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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
Every living organism constantly needs the exchange of substances such as
nutrients, waste products, and respiratory gases with the environment in order to
survive and grow
The exchange of substances between the organism and its environment usually
•
However, in large multicellular organism diffusion alone cannot ensure a constant supply of
oxygen and nutrients to the cells because
(a) the total surface area/volume ratio of the organisms is too small.
(b) the distance between the source of substances and the cells of the organisms is too far from
the environment for a direct exchange to take place effectively.
•
Therefore, multicellular organisms need to overcome the problem of obtaining their cellular
•The haemolymph is a blood-like nutritive fluid which fills the entire body cavity
(haemocoel) and surrounds all cells
Blood regulates
(a) the pH of body fluids
(b) the body temperature
(c) the water content of cells
Blood protects
(a) from excessive blood loss in an injury through the mechanism of blood clotting It helps to heal wounds.
(b) from diseases and helps to fight against infections, for example, white blood cell carry out phagocytosis and
producesvantibodies to destroy pathogens which enter the body
FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH
–Haemolymph transports water, inorganic salts and organic compounds throughout the haemocoel.
–Unlike blood, haemolymph does not transport respiratory gases
THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD
>Ion 3. Platelet
>Plasma protein
>Fibrinogen
>Immunoglobins
>Hormones
>Dissolves subtance
Blood plasma
CONSTITUTION FUNCTION
Water: A solvent to transport dissolved substances such as
about 90% of the plasma glucose and amino acids
Ion: potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride Mantain the osmotic balance and the Ph of the blood at
and bicarbonate ions 7.4
Plasma protein: Collectively, the plasma proteins maintain the osmotic
ALBUMIM balance between the blood and the interstitial
fluid. They also act as buffers against any pH
changes and provide a defense against injuries
and diseases