Math104 Calculus 2 Ready

c
THE KENYA METHODIST UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF PURE
AND
APPLIED SCIENCES
MATHS 104: CALCULUS II
COURSE INSTRUCTOR
ALICE LUNANI MURWAYI (MSc ± Mathematics)
DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES

P.O. Box 267
MERU
MATHS 104: CALCULUS II
INTRODUCTION
This course will introduce the students to the concepts and skills of Integral calculus essential for
application finding areas, length of arc, Volume and Surface area of Solids of revolution.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
During the course, the undergraduate student will be able to:.
BROAD AREAS OF COVERAGE
1.c The antiderivatives
2.c Use basic formula to integration of algebraic functions
üc Ôower
üc Sum and difference
üc Oonstant time a function
3. Integration of exponential functions and trigonometric functions using basic formulae
4. Integration using substitutions
5. Integration by parts
6. Integration using Trigonometric Identities
7. Integration using Ôartial Fractions
8. Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of Oalculus
9. Area under a curve
10. Improper Integrals
11. Length of an arc of a curve
12. Volume and Surface Area of Solid of Revolution
13. Trapezoidal, Mid ordinate and Simpson¶s rule

TEACHING AND LEARNING METHOD¶S
ć Lecture method in which definitions are stated and illustrate, theorems are stated, proved
and problems solved as examples.
ć Ëuestions and answer method.
ć Tutorials in which problems are solved test the understanding.
ć Take away assignments.
STUDENTS ASSESSMENT
ć Assignment
ć Oourse Examination
Individual student¶s marks of these assignments will contribute to the final examination mark
and grade for the course.
COURSE OUTLINE FOR THE TRIMESTER
WEEK 1
The antiderivatives
Use basic formula to integration of algebraic functions
üc Ôower
üc Sum and difference
üc Oonstant time a function
WEEK 2
Integration of exponential functions and trigonometric functions using basic formulae
WEEK 3
Integration using substitutions

WEEK 4
Integration by parts
WEEK 5
Integration using Trigonometric Identities
WEEK 6
Integration using Ôartial Fractions
WEEK 7
Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of Oalculus
WEEK 8
Area under a curve
WEEK 9
Improper Integrals
WEEK 10
Length of an arc of a curve
WEEK 11
Volume and Surface Area of Solid of Revolution
WEEK 12
Trapezoidal, Mid ordinate and Simpson¶s rule

WEEK 14 AND 15
ć Assignments
Oat 1-------------------------------15%
Oat 2-------------------------------15%
Total Oats-------------------------30%
ć Oourse Examinations---------------------70%
Grant Total---------------------------------100%
LEARNING RESOURCES
Larry, J. G, et al: O

, Ôrentice ± Hall International Ôress, London, 1993
Swokowski, E. W.: O

Edition ÔWS Ôublishers, 1983
Thomas, G. G and Finney, R. L.: O

, Narosa Ôublishing House, 6th
Edition, 1998
c
cc c
OHAÔTER ONE: INTEGRAL OALOULUS .............................................................................. 7
OHAÔTER TWO: EXTENSION FORMULAE ........................................................................ 15
OHAÔTER THREE: INTEGRATION USING SUBSTITUTIONS ........................................... 18
OHAÔTER FOUR: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIO FUNOTIONS ........................ 23
OHAÔTER FIVE: ÔARTIAL FRAOTIONS.............................................................................. 36
OHAÔTER SIX : INTEGRATION BY ÔARTS ........................................................................ 44
OHAÔTER SEVEN:FAOTORIZATION BY OOMÔLETING THE SËUARE .......................... 48
OHAÔTER EIGHT : INTEGRATION THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIO FUNOTIONS ..... 50
OHAÔTER NINE : OHANGE OF VARIABLE ........................................................................ 61
OHAÔTER TEN: DEFINITE INTEGRALS .............................................................................. 65
OHAÔTER ELEVEN: : AREA UNDER A OURVE ................................................................. 71
OHAÔTER TWELVE: NUMERIOAL INTEGRATION ........................................................... 85
OHAÔTER THIRTEEN :VOLUME AND SURFAOE AREA OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

................................................................................................................................................. 97
OHAÔTER FOURTEEN : LENGTH OF ARO OF A OURVE ................................................ 112c

c c c c
In Differential calculus, you studied the different methods of differentiation and its
applications. Now in integral calculus we shall learn the different methods of integration and its
applications
1.1: CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

By the end of the chapter, the student should be able to:
1.c Explain the meaning of integration
2.c Explain the meaning of the constant of integration
3.c State and use the rule for Integrating
a.c A constant function
b.c An algebraic function
c.c A constant times a function
d.c Sum of functions
1
e.c Functions of the form

f.c Exponential functions
1.2: MEANING OF INTEGRATION
The process of integration is defined as the reverse or converse process of differentiation
For example
2
1.

l 2 , we say that the integration of 2 2 . This is written in symbols as
2
2

2. lsin cos , we say the integral of cos sin

The sign ¶¶means the integral of ¶¶ and is called the integral sign. Ö l Means
integration of the function Ö l with respect to l . . . . Indicates the variable of
integration. O is the constant of integration.

1.3: THE CONSTANT OF INTEGRATION
The differentiation of a constant is always equal to zero; therefore several functions have the
same derivative because any constant will disappear in the process of differentiation. After
differentiation we always add a constant c or k as we can see in the two examples. Generally,
when l gives all the anti-derivatives of Ö l , Ö l l . Here c is the constant
of integration. An integral like l in which the constant c is not known/ cannot be
determined is called an indefinite integral
1.3: THE INTEGRAND

In l , the integral sign cannot be divorced from if the integral is with respect to . The
Ö l
3
function Ö l in is called the integrand of the integral. For example in , 3 is
called the integrand of the integral.
1.4: THE GENERAL RULE FOR INTEGRATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS.

1

, 1
1
Examples
Find the integrals of the following functions
l1 . 2 l2 . 3

3 1

3
2 1 3 1

2

2 1
1 4
4
3

3
1
l3 . 3 l4 .
l 3
2

1 4

1
3
3
2
3

l
3
2
4
1
13 1
3

1 1 4 1
3 3
1 4
3 1 3 3 43
3 3

1 4 4
3 3
1.5: INTEGRATION OF A CONSTANT TIMES A FUNCTION

1

1
1

1
1
O
1
EXAMPLE
Integrate 2x5
Solution
5 1
2 2 2
5 5

5 1
6 6
2
6 3
1.6: INTEGRATION OF A CONSTANT

o o
1

1
tan O.
O
Example
Evaluate the integral of 4 with respect to x
Solution
4 4 0 4 0
0 1
4 4
0 1
1.7: INTEGRATION OF THE SUM OF FUNCTIONS
The integral of sum of two functions is the sum of their integrals. This extends to the
sum of any finite number of functions.
l Ö l l l Ö l l l
1
1 1
V 3 V 2
3 1
2 2

2 2
3
4 V1
1 2 3
4 V1 3

4 1 2 32
V V 1 2 3
4 3
1 2 3 tan O
4 1 2 32
V V O
4 3
Example 2
Find l2 3 l 2
Solution
We expand and then integrate
l2 3 l V 2 l2
2
V 6
2 3 2
V 6
3 2
Example 3
2 3 52 8 9
Find

Solution
First we separate the terms by dividing each term by x and then integrate
2 3 52 8 9 2 3 52 8 9

9
22 5 8

2 3 5 2
8 9 ln
3 2
Example 4
2 5 6
Find
2
Solution
We simplify the integrant and the integrate
2 5 6 l 3 l 2
2 l 2

2
l 3 2
3
1
1.8: INTEGRATION OF

Recall
1
V1 V1 Ö V 1 1 0 .

1
l 1

1
ln
1
For all values when using definite integrals
1.9: INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential functions are functions in which the variable is the index or the power .These
are functions of the form ex and ax

1)c

! 1
2). ! ! ! !
!
Ö , !!;
1

Ö ! Ö
l
3). l

Generally,
!
!

, ! ! tan .
ln !

Example
5
1. 5
ln 5
l2
5
2. Find 3 4 5
Solution
l2 4 5 2 5 3 4 5
5
3
26 42
3 5
6 2
6
3 2 2 5
3
9
3. Integrate 9 3 3
2 3 V 1
Solution
9 94 9 V2 2 2
(9 1)
3
3
2 3 V 3 V
4 V2 ln 2 2
94 9 2 2
V 2 3 V
4 2 ln 2 2
EXERCISE
Integrate the following functions with respect to
1 9)c 3 3 V3 3
1)c 2 2 V
2
3 4
10)c 2 5 V 2 4 1
1 5
2)c 3

11)c
l 2
3 1 l3 7 2 2
4 1
3)c 3
V 2 V 2 2

3 52 6
2 12)c
4)c 1 2 V V1 l 2
2

1 2 6 7
5)c 6
V 3 3
2 13)c
2 l 1
6)c 2 4 14)cIf l2 9 0, find x.
1
7)c 4l1
l3
2
15)cIf 2 V 12 0 , find the
1 V3
8)c 3 V V 2 2
values of x
CHAPTER TWO: EXTENSION FORMULAE

1)c Write the extension formulae corresponding to the basic formulae for integrating
algebraic and exponential functions.
2)c Use the extension formulae to integrate expressions /functions of first degree in x.
2.2: EXTENSION FORMULAE FOR INTEGRATING ALGEBRAIC

FUNCTIONS CONTAINING FIRST DEGREE EXPRESSIONS
This is the extension of the integration rules seen in chapter one. It is one of
the techniques of integration in which the variable x in the basic formulae is
replaced by a first degree expression of the form (ax +b). It entails finding
the integrals like:

l , where real numbers
And
l! is a linear function of .
Generally
1
l!
l!

l 1 !
EXAMÔLES
7
6 l3 V 8
l1 . l3 V 8
73
7
l3 V 8

21
5
4 l8 V 2
l2 . l8 V 2
5 V2
5
V l8 V 2

10
4
3 l3 5
l3 . l3 5
43
4
l3 5

12
8
l4 . l1 2 13
7

l1 1
2 3

1
8
3
3 1 8

8
l2
1
3

1
l5 . 2 1 l2 1 2

3
2
l2 1

3 2

2
3
l2 1 2

3
1
2.3: INTEGRATING FUNCTIONS OF THE FORM
l!
ln l
Generally, l

Examples
1 1
l1 . 7 3
7 3 7
3 1
l2 . 3 l4 2
4 2 2
3
l4 2
2
2.4: INTEGRATING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS USING EXTENDED
FORMULAE
These are functions of the form
and ! .
The extended formulae for the functions of the form
and !
are:

1)c
ln

2)c
Example
35 1
1. 35 1

5 ln 3
3 4
2. 3 4
4
EXERCISE
Integrate the following functions with respect to
4
1)c l4 3 1 1
4)c l1 V V 2
l1 V l1 V
2
2)c 3
1 V 2
l2 1
1
1 5)c 4l1 2
3)c
1 2 6)c 4 l4 1 V 4l1 V 3
3
1 3
7)c ) l5 V 7 8).
l2 V 5
3

c
c c c c
When the integrand consists of two functions one of which is the derivative of the other function,
we use the substitution technique of integration. The main function is u and the derivative u¶ or

so that u¶ dx becomes du. The substitution transforms the integral into one of the basic

formula of integration in the new variable u only. We then integrate using the basic formula.

1)c Recognize a function u and its derivative u¶ or in the integrand

2)c Adjust the derivative so that the integrand consists of one function u and its derivative

3)c Substitute u and u¶ or in the integrand and integrate

3.2: THE SUBSTITUTION METHOD OF INTEGRATION
This involves the changing of the variable so as to simplify integration. There are different types
of integrands to consider like:
Type 1
1
'

1
Examples
7
2 l
2
1)c 3
Solution

2 3, 2, 2

7
2 l 7
2
3

8

l 2
3

8 8
Do this problem by making the substitution 2
l
2 3
2)c 5
Solution

3 5, 32 , 2
3
1
l 5
2 3 2
3
3
2 l 3 5
3 2
1 2

3 3 9
2
3)c l4 1
Solution
l4 1 1
4
1
2

4 1 , 4 Ö
4
1 2 2
3

4 3
1 32

6
e Ö l4 1
3
1
6l
4 1 2

4)c .

Solution

1
,

2
2
2
1
2l

Type 3
'

1). ! sup ! .................l1
log ! log ! log
! .........................l2
l2 int l1
! !
!
!
!

!
1

1 2
2). Show that 2 2
2
log 2 log
2
2
1 2

2
3). 3 3 3
log 3 log
log 3 log .
1 3
3
3
3 3
4). sin cos sin

cos

sin
EXERCISE
Evaluate the following

1)c 4 V 2

1
2)c 3
3 2
6

15
l l3
3
3)c 3 2 6 2 2
6 6

c c cc cccc c

1)c Integrate trigonometric functions using the six basic formulae
2)c Integrate trigonometric functions with first degree expressions using the Extension
functions
3)c Use trigonometric Identities to integrate trigonometric functions
4)c Use Substitution to integrate trigonometric functions
4.2: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING THE
BASIC FOMULAE
The following is a list of the basic trigonometric formula. They are also in the Advanced
Mathematical tables.
lsin
1)c cos cos sin 0

lcos
2)c V sin sin V cos

ltan
3)c sec 2 sec 2 tan

cos
4)c cos 2 cos 2 V cot 0

sec
5)c sec tan sec tan sec

lcos
6)c cos cot cos cot cos

Examples
1)c Evaluate 8cos
Solution
8 cos 8 cos
8sin
2)c Find l2cos 3sin 4sec2 V 5cos cot
Solution
l2 cos 3sin 4sec2 V 5cos cot 2 cos 3 sin 4 sec V 5 cos cot
2sin V 3cos 4 tan 5cos
2
3)c Find 5sec tan 6cos 2 4 8

Solution
2 1
5sec tan 6 cos 2 4 8 2 5 sec tan 6 cos 2 4 8

4
2 ln 5sec 6 cot 8
ln
EXERCISE
Evaluate
1)c l3sin 4sec tan 5sec2
2)c l3cos V 4cos cot 5cos 2

4.3:INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING
SUBSTITUTIONS
!
!! tan

sin
tan
cos

cos , sin sin

sin 1

cos

1
cos ln cos
1
ln lsec
cos
Ö tan sec ! ln Ö !
Example
Find cos l!
Solution

! ,
!
1 1
cos l! ! cos
!
cos
1 1
sin sin l!
! !
Ö,
1
cos l!
!
sin l!
Example
Find cot
Solution
cos
cot sin
sin , cos
cos
cot cos

ln ln lsin

NB. sin lsin
Example
cos 2
in
sin 3 2

sin 2 , 2cos 2 , cos 2
2
cos 2 1 1
sin
3
2
3 V3
2 2
1 1 V2
V
2 2
1 V2
V lsin 2
4
Exercise
1)c Show that
16 sin l2 1 cos l2 2 1 sin 4 l2 2

3 2
1

l! 2 2 1
l cos l2 2 1
2)c Use a suitable substitution to show that:
tan sec 1 tan 4

3 2

4
cos
3)c sin 5 5

3
cot 2
3 4
cos 2
2
4)c
4 2
5)c Use a suitable substitution to show that
cos
a)c 2 sin
2 sin
b)c cot sin
2 tan l5 l
V 1 1 sec 5 2 V 1
2
c)c
5
4.4: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
The Basic Trigonometric Identities
1 1 sin ÷
1. ÷ 2. os ÷ 3. an ÷
cos ÷ sin ÷ cos ÷
1 cos ÷
4. ÷ 5. os 2 ÷ in 2 ÷ 1 6. 1 tan 2 ÷ sec 2 ÷
tan ÷ sin ÷
7. 2÷ 1 cos 2÷ 8. 2÷ 2sin ÷ cos ÷ 9. 2÷ cos 2 ÷ sin 2 ÷
2 tan ÷
10. ! 2÷ 11.2 cos 2 ÷ 1 cos 2÷ 12.2sin 2 ÷ 1 cos 2÷
1 tan 2 ÷
Examples
1. sin 2
1
sin 2 l1 V cos 2
2
1 1 1
sin 2 l1 V cos 2 2 V 2 cos 2
2

2 2
2
1 1 1
2 2
V sin
2
1 1 1
cos cos 2
2 4 2
1. cos 2 cos 2 1 l1 cos 2
2
cos 1 2 l1 cos 2

2
1
1 sin 2
2 2
3. sin 3 sin sin 2

sin l1 cos 2
sin sin cos 2
cos

sin

2
cos
1 3
cos
3
1 cos3 cos
3
4. sin sin 2 1 l1 cos 2
4
2
2
l1 2 l1 cos 2 1
4l
1 2 cos 2 cos 2 2
cos 2 2 1 l1 cos 4
2
l
1 4 1 2cos 2 cos 2 2 1 2 l1 cos 4
3
1 4 2cos 2 1 2 cos 4
2
3 4
1 4sin 2 sin 4
4 2 2
3 4 4
sin 2 sin 4
8 4 8
3 sin 2 1 sin 4
8 2
5. cos5 cos cos 4
2
cos l1 sin 2
cos l1 2 sin 2 sin 4
cos 2 cos sin 2 cos sin 4

sin

cos

cos
cos 2 2
4
2 3 1 5
sin
3 5
sin 2 sin 2 1 sin 5
3 5
4.5: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS USING

MULTIPLE ANGLES
Multiple angle Identities
1.sin ÷ cos 1
2l l
sin ÷ sin l÷
2.sin ÷ sin 1
2l l
cos ÷ cos l÷
3.cos ÷ cos 1 lcos l÷ cos l÷

2
!
l1 . sin 5÷ cos 3÷ ÷
sin ÷ cos 1
2l l
sin ÷ sin l÷
sin 5÷ cos 3÷ 1 lsin l5÷ 3÷ sin l5÷ 3÷ 1 lsin 8 ÷ 2÷

2 2
sin 5÷ cos 3÷ 1 2 lsin 8÷ sin 2÷ ÷
1
1 cos 8÷ 1 cos 2÷
2 8 2
1 1
cos 8÷ cos 2÷
16 4
l2 . cos cos 2
cos ÷ cos 1
2l l
cos ÷ cos l÷
cos cos 2 1 lcos l 2 cos l 2 1

2l
cos 3 cos l
2
1
cos cos 2 2 cos 3 cos l
cos l cos
1
cos cos 2
2
cos 3 cos
1
1 sin 3 sin
2 3
1 sin 3 1 sin
6 2
3). sin 3 sin 4 1

2
cos(V ) V cos 7
sin sin 1 2 lcos l V V cos l
sin 3 sin 4 1 lcos l3 V 4 V cos l3 4 1 lcos lV V cos 7

2 2
sin 3 sin 4 1 2 cos(V ) V cos 7
cos lV cos
2 2
1 cos(V ) V cos 7 1 cos V cos 7
1
1 sin V sin 7
2 7
1 sin V 1 sin 7
2 14
EXERCISE
sec l l1 sin
2 2
1)c 2 5)c 3 cos 3
sin sin
2 4
2)c cos 6)c cos3
sin l2
2 3
3)c
lsec
2
7)c tan

4)c sec 2 tan 2

sin
3
8)c
2
9)c 2 sin 4 cos 3

10)c sin cos3
11)c cos cos
SOLUTIONS
tan
l1 . sec2 l 2 l 2
1
tan l 2
1). sin l2 2 1
4
sin
2 2

4 V1 cos
4

V1 cos 2 2
4 4
2). sin 2 cos

sin , cos Ö
cos

sin cos cos cos
2 2 2
1
3
3
1 sin 3
3
1 sin sin
3). sec tan 2 2
2 2 cos cos cos 2
2 2 2
1 2
cos ; sin , Ö
2 2 2 sin
2
sin sin 2
2 2
cos2 2 sin
2 2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2 1 2

cos
2

2 sec
2
5. sin 4 cos3 sin 4 l1 V sin 2 cos
lcos sin
4
V sin 6 cos
sin cos 3 cos sin 4 V sin 6 cos

4
sin ; cos
sin cos 3 4 V 6

4
1 5 V 1 7
5 7
1
1 sin 5 V sin 7
5 7
3
6. lsec tan sec tan

2 3
2

sec ; sec tan ; sec tan

lsec tan sec sec tan

2 1
2

1
2

2
2 sec
3 3
2 2
3 3

7. sin 3 2 sin 3 2 sin 2 sin
2

cos 2 sin V 2 cos 2 sin
2

2 V sin

sin 2 sin 2 2
2 3
V2 cos
3
2
V2 cos cos 3
3

2 cos3 V 2 cos
3 2 2
8). 2 sin 4 cos 3 2 1 lsin 7 sin

2
sin 7 sin
1 1
cos 7 cos
7 1
1
cos 7 cos
7
9). sin cos 3 sin cos cos 2
sin l
sin cos 1 sin 2

cos

cos sin cos sin 2 cos
2

1 1
1 3

1 3
1 1
sin l 1
sin 3

1 3
10). cos cos 1

2
cos l cos l V
2 2
1 cos l 1 cos l V
1 1
1 sin l 1 ü sin l V
2 2 V
1 1
sin l sin l V
2l 2l V

11). sec tan 2 sec tan
2 2

sec
2

1

2 sec tan

2 . sec tan
2
2
2 sec

2 sec
2

c c c c
1.c Decompose compound fractions into partial fractions
2.c Use appropriate method to integrate the partial fractions
5.2: INTRODUCTION TO PARTIAL FRACTIONS
In this section we show how to disintegrate compound fractions by
expressing them as a sum of simpler fractions, called Ö s. To illustrate the method,
observe that by taking the fractions 2 and 1 to a common denominator we obtain
l V 1 l 2
If we now reverse the procedure, we see how to integrate the function on the right side of
this equation:
To see how the method of partial fractions works in general, let¶s consider a rational
Function
Where Ô and are polynomials. It¶s possible to express as a sum of simpler fractions
provided that the degree of is less than the degree of . Such a rational function is called
Recall that if
Where 0 , then the degree of Ô is and we write deg l ® .

If Ö is improper, that is, deg l ã deg l , then we must take the preliminary step
of dividing into Ô (by long division) until a remainder l is obtained such that
deg l c deg l . The division statement is
Where and are also polynomials.

As the following example illustrates, sometimes this preliminary step is all that is required.
ccc
3
Find V1
à c
cSince the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator,
we first perform the long division.
This enables us to write
c
5.3: Denominator with linear factors examples.
2
l1 . l 2
V1
2
2
int Ö
V1
2 2
2

V 1 l 1 l V 1
2

l 1 l V 1 l 1 V1
2
l V 1 l 1

l 1 l V 1 l 1 l V 1
2
V

l 1 l V 1 l 1 l V 1
2 l
l V

l 1 l V 1 l 1 l V 1
Ö
Ö ;
0L L L L L l1
tan ; V
2L L L L L l2
l1 l2 tan ,
V1 1
2 1 1
2
V
V1 V1 1
2 1 1
2
V1

V1
V
1

l V 1 V l 1 O
5 V 3
(1).Evaluate 2
V 2 V 3

5 3 5 3
2
2 3

l 1 l 3

5 3
! ! ! Ö!
l 1 l 3
5 3

l 1 l 3 1 3
e ! !
5 3
l 3 l 1
2, 3
5 3 l
l3

! 5 l
u u u u u l1
3 3
u u u u u u l2
! tan ,
2 ! 3
5 3 2 3
l 3
l 1 l 3 l 1
2 l 1 3 l 3
2 3
l 1 ln l 3
2 3
ln l 1 l 3
Examples
2 V 6 2 5 V 3
2 V1

sin
V6
2 3 2
V1 V 6 5 V 3
3 02 V 6
V 6 2 11 V 3
V 62 0 6
11 V 9
2 V 6 2 5 V 3 6 V 9
2
V1
l V 6
2 V 1

6 V 9 6 V 9

2

V 1 l V 1 l 1 V1 1
Ö

V3

, 15
2 2

2
V 62 5 V 3 3
l V 6 V 15
2
V1 2 l V 1 2 l 1

2 15
V 6 V 3 ln l V 1 ln l 1 O
2 2 2
5.4: DENOMINATOR WITH A QUADRATIC FACTOR
3 1
l 1 l 2
1
But
l3 1

l 1 l 2
1 l 1 l
2 1
Each numerator of a partial fraction must be assumed to be a polynomial of degree 1 less than
that of the corresponding denominator.
Relating the numerators
3 1
l 2 1 l l 1
exp !
3 1 l
2 l

,
2, 2 ! 1
3 1 2 2 1
l 1 l2 1 l 1 l2 1
2 2 1
2
1 1
2 1
2ln l 1 2 2
1 1
1
2ln l 1 2 2 2
1 1
2
ln l 1 ln( 2 1) tan 1
2
l 1
ln 2
tan 1
1
4 1 2 l2 3 5
2. 2
3 1

2 3 1
2 3 5
2 2 2

3 1 3 5
4
2
2 3 5
2 2 2 2
3 1 3
2 l
5
4
5.5: DENOMINATOR WITH REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
EXAMÔLES
1
l l
2 2 V 2 1
sin 1 & 2
exp
1

l l 2
2 V 2 1

2 2
V 2 1
2
2 V 2 1 l V 1

l
l 2 l V 1 2

l V 1

2 l V 1 2

l V 1

2 l V 1 l V 1 2
2

2
2 l V 1 l V 1 2
1
O l

l 2 l V 1 2
l 2 l V 1 l V 1 2
2
1
l V 1 l 2 l V 1 l 2
exp
l
2 lV 2
O
V 2 2O
V2 1 9

19
1 1 3O O 1
3

2 0
V
9
1 1 1 1
l 2 l V 1
2
V
l 2 l V 1

l V 1
2

1
1 l 2 V
9
l l V 1
9
2 1
1 O
9 V 1 3 l V 1
Exercise
Show that
9 1 1 3 1
1)c l V 2 l
3
1
V
3l V 2 l V 2 2
V
l V 2 3l 1
3

4 1 1
2)c l 2 l
3
1

1

2 2
! int ! ! Ö!
3
22 1 l 2
l V 1 l 2 2
V2
deg Ö deg Ö
3)c

5
4)c l2 l
1 2 1
0.82 ! ! Ö!

c c c cc c
1.c Derive the formula for integration by parts
2.c Use the formula to integrate the product of two functions
6.2: INTEGRATION BY PARTS
This method applies to integrals of the form Ö l l in which Ö l can be differentiated
repeatedly to become zero, while l is integrated repeatedly without much difficulty.

Integration by parts is equivalent to the product rule and it states that:

l

Integrate with respect to x

V

1 .2

l
1 2 V 2 l1
EXAMÔLES
1. lcos
1
;

cos ; cos ; sin
lcos sin sin
sin cos

2
2.

2 2

2 V 2
2

2

2
l
2 V 2 2 2 V 2 V .1
2 V 2 2 2 O
l 2 V 2 2 O
3. ln
1
ln ;

1; 1;

ln V
ln V 1
ln V
tan 1tan V1
V1
4.
tan V1 tan
1
l1 2
1 2

1

1
tan tan V1 V
V1

1 2
tan V1 V 1 ln l1 2 O
2

2
5. cos
0

2 2

cos sin

0
2 cos 2 .sin
V 2 sin
0 0
sin V 2 sin

2

1 sin V cos

l
2 sin V 2 V cos V V1cos .

2 sin V 2 cos 0 V 2 cos

2 sin V 2 cos V 2 sin 0
2 sin V 2 cos V 2sin
2
Exercise
Use integration by parts.

sin
2
1)c 2). log
0

3).

4). 2 sin
0
5). l
1 6). 4 V
sin 8).
1
sin
7).
tan 10). cot 1

2
9).

c cc c
c
c
1)c Factorize Ëuadratic expressions by completing the square
2)c Use substitution to integrate the factorized function
7.2:INTEGRALS INVOLVING ! 2
By completing the square of 2 where a .
!l r
where u is a function of x evaluate by integration Ö l
Examples

1.
2 2
Oompleting square
2 2 2 2 l

l 1 1
2

1 l 1
2

2 V 2

1 V l V 1
2
lets u® l 1 differentiating both side dx ® cos ydy

1

1 V l V 1
2

1V 2

1V 2
sin V1
1

sin V1 l V 1
2.Evaluate

4 2
4 2
!
4 2 4 2 4 l 2 1
2
4 l 1 2 1
4
1
4 2
4

2 4 l 12 2
l
1
2
tan
l2 1 tan
ÖÖ ! .
2 sec2

c
c c c
c c
c c
By the end of the chapter ,the student should be able to:
1)c Define and find the inverse of a given function
2)c Draw graphs of inverse trigonometric functions
3)c Oombine Differentiation and integration to prove identities involving
Inverse trigonometric functions.
8.2: THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

l
If Ö l is a function whose inverse if Ö V1 l then Ö Ö V1
Ö V1 Ö l
Ö l 1
1
Definition:
The inverse sure function is denoted by sin V1 is defined by
sin V1 if and only if sin where 1 2 .
The domain and range are very important
Ö l 1; 1
Ö 1 l 1
ÖÖ 1 l Ö l 1 1 1
Ö 1 Ö l Ö l 1 1
Ö l
2
2
1
1
0
0
-1
-1
-2
-2
One to one function ± inverse can be easily obtained
Ö l 4
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
-1
1
-2
The Trigonometric functions are not one to one and therefore have no inverse. However, if there
domains are restricted then there is an inverse.
The inverse of the sine function
V
The graph of sin 1 can be draw from the equation sin Ö ã
2 2
sin 1 ( )

1
2
3

2 3
2

2 4
1

2 6
0 0
1
2 6
2
2 4
3
2 3

1
2
y

2
-1 1 x

2
The inverse of the Cosine function
Definition:
The inverse of cosine function denoted by cos V1 is defined by
cos 1 ÖÖ cos
1 1 !
! 1
y
ü

x
V V V
V
ü y

x

The inverse of the Tangent function
Definition:
The inverse of tangent function is defined by tan V1 . If tan where

V 0 , 0

Ö sin V1 ; sin
sin 1 1 sin 0 0
Ö cos ; V1
cos
1 1
cos V1 cos V1
2 4 2 3
8.3. DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
1
1. Ôr 1V 2
sin V1

sin V1 Ö sin

ÖÖ Ö sin
cos

l1 V 2

1

1V 2
1

1V 2

1
1V 2

1

1V 2
1
1V 2
sin V1

2. V cos
1V 2
cos V1 cos
ÖÖ
V sin
1V 2
V
1

1V 2
V .
V

1V 2
V cos

1
1V 2
sin V1
sin V1 V cos V1
sin V1 cos V1 0

3. tan V1
1 2
tan V1 tan
Ö
sec 2
(1 tan 2 )
l
1 2

l
1 2

1 2

1 2
tan V1
1
4. ! ! 2 2 2

!
tan 1
!

tan tan 1
! !
Ö .

sec 2
!
l
1 tan 2
2 2
1
! !2
!2 2 2

! !2
1
! 2 2 2 !
1 1 1
! 2 2 2 ! ! tan !
Exercise
Show that

1 3
a)c 2 3 2 2. 3
tan 1
2

1 2
b)c 4 l 2
2

2
tan V1
2

c)c 2
V 2

sin V1

cc c
ccc
By the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1)c Evaluate integrals by changing the variable to tan
2)c Evaluate integrals by changing the variable to tan 1

2
9.2: THE CHANGE OF VARIABLE tan

It¶s used in functions with even powers of sin x and cosx
Example
1
Find
1 sin 2
Solution
! ! min ! cos 2
1 sec2
1 sin 2 sec 2 tan 2

sec2 l1 tan 2
sec2 sec2
sec2 tan 2 1 2 tan 2

tan ; lsec2
sec2 sec2
sec2 tan 2 1 2 2 sec2
1

1 2 2
2 1 2

2
÷ sin int ! !
1 2
2
ü 2 tan 1
1

2
tan 1 l 2
2
2

2
tan 1 l 2 tan
The change of variable makes the integration easier or possible. It is important to simplify the
expression as much as possible using the trigonometric identities.
Exercise
1 2 tan
1)c 1 cos 2
2). cos 2

3). sec 2 4). cos 2 V 3 sin 2

9.3: THE CHANGE OF VARIABLE tan
2
Recall trigonometric identities and change of variables

2 tan
2 tan
2
1. Ö tan 2
tan
1 tan 2
1 tan 2

2

! tan
2

2 tan
tan 2 2
1 2
1 tan 2
2
÷ sin ! !
2 2 2
2 l2 l1 4 2 2 1
2
l1 2 1 2
2 1 2
sin , cos tan
1 2 1 2
2
!
3 1 2
cos tan 3
2 1 2 4
2 7÷
tan 7÷ 2
; tan
1 2
Examples
1.c Find cos
Solution
1
cos
sin
2
sin tan 1
1 2 2
2
tan 1 , 1 sec 2 Ö
2 2 2
sec2
2
2
1 1 1 2
sin 2 2 1 2
1 2
1
O tan O
2
sin ÷
2). ÷
1 cos ÷

2 1 2 2
sin ÷ 2
;1 cos ÷ 1 2

1 1 1 2
2
sin ÷ sin ÷ 1 2 ÷
1 cos ÷ ÷ 1 cos ÷ 2 ÷
1 2
tan 1 ÷ ; 1 sec2 1 ÷ ÷
2 2 2
2
1 l1 2 ÷ ÷
2 1 2
2
1 2 2
2 ÷ ÷ 1 2
1 2

1 2 ; 2 ;
2
2 2
1 2 2

1 1 tan 1 2 ÷
2 2

1
3. !!
3 5cos 1 2

ÖÖ ! 1
4l
tan ; 1 2
4
3 5 cos

3 5
l1 2 8 2 2
2 1 2 1 2
1 2 4 2 2
8 2 2 1 2 4 2 l2 l2
2

l2 l2 l2 2
2
l2 l2
2 2 4

1
2
2 2 4 1
2
1 1
2 2
1 1 1 l2 1 l2
2 2 2 2

l 2 2 tan
1 1 4
2 2 2
2 tan
4
Exercise
1)c cos 2
1
2)c 1 sin 3

1
3)c 2 V 1
sec
c

c c c cc

1.c State the fundamental theories of Oalculus
2.c Use the theories in Solving problems involving Oalculus
3.c Oalculate definite integrals.
10.2:FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF CALCULUS
1.let Ö be continuous on closed interval
y
Theorem
If a function F is defined by Ö l Ö l
For all in , then F is an antiderivative Ö on ,
2.f Ö s continuous on , and Ö is an antiderivative of Ö on , then

Ö l F l V F l ® l
Substitution in definite integrals
Example

2
cos
2
1)c ÷ sin ÷ ÷

6
cos ; V sin
V sin
3
; cos , cos 0
6 6 2 2 2
0
3

0 V 3
0
3

2

V1
3
V1 0 V
3 3 3 3
2
2
3
2
3 2

3
3 3
V1 V
3 8 8

2
3
2
V V1
3
2

6 6
2
3
3 cos l l
V1 V 1 cos 3 V V 1 cos 3

3 2 3 6
6
V 1 l0
3
1 3 3 3
3 3 8 8
Examples
Evaluate
1
1. 15 2 5 3 4
0
5 3 4 ; 15 2
0, 4 1, 9
9
2 32
9
1
2

3

4 4
2 38
2 19
3l
27 V 8
3 3

1

2 2
3
2

1
2

3
3
2

3
53 4 l
0
2 2
2 3
3 2 V 2 2 27 V 2 8
3 3 3 3
54 16 38
V
3 3 3
Exercise
3

1)c
0 2
1
; 2 2 1
l V 3
7
2)c ; V 3
3
2
3)c l 1 2 2 ; 2 2
0
2
1
4)c 2
2 8
2 2 8
0
5)c Find the area between 3 V 2 and the V
Solutions
3

1.
0
2
1

2 2
2 1; 2 ;

3 ; 4 0 ; 1
3 4

0
2
1

1
2
2

1

1
2 V 1 0.6931 V 0 0.6931
4 7
2.
3
l 3
3;
4; 1 ! 3; 0
1
4 7 1
1 9 3 8
l 3
3
7 l 3
0

9 8
0
1 3 8 27

9 8 72
35 7

75 15
2 1
3. l 1 l 2
2 2

0
2 2

2 2 2 l 1 l 1
2
! lim
2 , 8 ! 0 , 0
2 1 8
1
l l
2 2
1 2 2

0 0
8
2 32
2 3 3 2 92
3
2 2
3 2 3
0
2 2
512 22.6274 15.0849
3 3
2
1
4.
2
0 2 8
2
2 8

2 2 2 l 1 , l 1
2
2 16 0 8
2 16
1

0 2 2 8
1
2
8
1
2
16
1
1
2
1 8 V 2 8 1 2
2 2 2
8
4 V 8 2
1.1716
1
Exercise on definite integrals

Evaluate the following integrals.

sin
2
1)c
0

6
sin 2
2)c cos
0
2
2

2
3)c l 1 l 2 4
0
2
2 1
4)c 1 2
4
1V 4
5)c

9

2
cos ÷ sin ÷
2
6)c ÷

6
CHAPTER ELEVEN: AREA UNDER A CURVE

By the end of the chapter the student should be able to:
1.c Find the area under a curve
2.c Oalculate the area between two curves
12.2 :AREA UNDER THE CURVE
Ö l
p
Ë
x®a Ô¶ Ë¶ x®b x
Suppose we wish to find the area under the curve Ö l from to .

1.c Divide the area into thin vertical strips; find their area and them up to find the
approximate area under the curve.
2.c Oonsider one strip ÔÔ¶Ë, Ë where Ô(x, y).The length of the strip ® y and the width can be
considered as a small increase in x ( Ê. ).
The area of the strip ® y ( Ê. )
3.c If A is the area of the region up to ÔÔ¶ then the area of ÔÔË Ë can be considered as a
small increase in
Ê
Area of strip ® Ê Ê

V V V V V V V V V V V Vl1

! !! Ê
!

Ê
!
The accuracy of the area increases as Ê decreases.

Total area® lim Ê
0 !
from (1)
Ê
Ê
lim V V V V V V V V V V V V V V (2)
0 Ê
Ê

But lim
V V V V V V V V V V V V(3)

0
From (2) and(3)

!

The area of the curve is the integration of the function. Since the boundary values of defining
the total area are from ,
Then the total area is given by

Ö l is called the definite integral of Ö l over the integral ,
PROPERTIES
1)c Ö l

2)c Ö l V Ö l O Ö direction interchanges the intervals and hence the

sign.

3)c Ö l Ö Ö l

11.3: FUNDAMENTAL THEORIES OF CULCULUS

1.c Let Ö be continuous on a closed interval [a,b]
If a function F is defined by Ö l Ö l for all x in [a, b], then F is an antiderivative

Ö on [a ,b].
2.c If Ö is continuous on [a,b ] and F is an antiderivative of Ö on [a,b] then,

Ö l
!
l l! l
!
Example
1)c Find the area under the curve enclosed between .line and where , !,
are positive.
Solution
Sketch the graph

y

! l
2
4
2
2

4
3
8 8
8 8
3 3
8 8
8 8
3 3
16 16 48
16
3 3
32
l ! !! !
3
32

! ÷
3

Area of shaded region l

®

2
2 ! 2 2
® ® ® l V 2
2 ! 2 2 2
2 (a) Find the area between the curve 2 V 4 and the -axis from 2 to 2
Solution
Sketch the graph
2 V 4
b) Find the area of the region bound by 4 V 2 and the ! from 2 to x®2
Solution
Sketch the graph to identify the region
y
4 2
2
-2
x
2
2
3
l4
2
! 4
2 3 2
8 8
(8 ) ( 8 )
3 3
16
16
3
48 16

3
32
! !! ! !
3
3.Find the area of the region enclose by the curve 3 V 4 , V , V2 2
Solution
Factorize the function
l
2 V 4
l 2 l V 2
Recall curve sketch in Oalculus 1
Ourve cuts the x-axis when y ® 0 ; l 2 l V 2 0
Ourve cuts the x-axis at three points 0, V2, 2
Find the turning points by differentiating and determine their nature by differentiating the 2nd
time.

3 2 V 4 0

4
2
3
2

3
2
6
2
2
2 2
When 2
0 min. point at
3 3
2
2 V2
When , 2 c 0 max. at
3 3
3 V 4
-2 2
x
0 2
l l
3 3
V 4 V 4
V2 0
0 2
4 42
4 42
V V
4 2 V2 4 2 0
16 V16 16 16
0V V V0
4 2 4 2
16 V16 32
8 . ; .!
4 4 4
V
Interpretation: The area under the x-axis is equal to that above the x-axis.
4. Find the area bonded by the curve 4 V 2 and the V
Solution
Sketch the graph
Find the y-intercepts and the x-intercepts
V int 0 : 2
V int 0 : 4
2 4 2
4
x
-2
When the function is in terms of y, integrate with respect to y and the intervals are in the form
y® a and y ® b.

!
!
2 2

! l4
2

2 2
2
1 3
4
8 8
8 8
3 3 3
2
8 8 16
8 8 16
3 3 3
32
.
÷
3
EXERCISE
Find the area bounded by V , given curve Ö l and given vertical line
1)c 2 1, 0, 3
2)c 2 3 0, 1
3)c 2 1, 0, 4
1
4)c , 0, 4
2 1
1
5)c , 1, 2
l2 1 2
6)c 3 2 1, 0, 2

7)c 2 , 0,
2 1
8)c 2 2 1 0, 2
9)c Find the area bounded by the co-ordinate axis and the line 1.
10)cFind the area bounded by 1 V and co-ordinate axis
11)cFind the area between the curve 1 2 and the V
12)cFind the area between 3 2 and the x-axis
11.4: AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES
Recall area under a curve as below.
Ö l
a b

Ö l
!
d
l

l

Suppose Ö 1 l ! Ö 2 l are continuous in , and that

Ö l ã Ö l , then the graph of Ö l lies above Ö 2 l on the interval , .
Ö1 l
Ö 2 l
x® a x® b
V
Divide the shaded area into vertical strips each of width 5

Oonsider one inch strip as shown
Area of strip ®
l Ö 1 l1 Ö 2 l1 5
If sum of vertical strips

l
« Ö 1 l V Ö 2 l 5

lim
Ê 0 l Ö l
!
1 Ö 2
l

!
Ö 1 Ö 2 l
Defining the area between two curves

If Ö 1 l ã Ö 2 l through out interval !,

Area between Ö 1 and Ö 2 from ! to is
l Ö l
1 Ö 2 l
!
Examples:
1.Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 2 V 2 and the line Make a
sketch
Solution
Sketch the graphs of the functions
1 2 V 2
2
2 V 2 V ; V1 V2 .These are the x-co-ordinates of the points of intersection
Of the two functions. They are the intervals.
2
Ö
V1
l 1 V 2
2 2
1 1 2
2 V 2 V 3
2

V1 3 2 V1
8 4 9
4V 4.5 .
3 2 2
2.Find the area of the region bound by the graphs 2 2 4 ! 2
Solution
Sketch the graphs to identify the region
1 2
4
V 2 22 4
2 2 2 V 4

2 2
l V
V2 V2
1 2
2 2
V l2 V 4 2 4 V 2
2 2
V2 V2
2 2
1
8 8
4 V 3 2 8 V V V 8
3 V2 3 3 V2
8 8 32
8V 8V .
3 3 3
0 4
4 4
2 2
! 4
2 0
2
If area is bounded by ! and the curves Ö 1 l ã Ö 2 l for all in cd

Then
Ö l 1 V Ö 2 l

Exercise
Find the area of the regions bounded by the following curves
1
1. 2 , 2 , 1, 2

2. 2 2, 2
3. 2 3 , 2
4. 2 , 8

5. cos , 1 2
2
6. 4 3, , 0
7. 2 9 , 0, 5
8. 2 , 2 0
9 . , 3 , 4
10. 4 2 , 0
Exercise on definite integrals
Evaluate the following integrals.

sin
2
7)c
0

6
sin 2
8)c cos
0
2
2

2
9)c l 1 l 2 4
0
2
2 1
10)c 1 2
4
1 4
11)c

9

2
cos ÷ sin ÷
2
12)c ÷

6
0
l1 V
2
13)c
1

c cc cc
1.c Derive the Trapezoidal rule
2.c Use the Trapezoidal rule to find approximate area under a curve
3.c Derive the Simpson¶s rule
4.c Find the approximate area using the Simpson¶s rule
12.2: TRAPEZOIDAL RULE.
Used to approx. areas under the curves whose integrals can¶t be found easily.
It estimates the integral by dividing the area into trapeziums instead of rectangles consider the
area under the curve.
Ö ( ) from to
Ö l
y0 y1 y3
x0® a x1 x2 xn® b
V
Divide the area into is trapeziums of equal width h such that Ê

Oonsider the shaded trapezium

Ö 1 l
2
1l
2 0 1
Total area (TA) ® sum of area of all trapeziums

Ö l ; ! .
! .
; 1 1 1 1 1
2l 2l 2l 2l 2l
1 1 2 2 3 L V 2 V1 V1

; l 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 L 2 V1
2

; Ö l ; l 0 2 1 L 2 V1
2
ll 1 2 L 1
2l
0 V .!
V
, Ö , lim , lim

0 Ö l , 1 Ö l 1 , Ö l 2 ,L Ö l
2
Example
2

2
Using trapezoidal rule with 4, !
1
Solution
! 1, 2, 4
! 2 1 1

2 4
Ö l 2
0 1 1 0
1 5 25 1
4 16
2 6 36 2
4 16
3 7 49 3
4 16
4 2 4 4
L 25 36 49
2
2 1 2 2 2 4
2
;
1 16 18 16
110 32
1 1 1
2 4 8
1 150 150

8 8 64
2.34375
2 2
2 1 3
3
1
1 V 7
3 l8 1 3
2.333
! ÖÖ ! .! ÖÖ
! Ö .

!
2
l 0 2 1 2 2 2 ll 1 2 L 1
2l
0V
l l
Ö 1
Ö l 2 l L Ö
! .
« Ö l 1 1 V Ö l
2l l
Ö
The more the number of trapezia the region is divided into, 0 and approximate
area exact value
1

, lim .
lim Ö l
Ê 0 Ê 0
lim
Ê 0 2
l Ö l! Ö l

lim .
Ö l 0
Ê 0 !

Ö l
!

This means as increase Ê decrease and the Total area approaches exact value.
Taking large enough we can make the difference between the exact values of the
area (the error ) as small as possible.
However, in practice, its not possible as we can¶t tell how large n should be:-
If Ö '' is the continuous on , where Ö '' is 2nd derivative of Ö , it can be shown that.

l V
Ö l ! V 12
2 Ö '' l
Where c is a value between !
Thus as 0; the error l 0
V l V
! 2 Ö '' l 0
12
Use the inequality
!
l V 2 max Ö '' l
12
Maximum absolute value 0f Ö '' l evaluated at a and b Ö l , .It gives us the upper
bound of the magnitude of error lmax . .
In practice, the exact value of Ö '' l can¶t be obtained. We therefore estimate an upper
bound value for it instead.
If M is the upper bound for the value Ö '' l then the inequality becomes
l V
! 2
12
Definition:
If Ö '' l is continuous and m is any upper bound for the values of Ö '' l« on the
interval !, the error l in the trapezoidal approx of the integral of Ö from
! to statistics the inequality

l ! 2 "
12
That is if M is a real number such that Ö '' l for all x in , then the error in
l V
using the trapezoidal rule is not greater than 2
12
l V
sin
12
2
l V l V l V
! 2
2
12 12
3

l V
2
12
Examples
2

2
1.c Find the upper bound on the error (max error) in the approximation for
1
Solution
From previous example
! 1, 2, 1
4
Ö l 2
Ö 1 l 2

Ö l 2
The max value of Ö l on l1;2 occurs at :
1 2
Ö l1 Ö l2 2. Ö " 2
l ! 1 1 1
2 .
12 12 16 96
1 1
. Ö max
96 96
.
2
1
Approximate

2.c 1
by using Trapeziodal rule with n®10. Estimate the max error
in the approximation.
Solution
1 V 2 V1
Ö l , 1, 2, 10, 0.1
10
Ö l
1 1 0
1.1 0.9091 1
1.2 0.8333 2
1.3 0.7692 3
1.4 0.7143 4
1.5 0.6667 5
1.6 0.6250 6
1.7 0.5882 7
1.8 0.5556 8
1.9 0.5263 9
2.0 0.5 10
! .

2l 0
2 1 2 2 L 2 9 10
1
13.8754
20
0.6938
2
1 2
1 1
2 V 1
0.6931 V 0
0.6931
V 2
!
12
1
Ö l

V1
Ö 1 l 2

2
Ö '' l 3 : 1 2

2 1
Ö '' l 1 Ö '' l
8 4
Max value of Ö '' on 1, 2 occurs at 1

Ö l1 2; " 2
2
1 1 1 1
.
12 10
2 . .2

12 100
1

600
1
max.
600
12.3: SIMPSON¶S RULE-

This involves Approximating area under curves using parabolas.
Oonsider the area under curve Ö l from to
Ö l
x
x®a x®b
Any 3 non-collinear points can¶t be joined/ fitted into a parabola

Divide the area into n parabolas
Oonsider the following co-ordinates axis
y
0 1 2
x®-h x®h x
Let the equation of parabola be of the form

2 O
!

l

2

V

3 2

3 2 V
3 2

2 3
V
3 2 3 2
2
3
2
3

l2
2 6 V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V l
3
Since the points lV , 0 , l0, 1 , l, 2 satisfy the equation
2
2
0

1
2
2
Solve for A,B and O
Add (i) and (iii)
0 2 2
2 2
0 2 2
2 2
2
0 2 V2 1
2
int
l 0 2 V2 1 6 1
3

l 0 4 1 2 ! Ö V
3
Simpson¶s rule results from applying the formula for AÔ to successive pieces of the curve
Ö l between and
Ö l
0
1 V1
x
x®a x®b

To approx. Ö l we sum all the
areas

l 0 4 1 2
3 3
l 2 4 3 4
3
l 4
4 5 6
L
3
l V 4
4
V3
V 2 3
l V 2 4 V1
Where n is even

;
3
l 0
4 1 2 2 4 3 2 2 V V 2 V 2 4 V 1

Ö l ; ;
3
l 0
4 1 2 2 4 3 2 2 V V 2 V 2 4
V

Error Estimation for Simpson¶s rule.
If Ö l is continuous and " is any upper bound for the values of Ö l that is,
Ö l l " for all in l , the error l in the Simpson¶s rule approximation of the
V 4

Ö satisfies the inequality

180

Examples
1
1.c Approximate 5 4 Using Simpson¶s rule with 4 .What is the max error in
0
the estimate?
Solution
V
0, 1, 4, 1 , Ö l 5 4
4 4
Ö
0 0 0
1 5 1
4 256
1 5 2
2 16
3 405 3
4 256
1 5 4
Using Simpson¶s
1
5 3 l

4
0
4
1
2
2
4
3 4
0
5 405 5
1 . 1 . 0 5 4 2
3 4 256 256 16
410 5
1 5 4
12 256 8
385
1
12 32
1.00260
Estimating the error.
Ö 1 l 20 3
Ö '' l 60 2
Ö ''' l 120
Ö l 120 tan
Max. Occurs at any point 1 0

120
4
V 4 1 1
. .120
180 180 4
1 1
. .120
180 256
1
0.00261
384
Both Simpson¶s and Trapezoidal rule can be used to estimate

Ö l ,Where Ö l is not known but the data is given .Suppose its found experimentally
that 2 physical variables . are related as shown.

. 1.0, 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
. 3.1, 4.0, 4.2, 3.8, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4
Assuming that Ö l is continuous estimate Ö l using (a) Trapezoidal rule.
1
(b)cSimpson¶s rule.
Solution
b). Simpson¶s rule.
4 V1 1
1, 4, 6,
6 2

l
3 0
4 1 2 2 4 3 2 4 4 5 6
1 . 1 l3.1 4 4 2 4.2 4 3.8 2 2.9 4 2.8 2.7
3 2
1 l3.1 16 8.4 15.2 5.8 11.2 2.7
6
1 62.4 10.4 . .
6
Exercise
Use Trapezoidal & Simpson¶s rules together with max-errors of Estate to approximate the
following definite integrals for the stated value of n.
4 3
1 1
a)c 6 c). ; 8
1
0
1
1 3
1
b)c 1 2
, 4 d). 2
1 3 , 4
0
2 0.6
1 1
c)c 4 2
, 10 e). 4 V 2
6
0 0
c
c
c

c
c cc ccc c
c c
By the end of the topic the student should be able to:
1.c Use the formula for the volume of the solid of revolution to the volume of
common solids of revolution
2.c Find the surface area of common solids of revolution using the formula for the
surface area of solid of revolution.
13.2: VOLUMES OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION
Oonsider the region bounded by Ö l , V ,lines ! and
Ö l
x®a x®b
Revolve this region about the ! .If a region in a plane is rotated about a line in the plane,
the resulting solid is called a solid of revolution and solid is said to be generated by the region.
The line about which the rotation occurs is called the axis of revolution.
Oonsider the region bounded by 2 !, 2 ! 5
2; 0, 2
2 5
-2
Definition:
The volume obtained by rotating the curve Ö l about the ! between the
ordinates !, is given by

p 2
Means rotation about ! or any line parallel to ! . But Ö l

2
p l Ö l
!
Example
If 2 1 ,find the volume of the solid of revolution under this graph from
1 to 1 about the ! .
Solution
Sketch the graph showing he region and the solid after rotation
2 1
1
-1 x
1 1 2
l
2 2
1
V1 V1
1 1
2 3
l 4 2 2 1 1 5
V1 5 3 V1
13 13
26
1 V V 1 2
15 15 15
Definition
Volume obtained by rotating the curve l about the V between the
ordinates and and the V .
d
l
# 2

Example.
The region bound by the V 3 between 1 and 8 is evolved about
the V .find the volume of the solid of revolution.
Solution
Sketch the graph
0 , 1 , 1 2, 8
y
y® 8
3
y®1
x
8
2
1
8 8
l 1
3
2
1
2
3

8
3 5
3 5 3
3 2 3
5 1 5
3
.32 ; 99.93
5
Definition.
If the region bounded by the two curves from and is revolved about the !
Ö1 l
Ö 2 l
x®a x®b
Its volume is given by.

2
l l
Ö
1
2
l
Ö l
1
!
Example
1. If the region bound by 2 V 2, 2 V V 2 0, 0 1 is revolved about .
Find the volume of the solid of revolution.
Solution
Rewrite the equations in terms of y,that is 2 2 1 1
2
1 1
2
2 2
x®1
1 1 2 2

0
l
2
1
2
2
l
0
2
2 l 1 1
2

1 2 1
2
l
0
2
2 1 1
2 l 4
0
42 4 1 2 1
4
1
1 5 4 3 1 3 1 2

5 4
3 12 2 0
1
1 5 15 3 2
1 15 1 79

3 3 ;
5 12 2 5 12 2 20
0
NOTE
If the region is rotated about:
1.c !, 0 : Volume® 2
2
2.c 1 : Volume ® l V 1
4. V , 0 :# 2
2
5. V2, l 2 0:# l 2
2
6. ; V 0 : # lV
Examples
2. Find the volume obtained by revolving the region bounded by and lines 1 and
4 about the line 1
Solution
4 2
l 1
2

1
l 1
4
4 2 4 32
2 1

1
2 3 1
16 32 4
1 48 128 48 6 16 12
34
4 1 12
4 3 3 2 12
1
3. The region in the first quadrant bounded by 3 , 2 is revolved about V .Find
8
the volume of the solid of revolution.
Solution
1 3 2
8
3
16 0 ! Ö int Ö int sec Ö
!
l 4 l 4 0; 0, 4 ! 4
1 2 1 3
1
1
2
The equations are rewritten in terms of x

8
# 0 2
0
l V
2
1
2
2

8 2 8
l
2
0
1
2
3
V l
1 4
0
2
3
V 1 2
4
8
3 5 1 3
. 3.2
4 3 V
5
1.26
5 V
12 5
0
12
96 64 288 V 120 168

V
5 12 15 15
4. The region bounded by the graphs 2 V 2, 2 V 2 0, 0 1 is revolved

About the line y ® 3. Find the volume of the solid of revolution.
Solution
1 1
2
2 2
x®1
1 2 2 2
#
0
l V 3 V l V 3
1 2
1
2
l
l 2 V 1 V 1 V 2
2
1 1
4 9
( V 2 2 V 40) ( 4 V 2
2
1 V 1 2 2 V 3.)
4 4
0 0
1
5 3 3
1 V

1 3
V

4 V 15 20 V 60
1 V 3
5 V 3
4 5 4 20
0
24 V 75 V51 51

20 20 20
EXERCISE
Sketch the regions bounded by the following curves. Find the volumes generated about the given
lines.
Exercise
1 2
1). , 1, 3, 0 V 2). 4 , 0, ! !

3). 3 , 4 2 ! ! 4). , 2 0, ! !
2
5). , 2 ! ! 6). 2 , 4 V 2 V
1
7). 3 , 2 0 V 8). , 0, 1 3 V

9). 2 , 2 , V 10). 2 , 4 4
11). , 4 2 .
2
12). , 0, 4 4
3
13). , 0, 4 2 14). , 4 ! 8
3
15). , 4 ! 4
13.4: THE SURFACE OF SOLID OF REVOLUTION
Definition: surface area.
1)c The area of the surface swept by revolving the curve Ö l from to about
the V .
2

.
2 1

2)c If the axis of revolution is y-axis from y ® c and y ® d
2

.
2 1

3)c Using parametric equation.
If the curve that sweeps out the surface is given in parametric form with and as functions
of a variable t that varies from ! to then
2 2

.
2 l
V , l

gÖ V , l
gÖ V , l
gÖ 1, l V 1
gÖ 2, l l V 2
Examples
1)c Find the area of the surface obtained by revolving the curve
2 V
Solution
y

2
x
2

.
2 1

!

1 12
, .
2

2 2
1
.
2 1
0 2
2 2
4 1 4 1
.
2 2 .
0
4 0 2
2
1
2 2 2 3
1
4 3 l1 4
l4 1
0

0
2
1 l1 4
6
3
2
0 6 l

1 932 V 1
26 13

6 3

2)c The line segment sin 2 , cos2 from 0 to is revolved about the y axis
2
generated a cone. Find its surface area.
Solution
2 2
.
2 l

2 sin cos . 2sin cos

2 2
l2sin cos 2

2
l2sin cos

4sin 2 cos 8sin 2 cos2 .

.
2 sin 2 8sin 2 cos2
0
2 sin 2 .2 2 sin cos 4 2 sin 3 cos

sin , cos ;
cos

! int ! : 0, 0, , 1
2
1
1
4 2 3 cos 4 2 3
0
cos 0
1
4
4 2 2 1 2 !
4 0
2 2 2
3)c Find the area of the sphere generated by revolving the circle about. !.
2
l V 0
2
l V0 2
l0, 0

cos cos sin sin
y
a y
÷
a
x x
The top semi circle is enough to generate the required area.

Ôarametrically the equation of the circle is given by:
2 2 2
!
2 2 2
! cos ! sin 2 ! 2
cos 2 sin 2 1 0
2 2

.
2

÷
0
÷ ÷

2 ! sin ÷ ! 2 lsin 2 ÷ cos 2 ÷ ÷

0

2 ! 2 sin ÷ ÷
0

2 ! 2 cos÷ 0
2 ! l1 12
4 ! 2 l!! Ö .
REMARKS
1)c If revolved about ; l V 0
2

.
2 l V 1

2)c If revolved about V8 ; l 8 0
2

.
2 l 8 1

EXERCISE
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the given curve about the given lines.
1)c 3 , 0 1 V
2)c 2 , 0 2 V
3 1
3)c , 1 3 V1
3 4
4 1
4)c ,1 2 V
4 l8 2
5)c 2 , , 0 1 V
2
6)c 1, , 0 4 V .
2
7)c 2 2 , 4 V 3 0 1 V .
8)c 1 2 ! !.
c
c
c
c
c
c

c c c
cccccc
By the end of the chapter the student should be able to:

1.c Derive the formula for finding the length of an arc /curve if the the equation of the
curve is known
2.c Accurately calculate the length of a curve using the formula.
14.2: THE LENGTH OF A CURVE IN CARTESIAN EQUATION
Ö l
B
A
Ë
x®a x®b
The length can be approximated by short line segments. The more the line segments the
more accurate the approximation. Suppose that the curve whose length we want to find is
Ö l between and .
The arc
the polygonal path AÔËB.
The length of the arc is defined to be the limit of the length of successively finer
polygonal approximations. Divide the curve into n parts and connect the successive end
points with line segments. Oonsider a typical segment . The length of
2 2
Ô l l by Ôythagoras for n segments the length of the curve from
and is approx. by the sum

«
2 2
l l L L L L l1
1
The approximation improves as n increases and length of segment approaches the exact
value.
14.3: MEAN VALUE THEOREM.

If a function Ö l is continuous on the closed interval , and is differentiable on the
open interval l , , then there exists a number O in l , such that
Ö l V Ö l
Ö ' l the derivative of Ö at O)
V
Suppose that Ö has a derivative that is continuous at every point !, then by the mean
value theorem their exists a point l, on the curve between such that
l
Ö l , Ö Ö l
l
From (1)
2

1
l l Ö l

2

1
l
2
l1 l Ö ( ) 2
1
1
l Ö l
2
2
lim 1 l Ö l
0 !
Ö Ö l Ö ! !! sin Ö! :

2

1
!
Examples.
3
4 2
2
Find the length of the curve V 1 Ö 0 1
3
2

1

2 2

2 3 2
1
1
2 2 2 ;
1

2 2 2 8
4 .

3 2

2
1 8
1

1 1
1
1 8 l1 8 2

0 0
1
2 1
l1 8 2
242 9 1
3 3
2
3 8
0
1 13
1 l3 1 26
3

12 12 6
14.4: THE LENGTH OF A CURVE IN PARAMETRIC EQUATION

Suppose l , l
2

2

!

Examples

1. Find the distance traveled between 0 and by a particle whose position at time
2
is given by sin 2 and cos 2
Solution

2sin cos 2cos sin

2

2
2
2 2 2

l2sin cos l2cos sin
0
0

2 2
8sin cos 2 2sin cos
2 2
0 0

2
V2
2 sin 2 .
0
2
cos 2 0
2
1

At a point on the curve where fails to exist may exist. Then the arc length of

l Ö is;
2

1

2
2. Ö 3
1 ! 8
l1,1 , l0, 0 , l8, 4
Solution
Sketch the curve
2 3
-1 8 x
2 2
3 ! Ö ! 0
3
2

1

1 2
3 3 9 23
1 1
2 4
2
3
1 4
9 9
1 1
0
0
4
EXERCISE
Find the length of the curves.
3 3
a). 1 l 2 2 2 Ö 0 3 e). 2
Ö l0,0 l4 : 8
3
4 1
b).
4 82
Ö 1 2 l
f). 9 2 4 3 Ö l0,0 2, 3 ,3
c). V sin , 1 V cos 0 2 g). cos , sin 0

2 3 2
d). , 1 l2 1 2 0 4 h). 1 l2 3 , 0 3
2 3 3 2

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c

THE KENYA METHODIST UNIVERSITY

MATHS 104: CALCULUS II

DEPARTMENT OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES

During the course, the undergraduate student will be able to:.

BROAD AREAS OF COVERAGE

1.c The antiderivatives

2.c Use basic formula to integration of algebraic functions

üc Sum and difference

üc Oonstant time a function

3. Integration of exponential functions and trigonometric functions using basic formulae

4. Integration using substitutions

6. Integration using Trigonometric Identities

7. Integration using Ôartial Fractions

8. Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of Oalculus

9. Area under a curve

10. Improper Integrals

11. Length of an arc of a curve

12. Volume and Surface Area of Solid of Revolution

13. Trapezoidal, Mid ordinate and Simpson¶s rule

and problems solved as examples.

´c Ëuestions and answer method.

´c Tutorials in which problems are solved test the understanding.

´c Take away assignments.

COURSE OUTLINE FOR THE TRIMESTER

Use basic formula to integration of algebraic functions

üc Sum and difference

üc Oonstant time a function

Integration of exponential functions and trigonometric functions using basic formulae

Integration using substitutions

Integration using Trigonometric Identities

Integration using Ôartial Fractions

Definite integrals and the fundamental theorem of Oalculus

Area under a curve

Length of an arc of a curve

Volume and Surface Area of Solid of Revolution

Trapezoidal, Mid ordinate and Simpson¶s rule

Larry, J. G, et al: O   

Swokowski, E. W.: O   

Thomas, G. G and Finney, R. L.: O  

OHAÔTER ONE: INTEGRAL OALOULUS .............................................................................. 7

OHAÔTER TWO: EXTENSION FORMULAE ........................................................................ 15

OHAÔTER THREE: INTEGRATION USING SUBSTITUTIONS ........................................... 18

OHAÔTER FOUR: INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIO FUNOTIONS ........................ 23

OHAÔTER FIVE: ÔARTIAL FRAOTIONS.............................................................................. 36

OHAÔTER SIX : INTEGRATION BY ÔARTS ........................................................................ 44

OHAÔTER SEVEN:FAOTORIZATION BY OOMÔLETING THE SËUARE .......................... 48

OHAÔTER EIGHT : INTEGRATION THE INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIO FUNOTIONS ..... 50

OHAÔTER NINE : OHANGE OF VARIABLE ........................................................................ 61

OHAÔTER TEN: DEFINITE INTEGRALS .............................................................................. 65

OHAÔTER ELEVEN: : AREA UNDER A OURVE ................................................................. 71

OHAÔTER TWELVE: NUMERIOAL INTEGRATION ........................................................... 85

OHAÔTER THIRTEEN :VOLUME AND SURFAOE AREA OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION

OHAÔTER FOURTEEN : LENGTH OF ARO OF A OURVE ................................................ 112c

1.1: CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

integration of the function Ö l  with respect to  l . . . .  Indicates the variable of

integration. O is the constant of integration.

of integration. An integral like l  in which the constant c is not known/ cannot be

determined is called an indefinite integral

1.3: THE INTEGRAND

called the integrand of the integral.

1.4: THE GENERAL RULE FOR INTEGRATING ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS.

Larry, J. G, et al: O

Swokowski, E. W.: O

Thomas, G. G and Finney, R. L.: O

integration of the function Ö l with respect to l . . . . Indicates the variable of

of integration. An integral like l in which the constant c is not known/ cannot be

4). sin cos sin

2)c Find l2cos 3sin 4sec2 V 5cos cot

2sin V 3cos 4 tan 5cos

1)c l3sin 4sec tan 5sec2

2)c l3cos V 4cos cot 5cos 2

Ö tan sec ! ln Ö !

sin , cos

16 sin l2 1 cos l2 2 1 sin 4 l2 2

tan sec 1 tan 4

7. 2÷ 1 cos 2÷ 8. 2÷ 2sin ÷ cos ÷ 9. 2÷ cos 2 ÷ sin 2 ÷

cos 1 2 l1 cos 2

3. sin 3 sin sin 2

cos l1 2 sin 2 sin 4

cos 2 cos sin 2 cos sin 4

3.cos ÷ cos 1 lcos l÷ cos l÷

sin 5÷ cos 3÷ 1 lsin l5÷ 3÷ sin l5÷ 3÷ 1 lsin 8 ÷ 2÷

cos cos 2 1 lcos l 2 cos l 2 1

3). sin 3 sin 4 1

sin sin 1 2 lcos l V V cos l

sin 3 sin 4 1 lcos l3 V 4 V cos l3 4 1 lcos lV V cos 7

9)c 2 sin 4 cos 3

11)c cos cos

2). sin 2 cos

5. sin 4 cos3 sin 4 l1 V sin 2 cos

sin cos 3 cos sin 4 V sin 6 cos

sin ; cos

sin cos 3 4 V 6

6. lsec tan sec tan

lsec tan sec sec tan

8). 2 sin 4 cos 3 2 1 lsin 7 sin

10). cos cos 1

Where 0 , then the degree of Ô is and we write deg l ® .

Where and are also polynomials.

3)c

repeatedly to become zero, while l is integrated repeatedly without much difficulty.

lcos sin sin

sin V 2 sin

2 sin V 2 cos V 2sin

tan 10). cot 1

lets u® l 1 differentiating both side dx ® cos ydy

2)c Evaluate integrals by changing the variable to tan 1

9.2: THE CHANGE OF VARIABLE tan

2 V 1 0.6931 V 0 0.6931

Suppose we wish to find the area under the curve Ö l from to .

Area of strip ® Ê Ê

Ö l is called the definite integral of Ö l over the integral ,

If a function F is defined by Ö l Ö l for all x in [a, b], then F is an antiderivative

3.Find the area of the region enclose by the curve 3 V 4 , V , V2 2

4. Find the area bonded by the curve 4 V 2 and the V

Suppose Ö 1 l ! Ö 2 l are continuous in , and that