‘

‘‘

‘ ‘

  ‘‘
‘ ‘

Modern telecommunications are essential to modern society. The emergence of new

technology introduces new elements into the built environment of our cities and creates

demand for additional facilities. Efficient and cost-effective communications are an

important part of a functioning town and contribute to its growth and economic

development.

Telecommunication facilities require a network of towers, antennas and associated

structures. Frequently, hill tops are good locations because they enable signals to be

picked up from and transmitted to a large area. With increased demand for mobile

telephone services and the deregulation of the number of carriers, there has been a

significant increase in the demand for such facilities.

Until early 2000, The Nigeria Telecommunication Limited (NITEL) was the National

³Carrier and Possessor´ of the monopoly on the provision of telecommunication

services. However, it was ineffective and ill-equipped to cope with the

telecommunication needs of Nigeria¶s developing economy.

In 2001, the Federal Government through the Nigeria Communication Commission

(NCC) issued Licenses to three (3) operators namely; MTN, Econet and NITEL to

c
establish and operate GSM services in Nigeria. This marked the beginning of the rapid

growth of the telecommunication industry in the country.

It is quite certain that by mid 2008, the active lines in Nigeria will be 60 million with a

favourable capacity to tip at 63.4 million (IT & Telecom Digest, Feb. 2008). But with this

comes a lot of responsibilities from telecommunication regulatory authorities because of

the network of facilities that need to be put in place to cope with the increasing demands

from phone users.

Our urban centres have witness unprecedented erection of masts to accommodate

phone users with little regards to standards, health, safety and general well of the

teeming population. This has become an eye sore to urban planners and a threat to the

general well being of inhabitants of where this masts are located.

Has permit and clearance been given before the location of some of this masts? Are

proper standards and procedures strictly adhered to? This are some of the question this

research pose to answer with a view to bring out proposals for the location and

distribution of GSM masts and protection of health, safety and general well being of

inhabitants of Jimeta.

‘‘‘‘

Preliminary studies in Jimeta indicates that GSM mast are located poorly and in

effect health, safety and general well being of inhabitants is being compromised. The

erection of this masts are erratic and has a problem to urban managers.

u
 Jimeta has a population of 198,247 (Nigeria Population Commission, 2006) therefore

the demand for base stations is high because of its population and increasing number of

phone users. By implication more base stations need to be provided for effective

network coverage and optimum service delivery without regards to laid down

procedures and guidelines.

‘‘

The aim of the study is to analyse the spatial distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta with

the view to making proposals for improved health and safety and general well being of

the inhabitants of Jimeta.

‘ ‘

1. To review the Standards and criteria for location and distribution of GSM masts in

urban areas.

2. To study the location of existing GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola

3. To examine the criteria for the location of GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola

4. To examine the relationship between Land Uses and GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola

5. To make Proposals for location of GSM masts in Jimeta based on the outcome of

the study.

‘
‘ ‘

The research will provide answers to the following questions:

a) What is the nature and location of the existing GSM masts in Jimeta?

b) What are the relationship between Land Uses and GSM mast?

-
 c) Why are standards, procedures and permissions not adhered to?

d) Who are responsible for monitoring locations of GSM mast with regards to

permissions, EIA reports etc.

e) Are these standards, procedures and permissions strictly adhered to?

‘ ‘‘‘

The study is limited to Jimeta the state capital which comprises of Yola North Local

Government due to time and financial constraints of the researcher.


‘ ‘‘


‘
!"#$ %&'‘&%()$#*+,‘

The establishment of Jimeta dates back to 1880 when it serves as a trading port for The

Royal Company. Its significant growth was as a result of establishment of native town

by the British in 1903, where their attendants where housed. It is called Clerk Quarters

today.

By 1963, it had a population of 36,300 (Federal Office of Statistics,1995). It presently

forms part of what is now referred to as Greater Yola. Jimeta when compared to other

ancient towns like Kano, Maiduguri, Benin and Oyo is relatively new in the hierarchy of

town development in Nigeria.

The growth of the town was a result of the forces and circumstances that control it

(Mallum, 1992). For instance the natural birth rate increased couple with the inflow of

people into the town for business and other socio-economic activities has over the years

manifested in the expansion of Jimeta town towards Jambutu, Damilu etc.

‰


‘ ‘‘-‘

The town of Jimeta is roughly located between 9o 15´ North and longitude 12o 30´ east

of the equator. It has a latitude of about of 190m above sea level. It is bounded to the

north and north- east by the River Benue, in the south by Yola South and the West by

Jambutu satellite town Lake Gerio .

Jimeta in recent years has grown beyond it, River Benue border in the north due to

the flow of people in search of business and other means of livelihood. Jimeta is the

seat of Government of Adamawa State and is located north of Yola at a distance of

about 2km. It grew and develop as a river port with natural crossing port on the Benue

river.

The river serves a trading route between Adamawa and Cameroun Republic

especially for Royal Niger Company. Although Yola is referred to as the State Capital of

Adamawa, Jimeta is the Administrative, Commercial and industrial centre of the State.


‘‘ ‘

The are six (6) notable land uses in Jimeta they include but not limited to;

Residential Land Use

Commercial Land Use

Recreational Land Use

Administrative Land Use

Industrial Land Use

A
Institutional Land Uses.

It covers about 41% of the urban land uses in the low, medium and high density areas.

The highly populated residential zone are those for the low and medium income

earners. Administrative land uses consist of public water supply, treatment plant,

electricity lines, hospitals, airport and this covers about 2% of the total land mass of the

land uses pattern.

Institutional land use is about 10% and it includes educational and religious land use.

Industrial land use is found along Numan road and Bajabure industrial layout.

Recreational land uses consist of the amusement park, cinema, hotel high clubs, sports

field, open spaces and this takes about 7% of the urban land mass in Jimeta.

Agricultural land mass is found around the periphery and covers about 18% of the total

land mass.

Commercial land uses covers about 9% of the land mass and it includes markets,

shops, petrol stations and banks.


‘‘

They are two (2) vegetation zones within Adamawa State, the Sub-Sudan and Northern

Guinea Savannah Zone. The Sub-Sudan is marked by short grasses and interspersed

by short trees commonly found in the northern part of the state. The Guinea Savannah

Zone is marked with thick tall grasses and trees. This covers greater part of the State

within which Jimeta falls.

r
 Vegetation of the environment of Jimeta is secondary vegetation. This is due to mans

action through construction, grazing and felling wood and gathering among others,

having destroyed the natural vegetation.


‘ ‘‘

Adamawa State in general picturesque mountain land traversed by River valleys of

Benue, Gongola and Yedzaram. The valleys of Cameroun, Mandara and Adamawa

Mountains forms part of this undulating landscape. Like most areas of northern Nigeria,

the soil of Adamawa State is dry from basement complex while few other places are on

sandstone shale and alluvium. Jimeta consist of alluvium soil (Max Lock, 1976).


‘ ‘

The population of Jimeta was given as 198,247 (NPC,2006). The population was of

people from all ethnic groups in Nigeria. However, the indigenous population is made of

Laka, Verre, Bata Fulani and Hausa. The town is civil service town, although

commercial trading is prominent.

Some percentage of the population is engage in fishing. Farming is also practice by

section of the population. Cash crops produce includes groundnuts, rice while the food

crops are millets, cassavas, maize etc.

A lot of dry season vegetable gardening is being undertaken at the Lake Gerio and

River Benue banks. The Fulanis engage in cattle rearing.

ü


‘  ‘

Jimeta is served with communication networks, water supply and is connected to the

national grid. Three types of banks are operational in Jimeta; these are the commercial

banks, specialised banks and the central bank of Nigeria (CBN). There are over fifteen

(15) banks and four (4) specialised banks in Jimeta. It also has over ten(10) insurance

companies. Educational facilities and health services are also available in Jimeta. There

are 101 primary schools, 22 post primary schools and five (5) post secondary

institutions. There is a government specialist hospital, sixty nine (69) Health clinics and

dispensaries (Bashir,1999).

Within Jimeta are some shopping complex, hotels, sport facilities, cinema halls etc.

However, there are some rural communities which do not enjoy this infrastructures.

[


‘  ‘‘‘ ‘‘./
‘‘

The idea of Environmental Impact Assessment has its origin in the United State in the

late 60¶s. This was as a result of public growing concern over the accelerating rate of

environmental degradation resulting from major development, major accidents

especially involving toxic chemicals.

In Nigeria almost 32 years later the Federal Government saw the need for EIA when

in 1988 it promulgated the Environmental Protection Decree. The concept of

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the process of assessing, evaluating or

predicting the direct and indirect effect of a major policy action development on its

immediate or distant environment.

The purpose of the EIA study is to assess all action that may result in significant

physical, chemical, biological, hydrological, cultural, social and health perturbations (i.e.

changes) to the existing natural environment and the communities within the proposed

project area.

EIA is traditionally carried out to assess the potential environmental and social

impacts of a propose developmental activity. It is an environmental management tool,

which provide a project proponent with fore knowledge of likely impacts that may arise

from a planned development (or any activity or whatsoever that may adversely affect

the environment or alter/change the ecosystem balance) with a view to mitigating (i.e.

ameliorating/minimising) the impact.

Specific objectives of EIA are;

å
 i. To gather from existing data sources, field survey and sampling, relevant

background data/information on the general environmental (physical, biological,

chemical and socio economic) components of the proposed sites that are likely to

be impacted by the proposed telecommunication infrastructural deployment

activities.

ii. To analyse the data obtained and describe the present environmental status of

the study area prior to the proposed activities, with particular reference to all the

environmental components significant to mobile telephone, infrastructure

development and expansion activities.

iii. To identify adverse and potential environmental impacts that may arise from the

proposed activities in the study area, and recommend appropriate mitigation

measures and environmental management and monitoring plan for their

amelioration.



‘
 ‘‘‘ ‘‘‘

An EIA process consists of the following stages;

1. Screening; this involves examining the proposed project to find out if it falls under

categories of project which requires EIA or not.

c

2. Preliminary Assessment; this involves identification of the projects key impacts

on the local environment and description/prediction of the likely extent of the

impact.

3. Full EIA;

a. Scoping; obtaining basic knowledge of the main characteristics of the

projects e.g. site preparation, construction etc and the principal

environmental elements contained within the area likely to be affected by

the proposed project.

b. Baseline studies; scope parameters to ascertain the conditions of in the

environment existing before the implementation of the proposed project.

c. Impact prediction/Evaluation; it involves determination of magnitude,

extent and significance of the expected impacts.

d. Mitigation measure; the measures to be taken to prevent, reduce, remedy

or compensate for each of the adverse impacts evaluated.

4. EIA review; competent authority project leader with technical assistance

5. Consultation and public participation; environmental agencies, environmental

groups, community leaders and all stakeholders should be involved in the

process

6. Synthesizing the findings; using the decision arrived at by various stakeholders

and groups after consultation and public participation is pertinent here

7. Decision making; the best decision and alternative that carries all stakeholders is

to be taken for the proposed project

8. Implementation;

cc
 9. Post-auditing

Three (3) main classes of quantitative impact techniques are commonly used, namely;

a. Checklist method

b. Matrix method

c. Network method.



‘‘‘‘ ‘‘

‘The purpose of undertaking an EIA is to provide system of information for planning and

decision makers. Market forces can hardly provide valuable information for decision

makers and public, especially on adverse environmental impact of a proposed

development or measures of mitigating the adverse effects.



‘ ‘‘‘‘‘  ‘

‘

The wide use of a relatively new technology raises the question of whether there are

any implications for human health. Although, there are conflicting reports relating the

probable health effect of GSM mast.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the state of complete

physical, mental and social well being, not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Thus

it is essential that the probable impact of base stations on the health of residents within

their immediate vicinity in particular be assessed.

The assessment of any health impact resulting from exposure to radioactive frequency

(RF) fields depends on the results of a well planned and executed scientific research.

cu
This is germane because any effect of exposure to RF at the levels encountered from

telecommunications is likely to be subtle.

Precautionary measures like clearly defined physical exclusion zones be provided

around each base station antennas , which delineates area within which exposure

guidelines may be exceeded. The purpose of such exclusion zone is to prevent

members of the public from exposure to RF.



‘ ‘‘‘‘‘
 0 ‘ ‘

There are many ways which both environment and aesthetic is affected by location of

mast. Some of the identified environmental impact associated with GSM mast include

but not limited to:

J Emission of pollutants gases from machineries and power generators.

J Accidental spill from handling of diesel.

J Spent paints during routine servicing and maintenance checks.

J Falls and injuries arising from maintenance of mast.

J Accidental collapse of mast.

J Fire and explosion.

J Obstruction to flight navigation etc.

Bulky and complex mast sited in high density residential areas have adverse visual

effects

c-

‘‘   ‘ ‘. /‘ ‘‘

Primarily this Act is to create and provide a regulatory framework for The Nigerian

Communications Industry and all matters related thereto and for that purpose and

without detracting from the generality of the foregoing. The objectives are but not limited

to:‘

I. Promote the implementation of the national communication or telecommunication

policy as may from time to time be modified and amended.

II. Establish a regulatory framework for the Nigerian communication industry and for

this purpose create an effective, impartial and independent regulatory authority

III. Promoting the provision of modern, universal, efficient, reliable, affordable and

easy accessible communication services and the widest range thereof

throughout Nigeria.

Section 135 of the Act specified the required approval for network installation which

states that; Licensee under this Act may require approval of the State Government,

Local Government or other relevant authority for installation, placing, laying or

maintenance of any network facilities on, through, under or across any land and it

shall be the responsibility of such licensee to obtain such approvals.

Section 136 further states that;

A licensee shall, in installing its network facilities, take all reasonable steps to ensure

that he cause as little detriment and inconvenience, and does as little damage, as is

practicable.

c‰
 If a licensee engages in an activity under this part in relation to any land, the

provider shall take all reasonable step to restore the land to a condition that is similar

to its condition before the activity began.

All licensees shall, in connection with the installation of their respective network

facilities, take all reasonable steps to;

a) Act in accordance with good engineering practice

b) Protect the safety of persons and properties

c) Ensure that the activity interfere as little as practicable with-

i. The operation of public utility

ii. Public roads and paths

iii. The movement of traffic

iv. The use of land

d) Protect the environment.


‘1‘‘ ‘‘‘‘ 
‘

. /‘

Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority metamorphosed from The

Gongola State Urban Planning and Development Authority established under Edict of

21st November 1986. The function of the Authority shall be;

a. To administer, execute and enforce the provisions of the Town Country Planning

law within the areas for which the Authority has been appointed The Planning

Authority

cA
 b. Foster the development of the State through the exercise of its powers and

functions under the Edict

c. To carry out the functions and duties provided for in this part in particular in other

areas declared as Urban areas in the State

d. To do such other things that appear to it to be necessary, requisite or

advantageous for the purpose of carrying into effect its functions under this Edict

The Authority shall establish a Town Planning Division the function of which shall be-

i. To prepare or cause to be prepared and keep under continuous review land

Development plans for the Urban centres of the State

ii. Prepare, publish and implement planning schemes for each designated Urban

centres

iii. Subject to the provisions of any Law, control the use and development of land

within Urban centres

iv. To act as State agents activities related to physical and environmental planning

within its areas of jurisdiction

v. To prepare and provide layout plan for commercial, industrial, recreational and

institutional uses

vi. To plan or cause to be planned Urban renewal programmes to upgrade the

environmental quality of blighted areas or part of Urban centres

vii. To give effects to all planning by-laws

viii. The collection of property tax

ix. To preserve buildings, objects of architectural interest and the historic character

of the urban centres within its areas of jurisdiction

cr

‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘  ‘ ‘ 1‘ ‘

‘‘‘‘ 


‘

1. Evidence of Site Acquisition; ‘

This involve identifying a suitable site for the proposed mast. Then entering a

negotiation for the site for either outright purchase or lease agreement then the

lease agreement or sales agreement and all legal document pertaining to the site

is attached and formed part of the document to be submitted to the authority for

application for permit.‘

2. EIA Report;‘

While telecommunication network can bring substantial benefits to business and

social users, such development if insensitively cited can be enormously out of

tune from their environment and natural landscape.

The purpose any EIA is to allay the fear that some peoples well being may be

adversely affected by the location of mobile phone stations. These ranges from

mobile phone users, those who work and live around base stations. The impact

reports will be examining mainly three areas namely: Health, Aesthetics ( Visual)

and Public Sensibilities.

3. Aviation Clearance; ‘

Mobile phones and their base stations transmit and receive signals using

electromagnetic waves. All electromagnetic radiation or waves consist of

cü
 oscillating electric and magnetic field. Frequencies between 100 KHz and 300

KHz comprises radio frequency (RF) band widely used for telecommunication

including radio and television.

All these frequencies and waves directly interfere with aviation communication

routes hence, permit and clearance has to be obtained first.‘

4. 2yrs Audit report; ‘

Two (2) years audited report of any GSM operator must be submitted with all

relevant documents‘

5. Site Inspection;‘

Development Control department staff must inspect the site of all mast to ensure

that standard are strictly adhered to all relevant permits and clearance has been

obtained.

Some of the criterion to be critical looked into by Development Control Officers are

but not limited to;

A. Location of proposed development to ascertain;

i. Neighborhood of the proposed development

ii. Zoning location

iii. Density of location

iv. Maximum height of mast allowable at the proposed location

v. Whether the proposed site falls within any planning scheme

B. Physical characteristics of the site to check;

a. Size of plot

b. Maximum are developable

c[
c. Land form

d. Topography

e. Soil condition

C. Accessibility of proposed site to establish;

i. Type of roads serving the proposed site

ii. Hierarchy of road

iii. If access road is a Federal road

iv. Width of access road

v. Does it terminate at the plot

vi. Can the proposed project development hinder access to future

development

D. Proximity of proposed site to facilities and utilities in the neighbourhood

such as;

a. School

b. Hospital/clinic

c. Shopping centre

d. Place of worship

e. Sporting area

f. Office

g. Industry

h. Distance to high tension electricity line

i. Distance to water line

j. NNPC pipe lines

cå
 k. Telephone lines

E. Distance to special features/areas such as

i. lake

ii. mountain

iii. quarry site

iv. river/stream

v. gully

vi. railway line

vii. expressway

F. . Setbacks and airspace; distance of proposed project to existing

Buildings and roads

G. Characteristics of the proposed development with respect to;

a. proposed use

b. if any development readily accessible to household utility line

c. conformity of proposed development with planning scheme for the

area

d. if fencing is to be encouraged

6. Payment of required fees‘

u


‘
‘


‘
‘


‘ ‘

This chapter attempts to explain the various methods and procedures which will be

employed in conducting this research. In order to obtain an objective results, variety of

methods and tools will be used for the purpose of collecting data which will eventually

be followed by analysis of the data using appropriate techniques.‘


‘‘‘‘ ‘

The types of data used for this study involves data related to locations of GSM mast in

Jimeta, the health and environmental impact and mitigating measures for reducing the

erratic sitting of masts.


‘  ‘‘‘

In order to obtain relevant valid information for research, the data utilized for this study

was primary and secondary data.



‘$ 2&$3‘&"&‘

Through personal observation, questionnaire administration, interviews with various

stakeholders (Zain, MTN, GLO, Etisalat, Adamawa State Urban Planning and

Development Authority, Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministry of Environment,

NCC etc.)



‘4%#+,&$3‘&"&‘

uc
Secondary data was obtained from published and unpublished papers to be equipped

with theoretical background of the subject matter.


‘‘‘

Sampling is the selection of part to represent the whole. Sampling is necessary for

research because it is not possible for a researcher to include all elements of the

population for reasons of time, resources and accessibility. 300 questionnaires was

distributed to service consumers, service providers and regulatory authorities to get

their response.


‘‘
 ‘

The sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique, in which every

9th household was sampled for interview.


‘‘  ‘ ‘

Instrument utilised for the data collected for this research includes questionnaires and

personal observation to authenticate the existence of the variables that was considered

in the questionnaires.


‘‘  ‘  ‘

In collecting data for this research, the researcher visited the field for observation and

assessment, oral interviews, questionnaire administration as well as the collection of

EIA reports of GSM companies, NCC Act, Federal Ministry of Environment etc. Both

random and systematic sampling techniques were used in the selection of respondents.

uu

5‘ ‘‘‘‘‘‘

To analyse the data that was gathered, various statistical methods was be used

especially the parametric instruments. This involves tabulating and percentages, mean,

charting (Pie and Bar Chart) to present the data in an easy and understandable manner.

u-

‘ ‘

‘6‘‘‘ ‘


‘ ‘

This chapter presents and analyse the data collected, it also present and discusses the

findings according to the research questions raised. 300 questionnaires were

administered to various stakeholders ( Service Consumers, Service Providers and

Regulatory Agencies) and 296 were retrieved and analysed. The results of the findings

are presented below;

#% #742#)$&89 %‘%9&$&%"4$ !" %!‘#:‘$4!8#+,4+"!‘

This section presents the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. They

include Status of Respondents, Educational Qualification, Occupation, Designation etc.

They are important for this study because they influence people¶s perception towards

GSM masts and how they affect the environment.

u‰
  ‘  ‘

Fig. 1

O
 



u-

Ar
uc



 

‘ ‘
Source: Field Survey 2009

From figure above, 21% of the respondents are Wives, 23% are Husbands while 56%
are others which includes Sons, Daughters, Nieces, Nephews etc.

uA
Fig. 2

?



  




u     
 

-
  
 
u‰ c‰


c[ 
‰c



  

   

Source: Field Survey 2009

The Chart above revealed that 3% of the respondents did not indicate their level of

education, 14% are Secondary School Certificate Holders, 18% of the respondents are

Graduates, while 24% are Post Graduates and 41% are OND/NCE holders.

ur
Fig. 3

m


A

‰A
‰

-A
-

uA ‰ü
u

cA
c

A c[

- - å cå
 

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the figure above, 1% of the respondents did not indicate their occupation, 3% are

Artisans/Technical Service providers, also 3% are into Trading/Merchandising, while 9%

are Retired. 18% are Unemployed, 47% are Civil/Public Servants while 19% are other

form of occupation which includes Consulting, Bankers etc.

uü
Fig. 4

^
 

  

  
 
 

r-
ü

r

A

‰
-u
-
     
u

     

c
A
 




  

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the Chart above, 63% of respondents indicated that they were consulted before

the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed, 32% indicated that they were not

consulted before the Mast in their Neighbourhood was constructed while 5% did not

indicate whether the community was consulted or not before construction of Mast in

their Neighbourhood.

u[
Fig. 5

| 



 
 
  

O
 
  
 

-c


rå 

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the figure above, 69% of the respondents indicate that construction of GSM Mast

has brought changes to their Neighbourhood while 31% of the respondents indicate that

the construction of GSM Mast did not bring any changes to their Neighbourhood.

uå
Fig. 6



 

 
  

O
 
 
    


[  
     
-u c[   
  
   
ü  
    
c u 
c[ cü
cu - 

   

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the Chart above, 7% of the respondents indicated that Cutting of Trees to avoid

interference with Signal is the changes brought to their Neighbourhood, 8% indicated

that it is Changes in Aesthetics and 17% indicated that the combination of Noise from

Generating Sets and Changes in Aesthetics are the changes brought to their

Neighbourhood as a result of construction of GSM Mast. While 18% of the respondents

believe it is Noise from Generating Sets and Obstruction are the changes brought to

their Neighbourhood and another 18% indicated that the combination of all the above

mentioned are the changes brought to their Neighbourhood.

-

Fig. 7

|
 
 O
 

c


[c
[

r

‰
       

u
c‰ 

 
A




  

Source: Field Survey 2009

81% of the respondents from the Chart above indicated that their are not happy living

close to a Base Station, 14% of the respondents are happy living close to the Base

Station while 5% did not indicate or are adamant about it.

-c
Fig. 8





 
 


O


‰ A
A A
‰
-
u
c

 V
      
 

       
 
  
 
  

 
  

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the figure above, 4% of the respondents indicate that they are happy living close

to a Base Station because of consistent light around the Base Station, 5% indicated that

they are happy living close by because of better network service while another 5% are

happy living close to the Base Station for no apparent reason or did not indicate.

-u
Fig. 9

-
-

uA
u
c[
cA
c‰
c
ü ü
A -
u

V
    
         

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the Chart above, 2% of the respondents indicate that they are not happy living

close to a Base Station because of Risk/Fear of accidental collapse of mast, 3%

indicated that they are not happy because of the danger of living close to the mast and

7% indicates Radiation as their reason for not happy living close to a Base Station.

Another 7% of the respondents indicates Radiation and Pollution as their reason for not

being happy living close to a Base Station while 14% are not happy living close to a

Base Station for no apparent reason or not indicated. 18% believe Health

concern/problems are their fear of not being happy living to a Base Station and 30%

indicates Environmental Pollution is their reason.

--
Fig. 10

÷ 
 
  
O
 

 
 ?
 



c

[c

A

cü
u        


     


    

 
   

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the Chart above, 81% of the respondents think the construction of GSM Mast will

have effect on the Environment, 17% of the respondent do not believe the construction

of GSM Mast will have on the Environment while 2% did not indicate whether the

construction of GSM Mast will have effects on the Environment or not.

-‰
Fig. 11


?
 


!
   
   

   
 
   
u‰ cA
c
    

 
 
‰
         
uu
  
u‰ c c u 

c u - 

 
 

Source: Field Survey 2009

The figure above indicate that 1% of the respondents believe Spent Paints during

Servicing and Maintenance Checks is the common Environmental problem associated

with GSM Base Station, 4% indicate Accidental Spills from handling diesel the common

Environmental problem while 10% indicated Noise from Generating Set is the problem.

15% of the respondents indicates Emission of Gas Pollutants from Generating Sets is

the common Environmental problem,22% indicates the combination Gas Pollution from

Generating Sets and Spill from handling diesel are the common Environmental

problems. And 24% also indicates the combination of Gas Pollution from Generating

Sets and Noise from same Generating Sets are the common Environmental problems

while another 24% of the respondents believe that all the above mentioned are the

problems.

-A
  ‘‘

Fig. 12

?



  


c


[c
[

r

‰

  
 
u
c c[





 

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the chart above, about 81% of the respondents possess a HND/Graduate

Certificate, 18% possesses a Post Graduate level of Education while 1% is NCE/OND

level holders.

-r
Fig. 13

÷    
O
 
" 

O ! 

uA -c


 

u[ cr
 

Source: Field Survey 2009

From the Chart above, MTN has 31% of the total number of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola,

GLO 28% while about 25% of the masts is being covered by ETISALAT. And 16% is

Zain.

-ü
Fig. 14

   

 
O



c


[

r
åA
‰

u


A
     

  




Source: Field Survey 2009

The figure above reveals that 95% of the Service Providers obtain land for the erection

of GSM mast through lease agreement while 5% is outright purchase.

-[
4! )+&" #+‘#:‘$4!8#+,4+"‘#:‘!4$; %4‘8$#; ,4$‘

Table 1

S/NO Designation of Respondent Service Provider

1. Roll-Out Manager Globacom

2. Base Station Transmission Engineer Globacom

3. Capital Project MTN

4. Radio Access Manager Zain

5. Facility Manager Zain

6. Maintenance Engineer Etisalat

Source: Zain, Globacom, MTN and Etisalat 2010

From the Table 1 above, the respondents of Globacom are Roll-Out Manager and Base

Station Transmission Engineer, Capital Project for MTN while the respondents for Zain

are Radio Access and Facility Managers respectively and Maintenance Engineer for

Etisalat is the respondent.

-å
*2<4$‘#:‘‘2&!"!‘&+,‘=94+‘=&!‘ "‘%#+!"$*%"4,‘

Table 2

S/NO Name of street/area where mast is Year of construction Service Provider

located

1. Old Market/ Ajiya street 2005 Globacom

2. Karewa 2006 Globacom

3 Opposite Government House 2005 Globacom

4. Beside FCE 2005 Globacom

5. Behind Abti Ventures 2005 Globacom

6. Jambutu 2009 Globacom

7. Old GRA 2005 Globacom

8. New Market 2005 Globacom

9. Bachure 2009 Globacom

10. State Secretariat 2006 Zain

11. Church Street 2005 Zain

12. Sports Council 2005 Zain

13. Massalachi Close 2008 Zain

14. Bishop Street 2006 Zain

‰

15. Bachure 2006 Zain

16. Mallamre 2009 Etisalat

17. Mohammed Mustapha Way 2009 Etisalat

18. Behind Rajah Shopping Mall 2009 Etisalat

19. Rock Haven Avenue 2010 Etisalat

20. Doubeli 2010 Etisalat

21. Jambutu 2010 Etisalat

22. Yola Road 2010 Etisalat

23. Wuro Jabbe 2010 Etisalat

24. Kashim Bila Street Karewa Ext. 2007 MTN

25. Behind Government House Yola 2007 MTN

26. Mallamre 2008 MTN

27. Police Around About 2009 MTN

28. Behind GTB 2006 MTN

29. Jambutu 2009 MTN

30. Shinco 2005 MTN

‰c
31. Gimba Road (Bornoma Residence) 2003 MTN

32. Behind Jimeta Temporary Stadium 2004 MTN

33. Bachure 2009 MTN

Source: MTN, Globacom, Zain & Etisalat 2010

From the above table, Globacom has nine (9) masts in Jimeta, Zain has six (6) GSM

masts while Etisalat has eight (8) masts and MTN has ten (10) GSM masts in Jimeta

making the number of GSM masts in Jimeta to be thirty three (33).

194$4‘,#‘3#*‘#<"& +‘84$2 "‘:$#2>‘

Table 3

S/NO Regulatory Authority where permit Type of permit Service Provider

is obtained

1. ASUPDA Development Permit MTN, Zain, GLO

& Etisalat

2. National Civil Aviation Authority Aviation Clearance MTN, Zain, GLO

& Etisalat

3. Ministry of Environment EIA Certificate MTN, Zain, GLO

& Etisalat

Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010

‰u
From Table 3 above, the service providers obtain permit from ASUPDA, NCAA and

Ministry of Environment and the type of permits are development permit, aviation

clearance and EIA certificate respectively.

$ "4$ #+‘&+,‘!"&+,&$,!‘

Table 4

S/NO Plot sizes Height of mast Service Provider

1. 12m X 30m, 50m and Globacom

12m, 15m 70m
x 15m and
20m x 20m

2. 15m X 35m, 50m, MTN

15m and 70m & 100m
20m x 20m

3. 12m X 35m, 50m and Zain

12m and 75m
15m x 15m

4. 15m X 50m, 75m and Etisalat

15m and 100m
20m x 20m

Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010

From Table 4 above, the standards with respect to plot sizes are 12m x 12m, 15m

x15m & 20m x 20m and height of mast are 30m, 50m and 70m for Globacom, 15m x

15m and 20m x 20m for plot sizes for MTN while the height of masts are 35, 50m, 70m

& 100m respectively, 12m x 12m & 15m x 15m for plot sizes for Zain and 35m, 50m and

75m for height of mast. And 15m x 15m & 20m x 20m in terms of plot sizes for Etisalat

while the height of mast standards are 50m, 75, and 100m respectively.

‰-
*2<4$‘#:‘84#8'4‘428'#34,‘&"‘"94‘<&!4‘!"&" #+‘

Table 5

S/NO NO Role Training of personnel Service Provider

1. 3 Security guards Monaco Guards MTN

2. 3 Security Guards Monaco Guards Globacom

3. 2 Security Guards Maza Guards Zain

4. 2 Security Guards Royal Security Guards Etisalat

Source: Globacom, Zain, MTN & Etisalat 2010

Table 5 indicates that three (3) people each are employed at the base station by MTN

and Globacom as security guards and are trained by Monaco Guards, while Zain and

Etisalat each have two (2) guards trained by Maza Guards and Royal Security

respectively.

#*$%4!‘#:‘8#=4$‘

Table 6

S/NO Source Service Provider

1. Generating set All Service providers(MTN, GLO,

Zain & Etisalt)

‰‰
2. Power Holding Company of Nigeria All Service providers

(PHCN)

Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.

The table above indicates that the source of power by the service providers are

generating sets and PHCN.

194$4‘,#‘3#*‘#<"& +‘, 4!4'‘

Table 7

S/NO Where diesel is obtained Service Provider

1. From contractors All Service Providers

Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.

From table 7 above, all the service provider obtain diesel through contractors.

#+"$#'‘#:‘42 !! #+‘#:‘)&!‘

Table 8

S/NO Control measure Service Provider

1. Exhaust pipe All Service Providers

2. Muffler All Service Providers

Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.

Table 8 above shows that exhaust pipe and muffler are the measures used by the

service providers to control emission of gas.

‰A
 #+"$#'‘#:‘+# !4‘:$#2‘)4+4$&" +)‘!4"!‘

Table 9

S/NO Control measure Service Providers

1. Soundproof Generating sets All Service Providers

Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.

The table above indicates that the measure used to control noise from generating sets

by the Service Providers is the use of soundproof generator.

19&"‘&$4‘"94‘%#22#+‘4+; $#+24+"&'‘8$#<'42!‘ +‘"94‘<&!4‘!"&" #+!>‘

Table 10.

S/NO Problems Service Providers

1. Emission of gas pollutants All Service Providers

2. Noise from generator All Service Providers

3. Accidental spill from handling diesel All Service Providers

4. Spent paint during servicing and All Service Providers

maintenance checks.

Source: Globacom, MTN, Zain & Etisalat 2010.

From Table 10 above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are

emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel

and spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks.

‰r
  ‘ 
‘

1‘‘ ‘‘‘‘ 
‘

4! )+&" #+‘#:‘4!8#+,4+"‘

Table 11.

S/NO Designation Qualification

1. Director Town Planning Post Graduate Certificate

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

From Table 11 above the designation of the respondent from ASUPDA is The Director

Town Planning and his education qualification is a Post Graduate Certificate.

#'4‘#:‘ ‘ +‘'#%&" #+‘#:‘‘2&!"‘

Table 12

S/NO Role

1. Granting Planning Permission

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

Table 12 above indicates that the role of ASUPDA in location of GSM mast is that of

granting planning permission.

‘
‘

‰ü
 $ "4$ #+‘:#$‘&88$#;&'‘

Table 13

S/NO Criteria

1. Location away from schools and flight path

2. EIA Certificate from Ministry Of Environment

3. EIA Produced report

4. Evidence of Site Acquisition and Lease Agreement

5. Payment of relevant fees

6. Site visitation by Development Control Department

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

The table above indicates that the criterion for approval of mast are, location away from

schools and flight path, EIA Certificate from Ministry of Environment, EIA produced

Report, Evidence of Site Acquisition, Payment of relevant fees and site visitation.

#=‘,#‘3#*‘2#+ "#$‘"94‘4$4%" #+‘#:‘‘2&!"‘"#‘4+!*$4‘%#28' &+%4>‘

Table 13.

S/NO Monitoring Mechanism

1. Through Development Control Department Site Visitations

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

‰[
From Table 13 above, the regulatory authority monitor the erection of GSM mast to

ensure compliance through site visitations by Development Control department.

4;4'‘#:‘%#28' &+%4‘

Table 14

S/NO Level

1. Existence of Approved and Unapproved Masts by all

service providers.

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

Table 14 above indicates that Unapproved mast by all service providers exist showing

poor level of compliance by the service providers.

&+,‘*!4‘-#+ +)‘ +‘&88$#;&'‘#:‘2&!"‘

Table 15

S/NO Zoning Type

1. Mixed Land uses

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

From the table above mixed land use is indicated as zoning criteria for the erection of

masts.

‘
‘
‘

‰å
;& '&< ' "3‘#:‘2&!"!‘= "9#*"‘&88$#;&'084$2 "‘

Table 16

S/NO Yes/NO List Reason

1. Yes All service providers Service providers devise means

of using contractors to cut

corners to erect mast failure to do

that result to non payment to the

contractors

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

From Table 16 above, ASUPDA indicated that their exist GSM mast that do not have

permit/approval by all service providers through contractors who cut corners to get their

payment.

#22#+‘+; $#+24+"&'‘8$#<'42!‘#:‘&!4‘"&" #+!‘

Table 17

S/NO Problems

1. Emission of gas pollutants

2. Noise from generator

3. Accidental spill from handling diesel

4. Spent paint during servicing and maintenance checks.

Source: Adamawa State Urban Planning & Devt. Authority (ASUPDA) 2010

A

 From the table above, the common environmental problems in the base stations are

emission of gas pollutants, noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel

and spent paint during servicing and maintenance check.


‘‘

‘ From the data collated by different respondents which includes GSM Service

consumers across the study area, the GSM Service providers and Regulatory

Authority, they are about 33 GSM mast spread across Jimeta-Yola.‘

‘ MTN has more mast than all the other service providers with about 10 GSM masts

while Globacom has 9, Etisalat the recent addition to GSM industry has 8 and Zain

has 6 mast.‘

‘ Most of the communities where these masts are located have been consulted

before construction of the GSM mast while a fraction were not consulted.‘

;
‘ Most of the inhabitants of where GSM masts are erect indicates that the mast

brought changes in their neighbourhood. Changes such as Aesthetics quality,

noise and obstruction and altering of the environment.‘

;
‘ The study revealed that most inhabitants of where GSM mast are located are not

living close the base stations because of fear/ risk of accidental collapse, effect

of radiation, pollution, health concerns and environmental problems.‘

;
‘ The research also reveals that the location of masts will have effects on the

environment.‘

;
‘ The common environmental problems discovered associated with the location of

GSM mast in neighbourhood include emission of pollutants from generators,

Ac
 noise from generators, accidental spill from handling diesel and spent paint

during servicing and maintenance checks.‘

;
‘ Majority of the masts located in the study area are on lease agreement‘

?
‘ And the research reveals also that the Service Providers obtain permit and

approval from Adamawa State Urban Planning & Development Authority,

Ministry of Environment and National Civil Aviation Authority.‘

?
‘ It has been discovered by the study that the criteria for the approval of permit are

EIA reports, EIA Certificate, Evidence of Site Acquisition or Lease Agreement,

Site Designs and Drawings, payment of relevant fees and Aviation Clearance.‘

?
‘ Standard plot sizes used for the location of the masts are 12m X12m, 15m X

15m and 20m X 20m‘

?
‘ Also the Height of the mast varies from 30m, 50m, 70m and 100m respectively.‘

?
‘ The study also reveals that between 2 & 3 people are employed at the base

stations as security guards usually trained by private security guards (Monaco

guards for MTN & Glo, Maza Guards for Zain and Royal Security for Etisalat)‘

? ;
‘ It has also been discovered that all the service providers uses Generators

and PHCN as their source of power but with much usage of generators.‘

?;
‘ And it has been revealed that service providers uses contractors to supply

diesel for their generators‘

?;
‘ The service providers also uses exhaust pipe ad mufflers to control emission

of gas from generators.‘

?;
‘ While they use soundproof generators to control noise pollution.‘

Au
 ?;
‘ The study reveals that ASUPDA¶s role as a regulatory authority is that of

granting planning permission.‘

? ?
‘ And the research also reveals the existence of both approved and

unapproved GSM masts in the study area.‘


‘‘‘‘@‘‘ ‘‘‘‘

 ‘‘7

‘

‘ ‘

0‘  ‘  ‘

c
0 Very negative impact‘

2. 6. Negative impact

3. 7. No impact/ neutral

4. 8. Average positive impact

5. 9. Moderate positive impact

6. 10. Outstanding positive impact

‘

Below 40%, not acceptable

41- 60% Critical condition
61% and above, acceptable.

A-
0‘ &24‘#:‘!"$44"0&$4&‘ 4$; %4‘ 28&%"!‘ %#$4‘

=94$4‘2&!"‘ !‘ $#; ,4$‘

'#%&"4,‘

1. Old Market/ Ajiya Globacom Aesthetics 6

street
Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

A‰
 Height of 7

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 48

2. Karewa Globacom Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

AA
 Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 6

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 47

3. Beside FCE Globacom Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 6

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 6

site to

existing

Buildings &

Ar
 Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 6

Zoning

Land Use 6

Compatibility

Total Score 44

4. State Secretariat Zain Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 6

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 6

site to

Aü
 existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 6

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 6

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 44

5. Church Street Zain Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

A[
 Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 7

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 48

6. Sports Council Zain Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 8

Aå
 Location

Plot Size 8

Distance of 8

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 8

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 8

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 53

7. Mallamre Etisalat Aesthetics 6

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

r

 Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 8

Zoning

Land Use 8

Compatibility

Total Score 50

8. Mohammed Etisalat Aesthetics 6

Mustapha Way
Noise 0

rc
 Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 8

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 8

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 7

Zoning

Land Use 8

Compatibility

Total Score 51

ru
9. Wuro Jabbe Etisalat Aesthetics 8

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 9

Location

Plot Size 9

Distance of 9

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 9

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 9

Zoning

Land Use 9

r-
 Compatibility

Total Score 62

10. Kashim Bila Street MTN Aesthetics 7

Karewa Ext.
Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 6

r‰
 Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 48

11. Behind GTB MTN Aesthetics 7

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 7

Location

Plot Size 7

Distance of 7

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

Proximity to 7

Utilities &

rA
 Facilities

Height of 0

Zoning

Land Use 7

Compatibility

Total Score 41

12. Bachure MTN Aesthetics 7

Noise 0

Smoke 0

Liquid 0

Waste

Zoning 9

Location

Plot Size 9

Distance of 9

site to

existing

Buildings &

Roads

rr
 Proximity to 9 ‘

Utilities &

Facilities

Height of 9

Zoning

Land Use 9

Compatibility

Total Score 61

Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing

three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like

Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid

Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads,

Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to

the magnitude of the effect.

Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition

because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which

in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority

while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances.

Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts

because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards.

rü
The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and

other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is

acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in

critical condition.


‘ ‘

If left unchecked the indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication

site within the study area will turn to eye sore and a major problem to urban managers.

The study revealed according to Contreau, (2003: 36) that the visual character of a

natural and cultural landscape may alter in way that greatly changes the local

population appreciation of it, making it less attractive for recreation. From the summary

above inhabitants of where such mast are located indicated reservation to location of

such mast in their neighbourhood due to some reason which include fear, health

concern, radiation etc.

The major concern according to Salvato (1992:3) should be maintenance of the

environment to suit man¶s efficient performance, comfort, preservation and the

engagement of life. With increase in telecommunication development, human impact on

the environment needs to be controlled to benefit man¶s wellbeing, economy and natural

resources.

It implies as Jimoh (2000:41) stated, that government is not performing her duties as

expected, that her fiscal policies are skewed against environmental management.

r[
From the scores of the Analysis of the Spatial and Environmental Effect of the

Distribution of GSM masts in Jimeta-Yola, it has clearly been revealed that most of the

GSM masts in the study area fall below acceptable level of compliance and standards.

Twelve (12) GSM masts were selected from the four (4) Service Providers representing

three (3) different zones. High, medium and low density residential zones. Effects like

Land Use Compatibility, Height of Zoning, Noise Pollution, Smoke Pollution, Liquid

Waste, Zoning Location, Plot Size, Distance of Site to existing buildings and roads,

Proximity to Utilities and Facilities are enumerated. Then scores allocated according to

the magnitude of the effect.

Out of the three (3) masts selected from Globacom, none scored above critical condition

because of non compliance to Regulatory Authorities Guidelines and Standards which

in some instance are as a result of negligence on the part of the Regulatory Authority

while the Service Providers are responsible for the low scoring in most of the instances.

Zain masts also scored below acceptable level from the three (3) selected masts

because of the above listed effects and non adherence to physical standards.

The selected masts from Etisalat scored higher because of their zoning location and

other spatial factors that worked in their favour, the mast in Wuro Jabbe particularly is

acceptable.MTN masts in Bachure scored above acceptable level while the other are in

critical condition.

rå

‘‘

 6‘   ‘‘ ‘


‘ ‘

This chapter summarizes the entire research; suggest some recommendations towards

indiscriminate erection of multiple single user telecommunication sites within the study

area draw conclusion. It also gives some recommendation for further research.


‘ ‘

The purpose of this study is to Analyse the Spatial Distribution and Location of GSM

Masts in Jimeta- Yola. An understanding of this will enhance the future of the

environment with respect to erection of GSM mast ensuring sound environmental and

global trends in location of such mast. This study seeks to establish the location &

distribution of the masts in the study area, permits obtained before erection, criterion for

the permit/approval, adherence to standards with a view to enhance environmental

planning and management. The secondary data used for this research came from

published and unpublished paper related to GSM. The primary data was collected

through personal observation, interviews and questionnaires designed to provide

relevant answers to the research questions raised in Chapter one. The sample size of

300 populations for GSM consumers, 12 for GSM service providers and 3 for regulatory

authority were selected for the research out of which 296 proper responses were

received from service consumers, 6 from service providers and 1 from regulatory

authority were received.

ü

 This study has revealed that their are 33 GSM mast in Jimeta-Yola with wide

consultation with community where the mast are located by the service providers. Their

exist both mast that has approval and unapproved mast by all the service providers.

The research also reveals that most inhabitants of where this mast are believe the mast

has brought changes to the environment such as noise from generators, aesthetics etc.

With majority of them not comfortable living close to the mast because of fear/risk of

accidental collapse, radiation, health concern and environmental pollutions as the major

factor. The common environmental problems as discovered by the research are noise

from generators, emission of gas from generator, accidental spill from handling diesel,

and spent paint during servicing and maintenance.

The major statistical instrument used in the data analysis involves tabulating, charting

etc.


‘   ‘

From the summary above, if left unchecked the erection of multiple single user

telecommunication site within the study area will turn to eye sore and major problem to

urban managers. Because the study has revealed the environmental problems

associated with these masts, the ineffectiveness of the regulatory authorities, the cutting

of corners by service providers to maximise profit, the fears and concern of inhabitants

of where such masts are which are genuine and need to be addressed.

The best way to go about addressing these is to adopt new global trend in

telecommunication management which is suitable to both service providers and service

consumers. The use of ³Collocation of Telecommunication Infrastructures. Collocation is

üc
 the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication operators. This will reduce the

erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance cost by service providers curtail

multiple environmental problems spread across by each operator. Collocation is at the

moment in practice in USA, Europe, Asia some part of Africa such as Kenya ,Mauritius

etc.


‘ ‘

From the data collected from various respondents and in line with current global trend in

telecommunication management, the following measures could be adopted to manage

the future location and distribution of GSM mast.

1. Government should make it mandatory for Service Providers through proper legislative

backing to erect environmental friendly GSM mast, with landscaped perimeter fencing

and encourage the use of Solar Power system to reduce the pollution that comes

directly as a result of using generators. The legislative backing to be passed by the

State House of Assembly should include current acceptable environmental practice a

standard for each mast to be erected failure to comply would attract stiff penalty and

subsequent violations to attract heavier fines.

2. Government should take inventory of existing GSM mast with a view to exploring the

use of Collocation infrastructures by the service providers themselves. The use of

Collocation of which will reduce the use of multiple single user telecommunication

infrastructures. Collocation is the use of single cell site by multiple telecommunication

operators. This will reduce the erection of multiple single cell site, reduce maintenance

cost by service providers curtail multiple environmental problems spread across by each

üu
 operator. Such Collocation infrastructures should also be environmental friendly and

powered by solar energy.

3. Government should in conjunction with a Technical Telecommunication Infrastructure

Provider together with legislative backing set up a Collocation Telecommunication

Infrastructure for all Service Providers to subscribe to. This involves passing into law by

the State House of Assembly the use of An Independent Collocation Infrastructure

Provider as a permanent solution to erratic mast erections , appropriate parcels of land

of average 20m X 20m to accommodate a maximum of six (6) operators per location

and liaising with technical partners to provide Collocation Infrastructure that will be

subscribe by the service providers.

This will act as income generating opportunity for the state, employment opportunity and

in general sound environmental practice.

ü-