Department of Mechmical, Matsrias& Mantacturing Engineering Compilation of lctr notes on MAMSS2 (Stages Yar 2001/02) Delivered by Dr Anderson Gas Dynamics Under combined model thermo dyes Contents 1. Steady 1-D compressible flow (acoustic velocity ~ perfect gas, Static / stagnation properties, Mach Number, using compressible flow air tables) Isentropic compressible flow through nozzel (choking, control of flow, convergent/divergent de Laval nozzel, stream thrust) 3. Shock waves (stationary normal shock for perfect gas, entropy change 4. Compilation of standard formula & tutorial exercises ‘This notes belong to Sam WangPhuct ~ Ges Dyrenses ~Conpershle Flos Falls (2) Merch Me AOE Toit tdeol ge low so pti PRAT or py=8T rd in 483 WET = 2P7 93 ete Sac, feat Retotuaad vib ge By Bie tenteaph Mey Salty i aes Se. 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BES YP, YEE coin Ete rte! lw ) &:UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE (ere) UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING ‘Thermofluld Dynemice Hi (MMM 382) 2, EQUATIONS FOR ISENTROPIC FLOW OF PERFECT GASES 2 Revision: the isentropic relationship for perfect gases From Stage 1-2 Thermodynamics lecture notes you will have the "Tds" form of the Second Law of Thermodynamics to find changes in entropy: ‘Tds = du + pdv or = dh-vép {any gas) = CAT+RT (avi) = CpdT-RT(dp/p) (perfect gas) giving: A= (rs) = Gla(Ta/ty)+Rin(vyy) = Cyla(T3/7)-Rln p/p) 2g Massey.Machanies of Figs vugiton and Brock Tables Hema tpt hut & = Cyto) 222 Jari! 2] = gta) P22 -ruo{ P2 e Pry ta Pm) (Pr sus feat P2 % {v2 P2 = Cyto) 2 |4(Cy+RyInl 2 | = Coin] “2 eee, -yin| 22 ~ . f < vi , ici rene %. FR he cere en's, of 8) der Aphede tl wv af Pa 1] = Cyn 2) °2. = Ogle)? 2] | Pil% Pi} | fs = Cy (P2/P1) (o2/p1)* |Since In(1) = 0 then for isentropic flow (As = 0): (Py/Py) eRe | 1 (pylpt) = (pilot) = constant (p2/0i)" | Hence for isentropic flow of perfect gases: pot = p/p’ = constant, p/FV/Q-1) = constant, vE/(1-1) = constant. 22 Revision: continuity, energy and momentum equations for one-dimensional steady flow “There are five fundamental equations for fluid flow: equation ‘conservation Second of state laws Law energy momentum From Stage 1-2 Thermodynamics and Mechanics of Fluids lecture notes you will have the basic equations for steady one-dimensional flow through a duct or "streamtube”:Continuity (kgls): th = pAc = (p-+Ap)(A+AA)(c+Ae) = constant Energy (ikg) with no external (shaft) work: Atu+(pip)+¥e"-+82} = 4 - ¥, For enthalpy h = utpv = u+(p/p) and d(Msc*) = ede then: dh + ede + gdz = q Momentum: For Ax short it can be assumed that the pipe axis is approximately straight and the Linear Momentum Equation (N) gives: ZF = m{(e+Ac)-c} or in terms of the impulse function I = [rhe + (p+ pg2)A: R = {ih{e+Ac)+{(p + paz) +A(p+ pgz) (A+4A)}-{tie+ {p+ pgz)A} where the reaction force (R) from the duct/streamtube surface is (for mean perimeter length P): R= - 1) P.dx + [(ptpge) + BA(D+ paryJAA auidl forse due to wail ala force on non-aniform duct due shear around perimeter to average pressure acting or atal srfve projection of duct wall area = increase in cross-sectionSubstituting th = (pAc), ignoring second-order difference terms and dividing by (pA) igives the Euler Momentum Equation (S/kgy: (ip)dp + ede + gdz + dx(rydy/4p) where the equivalent diameter d, = 4(A/P). 23 Revision: "stagnation" (or total) and “static” properties From Stage 1 Mechanics of Fluids lecture notes you should have definitions of “static” and "stagnation" pressures: "Static” properties _ phhee “| Properties of moving fluid particles, ie values measured as if moving along with fluid (je “static” relative (0 the fluid) Independent of velocity of observer “Stagnation (or total)" properties iy, To: Por & Properties measured if fluid brought to rest without work transfer and adiabatically (tgyTo) and also without | friction (isentropic for Poy Pg) I Vary with velocity of observer, ie of measuring point eg static pressure tapping: eg stagnation pressure by Pitot tube: Ref: AA\RS\434¢ Nov,’96.,©) azoarleip Cooveipers. -SuoRDaUp [Je UI AfuntopN sowwBedord soueqmisip (9 = 9) MOG Ping ou qu — - PROS DRE, OT TORSION HUEGIMST USSUSUNPORL, «FT (Zs¢ WWW) DI sotmeuca pynyouroyy, ONRIZANIONG DNRILLIOVANNV CNY STVRIGLVN TVDINVHOTW AO. INIWLEVdaG ANAL NOdA FTLSVOMAN JO ALISUAAINAUNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING ‘Thermofluld Dynamics 11 (MMM 352) 3. TABLES FOR ISENTROPIC FLOW OF PERFECT GASES 3.3 “Impulse (or momentem) function’ or “stream thrust” ‘Many compressible flow tables (but not Houghton and Brock) tabulate the usoful “impulse function’ (also known as the "momentum function" or “stream thrust") for use in nozzle thrust calculations (see, eg, Rogers and Mayhew, Section 18.4). As with the ratio (A/A*) this is usually made nondimensional with the "critical" value (at M* = 1) in order that it can be tabulated compactly. Consider the linear momentum equation for steady one-dimensional flow through a duct, with a straight axis and inlet and exit areas A, and Ag: RP = th(eye;) 9 + ER + pyAy - ppg] = they) =~ R= (theytpyAg) - (they + PIAY) = 1h - Th where R is all the external forces on the fluid in the direction of the pipe axis except for the pressure forees from the adjacent fluid, ie (pAq-P2A9). R comes, therefore, from the duct walls and the equal and opposite reaction 1s th the duct walls (see Stage 2 Lecture Notes). e force exerted by the fluid on T= (pA + the) = Ap( + pc%/p) = Ap(l + yM2) Ata “ctitical” throat (M® = 1) then: T¥ = Atpt (1+ yM*) = Atpt (1 + 7) ‘Thus the ratio with the "critical" value (I"/1} can be written: CM) = [Ate (+ v))/ [Ap + v)} = (PPP )(PoP MAYAN + y)/(L + yM?) Substituting the appropriate expressions for (p*/py), (Pa/p) and (A*/A) (see previous Lecture Notes) gives the result (complete the algebraic working for yourself as an exercise); (PA) = (MA + yw) 2 +) + My /PP which can be tabulated for a range values of Mach Number (M). RefiAA\RS\435 Now.’96UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 5 82 NON-ISENTROPIC CONSTANT AREA FLOWS Stationary normal shocks in fiulds that ct gases ‘The basic equations are: @ @) Gi Oo) ‘An equation of state: either asa more complex equation, eg van der Waal’s Equation or py = ZRT where the "compressibility factor’ Z is obtained from tables or an empirical formula, ete or from tables or charts of properties, eg the Steam Tables, Continuity (for negligible area change over a thin shock region): PIey = P22 OF yy = Opi Momentum (for negligible boundary shear around thin shock region and negligible area change with pyc, = p2¢ from continuity): Aly +041") = Alp +0262") ~ (py-P1) = (9121Ke*) or = (eyN4)(ey-e2) Energy (for adiabatic conditions at thin shock region, giving conservation of static enthalpy): h, Yen? lo + Yroy? = by + Yer’Any solution must satisfy all of these equations and, in particular, both momentum and energy must be conserved, A general closed-form solution is not possible, so that a trial and error (iterative) solution has to be adopted. One method which usually converges to a solution proceeds as follows: Given upstream state (usually py and v, = 1/py or Ty) and flow conditions (M, or ¢1)- Estimate downstream pressure py. Use this estimate to: = calculate velocity ¢ from momentum and continuity: = ~My (PrPr)/ey ~ and hence specific volume (or density) from continuity: vy = Vy. ele Given these two downstream properties (je estimated py and corresponding vp = Vp ) use the tables or equation of state to find the enthalpy change: (i2-bs) ‘The subscript m denotes that this is an estimate based on conservation of momentum. However from the energy equation (denoted by the subscript e) the enthalpy change is also given by: (t-hy), = (f-<3)2 Continue this process until the current estimate causes both the momentum and energy equations to be satisfied simultaneously: {(bo-hy ~ (hg~by) | < € where ex<2 My iopossible) f Zs 7 Gros Flow ere: ajeye ~~ ce eect back gestae (e/r) ra RATIO Ce Flow ar Team Sonic | Flaw ar mitt Sussonic, | tA amo CY consnacer pr Am Co VRRY wit Mrwiniuet venus | Ptess Ratio (p/h) Flow Compmtciees Feors | iow! Con@oluea Fora UeentEeer ONLY (pe) EsrHee UPSrienes(p) OR DOWNSTREAM (pSUNIVERSITY OF, NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE NOBEL fen <0 | dA/AD>O | t A convergent divergent __ conve Fig SESE gubsonic. Toentropic Venturi fencing 2 3 t i Bs Isentrebie Sieentch oC contmued M i {38 SEEN we “designs cae fee a ee C. sentropie exit rl _ ee y a Ron=\seatrapic “Suesemie isenwbic VentortUNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING ‘Thermoftuid Dynamics IIT (MIMM 352) 5.6 de Lavol eonvergentdivergent nome flow conditions “There are four flow conditions depending on the values of the pressure ratio (pip,) and Mach Number (M) at outlet: () Between A and B: _—_Tsentropie subsonic flow throughout (je subsonic venturi), Houghton and Brock Tables 1A IB. Fearn of a physical throat (A,) does not mean that this Is a entcal throat (only at B when throat M = 1). = Asp is decreased from p = Pp at A (Zero flow), the mass flow rate 1h increases towards & ae Beaum at B (conversely, any exit pressure p can be obtained by varying flow rate 1). (i) Between B and C: = Tpentropie flow throughout nozzle would overexpand flow, ie additional dissipation of energy is, peoessary to match outlet conditions. Generaly friction alone is insufficient so a non-isentropic flow (shock) occurs to adiabatically recompress the fo * from B to D a normal shock ocours within the nozzle (up to the exit plane itself at D)s = Houghton and Brock Table 1V * between D and C | oblique shook waves starting from the nozzle exit plane occur outside the nozzle; = Houghton and Brock Table V. | rom B onwards the nozzle is choked, ie the throat is Yeiical™ (Ay = A*) with M = 1 at the Thon, Upstream of the throat M-<1 and just downstream M>1. Any normal shock (B-D) creates a subsonic flow downstream. _ eates a Sniow rate tf is at its maximum value and is uniquely determined, ie independent of the exit pressure p. (i) At B and C only: _ AC isentropie flow through the nozzle exactly expands the flow to the required conditions, ie the “design pressure ratio" and "design exit Mach No" _-tehoked isentropic flow throughout the nozzle is possible only at B (subsonic) or C (supersonic exit flow) (iv) Beyond C: _ Beyond C the nozzle alone cannot expand the flow sufficiently (without an additional energy input) s0 further isentropic expansion will occur outside the nozle through Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves (Houghton and Brock, Tables TA and TB). PER B onwards, the nozzle is choked, with isentropic flow throughout and supersonic flow (M>1) downstream of the “ertical” throat (&y=A*). The mass flow rate if is at its maximum value independent of the exit pressure p. 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Se? 3. eMac ug A Play lost sheorflm she MA My, > Ga gf Taal stig! antlahy) hy are _commrvert, = statin prise pe dose! 2 >, Que On asthe tomp | prewe A shawty ecme Th To pd pe DLO, ie shat query cela 08 clnpestser, a etisal chest een snelinses A & GantUNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING ‘Thermofluld Dynamics Hl (MMM. 352) oy, haul be able to complete these Tutorial Examples in about three hours of private Snty. You are advised uot to attempt the Revision Examples until you bare completed ‘he Rutorial Examines, Assistance with these may be obtained from Demontan oe Tutorial classes. pues otherwise indicated, assume that air can be treated as a perfect gas with y = 14, R = 287 kek, Cy = 1005 S/kgk. TUTORIAL EXAMPLES 51 Caloulate the small disturbance wave propagation velocity (ie acoustic velocity) in the following cases: (a) Air at 15°C (©) Liquid water, where a = VK/p- with Isgthermal Bulk Modulus of Elasticity K = 2.1 GPa and density = 1 yim3, (©) Steel rod, where longitudinal compression wave velocity a = EIST with ‘Young's Modulus of Elasticity E = 203 GPa and density 7.83 vnc3, ANS: (a) 341 m/s, (b) 1450 m/s, (c) 5100 m/s. See, Eg, JEA John, ics, Ex 2.1.2.3; AY Reynolds, Thermofiuid Dynamics, Ex 3.3; JB Evett, C Liu, it i nies and Hydraulics, (Q620.106 EVE), Bx 16.3-4, 16.11-12, 16.24-25, 1636-26 16.40, 16.60-65; is ics i Research and Piveation Association (532.05 FLU), Ex 12.1-2, 12.4, JA Roberson, Cr Crowe, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, (620.106 ROB), Ex 12.1-2.32 33 34 35 ‘An aircraft is flying close to sea level at Mach 1.2, What is the speed of the aircraft if the ambient sea level temperature is 20°C? An observer stands 5 km away fiom the line of flight. How long after the aircraft passes him will it be before he hears it and how far past him will the airoraft be at this time? ANS: 412 m/s, 8.05 5, 3.317 km. See, eg Evett, Liu, Ex 16.56-57. Dry saturated steam from a large tank at 6 bar is expanded through a frictionless adiabatic nozzle to a final pressure of 1 bar. Without using compressible flow tables, what are the jet velocity at exit and the mass rate of flow per unit area of the jet? NB: assume phase equilibrium at exit, ANS: 781 m/s, 512 (kg/s)/m? See, eg, GFC Rogers, YR Mayhew, Engineering Thermodynamics Work and Heat Tyansfer (621.4021 ROG), Ex 18.2; Evett, Liu, Ex 16.95, 16.97, 16.172; Problem Solver, Ex 12.25; Roberson, Crowe, Ex 12.12. A Pitot-static tube is inserted parallel to a subsonic flow of air (at 1 bar and 14.35°C). A water/air differential manometer connected across this reads 1.608 mH O. Calculate the local air velocity: (@) assuming incompressible flow, and (b) for compressible perfect gas flow. If the Pitot-static tube is replaced by a dry bulb thermometer, then what will the thermometer read (assuming isentropic compressible flow)? ANS: 161 m/s, 157 m/s, 26.6°C. See, eg, BS Massey, Mechanics of Fluids (532.5 MAS), Sect 12.7; JF Douglas, IM Gasiorek, JA Swaffield, Fluid Mechanics (532 DOU), Ex 14.1; John, Ex 17.1; Evett, Liu,Ex 16.18 then Ext 16.13-14, 16.101-3, 16.117; Problem Solver, Ex 12.16. Air flows isentropically through a pipe of cross-sectional area 0.025 m*, Using compressible air flow tables, if the Mach Number is 3, the static pressure 1 bar and the static temperature 5°C, find the stagnation pressure and temperature, velocity and mass flow rate. ANS: 36.6 bar, 509°C, 1004 m/s, 31.45 kg/e See, eg, Evett, Liu, Ex 16.43-44; Roberson, Crowe, Ex 12.8-9; JD Anderson, Modern Compressible Flow (532 AND), Ex 5.2. $13.6 REVISION EXAMPLES Riowpe 4 bur by ae Tiles A diverging pipe has an exit/inlet area ratio pf 2:1. jWhat are thelexit/inlet static ; pressure ratio and[exit Mach Number{for inlet Mach Numbers of (a) 0.7 and (b) 2.5 if air is the fluid and this acts a3 an ideal diffuser? ANS: (2) 1.316, 0.277; (b) 0.329, 3.24 See, eg, Bvett, Liv, Ex 16.107, 16.123; Problem Solver, Ex 12.2, 12.10 Shaws Do not attempt these until the Tutorial Examples aze completed. Keep up with new Tutorial Sheets rather than continue with these. Save them for later revision if necessary. 3.7R 3.8R 3.9R A non-invasive flow meter for subsonic. flows has been proposed as follows. A. sound source is inserted into the wall of a pipe and at equal distances L upstream and downstream there are sound receivers which are connected so that the time lag (ie phase) between the two signals received can be measured. If the smallest time difference that.can be discriminated is At = 1ys and it is required to measure flow velocities accurately down to = 0.01 m/s, then what length L is required if the reference pipe fluid is air at 15°C? ANS: L = At(a? - Ayac = 5.798 m. Superheated steam at 1752C apd 1.5 bar (absolute) eseapes from a tank through an orifice of area A, = 6.1 m°, discharging to atmosphere at 1 bar. Assuming isentropic flow, caletlate the static temperature at the orifice and the mass flow rate assuming that: (@) superheated steam behaves as a perfect gas with y = 1.3 and R = 4615 Jeg; (®) steam behaves as a non-pertest gas (ie use Steam Tables for properties ANS: (a) 135°C, 2.125 kgs; (b) 134°C, 2.136 kg/s See, eg, Evett, Liu, Ex 16.105; Problem Solver, Ex 12.7. Accepting the hypothesis that under ideal circumstances it might be possible to expand a flow from some stagnation condition (,) to a theoretical maximum velocity (or ultimate velocity) ¢yyqy at absolutely zero temperature (and pressure), then show for a perfect gas that: Cmax = ov2/(y - 1) where a, = /yRT, is the acoustic velocity at the stagnation condition. Hence3.10R 3.UIR 3.12R show that the ratio of the local velocity ¢ to this can be expressed in terms of the local Mach Number M as: (mad = M300 D ft + Zor - Dae See, eg, Evett, Liu, Ex 16.113-114, Air flows isentropically through a nozzle from a large reservoir with stagnation temperature T, = 509°C. At a downstream section just at the nozzle exit the Mach Number M = 3.. First without using compressible flow tables and then with, obtain the static temperature and flow velocity at this section. ANS: 6°C, 1005 m/s, See. eg Evett, Liu, Ex 16.108; Problem Solver, Ex 12-26; Anderson, Ex 5.1. Hou te c4e. trltle ly bebe Air flows isentropically through a circular tube of 0.20 m internal diameter with a Mach Nunber of 0.4. Downstream the tube is smaller, having only 0.16 m internal diameter. (a) Using compressible air flow tables, determine the Mach Number at this downstream section. (&) Repeat the problem with superheated steam as the fluid, assuming that this acts as a perfect gas with y = 1.3 (obvionsly in this case it is not Possible to use air tables). Ser Re 44h Tage ANS: 0.86, 0.837 Caloulate the limiting or ultimate value (¢mya,/4.) (see also Revision Example 3.9R) and the critical" values at Mach 1 (6*/ag) and (p*/pg) for any two from the following range of values of the ratio of specific heats y: ~¥ = 112 (up to 1.135 - typical values for wet steam) - ¥ = 13 (typical values for superheated and supersaturated steam) - 1 = 14 (air and diatomic gases at room temperature) 5/3 {theoretical value for monatomic gases). 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Cobar. aan : me ty ye Lm o my) MeSH ND (ito ae not = (23) OST ( woe ae ‘yo sv ly eee eye Qe poeepoemprny Jo ome. ph es aonb way SM YD | eye Je Ho Loe 29 (uj sya, we wanwhy Fopegaraybny ) opps, my re operedhuos Sow wig © 'UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE ae UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 0 ies II 352) 8 - ING IS) OPIC FLOW ‘You should be able to complete these Tutorial Examples in about three ours of private study. ‘You are advised not to attempt the Revision Examples until you have completed the Tutorial Examples. Advice with these may be obtained from Demonstrators in Tutorial Classes. Unless otherwise indicated, assume that air can be treated as a perfect gas with y = 1.4,R = 287 S/kgK, Cy = 1005 JikgK. TUTORIAL EXAMPLES 4d 42 43 Air flows through a-duet of area 0.1 m? at a velocity of 220 m/s. The static temperature and pressure are 60°C and 3.5 bar. Calculate the mass rate of flow. Find the area of a throat downstream which will ensure that this flow is choked. ANS: 80.5 kg/s, 0.0842 m? See, eg: A.J.Reynolds, Thermofluid Dynamics, Ex 4.10; J.B.Evett, C.Liu, 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (Q620.106 EVE), Ex 16.108; The Fluid Mechanics and Dynamics Problem Solver, Research and Education Association (532.05 FLU), Bx 12.10. Air flows isentropically with a subsonic velocity through a pipe of cross-sectional area 0.025 m?, The static temperature is 5°C. What is the velocity at this section #f, downstream, the flow is choked at a throat of area 0.006 m2? What is the velocity if steam at 127 °C is present instead of the air (assuming it behaves as a perfect gas with y = 13 and R = 4615 J/kgk)? Hint: for the second part, as a first estimate use a similar Mach Number as for the air case. esune Sab 2b 257 as pated cae w& cy vieren® ANS: 47 m/s, 69.6 mis See, eg: J.A.Roberson, C.T.Crowe, Engineering Fluid Mechanics (620.106 ROB), Ex 12.7-8; V.L.Streeter, E.B.Wylie, Fluid Mechanics (532 STR), Ex 6.10; Problem Solver, Ex 12.8, 12.11, 12.26. Superheated steam at 175°C escapes from a tank through an orifice of Area A, = 0.01 m’, discharging to atmosphere at 1 bar. Assuming isentropic flow up to the orifice44 throat and that superheated steam behaves as a perfect gas with y = 1.3 and R = 461.5 J/kgK, then caloulate the mass rate of flow 1, and the throat Mach Number M and static temperature T if the absolute pressure inside the tank is (a) 1.5 bar and (b) 2 bar, respectively. Check that the perfect gas assumption is valid in case (b). Hint: for (a) see Tutorial Example 3.8R. ANS: (a) 2.125 kg/s, 0.809, 135°C (b) 2.935 kgs, 1, 116.4°C > Tyy, = 102°C. ht A rocket motor consists of a convergent-divergent nozzle leading from, a combustion chamber with nozzle inlet area A; = nozzle outlet area A, = 0.016 m? = 5 x nozzle throat area A*. For pressure at the inlet p; = 20 bar and pressure over the whole of the exterior of the rocket p, = 0.3 bar, calculate: (a) the thrust on the converging part of the nozzle (hint: F, = I*-T, = force on fluid in CV1), (b) the thrust on the diverging part of the nozzle (hint: Fg = Iy-l* = force on fluid in CV2), (©) the jet pressure at exit (p,), and () the next thrust on the rocket (hint: for CV3 show that the force on the fluid Fp = IepyAg and note that Fa¥F,+Fy because of the thrust applied by the pressure on the forward face of the combustion chamber). assuming that the combustion products behave as @ perfect gas with y = 1.2. Hint: For the given values of AYA* = A,/A* = 5 it is necessary (in the absence of Tables for y = 1.2) to find M, and M, by trial and error - ty M, ~ 0.12, M, « 2.8 as first estimates. SKN, + 2.59 KN, 0.64 bar, 10.1 kN.REVISION EXAMPLES Do not attempt these until the Tutorial Examples are completed. Keep up with new Tutorial Sheets rather than continue with these. Save them for later revision if necessary. 45K 4.6R 4.7R Air from a large tank at 7 bar and 280°C escapes through a de Laval converging- diverging nozzle to atmosphere (1.013 bat). Assuming ideal adiabatic flow and a mass flow rate of 1 kg/s, calculate the throat pressure, temperature, area and velocity. Calculate the exit area, Mach Number and velocity if the nozzle is designed for this atmospheric exit condition. ANS: 3.69 bar, 187°C, 0.000831 m?-<0.00131 m?, 1.92, 686 m/s. See, eg: John, Ex 3.4. Find the mass flow rate through 100 mm? of area if air is supplied from a large tank with pressure 6.5 bar and temperature 57°C assuming each of the following values of Mach Number M = 0.5, 1,0, 2.0. For each of these Mach Numbers then caloulate the required area (# 100 mm*) to pass a flow of 1 kg/s. ANS: 0,108 kg/s, 0.145 kg/s, 0.0859 keys, 926 mm?, 69 mm*, 1164 mm”. See, eg: Evett, Liu, Ex 16.124, 16.128; John, Bx 3.2; Streeter, Wylie, Ex 6.9, 6.11. A small laboratory supersonic wind tunnel draws atmospheric air through a convergent: divergent nozzle te produce supersonic conditions in a downstream working section with area = 4in2 = 2.58x 10 m*. Assume all flows are isentropic and that the ambient atmospheric pressure is given by a barometer as 759 mm Hg: (2) Assimple U-tube manometer to a static tapping at the working section shows depression of 627 mm Hg. Find the supersonic Mach Number at the working section, the necessary throat area A, to achieve this and the reading of a corresponding manometer connected at the throat. (b) If the manometer depression at the working section is 80 mm Hg, determine whether the nozzle throat area from (a) above would be critical. ANS: (a) 1.8, 2.782 in?, 359 mm Hig depressjon; (b) no since A* = 2.516 in?<2.782 in? 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(84)Uolverety of Neweastls opes Tye ae, DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL, MATERIALS & MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING ial Thermofisid Dynami M332) TUTORIAL SHEET 5 - NORMAL STATIONARY SHOCKS: ‘You should be able to complete these Tutorial Examples in about three hours of private study. ‘You are advised not to attempt the Revision Examples until you have completed the Tutorial Examples, Advice with these may be obtained from Demonstrators in Tutorial Classes, Unless otherwise indicated, assume that air can be treated as a perfect gas with y = 1.4, R= 287 Uke, C, = 1005 Wkgk. TUTORIAL EXAMPLES 51 32 $3 Air flows from a large pressure vessel in which the temperature is T, = 350K through a de Laval convergent-divergent nozzle, Assume the flow to be isentropic throughout, except where a stationary shock wave occurs in the uniform stream of air. The Mach ‘Number immediately downstream of the shock is Mz = 0.70 and a Pitot tube placed some distance downstream records an absolute pressure of ps2 = 0.85 MPa Using compressible air flow tables, first calculate the static pressures and temperatures immediately downstream (pz, Ta) and\upsiream (p1, T:) of the shock and the pressure in the vessel (po1). Then find the static pressure (p*1) and temperature (T*) in the throat of the nozzle. Ans: 0.612 MPa and 318K, 0.248 MPa and 240K, 0.916MPa, 0.483 MPa and 291 ‘A normal stationary shock wave occurs in a stream of air at » Mach Number Mi = 3 Immediately upstream of the shock the static pressure and temperature are p; = SOkPa and T, = 200K, (@) Calculate the air stream velocity immediately upstream (c)) and downstream (C2) of the shock and the static pressure difference (p2 ~ pi) between its two sides cat a ‘Ans: 851 m/s, 222 m/s, 4.67 bar (©) Calculate also the pressure rise that would have occurred if the original stream could have been decelerated isentropically to the same final Mach Number. ‘What would be the final stream velocity in this case? ‘Ans: 15.2 bar (ie. greater than 4.67 bar), 222 mis. A normal stationary shock wave oceurs in a stream of steam, Immediately upstream of the shock the steam velocity and static temperature and pressure are ; = 1000 mis, Ty = 100°C, p; = I bar (absolute). Estimate the steam velocity (¢2) and static temperature (2) and pressure (pz) immediately downstream of the shock in the following three ways:34 () Approximate the steam as a perfecr gas with estimated y = 1.3 and R = 461J/kgK. If you can find compressible flow tables in the Library for y = 1.3 it is perfectly permissible 10 use these, otherwise evaluate the perfect gas shock relationships, eg. Eq.77, 79, 81 and 85 in the Houghton and Brock Air Tables. Ans: 325 m/s, 324°C, 4.95 bar. (&) Steam is actually a non - perfect gas. Approximate it as 8 van der Waals gas in which: + equation of state: (ptav’) (mb) = RT + 7 fed we'd enthalpy change: (hoehy) = fC, d Ta (v;' =¥5°)+ py, ~ PY where: a=17l0mistkg b= 0.0017m'hkg R= 461 Jkgk y= 1570 kg Ans: 320 nvs, 321°C, 4.98 bar (©) Use Steans Tables to obtain the steam properties. Ans: 325 ns, 328°C, 4.98 bar Dry air is discharged from a large tank in which the pressure is 20 bar to atmosphere (1.013 bar) through a de Laval convergent-divergent nozzle designed to produce a Mach Number of 3.5 in the exit plane (where the walls are parallel). tp (@) Show that oblique shock waves will form at the exit plane. Ans: show that actual exit pressure lies becween the limits: ~ “Design Pressure” = 0.263 bar at M = 3.5 (isentropic flow) ~ Normal shock would form at exit plane if exit static pressure = 3.724 bar. (b) ‘If the downstream pressure is raised to 4.8455 bar, then show that 4 normal shock will be formed within the divergent section of the nozzle, Ans: show that the actual exit pressure lies between the limits for a normal shock at exit (above) and a choked subsonic venturi (19.89 bar). (©) For this internal shock then find: + its location, as the area ratio (Aect/Adex) Where the shock will occur, ~ the changed stagnation pressure downstream of the shock (pea); and ~ the new (subsonic) Mach Number at the nozzle exit plane. Hint: a trial and error solution will be required * Guess an approximate value of (Adact/ Aries) * The shock is controlled from upstream. Use the isentropic flow upstream of the shock to determine the shock inlet conditions, * Hience use the non-isentropic flow across the shock to find the shock downstream conditions. * Use the isentropic flow downstream of the shock to find an exit static pressure and compare it with the required value. * Iterate for agreement. Ang: 5.386, 5.27 bar, 0.35.a REVISION EXAMPLES Do not attempt these until you have completed the Tutorial Examples above. SSR S.6R. A normal stationary shock occurs in a flow of helium, which may be approximated as a perfect gas with the properties: Re 2077HkgK, C, = 5233IMgK, = 5/3 If the conditions immediately upstream of the shock are: Pi = 10kPa, Ty = 27°C, c; = 1200 m/s then find the downstream static pressure (p:) and temperature (T3), flow velocity (c,) and Mach Number (Ma) by: (@) A trial and error solution as for # general (non-perfect) gas, using the four fundamental relationships ~ Equation of State (in this case for perfect gus) - Continuity Equation - Momentum Equation - Energy Equation (b) Directly, using the perfect gas shock relationships, eg. Equations 77, 79, 81 and 85 in E L Houghton and E A Brock Tables for the compressible flow of dry air, 3rd edn, Edward Amold, London, 1975, NB: if you can find compressible flow tables in the Library for'y = 1.66 then itis acceptable to use these. Ans: for both (a) and (b) 14.895 kPa, 79°C, 945.8 mis, 0.858 (a) Show that the Rankine-Hugoniot “shock adiabatic” expression for a normal shock in a perfect gas is: (Pf Y= DIY DVR PADI + IY ~ D4 (RB Hint - proceed as follows: (From the energy equation for adiabatic flow show thet: (ee = 2y Hy MCR, 1) Cr 2] Gi) From the momentum equation for constant area frictionless flow and the continuity equation show that: (3-22) = (2, ~ PAMoi + 031) (remembering that continuity gives 1c: ~ py, first divide the momentum equation by 7, then instead by 2 and add these two results). (ii) Both energy and momentum have to be conserved, so eliminate (cz? - 01°) between these. () — Fory= 1.4 use this to show that as (px/p:) > © then (py/p:) 36On log-log graph peper plot (p2/p1) against (or/01) from its minimum value (p2/; = | for infinitesimal shock) to this maximum value (pr/e1™ 6) for bots + A normal stationary shock, using the Rankine-Hugoniot shock adiabatic above, and - isentropic flow with (pa/p1) = (px/1)"" Then, using the standard relationship (see Lecture Notes): (As/C,)=Inl(p,/ P)/ (2/7 7 on log-log graph paper plot (As/C,) against (p,/p)) for the same range and two cases as above. Use these graphs to explain that = anormal shock is a non-isentropic flow - for a“weale” shock (as p/p: —>1) the liraiting case is the isentropic acoustic disturbance wave; and - “weak” shocks are nearly isentropic. 5.7R Derive the Prandil velocity relationship across a normal stationary shock in a perfect gas: caer = 0 or (ox/e") (exc) = 4 Hint - proceed as follows: @ wi) ii) Gil) From the energy equation for adiabatic flow from initiel (*) to stagnation (.) conditions, show that the critical velocity ¢’on both sides of the shock is given by: oe =2fly- Dy + DIG Ts From the energy equation show also that (pip) = [-1)Y] (CyTo - 6/2) Divide the momentum equation on both sides by the continuity equation ici = prea and substitute for (p/p) from (ji) above to get: (e102) = [(- 1] [(er-ea) (4 + C,Te/erea)] This has two possible solutions: * = 63, ie. no shock * Divide out (c;-c2) from both sides to get the other solution, rearranging this to give (c1 co) Use the first result in (i) above to compleie the exercise, ANIBBIGen.37perth ait tf ae aah chovgt qo fides _& ow T/tfol w Sal Tore Thed commen |p [* See] BT BeBe awed ot } ee |p, 7 095 MPs ssoAle - ~ gl te 35 peo sab ty) ot) Mas o7 Oe 71302 - Rs 06 Londtiny across Shocks (Fel WU) Pow thar dhce My70-T =r M, = 1-50¢ Beh] 2: EES = 024 mm ) Fnclingy —tegectm pressure ee (Gis IA) Mp2 6S0% es 347 : Pus 22th © BOS Pot 206 MP, Tele th Find 7 * m Test LBS Pits > © 49S _ bee Beta oe BE ae & ; Sete top dase yheun eh slivele Fic prlest coe strgactim tarp dost vot chon svt) © prom shoe Tent Ta Tene Meh . 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RP, + Fa ae = ~ = eee Cr My (apes) + 20g Mt ens (en Ver Tt MACB-A) TAB & Lew Gate toy) Soo = OR ) Lot Me OR-A) AB Tarh jlenh? Reece ase SSS FE OT w= [R-h) = Ba - eg, ae Ree (a-t)+ ors Pe a: 2 (p-eleee-B C10 Ge (RP) + OG = fO-W4RG | 0 (men) ae ~ Ueerla So] oo (ee) Bea = GetRewionee Hog arto" shetle atiebeba os pectin ow 20/0 fot mw 56 : (ioe eh ge ohare -- eee Quik Ghtha eth. 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Mite | _ whos BP as ons Bere yy ae para * 2983 ber chsterg. preseze o thes 3 > iat * e0g23 be (eat) Fon “etl M2 OR MY eee noted XG TMs 0 $08 be mt 2) Fe chet fe syprer pu Piagny torre! dawn stiten popes bust hs cartes e903 ber Td 3 be - Ate is both encechatting Pload = Ohen Celasban 4 Pepe booger wereena the ft = {lity the, checelean 4 chate _ an)™ : chakad Gla fives cworted _flovele (owen) a aS GaP) - feos AMA BRL f= 00s Gom® ~ a - Yote t BP 0.01 ra Hens PS pease - tem enti ati ex fee 1) ear - ~— Lee > oF bar Figen Teles Seok am TPES 290K retale Sty Pe 7 ee Th = 500 ae Prem sy : 3 “ Be ve MY ent oo A 036 OSB Me Ont (tet he) west Msor)s 72 mo evR | 2G KR ; otk > ama - = 0.535407 48 281 {reyery4 247 (280 = 0.975 > 135 “g) Pox SSR, s1or8 ber by poston) lefts tempuchen Find (Mire : & = ATtrial ho ecsor goles $ bdhere Shee sees eh Cr tin ree taller Chen satlos £11) - _ Moana! vtebaneg shoe, Upatriem of shecte the. rhea wloaty ih sfedte up Gi s1000 pfs Te wae P= lobar fabmiete) Shor bows shea olenty A ahte fone (R) 2 pease anwartol grctvsinn “Tas ( Taste | a 5 “doula. intpilotin stron pepe[M332] 5, Most liquid fuels contain between 83 and 87% of carbon (by weiaht) i ant, when the actual analysis of the combustion products, when the fuel is bumed with 5% of excess air. How does this vale change ithe rods re cooled 15°C Dut not dried? [Take the atomic masses of carbon and hydrogen to be 12 and 1 respectively. Assume air contains 79% nitrogen and 21% oxygen by volume. Take the partial pressure of water vapour in air at 15°C to be 0.01704 bar J END OF PAPER pan332) UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE ‘SEMESTER 2.2001/2002 INDUSTRIAL THERMOFLUID DYNAMICS ITI Time allowed - 2% hours ‘Candidates should attempt THREE questions Forai, R= 287 JkeK, C, = 1005 JikgK ‘Specific heat for water vapour = 1-86 KI/(kgK) All given pressures are absolute unless otherwise stated. Data supplied: ‘Mayhew & Rogers “Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Fuids” Houghton & Brock “Tables for the Compressible Flow of Dry Ait” “This examination represents 100% ofthe assessment for this module. [Tum over[IMMM332] What are the main problems caused by air leakage in condensers? ‘Explain briefly the term UNDERCOOLING. 12 marks ‘A condenser is fitted with an airccooling section, ‘The temperature at ‘entty to the cooling section is 20°C and at the air pump is 15°C. The ‘vacuum throughout the shell is 740 mm Hig and the air leakage is 5 keybr. Find the mass of steam cooled per hour in the air cooling section and the ‘capacity of the air extraction pump in m” hr. 21 marks ‘Acnatural draught cooling tower is to cool water from 50°C to 32°C. “The inlet temperature of mois air is 24°C at a relative humidity of 70%. ‘Moist ai leaves the top of the tower saturated at 40°C. ‘Make-up water at 16°C is added ata rate of 11 kes ‘Taking atmospheric pressure to be 1-013 bar, determine the mass flowrate of dry air and the mass flowrate of water which can be cooled over the specified temperature range. 33 marks Diy air is discharged fiom a large tank in which the pressure is 20 bar, through a de Laval convergent-ivergent nozzle designed to produce & supersonic Mach Number of 35 at the exit plane (where the walls are parallel). For steady compressible flow: (@) Calculate the necessary external “design pressure” and exitthroat area ratio to produce this design exit Mach Number M= 35. 3 marks (b) For this exitthroat geometry, calculate the corresponding external pressure required for the 10 behave as an isentropic choked subsonic venturi (M* = I at throat) with subsonic ext velocity. 3 marks ([MMM332} (©) Between these limits shocks will form within the nozzle or at its exit, Caloulate the necessary extemal pressure required to give a stationary normal shock just atthe exit plane of the nozzle (Mi = 3.5), and the corresponding new subsonic nozzle exit Mach ‘Number (Mz) and downstream stagnation pressure (P.2). rks 8m (@) If instead a stationary normal shock de the nozzle at a shock/throat area ratio (A/A*) = calculate the new downstream stagnation pressure (pu). There will be a change in cttical area, A*, across the shock. Calculate the ratio of this to the nozzle throat area (A*/A*)). 10 marks (©) Finally, from the isentropic low downstream of this intemal shock, calculate the necessary external pressure required to ereate these conditions and the comesponding subsonic nozzle exit Mach ‘Number, 9 marks Superheated steam at T (pressure p = 1 ba) thro 0-01 m’, Using Steam Tables forthe properties of steam (i. treating it as a non-perfect gas), for each of the tank pressures given in (a) and (b) below: °C in a large tank escapes to ambieat — state whether the flow is choked or not (for these superheated steam conditions you may quote a eritical pressure ratio p*/Pe = 05547), and ~calelate the mass flow rate through the nozzle, (@) Tank pressure pe = 1-5 bar 13 marks (©) Tank pressure p,=3 bar 20 marks [Turn over