':' ax J

fcot"axdx = - - cotn-2axdx

(n -l)a

Integrals Involving sec ax

17.22.1.

17.22.2.

17.22.3.

J 1 1 (ax lC)

sec ax dx ;;::: -In (sec ax + tan ax) = -In tan -, +-

a a 2 4

f tan ax

sec2axdx;::: -a-

J sec ax tan ax 1

sec3axdx = +-In (sec ax + tan ax)

2a 2a

•

(][) TABLES OF SPECIAL 'INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

---~C!GJi)

1

.~

(24) Integrals Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

I seen ax

17.22.4. sec" ax tan ax dx =--

na

17.24.1.

J~;;;;;sinax 17.22.5.

see ax a

'17.24.2.

17.24.3.

II'

I

17.22.7.

17.24.4.

I x 1

xsee2ax dx;;;;; - tan ax + -In cos ax

a a2

17.22.8.

17.24.5.

J dx x PI dx ..

q+ psecax =: : p+qcosax

17.22.9.

17.24.6.

I " dx sec"? ax tan ax n - 2 I

see ax =: + -- sec"-2ax dx

a(n-l) n-l

17.22.10.

17.24.7. fcOS-' ~dx = x COS-I ~- .Ja2 ..... x2

a a

III

(23) Integrals Involving esc ax

17.24.8.

17.23.1. J esc ax dx = .!_ In (esc ax - cot ax) = .!..In tan ~

a a 2

17.24.9.

I 2 cot ax

17.23.2. esc ax dx = ---

a

17.24.10.

J cseaxcotax I ax

17.23.3. esclaxdx = +-In tan-'

2a 2a 2

J esc" ax esc"ax cot ax dx = --na

17.24.11.

17.23.4.

J dx cos ax

Cseax =--a-

17.23.5.

J 1 { (ax)3 7(ax)5 2(22.-1 -1)8 (ax)2n+1 }

xcscaxdx::::- ax+--+--+···+ » + ...

a2 18 1800 (2n+l)!

I x x a

tan-'-dx;;;;; x tan-I---ln(x2 +a2)

a a 2" .

17.23.6.

17.24.13.

;a. 17.24.14.

I x 1 x ax x tan-'-dx = -(x2 +a2)tan-I-_-

a 2 a 2

Iescaxdx=;!.._l +ax+ 7(ax)l + ... +2(22n-l_l)B.(ax)2n-l + ...

x- .. ax 6 1080 (2n -1)(2n)!

.. ~

xcotax 1 l~ ,

---+2' nsmax a a

17.23.7.

17.24.15 .

17.23.8. J x csc'ax dx =

"

17.24.16.

J dx x p ~J dx ~.:

q+ pcscax = -q - -q p+ qsinax (See 17.17.22.)

J7.23.9.

J tan:' (x/a) _ I'. -1 X 1 . (,x2 +0'2)

----'----'-dx - -- tan - - -In --

x2 x a 2a x2

17.24.17.

J .CSCn-2 axeotax n - 2 f .

esc" ax dx "" - + -- cscn-2ax dx

. a(n-I) n-I

17.23.1.0.

.,.----

17.24.18.

'17.24;19.

17.24.20.

17.24.21.

17.24.22.

17.24.23.

17.24.24.

17.24.25.

17.24.26.

X 7C 0< sec-I_ <-

a 2

7C X

- < sec:' - < 7C

2 a

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

f . x x d

cocl-dx = x cot " _ + -1n(x2 + a2)

a a 2

f x 1 x ~

xcocl-dx == -(x2 +a2)cot-1 - + -

a 2 ' a 2

(See 17.24.16.)

X 7C o < sec-I '7' < -

a 2

7C I X

- < sec- - <7C

2 a

x 7C 0< sec-I- <a. 2

sec:' (x/a) + JX2 -'a2 "I x 7C
O c sec" - <-
rec-I(x/a) dx > x ~ a 2
17.24.27.
x2 sec:' (x/a) .JX2 -a2 7C 'x
- < sec:" - < 7C
X ax 2 a 17.24.28.

17.24.29.

17.24.30 ...

X {XCSC-1 ~ +a In (x + ~X2 -a2)

f esc" +dx = a

a XCSC-l~ -a In (X+~X2 _a2)

• a

, ...

'.

X 7C 0< esc:" - <a 2

7C I X

~-<csc- - < 0,

2 a

O IX 7C < csc- - <-

a 2

7C IX

--<csc- -<0

2 a

TABLES.OF'SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS'

17.24.31.

17.24.32.

17.24.33.

17.24.34.

17.24.35.

17.24.36.

17.24.37.

17.24.38.

---------~

f CSC-l (x/a) dx = x2

O 1 X 7C < esc": - <a 2

CSc-l(x/a) JX2 - a2

x ~

7C I X 0

--.<csc- -<

2 a

_X_",+_l_s_ec, _-_l(:_x_la...:_) + .s.. f xr dx

m+ 1 m + 1 , Jx2 -at

f xm esc:' ~dx =

a xm+l csc-I (x/a)

---

m+1

a

m+l

(25) Integrals Involving tf1X

X 7C o < sec:' - < -" .. a 2

7C x

- < sec:" - < 7C

2 a

O 1 X 7C < csc- - <-

a 2

7C IX

--<csc- - < 0

2 a

J eax

17.25.1. eaxdx =-

j; a

17.25.2.', . f xe=dx » e: (x -~)

J xne"" n

17.25.4. xne""dx = -a--{i J x"-Iea.tdx

__ e"" (xn _ nx"-l + n(n - 1)x"-2 _ ... (-1)" n!)

a a a2 an .if n = positive integer

17.25.5.

17.25.6.

J e"" -e" a f e""

-dx = + -- -- dx

x" (n - l)x"-I n -I X"-l

17.25.7.

17.25.8.

17.25.9.

17.25.10.

17.25.11.

17.25.12.

17.25.13.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

f dx x 1

= - - - In (p+qe=;

p+qe" p ap

f dx xlI

---- = -+ --In(p+qe''')

(p+ qeax)2 p2 ap(p + qe"") ap'

1 (eax-RP)

2aJ- pq In e" + .J-qlp

f e" sin bx dx

eax(asin bx - b cosbx) a2 +b2

I ax b dx eCU(acos bx+ bsinbx)

e cos x = 2 b2

a +

f . b dx xea.t(asinbx-bcosbx) eax{(a2-b2)sinbx-2abcosbx}

xeax sm x = ' - .:.._~-~~~:-:-=:..:..:..::....--.!..

a2 + b2 (a2 + b2)1

fax b dx xeax(acosbx+bsinbx) .. elll{(a2 -b2)cosbx+2absinbx}

xe cos x • a2 + b2 - (a2 + b2)2

17.25.14. Ie""lnxdx = e""lnx -.!: f eax dx

a a x

17.25.15.

17.25.16.

f· e", sin'"! bx . nin -1)b2 f . .

edXsm"bxdx= 2 2b2 (asmbx-nbcosbx)+ 2 2b2 e"'sm"-2bxdx

a +n a +n

f em cos=' bx . nin -1)b2 f

edXcos"bxdx= 2 2b2 (acosbx+nbsmbx)+ 2 2b2 etlXcos·-2bxdx

a +n a +n

(26) Integrals Involving In x

17.26.1. JInx dx = x Inx - x 17.26.2. J xlnxdx = x; (In x -~)

17.26.3.

17.26.4.

17.26.5.

17.26.6.

17.26.7.

17.26.8.

f

fxm lnxdx = xm+1 (In x __ 1_) m+l m+l .

J Inx dx =.!. In2x

x 2 'f

.. ~

(If m = -1, see 17.26.4.)

f Inx dx > ln~ 1 7 --x-i

f In"xdx = lnn+lx x n+l

(Ifn;;;;; -I, seel7.26.8.)

I ~ = lnfln.r)

xlnx

\

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

----flW-

J dx In2 X In3 x

17.26.9. - = In(lnx)+lnx+-- + -- + ...

lnx 2.21 3.31

17.26.10.

Jxmdx = In(lnx)+(m+l)lnx+ (m+lfln2,i: + (in+WIn3x + ...

lnx 2·2! -3.31

17.26.11.

J In"xdx = .r ln" x -n J In,,-l x dx

17.26.12.

xm+1lnn X n f

J xm In" x dx = - -- xm lnn-l xdx

m+l m+l

If m =-1, see 17.26.7.

17.26.13.

17.26.14.

(27) Integrals Involving sinh ax

17.27.1.

f . 'h" ... dx' coshax sm ax =

a

17.27.2.

f x sinh ax dx = x cosh ax _ sinh ax

a a2

17.27.3. J x2 sinhaxdx = (:2 + ~}oShax- ~: sinh ax

J sinh ax (ax)3 (ax)5

17.27.4. Ji'~dx=ax+ 3.31 + 5.5! + ...

J sinh ax dx _ sinh ax J cosh ax dx

17.27.5. --2 - - ---+a

" x x x

(See 17.28.4.)

l

ii dx 1 ax

17.27.6. -- =-lntanh-

sinhax a .... 2

I~ = _!_ {ax- (ax)3 + 7(ax)5 _ ... + 2(-1)"(22" -1)B.(ax)2n+! +".}

17.27.7. sinhax' a2. 18 1800 (2n +1)!

17.27.8.

I . h2 dx sinh ax cosh ax x

sm ax = --

2a 2

17.27.9.

J . 2 xsinh2ax cosh2ax Xl

xsmh ax dx = 4a - 8a2 -4'

17.27.10.

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE.INTEGRALS

J dx cothax sinh? ax == --0-

17.27.11. J sinh ax sinh px dx -sinh (0 + p)x 2(a+ p)

sinh(o- p)x 2(a- p)

For 0;;;;; ±p see 17.27.8.

17.27.12.

17.27.13.

17.27.14.

17.27.15.

17.27.16.

J m • h dx x" cosh ax m J 1

X srn ax = --a-- - -;; xm- cosh ax dx

(See 17.28.12.)

J . h" dx sinh":' ax coshax n -1 J' 2 dx

Sill ax =' - -- sinh'" ax

an n

J sinh ax dx _ - sinh ax a J cosh ax

-- - +-- dx

xn (n -l)x~-l n -1 x·-I

(See 17.28.14.)

J dx - cosh ax n - 2 J dx

sinh" ax = a(n "- I) sinh=' ax -. n -1 sinh"" ax

"

J xdx -x cosh ax 1 n .. - 2 J' xdx

. sinh" ax = o(n -l)sinhn-' ax' - a2 (n.:_ IXn - 2) sinh"? ax' - n -1 sinh"? ax

(28) Integrals Involving cosh ax

J sinh ax

17.28.1. coshaxdx=--

a

x sinh ax

cosh ax 02

17.28.2. J x cosh ax dx

17.28.3.

a

J x2 cosh ax dx ==

2xcoshax (X2 2). ----+ - +- sinhax

02 a 03

17.28.4. (~coshax dx;;; lnx+ (ax)2 + (ax)4 + (ax)6 + ...

J' x 2.2! 4.4! 6.6!

17.28.5.

17.28.6.

17.28.7.

17.28.8.

• I

17.28.9.

I

II'

f cosh ax dx cosh ax f sinh ax.

=- +0 --dx

~ x x

(See 17.27.4.)

J-dx..,----- ==~ tan.-I eQX coshax 0 '.~

~

f xdx _1 {(ax)2 (ax? 5{'ti'tj6 (-1)i'.E.(ax)2ii+2}

coshax - Q2 -2- --8-+~+'''+ (2n +2)(2n)! + ...

"

.

f h2 dx x sinh ax 'cosh ax 4-,

cos ax = "2 + ---=2-0--

f' h2 dx _ x2 x sinh 2ax _ cosh 2ax

x cos ax - 4 + 4 2

a 80

,

1

TA~LE.S OF SPECIAL INDEFINIT~ INTEGRALS

17.28.10.

17.28.11.

17.28.12.

17.28.13.

17.28.14.

17.28.15.

17.28.16.

f dx tanh ax

cosh· ~ = 0

J sinh (0 - p)x sinh (0 + p)x

cosh ax cosh px dx == + --___:'-'--

2(0- v) 2(0+ v)

f x" sinh ax m f .

x'" cosh ax dx ;;;;' , - - x .. -I sinh ax dx

o 0

(See 17.27.12.)

f h dx coshn-' ax sinh ax n -1 f

cos • ax = ',.,-, ~---- + -- cosh"? ax dx

•. an n

f cosh ax dx > -coshax + _0_ f sinh ax dx

xn (n - 1)xn-1 n -1 x·-1

(See 17.27.14.)

f dx sinh ax n - 2 f dx

cosh" ax - ain -1)coshn-1 ax + n -1 cosh=" ax

----c:m1l>

f x dx x sinh ax 1 n-2 f' x dx

---= + +--

cosh" ax o(n'- 1) cosh"? ax (n - 1) en - 2)02 cosh"? ax n - 1 cosh'"? ax

(29) Integrals Involving sinh ax and cosh ax

f . ,. sinh? ax

17.29.1. smhaxcoshaxdx = ---

20

17.29.2.

17.29.3.

f . h h dx cosh(p+q)x cosh(p-q)x

sin px cos qx = + ----'~--=..;..-

2(p+q) 2(p-q)

f . sinh4ax x

sinh? ar cosh? axdx = --

320. 8

f dx 1

17.29.4. = - In tanh ax

};: sinhaxcoshax a' "_,

17.29.5.

17.29.6.

17.29.7.

f dx 2 coth 2ax

sinh" ax cosh? ax == - a

f sinh! ax dx sinh ax 1 -I' =-- -tan smhax

cosh ax 0 a

f cosh? ax dx- cosh ax 1 1 h ax

- + - ntan -

sinh ax 0 a 2

(30) Integrals Involving tanh ax (32) Integrals Involving sech ax
.". , , " "2
17.30.1. J tanh ax dx = ~ In cosh ax 17.32.1. I sechzrr dx;;;;li tan " e=
J tanh 2 ax dx ;;;; x - tanh ax 17.32.2. J sech? ax dx tanh ax
17.30.2.
0 a
J tanh! ax dx ;;;;;: ~ In cosh ax - tanh? ax f sech? ax dx = sech ax tanh ax + 2~ tan -I sinh ax
17.30.3. 20 17.32.3.
2a TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

17.30.5.

f X2 xtanhax 1

x tanh 2 ax dx =- - + - In cosh ax

2 a a2

f tanh ax dx = ax _ (axp + 2(ax)5 _'" (-1)0-1220 (22• -1) B. ,(~)2n-l + ...

17.30.6. x 9 75 (2n -l)(2n)l

17.30.7. f dx h

p+ qt~ ax

17.30.8.

=tanh":' ax f

Jtanhnaxdx o(a-l) + tanho-2axdx

(31), Integrals Involving coth ax

17.31.1. f cothaxdx ='~lnsinhax

J cothax

17.31.2. coth2axdx;;;;;:x- a

'17.31.3.

f coth? axdx =ilnsinhax

coth2 ax 20

• t {' (ax)3 (ax)5 (-1)n-122" Bn(ax)2n+l }

17.31.4. Jxcothaxdx =(;2 ax+-9-- 225 +'" (2n+l)! + ... ,

17.31.5.

17.31.6.

J cothax :..~:_ 1 ax _ (ax» '" (_1)"22" Bn(ax)2n-1 , .. ,

x dx - ax + 3 135 + (2n -1)(2n)! +

~.;»

17.31.7.

f dx th = /X 2 - (2q 2) In(psinhax +qcoshax)

p+qco ax p -,q a p -q ,

J"

coth=' ax f '

f coth" ax dx = a(n :-1) + coth"? ax dx

17.31.8.

..

TABLES OF SPECIAL 'INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

f. _..!...{(llX)2 _(clx)4 5(ax)6 .. ,(_1)nE.(ax)2"+2 ... }

17.32.4. xsechaxdx- a2 2 8 + 144 + (2n+2)(2n)! .+ r:

17.32.5.

J x sech! ax dx

xtilihax 1

--- - - In cosh ax

a a2

J sechax dx In (ax)2 5(ax)4 '61(ax)6 (-1)n'En(ax)2~

17.32.6. x = x--4-+~ - 4320 + .. , 2n(2~)1 + ...

17.32.7. J sech" ax dx

sechn-2 ax tanh ax n - 2 f hn,2 dx

(1) + --I' sec ax

a n- n-

(33) Integrals· Involving csch ax

J ,. 1 ax

17.33.1. cschaxdx=alntanh T

17.33.2. f csch' ax dx

cothax a

17.33.3.

f h3 dx cschax cothax 1 1 h ax

esc ax = - - - n tan -

2a 2a 2

J. xcothax 1 ,

17.33.5." xcsch2axdx = +2 In smh ax

a a

J cSChaxdx= __ l _ax + 7(ax)3+ .. ,<-W2(22n-l_l)Bn(ax)2"-1 + ...

17.33.6. x ax 6 1080 (2n-l)(2n)!

f n -cschn-2 ax cothax n - 2 f .-2

17.33.7. csch ax dx = a(n ...:.1) ',- "- -: n;_ 1 csch ax dx

TABLES OF SPECIAL INDEFINITE.INTEGRALS

TABLESiOF SPECIAL INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

(34) Integrals Involving Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

I . X x .... I• x 1 x., + 1

x" smh-'-dx = --smh-I- - -- f . dx

a m+l a m+l ~X2 +~2

17.34.15.

J sinh-I':: dx'= x sinh -I .::. - .j x2 + a2

a a

17.34J.

X ", .. I X 1 I x.,+1 dx

--COSh-I ----

m+l a m+l ~X2 -a2

J x" cosh-''::'dx =

a xoo+1 X 1

--cosh-I-+-m+l • a m+1

cosh-I (x/a) > 0

. X (X2 a2). _ x .jx2+a2

J x smh-' a dx = 2" +""4 sinh I a - x -'--4"---

17.34.2.

17.34.16.

COs_!l-I(X/q) < 0

x (x/a)3 1.3(x/a)S 1.3.5(x/a)7

----+ - + ...

a 2·3.3 2·4.5·5 2·4.6·7.7

JSinh-~(x/a) dx= In2(2x/a) _ (a/x)2.+ J·3(alx)4 _1.3.5(~/x)6 + ...

2 2·2·2 2·4·4·4 2.4.6.6.6

Ixl < a

f·' X·X .. +I X a

x" tanh " - dx = -'- tanh-J _

a m+l a m+I

17.34.17.

17.34.3.

x> a.

f x xm+l X I

x"coth-'-dx=--coth-J_ - __ a m+l a m+I

17.34.18.

x<-a

x .. +1 . x a

--sech-1- +-m+l a m+1 17.34.19. J x'" sech-'!..dx =

a xm+1 X 1 --sech-' ---m+l a m+1

sech" I (xla) > 0

17.34.4.

17.34.5.

f·· .x x .. +I.. X a

x" csch' - dx = -- csch " - ± -a m+l a m+l

17.34.20.

(+ if'.e > 0, - if x < 0)

17.34.6.

+ if COSh-I (x/a) > 0, - if COSh-I (x/a) < 0

17.34.7.

17.34.8.

17.34.9.

II ,

!~' Ifi

J x a

coth" adx = x coth' x + 2' In (x2 - a2)

17.34.10.

II

17.34.11.

II! ' Ii I

x {Xsech~l(x/a)+asin-l(x/a), sech-'(x/a) > 0

17.34.13. f sech" -dx;;;;; ~,

a x sech " (x/a) - a sin:" (x/a), sech " (x/a) < 0

17.34.14. J csch-''::'dx = x csch-1'::' ± a sinh-I'::' (+if x > O,-if x < 0)

a a a

.

- .. __ -'-.

Section V: Differential Equations and Vector Analysis

19

BASIC DIFFERENT1A~Ea,UAnONS and SOLUTIONS

~
Dn'FERENT,AL EQUATION , J r, SOLUTION
~
'" "
19.1. Separation of variables
fl(x) g ](y) dx + f2(x) gz(y) dy = 0 I .t; (~) dx +J g/y) dy ~ c
fz(X) 8](Y)
\
,
!
19.2. Linear first order equation
dy + p(x)y= Q(x) yeJpd.t = J QeJ ~dx + C
dx
.
19.3. Bernoulli's equation
, .
dy + P{x)y == Q(x)yn ve{l-nlJpb ::::: (J - n) J Qeo-n)JPrb dx + c,
dx
where v = yl ...... If n = 1, the solution is
In v= J (Q - P) dx + c
19.4. Exact equation J
M(x, y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 J M (h- + f (N - ~ J Max) dy = c
where aMfay == aN/ax. where ax indicates that the integration is to be per-
formed with respect to x keeping y constant. ,
..
.
19.5 Homogeneous equation .
~~
';"
•
~ =F(~) . ~ I du
.
~"-~ ln x = +c
F{u)-u
where u z: ylx. If F(u) == u, the solution is y::::: ex. "

BASIC'DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOLUTIONS

19.6. r
Y F(xy) dx + x G(xy) dy = 0 In f G(v)du
x = u(G(u)- F(u)} +c
where u = XY'.!f G(v) = F(u), the solution is zy = c.
,
19.7. Linear, homogeneous second order Let m], m2 be the roots of m2 + am + b = O. Then there
equation are 3 cases.
Case 1. m], ma real and distinct:
d1y dy , y = c]em,x + czem,,,,
-+a-+by=o
dxl dx Case 2. ml' 1i12 real and equal:
.a, b are real constants. y = c1 e"'~ + c2xem,x
Case 3. m] =p+qi, m2 =p <qi:
y = ePX(cI cos qx + c2 sinqx)
where p = -al2, q = ~b - a2/4.
19.8. Linear, nonhomogeneous second There are 3 cases corresponding to those of entry J 9.7
I order equation . above .
I
I Case 1. ,
) d2 d y = c]e"',x + c2 em,x
-
dx; +a Ix +by=R(x)
e"',X J
a, b are real constants. +.m -m e-m,XR(x)dx
I 2
e"'~x
+ I e-m,x R(x)dx
m2-m/
" Case2.
y = C1 em,x + c2x em,x
• + xe",x f e-m,x R(x)dx
- em,x J xe-m,~ R(x)dx
Case 3.
y =ePX(Cl cosqx+cz siilqx)
ePX sinqx f
+ e-PXR(x) cos qx dx
q
,
ePX cosqx f
- e-FR(x)sinqxdx
q ~ BASIC'DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND SOtUTIONS

19.9. Euler or Cauchy equation Putting x ::::: e', the equation becomes
d2 d d2 d
x2 dx; +ax ~ +by= Sex) ____.I + (a -1)2+by = S(el)
dt2 dt
and can then be solved as in entries 19.7 and 19.8
above,
19.10. Bessel's equation
.
d2 d y = c/o (Ax) + c2 Yn (Ax)
x2 dx; +x lx + (A2x2 -n2)y~O
See 27.1 to 27.15.
19.11. Transformed Bessel's equation
I
. ..:
d2 - d Y=X-'{c.I (a x')+c y (a X')}
x2 ____.I + (2p+ l)x ___I + Ca2 x2r + f32)y::::: 0
dx? dx 1 qlr r 2 qlr r
-e
. where q = ~ p2 - [32 .
19.12. Legendre's equation .
-, ... ,~ ..
~. . .,
d2 d y=cjP.(x)+c2 Q.(x)
(1- x2)____.I - 2x ___I + n(n + I) y = 0 ~
dx' dx
., See 28.1 to 28.48.
, \