

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
EF

١٦٧
  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬?   ? EF ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ? 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
 
  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   W ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬  .٦
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
     ‫א‬
     ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫؟‬‫א‬
     ‫؟‬
 ‫א‬
     ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
   EZ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
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 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KE١١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ א‬K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(gm/cm3) ٣ L dK ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W
m
 d =
v
 K‫א‬vm 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEpyknometer‫א‬F K١
K١٠٠ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
KEF‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Kw1‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 Kw2، ‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 E‫א‬‫א‬WF
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬V‫א‬،w3 = w2- w1w3‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ٣L W3  Z‫א‬
V
-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK٣K‫א‬K٢KK١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Kwg‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K٣v1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٣v2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 Kv =v2-v1 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
wg
٣
  L
v Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Viscometer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
L١٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
πr 4 f
 η = t ×
8 vl
‫א‬W r ،‫א‬ l :،‫א‬‫א‬W f ،‫א‬‫א‬W t W
 K‫א‬‫א‬W v ،‫א‬
E2F‫א‬E1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  t1 , t 2 
η1 f 1t1
∴
  η =
2
f 2t2
πr 4
 W‫א‬K
8 vl ‫א‬‫א‬
f = g ×d ×h
 K‫א‬‫א‬W h ،‫א‬W d ،‫א‬‫א‬W g
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
η1 g × d1 × h t1 t1 × d1
= × =
η2 g × d2 × h t 2 t 2 × d2

η1 t1 × d1
∴ η = t × d 
2 2 2

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ٣١٥F   K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
η2 Lpoise
о
‫א‬‫א‬
10.06 20
8.93 25
8.00 30
7.20 35
 
 Kpoise ‫א‬W

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
  PV = nRT = RT
M
 W
 ‫א‬  WP
 ‫א‬  WV
‫א‬ WW
‫א‬‫א‬ WM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WT
 ‫א‬‫א‬ WR

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠ K١
K K٢
K K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K K٦
K K٧
K٥٠٠ K٨
K‫א‬ K٩
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ J٢

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
KW2‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
KV‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
  M = (W2 −PVW1 )RT = (W2 − W1 ×2 )V0.082 × T

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W?Q?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  Q=C×W×∆T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T ، W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫ א‬K٤
 K°١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،T1‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ J١
KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
KT2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  C × W(T2 − T1 ) + 100(T2 − T1 ) = 100(100 − T2 )
 
100(100 − T2 ) − 100(T2 − T1 )
  ∴ C = (T2 − T1 )× W cal/k/g 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KW‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬F‫א‬ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E°٩٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
KT1‫א‬
KT2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬ J٣
KT3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CcalWcal (T3 − T2 ) + 100(T3 − T2 )
  Cpb = Wpb (T1 − T3 ) Cal/k/g
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ItA
 W = 
nF
‫א‬A‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬I 
٩٦٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wn‫א‬‫א‬
 KL
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Wexp
  I % = × 100
Wtheo
‫א‬‫א‬Wexp‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I% 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wtheo‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W K١
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE1M NiSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4FE1M CuSO4 + 1.5M H2SO4F K٢
K K٣
KEF K٤
K K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
I = 5, 10, 50, 100 mA/cm2
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 KWexp.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

I × t × A I × 30× 60× 63.54

  (Wtheo) Cu = nF = 2× 96500
    
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
W exp
  I% =        
W theo

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ١٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
CH3COOC2H5 + OH- → CH3COO- + C2H5OH
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
EaF ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 x
  k = ×
t a (a − x )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 Kt‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE0.05 MF‫א‬ K١
KE0.05 MF‫א‬ K٢
KE0.025 MF‫א‬ K٣
KE0.025 MF‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬ K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K١٠ K٢
K٥٠ K٣
K K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬
 ٥٠‫א‬ K١
K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬،NaOH٥٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

١٠٠‫א‬١٠٥‫א‬ K٣
E‫א‬FE0.025 MFHCl١٠
K‫א‬
KE0.025MFNaOHHCl‫א‬ K٤
E٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KExF‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCla‫א‬ K١
‫א‬Ea-xFtHCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
a ≡10 ml
  t/min  xNaOH /ml a-x x
a−x
5
10
15
20
25
30
 Ka = 0.025 M
x
Wt ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
a−x
 K K × a Z‫א‬
t 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
2

1
t 1 = 
2 K × a

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K2S2O8 + 2KI → 2K2SO4 + I2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Pseduo-first order‫א‬
2 .303 a
  K = × log
t a−x
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬a
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE0.2 MF‫א‬ K١
KE0.005 MF‫א‬ K٢
KE0.01 M F‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF K١
K K٢
K K٣
K١٠ K٤
K K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K٥٠ K٧
K K٨

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‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠‫א‬E0.2 MF‫א‬٥٠‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬١٠‫א‬٥ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬E0.01 MF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
Kx‫א‬‫א‬Vt‫א‬
E٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KVt‫א‬
١٥٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
V∞‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫ א‬K٦
Ka‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Et‫א‬FVt K١
Ea‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FV∞x
2.303 V∞
 t = × log W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k V∞ − Vt
W‫א‬ K٢
V∞ = mL 
 t/ min Vt V∞-Vt V∞ V∞
log
V∞ − Vt V∞ − Vt
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

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‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

V∞
KE‫א‬‫א‬Ft‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F log ‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
V∞ − Vt
 Kk ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
  slope = k 2.303
 W t 1 ‫א‬K٥
2

t 1 = 0 . 693 k     
  2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٨
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
H2O2 → H2O + ½O2
‫א‬،MnO2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE0.125 MFH2O2 K١
KE0.05 MFKMnO4  K٢
K (1 M)H2SO4 K٣
KE0.05 gFMnO2 K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠ K١
K١٠ K٢
K K٣
K K٤
K٢٥٠ K٥
K K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬MnO2E٠{٠٥F K٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٠   ٣ K٣
   KMnO4  ‫א‬   H2SO4   ١٠  
K‫א‬
          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٤
K‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
KH2SO4 (1 M)
 W‫א‬
H2O2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 KEa-xF
K(a)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
W‫א‬ K٣
a= ml.
t/ min (a-x) a
log
a
(a − x ) (a − x )

a
 KEFtEF log ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
(a − x )
WEt1/2F‫א‬EkF‫א‬ K٥
k
  slope=
2.303
0 .693
  t 12 =
k

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K٩
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
CH3COCH3 + I2 H+
CH2ICOCH3 + HI
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
x=kt
 Kt‫א‬‫א‬x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K٪١٠ K٢
K١ K٣
K‫א‬٠{١ K٤
K‫א‬٪١٠‫א‬L٠{٥ K٥
K‫א‬ K٦
K K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥ K١
K K٢
K٢٥٠ K٣
K٥٠٠E‫א‬F K٤
K K٥
E٢٥،٢٥٠F K٦

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
١٩٠‫א‬١٠٢٥W‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K٢٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬ K٢
١٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KV‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KE٣٥{٣٠{٢٥{٢٠{١٥{١٠FE٤{٣F‫א‬ K٥
 W EV◦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬٥
 KV◦‫א‬‫א‬٢٥‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 V◦Vx
  x ≡ V° − V
 Kk‫א‬t(V◦-V)‫א‬‫א‬

  V ≡ a 
 t/min V ≡ a − x Lml V° − V ≡ x /ml

5
10
15
20
 25
30
35
 

 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  K١٠
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KBrO3 + 5KBr + 3H2SO4 3Br2 + 3K2SO4 +3H2O
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O
H

O
H
B
r

B
r
+
3
H
B
r
+
B
r2

B
r
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ Rate α
⎝t⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− E / RT
  Rate = Ae a
 W‫א‬،T/K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea،A
1
  = A′e
− Ea / RT

t
⎛1⎞
  ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ Z − E a + C
ln
RT
 C
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
‫א‬   ⎜ T ⎟  ln ⎜⎝ t ⎟⎠ ‫א‬
E a

R ⎝ ⎠
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE0.01 MFK١
E0.08MF‫א‬E0.16M)‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E0.3MF‫א‬K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK١٠٥٠K١
K‫א‬K٢
KK٣
KK٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٠ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬١٠H١٠
K‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٠{٤٠،٣٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ⎜ T ⎟  ln⎜ t ⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
 
T K t/ min 1
t
( t)
ln 1 1
T
20 + 273
30 + 273
40 + 273
50 + 273

- ٢٣ -
 EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ١٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J

- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E∆HF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BOH HXK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
HX + BOH → H2O + BX + ∆H
H+ + X- + B+ + OH- → H2O + B+ + X-
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٠{١ J١
 K‫א‬٠{١ J٢
 K‫א‬٠{١ J٣
 K‫א‬٠{١ J٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J١
 K٢٥٠E‫א‬F J٢
 K٢٥٠ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬١٠٠ J١
 KETiF‫א‬‫א‬
 KETfF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣

- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(
Q = Ccal×Wcal + Csol×Wsol ∆T )
Wcal E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Csol ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Ccal 
Tf ‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ Wsol ‫א‬
K‫א‬Ti‫א‬KTi 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
∆H = Q x 100 cal/mol

 ∆H  Q   Tf Ti  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

        NaOH HCl
        NaOH  CH3COOH
        NH4OH  HCl 

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KNO3, NH4Cl, KNO3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KNa2SO4, KOH, NaOH‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KW1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Na2SO4NH4ClKNO3٥‫א‬ J
KEF١٠
KW2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 W?Q?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Q = (Ccal×Wcal+Csol×Wsol) ∆T
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T ,WsolZ EW2-W1),Csol=1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W ∆Η ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q
∆Η = × M(salt) Cal/mol
W(salt)
K‫א‬‫א‬M(salt)W(salt)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Van‘tHoff
∆Η 1
  ln S = − R T + const
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆Η‫א‬S
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, KBr, KClW J
K J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٢٢٠‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 KK٣
 KK٤
 K‫א‬K٥
K٦٠٠K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٦٠٠‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥W1‫א‬ K٢
KEW= W2- W1F‫א‬‫א‬W2‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KT‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥FE٤F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 W K
W × 1000
S=
V × M salt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

V/ml T/K S , mol kg-1 ln S 1

T

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ln S

T
  ∆H = −R × ‫א‬Z-2 ×‫א‬Cal/mol 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ∆H = +ve G
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆H = −ve G

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  (SoF  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Salting out  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 WC‫א‬(S)‫א‬
  log ⎛⎜
Sο ⎞
⎟ = KC
⎝ S ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K
⎝ S ⎠
Activity coefficient‫א‬‫א‬fKfZ ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟ ،‫א‬
⎝ S ⎠
 W‫א‬f
⎛S ⎞
 log fZ KC = log ⎜ ο ⎟
⎝ S ⎠
K‫א‬‫א‬C، log ⎛⎜ S ο ⎞⎟ 
⎝ S ⎠
 C f‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0.03N)‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 KEF‫א‬K٣
 ‫א‬K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠K١
KK٢
KK٣
K١٠K٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WE٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
   [BaCl2.2H2O]= ( 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0) M
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E١{٥‫א‬F‫א‬ J٢
K٣٥‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬ J
‫א‬ VNaOH C S°  S Sο
log
Sο f
S S

 
 W‫א‬
0.03× VNaOH
  (Sοor)S = 10
Sο
fK،‫א‬KClog 
S
W
  f = (10)
KC

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٤
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬Freundlich ‫א‬‫א‬
1

  X = KC n

K,n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E 1.0 M)‫א‬ J١
 KE0.1MF‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬ J٤
 K J٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٥٠ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 K K٣
K K٤
K K٥
K K٦
K K٧
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
W‫א‬‫א‬
 Mb =( 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1) M oxalic acid

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٠ J٢
  K
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
K
‫א‬١٠‫א‬EF J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEMaF‫א‬
W‫א‬ J

Bottle V/mL NaOH 

Mb/mol L-1 Ma / mol X/g 
C/ g L-1 log C log X
L-1

 
NaOH (NV)
  Ma = Na 2 = 10× 2  
(Mb − Ma ) ×126
  X= 10   
 C = M a × 126    
 WK,n‫א‬log X log C
 
 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١٥
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬Langmiur isotherm
KC
 θ =
1 + KC
K،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ θ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬θ ‫א‬
N
 θ= N
m

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N
 W، θ =1
N KC
  =
N m 1 + KC
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C =
1
+
C
N KN m N m
 KK ,Nm‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE0.5MF K١
KE0.1MF‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٥٠ K١
K K٢
K K٣
K K٤

- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K K٥
K١٠ K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 Mb =( 0.2, 0.15, 0.12, 0.09, 0.06) M CH3COOH W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٠٠ J
K
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K
‫א‬٢٥‫א‬EF J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEMaF‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J٤

‫א‬ Mb C = Ma ⎛M − Ma ⎞ C N
N =⎜ b ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠

1 1
 Z‫א‬ Z‫א‬،C C N 
KN m Nm
‫اﻟﻤﻴﻞ‬
  K= ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
  ∆Gº= -RT ln KW∆GºK
 W‫א‬ESF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Nm
  S = N m × 6.02 × 1023 × aCH COOH 
3

‫א‬ aCH COOH  3

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
k × 1000
  Λc = Λ∞ =
C
‫א‬Λ∞E‫א‬FC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Λc
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
+ −
  Λ∞ = λ∞ + λ∞
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k
 E
  S = C × Eq.wt.      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(0.01 M KCl = 0.0014 S cm-1)‫א‬ K١
KPbSO4, AgCl, BaSO4W‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K K٢
K K٣

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬ EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
٠{٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
K٢٥١ J١ J٠{٠٠١٤١٣‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
Kkwater
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Kk salt٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
W‫א‬‫א‬
 k = k salt – k water
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
k × 1000
 C = + −
λ∞ + λ∞
W‫א‬
  S = C × Eq . wt
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K sp = (S M .wt ) 
2
   
 BaSO4, AgCl, PbSO4WMX‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
+ 2 -1 1- 2 -1
Ag = 61.90 cm Ω equ. Cl = 76.35 cm Ω equ.
Ba2+ = 63.63 cm2Ω-1equ. ½ SO42- = 80.02 cm2Ω-1equ. ½
Pb2+ = 73.01 cm2Ω-1equ. ½
Ca2+ = 59.50 cm2Ω-1equ. ½

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 EF‫א‬‫א‬

 

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   J
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Dissociation or Association
∆T = k b m   ‫א‬ ƒ
− ∆T = k f m    ‫א‬ ƒ
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬m 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kb 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kf 
 Wm‫א‬
Wsolute ×1000
 m =
Wsolvent × MWsolute
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Wsolute×1000
  MWsolute = ∆T× Wsolvent
× kb 

 
Wsolute×1000
  MWsolute = ∆T× Wsolvent
× kf     

- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK١
KK٢
KK٣
K‫א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K١
KE ‫א‬FK٢
K‫א‬K٣
KK٤
KK٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
‫א‬‫א‬ MWsolute‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ kb
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T
 

- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Naphthalene.K١
 KPhenolK٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥٠F‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E70 ºCF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬ MWsoluteE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬kf K٣
KE‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ∆T
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ kfkb‫א‬K٤
 

- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٨
 W‫א‬
ECF‫א‬EPF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
F = C - P +1      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬EF
E‫א‬F ‫א‬EC = 2F   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KEP = 2F EP = 1F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Phase diagram ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K K١
K K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٥٠F‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬K٣
 KK٤
KK٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٠٠‫א‬ J
W‫א‬‫א‬E٪٦٠F
Wphenol
×% =
Wphenol + WH 2O

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬‫א‬ × % 
 KL١{٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
KETF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬KE٪١٠،١٥،٢٠،٣٠،٤٠،٥٠FW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
١٠ ١٥ ٢٠ ٣٠ ٤٠ ٥٠ ٦٠ ٪‫א‬
T/ºC
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ETCFmax‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 F = C - P     
 K‫א‬C،‫א‬‫א‬P،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪١٠٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EPF‫א‬‫א‬
  Pa +Pb +Pc=100%     
،٪٣٠،٪٦٠F‫א‬K‫א‬ Pc،‫א‬ Pb،‫א‬ Pa
   EPcF ٪ ٦٠    ‫א‬   ‫א‬        E ٪١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ EPaF‫א‬‫א‬، EPbF٪ ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٪ ١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK١٠KE١٠٠F‫א‬٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬
WEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬
٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠  ml‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٦٧ ‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ml‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
K‫א‬
WEW/WF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 ١٠٠CEE‫א‬FDE‫א‬FFZ٪‫א‬

٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬
٪
٪
٪
  
 KL٠{٩٩٦Z‫א‬‫א‬
 KL٠{٨٩٤Z‫א‬ 
 KL٠{٧٨٩Z‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

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 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
c = 2.998 × 10 8 m/s
2
g = 9.806 m/s
F = 96,485 c/mol
R = 8 . 314 J / K . mol
 R= 1 . 987 cal / K . mol
R = 0 . 082 l . atm / K . mol
k = 1.38 × 10 −23 J / K
N = 6.022 × 10 23 mol −1
e = 1.602 × 10 −19 C
−10
e = 4.803 × 10 esu
h = 6.626 × 10 −34 J .s
u = 1.66 × 10 −27 kg
me = 9.109 × 10 −31 kg
m p = 1.673 × 10 −27 kg
m n = 1.675 × 10 −27 kg
 E=2.71828182846
 π = 3 .1415926535 9
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
Boltzman
Avogadro ‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬
Planck 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
e E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 π‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
1K=1ºC+273.16 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 Torr  ‫א‬
= 101.325 kPa
 1 bar = 105 Pa
1 l =103 cm3  ‫א‬
= 1000 ml
1 N = 105 dyne ‫א‬
1 J = 107 erg  ‫א‬
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 year = 365.25 days(d)  ‫א‬
1 day = 24 hours (h)
1 hour = 60 minutes (min)
1 minute = 60 second(s)
 109 esu × 1 C = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

SI‫א‬‫א‬
m meter ‫א‬
Kg kilogram‫א‬  ‫א‬
S second ‫א‬
N Newton ‫א‬
J Joule ‫א‬
W Watt‫א‬ ‫א‬
mol  ‫א‬
cd Candle ‫א‬
A Ampere ‫א‬
Pa Pascal ‫א‬
cgs‫א‬‫א‬
cm Centimeter ‫א‬
g gram‫א‬ ‫א‬
s second ‫א‬
dyne dyne‫א‬ ‫א‬
erg erg‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
Volt Volt ‫א‬‫א‬
Ω Ohm ‫א‬‫א‬
C Colom ‫א‬‫א‬
L liter ‫א‬
atm atmosphere  ‫א‬
k Kelvin ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

10-15 f femto
-12
10 p pico
-9
10 n nano
10-6 µ micro
10-3 m milli
10-2 c centi
-1
10 d deci
3
10 k kilo
106 M mega
109 J giga
1012 T tetra‫א‬

 W‫א‬
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm =106 µm

- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
α ‫א‬
Α
β B 
γ Γ 
δ ∆ 
η Η ‫א‬
 σ Σ 
π Π 
φ Φ 
ψ Ψ 
ω Ω 
θ Θ 
ρ R 
κ Κ 
ε Ε ‫א‬
µ Μ 
υ Ν 
λ Λ ‫א‬
τ Τ  
χ  
ξ Ξ  

- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
ka ‫א‬
k1 = 4.3 × 10 −7 , k 2 = 5.6 × 10 −11  H2CO2  ‫א‬
4.8 × 10−10 HCN ‫א‬
1.8 × 10 −5 CH3COOH E‫א‬F‫א‬
1.8 × 10 −4 HCOOH E‫א‬F‫א‬
6.3 × 10 −5 C6H5COOH ‫א‬
7.2 × 10 −10 H3BO3 ‫א‬
107 HCl ‫א‬
10 9 HBr ‫א‬
1011 HI ‫א‬‫א‬
k1 = 6.9 × 10 −3 , k 2 = 6.2 × 10−8 , H3PO4 ‫א‬
k 3 = 4.8 × 10 −13
5.9 × 10 −9 H3BO3 ‫א‬
k1 = 8.9 × 10−8 , k 2 = 1.2 × 10−13 H2S ‫א‬
kb ‫א‬
1.7 × 10 −5 NH4OH ‫א‬
4.1× 10 −10 C6H5NH2 
5 × 10 −4 CH3NH2 ‫א‬
1.7 × 10 −9 C5H5N 

 

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
k
 f kb  ‫א‬
°C/molal °C/molal
1.86 0.51 H2O ‫א‬
- 1.22 CH3CH2OH ‫א‬
- 0.83 CH3OH ‫א‬
5.12 2.53 C6H6 ‫א‬
- 33.3 C6H5CH3 ‫א‬
1.79 2.02 (C2H5)2O ‫א‬‫א‬
- 3.63 C Cl3H 
29.8 5.02 C Cl4 ‫א‬‫א‬
37.7 5.61 ‫א‬
3.9 3.07 CH3COOH ‫א‬
20 2.79 C6H12 ‫א‬‫א‬
14.4 3.87 C6H5Br 
6.9 5.80 C10H8 
7.4 3.60 C6H5OH 

- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
±
λ∞‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
349.8 H+ ‫א‬
+
38.69 Li ‫א‬
50.11 Na+ ‫א‬
73.52 K+ ‫א‬
73.4 NH4+ ‫א‬
+
59.5 1 Ca ‫א‬
2

63.6 1
2
Ba+ ‫א‬
+
71 1 Pb ‫א‬
2

52.8  1 2 Zn+ ‫א‬

198.0 OH‫־‬ ‫א‬

75.23 Cl‫־‬ ‫א‬
78.1 Br‫־‬ ‫א‬
76.80 I‫־‬ ‫א‬
40.9 CH3COO‫־‬ ‫א‬
79.8 1
2
SO42‫־‬ ‫א‬
2
69.3 1 CO3 ‫־‬  ‫א‬
2

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬F٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
-3.045 Li+ + e = Li
-2.925 K+ + e = K
-2.714 Na+ + e = Na
-1.662 Al3+ + 3e = Al
-0.763 Zn2+ + 2e = Zn
-0.440 Fe2+ + 2e = Fe
-0.36 PbSO4 + 2e = Pb + SO42-
-0.250 Ni2+ + 2e = Ni
-0.136 Sn2+ + 2e = Sn
-0.126 Pb2+ + 2e = Pb
0.00 H+ + e = ½H2
0.15 Sn4+ + 2e = Sn2+
0.153 Cu2+ + e = Cu+
0.222 AgCl + e = Ag + Cl-
0.268 Hg2Cl2 + 2e =2Hg +2Cl-
0.337 Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
0.521 Cu+ + e = Cu
0.536 I2 + 2e = 2I-
0.68 O2 + 2H+ = H2O2
0.771 Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
0.799 Ag+ + e = Ag
1.229 O2 + 4H+ + 4e = 2H2O
1.455 PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e = Pb2+ + 2H2O

- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ks‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
3.7 × 10 −15 Al(OH)3 ‫א‬
-6
5.5× 10 Ca(OH)2 ‫א‬
1.2 × 10 −11 Mg(OH)2 ‫א‬
5× 10-3 Ba(OH)2 ‫א‬
2.2× 10-20 Cu(OH)2 ‫א‬
1.0 × 10 −10 AgCl ‫א‬
1.5 × 10 −16 AgI ‫א‬
7.7 × 10 −13 AgBr ‫א‬
9.0 × 10 −12 Ag2CrO4 ‫א‬
8.5 × 10 −45 CuS ‫א‬
-47
10 Hg2S ‫א‬
7 × 10 −29 PbS ‫א‬
10-97 Bi2S3 ‫א‬
6.3× 10-50 Ag2S ‫א‬
1.1 × 10 −10 BaSO4 ‫א‬
9.1× 10-6 CaSO4 ‫א‬
-6
2.8× 10 CaCO3  ‫א‬
5.1×10-6 BaCO3 ‫א‬
2 × 10 −10 ZnCO3 ‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

EF‫א‬   ph.ph‫א‬
EF
EF  M.O‫א‬‫א‬
EF
EF ‫א‬‫א‬ Litmus‫א‬
EF
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ Mohr
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Fluorescein ‫א‬
‫א‬ Fajan 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EDTA Murexide ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  EDTA EBT 
‫א‬‫א‬  EDTA ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ EDTA 
 PVC ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K٢٥E∆Ho /kcal mol-1F ‫א‬‫א‬

∆Ho  ‫∆ א‬H

o
‫א‬‫א‬

11.72 C6H6‫א‬ -26.42  CO‫א‬‫א‬

-57.08 CH4‫א‬ -94.05 CO2‫א‬
-66.41 C2H3‫א‬ -17.89 CH4‫א‬
-33.25 CCl4‫א‬‫א‬ 54.19 C2H2‫א‬
-68.32 H2O‫א‬ -20.24 CH3CH3‫א‬
-98.35 NaCl‫א‬‫א‬ -24.82 C3H8‫א‬
-270.53 NaCO3‫א‬‫א‬ 19.82 C6H6‫א‬
-217.92 SiO2‫א‬‫א‬ -48.08 CH3OH‫א‬
-288.73 ‫א‬‫א‬ -56.63 C2H5OH‫א‬
CuCO3
-51.20 PbO‫א‬‫א‬ -57.80 H2O‫א‬
-30.38 AgCl‫א‬‫א‬ -11.04 NH3‫א‬
-23.80 AgBr‫א‬‫א‬ -22.06 HCl‫א‬
-14.93 AgI‫א‬‫א‬ -8.66 HBr‫א‬
-23.52 PbS‫א‬‫א‬ 6.2 HI‫א‬
-70.96 SO2‫א‬
-94.45 SO3‫א‬
12.50 C2H4‫א‬
-116 HCOH

 K‫א‬F2,Br2,Cl2,O2,N2,H2 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬

- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
323 H─Si 432 H-H
305 C─N 146 O-O
358 C─O 160 N-N
259 C─S 154 F-F
485 C─F 239 Cl -Cl
339 C─Cl 193 Br-Br
276 C─Br 347 C-C
240 C─I 614 C═C
272 N─F 839 C≡C
200 N─Cl 418 N═N
243 N─Br 495 O═O
799 C═O 413 H─C
1072 C≡O 427 H─Cl
607 N═O 467 H─O
887 C≡N 391 H─N
941 N≡N 363 H─Br
347 H─S

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EpowerFEbaseF
 W‫א‬
Klog‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫ א‬K١
Kln‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e = 2.71828‫ א‬K٢
 K34.67‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
log 34.67= 1.540
ln 34.67 = 3.5459
 K3.76‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1.67‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
Anti log (3.76) =5754.3393
Anti ln (-1.76) = 0.1720

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﻳﺘﻤﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬

*
log A + log B ≠ log (A+B) ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻊ‬
*
log A - log B ≠ log (A-B) ‫اﻟﻄﺮح‬
*
log A + log B = log (AB) ‫اﻟﻀﺮب‬
*
log A - log B = log (A/B) ‫اﻟﻘﺴﻤﺔ‬
B log A = log (AB)
*
‫اﻷس‬
*
1 ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻠﻮب‬
) - log A = log (
A
log 10 =1 ; ln e = 1
log 0 = ln 0 = -∞
log 1 = ln 1 = 0
ln A = 2.303 log A ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ‬

 K‫א‬loglnG

- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ax2+ bx+ c = 0
 W‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬c,b,a
 
x = (−b ± b 2 − 4ac ) 2a
 
 K‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬W
x 2 + 2x = 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ax2 + bx + c = 0
 
 x + 2x - 4 = 0
2

 W‫א‬x
 
  x = (−b ± b 2 − 4ac ) 2a

  = (−2 ± 4 − 4 × 1(− 4 )) 2 × 1
 x = -3.236x = 1.236   
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Scientific notation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ W ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

     35.7 × 10 8 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    3570000000 ‫א‬W١ 
 K
 35.7 × 10−9  3.57 × 10−10 ‫א‬0.000000000357‫א‬W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 357 × 10−8 

- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
A10a +B10a = (A+B)10a ‫א‬ K١
A10a -B10a = (A-B)10a ‫א‬ K٢
)
10a10b = 10(a+b     ‫א‬ K٣
)
10a/10b = 10(a-b ‫א‬ K٤
a
1/10a = 10- ‫א‬ K٥
0
10 = 1
10∞ = ∞
0a = 0
 K0.0037 ,0.00081‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
37 ×10−4 + 8.1×10−4
= (37 + 8.1)10−4 = 45.1×10−4 = 0.00451
 
 K 8 ×105 ,7.1×10−3 ‫א‬W٢
 W‫א‬
8 × 105 × 7.1× 10−3 = 8 × 7.1× 105−3 = 65.8 × 102 = 6580

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬a, nExF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
ax adx
x n
nx n −1
ln x dx
x
en x
e dx
a 0
1 − dx
x x2
1 dx
   
a−x (a − x )2

W(xF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
x 1
2 x2
xn 1
x n +1
n +1
ex ex
a ax
1 ln x
x
1 − ln (a − x )
a−x
 

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E  ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KEMFENF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    K       EPF ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EMFEMWF‫א‬EVF ƒ
M ×V × MW
  W =
1000
 K‫א‬‫א‬W،‫א‬V
 KM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬NEW‫א‬V ƒ
  W = N × V × EW
MW
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 M  MW ‫א‬        V   ƒ
W‫א‬
10 × P × d
 MC =
MW
‫א‬ MC،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P،‫א‬‫א‬ d 
‫א‬ V‫א‬ VC‫א‬‫א‬ MCK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬M
  M C × VC = M × V      
‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

M ×V M ×V × MW
  VC = =      
MC 10 × P × d
V ‫א‬     MC  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   VC ‫א‬  
 KM‫א‬
W‫א‬NEW‫א‬V ƒ
N × V N × V × EW
  VC = =     
NC 10 × P × d
NC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ VC،‫א‬‫א‬ NC
 KN‫א‬V‫א‬
 
 K0.1 MNaCl200 ml‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬
10 × P × d 0.1 × 200 × (23 + 35.5)
MC = =
MW 1000
          
= 23.71g

 80%  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٢ 
 0.05 N H2SO4500 ml1.325 g/cm3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،500 ml0.05 N‫א‬W‫א‬
 ٢ ÷ ‫א‬‫א‬ZEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
N × V × EW 0.05 × 500 × 49
  VC = = = 1.16ml      
10 × P × d 10 × 80 × 1.325
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
 

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WEmF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  m = 1000 × W      
M W × WS
 W‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬WS
m × M W × Wt
  W =       
1000 + m × M W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wt‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬0.5 molal NaCl3.5 gW
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
m × M W × Wt
W=
(1000 + m × M W )
0.5 × 58.5 × 3.5
  W =
(1000 + 0.5 × 58.5)
W = 0.1g
 
W S = 3500 − W
       ‫א‬
W S = 3499.9 g
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K   
 13.0 ml،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.1 ml
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13.00 ml13 ml
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
      N = 0.01  ‫א‬‫א‬  
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K0.40.3999N= 0.39K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
11.0 ,10.5 F‫א‬10.1‫א‬E10.2 ,10.0 ,10.1F‫א‬0.1 ml
‫א‬K ± 0.1‫א‬ E,10.0
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K least square‫א‬
correlation factor ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

Time ln x
5 1.25
10 0.75
15 0.0
20 -0.46
25 -1.26

 Ky ,x ‫א‬‫א‬٢١‫א‬ K١
٥٢‫א‬x‫א‬ K٢
Kx‫א‬
   F -1.5  ‫א‬    y ‫א‬  K٣
‫א‬   
K‫א‬K 0.5 ٢E‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬y‫א‬
y2 − y1
Z‫א‬
x2 − x1

 Ky‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x =0‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬  ١٦٧  ‫א‬
   EF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

- ٢ - ............................................................................................................................................‫א‬ 1.
- ٤ - ................................................. Viscometer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2.
- ٦ - ................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
- ٨ - ...................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
- ١٠ - ..................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
- ١٣ - ................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
- ١٥ - ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
- ١٨ - .......................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
- ٢٠ - ......................................................................................................... ‫א‬ K٩
- ٢٢ - ................................................................................................  K١٠
- ٢٥ - ....................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
- ٢٧ - ................................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢
- ٣٠ - ......................................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
- ٣٢ - ........................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٤
- ٣٤ - ......................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥
- ٣٦ - .........................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٦
٣٩ ...................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٧
٤٢ .............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٨

٤٤ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٩
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