EDUCATIONAL
1. PROXIMATE AIMS & ULTIMATE AIMS OF
OBJECTIVES OF
ANATOMY AT U.G. LEVEL
BY:
DR. MD. ANWARUL HAQUE.
B.Sc;
B.Sc; D.H.M.S., M.D. (Hom),
PROFESSOR & HEAD
DEPT. OF ANATOMY,
TAKHATMAL SHRIVALLBH HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL
COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, AMRAVATI,
. FOR THE BETTER FULFILLMENT OF THE B
. 1
COMPREHENSIVE AIM:-
AIM:- UNFOLDMENT OF ALL THE INNATE
POWERS OF AN INDIVIDUAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN
INTEGRATED PERONALITY.
AIMS OF MODERN INDIAN EDUCATION
: TO INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY, ACHIEVE SOCIAL AND
NATIONAL INTEGRATION, ACCELERATE THE PROCESS OF
MODERNIZATION AND CULTIVATE SOCIAL, MORAL AND
SPIRITUAL VALUES.
2. INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT :-
PHYSICAL, MENTAL & SPIRITUAL FACULTIES.
3. SOCIAL AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT :
DEVELOPING A SENSE OF NATIONAL IDENTITY,
3 4
UNITY AND PATRIOTISM
THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN ANATOMY
* IT IS THE STUDY OF THE FORM AND STRUCTURE OF THE
BODY AND THE REGULARITIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS
STRUCTURES IN RELATION TO ITS FUNCTIONS AND EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT.
* THE OLD TERM WAS DESCRIPTION OF THE BODY.
* THE MODERN ANATOMY – ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN
● HOW THE ORGANISM IS FORMED?
● WHY IT IS SO FORMED?
● TREATS THE HUMAN ORGANISM AS A SINGLE ENTITY.
● HAS A DEFINITE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT.
● IS INFLUENCED BY VARIOUS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS THROUGHOUT THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION
● AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SCIENCE, ACCUMULATES AND DESCRIBES
FACTS.
● EFFECTIVE IN UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER SUBJECTS.
5 6
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF EDUCATION
EDUCATION:
PROXIMATE AIMS: 1. ARE CONCERNED IN EVERYDAY LIVINGss.
LIVINGss.
2. ARE MORE SPECIFIC, CONCRETE &
PRACTICAL THAT LEAD TO DESTINATION
DESTINATION
3. RELATE EDUCATION TO THE LIVING
EXPERIENCES OF THE INDIVIDUAL
INDIVIDUAL
ULTIMATE AIMS :- 1.RELATED WITH THE WHOLE OF OUR LIFE
PROCESS
2. THE FULFILLMENT OF WHICH TOUCH
THE WHOLE NATIONAL LIFE
3. IT REQUIRE SOME FRAGMENTATION
ROAD ASPIRATIONS
.
2
4. SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION : TO ADJUST WITH
SOCIEITY
5. MODERNISATION : WITH SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT.
6. PRODUCTIVITY : TO BRING ABOUT SOCIAL
TRANSFORMATION, AND ENHANCE GREATER
EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ALL SECTORS,
AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL AND SERVICES
7. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION : INTEGRATING
EDUCATION WITH COMMUNITY IN ALL RESPECTS
8. ACQUISITION OF VALUES : CERTAIN BASIC
VALUES AS RESPECT FOR OTHERS,
RESPONSIBILITY, SOLIDARITY, CREATIVITY AND
INTEGRITY MUST BE DEVELOPED
APPLIED ANATOMY
1. TO IMPROVE OUR KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN STRUCTURE AND
TO UNDERSTAND HOW VERTAIN MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS CAN PROVIDE AN ADVANTAGE FOR HUMAN
PHYSICAL PERFORMANCES.
2.TO APPLY THE THEOROTICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE B ODY
MODIFICATION, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICAL SKILLS IN
PHYSICAL CAPACITY IN SPORTS, CLINICAL AND OCCUPATIONAL
SETTINGS
3.THE
3.THE APPLICATION OF ANATOMICAL KNOWLEDGE TO THE
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE DISEASE.
4. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF HOMOEOPATHIC PRACTICE
1
 AS ONE OF THE BASIC LIFE SCIENCES, ANATOMY IS
CLOSELY RELATED TO MEDICINE AND OTHER
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES IN DEVELOPING THE ANATOMY AS
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY.
SCIENCE
*1. 2 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE THAT ARE HELPFUL IN STRUCTURE FORM
UNDEERSTANDING THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS ARE ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY.

*2. PHYSIOLOGY CANNOT BE SEPARATED FROM ANATOMY AS WE
NEED TO CORRELATE THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
*3. IT PROVIDES THE SETTINGS FOR THE EVENTS, ALTHOUGH THE
BASIC CONCERN OF ANATOMY IS WITH STRUCTURE, IT IS ESSENTIAL
TO CORRELATE IT WITH PHYSIOLOGY FOR BETTER UNDERSTANDING
THE PROCESS OF HEALTH. DISEASE AND RECOVERY.
7 8
FUNCTION
1. THE DESCRIPTIVE, EVOLUTIONARY AND FUNCTIONAL
ASPECTS OF ANATOMY ARE IMPORTANT IN ITS
EFFECTIVENESS IN UNDERSTANDING THE OTHER
SUBJECTS.
2. THE MAIN OBJECT OF STUDY OF ANATOMY IS THE
ORGANISM AS A SINGLE ENTITY, ITS STRUCTURE,
DEVELOPMENT AND WH ICH IS INFLUENCED BY
VARIOUS INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CONDITIONS
THROUGHOUT THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS.

SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY MACROANATOMY

¾ MACROSCOPIC OF GROSS ANATOMY:
„ LIVING ANATOMY :- IT DEALS WITH THE
1. LIVING ANATOMY STUDY OF LIVING SUBJECTS. IT CAN BE
2. CADAVERIC ANATOMY
3. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
STUDIED UNDER FOLLOWING SUBHEADS:-
SUBHEADS:-
4. EXPERIMENTAL ANATOMY „ INSPECTION – BY SIMPLE INSPECTION
5. TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY / SURFACE ANATOMY
6. RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY MANY FACTS IN ANATOMY CAN BE STUDIED
7. EMBRYOLOGICAL / DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY I.E. THE FORM, SHAPE, AND POSITION OF
8. APPLIED / CLINICAL / SURGICAL ANATOMY
THE CLAVICLE AT THE ROOT OF NECK.
¾ MICROSCOPICAL ANATOMY: ANAEMIA, TUMOUR ETC.
1. CYTOLOGY
2. HISTOLOGY
3. ORGANOLOGY
9 10

„ PALPATION-
PALPATION- FEELING BY HAND, THE
FACTS AS CERTAINED BY INSPECTION
CAN BE VERIFIED. DEEPER STRUCTURE
WHICH CANNOT BE SEEN BY THE
NAKED EYES CAN BE EXPLORED. I.E
PALPATION OF ABDOMEN MAY LEAD
TO FEELING OFABDOMINAL AORTA,
VERTEBRAE, LIVER OR SPLEEN IF
THEY ARE ENLARGED.
„ PERCUSSION-
PERCUSSION- IN THIS METHOD
TAPPING IS DONE ON VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE BODY TO ASCERTAIN THE
OUTLINES OF VISCERA .THE FINGER
ON THE SURFACE IS PLEXIMETER AND
THE OTHER FINGER WHICH TAPS IS
PLEXOR. THIS METHOD IS B EST USED
TO ELICIT ASCITES, PLEURA FLUID ETC,

11 12

2
 AUSCULTATION-
AUSCULTATION- IT IS DONE WITH
„
THE HELP OF AN INSTRUMENT
STETHOSCOPE, THE FUNCTIONS OF
SOME OF THE ORGANS IN OUR BODY
CAN BE UNDERSTOOD
13
„ BRONCHOSCOPE – FOR TRACHEO
BRONCHIAL TREE.
„ SIGMOIDOSCOPE – FOR SIGMOID
COLON
„ PROCTOSCOPE – FOR RECTUM AND
ANAL CANAL
„ CYSTOSCOPE – FOR URINARY BLADDER
„ ARTHROSCOPE – FOR JOINTS
15
CADAVERIC ANATOMY
„ OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY IS
BASED MOSTLY ON CADAVERIC
ANATOMY. IN THIS METHOD THE
STUDY CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN TWO
WAYS SYSTEMIC AND REGIONAL
17
USE OF INSTRUMENTS
„ ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION - THERE ARE
SOME DEVICES BY WHICH INTERIOR OF
SOME HOLLOW VISCERA CAN BE
VISUALIZED AND IMPRESSION ABOUT THEIR
INTERNAL PATTERN CAN BE GATHERED.
„ GASTROENDOSCOPE-
GASTROENDOSCOPE- FOR EXAMINING THE
OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH AND DUODENUM.
„ LARYNGOSCOPE – FOR LARYNX AND
TRACHEA
14
„ RADIOLOGY –
„ ULTRASONOGRAPHY
„ CT-
CT- SCAN
„ MRI
„ ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
„ ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
„ ANGIOGRAPHY
„ THESE ARE SOME OF THE METHODS
USED TO ARRIVE AT AND CONFIRM
THE DIAGNOSIS.
16
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
„ IN SYSTEMIC ANATOMY, DEPENDING
ON FUNCTION,S THE WHOLE BODY
HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT
SYSTEMS AND THE STRUCTURES THOSE
ARE CONCERNED TO SUBSERVE A
COMMON FUNCTION, HOWEVER
VARYING THEY MAY BE ARE GROUPED
TOGETHER INA PARTICULAR SYSTEM
FOR THEIR STUDY
18
3

APPLIED ANATOMY & ITS IMPORTANCE
1. STUDY OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES CAUSED BY DISEASES,
DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES OF THE ORGAN OR SYSTEM,
CHANGES IN ABNORMAL CONDITIONS AND WH EN SOME OF THE
CLINICAL CONDITIONS ARE EXAMINED AND COMPARED WITH THE
NORMAL ANATOMY
2· THE ANATOMICAL FACTS ARE CORRELATED FOR BETTER
APPROACH IN TREATMENT.
3· ESSENTIAL FOR B ETTER UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHOLOGICAL
CONDITIONS, HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, COMPLICATION
AND MANAGEMENT.
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
„ THIS SYSTEM IS MAINLY CONCERED IN
MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY AND THE
STRUCUTES CONCERED IN MOVEMENTS ARE
BONES, CARTILATES, MUSCLES AND JOINTS.
THUS IT IS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED INTO:-
INTO:-
„ OSTEOLOGY – STUDY OF BONES AND
CARTILAGES
„ MYOLOGY – STUDY OF MUSCLES
„ ARTHROLOGY – STUDY OF JOINTS.

19 20

„ RESPIRATORY SYSTEM :-:- IT INCLUDES

SPLANCHNOLOGY NOSE, LARYNX, TRACHEOBRONCHIAL
TREE AND LUNGS. THIS SYSTEM IS
„ IN THIS SYSTEM ALL THE VISCERA, CONCERNED WITH GASEOUS
EXCEPT THE HEART WITH BLOOD EXCHANGE AND WORKS
VESSELS ARE GROUPED TOGEHER. RHYTHMICALLY.
THE SPLANCHNOLOGY IS FURTHER ENDOCRINE SYSTEM :-
„ :- DEALS WITH
SUBDIVIDED INTO :-
:- DUCTLESS GLANDS, THESE GLANDS
„ ALIMENTARY SYSTEM :- :- IT INCLUDES SECRETE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, GLANDS KNOWN AS HORMONES WHICH HAVE
SUCH AS SALIVARY GLAND, LIVER, PROFOUND INFLUENCE ON THE BODY
PANCREAS ETC MECHANICS.

21 22

„ UROGENITAL SYSTEM :- IT INCLUDES „ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM :- :-

ORGANS CONCERNED WITH INCLUDES HEART, ARTERIES, VEINS
ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS IN AND LYMPHATICS.
THE FO RM OF URINE KIDNEY,
„ INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM :- :-
URETER, URINARY BLADDER AND
URETHRA. THE GENITAL ORGANS IT INCLUDES THE SKIN, AND ITS
INCLUDE MALE AND FEMALE GENITAL APENDAGES SUCH AS HAIRS, NAILS,
ORGANS CONCERNED WITH SWEAT AND SEBACEOUS GLANDS
REPRODUCTION.

23 24

4
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
„ IT DEALS WITH BRAIN, SPINAL CORD,
CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVES, IT IS
DIVIDED INTO CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM CONSISTS OF BRAIN AND THE
SPINAL CORD WHERE AS THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM IS FURTHER SUBDIVIDED
INTO SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AND
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS
SYMPATHETIC AD PARASYMPATHETIC
COMPONENTS.
25
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
„ IT IS A PART OF STUDY IN WICH
COMPARITIVE STUDY OF GROSS AND
EMBRYOLOGY OR MAN AND ANIMALS
ARE MADE. IT IS FOR BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUBJECT
AND ITS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY.
27
SURFACE ANATOMY
„ IT DEALS WITH RECOGNITION AND
PALPATION OF ANATOMICAL
LANDMARKS SUCH AS BONY
PROMINENCES, MUSCULAR ELEVATION
ETC AND REPRESENTATION OF THE
OUTLINE OF VISCERA OR OTHER
STRUCTURES ON THE SKIN SURFACE.
29
EMBRYOLOGY
„ IT IS A PART OF ANATOMY WICH DEALS
WITH THE DEVELOOPMENT OF EMBRYO
FROM THE STAGE OF FERTILIZATION UP TO
THE END OF THE PRENATAL LIFE. THE
STUDY OF EMBRYOLOGY DURING THE
EARLIER STAGE CONSISTS MOSTLY OF
HISTOLOGICAL METHODS AND DURING
LATER STAGE BOTH HISTOLOGICAL AND
MACROSCOPICAL METHODS ARE USED.
26
EXPERIMENTAL ANATOMY
„ IT DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
FUNCTIONS, GROWTH AND
BEHAVIOUR OF A PARTICULAR TISSUE
IN NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS, EXPERIMENTS ARE
DONE ON VARIOUS WAYS, AND SUCH
STUDIES COME UNDER THE PURVIEW
OF EXPERIMENTAL ANATOMY
28
APPLIED ANATOMY
„ IT DEALS WITH CORELATIONS OF
ANATOMICAL FACTS IN CONTEXT TO
DISEASE OR DISEASE PROCESS FOR
BETTER UNDERSTANDING O F SOME
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS . THESE
FACTS ARE HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSIS
AND TREATMENT
30
5
 CLINICAL ANATOMY
„ IT DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
CHANGES IN NORMAL ANATOMY WITH
CONTEXT WITH ABNORMAL
CONDITIONS. WHEN SOME CLINICAL
CONDITIONS ARE EXAMINED AND ARE
COMPARED WITH CNDITIONS IN
NOMAL ANATOMY WE CALL IT AS
CLINICAL ANATOMY.
31
IMPORTANCE OF APPLIED ANATOMY IN HOMOEOPATHY
(A) GROSS ANATOMY I.E. REGIONAL ANATOMY, SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
AND SURFACE ANATOMY HELPS US IN UNDERSTANDING THE
LOCATIONS, SENSATIONS, CONCOMITANTS AND PATHOLOGY OF
ANY COMPLAINT.
(B) HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY AND ORGANOLOGY HELPS US IN
UNDERSTANDING
(1) THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF DRUGS OR THE SPHERE OF
ACTION OF THE DRUG.
(2) THE TYPE OF CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN A PARTICULAR
REGION,I.E. CELL, TISSUE OR GAN. THE CHANGES MAY BE
FUNCTIONAL OR STRUCTURAL AND MAY BE REVERSIBLE OR
IRREVERSIBLE. IT MAY BE INFLAMMATORY OR CONSEQUENCE
OF INFLAMMATION. THE CHANGES MAY BE PROLIFERATIVE OF
DEGENERATIVE ETC.
(3) THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS AND CURABILITY OF THE CASES I.E
I.E
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT
(4) THE MIASMS.
33
(5) THE POSOLOGY.
(F) LIVING ANATOMY – HELPS US IN UNDERSTANDING THE
NATURE OF THE DISEASE WHEN WE ARE AT THE
BEDSIDE AND HAS TO PERFORM THE PHYSICAL
EXAMINATION WITH THE HELP OF VARIOUS
INSTRUMENTS
(G) RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY – DIFFERENT METHODS OF
STUDIES ARE THERE TO FACILITATE THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE DISEASE PROCESS
(H) MOREOVER THE STUDY OF ANATOMY INDTRODUCES
THE MEDICAL STUDENTS TO THE GREATER PART OF
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY.
35
FUNDAMENTAL OF ANATOMY
„ ONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE GENERAL
PLAN OF CONSTRUCTION IN EACH SYSTEM
AND SHOULD POSSESS A FAIR KNOWLEDGE
ABOUT THE WORKING OF SUCH SYSTEM
„ A FAIR KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TISSUES OF
THE BODY IS AN ESSENTIAL PREREQUISITE
TO SOUND FUNDAMENTAL IN THE
SUNBJECT OF ANATOMY,
„ ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SHOULD BE
READ TOGETHER FOR BETTER
CORELATIONS.
32
(C) NERVOUS SYSTEM – IT HELPS US IN UNDERSTANDING THE SIGNS
AND SYMPTOMS OF THE CENTRAL AS WELL AS THE PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND TO DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM THAT OF
MENTAL SYMPTOMS OF THE PATIENTS. THIS DIFFERENTIATION
HELPS IN SELECTING A SPECIFIC REMEDY
(D) DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, GENETICS,
PAEDIATIC ANATOMY AND TERATOLOGY HELPS US IN
UNDERSTANDING
(1) THE NATURE OF DISEASE WHETHER CURABLE OR NOT, SCOPE
AND LIMITATION OF HOMOEOPATHIC TREATMENT.
(2) THE CONSTITUTION I.E. PHYSICAL MAKE UP AND
TEMPERAMENT OF AN INDIVIDUAL
(3) THE FUNDAMENTAL AND DOMINANT MIASM.
(E) CLINICAL ANATOMY & APPLIED ANATOMY HELPS US IN
UNDERSTANDING
(1) THE DIAGNOSIS, PROGNISIS & COMPLICATIONS OF ANY
DISEASE AND ITS STATUS WHETHER CURABLE OR NOT.
(2) CLASSIFICATION OF THE SURGICAL DISEASES/ ONE SIDED
DISEASES.
(3) THE INDIVIDUALIZATION OF PATIENT AND OBSTACLES I N THE
WAY TO CURE.
34
(4) THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF AN INDIVIDUAL
GUIDELINES TO THE STUDENTS OF
ANATOMY
•LECTURE-
LECTURE- ATTENDING LECTURE IS A PASSIVE PROCESS FROM
WHICH A STUDENT DERIVES CERTAIN FACTUAL INFORMATION WHICH
IS FOUND IN TEXTBOOKS.
•LEARNING – IT IS AN ACTIVE PROCESS AND CAN BE GAINED
THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN ACTIVITES DESIGINED TO BE LEARNING
EXPERIENCES.
•STUDENTS ARE EXPECTED TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY OF THEIR
OWN LEARNING. THEY SHOULD ACTIVELY SEEK INFORMATION FORM
THE B OOKS BEFORE ATTENDING THE LECTURES
•THEY SHOULD LEARN VARIOUS PRACTIVAL AND INTELLECTUAL
SKILLS OF EXAMINATION OF THE HUMAN BODY, IDENTIFICATION OF
IITS COMPONENTS PARTS AND SOUND INTERPRETATION.
•THEY SHOULD LEARN TO COMMUNICATE CLEARLY AND
EFFECTIVELY, CORROBORATE AND COLLABORATE IN ALL
ACTIVITIES.
36
6
 • THEY SHOULD LEARN TO EVALUATE THEIR OWN PROGRESS,
BROAD OBJECTIVES :
TAKE REMEDIAL ACTIONS WHEREVER REQUIRED. ADAPT TO
1. THE ATTAINENT OF FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE.
LIVING IN THE WORLD BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, AND THUS
2. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRACTICAL AND INTELLECTUAL SKILLS.
TO PREPARE THEMSELVES FOR LIFE LONG LEARNING,
3. THE APPLICATION OF ANATOMICAL KNOWLEDGE TO PRACTICAL
WHICH IS ESSENTIAL IN THE RAPIDLY EVOLVING FIELD OF
SITUATIONS.
MEDICINE.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES :
„ MISSION STATEMENT:-
STATEMENT:- BY THE END OF THE PRECLINICAL YEARS THE STUDENTS SHOULD
TO PROVIDE AN ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT FOR THE BE ABLE TO:
1. RECOGNIZE THE SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF MEDICINE IN HEALTH,
PROMOTION OF LEARNING ANATOMY SO AS TO COMMON AND HIGH IMPACT MEDICAL CONDITION IN
ENSURE QUALITY, EFFECTIVENESS AND CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY.
COMPLIANCE IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
2. DESCRIBE THE MAIN POINTS RELATING TO THE DEVELOPMENT,
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEALTHY HUMAN BODY AND
EACH OF ITS MAJOR ORGANS.

3. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS

MAJOR ORGANS, SYSTEMS, DISSECTED SPECIMENTS AND THE
37 38
SECTIONS OF THE BODY.

10. DEMONSTRATE HIGH ETHICAL STANDARDS, ACADEMIC

4. INTERPRET IMAGES OF THE HUMAN BODY OBTAINED BY INTEGRITY, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES.
RADIOLOGY, USG, CT SCANS, MRI ETC.
11. EXHIBIT A CAPACITY FOR SELF EVALUATION, MORAL REFLECTION
5. EXAMINE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE LIVING BODY IN ORDER TO AND ETHICAL JUDGEMENT TO FORM THE BASIS FOR A SELF
TEST THEIR FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY. DIRECTED, LIFELONG ENGAGEMENT IN THE RESPONSIBLE,
COMMITED AND COMMPASSIONATE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.
6. IDENTIFY THE MAIN FINE STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF TISSUES
AND ORGANS AT THE HISTOLOGICAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND
MOLECULAR LEVELS.

7. DISCUSS THE IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERED STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS IN COMMON
DISEASES.

8. ACQUIRE NEW INFORMATION AND DATE , CRITICALLY APPRAISE

ITS VALIDITY AND APPLICATION TO ARRIVE AT A PROFESSIONAL
DEICISION.

9. ORGANIZE, RECORD, RESEARCH AND PRESENT SCIENTIFIC AND

39 40
CLINICAL INFORMATION

„ COURSE COMPONENTS
„ ANATOMY DISSECTION :
„ A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE COURSE WILL BE
DEVOTED TO DISECTING ROOM SESSIONS.
„ LABORATORY PROCEDURES IN STUDENTS IN GROUPS WILL STUDY DISSECTION OF
HUMAN CADAVER, AND CROSS SECTIONS OF
ANATOMY ANATOMICAL REGIONS OF THE ENTIRE BODY.
THE UNDERSTANDING OF ANATOMICAL
RELATIONSHIPS WILL BE REINFORCED WITH THE
SIMULTANEOUS USE OF RADIOGRAPHIC,
SECTIONAL AND DIGITAL IMAGING. THERE WILL
BE TWO TYPES OF DISSECTION ROOM SESSIONS.
ONE IS A STRUCTURAL SESSION AND THE IS
REGIONAL ANATOMY SESSION. THE STUDENTS
SHOULD FOLLOW THE SPECIMEN/ ORGANS
MINUTELY TO MAKE A DETAILED STUDY OF THE
MATERIAL PROVIDED
41 42

7
• STUDENTS SHOULD DIRECT THEIR OWN LEARNING, ENSURING THAT
THEY HAVE EXAMINED THE SPECIMENS THOROUGHLY, IDENTIFIED
ALL STRUCTURES AND ANSWERED ANY QUESTION THAT IS ASKED.
BEFORE COMING TO THE SESSION STUDENTS SHOULD FAMILIARISE
THEMSELVES WITH THE SCHEDULED PROJECT AND READ
THROUGHLY THE TEXT AND ATLAS. STUDENTS IN THE GROUP ARE
ENCOURAGED TO WORK TOGETHER, TO DISCUSS AND SHARE THEIR
LEARNING WITH OTHERS IN THE GROUP.
• A TUTOR WILL BE PRESENT DURING THE DISSECTION SESSION TO
HELP STUDENTS WITH ANY PROBLEM THEY MIGHT ENCOUNTER. THE
TUTORS WILL ALSO ENCOURAGE, STIMULATE AND CHALLENGE THE
STUDENT TO LEARN INDEPENDENTLY AND MAY PROMPT STUDENTS
TO DISCUSS SPECIRIC QUESTIONS OR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
RELATED TO THE REGION OF THE BODY BEING STUDIED
43
CRITICAL THINKING :
• TO PROMOTE INDEPENDENT, SELF DIRECTED LEARNING, TO THINK
ABOUT THE RELEVANCE AND APPLICATION OF ANATOMY.
• TO STIMULATE STUDENTS TO ANALYZE PROBLEMS AND PRESENT
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS.
• TO ENCOURAGE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION OF STUDENTS IN GROUP
DISCUSSION FOR GETTINMG IMMEDIATE FEED BACK.
• STUDENTS ARE PRESENTED WITH CLINICAL PROBLEMS AND A SET
OF RELATED QUESTIONS IN ADVANCE IN THE SCHEDULED SESSION.
• STUDENTS SHOULD STUDY THE PROBLEMS AND LOOKE UP ANY
REQUIRED INFORMATION.
• STUDENTS WILL BE REQUIRED TO PRESENT THEIR ANSWERS TO
THE PROBLEMS, CRITICIZE, DISCUSS AND IMPROVE THEIR ANSWERS.
• CRITICAL THINKING IS A RATHER NEW CONCEPT IN TEACHING B UT
IS BEING INTRODUCED AT ALL LEVELS OF EDUCATION. 45
HISTOLOGY :
• PROVIDES THE FOUNDATION OF CLINICAL MICROANATOMY AND
CELL FUNCTIONS.
EMPHASIZES THE RELATION BETWEEN CELL AND TISSUE
STRUCTURE TO THEIR FUNCTIONS.
IS A REQUISITE FOR SUBSEQUENT LEARNING OF HISTOPATHOLOGY,
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND RELATED CLINICAL PROBLEMS.
47
LIVING ANATOMY :
AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT AIMED AT DEVELOPING SKILLS OF CLINICAL
EXAMINATION AND INTERPRETATION OF CLINICAL IMAGES IN
CLINICAL PRACTICE.
Dummy models :
•ARE AVAILABLE FOR PRACTICING CERTAIN CLINICAL PROCEDURES
SUCH AS PELVIC EXAMINATION, MAMMARY GLAND AND VEIN
PUNCTURE
•RADIOGRAPHS, CT-SCANS, MRI’S AND USG IMAGES WILL ALSO BE
AVAILABLE AND ARE CONSIDERED TO BE AN INTEGRAL PART OF
LIVING ANATOMY AS THEY ALLOW VISUALIZATION OF INTERNAL
STRUCTURE OF THE LIVING BODY.
RADIOLOGY & CROSS-
CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING :
•TO DEVELOP AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELATIONSHIPS OF
THREE DIMENSIONAL ANATOMY TO BASIC NORMAL FINDING IN
RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING.
•HELP STUDENTS TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF ANATOMICAL DETAIL
44
REQUIRED IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE IMAGES.
LECTURES :
• TO FOCUS ON MAJOR ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS AND INTRODUCE
CLINICAL RELATIONSHIPS.
• NOT INTENDED TO PRESENT ALL INFORMATION THE STUDENTS ARE
EXPECTED TO KNOW, AND WHICH MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE
TEXTBOOKS AND READING MATERIALS.
• ONLY SMALL PROPORTION OF NEW MATERIAL CAN BE ABSORBED
BY STUDENTS DURING LECTURE.
• IF THE LECTURE IS THE FIRST EXPOSURE OF A STUDENT TO A
PARTICULAR TOPIC, VERY LITTLE OF IT CAN BE ABSORBED AND IS
OFTEN DIFFICULT FOR THE STUDENT TO FOLLOW.
• CONVERSELY THE STUDENT WHO ALREADY HAS SOME KNOWLEDGE
OF THE TOPIC WILL B E ABLE TO UNDERSTAND AND ABSORB MUCH
MORE OF THE MATERIAL BEING PRESENTED. 46
„ CELL BIOLOGY :
„ FOR UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, AND FOR CORRELATION OF ULTRA
STRUCTURE TO MOLECULAR EVENT.
„ MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROVIDES THE KEY TO
UNDERSTANDING THE BASIS OF LIFE AND HAS BECOME AN
IMPORTANT ASPECT OF MEDICINE.
„ PROVIDES A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF A NORMAL AND
DISEASE PROCESSES FROM NORMAL CONTROLLED CELL
DIVISION TO THE UNCONTROLLED GROWTH AND DERANGED
FUNCTIONING OF CANCER CELLS.
„
„ FOR UNDERSTANDING OF THE ACTION OF CERTAIN DRUGS
ON DISEASED CELLS.
„ PROVIDES AN UNDERSTANDING OF SOME EMBRYOLOGICAL
PROCESSES AND OF MANY GENETIC DISORDERS.
48
8
EMBRYOLOGY :
• EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT FROM THE BEGINNING OF
HUMAN LIFE, WHICH ARE NOT ONLY FUNDAMENTAL & BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE BUT ALSO HAVE HIGHLY TOPICAL, ETHICAL AND MORAL
IMPLICATIONS.
• THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT ALSO EXPLAIN SEVERAL ASPECTS
OF ADULT HUMAN ANATOMY.
SUPERVISED CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
• THE CLINICAL TUTOR WILL PRESENT THE PATIENT AND HIS OR
HER CASE HISTORY, DEMONSTRATE ANATOMICALLY RELEVANT
POINTS AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION.
• TO GIVE THE STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO ENCOUNTER
PATIENTS AND THE ACTUAL CLINICAL SITUATIONS.
SELF-STUDY :
• INTENDED FOR INDEPENDENT, SELF DIRECTED USE OF
DEPARTMENTAL RESOURCES, EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS
INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE, THE INTERNET AND TEXT BOOKS.
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THE ANATOMY PROJECT :
• EACH STUDENT IS REQUIRED TO PERFORM A SMALL PRACTICAL
PROJECT.
• IT MAY DEAL WITH ANY ASPECT OF ANATOMY INCLUDING GROSS
ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY OR EMBRYOLOGY.
• IT MAY TAKE A VARIETY OF FORMS INCLUDING THE PRODUCTION
OF A DISSECTION, A SMALL RESEARCH PROJECT, A THREE
DIMENSIONAL MODEL, A VIDEO, CD-ROM OR A LIBRARY BASED
RESEARCH.
• THE OBJECTIVES OF THE ANATOMY PROJECT ARE TO
DEMONSTRATE STUDENTS ABILITIES TO:
1. DEFINE THE AIMS OF THEIR PROJECT.
2. PLAN AND ORGANIZE THE PROJECT.
3. APPLY PRACTICAL SKILLS IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE 50
PROJECT