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rk¼epµfuV$uT AµÞX$ A¡¼kQ¡ÞS> bp¡X®$ Apµa CrÞX$ep
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hp¬]$fp-Ly$gp® L$pµçàg¡¼k, hp¬]$fp (`|h®), dy¬bC-400 051.

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rinZ dpfa[ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ kÑpiug b_phhp

GUJARATI 2/2004

fq]$ep¡ : Ap dprl[u hpQL$ dpV¡$ rhje_u kpdpÞe kdSy>r[ fSy> L$fhp dpV¡$ k¬`pq]$[ L$fu R>¡ A_¡
UCHITHA GRAPHIC

A¡ kpdpÞe âL$pf_u R>¡. A¡dp¬_u rhN[p¡ L$pe]$pAp¡, `qf`Óp¡, r_edp¡, r_ed_p¡ A_¡ dpN®]$i®_p¡
kdÅhhp A\hp [¡_p A\®OV$_ dpV¡$ _\u. Ap `ysõ[L$p fp¡L$pZL$pf_p¬ rinZ-dprl[u dpV¡$ k¡bu
Üpfp âL$pri[ L$fhpdp¬ Aphu R>¡.
 A_y¾$drZL$p
âõ[ph_p

âL$fZ 1 `qfQe ......................................................... 1

âL$fZ 2 _pZp¬L$ue Apep¡S>_ .......................................... 3

âL$fZ 3 rk¼epµfuV$u bÅfdp¬ fp¡L$pZ_p¬ rhL$ë`p¡ ...................... 7

âL$fZ 4 rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ L$C fu[¡ kp¡]$p L$fhp ? ..................... 23

âL$fZ 5 fp¡L$pZL$pf_u aqfep]$p¡_y¬ r_hpfZ............................. 43

 âõ[ph_p
rk¼epµfuV$uT AµÞX$ A¡¼kQ¡ÞS> bp¡X®$ Apµa CrÞX$ep (k¡bu)_y¬ Ýe¡e rk¼epµfuV$uTdp¬
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_p¬ rl[p¡_y¬ fnZ L$fhp_y¬ A_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅf_p rhL$pk_¡ bY$[u Ap`hp
A_¡ [¡ bÅf_¡ r_erd[ L$fhp_y¬ R>¡. Ap Ýe¡ep¡_¡ ApNm ^`phhp dpV¡$, k¡bu Ap¬[ffpô²$ue
$ `Ý^r[Ap¡ ^fph[p AÛ[_, L$pe®nd A_¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf âÐe¡ d¥Óu`|Z® bÅf_y¬ Ap¬[qfL$
dpmMy¬ `|ê¬$ `pX$hp dpV¡$ rhrh^ bÅf klcpNuAp¡, fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_p¬ A¡kp¡kuA¡i_p¡ A_¡
kfL$pf kp\¡ NpY$ k¬L$g_dp¬ hjp£\u L$pd L$fu fl¡g R>¡.

k¡bu ×Y$`Z¡ dp_¡ R>¡ L¡$ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅf_u L$fp¡X$fS>Sy> R>¡. Ap`Z¡ [¡Ap¡_p¬
rl[_u Ap¾$dL$fu[¡ ]¡$Mf¡M fpMhu S> `X$i¡, S>¡ [¡Ap¡_p rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅf_¡ k[[
kp\ klL$pf âr[ ep¡N]$p_ Ap`i¡. OZp fp¡Lp$ ZL$pfp¡ L$]p$ Q dprl[uâpà[ fp¡Lp$ Z_p r_Z®ep¡
g¡hp dpV¡$ `|f[u r_`yZ[p/ÅZL$pfu _ `Z ^fph[p lp¡e. [¡Ap¡dp¬_p OZp rhrh^
fp¡L$pZ_p rhL$ë`p¡_u k¬`|Z® Å¡Md-hm[f-ê$`f¡Mp\u hpL¡$a _ `Z lp¡e. L¡$V$gpL$
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ bÅf_p dÝeõ\uAp¡ kp\¡ ìehlpf L$f[u hM[¡ A_¡ rhrh^ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬
ìehlpf L$f[u hM[¡ [¡Ap¡A¡ S>¡ g¡hu Å¡CA¡ [¡hu kphQ¡[uAp¡\u k¬`|Z® hpL¡$a _ `Z
lp¡e. [¡Ap¡ bÅf_u e¬ÓZp A_¡ `Ý^r[Ap¡ [¡dS> [¡Ap¡_p lL$p¡ A_¡ afÅ¡\u A`qfrQ[
lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. [¡Ap¡_p¬ rinZ A_¡ ÅN©r[, [¡\u, rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅfdp¬ [¡Ap¡_u ê$Qu
`y_rS>®rh[ L$fhp A_¡ Åmhu fpMhp_u Qphu ^fph¡ R>¡.

]¡i$ cfdp¬ fp¡Lp$ ZL$pfp¡dp¬ ÅN©r[ `¡]p$ L$fhp dpV¡,$ k¡buA¡ S>N
¬ u fpô²ì$ ep`u fp¡Lp$ ZL$pf ÅN©r[
L$pe®¾$d âpf¬c L$ep£ R>¡. L$pe®¾$d_p cpN ê$`¡, k¡buA¡ Ap `ysõ[L$p krl[ rhrh^ âL$pf_y¬
kprlÐe [¥epf L$ey¯ R>¡, S>¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ dpV¡$ fkâ]$ b_u fl¡i¡. Ap `ysõ[L$p A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf
rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅfdp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp rhi¡ S>¡ ^fph[p lp¡e [¡ dp¡V$pcpN_u `|R>`fR>p¡_p
S>hpbp¡ Ap`¡ R>¡. d_¡ MpÓu R>¡ L¡$, Ap `ysõ[L$p L$p¡C`Z fp¡L$pZL$pf_¡ AÐe¬[ D`ep¡Nu
\i¡.

Æ.A¡_. bpS>`pC
AÝen

rk¼epµfuV$uT AµÞX$ A¡¼kQ¡ÞS> bp¡X®$ Apµa CrÞX$ep

 âL$fZ 1

`qfQe
[d¡, rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf [fuL¡$, rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅf_p L$fp¡X$fS>Sy> R>p¡. [dpfp
rl[_y¬ fnZ A¡ AÐe¬[ dlÐh_y¬ R>¡. Ad¡ kdÆA¡ R>uA¡ L¡$, Å¡ [d¡ fp¡L$pZ k¬b¬^u
r_Z®ep¡ L$f[u hM[¡ AdyL$ kphQ¡[uAp¡ _lv fpMip¡, [p¡ Adpfp âepkp¡_u Akf dep®q]$[
fl¡i¡. Ap `ysõ[L$p bÅf_p dÝeõ\uAp¡ kp\¡ ìehlpf L$f[u hM[¡ A_¡ rhrh^
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ ìehlpf L$f[u hM[¡ [dpf¡ S>¡ g¡hu Å¡CA¡ [¡hu kphQ¡[uAp¡ kp\¡ [d_¡
dprl[Npf L$fi¡. A¡ [dpfu `pk¡ lp¡e [¡hp rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ rhi¡ L¡$V$gpL$ gpnrZL$
âñp¡_p DÑf `Z Ap`i¡.

dpf¡ ip dpV¡$ fp¡L$pZ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ ?

Å¡ [d¡ [dpfu r_ró¾$e `|¬Æ `f hm[f L$dphp, Æh_dp¬ L$p¡C Qp¡½$k Ýe¡e rkÝ^ L$fhp
dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k fL$d `¡]$p L$fhp, A\hp Ar_rò[ cprh dpV¡$ Å¡NhpC L$fhp dpN[p lp¡,
[p¡ [dpf¡ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp_p¡ rhQpf L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ `Z Ap Ýe¡ep¡dp¬_p¬ L$p¡C`Z rkÝ^
L$fhp kd\® b_hp dpV¡$ ÅZL$pfu A_¡ k¬`|Z® L$pmÆ`|h®L$ fp¡L$pZ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡.

dpfp fp¡L$pZ_p rhL$ë`p¡ L$ep R>¡ ?

`k¬]$ L$fhp dpV¡$ [dpfu `pk¡ rhL$ë`p¡_y¬ rhipm h¥rhÝe R>¡. [d¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p eyr_V$p¡
krl[ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ S>¡hu _pZp¬L$ue AõL$epd[p¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. [dpfu `k¬]$Nu
[d¡ S>¡ fp¡L$hp_y¬ `k¬]$ L$fp¡ [¡ fL$d, [dpfp fp¡L$pZ_u dy]$[, Å¡Md dpV¡$_u [dpfp¡ AcuNd
dpV¡$_u [dpfu S>ê$qfep[, [dpfy¬ fp¡L$pZ_y¬ gÿe A_¡ k¬L$V$ kdep¡_u bpb[dp¬ [dpê¬$ fnZ
L$fhp dpV¡$ D`gå^ e¬ÓZpAp¡ `f Ahg¬b¡ R>¡.

dpfp fp¡L$pZ_p DØ¡ip¡ L$ep lp¡hp Å¡CA¡ ?

[dpfu `pk¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ ÓZ DØ¡ip¡ lp¡hp Å¡CA¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$, kyfnp, hm[f A_¡ Qg
_L] _pZp¬. [dpê¬$ fp¡L$pZ k¬`|Z®`Z¡ kgpd[ lp¡e, Äepf¡ [¡ ApL$j®L$ hm[fp¡ `¡]$p L$f¡
A_¡ DÃQ âhplu[p `|fu `pX¡$ [¡ [d_¡ Ndi¡. Ap ÓZ¡ DØ¡ip¡ A¡L$ukp\¡ lp¬kg L$fhp
dyíL¡$g R>¡. gpnrZL$fu[¡, A¡L$ Ýe¡e buÅ_u kpd¡ âr[L|$m b_u fl¡ R>¡. D]$plfZp\£, Å¡
[d_¡ DÃQ hm[fp¡ Å¡C[p¬ lp¡e, [p¡ [dpf¡ L$]$pQ \p¡Xy¬$ Å¡Md g¡hy¬e¡ `X¡$, A\hp Å¡ [d_¡
DÃQ âhplu[p Å¡C[u lp¡e, [p¡ [dpf¡ hm[fp¡ A¬N¡ kdSy>r[ L$fhu `X$i¡. Å¡ [dpfu `pk¡

r_erd[ AphL$ lp¡e, [p¡ [d¡ rhL$pk-ArcdyM fp¡L$pZ `k¬]$ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. DØ¡i, [¡\u, âL$fZ 2
[dpfu ê$`f¡Mp `f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡.
_pZp¬L$ue Apep¡S>_
dpf¡ fp¡L$pZ L$f[u hM[¡ L$C L$pmÆ fpMhu Å¡CA¡ ?
L$p¡C`Z fp¡L$pZ L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬, [dpf¡ r_rò[ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ [d¡ : _pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡_y¬ rhN[hpf hZ®_:
A¡) fp¡L$pZ kdÅh[p g¡rM[ ]$õ[ph¡Å¡ d¡mhp¡ R>p¡, fp¡L$pZp¡ L¡$V$gpL$ _pZp¬L$ue DØ¡ip¡ kp\¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap DØ¡ip¡_u ìep¿ep õ`ô$`Z¡
bu) [¡hp ]$õ[ph¡Å¡ hp¬Qp¡ A_¡ kdÅ¡ R>p¡, L$fhu Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [¡ _pZp¬_p A\®dp¬ dp`hpep¡Áe lp¡hp Å¡CA¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, A¡d
L$l¡hy¬ `|f[y¬ _\u, ""lz¬ Apfpd\u r_h©Ñ \hp dpNy¬ Ry>¬.'' Aphp¡ DØ¡i Ap fu[¡ S>Zphhp¡
ku) fp¡L$pZ_u L$pe]¡$kf[p QL$pkp¡ R>p¡, Å¡CA¡, ""lz¬ azNphp kp\¡ b¬^b¡k[p L$f¡gp hprj®L$ ê$p. 2,00,000 MQ®hp dpV¡$_u nd[p
X$u) fp¡L$pZ kp\¡ k¬L$mpe¡gp MQp®Ap¡ A_¡ gpcp¡ ip¡^u L$pY$p¡ R>p¡, kp\¡ r_h©Ñ \hp dpNy¬ Ry>¬.''

C) fp¡L$pZ_u Å¡Md-hm[f ê$`f¡Mp_y¬ d|ëep¬L$_ L$fp¡ R>p¡, A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf, ApS>¡ bQ[ L$f¡ R>¡ Aph[uL$pg_u L¡$V$guL$ _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ `lp¢Qu
hmhp dpV¡$. Å¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf bQ[_p l¡[y rhi¡ õ`ô$ _ lp¡e, [p¡ [¡_p âepkp¡ CsÃR>[
A¡a) fp¡L$pZ_p¬ âhplu[p A_¡ kyfnp k¬b¬^u `pkp¬ ÅZp¡ R>p¡, gpcp¡dp¬ _lv `qfZd¡. [¡\u, A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ kp¥ â\d [¡_u _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡
Æ) [dpfp¬ Qp¡½$k gÿep¡ dpV¡$ A¡ ep¡Áe R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d [¡ _½$u L$fp¡ R>p¡, Ap¡mMhu Å¡Ci¡. D]$plfZp\£, A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf _uQ¡_u _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡dp¬_u A¡L$
A\hp h^y ^fph[p¡ lp¡C iL¡$ :
A¡Q) Ap rhN[p¡ D`gå^ AÞe fp¡L$pZ_u [L$p¡ kp\¡ kfMphp¡ R>p¡,
1. ê$p. 3,00,000_u hprj®L$ AphL$ kp\¡ 55 _u he¡ r_h©Ñ \hp_u. lpg dpfu he
ApC) [d¡ S>¡ rhQpfu füp R>p¡ A\hp [d¡ S>¡ AÐepf `l¡gp¬ L$ep® R>¡ [¡ buŬ fp¡L$pZp¡ 35 hj® R>¡.
kp\¡ [¡ b¬^b¡k[y¬ \pe R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d [¡ [`pkp¡ R>p¡,
2. lz¬ 20 hj® `R>u r_h©Ñ \pJ Ðep¬ ky^udp¬ Aphpk gp¡_ k¬`|Z® cf`pC L$fu ]¡$hp_u.
S>¡) Äepf¡`Z S>ê$f `X¡$ Ðepf¡ a¼[ k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp dÝeõ\u dpfa[ S> ìehlpf 3. dpfu `p¬Q hj®_u he_u ]$uL$fu_p L$pµg¡S> rinZ dpV¡$ Q|L$hZu L$fhp_u S>¡_p¡ MQ®
L$fp¡ R>p¡, d_¡ 4 hj® dpV¡$ hprj®L$ ê$p. 1,50,000 S>¡V$gp¡ \i¡.
L¡$) dÝeõ\u A_¡ fp¡L$pZ rhi¡ kh® MygpkpAp¡ dpNp¡ R>p¡,
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf dpV¡$ â\d `Ngy¬ _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡ õ`ô$fu[¡ gMu _p¬Mhp_y¬ R>¡.
A¡g) Å¡ L¬$C`Z Mp¡Vy¬$ \pe, [p¡ [dpfu `pk¡ D`gå^ rhL$ë`p¡ ip¡^p¡ R>p¡, A_¡, `R>u, _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡ S>ê$fu fL$d_p A_¡ S>¡ [pfuM¡ S>ê$f `X$i¡ [¡ cprh [pfuM_p
Å¡ k¬[p¡j \pe, [p¡ fp¡L$pZ L$fp¡. A\®dp¬ ìe¼[ L$fhu Å¡Ci¡. D`f_p ÓZ ×ô$pÞ[p¡dp¬, Ap`Z¡ gMuiy¬ :
Ap_¡ Ad¡ ""fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$_p¬ bpf `Ngp¬'' L$luA¡ R>uA¡. [d¡ Ap kphQ¡[uAp¡ Adgdp¬ ×ô$pÞ[ ¾$dp¬L$ S>ê$fu fL$d L$epf¡ Å¡CA¡
_lv d|L$u iL$p¡ [p¡ [d¡ fp¡L$pZ_u S>hpb]$pfu cfp¡kp`pÓ A_¡ ep¡Áe k¬õ\p S>¡d L¡$ 1 ê$p. 3,00,000 hprj®L$ ldZp¬\u 20dp hj®\u iê$ \[y¬ A_¡
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_¡, [dpfu h[u fp¡L$pZ L$fhp dpV¡$ kp¢`u iL$p¡ R>p¡. `R>u `Z [dpf¡ ep¡Áe L$]$pQ 40dp hj® ky^u_y¬ ]$f¡L$ hj®.
k¬õ\p `k¬]$ L$fhp_u L$pmÆ fpMhu Å¡Ci¡ S>¡ [dpfu S>ê$qfep[p¡ kdS>¡ A_¡ [dpfp 2 ê$p. 5000 ]$f drl_¡ Aph[p¬ 20 hj® dpV¡$
rl[dp¬ L$pd L$f¡.
3 ê$p. 1,50,000 hprj®L$ ldZp¬\u 12dp hj®\u iê$ L$fu_¡
ldZp¬\u 16dp hj® ky^u.

!
]$f¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ kde L$pY$hp¡ Å¡CA¡ A_¡ i¼e A¡V$gu h^y S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ Aphfu g¡[p¬ [p. 31du dpQ®, 2003_p fp¡S> îu. A _y¬ kfh¥ey¬
_pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡_y¬ A¡hy¬ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$ [¥epf L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡. Ap `pep¡ R>¡ S>¡_p `f _pZpL$ue Aõ¼epd[p¡ (S>dp) S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ (E^pf)
ep¡S>_p [¥epf L$fhpdp¬ Aphi¡. Å¡ _pZp¬L$ue nd[p Ap kh® Ýe¡ep¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp fp¡L$X$ 80,000 Aphpk gp¡__u bpL$u `X$[u fL$d 6,00,000
dpV¡$ A`|f[u S>Zpe, [p¡ [¡Ap¡_¡ AN°[p¾$d dyS>b Np¡W$hhu Å¡CA¡. fp¡L$pZp¡ 4,00,000 L$pf gp¡__u bpL$u _uL$m[u fL$d 1,00,000
Of 8,00,000 iyÝ^ d|ëe 11,80,000
fp¡L$pZL$pf_u _pZpL$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡ he, L$pfqL$]$w_p dpN®dp¬ [b½$p¡, `qfhpf_y¬ L$]$, buÅ
L$pf 2,00,000
`qfhpf_p kæep¡_u S>ê$qfep[p¡ hN¡f¡ `f Ap^pf fpM¡ R>¡. L¡$V$guL$ S>ê$qfep[p¡ Qp¡L$kpC`|h®L$
Ap¡mMu iL$pe R>¡ Äepf¡ buÆ a¼[ L$pdQgpD fu[¡ _½$u L$fu iL$pe R>¡. A_A`¡rn[ Æh_ hudp_u kfÞX$f hµëey 4,00,000
S>ê$qfep[p¡ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ A\hp S>¡_¡ dpV¡$ Å¡NhpCAp¡ L$fhp_u fl¡ R>¡. L¡$V$guL$hpf _pZp¬L$ue Ly$g 18,80,000 Ly$g 18,80,000
S>ê$qfep[p¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_p b]$gp[p k¬ep¡Np¡ kp\¡ b]$gpe R>¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ [¡_p¬ kp^_p¡_u dep®]$pdp¬ fl¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡. kp^_p¡ A¡V$g¡ AphL$. Ap
AphL$dp¬\u, fpb¡[p dyS>b_p MQp®Ap¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. bpL$u_u fL$d bQ[p¡
_pZp¬L$ue ep¡S>_p [¥epf L$fhp dpV¡$, Ap DØ¡ip¡ he, fL$dp¡ A_¡ kde_p dpmMp¬_p dpV¡$ D`gå^ R>¡. fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ AphL$ A_¡ MQ®_y¬ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$ [¥epf L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡. A¡_¡ ""Lµ$i
õ`ô$ A_¡ _½$u L$fhp`pÓ A\®dp¬ S>Zphhp Å¡Ci¡. _pZp¬L$ue Apep¡S>__u âq¾$ep ãgp¡ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$'' L$l¡hpe R>¡. AphL$_p öp¡[p¡ R>¡ `Npf, qX$rhX$ÞX$p¡, ìepS>, õh-fp¡S>Npfu_u
Aph[uL$pg_u S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp dpV¡$ ApS>_p¬ _pZp¬_u apmhZu_p¡ dpÓ A¡L$ L$dpZuAp¡ hN¡f¡.
âepk R>¡. _pZp¬L$ue ep¡S>_p sõ\f _\u. b]$gp[p k¬ep¡Np¡_¡ Ýep_dp¬ g¡hp dpV¡$ A¡_y¬ AphL$ Ap¡m¿ep `R>u, fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ MQp®Ap¡ Ap¡mMhp Å¡CA¡. MQp®Ap¡_p kd|ldp¬
hM[p¡hM[ `y_fphgp¡L$_ L$fhy¬ S>ê$fu b_¡ R>¡. kpdpÞefu[¡ Æh_r_hp®l_p MQp®Ap¡, AÐepf`l¡gp¬ L$b|ghpdp¬ Aph¡gu Q|L$hZuAp¡ A_¡
L$fh¡fp.
]$f hj£ MQp®Ap¡ D`f AphL$_p¡ h^pfp¡ A¡ bQ[ L$fhp dpV¡$ D`gå^ fL$d R>¡. fp¡L$pZL$pf
_pZp¬L$ue nd[p_u ApL$fZu L$fhu :
[¡_u bQ[ L$fhp_u nd[p_¡ Apr^_ [¡_p¬ _pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡ rkÝ^ L$fhp âeÐ_ L$f¡ R>¡. Lµ$i
D`f S>Zpìep âdpZ¡, A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf _pZp¬L$ue ep¡S>_pdp¬ S>Zph¡gp¬ _pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡ ãgp¡ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u OV$_pAp¡ l¡W$m [¥epf L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡ R>¡ d©Ðey, A`¬N[p A_¡ r_h©rÑ.
rkÝ^ L$fhp dpV¡$ ApS>¡ L¡$V$guL$ fL$d bpSy> `f d|L¡$ R>¡. lpg L¡$V$gu fL$d bpSy> `f d|L$u
[p. 1.4.2002 \u 31.3.2003 ky^u_u dy]$[ dpV¡$ îu. A _y¬ Lµ$i ãgp¡ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$
iL$pe R>¡ [¡_p¡ Ap^pf lpg_p k¬ep¡Np¡ `f fl¡ R>¡. Ap ìes¼[N[ fp¡L$pZL$pf_u AphL$,
Aõ¼epd[p¡ A_¡ S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ kdS>hp\u kdÆ iL$pe R>¡. kfh¥ep¬dp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pf_u A`¡rn[ h¥L$së`L$ OV$_pAp¡
Aõ¼epd[p¡ A_¡ S>hpb]$pfuAp¡_u ep]$u L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. k]¹$_kub¡, Aõ¼epd[p¡ A`¬N[p d©Ðey r_h©rÑ
S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ L$f[p¬ h^¡ R>¡ [p¡ Ap h^pfp¡ iyÝ^ dpg-duëL$[ (iyÝ^ d|ëe) L$l¡hpe R>¡. AphL$ ^¬^p_u Qp¡¿Mu
kh® Aõ¼epd[p¡ A_¡ S>hpb]$pfuAp¡_¬y d|ëep¬L$_ L$fg¡ p MQ®_p ^p¡fZ¡ L$fhp_¡ b]$g¡ h[®dp_ AphL$/`Npf 4,00,000 0 0 0
bÅf d|ëe `f L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡. D]$plfZp\£, Å¡ [d¡ ê$p. 1,000_u qL­$d[¡ Mfu]¡$gp¡ Cs¼hV$u dm¡gp¬ qX$rhX$ÞX$p¡,
iµf ^fph[p lp¡ A_¡ lpg [¡_u qL­$d[ ê$p. 5,000 lp¡e, [p¡ [dpfp¬ kfh¥ep¬A¡ ê$p. ìepS> 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000
5,000 âr[tbrb[ L$fhp Å¡CA¡. [¡d R>[p¬, Å¡ [d¡ iµf h¡Qp¡ A_¡ d|X$uN[ gpc `f AÞe 0 0 0 0
h¡fpAp¡ Q|L$hp¡, [p¡ MQ® dlÐh_p¡ R>¡. Lyg
$ 5,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000 1,00,000

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 A`¡rn[ h¥L$së`L$ OV$_pAp¡ âL$fZ 3
A`¬N[p d©Ðey r_h©rÑ
rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅfdp¬ fp¡L$pZ_u
MQ® `pqfhpqfL$ Æh_
r_hp®l_p MQp®Ap¡ 2,00,000 2,50,000 1,50,000 2,00,000 `k¬]$NuAp¡
hudp_p¬ âurdedp¡ 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000
gp¡__p là[pAp¡ 35,000 35,000 35,000 35,000 D`gå^ kh® fp¡L$pZ_p rhL$ë`p¡dp¬, rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ AÐe¬[ `X$L$pfê$` [¡dS> hm[f]$peL$
NZpe R>¡. `f¬[y rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$ _p¢^`pÓ L$p¥iëe A_¡ r_`yZ[p S>ê$fu R>¡
`¡Þi_dp¬ apmp¡ 30,000 30,000 0 0 A_¡ Å¡ rk¼ep¡fuV$uAp¡_u `k¬]$Nu DrQ[ _ lp¡e A\hp [¡ ep¡Áe kde¡ Mfu]$hpdp¬/
L$fh¡fpAp¡ 1,50,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 h¡Qhpdp¬ _ Aph¡ [p¡ [¡Ap¡ Mp¡V$_y¬ Å¡Md ^fph¡ R>¡.
Lyg
$ 4,35,000 3,65,000 2,35,000 2,85,000 kpdpÞe cpjpdp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ [fuL¡$ Dëg¡M L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p¬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$p¡_y¬ rhipm
h^pfp¡ (OV$) 65,000 (2,65,000) (1,35,000) (1,85,000) h¥rhÝe R>¡. k¡bu_u õ\p`_p "rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡'dp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_p¬ rl[p¡_y¬ fnZ L$fhp_p
âp\rdL$ DØ¡i kp\¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aphu R>¡, S>¡_u ìep¿ep ^u rk¼epµfuV$uT L$pµÞV²$pL¹$V$k
_pZp¬L$ue Apep¡S>_ iy¬ R>¡ ? (f¡Áeyg¡i_) Aµ¼V$, 1956dp¬ Ap`hpdp¬ Aphu R>¡, S>¡dp¬ kdprhô$ R>¡ :

kfh¥ep¬A¡ ]$ip®ìey¬ L¡$ fp¡L$pZL$pf `pk¡ iy¬ R>¡ A_¡ [¡Z¡ iy¬ Q|L$hhp_y¬ R>¡. Lµ$i ãgp¡ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV¡$ i. L$p¡C`Z õ\pr`[ L¬$`_u A\hp bpµX$u L$pµ`p£f¡V$dp¬ A\hp [¡_p¬ iµfp¡, õ¾$uàk,
]$ip®ìep¬ fp¡L$pZp¡ dpV¡$ D`gå^ _pZp¬. c¡Np¬ dmu_¡, Ap b¡ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$p¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_p õV$pµ¼k, bpµÞX¹$T, qX$b¡ÞQfp¡, qX$b¡ÞQf õV$pµL$ A\hp [¡hpS> âL$pf_u buÆ
_pZp¬L$ue k¬ep¡Np¡ A_¡ bQ[_u k¬cph_p ]$ip®h¡ R>¡. _pZp¬L$ue õ\u[u A¡ [¡_u bQ[_u h¡QpZ`pÓ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡;
k¬cph_p A\hp nd[p hX¡$ fp¡L$pZL$pf_u i¼e A¡V$gu h^y _pZp¬L$ue S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ `lp¢Qu ii. X¡$qfh¡qV$h - kpr^[ fp¡L$pZ_p¬ kp^_p¡;
hmhp_u âq¾$ep R>¡. ep]$u L$f¡gp DØ¡ip¡ rkÝ^ L$fhp_p l¡[y\u A\®[¬Ódp¬ D`gå^ A_¡L$ iii. Aphu ep¡S>_pAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pf_¡ L$p¡C`Z kpd|rlL$ fp¡L$pZ ep¡S>_p Üpfp Cõe|
fp¡L$pZ_u `k¬]$NuAp¡dp¬ bQ[p¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp eyr_V$p¡ A\hp L$p¡C`Z buSy>¬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$;
iv. rk¼epµfuV$u fku]$p¡;
v. kfL$pfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡;
vi. rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ [fuL¡$ L¡$ÞÖ kfL$pf Üpfp Ål¡f L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡hp¬ buŬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$p¡;
vii. rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ lL$p¡ A\hp rl[p¡.

Sy>]$u Sy>]$u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Sy>]$u Sy>]$u Å¡Md-hm[f ê$`f¡MpAp¡ ^fph¡ R>¡. kpdpÞefu[¡,
DÃQ[f Å¡Mdp¡ DÃQ[f hm[fp¡ A_¡ Þey_[d hm[fp¡ ^fph¡ R>¡. Å¡Mdp¡, r^fpZ_p
Å¡Md, (kpdp¡ `n [¡_u `pk¡ âpdprZL$[p _ lp¡hp_¡ L$pfZ¡ Q|L$hZudp¬ Q|L$ L$fu
iL¡$ R>¡), hm[f_y¬ Å¡Md (fp¡L$pZdp¬\u hm[f A_¡L$ _¥rdrÑL$ `qfbmp¡ `f Ahg¬bu
iL¡$ R>¡) A_¡ _L$]$u _pZp¬ Å¡Md (rk¼epµfuV$u_¡ fp¡L$X$dp¬ ê$`p¬[qf[ L$fhp_y¬ dyíL¡$g lp¡C
iL¡$ R>¡)_y¬ õhê$` ^fph¡ R>¡.
$ %
fp¡L$pZL$pf_p Å¡Md_u ê$`f¡Mp : [dpfu sõ\r[_y¬ $ hZ®_ _uQ¡_u bpb[p¡ `f\u \C iL¡$ R>¡
âL$fZ 1dp¬, Ad¡ S>Zpìey¬ L¡$ _pZp¬L$ue Apep¡S>_ A¡L$ `Ý^r[ R>¡ S>¡_p Üpfp bQ[p¡_¡ l [d¡ õhphg¬bu R>p¡ A_¡ L$p¡C_p¡ r_cph L$f[p _\u
S>Zph¡gp¬ _pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡ rkÝ^ L$fhp dpV¡$ AdyL$fu[¡ hpmhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. D`gå^ l [dpfp Aprî[ (Aprî[p¡) R>¡
bQ[p¡ hX¡$ kh® _pZp¬L$ue gÿep¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmhp_y¬ l¬d¡ip i¼e _\u. Å¡ bQ[p¡ dep®q]$[
l r_h©rÑ_u gNp¡gN R>p¡
lp¡e A_¡ S>ê$qfep[p¡ _p¢^`pÓ lp¡e, [p¡ bQ[p¡_y¬ fp¡L$pZ A¡hp¬ kp^_p¡dp¬ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ S>¡
l r_h©Ñ R>p¡
DÃQ hm[fp¡ âõ[y[ L$f¡. `f¬[y kpdpÞefu[¡, DÃQ hm[f_p¡ A\® DÃQ Å¡Md A¡hp¡
`Z \pe R>¡. b^pe¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ DÃQ Å¡Mdp¡ M¡X$hp_u lpg[dp¬ _\u lp¡[p. _uQ¡_u S>ê$qfep[p¡dp¬\u L¡$V$gu_u k¬cpm g¡hpdp¬ Aphu R>¡ ? (`|f¡`|fu, Ap¬riL$, S>fpe¡
_lv)
D`f QQp® L$ep® âdpZ¡, A¡hu fp¡L$pZ_u [L$p¡ R>¡ S>¡dp¬ Å¡Md JQy¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ A¡hu
l hudp¡
fp¡L$pZ_u [L$p¡ R>¡ S>¡dp¬ Å¡Md Ap¡Ry>¬ lp¡e R>¡. ]$f¡L$_¡ Aõ¼epd[ hN® L$l¡hpe R>¡. A¡L$
fp¡L$pZL$pf [¡_p k¬ep¡Np¡ `f Ap^pf fpMu_¡ A¡L$ A\hp h^y Aõ¼epd[ hNp£dp¬$ [¡_u l r_h©rÑ

bQ[p¡ apmh¡ R>¡. Ap r_Z®e Aõ¼epd[ apmhZu r_Z®e L$l¡hpe R>¡. Aõ¼epd[ l bpmL$p¡_y¬ rinZ
apmhZu_p¡ kpf A¡ lL$uL$[dp¬ fl¡gp¡ R>¡ L¡$, kde S>[p¬, A¡ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_p hm[f_p l Aphpk
90% ky^u _½$u L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
[dpfp h[®dp_ MQp®Ap¡_p L¡$V$gp rlõkp dpV¡$ fp¡L$pZp¡dp¬\u _pZp¬ dm¡ R>¡ ?
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf L¡$V$gy¬ Å¡Md gC iL¡$ [¡_p¡ Ap^pf [¡_p _pZp¬L$ue k¬ep¡Np¡ A_¡ dp_rkL$[p l L$p¡C _lv
`f fl¡ R>¡. ]$f¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ [¡_u `p¡[p_u AÅ¡X$ Å¡Md k¬b¬^u ê$`f¡Mp AQ|L$ ÅZhu l 15% ky^u
Å¡CA¡ A_¡ `R>u fp¡L$pZ k¬b¬^u r_Z®ep¡ g¡hp Å¡CA¡.
l 15 A_¡ 30% hÃQ¡

l [d¡ L$ep âL$pf_p fp¡L$pZL$pf R>p¡ ? l 30 A_¡ 50% hÃQ¡

l iy¬ [d¡ DÃQ Å¡Mdp¡ g¡hp [¥epf R>p¡ ? l 50% L$f[p¬ h^y

l [d¡ Å¡Mdp¡ g¡hp_u rhê$Ý^ R>p¡ ? crhóedp¬ [dpfu L$dpZuAp¡ li¡

l azNphp L$f[p¬ OZu h^y
A¡hu h¥opr_L$ `Ý^r[Ap¡ R>¡ S>¡_p Üpfp [d¡ [dpfu Å¡Md k¬b¬^u ê$`f¡Mp kdÆ iL$p¡
l azNphp L$f[p¬ \p¡X$uL$ h^y
R>p¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, _uQ¡_p¬ âñ kd|l_p S>hpbp¡ Ap`hp\u [d_¡ [dpfu fp¡L$pZ k¬b¬^u
ê$`f¡Mp rhi¡ L$ë`_p Aphu iL$i¡ : l azNphp kp\¡ Nr[ Åmh[u

l azNphp kp\¡ Nr[ _lv Åmh[u

[dpfu he R>¡
Äepf¡ [d¡ Mfu]¡$gp iµf_p cph M|b _uQp Åe Ðepf [d¡
l 25-35 hÃQ¡
l [dpê¬$ fp¡L$pZ h¡Qu _p¬Mip¡
l 35-50 hÃQ¡
l [dpfp fp¡L$pZ_p¡ AdyL$ cpN h¡Qip¡
l 50-65 hÃQ¡ l L¬$C`Z L$fip¡ _lv
l 65 L$f[p¬ h^y l A¡S> fp¡L$pZ_u h^y Mfu]$u L$fip¡

& '
d|mc|[fu[¡ Å¡Md_u ê$`f¡Mp D`f Ap^pqf[ ÓZ Aõ¼epd[ hNp£ R>¡. A¡ R>¡ Cs¼hV$u,
F>Z A_¡ fp¡L$X$. Cs¼hV$u Å¡Mdcfu R>¡, F>Z Ap¡Ry>¬ Å¡Md ^fph¡ R>¡ A_¡ fp¡L$X$ A¡\ue¡
Ap¡Ry>¬ Å¡Md ^fph¡ R>¡. ]$f¡L$ Aõ¼epd[ hN®_u A¬]$f, fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$ Qp¡½$k
CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k `k¬]$ L$fhp_p¬ fl¡ R>¡.
_pZp¬L$ue `qfõ\u[u A_¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_u ê$`f¡Mp fp¡L$pZL$pf dpV¡$ fp¡L$pZ_p¬ kp^_p¡ k|Qh¡
R>¡. _pZp¬L$ue CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k\u dm[p¬ âhplu[p, kgpd[u A_¡ hm[fp¡_p b]$gp[p¬ fl¡
R>¡. fp¡L$pZ k¬b¬^u r_Z®e g¡hpdp¬ fl¡gp¡ `X$L$pf `qfsõ\r[_¡ Ýep_dp¬ fpMu_¡ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k_y¬
ep¡Áe k¬ep¡S>_ `k¬]$ L$fhpdp¬ R>¡.
âÐe¡L$ fp¡L$pZ rhL$ë` \p¡X$pL$ gpcp¡ A_¡ \p¡X$uL$ dep®]$pAp¡ ^fph¡ R>¡. D]$plfZp\£, Äepf¡
bµÞL$_p¬ k¡thÁT AµL$pDÞV$dp¬ [d¡ Äepf¡ CÃR>p¡ Ðepf¡ D`pX$ L$fu iL$p¡, Ðepf¡ `sågL$
âp¡rhX$ÞV$ a¬X$dp¬ fp¡L$pZ D`pX$hy¬ dyíL¡$g fl¡i¡.
Å¡Mdp¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ hm[fp¡_u k¬cph_p kp\¡ `fõ`f k¬br¬ ^[ R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, Cs¼hV$u
iµfp¡dp¬ hm[fp¡ JQp¬ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡, `f¬[y k¬L$mpe¡gp¬ Å¡Mdp¡ `Z kfMpdZudp¬ buÅ
rhL$ë`p¡ L$f[p¬ h^y JQp¬ lp¡e R>¡. Å¡Mdp¡_y¬ ìehõ\pN[ A_¡ A-ìehõ\pN[ A¡hy¬
hNwL$fZ L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
A-ìehõ\pN[ Å¡Mdp¡ A¡ R>¡ Å¡d_¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_p `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_p h¥rhÝeuL$fZ Üpfp
_uç_õ[f¡ fpMu iL$pe R>¡. D]$plfZp\£, a¼[ õV$ug L¬$`_uAp¡_p iµfp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp_¡
b]$g¡, fp¡L$pZL$pf apdp®õe|qV$L$ëk [\p kpµãV$hµf S>¡hp¬ AÞe n¡Óp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡.
Ap `qfsõ\r[dp¬, Å¡ õV$ug n¡Ó _bmu L$pdNufu _p¢^ph¡ [p¡ `Z [dpfp `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_¡$
cep_L$ Akf `lp¢Qi¡ _lv. `Ý^r[kf_p¬ Å¡Mdp¡ A¡ R>¡ S>¡d_¡ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep_p
h¥rhÝeuL$fZ dpfa[ _uç_õ[f¡ gphu iL$pe _lv. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, A¡L$ L$p¡qfe_ fp¡L$pZL$pf,
[¡_p `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_p h¥rhÝeuL$fZ_u ìe|lfQ_p dpfa[ ]$rnZ `|h® A¡riepdp¬ QgZ_u
L$V$p¡L$V$u_¡ L$pfZ¡ [¡_u Mp¡V$ _uç_õ[f¡ fpMhp_y¬ A\hp _pby]$ L$fhp_y¬ L$pd k¬ch[: L$fu
iL¡$ _lv.
fp¡L$pZL$pf_y¬ QpqfÓ `Z dlÐh_y¬ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ `pk¡ [¡Ap¡_p fp¡L$pZ_p
`p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_p¡ L$pmÆ`|h®L$ Aæepk L$fhp dpV¡$ kde A_¡ ÅZL$pfu lp¡e R>¡ - Apd_¡
"kq¾$e fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡' [fuL¡$ Ap¡mMu iL$pe. buÅAp¡ kde A\hp ÅZL$pfu A\hp
ê$rQ_p Acph¡ r_erd[fu[¡ [¡Ap¡_p¬ fp¡L$pZp¡ `f Ýep_ fpMhp_p¡ Cfp]$p¡ ^fph[p _\u,
A_¡ [¡d_p¬ c¬X$p¡mp¡ fp¡L$hp dpV¡$ Mpk L$fu_¡ h^y kgpd[ kp^_p¡_u ip¡^dp¬ lp¡e R>¡.
fp¡L$pZ_p rhL$ë`p¡ :
D`gå^ rhrh^ rhL$ë`p¡ _uQ¡_p aL$fpAp¡dp¬ hZ®h¡gp R>¡ A_¡ _uQ¡_p¬ S>¡hp¬ ^p¡fZp¡ `f
kpdpÞefu[¡ d|ëep¬qL$[ L$ep® R>¡
l âhplu[p
l kgpd[u
l hm[fp¡
l L$f bQ[p¡
l fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\p dpV¡$ S>ê$fu kq¾$e k¬X$p¡hZu
l fp¡L$u iL$pe [¡hu gOy[d fL$d
rhL$ë`p¡_p¡ k¬rnà[ L$p¡W$p¡ Ap âL$fZ_p A¬[cpN¡ `|fp¡ `pX$hpdp¬ Apìep¡ R>¡.
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ - âpedfu bÅf
âpedfu bÅf A¡ _hu L¬$`_uAp¡ [¡dS> lpg_u L¬$`_uAp¡ Üpfp iµfp¡_p _hp Cõe|Ap¡_p¬
k¬]$c®dp¬ R>¡. iµfp¡ D`fp¬[, âpedfu bÅfdp¬ Cõe| L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p¬ buŬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k R>¡
qX$b¡ÞQfp¡, L$ÞhqV®$bg qX$b¡ÞQfp¡, hpµfÞV$p¡ S>¡hp k¬gÁ_ rhL$ë`p¡ ^fph[p iµfp¡ hN¡f¡.
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ - k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅf
k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅf A¡hp¬ iµf bÅfp¡_p¡ r_]£$i L$f¡ R>¡ Äep¬ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf A¡hp iµfp¡ Mfu]$u
(A\hp h¡Qu) iL¡$ R>¡, S>¡ [¡d_p `f _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡e. cpf[_u iµf bÅf `f Cs¼hV$u
iµfp¡_y¬ âcyÐh R>¡. [pS>¡[f_p c|[L$pmdp¬ _p¢^`pÓ a¡fapfp¡, Mpk L$fu_¡ L$pµçàeyV$fuL$fZ,
Apµ_gpC_ kp¡]$p, X$udqV$qfegpCT¡i_ (Acp¥r[L$uL$fZ) A_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu_p klcpN_p
`qfZpd¡, fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ lh¡ OZu h^y `pf]$i®L$ A_¡ L$pe®nd k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅfp¡ kp\¡ ìehlpf
L$f¡ R>¡.
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ b¡ fu[¡ hm[fp¡ D`Åh¡ R>¡; A¡L$, kpdpÞefu[¡ hj®_¡ A¬[¡ (A_¡ L¡$V$guL$hpf
hj® ]$frdep_) L¬$`_u Üpfp Ål¡f L$fpe¡gp¬ qX$rhX$ÞX$p¡ A_¡, buÆ, Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡_p h¡QpZ
`f d|X$uN[ gpcp¡.
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ_u âhplu[p iµfp¡_p kp¡]$p_p L$]$p¡ D`f Ahg¬b¡ R>¡. Å¡ iµf_p¡
kq¾$e`Z¡ kp¡]$p¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡, [p¡ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf kl¡gpC\u iµfp¡ h¡Qu iL¡$ R>¡ A_¡
h¡QpZ_u AphL$p¡ d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. [¡d R>[p¬, Å¡ iµf_p¡ kp¡]$p¡ _ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡, (A\hp
ep]$u `f\u L$pY$u _p¬Mhpdp¬ Aph¡), [p¡ âhplu[p Ahfp¡^pe R>¡. V¡$L$r_L$_u ×rô$A¡,
qX$dqV$qfegpCT¹X$ (Acp¥r[L$uL©$[) rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u `Ý^r[dp¬ A¡L$-A¡L$ iµf `Z
Mfu]$hp_y¬ i¼e R>¡ A_¡ fp¡L$pZ_u fL$d Ap¡R>u fpMhp dpV¡$ 50 \u 100 iµfp¡_p _p_p
gpµV¹$kdp¬ `Z Mfu]$hp_y¬ i¼e R>¡.
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Asõ\f CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k R>¡. S>¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf Å¡Md_u rhê$Ý^ _ lp¡e
[¡_¡ dpV¡$ Cs¼hV$u iµf A¡L$ ep¡Áe fp¡L$pZ_y¬ kp^_ R>¡. Aphp fp¡L$pZL$pf DÃQ[f hm[fp¡
`¡]$p L$fhp dpV¡$ Å¡Mdp¡ g¡hp [¥epf lp¡e R>¡. A¡L¬$]$f NZÓu_p õ[fp¡A¡ Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡dp¬\u
hm[fp¡ gp¬b¡ Npm¡ dp¡V$p cpN_p¬ buŬ kp^_p¡ L$f[p¬ A¥r[lprkL$fu[¡ h^y JQp¬ lp¡e R>¡.
[¡d R>[p¬, ìes¼[N[ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ [¡Ap¡ S>¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ [¡ L¬$`_uAp¡_p iµfp¡ `f Ap^pqf[
d¡mhu A\hp Nydphu iL¡$ R>¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ L¬$`_uAp¡ A_¡ [¡d_u L$pdNufu\u hpL¡$a
lp¡hy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. fp¡L$pZ_u L$pdNufu_u Mbf fpMhp dpV¡$ L¬$`_u_u L$pdNufu `f r_L$V$\u
_S>f fpMhu Å¡CA¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf_¡ Cs¼hV$u fp¡L$pZp¡_u ìehõ\p L$fhp dpV¡$ _pZp¬
ìehlpfp¡_y¬ A_¡ bÅf_u `Ý^r[Ap¡_y¬ \p¡Xy¬$L$ d|mc|[ op_ `Z lp¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡. Cs¼hV$u
bÅfdp¬_p âhplp¡ Cs¼hV$u_u cph-k|rQAp¡_u l¡fa¡f A_¡ kp¡]$p_u âh©rÑ_p âdpZdp¬
âr[tbrb[ \pe R>¡.
F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k :
F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k A¡hp¬ L$fpfp¡ R>¡ Äep¬ A¡L$ `n ^uf_pf (fp¡L$pZL$pf) A_¡ buÅ¡ `n
DR>u_p g¡_pf (Cõe| L$f_pf) R>¡. F>Z L$fpf ìepS>_p¡ ]$f, ìepS>_u Q|L$hZu_p¡ kde,
dyØg_u `y_:Q|L$hZu hN¡f¡ S>Zph¡ R>¡. cpf[dp¬, L¡$ÞÖ A_¡ fpÄe kfL$pfp¡ [\p `uA¡keyT
Üpfp Cõe| L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p¬ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_u fSy>Ap[ L$fhp dpV¡$ iå]$ ""bpµÞX$''
hp`fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. iå]$ ""qX$b¡ÞQf'' Mp_Nu Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ n¡Ó [fa\u F>Z Cõe|Ap¡_p
A\®dp¬ hp`fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_p¬ dy¿e `pkp¬ R>¡ :
l `pL$hp_u dy]$[
l L|$`_
l dyØg
`pL$hp_u dy]$[ S>¡ [pfuM¡ dyØg `y_: Q|L$hhpdp¬ Aphi¡ [¡ [pfuM_p¡ Dëg¡M L$f¡ R>¡.
L|$`_ A¡ S>¡ ]$f¡ A¬qL$[ d|ëe_p k¬]$c®dp¬ ìepS> NZhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ [¡ ]$f R>¡. ]$pMgp
[fuL¡$, 10% 2010 bpµÞX$ ê$p. 100_p A¬qL$[ d|ëe, hprj®L$ 10%_p L|$`_ ]$f, A_¡
hj® 2010 dp¬ A¬qL$[ d|ëe_u `y_: Q|L$hZu_p¡ Dëg¡M L$f¡ R>¡.

L|$`_ ]$f kdN° dy]$[ dpV¡$ r_rò[ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡ A\hp b¡ÞQdpL®$ ]$f `f Ap^pqf[ lp¡C
iL¡$ R>¡. `pR>gp qL$õkpdp¬, S>¡d b¡ÞQdpL®$ ]$f b]$gpe R>¡ [¡d L|$`_ ]$f b]$gpe R>¡. Ap
CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$ ãgp¡qV­$N f¡V$ X¡$V$ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$ L$l¡hpe R>¡.
A¡hp¬ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k `Z R>¡ S>¡ `pL$hp_u [pfuM L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬ dyØg dy¼[ L$fhp
dpV¡$_p rhL$ë`p¡ kp\¡ Aph¡ R>¡. Å¡ rhL$ë` Cõe| L$f_pf `pk¡ lp¡e, [p¡ A¡ bpµÞX$ R>¡ S>¡
L$pµg L$fhp`pÓ R>¡. Å¡ dy¼[ L$fhp_p¡ rhL$ë` fp¡L$pZL$pf `pk¡ lp¡e, [p¡ A¡ d|L$hp`pÓ R>¡.
cpf[dp¬ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k_p OZp Sy>]$p Sy>]$p âL$pfp¡ R>¡. A¡ R>¡ :
l `uA¡key bpµÞX¹$T
l kfL$pfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡
l V²¡$Tfu rbgp¡
l fpÄe_u gp¡_p¡
l L$pµ`p£f¡V$ qX$b¡ÞQfp¡
l _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡ [fa\u gp¡_p¡
l L$dri®eg `¡`k®
l qX$`p¡rTV$p¡_p kqV®$qaL¡$V$p¡
F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k dpV¡$ k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅf_u âh©rÑ iµfbÅf_p F>Z rhcpNdp¬ \pe R>¡.
F>Z bÅfdp¬_p âhplp¡ F>Z cphp¬L$p¡dp¬ A_¡ V$_®Ap¡hf k¬b¬^u dprl[udp¬ âr[tbrb[
\pe R>¡. cpf[dp¬, F>Z bÅf_u âh©rÑdp¬ bµÞL$p¡ A_¡ k¬õ\pAp¡_y¬ hQ®õh R>¡.
bpµÞX¹$T A_¡ qX$b¡ÞQk® :
bpµÞX$ A¡ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$ Mfu]$_pf Üpfp [¡ Cõe| L$f_pf_¡ Ap`hpdp¬ Aph¡gu gp¡_ R>¡. bpµÞX¹$T
L¬$`_uAp¡, _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡ A\hp kfL$pf Üpfp Cõe| L$fu iL$pe R>¡. S>¡d A_¡ Äepf¡
gpNy `X$hp`pÓ lp¡e [¡d A_¡ Ðepf¡ r_e[ L$f¡g ìepS>_u Q|L$hZuAp¡ D`fp¬[ A_¡ [¡_p
h^pfpdp¬, bpµÞX$^pfL$ r_e[ L$f¡gu `pL$hp_u [pfuM¡ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_y¬ kdd|ëe d¡mhhp dpV¡$
lL$]$pf R>¡. bpµÞX¹$T_y¬ kpdpÞefu[¡ (A¡) V¡$L¹$k-k¡thN bpµÞX¹$T A_¡ (bu) f¡Áeygf CÞL$d
bpµÞX¹$Tdp¬ hNwL$fZ L$fu iL$pe R>¡. V¡$L¹$k-k¡rh¬N bpµÞX¹$T fp¡L$pZ_u r_e[ L$f¡gu fL$d
ky^u L$f dys¼[ âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡, D]$plfZp¡ R>¡ :
!
A¡) ApCkuApCkuApC CÞäpõV²$¼Qf bpµÞX¹$T AphL$h¡fp ^pfp¡, 1961 _u L$gd 88 qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ `f_u D`S> A¬qL$[ d|ëe A_¡ bÅf d|ëe hÃQ¡_p `fõ`f k¬b¬^ `f Ap^pf
l¡W$m fpMu_¡ ìepS>_p r_e[ L$f¡gp ]$f L$f[p¬ h^y A\hp Ap¡R>u lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$,
bu) _pbpX®$/A¡_A¡QA¡ApC/ApfCku bpµÞX¹$T AphL$h¡fp ^pfp¡, 1961_u L$gd ^pfp¡ L¡$ 15% ìepS> ^fph[y¬ ê$p. 100_y¬ qX$b¡ÞQf ê$p. 90dp¬ Mfu]$hpdp¬ Aph¡. Q|L$hhpdp¬
54Cku l¡W$m Aph¡gp¡ cph ê$p. 90 R>¡, Äepf¡ L$dpe¡gy¬ ìepS> ê$p. 15 R>¡. Ap 16.67%_u D`S>dp¬
`qfZdi¡.
ku) ApfbuApC Vµ$L¹$k qfgua bpµÞX¹$T.
D`f_p ]$pMgpdp¬, fp¡L$pZL$pf Å¡ dy]$[ `pL$[p¬ ky^u qX$bÞ¡ Qfp¡ ^fphu fpM¡, [p¡ L¬$`_u `pk¡\u
f¡Áeygf CÞL$d bpµÞX¹$T, _pd k|Qh¡ R>¡ [¡d, r_erd[, `|h®-r_rZ®[ NpmpAp¡A¡ AphL$_p¡ ê$p. 100 (A¬qL$[ d|ëe) `pR>p d¡mhi¡. [¡\u, 16.67%_u ìepS>_u D`S> D`fp¬[, [¡
sõ\f öp¡[ `|fp¡ `pX$hp dpV¡$ R>¡. d|X$uN[ gpc_u ê$A¡ ê$p. 10 `Z d¡mhi¡. Äepf¡ Ap d|X$uN[ gpc_¡ D`S> NZhp dpV¡$
L¬$`_uAp¡ Üpfp Cõe| L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp¬ Aphp¬ S> CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡. `Z Ýep_dp¬ g¡hpdp¬ Aph¡, Ðepf¡ A¡_¡ reëX$ Vy$ dµÃep¡fuV$u (hpeV$uA¡d) L$l¡hpe R>¡.
kpdpÞefu[¡, bpµÞX¹$Tdp¬ fp¡L$pZ, dyX$u h©sÝ^_p¬ DØ¡i\u _\u L$fhpdp¬ Aph[y¬. L¡$V$guL$hpf, hpeV$uA¡d NZhp dpV¡$_y¬ rhN[hpf ×ô$pÞ[ Ap âL$fZ_u `yfhZudp¬ `|ê¬$ `pX¡$gy¬ R>¡.
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf ìepS>_p ]$fp¡dp¬ OV$pX$p¡ \hp_u [f[ `l¡gp¬ h^y Ap¡R>p cph¡ bpµÞX¹$T AÐepfky^u Ap CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$kdp¬ fk_p¡ Acph Ýep_dp¬ g¡[p¬ cpf[ue bÅfp¡dp¬
Mfu]¡$ R>¡ A_¡ ìepS>_p ]$fp¡dp¬ `R>u_p¡ OV$pX$p¡ bpµÞX$_p cph h^hpdp¬ `qfZd¡ R>¡, Apd qX$b¡ÞQfp¡dp¬ âhplu[p ]y$cpÁehip[¹ Ap¡R>u R>¡. OZp¬ \p¡X$p¬ qX$b¡ÞQfp¡dp¬ iµf bÅfp¡dp¬
d|X$u h©sÝ^ kyNd b_¡ R>¡. kq¾$e kp¡]$p L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
bpµÞX¹$T r_erd[ AphL$_p l¡[yAp¡ dpV¡$ A_yL|$m R>¡. bpµÞX$_p âL$pf D`f Ap^pf fpMu_¡,
dp¡V$p cpN_p F>Z Cõe|Ap¡_¡ ¾¡$qX$V$ f¡qV­$N A¡S>ÞkuAp¡ Üpfp ¾$dp¬L$_ Ap`hp_u S>ê$f `X¡$
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf, dprkL$-AphL$hpmp bpµÞX¹$T_u bpb[dp¬ lp¡e R>¡ [¡d, ìepS> A^®-
R>¡. ¾$dp¬L$_ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_u NyZhÑp_p¡ r_]£$i L$f¡ R>¡. ¾¡$qX$V$ f¡qV­$N_p¡ r_]£$i l¡W$m Ap`hpdp¬
hprj®L$ A\hp dprkL$ `Z d¡mhu iL¡$ R>¡. Å¡Md cp¡Nhhp_u ìes¼[_u nd[p `f
Apìep¡ R>¡.
Ap^pf fpMu_¡, [¡ V$p¡Q-¾$dp¬L$ ^fph[p¬ DÛp¡NN©lp¡ Üpfp Cõe| L$fpe¡gp A\hp _uQp¬
r^fpZ ¾$dp¬L$_p¡ ^fph[u L¬$`_uAp¡_p bpµÞX¹$k_u `k¬]$Nu L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. kpdpÞefu[¡ V$p¡Q_p¡ ¾¡$qX$V$ f¡qV­$N_u k¬opAp¡ A_¡ [¡d_p¡ A\®*
¾$dp¬L$ ^fph[p¬ DÛp¡NN©lp¡ _uQp¬ r^fpZ ¾$dp¬L$_p¡ ^fph[u L¬$`_uAp¡_u [yg_pdp¬ bpµÞX¹$T
`f Ap¡Ry>¬ ìepS> Apµaf L$f¡ R>¡. DÃQ fp¡L$pZ_p ¾$dp¬L$
A¡A¡A¡ DÃQ[d kyfnp
L¬$`_u qX$b¡ÞQfp¡
A¡A¡ DÃQ kyfnp
qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k R>¡. L¬$`_uAp¡ qX$b¡ÞQf^pfL$p¡ `pk¡ _pZp¬ DR>u_p g¡ R>¡ A_¡
kpdpÞefu[¡ [¡hp fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ ìepS>_p¡ r_rò[ ]$f Apµaf L$f¡ R>¡. dp¡V$p cpN_p¬ qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ fp¡L$pZ_p ¾$dp¬L$
r_e[ dy]$[ `R>u dy¼[ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Cõe|_u if[p¡ `f Ap^pqf[, dy]$[ V|¬$L$u (18 A¡ `|f[u kyfnp
drl_p L$f[p¬ Ap¡R>u) A\hp gp¬bu lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$ qL$õkpAp¡dp¬, L¬$`_uAp¡ dy]$[ bububu dÝed kyfnp
`pL$e¡ âurded `Z Q|L$h¡ R>¡.
õ`¡¼eyg¡V$uh ¾$dp¬L$
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ L¬$`_uAp¡ Üpfp qX$b¡ÞQfp¡_p Ål¡f Cõe|dp¬ cfϬ L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ A\hp k¡L$ÞX$fu
bÅfdp¬\u qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ Mfu]$u iL¡$ R>¡. Ap rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬\u r_rò[ hm[fp¡_¡ Ýep_dp¬ bubu A`|f[u kyfnp
g¡[p¬, iµfp¡_u [yg_pdp¬ qX$b¡ÞQfp¡_p cphp¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ OZp Ap¡R>p Asõ\f lp¡e R>¡. bu DÃQ Å¡Md
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ ìepS> A_¡ d|X$uN[ gpc L$dpe R>¡ (Mfu]$ qL­$d[ A_¡ h¡QpZ qL­$d[ hÃQ¡_p¡ ku _p¢^`pÓ Å¡Md
[aph[ A\hp Å¡ dys¼[ ky^u ^fphhpdp¬ Aph¡, [p¡ Mfu]$ qL­$d[ A_¡ dys¼[ kde_u
qL­$d[ hÃQ¡_p¡ [aph[). X$u r_óam[p
" #
Sy>]$u Sy>]$u A¡S>ÞkuAp¡ D`f Ap`u R>¡, [¡_p L$f[p¬ Sy>]$u k¬opAp¡ ^fph[u lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.
DÃQ NyZhÑp_p¬ qX$b¡ÞQfp¡dp¬\u hm[fp¡ A¡L$^pfp¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ hpeV$uA¡d `f Ap^pqf[
ANpD\u _½$u L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Å¡ L¬$`_u [¡_u Q|L$hZu_u S>hpb]$pfuAp¡dp¬ Aìehsõ\[
lp¡e [p¡ S> Ap hm[fp¡dp¬ a¡fapf \i¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ L¬$`_uAp¡ S>¡ Mfpb L$pdNufu
bÅh[u lp¡e A_¡ [¡_u ìepS> A\hp `y_: Q|L$hZu_u S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ `pf `pX$hpdp¬
r_óam _uhX¡$ [¡d_u L$pdNufu_u d|mc|[ ÅZL$pfu fpMhp_u l]$ ky^u lp¡e [¡ rkhpe
fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\pdp¬ kq¾$e`Z¡ k¬X$p¡hphp_u S>ê$f _\u.
qX$b¡ÞQf_p cphp¡ Ap CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k_p¬ A¬qL$[ d|ëe `f Ahg¬b¡ R>¡. AÐe¬[ kpdpÞe
A¬qL$[ d|ëe R>¡ ê$p. 100. [¡\u, ê$p. 10,000 S>¡V$gu _p_u fL$dp¡ `Z qX$b¡ÞQfp¡dp¬ fp¡L$u
iL$pe R>¡.
Ål¡f n¡Ó [\p _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡_p bpµÞX¹$T
Ål¡f n¡Ó_p D`¾$dp¡ [¡dS> rhL$pkgnu _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡ Üpfp rhrh^ bpµÞX¹$T blpf
`pX$hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. dp¡V$p cpN_p bpµÞX¹$T ApL$j®L$ ep¡S>_pAp¡ S>¡hu L¡$ dprkL$ ìepS>,
rÓdprkL$ ìepS>, rhrh^ dys¼[_p rhL$ë`p¡, X$u` qX$õL$pDÞV$ bpµÞX$ rhL$ë`p¡ hN¡f¡ âõ[y[
L$f¡ R>¡.
X$u` qX$õL$pDÞV$ bpµÞX$ A¡ gp¬bu dy]$[_p¡ bpµÞX$ R>¡ Äep¬ fp¡L¡$gu iê$Ap[_u fL$d, d|m
fL$d `f A¡L$W$p \e¡gp ìepS> `f Ap^pqf[ h^hp_y¬ Qpgy fpM¡ R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, ApS>¡
L$f¡gy¬ ê$p. 2,800_y¬ fp¡L$pZ 30 hj® `R>u ê$p. 1,00,000 D`Åhu iL¡$ R>¡.
bpµÞX$_p cphp¡ Ap CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k_p A¬qL$[ d|ëe `f Ahg¬b¡ R>¡. AÐe¬[ kpdpÞe A¬qL$[
d|ëe R>¡ ê$p. 100. gOy[d fL$dp¡ kpdpÞe fu[¡ ê$p. 5000_u Apk`pk lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$
fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\pdp¬ kq¾$e`Z¡ k¬X$p¡hphp_u S>ê$f _\u.
ApfbuApC Vµ$L¹$k äu bpµÞX¹$T
ApfbuApC Vµ$L¹$k äu bpµÞX¹$T, L$f-dys¼[_u kyrh^p âõ[y[ L$f[p ApfbuApC Üpfp Cõe|
L$fpe¡gp Mpk bpµÞX¹$T R>¡. Aphp bpµÞX¹$Tdp¬ ìepS>_p¡ ]$f kpdpÞefu[¡ r_erd[ bpµÞX$T
L$f[p¬ Ap¡R>p¡ (8.5%_u Apk`pk) lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ [¡\u [¡ a¼[ DÃQ L$f]$p[pAp¡_S¡ > ApL$ji
® .¡
Ap bpµÞX¹$T gp¬bu dy]$[_p¬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k lp¡hp_y¬ hgZ ^fph¡ R>¡.
ApfbuApC Vµ$L¹$k äu bpµÞX¹$T OZp kgpd[ R>¡ L¡$dL¡$ [¡Ap¡ L¬$`_u_u L¡$ÞÖue bµÞL$ [fa\u
Aph¡ R>¡. bpµÞX¹$Tdp¬\u hm[fp¡ A¡L$^pfp¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ hpeV$uA¡d `f Ap^pqf[ ANpD\u
$ %
õ`ô$fu[¡ _½$u L$fu iL$pe R>¡. d|m cfϬ L$f_pf dpV¡$ 8.5% L$f dy¼[ hm[f, 30%_p¡
DÃQ[d L$f_p¡ ]$f ^pf[p¬, 12% D`fp¬[ L$f-`|h£_p hm[fdp¬ `qfZdi¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ A¡hu Asõ[Ðh ^fph[u ep¡S>_pAp¡ R>¡ S>¡ _p_p fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ `pk¡\u
c¬X$p¡mp¡ A¡L$W$p¬ L$f¡ R>¡, Ap c¬X$p¡mp¡_¡ A¡L$Ó L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ [¡d_y¬ rhrh^ Cs¼hV$u A_¡ F>Z
CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$kdp¬ (A\hp _pZp¬ bÅf_p¬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k A_¡ kfL$pfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ `Z)
fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ R>¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ L$pe®nd _pZp¬rhjeL$ ìephkpreL$p¡_¡ _p¡L$fudp¬ fpM¡ R>¡
S>¡Ap¡ bÅfp¡_y¬ AkfL$pfL$ k¬ip¡^_ L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡ A¡L$ ìes¼[N[ fp¡L$pZL$pf L$]$pQ
kam[p`|h®L$ _ `Z L$fu iL¡$. h^ydp¬, Ap a¬X$p¡_¡ [¡Ap¡_p dp¡V$p c¬X$p¡m `pep_¡ Ýep_dp¬
gC L¬$`_u_u d¡_¡S>d¡ÞV$ Üpfp N¬cuf[p`|h®L$ g¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡ Myëgu dy]$[_u A\hp bp¬^u dy]$[_u lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. Myëgu
dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡ r_rò[ `pL$hp_p¡ kde ^fph[u lp¡[u _\u. fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ _¡V$ Aµk¡V$
hµëey (A¡_A¡hu) hÑp Ap¡R>p bp¡Å¡ (gp¡X$), S>¡ a¬X$ Üpfp Mfu]$u A\hp h¡QpZ_p
[b½¡$ gpNy `pX$hpdp¬ Aph¡, [¡_p Üpfp _½$u L$fpe¡gp cphp¡A¡ a¬X$_u `p¡[p_u `pk¡\u/
a¬X$_¡ `p¡[p_¡ Aphu ep¡S>_pAp¡_p eyr_V$p¡ Mfu]$u/h¡Qu iL¡$ R>¡. Myëgu dy]$[_p¬ çeyÃeyAg
a¬X$p¡dp¬ âhplu[p OZu JQu lp¡e R>¡. bp¬^u dy]$[_p¬ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u bpb[dp¬
âhplu[p_p¡ Ap^pf iµfbÅf Äep¬ eyr_V$p¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡e [¡dp¬ Mfu]$_pfpAp¡ A_¡
h¡Q_pfpAp¡_u D`gå^[p `f fl¡ R>¡. Apd, âhplu[p ep]$u `f dyL$pe¡gp iµfp¡_p S>¡hu
S> lp¡e R>¡.
bp¬^u dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡ iµf bÅfp¡ `f _p¢^phu iL$pe R>¡ A_¡ _p¢^pe¡gp cphp¡A¡
[¡d_p kp¡]$p L$fu iL$pe R>¡. Å¡ [¡ _p¢^pe¡gu _ lp¡e, [p¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ Üpfp r_erd[
`y_:Mfu]$u_u kyrh^p `yfu `pX$hpdp¬ Aphi¡. Ap cphp¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_u kdS>Z, dpN
A_¡ `yfhW$p_u `qfsõ\r[Ap¡ hN¡f¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ A¡_A¡hu `f\u _p¢^`pÓfu[¡ hÑpAp¡R>p \C
iL¡$ R>¡. cpf[ue dprl[u S>Zph¡ R>¡ L¡$ _p¢^pe¡gp cphp¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ A¡_A¡hu L$f[p¬
OZp Ap¡R>p lp¡e R>¡.
A¡_A¡hu çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ DÛp¡Ndp¬ A¡L$ kpdpÞe Arcìes¼[ R>¡ A_¡ [¡ _¡V$ Aµk¡V$ hµëey
k|Qh¡ R>¡. eyr_V$ ]$uW$ A¡_A¡hu _uQ¡_p_u bfpbf R>¡ :
ep¡S>_p_u AõL$epd[p¡_y¬ bÅf d|ëe Ap¡R>p S>hpb]$pfuAp¡
cpÁep
bpL$u _uL$m[p eyr_V$p¡_u k¬¿ep
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡ A¡hp DØ¡ip¡ kp\¡ blpf `pX$hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ S>¡ [¡Ap¡_u fp¡L$pZ_u
`Ý^r[ _½$u L$f¡ R>¡. A¡L$ h©sÝ^ArcdyM ep¡S>_p dy¿eÐh¡ Cs¼hV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fi¡
A_¡ [¡_p dy¿e DØ¡i [fuL¡$ d|X$u h©sÝ^_u A`¡np fpMi¡. A¡L$ F>Z-ArcdyM ep¡S>_p
dy¿eÐh¡ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$kdp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fi¡ A_¡ [¡_p dy¿e DØ¡i [fuL¡$ r_erd[ AphL$_u
A`¡np fpMi¡. A¡L$ kd[p¡g ep¡S>_p Cs¼hV$udp¬ Ap¬riL$ fp¡L$pZ L$fi¡ A_¡ bpL$u_y¬ F>Zdp¬
A_¡ h©sÝ^ [\p AphL$_p DØ¡ip¡ kd[p¡g fpMi¡. L$f bQph_pfu ep¡S>_pAp¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡
L$f kpd¡ fnZ `|ê¬$ `pX$hp dpV¡$ [¥epf L$fhpdp¬ Aphu R>¡.
ldZp¬ ldZp¬, çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ _phuÞe`|Z® ep¡S>_pAp¡ blpf `pX¡$ R>¡ S>¡hu L¡$ CÞX¡$L¹$k
a¬X¹$T, rhi¡j k¡¼V$f a¬X¹$T, d_u dpL£$V$ a¬X¹$T, rNëV$ a¬X¹$T hN¡f¡. CÞX¡$L¹$k a¬X¹$T CÞX¡$L¹$k
õV$pµ¼kdp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp dpN¡ R>¡. (]$p.[. a¼[ [¡hp õV$pµL¹$k S>¡_p¡ D`ep¡N k¡Þk¡L¹$k,
r_ãV$u hN¡f¡ _½$u L$fhp dpV¡$ \pe R>¡). õ`¡riqaL$ k¡¼V$f a¬X¹$T apdp®õe|qV$L$ëk A\hp
kpµãV$ hµf S>¡hp¬ r_rò[ n¡Óp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp dpN¡ R>¡. d_u dpL£$V$ A_¡ rNëV$ a¬X¹$T a¼[
[¡S> dpL£$V$p¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp dpV¡$ R>¡.
dp¡V$p cpN_p¬ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ S>¡Ap¡ [¡Ap¡_p¬ a¬X$p¡dp¬ âh¡i L$f¡ A\hp [¡dp¬\u _uL$mu
Åe [¡hp fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ h^pfp_p¡ QpS>® L$f¡ R>¡. âh¡i_p kde¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p QpÆ®k
"âh¡i bp¡ÅAp¡' L$l¡hpe R>¡ A_¡ _uL$mu S>hp_p kde¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p QpÆ®k "_uL$mu
S>hp_p bp¡ÅAp¡' L$l¡hpe R>¡. gpnrZL$fu[¡ Ap bp¡ÅAp¡ A¡_A¡hu_u AdyL$ V$L$phpfu
`f gNpX$hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ - ]$pMgp [fuL¡$ - A¡_A¡hu_p 1.5%_p¡ âh¡i bp¡S>. L¡$V$gp¬L$
a¬X$p¡ fp¡L$pZ_p âdpZ `f Ap^pqf[ Sy>]$p Sy>]$p bp¡ÅAp¡ QpS>® L$f¡ R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, ê$p.
1 gpM L$f[p¬ Ap¡R>p¬ fp¡L$pZp¡ dpV¡$ âh¡i bp¡S> 1.5% lp¡C iL¡$ A_¡ [¡ õ[f_u D`f_p¬
fp¡L$pZp¡ dpV¡$ 1% lp¡C iL¡$.
F>Z-ArcdyM çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡
Ap a¬X$p¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ r_erd[ hm[f `|ê¬$ `pX$hp dpN¡ R>¡ A_¡ A¡hp¬ F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$kdp¬
fp¡L$pZ L$fi¡ Äep¬ Å¡Md_p õ[fp¡ h^y _uQp lp¡e (Cs¼hV$u kp\¡_p k¬b¬^dp¬) A_¡ a¬X$
dpV¡$ A_¡ `qfZpdõhê$` [¡_p fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ dpV¡$ r_erd[ hm[fp¡ `¡]$p L$fi¡.
a¬X$_p¬ fp¡L$pZp¡_p âL$pf_¡ Ýep_dp¬ gC_¡, F>Z-ArcdyM a¬X$p¡dp¬ kgpd[u_p õ[fp¡
kfMpdZudp¬ JQp lp¡e R>¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\pdp¬ kq¾$efu[¡ k¬X$p¡hphp_u
S>ê$f _\u. [¡d R>[p¬, fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ A¡_A¡hu_u rlgQpg rhi¡ kphQ¡[ fl¡gy¬ Å¡CA¡.
Äepf¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ F>Z a¬X$p¡dp¬\u hm[fp¡ A¡L$^pfp¬ lp¡hp_u ^pfZp fpMhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡,
Ðepf¡ Å¡ ìepS>_u dep®]$pAp¡ b]$gpe [p¡ A¡_A¡hu_u Asõ\f[p D]¹$chu iL¡$ R>¡.
& '
Cs¼hV$u-ArcdyM çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡
Ap a¬X$p¡ Cs¼hV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ d|X$u h©sÝ^ `¡]$p L$f¡ R>¡. dys¼[Ap¡ dp¡V$p cpN_u
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡dp¬ 2-3 q]$hk_u A¬]$f Adgu b_phhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ Üpfp ku^¡ku^p iµfp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f[p¬ kgpd[u_p õ[fp¡ _uQp A_¡ \p¡X$p bl¡[f
lp¡e R>¡, L¡$dL¡$ dp¡V$p cpN_p¬ a¬X$p¡ Cs¼hV$uAp¡_u R>pbdp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ Apd [¡Ap¡_p¬
ìes¼[N[ Å¡Mdp¡_¡ A¬i[: Ap ArcNd dpfa[ Aphfu g¡ R>¡. Cs¼hV$u a¬X$p¡dp¬ hm[fp¡
Asõ\f R>¡ A_¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ bÅf_u rlgQpg `f A_¡ MpkL$fu_¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u
fp¡L$pZ r_`yZ[p `f Ap^pf fpMi¡. A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\pdp¬ kq¾$efu[¡
k¬X$p¡hphp_u S>ê$f _\u.[¡dR>[p¬, fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ A¡_A¡hu [\p bp¡S> Å¡[p fl¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ [\p _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡_u L$f bQ[ ep¡S>_pAp¡
Ap ep¡S>_pAp¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ A_¡ _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡ Üpfp fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ k|rQ[ L$f
gpcp¡ Apµaf L$fhp dpV¡$ kfL$pfu d¬Sy>fu d¡mìep `R>u blpf `pX$hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. A¡L$
fp¡L$pZL$pf_¡ h^pfp_p¡ gpc dm¡ R>¡. Ap fp¡L$pZ rhL$ë`_p¬ AÞe `pkp¬ D`f QQ£gp
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ [\p _pZp¬L$ue k¬õ\pAp¡_p rhL$ë`p¡_p¬ r_erd[ `pkp¬ kp\¡ dm[p¬ Aph¡
R>¡.
X¡$qfh¡qV$h (kpr^[) ep¡S>_pAp¡ :
ãeyQk®, ApµàiÞk (rhL$ë`p¡), apµfhX®$T, hpµfÞV$p¡ A_¡ õhpµàk X¡$qfh¡qV$h (kpr^[)
ep¡S>_pAp¡ L$l¡hpe R>¡. [¡Ap¡ [¡Ap¡_y¬ d|ëe buÆ Aõ¼epd[, CÞX¡$L¹$k A\hp k¬]$c®
]$fdp¬\u âpà[ L$f¡ R>¡.
apµfhX®$ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf_¡ ìes¼[N[fu[¡ A_yL|$m \[p¡ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ R>¡ Äep¬ `[hϬ
crhóe_u [pfuM¡, `f¬[y S>¡ [pfuM¡ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ gMhpdp¬ Aph¡g lp¡e [¡ [pfuM¡ L$b|ghpdp¬
Aph¡gp cphp¡A¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
ãeyQk® L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ apµfhX®$ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ S>¡hp¡ S> lp¡e R>¡, rkhpe L¡$ A¡ ^p¡fZkf lp¡e R>¡ A_¡
X¡$qfh¡qV$h A¡¼kQ¡ÞS> `f kp¡]$p L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
rhL$ë` Mfu]$_pf_¡ crhóe_u [pfuM¡ `f¬[y S>¡ [pfuM¡ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ gMhpdp¬ Apìep¡ lp¡e
[¡ [pfuM¡ L$b|ghpdp¬ Aph¡gp cph¡ AõL$epd[ Mfu]$hp/h¡Qhp_p¡ lL$ A_¡ _lv L¡$
S>hpb]$pfu Ap`¡ R>¡. rhL$ë` Mfu]$_pf S>¡ cph Q|L$h¡ R>¡ [¡ âurded L$l¡hpe R>¡. A¡L$
rhL$ë` S>¡ Aõ¼epd[ Mfu]$hp_p¡ lL$ Ap`¡ R>¡ [¡ rhL$ë`-Apµài_-L$l¡hpe R>¡. Äepf¡ `qfriô$
lL$ Ap`hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ [¡ AõL$epd[ h¡Qhp_p¡ lL$ R>¡, [¡ d|L$hp_p¡ rhL$ë` R>¡.
hpµfÞV$p¡ Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ `f gp¬bu [pfuM_p L$pµg Apµài_ R>¡. dy]$[ `pL$e¡ D`S>

D`gå^ Apµài_p¡_p¡ V|L$¬ k

$ pf Ap`Z¡ qfgpeÞk `¡V²$p¡rged qV²$`g Apµài_ L$ÞhqV®$bg qX$b¡ÞQfp¡_p¡ ]$pMgp¡ gCA¡.
Ap`Z¡ ^pfuA¡ L¡$ [p. 31du ApµNõV$ 1999_p fp¡S> qX$b¡ÞQf ê$p. 65dp¬ dm¡ R>¡ A_¡
fp¡Lp$ Z_p¡ âhplu[p kgpd[u k
$ q¾$e L$f bQ[p¡ S>ê$fu fL$d
[¡_¡ _uQ¡ dyS>b dy¼[ L$fhpdp¬ Aphi¡ :
rhL$ë` k¬Xp$ h¡ Zu
(Apµài_) S>ê$fu R>¡ ?
ê$p. 20 [p. 30du _h¡çbf, 1999 _p fp¡S>
Cs¼hV$u iµfp¡ dÝed\u _uQu kpdpÞefu[¡ gp¬bu dy]$[ dÝed
JQu lp Ap¡R>p¡ h¡fp¡ ê$p. 30 [p. 30du _h¡çbf, 2000 _p fp¡S>
L¬$`_u qX$b¡ÞQfp¡ _uQu dÝed kpdpÞefu[¡ h¡fp_y¬ âL$fZ dÝed ê$p. 30 [p. 30du _h¡çbf, 2001 _p fp¡S>
_p Sy>Ap¡
Ål¡f n¡Ó_p A_¡ dÝed JQu _p h¡fp_y¬ âL$fZ Ap¡R>u Ap kp¡]$pdp¬\u fp¡L$pZL$pf dy]$[ `p¼e¡ L¡$V$gu D`S> L$dpi¡ ?
A¡aApC bpµÞX¹$T Sy>Ap¡
L$pçµ àeyV$f õâ¡X$iuV¹$k `mhpfdp¬ CÞV$f_g f¡V$ Apµa qfV$_® (ApCApfApf)_u e¬ÓZp dpfa[
ApfbuApC Vµ$L¹$k dÝed JQu _p h¡fp¡ _lv Ap¡R>u
äu bpµÞX¹$T [d_¡ dy]$[ `pL$e¡ D`S> Ap`i¡. Ap`Z¡ Alv L¡$V$guL$ AS>dpei A_¡ c|g_u NZÓuAp¡
L$fhp âepk L$fuA¡. ^pfp¡ L¡$ hpeV$uA¡d hprj®L$ 18% l[u.
F>Z ArcdyM JQu dÝed _p dÝed Ap¡R>u
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ fp¡L¡$gp ê$p. 65 `f, 3 drl_p dpV¡$ (kàV¢$., Apµ¼V$p¡. A_¡ _h¡. 1999), ìepS> ê$p.
Cs¼hV$u ArcdyM JQu _uQu _p kpfu Ap¡R>u 2.93 S>¡V$gy¬ \i¡. [¡\u `pR>p Ap`hpdp¬ Aph¡gp ê$p. 20dp¬ ìepS>_p ê$p. 2.93_p¡ kdph¡i
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ \i¡ A_¡ dyØg_p ê$p. 17.07 li¡. bpL$u_u fp¡L¡$gu d|m fL$d ê$p. 65 bp]$ ê$p. 17.07
A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ê$p. 47.93 fl¡i¡.
D`f_p L$p¡W$p¡ k|rQ[ R>¡. ]$f¡L$ rhL$ë`_u ApL$j®L$[p Apr\®L$ `qfsõ\r[, kfL$pfu _ur[Ap¡
[\p AÞe `qfbmp¡ `f Ap^pf fpMu_¡ gNcN ]$ffp¡S> b]$gpe R>¡. ê$p. 47.93 `f [d¡ 30du _h¡çbf, 2000_p `|fp \_pfp hj® dpV¡$ 18% L$dpip¡. Ap
ê$p. 8.63 \pe R>¡. Apd, ê$p. 30 S>¡ L¬$`_u [d_¡ Q|L$h¡ R>¡ [¡dp¬ ìepS>_p ê$p. 8.63
A_¡ bpL$u ê$p. 21.37 dyØg_p¡ kdph¡i \i¡. [¡\u [dpfu bpL$u _uL$m[u d|m fL$d
[¡\u ê$p. 47.93 bp]$ ê$p. 21.37 A¡V$g¡ L¡$ ê$p. 26.56 \pe R>¡.

ê$p. 26.56 `f, [d¡ 30du _h¡çbf, 2001_p `|fp \_pfp hj® dpV¡$ 18% L$dpip¡. Ap
ê$p. 4.78 \pe R>¡. Apd, ê$p. 30, S>¡ L¬$`_u [d_¡ Q|L$h¡ R>¡, [¡dp¬ ìepS>_p ê$p. 4.78
A_¡ bpL$u ê$p. 26.22 dyØg_p¡ kdph¡i \i¡. [¡d R>[p¬, [dpfu Mf¡Mfu dyØg fL$d ê$p.
26.56 R>¡.
 
Ap ]$ip®h¡ R>¡ L¡$ Ap`Z¡ JQu hpeV$uA¡d ^pfu R>¡. Ap`Z¡ hpeV$uA¡d OV$pX$hu Å¡CA¡, âL$fZ 4
A_¡ NZÓuAp¡ `pR>u L$fhu Å¡CA¡. Qp¡½$k D`S> S>¡ bpL$u dyØg ê$p. 26.56 b_phi¡
[¡ 16.73% R>¡. l¡W$m_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ Ap NZÓu kdÅh¡ R>¡. rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ kp¡]$p¡ L$C fu[¡ L$fhp¡ ?
`y_:Q|L$hZu Q|L$h¡gu ìepS> Q|L$h¡gy¬ dyØg
Ýep_dp¬ g¡hp¬ S>¡hp¬ `qfbmp¡ :
fL$d dyØg bpL$u
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬ [dpf¡ _uQ¡_p¬ `qfbmp¡ Ýep_dp¬ g¡hp¬ Å¡CA¡ :
30du _h¡çbf 1999 20.00 2.72 17.28 47.72
30du _h¡çbf 2000 30.00 7.98 22.02 25.70 i. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u bpb[dp¬ r_ed_L$pfL$ dpmMy¬ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d A_¡ L$p¡C`Z
AZ^pfu `qfsõ\r[ âk¬N¡ [d_¡ fnZ dm¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d;
30du _h¡çbf 2001 30.00 4.30 25.70 L¬$C _lv
ii. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$u_u Apµaf L$pe]$p_u ep¡Áe âq¾$ep kp\¡ kyk¬N[ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d;

iii. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$u kpdp `n_y¬ L$p¡C`Z Å¡Md ^fph¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d;

iv. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$u_¡ kfm[p\u fp¡L$X$dp¬ a¡fhu iL$pe R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d S>¡\u [d¡ [dpfu
âhplu[p_u S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ `lp¢Qu hmu iL$p¡.

v. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$u [¡_p Å¡Md kp\¡ kyk¬N[ hm[fp¡ `¡]$p L$fu iL¡$ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d;

vi. A¡ rk¼epµfuV$u [dpfp fp¡L$pZ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡dp¬ b¬^b¡k[u \pe R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d A_¡ [dpfp¬
fp¡L$pZ_p¬ gÿep¡ k¬[p¡j¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d (h¥rhÝeuL$fZ, fp¡L$pZ rnr[S>, AphL$_u
r_erd[[p, h©sÝ^_u [L$p¡, Cõe| L$f_pf_u NyZhÑp hN¡f¡)

rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_¡ fp¡L$X$dp¬ ê$`p¬[qf[ L$fhp bpb[:

[d¡ rk¼epµfuV$u_y¬ Å¡ [¡ iµf bÅfp¡dp¬ _p¢^pe¡gu lp¡e A_¡ kq¾$efu[¡ kp¡]$p L$fp[p lp¡e,
[p¡ fp¡L$X$dp¬ ê$`p¬[f L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ iµfbÅfdp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ h¡Qu iL$p¡ R>p¡ A_¡
iµfbÅf_p `[hZp Q¾$ dyS>b fp¡L$X$ d¡mhu iL$p¡ R>p¡.iµf bÅfp¡dp¬ kp¡]$pAp¡ `[hZp_u
NµfÞV$u dpZ[p lp¡hp\u, [d_¡ kdekf fp¡L$X$ AQ|L$ dmu S>i¡. Å¡ [d_¡ L$p¡C`Z
L$pfZkf fp¡L$X$ _ dm¡, [p¡ [dpfp ]$phpAp¡_p `[hZp dpV¡$ k¬õ\pL$ue Np¡W$hZ R>¡. [¡d
R>[p¬, b^ue¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ iµfbÅfp¡dp¬ _p¢^pe¡gu lp¡[u _\u A_¡ kh® _p¢^pe¡gu
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p kq¾$efu[¡ kp¡]$p \[p _\u. Å¡ âhplu[p [dpf¡ d_ V$pQ ¡ _y¬ dlÐh ^fph[u
lp¡e, [p¡ [dpf¡ [¡ Qp¡½$k rk¼epµfuV$u_p kp¡]$p_p Cr[lpk `f _S>f _p¬Mhu Å¡CA¡.
!
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ âpà[ L$fhp bpb[:
[d¡ âpedfu bÅfdp¬ L$pµ`p£f¡V$/kfL$pf/çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ Üpfp L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp Cõe|Ap¡
`f cfϬ L$fu_¡ A\hp k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅfdp¬\u [¡ Mfu]$u_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ âpà[ L$fu iL$p¡
R>p¡. [dpfu `pk¡, Cõe| L$f_pf Üpfp W$fphpe¡gu qL­$d[¡ A\hp byL$ rbëX$vN/gugpJ
dpfa[ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ Üpfp _½$u L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡ âdpZ¡_u qL­$d[¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p Ål¡f
Cõe|Ap¡ `f cfϬ L$fhp_p¡ rhL$ë` R>¡. [d¡ L¬$`_u Üpfp Apµaf L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp fpCV¹$k
Cõe|Ap¡ `f `Z cfϬ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ L¬$`_u Üpfp bp¡_k [fuL¡$ Cõe| L$fhpdp¬
Aph¡g rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ `Z âpà[ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p¬ rk¼epµfuV$u/eyr_V$p¡
âpà[ L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬, [dpf¡ Cõe|_p ]$õ[ph¡Å¡, Mpk L$fu_¡ Å¡Mdu `qfbmp¡ k¬`|Z®`Z¡
kdÆ g¡hp¬ Å¡Ci¡. [d¡ k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp ]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg dpfa[ iµfbÅfdp¬
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Mfu]$u A\hp h¡Qu `Z iL$p¡ R>p¡.
fp¡L$pZL$pf_p¬ lL$p¡ A_¡ afÅ¡ :
[d_¡ [dpfp fp¡L$pZ_¡ gN[p ]$õ[ph¡Å¡ d¡mhhp_p¡ lL$ R>¡. dÝeõ\uL$[p® S>¡_u dpfa[
[d¡ kp¡]$p¡ L$fhp_p¡ Cfp]$p¡ ^fph[p lp¡ [¡_u _p¢^Zu_y¬ âdpZ`Ó dpNhp_p¡ A_¡ [¡_p
Mfp`Zp_u QL$pkZu L$fhp_p¡ [d_¡ lL$ R>¡. [d_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ apmhZu `f A\hp
V²$pÞkaf `f kdekf dmhu S> Å¡CA¡. Å¡ [dpfu rk¼epµfuV$u [d_¡ iµf^pfL$ b_ph¡,
[p¡ [d_¡ qX$rhX$ÞX$p¡ kdekf A_¡ buÅ L$pµ`p£f¡V$ gpcp¡ S>¡hp L¡$ fpCV¹$k, bp¡_k hN¡f¡
dmhp¬ Å¡CA¡. [d_¡ kpdpÞe kcpAp¡dp¬ cpN g¡hp_p¡ A_¡ d[ Ap`hp_p¡, hprj®L$
l¡hpg_u _L$gp¡ d¡mhhp_p¡, L¬$`_u_¡¡ kd¡V$u g¡hp dpV¡$ AfÆ L$fhp_p¡ hN¡f¡ lL$ R>¡. Å¡
[d¡ qX$b¡ÞQf^pfL$ lp¡, [p¡ [d_¡ ìepS>/dys¼[ kdekf d¡mhhp_p¡ A_¡ Å¡ L¬$`_u [¡_y¬
F>Z Q|L$hhpdp¬ r_óam _uhX¡$, [p¡ L¬$`_u_¡ kd¡V$u g¡hp dpV¡$ AfÆ L$fhp_p¡ lL$ R>¡. Å¡
[d¡ iµfbÅfdp¬ kp¡]$p L$f[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ kde_p [¡ [b½¡$ $ cph d¡mhhp¡ Å¡CA¡
A_¡ _pZp¬ [\p rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ kdekf [d_¡ dmhp¬ Å¡CA¡.
[dpfu kpdpÞe S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ R>¡ [d¡ S>¡_u kp\¡/S>¡dp¬ ìehlpf L$f[p lp¡, [¡ L¬$`_u/
dÝeõ\uL$[p® A_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ rhi¡ ÅN©[ fl¡hp_u, S>¡d A_¡ Äepf¡ L$l¡hpdp¬ Aph¡
[¡d A_¡ Ðepf¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Q|L$hhp_u/[¡_u X$uguhfu L$fhp_u A_¡ [d_¡ bnhpdp¬
Aph¡gp lL$p¡_p¡ Adg L$fhp_u.
dÝeõ\uAp¡ :
dÝeõ\uL$[p®Ap¡_y¬ rhipm h¥rhÝe S>¡d L¡$ ]$gpgp¡, dQ®ÞV$ bµÞL$fp¡, qX$`p¡rTV$fuAp¡,
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡, rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$f_pfpAp¡ A_¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ hÃQ¡ dÝeõ\u L$f¡ R>¡.
" #
rk¼epµfuV$uT bÅfdp¬_p dp¡V$p cpN_p dÝeõ\uL$[p®Ap¡ k¡bu Üpfp _p¢^pe¡gp A_¡ r_erd[
L$fp[p lp¡e R>¡. ]$f¡L$ dÝeõ\u dpV¡$ ApQpfk¬rl[p r_e[ L$fhpdp¬ Aphu R>¡. L¡$V$gpL$
dÝeõ\uL$[p®Ap¡ S>¡hp L¡$ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p A¡S>ÞV$p¡ k¡bu Üpfp çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ dpfa[
ApX$L$[fufu[¡ r_erd[ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
iy¬ dÝeõ\uL$[p® dpfa[ kp¡]$p L$fhp S>ê$fu R>¡ ?
L¡$V$gpL$ kp¡]$pAp¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p® dpfa[ L$fhp_y¬ [dpf¡ dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡. ]$pMgp [fuL¡$, Å¡
[d¡ iµfbÅfp¡dp¬ L$p¡C`Z rk¼epµfuV$u Mfu]$hp/h¡Qhp_p¡ Cfp]$p¡ ^fph[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡
]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg dpfa[ kp¡]$p¡ L$fhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ qX$dµV$ (Acp¥r[L$)
õhê$`dp¬ ^fphhp dpN[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu `pk¡ Mp[y Åmhhy S>ê$fu R>¡. Å¡
[d¡ Ål¡f Cõe|Ap¡dp¬ cfϬ L$f[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ Cõe|_p bµÞL$f `pk¡ _pZp¬ qX$`p¡rTV$
L$fhp¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p® dpfa[ kp¡]$p L$f[p lp¡, [p¡ [d_¡ dpN®]$i®_ dm¡
R>¡. k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp dÝeõ\uL$[p® `k¬]$ L$fp¡, L¡$dL¡$ [¡ [¡_u âh©rÑAp¡ dpV¡$ S>hpb]$pf
R>¡. _p¢^pe¡gp dÝeõ\uL$[p®Ap¡_u ep]$u k¡bu, iµfbÅfp¡, Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ k¬NW$_p¡ `pk¡ D`gå^
R>¡.
dÝeõ\uL$[p® `k¬]$ L$fhp bpb[ :
[dpf¡ A¡hp dÝeõ\uL$[p® dpfa[ kp¡]$p L$fhp Å¡CA¡ S>¡ k¡bu_u r_ed_L$[p® riõ[_¡
Apr^_ lp¡e. dÝeõ\uL$[p® k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡hp S> Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [dpf¡ [¡_u QL$pkZu
dÝeõ\uL$[p®_u Apµqakdp¬ â]$ri®[ _p¢^Zu_p âdpZ`Ódp¬\u L$fhu Å¡Ci¡. dÝeõ\uL$[p®
`k¬]$ L$f[u hM[¡, [dpf¡ (A¡) k¡hpAp¡_p¡ MQ®, (bu) k¡hpAp¡_u NyZhÑp, (ku)
dÝeõ\uL$[p®_u L$pfqL$]$w_p¡ f¡L$pµX®$, A_¡ (X$u) õ\m A_¡ [dpfu kNhX$ `Z Ýep_dp¬
g¡hu Å¡CA¡.
[d¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p®_u kpdpÞe ¿epr[ [¡_p lpg_p N°plL$p¡ `pk¡\u ÅZu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
[]y$`fp¬[, k¡bu ApQpf k¬rl[p krl[ L$p¡C`Z r_ed_p Dëg¬O_ dpV¡$ S>¡d A_¡
Äepf¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p®_¡ rinp L$f¡ R>¡ [¡d A_¡ Ðepf¡ AMbpfu ep]$u âL$pri[ L$f¡ R>¡.
iµfbÅfp¡ `Z Äepf¡ ]$gpg_¡ r_g¬rb[ L$f¡ R>¡ Ðepf¡ AMbpfu ep]$uAp¡ âL$pri[ L$f¡
R>¡. Å¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p® ìephkpreL$fu[¡ L$pd _lv L$f¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ k¡bu kp\¡ A_¡ õh-
r_ed_L$pfL$ k¬õ\p/Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$ k¬NW$_ S>¡_u kp\¡ dÝeõ\uL$[p® k¬L$mpe¡gp lp¡e [¡_u
kp\¡ Ap bpb[ D`pX$u g¡hu Å¡CA¡. D`fp¬[, [d¡ L$pe]$p_u A]$pg[dp¬ `Z aqfep]$
_p¢^phu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
âpedfu bÅf :
âpedfu bÅf A¡ _hu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$fhp dpV¡$_y¬ õ\m R>¡. L¬$`_uAp¡ fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$
A_¡/A\hp L¡$V$guL$ S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ A]$p L$fhp dpV¡$ a¬X$p¡ Dcp¬ L$fhp dpV¡$ _hu
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$f¡ R>¡. [¡Ap¡ L$ep¬[p¡ Ål¡f Cõe|Ap¡, fpCV¹$k Cõe|Ap¡ A\hp h¡QpZ
dpV¡$_u Apµaf dpfa[ Apd L$f¡ R>¡. Å¡ L$p¡C`Z A_¡ ]$f¡L$S>Z rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$ cfϬ
L$fu iL¡$ [p¡ A¡ Ål¡f Cõe| R>¡. Å¡ Apµaf lpg_p iµf^pfL$p¡ dpV¡$ lp¡e [p¡ A¡ fpCV¹$k Cõe|
R>¡. [¡d R>[p¬, Å¡ Cõe| \p¡X$pL$ `k¬]$Nu_p gp¡L$p¡ dpV¡$ L$fhpdp¬ Apìep¡ lp¡e, [p¡ A¡_¡
Mp_Nu àg¡kd¡ÞV$ L$l¡hpe R>¡. A¡hu _p¢^ g¡hu Å¡CA¡ L¡$ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_y¬ Mp_Nu àg¡kd¡ÞV$
k¡bu_p r_ed_L$pfL$ n¡Ódp¬ Aph[y¬ _\u. S>¡ Cõe| L$f_pfpAp¡ ep¡Áe[p_y¬ ^p¡fZ k¬[p¡j¡
[¡Ap¡, k¡bu_u dpN®]$i®L$ f¡MpAp¡ A_¡ L¬$`_uT A¡¼V$, 1956_u Å¡NhpCAp¡_y¬ `pg_
L$ep® `R>u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$fu iL¡$ R>¡. Å¡ [d_¡ âpedfu bÅfdp¬\u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡
Mfu]$hpdp¬ fk lp¡e, [p¡ [dpf¡ lÆe¡ ANpD S>Zph¡gp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp dpV¡$_p¬ bpf `Ngp¬
Ýep_dp¬ fpMhp¬ `X$i¡.
Cõe|Ap¡ rhi¡ dprl[u d¡mhhp bpb[ :
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$f_pf L¬$`_u, cph A\hp cph W$fphhp_u `Ý^r[, Cõe|_u AphL$_p¡
D`ep¡N, Å¡Mdu `qfbmp¡, hluhV$, rhrh^ âL$pf_u dprl[uAp¡ A_¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$_p cfZp [\p [¡d_u apmhZu_u L$pe®`Ý^r[ krl[ Cõe|_u if[p¡_u
rhN[p¡ Ap`[y¬ âp¡õ`¡¼V$k A\hp [¡_u b]$gudp¬ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV$ blpf `pX¡$ R>¡. Ap ]$õ[ph¡S>
k¡bu_¡ A_¡ fÆõV²$pf Apµa L¬$`_u_¡ kyâ[ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. k¬rnà[ ê$` h[®dp_`Óp¡dp¬
âL$pri[ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. [¡d R>[p¬, Å¡ [d¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p L$p¡C`Z Cõe| dpV¡$ cfϬ
L$fhp dpN[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ k¬`|Z® âp¡õ`¡¼V$k_u _L$g d¡mhhu Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [¡_u rhN[p¡
AQ|L$ kdÆ g¡hu Å¡CA¡.
[dpfu `p¡[p_u Å[¡ Cs¼hV$u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp kp\¡ k¬L$mpe¡gp Å¡Md_u
[dpf¡ ApL$fZu L$fhu A¡ dlÐh_y¬ R>¡. fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$ [dpfp¡ r_Z®e L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬, [dpf¡
Qp¡L$L$k S> Å¡Mdu `qfbmp¡_¡ gN[p rhcpNp¡, L¬$`_u_p¡ ^¬^p¡, ìehõ\p`L$_u QQp®Ap¡
A_¡ L¬$`_u_p¬ _pZp¬L$ue r_h¡]$_p¡, Cõe|_u qL­$d[_y¬ ^p¡fZ A_¡ dlÐh_p¬ _pZp¬L$ue âdpZp¡,
S>¡hp¬ L¡$ cph kp\¡ L$dpZu_y,¬ Lµ$i ãgp¡ kp\¡ cph_y¬ [\p [¡ DÛp¡Ndp¬ [yg_p`pÓ L¬$`_uAp¡_u
kfMpdZudp¬ Cõe| L$f_pf L¬$`_u_u k¬b¬r^[ ApL$j®L$[p rhi¡ AQ|L$ hp¬Qu g¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡.
[dpfu `p¡[p_u Å[¡ F>Z rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fhp kp\¡ k¬L$mpe¡gp Å¡Md_u [dpf¡
ApL$fZu L$fhu A¡ dlÐh_y¬ R>¡. Mpk L$fu_¡, [dpf¡ Apµaf L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gu rk¼epµfuV$u_y¬
¾¡$qX$V$ f¡qV­$N A_¡ [¡_p¡ âL$pf Ýep_dp¬ g¡hp¬ Å¡CA¡. Cõe| L$f_pf L¬$`_uAp¡ dpV¡$ Ap¡R>pdp¬
$ %
Ap¡R>u A¡L$ f¡qV­$N A¡S>Þku `pk¡\u f¡qV­$ÁT d¡mhhp_y¬ afrS>ep[ R>¡. F>Z CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_p
Ål¡f A\hp fpCV¹$k Cõe| `l¡gp¬_p¬ R>¡ëgp¬ ÓZ hj® ]$frdep_ [¡Ap¡A¡ S>¡ d¡mìep¬ lp¡e
[¡ kh® ¾¡$qX$V$ f¡qV­$ÁT [¡Ap¡A¡ Ål¡f L$fhp¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. A¡ F>Z rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$ bp¬l¡^fu
`¡]$p L$fhp dpV¡$ âpedfu bÅfdp¬ F>Z Cõe|Ap¡ L$f[u L¬$`_uAp¡ dpV¡$ `Z afÆep[ R>¡.
F>Z rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ krh®tkN L$fhpdp¬ L¬$`_u Üpfp L$p¡C`Z Q|L$ \hp_p âk¬N¡, qX$b¡ÞQf
V²$õV$u, qX$b¡ÞQf^pfL$p¡_p¬ bpL$u g¡Zp¬ `y_: Q|L$[¡ L$fhp dpV¡$ rk¼epµf L$fpe¡gu Aõ¼epd[p¡
aX$Qpdp¬ gC S>C iL¡$ R>¡. [dpf¡ [¡\u L$pmÆ`|h®L$ F>Z DR>u_p¬Ap¡ kpd¡ L¬$`_u Üpfp
Apµaf L$fhpdp¬ Aphu fl¡gu rk¼epµfuV$u_p âL$pf_y¬ `©\½$fZ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡, L¡$dL¡$, Å¡
L¬$`_u _p]$pf \C Åe, [p¡ A¡ [dpfp¬ _pZp¬_u `y_:QyL$hZu r_rò[ L$fi¡.
qX$dµV$ AµL$pDÞV$ :
Å¡ L¡$ L¬$`_u cp¥r[L$ A_¡ Acp¥r[L$ (qX$dµV$) b¬_¡ `Ý^r[dp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Apµaf L$fhp_u
S>hpb]$pfu l¡W$m R>¡, R>[p¬ [d_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ b¡dp¬\u L$p¡C`Z `Ý^r[dp¬ d¡mhhp_u
`k¬]$Nu D`gå^ R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ qX$dµV$ `Ý^r[dp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ d¡mhhp CÃR>[p lp¡, [p¡
[dpf¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu_y¬ A_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu_p klcpNu S>¡_u kp\¡ [d¡ [dpfu AfÆdp¬
qX$`p¡rTV$fu AµL$pDÞV$ ^fph[p lp¡ [¡_y¬ `Z _pd ]$ip®hhy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. [¡d R>[p¬, A¡ CÃR>_ue
R>¡ L¡$ [d¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ qX$dµV$ `Ý^r[dp¬ ^fphp¡ L¡$dL¡$ cp¥r[L$ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ _L$gu,
Mp¡V$u klu L$fpe¡gu A\hp Qp¡fpe¡gu lp¡hp_y¬ Å¡Md ^fph¡ R>¡.
iy¬ cph W$fphhpdp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pf_p¡ d[ lp¡e R>¡ ?
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Cõe| L$f_pf (qaL$õX$ âpCk Cõe|) Üpfp W$fphhpdp¬ Aph¡gp cph¡ A\hp
byL$ rbëX$vN_u âq¾$ep dpfa[ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ Üpfp _½$u L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡hp cph¡ Cõe|
L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. qaL$õX$ âpCk Cõe|dp¬, Cõe| L$fhpdp¬ Aphu fl¡gu rk¼epµfuV$u_p cphdp¬
[dpfp¡ L$p¡C d[ lp¡[p¡ _\u, Äepf¡ byL$ rbëV$ Cõe|dp¬, Cõe| L$fhpdp¬ Aphu fl¡gu
rk¼epµfuV$u_p¡ cph _½$u L$fhpdp¬ [dpfp¡ d[ lp¡e R>¡.
byL$-rbëX$vN âq¾$epdp¬ cpN g¡hp bpb[ :
byL$-rbëX$vN âq¾$epdp¬, byL$ gpnrZL$fu[¡ `p¬Q q]$hk_u Ap¡R>pdp¬ Ap¡R>u dy]$[ dpV¡$
Myëgu fl¡ R>¡, Äepf¡ [d¡ [dpfu bp¡gu (rbX$) kyâ[ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡ A_¡ [¡ ky^pfu `Z
iL$p¡ R>p¡. Äepf¡ byL$ Myëgu lp¡e, [¡ dy]$[ ]$frdep_, rkÞX$uL¡$V$_p kæep¡_p rbqX­$N
V$rd®_gp¡ Mp[¡ rhrh^ cphp¡A¡ dpN_y¬ Apg¡Mê$` â]$i®_ (]$f AX$^p L$gpL¡$ R>¡ëgpdp¬
R>¡ëgu `qfsõ\r[ S>Zph[y¬) Å¡C iL$pe R>¡. [d¡ rkÞX$uL¡$V$_p kæep¡_p rbX$ õhuL$pf
L¡$ÞÖp¡dp¬_p¬ L$p¡C`Z Mp[¡ k¬`|Z® cf¡gy¬ rbX$-kl-AfÆ apµd® [\p rbX$_u fL$d kyâ[
L$fu_¡ ãgp¡f cph¡ A\hp [¡\u JQp L$p¡C`Z cph¡ rbX$ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. byL$ ft_N guX$
d¡_¡S>f A\hp rkÞX$uL¡$V$_p kæep¡ ]$f¡L$ rhL$ë` AgN rbX$ [fuL¡$ Cg¡¼V²$pµr_L$ rbqX­$N
rkõV$ddp¬ ]$pMg L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ ]$f¡L$ cph [\p dpN_p rhL$ë` dpV¡$ kp¡]$p_u _p¢^Zu_u
sõg` L$pY¡$ R>¡ A_¡ [¡ [d_¡ Ap`¡ R>¡.
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$ Q|L$hZu L$fhp bpb[ :
qa¼õX$-âpCk Cõe|Ap¡ dpV¡$, [dpf¡ õhuL$pf_pfu bµÞL$_¡ [dpfp AfÆ apµd® kp\¡ AfÆ
L$fhp `f Q|L$hhp`pÓ fL$d kyâ[ L$fhu S>ê$fu R>¡. byL$-rbëV$ Cõe|Ap¡ dpV¡$, [dpf¡
rkÞX$uL¡$V$ kæe_¡ [dpfp rbX$-L$d-AfÆ apµd® kp\¡ rbX$ L$fhp `f (qfV¡$g Lµ$V¡$Nfu
Üpfp) Q|L$hhp`pÓ fL$d kyâ[ L$fhu S>ê$fu R>¡.
k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅf
k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅf [d_¡ [dpfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ h¡Qu_¡ A\hp Mfu]$u_¡ Å¡Md A\hp hm[f
rhi¡ [dpfu ApL$fZudp¬ a¡fapfp¡ A¬N¡_p âr[kp]$dp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p¬ [dpfp¬ lp¡ëX$vÁT
b¬^b¡k[p¬ L$fhp [d_¡ is¼[dp_ L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ [d_¡ [dpfu âhplu[p_u S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡
`lp¢Qu hmhp dpV¡$ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ h¡Qhp dpV¡$ is¼[dp_ b_ph¡ R>¡. A¡ dy¿eÐh¡ A¡hp¬
iµf bÅfp¡_p¡ kdph¡i L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p kp¡]$p dpV¡$_p¡ d¬Q `|fp¡ `pX¡$ R>¡.
iµfbÅfp¡_p¬ r_funZ A_¡ k¡bu_u ]¡$Mf¡M l¡W$m rhN[hpf kpfu`¡W¡$ sõ\f r_ed_L$pfL$
dpmMp¬ dyS>b rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p kp¡]$p L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡, d¬S|>f L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡
`[phV$ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. [d¡ a¼[ _p¢^pe¡gp ]$gpg dpfa[ S> kp¡]$p_p d¬Q_p¡ gpc
gC iL$p¡ R>p¡.
iµf bÅfdp¬ kp¡]$p L$fhp_y¬ ip dpV¡$ S>ê$fu R>¡ ?
iµf bÅf rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ _p¢^¡ R>¡ A_¡ [d_¡ _p¢^pe¡gu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ kp¡]$p L$fhp_u
[L$ Ap`¡ R>¡. A¡ [dpfp rl[dp¬ L¬$`_uAp¡ [fa\u AdyL$ `pg_p¡ A_¡ dprl[uAp¡ r_rò[
L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ [dpfu h[u L$f¡gp kp¡]$pAp¡_p Adg_u NµfÞV$u Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡ Å¡ [dpfp¡ ]$gpg
r_óam _uhX¡$ [p¡ [d_¡ fnZ `|ê¬$ `pX¡$ R>¡.
[ÐL$pm kp¡]$pAp¡ rkhpe_p¡ iµf bÅfp¡_u blpf_p¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ L$p¡C`Z kp¡]$p¡ iµf
bÅfp¡ A\hp k¡bu_p r_ed_L$pfL$ dpmMp¬_y¬ `uW$bm ^fph[p¡ _\u. [¡\u, Å¡ [d¡
iµf bÅf_u blpf [dpfp kp¡]$p L$fp¡ [p¡ [d_¡ L$p¡C`Z fnZ dm[y¬ _\u. D`fp¬[, iµf
bÅf [dpfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$ [¥epf bÅf âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ iµf bÅf_u blpf
& '
kp¡]$p L$f[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ ep¡Áe ìes¼[ S>¡ [dpfu kp\¡ gpNy `X$[p¡ kp¡]$p¡ L$fhp CÃR|>L$
lp¡e [¡_¡ ip¡^u L$pY$hp kpfp¡ A¡hp¡ kde bfbp]$ L$fhp¡ `X$i¡. iµf bÅfdp¬ kp¡]$p L$fhp_p
buÅ gpcp¡dp¬ kdprhô$ R>¡ : [d¡ kpdu `pV$w_y¬ Å¡Md g¡[p _\u, S>¡ s¼geqf­N L$pµ`p£f¡i_
Üpfp g¡hpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡, [d_¡ iµfbÅfp¡_u fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ r_hpfZ e¬ÓZp_p¡ gpc
dm¡ R>¡.
]$gpgp¡/`¡V$p-]$gpgp¡ iµf bÅf kp\¡_u [dpfu L$X$u R>¡. [¡Ap¡ k¡bu/gpN[phmN[p iµf
bÅf_p r_ed_L$pfL$ riõ[_¡ Apr^_ bÅfdp¬ dÝeõ\uL$[p®Ap¡ R>¡. [¡Ap¡ [dpfu h[u
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ kp¡]$pAp¡ L$f¡ R>¡. [¡Ap¡_u kp\¡_p¡ [dpfp¡ k¬b¬^ N°plL$-]$gpg/N°plL$-
`¡V$p-]$gpg AµN°ud¡ÞV$dp¬ S>Zph¡gu if[p¡ Üpfp Aphfu g¡hpdp¬ Aph¡gp¡ R>¡.
Å¡ [d¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ kq¾$e`Z¡ Mfu]$[p A_¡ h¡Q[p lp¡, [p¡ A¡ kgplcey¯ R>¡ L¡$ [d¡
qX$dµV$ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ d¡mhhp A_¡ X$uguhfu L$fhp dpV¡$ qX$`p¡rTV$fu AµL$pDÞV$ Mp¡gphp¡.
A¡ [dpfp rl[dp¬ R>¡ L¡$ [dpfu `pk¡ rk¼epµfuV$u [f[ S>dp L$fphhp dpV¡$ A_¡ cp¥r[L$
kqV®$qaL¡$V$p¡_p [dpd Nµfape]$p V$pmhp dpV¡$ qX$`p¡rTV$fu AµL$pDÞV$ lp¡e.
]$gpg `k¬]$ L$fhp bpb[ :
]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg k¡bu/k¬b¬^ ^fph[p iµf bÅf `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡hp S> Å¡CA¡, S>¡
[dpf¡ [¡_u Apµqak Mp[¡ â]$ri®[ frS>õV²¡$i_ kqV®$qaL¡$V$ `f\u [`pku g¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡. Aphp
Ar^L©$[ ]$gpgp¡/`¡V$p-]$gpgp¡_u ep]$u k¬b¬r^[ iµfbÅfp¡ `pk¡ D`gå^ R>¡. [¡_u `pk¡
[dpfp¡ ^¬^p¡ TX$`\u A_¡ Qp¡L$kpC`|hL® $ L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap¬[qfL$ dpmMy¬ lp¡h¬y Å¡CA¡. []y$`fp¬[,
[dpf¡ õ\m, MQ® A_¡ k¡hp_u NyZhÑp hN¡f¡ S>¡hu [dpfu kNhX$ S>mhpe A¡ `Z
Å¡hy¬ Å¡CA¡.
L¬$`_uAp¡ rhi¡ ÅZhp bpb[ :
[d¡ Äep¬ L¬$`_u rhi¡ dprl[u d¡mhu iL$p¡ A¡hp A_¡L$ öp¡[p¡ R>¡. rgtõV$N AµN°ud¡ÞV$_u
if[p¡ dyS>b, L¬$`_uAp¡A¡ cph k¬b¬^u k¬h¡]$_iug dprl[u rhi¡ k[[ dprl[uAp¡
Ap`hu S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap dprl[uAp¡_y¬ âkpfZ iµfbÅfp¡_u h¡bkpCV$p¡ dpfa[ L$fhpdp¬
Aph¡ R>¡. []y$`fp¬[, k¡bu A¡X$uaf (Cg¡¼V²$pµr_L$ X¡$V$p CÞafd¡i_ apCgvN AµÞX$ qfqV²$hg
rkõV$d) `|fu `pX¡$ R>¡, S>¡ kde k¬b¬^u k¬h¡]$_iug L$pµ`p£f¡V$ dprl[u_p apCgvN, qfqV²$hg
A_¡ âkpfZ dpV¡$_u A¡L$ õhe¬Qprg[ `Ý^r[ R>¡. A¡X$uaf (1) kfh¥ep¬, _ap A_¡
Mp¡V$_p¡ rlkpb A_¡ hprj®L$ l¡hpg_y¬ k¬`|Z® h©[p¬[, Lµ$i ãgp¡ õV¡$V$d¡ÞV¹$k [\p rÓdprkL$
_pZp¬L$ue õV¡$V$d¡ÞV¹$k krl[ A^hprj®L$ _pZp¬L$ue õV¡$V$d¡ÞV¹$k_p¬ b_¡gp¬ _pZp¬L$ue
õV¡$V$d¡ÞV¹$k, (2) L$pµ`p£f¡V$ hluhV$_p l¡hpgp¡, (3) iµflp¡ëX$vN_u `°r[ê$` A_¡ (4)
r_ed_L$pfL$ k¬õ\p Üpfp L¬$`_u kpd¡ g¡hpe¡g `Ngp¬ rhi¡ dprl[u ^fph¡ R>¡. A¡X$uaf
http://sebiedifar.nic.in. `f D`gå^ R>¡. D`f_p¬ D`fp¬[ L¬$`_u_u rhN[p¡ [dpfp
dÝeõ\uL$[p® A_¡ Ak¬¿e Ål¡f Apµ_gpC_ kpCV¹$k `f `Z D`gå^ R>¡.
k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅfdp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Mfu]$[p¬ `l¡gp¬ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ iy¬ [`pkhy¬ Å¡CA¡ ?
[dpf¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Aph¡Ndp¬, NfdpNfd dprl[u `f A\hp V$p¡mp¬_¡ A_ykfu_¡ Mfu]$hu
_ Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ rk¼epµfuV$u Mfu]$[p¬ `l¡gp¬ dprl[u_p Ak¬b¬r^[ A_¡ [L®$lu_ Vy$L$X$pAp¡
bpSy>A¡ d|L$u_¡ A_¡ [L$p¡ [\p lL$uL$[p¡ [`pku_¡ dprl[u hÃQ¡_p¡ c¡]$ `pfMhp¡ Å¡CA¡.
[dpf¡ fp¡L$pZ L$f[p¬ `l¡gp¬ rk¼epµfuV$u_p¬ d|mc|[ NyZp¡ [`pkhp Å¡CA¡.
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ ]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg `pk¡\u kp¡]$pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬ S>¡ d¡mhhp
Å¡CA¡ [¡ ]$õ[ph¡Å¡ bpb[ :
]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg kp\¡_p [dpfp k¬b^¬ _u iê$Ap[dp¬, [dpfp [¡_u kp\¡_p k¬b^¬ ]$ip®h[y¬
N°plL$-]$gpg/N°plL$-`¡V$p-]$gpg AµN°ud¡ÞV$ klu L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ A_¡ _L$g [dpfu `pk¡
fpMhu Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ ]$gpg `pk¡\u [dpfp kp¡]$pAp¡ \hp `f [dpfp kp¡]$pAp¡ ]$ip®h[u
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ d¡mhhu Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ ]$gpg_¡ Q|L$h¡gu [dpd fL$dp¡_u fku]$ `Z d¡mhhu
Å¡CA¡.
r_edp¡ A¡ S>ê$fu b_ph¡ R>¡ L¡$ [d_¡ kp¡]$p_p 24 L$gpL$_u A¬]$f ApµX®$f _¬bf, kp¡]$p
_¬bf, kde, cph, ]$gpgu hN¡f¡ S>¡hu rhN[p¡ ]$ip®h[u L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ dm¡. Å¡ [d_¡
ApµX®$f _¬bf, kp¡]$p _¬bf,cph hN¡f¡ kp\¡_p k¬b¬^dp¬ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$dp¬ ^fphpe¡gu rhN[p¡
rhi¡ L$p¡C`Z i¬L$p lp¡e, [p¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ k¬b¬^ ^fph[u h¡bkpCV$p¡ `f [¡Ap¡_p kp¡]$pAp¡
QL$pkhp dpV¡$ dy¿e iµf bÅfp¡ (A¡_A¡kC A_¡ buA¡kC) Üpfp lh¡ `yfu `pX$hpdp¬
Aph¡gu kyrh^p_p¡ AQ|L$ gpc g¡hp¡. Äepf¡ L$p¡C`Z i¬L$p _ lp¡e Ðepf¡`Z Ar_erd[
^p¡fZ¡ \p¡X$pL$ kp¡]$pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬ Ap kyrh^p_p¡ gpc g¡hp¡ CÃR>_ue R>¡. iµf bÅfp¡
ApµX®$fp¡/kp¡]$pAp¡_p ApµqX$V$_u rhN[p¡ [¥epf L$fu_¡ A_¡L$ hjp£ ky^u Åmh¡ R>¡ A_¡ [d¡
iµf bÅfp¡ `pk¡\u [dpfp ApµX®$f/kp¡]$p_u rhN[p¡ [`pku iL$p¡ R>p¡.
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ :
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ A¡ [dpfu h[u Qp¡½$k q]$hk¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp kp¡]$pAp¡_u blpgu R>¡. A¡
kp¡]$pAp¡_u `[phV$_u bpb[dp¬ [dpfu A_¡ ]$gpg_u hÃQ¡ L$pe]¡$kf Adg`pÓ k¬b¬^
! !
õ\pr`[ L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ [L$fpfp¡/]$phpAp¡/d[c¡]$p¡_y¬ kdp^p_ L$fhpdp¬ d]$]$ L$f¡ R>¡. A¡
]$gpg kpd¡ aqfep]$ A\hp ghp]$u_u L$pe®hplu _p¢^phhp dpV¡$_u `|h®S>ê$qfep[ R>¡. A¡L$
kpQu L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ r_e[ L$f¡gp apµd®dp¬ lp¡hu Å¡CA¡, Ar^L©$[ kluL$[p® Üpfp klu
L$fpe¡gu A_¡ kp¡]$pAp¡_u rhN[p¡ ^fph[u lp¡hu Å¡CA¡.
Q|L$hZu L$fhp A_¡ d¡mhhp bpb[ :
Q|L$hZu a¼[ ]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg_p _pddp¬ AµL$pDÞV$ `¡eu Q¡L$ Üpfp S> L$fhp_y¬ kgplcey¯
R>¡. dÝeõ\uL$[p® `pk¡\u ep¡Áe fku]$ d¡mhu g¡hu Å¡CA¡. [d_¡ k¬b¬^ ^fph[p iµf
bÅf Üpfp `¡-ApDV$_u Ål¡fp[_p 48 L$gpL$_u A¬]$f rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ dpV¡$_u Q|L$hZu
dmhu Å¡CA¡.
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ X$uguhf L$fhp/d¡mhhp bpb[ :
[dpf¡ `¡-C_ L$fhp_p kde ANpD rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ X$uguhf L$fhu Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [d¡ S>¡_¡
dpV¡$ Q|L$hZu L$fu lp¡e [¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ k¬b¬^ ^fph[p iµfbÅf Üpfp rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p
`¡-ApDV$_p 48 L$gpL$_u A¬]$f [d_¡ dmhu Å¡CA¡.
]$gpgp¡ `pk¡ NpmpAp¡ A_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$p¡ :
r_edp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pf¡ ]$gpg `pk¡ qX$`p¡rTV$ fpMhp bpb[ L$p¡C`Z Ap]¡i _\u. A¡_p¡
Ap^pf ]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg kp\¡_u [dpfu kdSy>r[ `f R>¡. [dpf¡,[¡d R>[p¬, kp¡]$p¡ L$fhpdp¬
Aph¡ [¡ `l¡gp¬ ]$gpg_¡ dprS>®_ Q|L$hhy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. iµf bÅfp¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ rk¼epµfuV$u_u
âhplu[p `f Ap^pf fpMu_¡ _uL$m[p lp¡e [¡d N°plL$p¡ [fa\u NpmpAp¡_p DÃQ[f
õ[fp¡¡ hkyg L$fhp_u cgpdZ L$f¡ R>¡.
ip dpV¡$ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf fnZ a¬X$ ?
iµf bÅfp¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf_p ]$php_u cf`pC L$fhp dpV¡$ fp¡L$pZL$pf fnZ a¬X$ Åmh¡ R>¡, S>¡
]$phpAp¡ aX$Qpdp¬ Ne¡g kæep¡, `p¡[p_u S>hpb]$pfuAp¡_y¬ `[hϬ _lv L$fu iL$hp\u
D]¹$ch¡gp lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡.
L¬$`_uAp¡ A_¡ ]$gpgp¡ kpd¡_u aqfep]$p¡ bpb[ :
[dpf¡ S>¡_u kp\¡ `¡V$p-]$gpg Å¡X$pe¡g lp¡e [¡ ]$gpg_p Ýep_ `f A¡ gphhy¬ Å¡CA¡.
`¡V$p-]$gpg/]$gpg [L$fpf_y¬ r_hpfZ L$fhpdp¬ r_óam _uhX¡$ [¡hu bpb[dp¬ A_¡ ]$gpg/
L¬$`_u kpd¡_u aqfep]$p¡_u bpb[dp¬, [dpf¡ k¬b¬r^[ iµf bÅf_p fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ L$n

kp\¡ bpb[ D`pX$u g¡hu Å¡CA¡. Ap L$n iµfbÅfdp¬ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp kp¡]$pAp¡ A\hp
iµf bÅfdp¬ S>¡dZ¡ kp¡]$p¡ L$ep® lp¡e [¡ L¬$`_uAp¡_¡ gN[p kp¡]$pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬ r_fpL$fZ
dpV¡$_u aqfep]$p¡ lp\ ^f¡ R>¡. [dpf¡ aqfep]$p¡ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ _p¡V$ S>¡hp kh® k¬b¬r^[ ]$õ[ph¡Å¡
kp\¡ r_e[ L$f¡gp apµd®dp¬ _p¢^phhu Å¡CA¡.
X¡$qfh¡qV$h (kpr^[ fp¡L$pZ) bÅf :
X¡$qfh¡qV$h A¡hp¡ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ R>¡ S>¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_p cphp¡ A\hp cphp¡_u k|rQAp¡dp¬\u
[¡_y¬ d|ëe âpà[ L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ cph_p Å¡Md\u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ [dpfp õ\p__y¬ fnZ
L$fhp dpV¡$ A_¡ [dpfp¬ fp¡L$pZp¡dp¬\u hm[fp¡ h^pfhp dpV¡$ [d_¡ d]$]$ L$f¡ R>¡. X¡$qfh¡qV$h
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ Å¡ Aphp L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡ a¼[ dpÞe iµf bÅfdp¬ kp¡]$p L$fpe¡g lp¡e [p¡ S> L$pe]¡$kf
A_¡ Adgu R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ iµf bÅfdp¬ X¡$qfh¡qV$ìTdp¬ kp¡]$p L$fp¡, [p¡ s¼geqf­N L$pµ`p£f¡i_
iµf bÅfdp¬ L$f¡gp kh® kp¡]$pAp¡ dpV¡$ L$pe]¡$kf kpdp¡ `n b_¡ R>¡ A_¡ `[hZp_u
NµfÞV$u Ap`¡ R>¡; bÅf âhplu[p `|fu `pX$[u lp¡hp\u [dpfu kp\¡ kp¡]$p L$fhp dpV¡$
[dpf¡ kpdp `n dpV¡$ ip¡^ L$fhp_u S>ê$f fl¡[u _\u A_¡ iµf bÅf_p Ap¥`QpqfL$
r_edp¡ [\p e¬ÓZpAp¡ bÅf_u sõ\f[p A_¡ A¡L$k|Ó[p r_rò[ L$f¡ R>¡. X¡$qfh¡qV$ìT_p¬
kpdpÞe õhê$`p¡ R>¡ ãeyQk® A_¡ ApµàiÞk. ^p¡fZkf_y¬ õhê$` ^fph[p X¡$qfh¡qV$ìT
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡ S>¡hp L¡$ CÞX¡$¼k ãeyQk®, CÞX¡$¼k ApµàiÞk, õV$pµL$ ãeyQk® A_¡ õV$pµL$ ApµàiÞk_p
lpgdp¬ cpf[ue iµfbÅfp¡dp¬ kp¡]$p L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
X¡$qfh¡qV$h bÅfp¡dp¬ ]$gpgp¡ A_¡ iµf bÅfp¡ :
iµf bÅf X¡$qfh¡qV$h L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡ [¥epf L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ [d_¡ [¡hp L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡dp¬ kp¡]$p L$fhp_u
[L$ `|fu `pX¡$ R>¡. A¡ [dpfu h[u L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡_u `[phV$_u NµfÞV$u Ap`¡
R>¡ A_¡ Å¡ [dpfp ]$gpg r_óam _uhX¡$ [p¡ [d_¡ fnZ `|ê¬$ `pX¡$ R>¡. [d¡ X¡$qfh¡qV$ìTdp¬
a¼[ ]$gpg dpfa[ kp¡]$p¡ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. A¡ k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp dÝeõ\uL$[p® R>¡ S>¡
[dpfu h[u iµfbÅfdp¬ kp¡]$p¡ L$f¡ R>¡. [dpfp¡ k¬b¬^ N°plL$-]$gpg AµN°ud¡ÞV$dp¬ S>Zph¡gu
if[p¡ Üpfp Aphfu g¡hpe¡g R>¡. ]$gpg k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡hp S> Å¡Ci¡, S>¡_u
QL$pkZu [¡_u Apµqakdp¬ â]$ri®[ frS>õV²¡$i_ kqV®$qaL¡$V$dp¬\u [d¡ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
NpmpAp¡ A_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$p¡ :
kpdpÞefu[¡ [dpf¡ iê$Ap[_p¡ Npmp¡ Q|L$hhp¡ S>ê$fu R>¡, S>¡ A` äÞV$, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ kp¡]$p¡
L$fhpdp¬ Aph[p¬ `l¡gp¬ A¡L$ q]$hk\u buÅ q]$hk ky^u `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡ ìepS>bufu[¡ cp¡Nh¡
! !!
A¡hu ^pfZp fpMhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡hu kp¥\u dp¡V$u Mp¡V$ kf L$fhp dpN¡ R>¡. Ap_u ÅZ
[d_¡ [dpfp ]$gpg Üpfp L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. [dpf¡ kp¡]$p L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡ `l¡gp¬_p¡ Npmp¡
fp¡L$X$dp¬ A\hp õhuL$pfhp`pÓ L$p¡g¡V$fëk_p ê$`dp¬ ]$gpg `pk¡ fpMhp_y¬ S>ê$fu b_¡ `Z
Mê¬$. Ap AphíeL$ R>¡ L¡$dL¡$ NpmpAp¡ kp¡]$p¡ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [¡ kde¡ N°plL$ Üpfp A`äÞV$
Q|L$hhp S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap N°plL$ `f ]¥$r_L$ Npmp_p L$pµëk L$fhp_y¬ V$pm¡ R>¡.
Å¡ ]$gpg r_óam Nep lp¡e [p¡ iy¬ ?
[d¡ [dpfu aqfep]$p¡/[L$fpfp¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ L$n_¡ S>Zphu iL$p¡ R>p¡. rhL$ë`ê$`¡ [d¡
r_óam _uhX$_pf kpd¡¡ [dpfp¡ ]$php¡ ghp]$u dpV¡$ kp¢`u iL$p¡ R>p¡ A\hp [¡ _p¢^phhp
dpV¡$ qX$apµëV$k® L$duV$u_p¡ k¬`L®$ kp^u iL$p¡ R>p¡. h^ydp¬, [d¡ k¬b¬^ ^fph[p iµf bÅf_p
fp¡L$pZL$pf fnZ a¬X$ `pk¡\u fnZ dpNu iL$p¡ R>p¡. a¬X$ [dpfp ]$php S>¡ ]$gpg_¡ Å¡
r_óam Ål¡f L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ [p¡ iµf bÅfdp¬ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gp kp¡]$pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬
]$gpg Üpfp S>hpb]$pfuAp¡_u rb_-`[phV$dp¬\u D]¹$ch¡ [¡_u cf`pC L$fu Ap`¡ R>¡.
fp¡L$pZL$pf Mfu]¡$gp X¡$qfh¡qV$ìT dpV¡$ L$epf¡ Q|L$hZu L$f¡ R>¡ ?
[d¡ `[phV$_u S>hpb]$pfuAp¡ kpd¡ A¡X$S>õV$d¡ÞV$ dpV¡$ ]$gpg `pk¡ A¡L$ fL$d fpMu iL$p¡
R>p¡, A\hp N°plL$-kæe AµN°ud¡ÞV$dp¬ L$byghpdp¬ Apìep âdpZ¡ ]$f¡L$ L$pµÞV²$p¼V$ dpV¡$
AgNfu[¡ Q|L$hZu L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡.[¡d R>[p¬ A¡ kgplcey¯ R>¡ L¡$ [L$fpfp¡ V$pmhp dpV¡$
hpf¬hpf ]$gpg kp\¡ rlkpbp¡ kdS>[p fl¡hy¬.
fp¡L$pZL$pf h¡Q¡gp X¡$qfh¡qV$ìk dpV¡$ ¼epf¡ _pZp¬ d¡mh¡ R>¡ ?
[d_¡ iµf bÅf Üpfp r_e[ L$f¡gp kde_u A¬]$f [dpfp Üpfp h¡Qhpdp¬ Aph¡gp
L$pµÞV²$p¼V$p¡_u bpb[dp¬ Q|L$hZuAp¡ dpV¡$ [dpfp Mp[pdp¬ _pZp¬ S>dp dmu S>hp¬ Å¡CA¡.
[¡d R>[p¬, [d_¡ N°plL$-kæe AµN°ud¡ÞV$dp¬ L$byghpdp¬ Apìep âdpZ¡ ]$ffp¡S> A\hp [p¡
AdyL$ NpmpAp¡A¡ _pZp¬ S>dp dmu S>hp¬ Å¡CA¡.
]$gpg kpd¡ aqfep]$p¡ :
[dpfp¡ k¬b¬r^[ iµf bÅf_p fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ L$n kp\¡ bpb[ D`pX$u g¡hu Å¡CA¡.
qX$`p¡rTV$fu k¡hpAp¡ :
b¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fuAp¡ R>¡, A¡V$g¡ L¡$ _¡i_g rk¼epµfuV$uT qX$`p¡rTV$fu rgrdV¡$X$ A_¡ k¡ÞV²$g
qX$`p¡rTV$fu krh®kuk (CrÞX$ep) rgrdV¡$X$, S>¡ byL$ A¡ÞV²$u apµdd® p¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u dprgL$u_p
f¡L$pµX®¹$T Åmh¡ R>¡ A_¡ TX$`, Qp¡L$kpC A_¡ kyfnp kp\¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u V²$pÞkaf Adgu
b_ph¡ R>¡. qX$`p¡rTV$fuAp¡ qX$dµV$dp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ ^fph¡ R>¡ A_¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fudp¬_u kh®
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ b]$ghp`pÓ R>¡. Äepf¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu_p f¡L$pµX®¹$Tdp¬
gpcL$pfL$ dprgL$p¡ [fuL¡$ S>Zpe R>¡, Ðepf¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fuAp¡ L¬$`_u_p f¡L$pµX®¹$Tdp¬ _p¢^pe¡gp
dprgL$p¡ [fuL¡$ S>Zpe R>¡. [¡d R>[p¬, rk¼epµfuV$uT_¡ gN[p kh® lL$p¡ gpcL$pfL$ dprgL$p¡_¡
âpà[ \pe R>¡.
qX$dµV$ õhê$`dp¬ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ ^fphhp\u [d_¡ Mfu]$uAp¡_u bpb[dp¬, rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u
[f[ V²$pÞkaf dm¡ R>¡; [dpf¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u V²$pÞkaf `f õVµ$ç` X$é|qV$ Q|L$hhp_u
fl¡[u _\u; [d¡ cp¥r[L$ kqV®$qaL¡$V$p¡ kp\¡ k¬L$mpe¡gp¬ Å¡Mdp¡ S>¡hp¬ L¡$ Mp¡V$u X$uguhfu,
b_phV$u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ V$pmp¡ R>p¡.
qX$`p¡rTV$fu fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ kp\¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu `pV$wku`ÞV¹$k (X$u`uT) L$l¡hp[p [¡_p A¡S>ÞV$p¡
dpfa[ ìehlpf L$f¡ R>¡. Å¡ [d¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu Üpfp Apµaf L$fpe¡gu k¡hpAp¡_p¡ gpc g¡hp
dpN[p lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ X$u`u `pk¡ Mp[y Mp¡gphhy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. Ap bµÞL$_u k¡hpAp¡ hp`fhp
dpV¡$ S>¡d bµÞL$_u L$p¡C`Z ipMpdp¬ Mp[y¬ Mp¡gphhy¬ `X¡$ [¡_p S>¡hy¬.
qX$dV$uqfegpCTvN A_¡ fudV$uqfegpCTvN :
[d¡ S>¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ b¡dp¬\u L$p¡C`Z qX$`p¡rTV$fu `pk¡ [dpfp _pddp¬ _p¢^pe¡gu lp¡e
A_¡ qX$dV$uqfegpCT¡i_ dpV¡$ ]$pMg L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡gu lp¡e [¡hu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u ep]$udp¬
lp¡e [¡ qX$dV$uqfegpCT L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ [dpfp X$u`u `pk¡\u A\hp qX$`p¡rTV$fuAp¡_u
h¡bkpCV$p¡`f\u qX$dV$uqfegpCT¡i_ dpV¡$ ]$pMg L$fpe¡gu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u AÛ[_ ep]$u
d¡mhu iL$p¡ R>p¡. Å¡ [d¡ [dpfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ cp¥r[L$ õhê$`dp¬ `pR>u d¡mhhp CÃR>[p
lp¡, [p¡ [dpf¡ [¡_p fudV$uqfegpCT¡i_ dpV¡$ [dpfp X$u`u_¡ rh_¬[u L$fhp_u fl¡i¡. X$u`u
[dpfu rh_¬[u qX$`p¡rTV$fu_¡ dp¡L$gi¡ S>¡ k¬b¬^u[ L¬$`_u kp\¡ bpb[ ApNm h^pfi¡.
L¬$`_u [d_¡ cp¥r[L$ kqV®$qaL¡$V$p¡ Cõe| L$fi¡. [d¡ CÃR>p¡ [¡ âdpZ¡, [dpfu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡
cp¥r[L$ A\hp qX$dµV$ õhê$`dp¬ ^fphhp `|Z®`Z¡ õh[¬Ó R>p¡.
X$u`u `k¬]$ L$fhp bpb[ :
S>¡ fu[¡ [d¡ bQ[ Mp[y Mp¡gphhp dpV¡$ bµÞL$ `k¬]$ L$fp¡ [¡S> fu[¡ qX$dµV$ Mp[y Mp¡gphhp
dpV¡$ [dpfp X$u`u `k¬]$ L$fhp Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ Ýep_dp¬ g¡hp¬ Å¡CA¡ [¡hp¬ L¡$V$gp¬L$ ANÐe_p¬
`qfbmp¡ R>¡ : kyNd[p ([dpfu Apµqak/fl¡W$pZ_u r_L$V$[p, L$pdL$pS>_p L$gpL$p¡), Apfpd
(¿epr[, `|h® Cr[lpk, buÅ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_p¡ A_ych, Ap¬[qfL$ dpmMy¬) A_¡ MQ®
!"
(krh®k QpÆ®k A_¡ k¡hp_p¬ ^p¡fZp¡). [dpf¡ A¡ `Z r_rò[ L$fhy¬ Å¡Ci¡ L¡$ X$u`u k¡bu
`pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡e.
X$uguhfu CÞõV²$¼i_ sõg` (X$uApCA¡k) :
X$uApCA¡k Q¡L$ byL$ S>¡hu R>¡ A_¡ [dpf¡ [¡ L$pmÆ`|h®L$ k¬cpmhu Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ [dpfp
X$u`u `pk¡ X$uApCA¡k byL$ Cõe| L$fhp dpV¡$ ApN°l fpMhp¡ Å¡CA¡ (R|>V$u sõg`p¡ _lv).
X$uApCA¡k _¬bfp¡ `|h®dyqÖ[ lp¡hp Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [dpfp¡ Mp[p _¬bf (N°plL$ ApCX$u)
ANpD\u õVµ$ç` dpf¡gp¡ lp¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. klu L$f¡gu L$p¡fu X$uApCA¡k L$p¡C_u `Z `pk¡
fpMip¡ _lv A_¡ Äepf¡ D`ep¡N _ lp¡e, Ðepf¡ X$uApCA¡k byL$ [pmp¬Qphudp¬ b¬^ L$fu
fpMip¡.
qX$dV$uqfegpCT¹X$ iµfp¡ d¡mhhp bpb[ :
Ål¡f Cõe|dp¬, Cõe| L$f_pf X$u`u_¡, [d_¡ apmhpe¡gu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ [dpfp Mp[pdp¬
S>dp L$fhp_u k|Q_p Ap`¡ R>¡. k¡L$ÞX$fu bÅfdp¬\u Mfu]$uAp¡_u bpb[dp¬, qX$dµV$
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ d¡mhhp dpV¡$, [d¡ [dpfp X$u`u_¡ A¡L$kdeu L$pedu k|Q_p Ap`u iL$p¡
R>p¡. Ap L$pedu k|Q_p Mp[y Mp¡g[u hM[¡ A\hp `pR>m\u Ap`u iL$pe R>¡. rhL$ë`ê$`¡,
[d¡ ]$f¡L$ S>dp A¡ÞV²$u d¡mhhp dpV¡$ [dpfp X$u`u_¡ AgN âpsà[_u k|Q_p Ap`u iL$p¡
R>p¡. [dpf¡ A¡ r_rò[ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ [dpfp ]$gpg [¡_p s¼geqf­N Mp[pdp¬\u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡
[dpfp qX$`p¡rTV$ Mp[pdp¬ byL$ b¬^ \[p¬ `l¡gp¬ V²$pÞkaf L$f¡. Å¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ ]$gpg_p
s¼geqf­N Mp[pdp¬ fl¡, [p¡ L¬$`_u ]$gpg_¡ L$pµ`p£f¡V$ gpcp¡ (qX$rhX$ÞX$ A\hp bp¡_k)
Ap`i¡. [¡hu bpb[dp¬, [dpf¡ gpcp¡ [dpfp ]$gpg `pk¡\u d¡mhu g¡hp_p fl¡i¡.
qX$dV$uqfegpCT¹X$ iµfp¡ h¡Qhp bpb[ :
[d¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ h¡Qp¡ `R>u, [d¡ [dpfp Üpfp h¡Qhpdp¬ Aph¡gu rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u k¬¿ep
kp\¡ [dpfp Mp[pdp¬ D^pfhp dpV¡$ A_¡ [dpfp ]$gpg_p s¼geqf­N A¡L$pDÞV$dp¬ S>dp
L$fhp dpV¡$ [dpfp X$u`u_¡ k|Q_p Ap`ip¡. Mp[y Mp¡g[u hM[¡ [dpfp X$u`u Üpfp [d_¡
Ap`hpdp¬ Aph¡gu X$uApCA¡k_p¡ D`ep¡N L$fu_¡ [dpfp X$u`u_¡ Ap X$uguhfu_u k|Q_p
Ap`hp_u lp¡e R>¡.
qX$rhX$ÞX$ A_¡ ìepS> :
gpN[uhmN[u L¬$`_u gpcâpà[p ^pfL$p¡ A_¡ [¡Ap¡_p¬ lp¡ëX$vÁT_u rhN[p¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu
!#
`pk¡ d¡mh¡ R>¡. [dpf¡ g¡hp_u fL$d L¬$`_u Üpfp CkuA¡k (Cg¡¼V²$pµr_L$ s¼geqf­N krh®k)
kyrh^p Üpfp A\hp S>¡_p `f [dpfp bµÞL$ Mp[p_u rhN[p¡ R>p`¡gu lp¡e A¡hp¬ hpµfÞV$p¡
Cõe| L$fu_¡ Q|L$hhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
bp¡_k iµfp¡ :
k¬b¬^ ^fph[u L¬$`_u qX$`p¡rTV$fu `pk¡ gpc âpà[p ^pfL$p¡ A_¡ [¡Ap¡_p¬ lp¡ëX$vÁT_u
rhN[p¡ d¡mh¡ R>¡. [dpê¬$ A¡ÞV$pCV$gd¡ÞV$ (lL$_u fL$d) L¬$`_u Üpfp ku^¡ku^u [dpfp
qX$`p¡rTV$fu Mp[pdp¬ S>dp L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡.
A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf qX$`p¡rTV$fu_¡ L¡$V$gu fL$d Q|L$h¡ R>¡ ?
qX$`p¡rTV$fu fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ kp\¡ X$u`u dpfa[ ìehlpf L$f¡ R>¡. A¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ ku^¡ku^p¡
QpS>® L$f[u _\u `f¬[y X$u`u_¡ QpS>® L$f¡ R>¡, S>¡Ap¡ fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ dpV¡$ [¡Ap¡_y¬ `p¡[p_y¬ QpS>®_y¬
dpmMy¬ ^fphhp õh[¬Ó R>¡. [¡dR>[p¬, X$u`u Üpfp bÅhpe¡gu k¡hpAp¡_u dep®]$p A_¡
NyZhÑp kp\¡_p k¬b¬^dp¬ gNpX$hpdp¬ Aph¡gp QpÆ®k Å¡hp Å¡CA¡.
aqfep]$p¡ :
qX$`p¡rTV$fu_p¬ L$pdL$pÅ¡_¡ gN[u L$p¡C`Z aqfep]$p¡ dpV¡$ [dpf¡ [dpfp X$u`u_p¡ k¬`L®$ kp^hp¡
Å¡CA¡. [dpfu aqfep]$_y¬ r_hpfZ L$fhpdp¬ [dpfp X$u`u r_óam Åe [¡hu bpb[dp¬,
[d¡ [dpfu qX$`p¡rTV$fu_¡ gMu iL$p¡ R>p¡. Å¡ qX$`p¡rTV$fu/qX$`p¡rTV$fu `pV$wrk`ÞV$ [dpfu
aqfep]$_y¬ `ep®à[fu[¡ r_hpfZ _ L$f¡, [p¡ [d¡ k¡bu_¡ gMu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬Xp$ ¡
[dpfpdp¬_p L¡$V$gpL$ kpd|rlL$ fp¡L$pZ_p kp^__p¡ L$p¡C âL$pf `k¬]$ L$fhp dpN[p lp¡, S>¡
[dpfp D`gL$uep öp¡[p¡ A¡L$Ó L$fu iL¡$, rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$fu iL¡$ A_¡ klL$pfu
rkÝ^p¬[p¡ `f hm[fp¡ [dpfu hÃQ¡ hl¢Qu iL¡$. Aphp fp¡L$pZ_p kp^_ Üpfp fp¡L$hpdp¬
Aph¡gp a¬X$ d¡_¡S>fp¡_u ìephkpreL$ r_`yZ[pdp¬\u D]¹$ch[p¬ OV¡$gp¬ Å¡Mdp¡ A_¡ DÃQ[f
hm[fp¡_p A\®dp¬ [d_¡ gpc dm¡ R>¡. Ap çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_u A`ug R>¡ S>¡Ap¡ ]$gpg_¡
bp¡gphp¡ A_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡ Mfu]$p¡/h¡Qp¡ `Ý^r[ L$f[p¬ OZp¬S> kfm A_¡ h^y kgpd[
iµf bÅf dpV¡$_p¡ dpN® âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡. cpf[dp¬, Ap`Zu `pk¡ ]$f¡L$ âL$pf_p fp¡L$pZL$pf_u
!$
S>ê$qfep[p¡_¡ A_yê$` \pe [¡hu ep¡S>_pAp¡_u rhipm rhrh^[p âõ[y[ L$f[p¬ a¬X$p¡ dp¡V$u
k¬¿epdp¬ R>¡.
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u bÅf DÃQ Asõ\f[pey¼[ R>¡. _pZp¬ Nydphhp_y¬ Å¡Md JQy¬ R>¡.
rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u bÅfdp¬\u h©sÝ^ A_¡ AphL$_u k¬cph_p ^fph[u rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡
`k¬]$ L$fhpdp¬ bÅf_p L$pmÆ`|h®L$_p k¬ip¡^_ A_¡ ]¡$Mf¡M_p¡ kdph¡i \pe R>¡, S>¡
kh® fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ dpV¡$ i¼e _\u. D`fp¬[ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u bÅfdp¬ kam fp¡L$pZ L$fhp
dpV¡$_u Qphu h¥rhÝeuL©$[ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡ OX$hpdp¬ fl¡gu R>¡, S>¡dp¬ _p¢^`pÓ d|X$u_u S>ê$f `X¡$
R>¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ fp¡L$pZL$pf A_¡ rk¼epµfuV$uAp¡_u bÅf hÃQ¡ ìephkpreL$ dÝeõ\uL$[p®
R>¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X ku^p fp¡L$pZ_u nr[Ap¡ dl]¬$i¡ lmhu L$f¡ R>¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X$dp¬
fp¡L$pZ L$fhp_p Qp¡½$k gpcp¡ R>¡ :
ìephkpreL$ ìehõ\p: çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ìephkpreL$ ìehõ\p Üpfp k¬cpmhpdp¬ Aph[p¬
fp¡L$pZ_u ìehõ\p_p¬ L$p¥iëep¡ A_¡ k¬ip¡^_ L$p¥iëep¡ ^fph¡ R>¡.
h¥rhÝeuL$fZ: çeyÃeyAg a¬X$dp¬ A¡L$ fp¡L$pZL$pf [¡_y¬ fp¡L$pZ Nd¡ A¡V$gy¬ _p_y¬ lp¡e [¡d
R>[p¬ A¡L$ h¥rhÝeuL©$[ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡ âpà[ L$f¡ R>¡. Apd Mp¡V$_y¬ Å¡Md fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_u dp¡V$u
k¬¿epdp¬ hl¢Qpe¡gy¬ fl¡ R>¡ A_¡ Apd A¡L$ ìes¼[A¡ kdN° Mp¡V$_p¡ kpd_p¡ L$fhp¡ `X$[p¡
_\u. D`fp¬[ A¡L$ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_y¬ Å¡Md fp¡L$pZ_p¬ CÞõV³$d¡ÞV¹$k_u dp¡V$u k¬¿epdp¬ hl¢QpC
Åe R>¡.
Ap¡R>p MQp® : çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ dp`_p âdpZ_y¬ A\®L$pfZ ^fph¡ R>¡. a¬X$ h^y dp¡V$p¬
âdpZp¡_¡ L$pfZ¡ h^y Ap¡R>p¡ MQ® Q|L$h¡ R>¡ A_¡ Ap gpc fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ Ap`hpdp¬ Aph¡
R>¡.
âhplu[p : çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_p eyr_V$p¡ a¬X$_¡ (Myëgu dy]$[_p) `pR>p h¡Qu iL$pe R>¡;
A\hp bÅfdp¬ (bp¬^u dy]$[_p) h¡Qu iL$pe R>¡ A\hp r_e[ L$f¡gu dy]$[_¡ A¬[¡ dy¼[
L$fu iL$pe R>¡.
`pf]$ri®[p : ep¡S>_pAp¡_p A¡_A¡hu Aµkp¡kuA¡i_ Apµa çeyÃeyAg a¬X¹$T C_ CrÞX$ep
(A¡A¡dA¡aApC) h¡bkpCV$ [¡dS> AÞe h¡bkpCV$p¡ `f ]$ffp¡S> â]$ri®[ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡
R>¡.
!%
ep¡S>_pAp¡_u `k¬]$Nu : çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ ep¡S>_pAp¡_u ìep`L$ î¡Zu âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡
rhrh^ âL$pf_p fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ A_yL|$m \C iL¡$ R>¡.
r_erd[ L$fpe¡g : çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ k¡bu Üpfp r_erd[ L$fpe¡g R>¡.
[dpfp¡ fp¡L$pZ_p¡ DØ¡i ÅZp¡ :
[dpf¡ â\d [dpfp `p¡[p_p fp¡L$pZ_p DØ¡ip¡ ÅZhp Å¡CA¡ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ [dpf¡ âhplu[p
A\hp V|¬$L$u dy]$[_p¬ hm[fp¡ A\hp gp¬bu dy]$[_u d|X$u h©sÝ^ Å¡CA¡ R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d. `R>u
[dpf¡ [dpfp fp¡L$pZ_p DØ¡i kp\¡ b¬^b¡k[u \[u D`gå^ ep¡S>_pAp¡_p¡ âL$pf `k¬]$
L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡. ep¡S>_p `k¬]$ L$ep® `R>u, [dpf¡ [¡hu ep¡S>_p_u c|[L$pm_u L$pfqL$]$w A_¡
hm[fp¡_u [yg_p Sy>]$p¬ Sy>]$p¬ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ kp\¡ L$fhu Å¡CA¡. Ap_¡ dpV¡$ [dpf¡ c|[L$pgu_
L$pdNufu, âpep¡S>L$p¡, fp¡L$pZ_p¡ DØ¡i, Aõ¼epd[_u apmhZu_u `Ý^r[ hN¡f¡ `f cpf
d|L$u_¡ Apµaf_p¡ ]$õ[ph¡S> k¬`|Z®`Z¡ QL$pkhp¡ Å¡CA¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_p `k¬]$ L$fhp bpb[ :
[dpf¡ fp¡L$pZ_p DØ¡ip¡ A_¡ _ur[Ap¡ D`fp¬[ ep¡S>_p_u rhriô$[pAp¡, ep¡S>_p_p¬ Qp¡½$k
Å¡Mdu `qfbmp¡, au, MQp®Ap¡ A_¡ bp¡S> [\p c|[L$prg_ L$pdNufu_u rhN[p¡ Å¡C_¡
[¡_¡ buÆ ep¡S>_pAp¡ kp\¡ kfMphu_¡ ep¡S>_p `k¬]$ L$fhu Å¡CA¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_p eyr_V$p¡ Mfu]$hp bpb[ :
Myëgu dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬, [d¡ My]$ a¬X$ `pk¡\u ku^¡ku^p eyr_V$p¡ Mfu]$u
iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ a¬X$_u Apµqak_p¡ k¬`L®$ kp^u iL$p¡ R>p¡ A\hp rh[fL$p¡/]$gpgp¡/`¡V$p-
]$gpgp¡¡ A\hp A¡S>ÞV$p¡ dpfa[ [¡d L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. bp¬^u dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡_u
bpb[dp¬, [d¡ Äep¬ eyr_V$p¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡e [¡ iµf bÅfp¡dp¬\u eyr_V$p¡ A\hp
`y_:Mfu]$u_u kyrh^p `|fu `pX$[p çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ `pk¡\u Mfu]$u iL$p¡ R>p¡. çeyÃeyAg
a¬X$p¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ _hu
ep¡S>_pAp¡_u iê$Ap[_u [pfuM ârkÝ^ L$fu_¡ h[®dp_`Óp¡dp¬ Ål¡fMbf Ap`¡ R>¡.
[d¡ S>ê$fu dprl[u A_¡ AfÆ apµdp£ dpV¡$ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p A¡S>ÞV$p¡ A_¡ rh[fL$p¡_p¡
k¬`L®$ `Z kp^u iL$p¡ R>p¡ S>¡Ap¡ ]¡$icfdp¬ `\fpe¡gp R>¡. apµdp£ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ `pk¡
A¡S>ÞV$p¡ A_¡ rh[fL$p¡ dpfa[ S>dp L$fphu iL$pe R>¡ S>¡Ap¡ Aphu k¡hpAp¡ Ap`¡ R>¡.
ApS>L$pg, `p¡õV$ Apµqakp¡ A_¡ bµÞL$p¡ `Z çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p eyr_V$p¡ hl¢Q¡ R>¡. [¡d
R>[p¬, [dpf¡ _p¢^ g¡hu Å¡Ci¡ L¡$ bµÞL$p¡ A_¡ `p¡õV$ Apµqakp¡ Üpfp h¡Qhpdp¬ Aphu
!&
fl¡gu çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡_¡ [¡Ap¡_u `p¡[p_u ep¡S>_pAp¡ NZhu Å¡CA¡ _lv.
bµÞL$p¡ A_¡ `p¡õV$ Apµqakp¡_u A¡L$dpÓ c|rdL$p fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pAp¡
hl¢Qhpdp¬ d]$]$ L$fhp_u R>¡.
âhplu[p :
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p eyr_V$p¡ AÐe¬[ âhplu R>¡. Myëgu dy]$[_u ep¡S>_p_u bpb[dp¬, [d¡
My]$ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ `pk¡\u S> [¡ q]$hk_p gpNy `X$hp `pÓ A¡_A¡hu ]$f¡ L$p¡C`Z
L$pdL$pS>_p q]$hk¡ eyr_V$p¡ dy¼[ L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. bp¬^u dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬,
[d¡ dpÞe iµf bÅf Äep¬ a¬X$_p eyr_V$p¡ _p¢^pe¡gp lp¡e [¡dp¬ eyr_V$p¡_p kp¡]$p L$fu iL$p¡
R>p¡.
k¡¼V$f õ`¡riqaL$ eyr_V$p¡ :
Ap A¡hp¬ a¬X$p¡/ep¡S>_pAp¡ R>¡, S>¡ DÛp¡Np¡_p¬ a¼[ [¡hp¬S> k¡¼V$fp¡_u rkL$epµfuV$uAp¡dp¬
fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ R>¡ S>¡ Apµaf_p ]$õ[ph¡Å¡dp¬ k|rQ[ L$ep¯ lp¡e, ]$p.[. apdp®õe|qV$L$ëk, kpµãV$hµf,
TX$`\u h¡Qp[p¡ N°plL$cp¡Áe dpg (A¡aA¡dkuÆ) `¡V²$p¡rged õV$pµ¼k hN¡f¡. k¡¼V$f
õ`¡riqaL$ a¬X$p¡ kpdpÞefu[¡ kq¾$e âL$pf_p¬ lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ [¡hp¬ a¬X$p¡ Üpfp kpd_p¡ L$fp[p¬
Å¡Mdp¡ õ`¡riqaL$ k¡¼V$f_p Å¡Mdp¡ `Z R>¡. Ap a¬X$pd¡ p¬ hm[fp¡ k¬br¬ ^[ k¡¼V$fp¡/DÛp¡Np¡_u
L$pdNufu `f Ahg¬rb[ lp¡e R>¡.
L$f bQph_pfu ep¡S>_pAp¡ :
Ap ep¡S>_pAp¡ AphL$h¡fp ^pfp 1961_u Qp¡½$k Å¡NhpCAp¡ l¡W$m fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡_¡ L$f
hm[fp¡ Apµaf L$f¡ R>¡ L¡$dL¡$ kfL$pf Qp¡½$k dpNp£dp¬ fp¡L$pZ dpV¡$ L$f âp¡Ðkpl_p¡ Apµaf L$f¡
R>¡ ]$p.[. Cs¼hV$u k¬gÁ_ bQ[ ep¡S>_pAp¡ (CA¡gA¡kA¡k). `¡Þi_ ep¡S>_pAp¡ S>¡
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ Üpfp iê$ L$fhpdp¬ Aphu lp¡e [¡ `Z L$fgpcp¡ Apµaf L$f¡ R>¡. Ap ep¡S>_pAp¡
h©sÝ^ ArcdyM lp¡e R>¡ A_¡ dy¿eÐh¡ Cs¼hV$uAp¡dp¬ fp¡L$pZ L$f¡ R>¡. [¡Ap¡_u k¬L$mpe¡gu
h©sÝ^_u [L$p¡ A_¡ Å¡Mdp¡ L$p¡C`Z Cs¼hV$u-ArcdyM ep¡S>_p S>¡hu lp¡e R>¡.
r_rò[ hm[f ep¡S>_pAp¡ :
r_rò[ hm[f ep¡S>_pAp¡ A¡hu ep¡S>_pAp¡ R>¡ S>¡ ep¡S>_p_u L$pdNufu_¡ Ýep_dp¬ gu^p
rkhpe eyr_V$^pfL$p¡_¡ Qp¡½$k hm[f_u Mp[fu Ap`¡ R>¡. A¡L$ ep¡S>_p hm[fp¡_y¬ hQ_
Ap`u iL¡$ _lv, Å¡ Aphp¬ hm[fp¡_u âpep¡S>L$ A\hp Aµk¡V$ dµ_¡S>d¡ÞV$ L¬$`_u
(A¡A¡dku) Üpfp k¬`|Z® NµfÞV$u Ap`hpdp¬ _ Aphu lp¡e A_¡ Ap Apµaf_p ]$õ[ph¡S>dp¬
Ål¡f L$fhy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. [dpf¡ ep¡S>_p_u k¬`|Z® dy]$[ dpV¡$ hm[f_u A\hp a¼[ AdyL$
!'
dy]$[ dpV¡$ S> [¡_u Mp[fu Ap`hpdp¬ Aphu R>¡ L¡$ L¡$d [¡ Apµaf_p ]$õ[ph¡S>dp¬ L$pmÆ`|h®L$
hp¬Qhy¬ Å¡CA¡. L¡$V$guL$ ep¡S>_pAp¡ A¡L$uhM[¡ A¡L$ hj® hm[fp¡_u Mp[fu Ap`¡ R>¡ A_¡
[¡Ap¡ buÅ hj®_u iê$Ap[dp¬ [¡_y¬ Ahgp¡L$_ L$f¡ R>¡ A_¡ [¡dp¬ a¡fapf L$f¡ R>¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_p_u L$pdNufu ÅZhp bpb[ :
ep¡S>_p_u L$pdNufu [¡_p iyÝ^ AõL$epd[ d|ëe (A¡_A¡hu)dp¬ âr[tbrb[ \pe R>¡, S>¡
Myëgu dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬ ]¥$r_L$ ^p¡fZ¡ A_¡ bp¬^u dy]$[_u ep¡S>_pAp¡_u
bpb[dp¬ AW$hpqX$L$ ^p¡fZ¡ Ål¡f L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p A¡_A¡hu
h[®dp_`Óp¡dp¬ ârkÝ^ L$fhp S>ê$fu R>¡. A¡_A¡huT çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u h¡bkpCV$p¡ `f
`Z D`gå^ R>¡. kh® çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ dpV¡$ [¡Ap¡_p A¡_A¡hu A¡A¡dA¡aApC_u h¡bkpCV$
www.amfiindia.com `f dyL$hp_y¬ `Z S>ê$fu R>¡ A_¡ Ap_p¡ [d¡ A¡L$ õ\m¡ kh®
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p A¡_A¡huT dpV¡$ k¬`L®$ kp^u A_¡ [¡Ap¡_u L$pdNufu_u ApL$fZu L$fu
iL$p¡ R>p¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ dpV¡$ A^®-hprj®L$ `qfZpdp¡_p¬ ê$`dp¬ [¡Ap¡_u L$pdNufu ârkÝ^ L$fhp_y¬
`Z S>ê$fu R>¡, S>¡dp¬ AdyL$ kde dpV¡$_p¬ A¡V$g¡ L¡$ R> drl_p, 1 hj®, 3 hj®, 5 hj®
[\p ep¡S>_pAp¡_u õ\p`_p\u [¡Ap¡_p¬ hm[fp¡/D`Å¡_p¡ `Z kdph¡i \pe R>¡. [d¡
Ly$g AõL$epd[p¡_p MQp®Ap¡_u V$L$phpfu S>¡hu buÆ rhN[p¡ `Z [`pku iL$p¡ R>p¡ L¡$dL¡$
Ap_u Akf D`S> `f `X¡$ R>¡ A_¡ A¡S> AX$^p hj®_p _dy_pdp¬ buÆ D`ep¡Nu dprl[u
Å¡C iL$p¡ R>p¡.
rhrh^ ep¡S>_pAp¡_u D`Å¡ krl[ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ `f_p rhrh^ Aæepkp¡ kpà[prlL$
^p¡fZ¡ _pZp¬rhjeL$ AMbpfp¡dp¬ ârkÝ^ L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. Ap b^p¬ D`fp¬[, OZu
k¬ip¡^_ k¬õ\pAp¡ `Z rhrh^ ep¡S>_pAp¡_u L$pdNufu_p A\®dp¬ [¡Ap¡_p ¾$dp¬L$ krl[
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u L$pdNufu `f k¬ip¡^_pÐdL$ l¡hpgp¡ `Z ârkÝ^ L$f¡ R>¡. [dpf¡ Ap
l¡hpgp¡_p¡ Aæepk L$fhp¡ Å¡CA¡ A_¡ [d_¡ `p¡[p_¡ Sy>]$p¬ Sy>]$p¬ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u rhrh^
ep¡S>_pAp¡_u L$pdNufu rhi¡ dprl[Npf fpMhp Å¡CA¡.
[d¡ rhrh^ ep¡S>_pAp¡_u L$pdNufu_u A¡S> L$np l¡W$m_p¬ buŬ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u L$pdNufu
kp\¡ [yg_p L$fu iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ Cs¼hV$u ArcdyM ep¡S>_pAp¡_u L$pdNufu b¡ÞQdpL®¹$k
S>¡hp L¡$ buA¡kC k¬h¡]$_pÐdL$ cphk|rQ, A¡k AµÞX$ `u kuA¡_A¡¼k r_ãV$u hN¡f¡ kp\¡
`Z kfMphu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_u L$pdNufu_p ^p¡fZ¡, [dpf¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_pdp¬ ¼epf¡ âh¡ihy¬
A\hp [¡dp¬\u _uL$mu S>hy¬ [¡ _½$u L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡.
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D`gå^ A_¡L$ ep¡S>_pAp¡dp¬\u A¡L$ ep¡S>_p L$Cfu[¡ `k¬]$ L$fhu ?
[dpf¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_p_p¡ Apµaf_p¡ ]$õ[ph¡S> L$pmÆ`|h®L$ hp¬Qhp¡S> Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡
ep¡S>_p A\hp A¡S> çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_u buÆ ep¡S>_pAp¡_u L$pdNufu_u L$pfqL$]$w_p¡
c|[L$pgu_ f¡L$pµX®$ `Z Å¡hp¡ Å¡CA¡. [dpf¡ A¡hp S> fp¡L$pZ_p DØ¡ip¡ ^fph[u buÆ
ep¡S>_pAp¡ kp\¡ L$pdNufu `Z kfMphhu Å¡CA¡. Å¡ L¡$ ep¡S>_p_u c|[L$pgu_ L$pdNufu
[¡_u cprh L$pdNufu_u r_]£$iL$ _\u A_¡ c|[L$pmdp¬ kpfu L$pdNufu crhóedp¬ S>mhpe
L¡$ _ `Z S>mhpe, R>[p¬, fp¡L$pZ_p¡ r_Z®e L$fhp dpV¡$ Ap A¡L$ dlÐh_y¬ `qfbm R>¡.
F>Z ArcdyM ep¡S>_pAp¡_u bpb[dp¬, c|[L$pmdp¬ hm[fp¡dp¬ Å¡hp D`fp¬[, F>Z
CÞõV³$d¡ÞV$_u NyZhÑp `Z Å¡hu Å¡CA¡ S>¡ [¡Ap¡_p ¾$dp¬L$_dp¬ âr[tbrb[ \pe R>¡.
hm[f_p¡ Ap¡R>p¡ ]$f ^fph[u `f¬[y bl¡[f ¾$dp¬qL$[ CÞõV³$dÞ¡ V¹$kdp¬ fp¡L$pZp¡ ^fph[u ep¡S>_p
h^y kgpd[ lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. [¡S> âdpZ¡, Cs¼hV$u ep¡S>_pAp¡dp¬ `Z, [d¡ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_u
NyZhÑp dpV¡$ `Z Å¡C iL$p¡ R>p¡. [d¡ r_óZp[p¡_u kgpl `Z gC iL$p¡ R>p¡.
çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ rhi¡ dprl[u :
gNcN b^p¬ e ¡ çey à ey A g a¬ X $ p ¡ [¡ A p¡ _ u `p¡ [ p_u h¡ b kpCV$ p ¡ ^fph¡ R>¡ . [d¡
A¡Ad¡ A¡aApC_u h¡b kpCV$ www.amfiindia.com `f b^p¬e¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p
A¡_A¡hu, A^®-hprj®L$ `qfZpdp¡ A_¡ `p¡V®$ap¡rgep¡_u rhN[p¡ `Z d¡mhu iL$p¡ R>p¡.
[d¡ k¡bu_u h¡b kpCV$ www.sebi.gov.in `f S>C A_¡ k¡bu_p r_ed_p¡ A_¡
dpN®]$i®_p¡, çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ `f dprl[u, çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ Üpfp _p¢^phpe¡gp X²$pãV$ Apµaf
]$õ[ph¡Å¡, çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡_p¬ kf_pdp hN¡f¡ A¬N¡_u dprl[u dpV¡$ ""çeyÃeyAg a¬X$''
rhcpN `f S>C iL$p¡ R>p¡.
aqfep]$_p r_hpfZ bpb[ :
[d¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$ ep¡S>_p_p Apµaf_p ]$õ[ph¡S>dp¬ k¬`L®$ dpV¡$_u ìes¼[_y¬ _pd Å¡C
iL$ip¡ S>¡_p¡ [d¡ L$p¡C`Z `|R>`fR>, aqfep]$p¡ A\hp [L$fpfp¡_u bpb[dp¬ k¬`L®$ kp^u
iL$p¡ R>p¡. çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_p V²$õV$uAp¡ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_u âh©rÑAp¡_u ]¡$Mf¡M fpM¡ R>¡.
A¡A¡dku_p qX$f¡¼V$fp¡ A_¡ V²$õV$uAp¡_p¬ _pdp¡ `Z Apµaf_p ]$õ[ph¡Å¡dp¬ Apàep¬ lp¡e R>¡.
fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ [¡Ap¡_u aqfep]$p¡_p r_hpfZ dpV¡$ k¡bu_p¡ k¬`L®$ `Z kp^u iL¡$ R>¡. aqfep]$p¡
dmhp `f, k¡bu k¬b¬r^[ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$p¡ kp\¡ bpb[ D`pX$u g¡ R>¡ A_¡ Äep¬ ky^u
bpb[_y¬ r_fpL$fZ \pe Ðep¬ky^u [¡Ap¡_u kp\¡ k¬`L®$dp¬ fl¡ R>¡.

kpd|rlL$ fp¡L$pZ ep¡S>_pAp¡
kpd|rlL$ fp¡L$pZ ep¡S>_pAp¡ (kuApCA¡k) A¡V$g¡ S>¡_u l¡W$m fp¡L$pZL$pfp¡ apmpAp¡ Ap`¡
R>¡ [¡ AµN°ud¡ÞV$, S>¡ apmpAp¡ A¡L$Ó L$fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡ A_¡ _ap/AphL$ d¡mhhp_p
l¡[y\u, A¡L$dpÓ A¡N°ud¡ÞV$dp¬ hZ®h¡gp¬ l¡[y dpV¡$ hp`fhpdp¬ Aph¡ R>¡. kh® kuApCA¡k
L¬$`_uAp¡ k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gu lp¡e A¡ S>ê$fu R>¡.
[dpf¡ A¡ r_rò[ L$fhy¬ Å¡CA¡ L¡$ Ap kpd|rlL$ fp¡L$pZ ìehõ\p L¬$`_u k¡bu `pk¡ _p¢^pe¡gu
lp¡e A_¡ ep¡S>_pAp¡ iê$ L$fu_¡ S>_[p `pk¡\u a¬X$p¡ Dcp¬ L$fhp dpV¡$ gpeL$ lp¡e. Aphu
ep¡S>_pAp¡A¡ afÆep[fu[¡ ¾¡$qX$V$ ¾$dp¬qL$[ [¡dS> d|ëep¬L$_L$[p® A¡S>Þku Üpfp d|ëep¬L$_
L$fpe¡g lp¡hy¬ S>ê$fu R>¡. ep¡S>_pAp¡ V²$õV$uAp¡ Üpfp d¬S|>f L$fpe¡gu `Z lp¡hu Å¡Ci¡ A_¡
r_ed_p¡ Üpfp `|fu `pX$hpdp¬ Aph¡gu dprl[u ^fph[u A_¡ k¡bu `pk¡ [¡ ep¡Áefu[¡
_p¢^phpe¡gu lp¡hu Å¡Ci¡.
âL$fZ 5
fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ r_hpfZ
[d¡ A_¡ r_ed_L$[p®Ap¡A¡ gu^¡gp¬ kh® kphQ¡[u_p¬ `Ngp¬ R>[p¬, [d_¡¡ L¡$V$guL$ aqfep]$p¡
lp¡C iL¡$ R>¡. r_ed_L$[p, õh r_ed_L$pfL$ k¬õ\pAp¡ A_¡ r_ed_L$[p® Üpfp ]¡$Mf¡M
fMp[u dp¡Sy>]$ k¬õ\pAp¡ [dpfu aqfep]$p¡_p r_hpfZ dpV¡$ L$p¡CL$ âL$pf_u e¬ÓZp ^fph¡
R>¡.
_uQ¡_p¡ L$p¡W$p¡ aqfep]$p¡_p¡ âL$pf A_¡ r_hpfZ dpV¡$ [d¡ S>¡_p¡ k¬`L®$ kp^u iL$p¡ [¡ kÑp
âõ[y[ L$f¡ R>¡. D`fp¬[, [d¡ k¡bu A_¡ L$pe]$p_u A]$pg[ kp\¡ aqfep]$ D`pX$u g¡hp
õh[¬Ó R>p¡.

L$p¡_¡ gN[u aqfep]$ R>¡ L$p¡_p¡ k¬`L®$ kp^hp¡

Cõe|/L¬$`_u Cõe| L$f_pf L¬$`_u/guX$ d¡_¡S>f/iµf bÅf_p
L$çàgpeÞk Apµqakf
kp¡]$p¡/]$gpg/`¡V$p-]$gpg k¬b¬r^[ iµf bÅf_p¡ fp¡L$pZL$pf aqfep]$ L$n
ÇeyÃeyAg a¬X$ çeyÃeyAg a¬X$_u L$çàgpeÞk Apµqak
qX$`p¡rTV$fu krh®kuk fp¡L$pZL$pf k¬`L®$ L$n A\hp k¬b¬r^[
qX$`p¡rTV$fu
L$pµ`p£f¡V$ Aµ¼i_ k¬b¬r^[ L¬$`_u/ k¬b¬r^[ iµf bÅf
DÝeõ\uL$[p® dÝeõ\uL$[p®/k¬gÁ_ Ap¥Ûp¡rNL$
A¡kp¡kuA¡i_/A¡kApfAp¡_p
L$çàgpeÞk Apµqakf

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