STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS for

HIGHWAY BRIDGES
SIXTEENTH EDITION
1996

Adopted and Published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc.
444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001

© Copyright 1996 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. . ISBN 1-56051-040-4

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY AND TRANSPORTATION OFFICIALS

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 1995-1996 VOTING MEMBERS Officers: President: Bill Burnett, Texas Vice President: Darrell Rensink, [owa Secretary/Treasurer: Clyde E. Pyers, Maryland Regional Representatives: Regions: r Carlos L Pesquara. Puerto Rico II Robert L Robinson. Mississippi III Patrick Nowak, Michigan IV Marshall W. Moore, North Dakota NON-VOTING MEMBERS Immediate Past President: Wayne Shackelford, Georgia Executive Director: Francis B. Francois, Washington. D.C.

I··

ii

HIGHWAY SUBCOMMITTEE

ON BRIDGES AND STRUCTURES

1995

JAMES E. SIEBELS, COLORADO, Chairman G. CHARLES LEWIS, GEORGIA, Vice Chairman STANLEY GORDON, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary
ALABAMA, William F. Conway. ALASKA, Steve Bradford, Ray Shumway ARIZONA, William R. Brucsch, . F. Daniel Davis ARKANSAS, Dale Loe CALIFORNIA, James E. Roberts COLORADO, Stephen Horton CONNECTICUT, Gordon Barton DELAWARE, Chao H. Hu D.C., Jacob Patnaik, Luke DiPompo A...ORIDA, Jerry Potter GEORGIA, Paul Liles HAWAII, Donald C. Ornellas IDAHO, Scott Stokes ILLINOIS, Ralph E. Anderson INDIANA, John J. White IOWA, William A. Lundquist KANSAS, Kennth F. Hurst KENTUCKY, Richard Sutherland LOUISIANA, Norval Knapp, Wayne Aymond MAINE, Larry L. Roberts, James E. Tukey MARYLAND, Earle S. Freedman MASSACHUSETTS, Alexander K. Bardow MICHIGAN, Sudhakar Kulkarni MINNESOTA, Donald J. Flemming MISSISSIPPI, Wilbur F. Massey MISSOURI, Allen F. Laffoon MONTANA, Joseph Kolman NEBRASKA, Lyman D. Freemon NEVADA, Floyd 1. Marcucci NEW HAMSPHlRE, James A. Moore NEW JERSEY, Robert Pege NEW MEXICO, Martin A. Gavurnick NEW YORK, (vacant) NORTH CAROLINA, John L. Smith NORTH DAKOTA, Steven J. Miller OHIO, Richard L. Engel OKLAHOMA, Velda M. Goins OREGON, Terry J. Shike PENNSYLVANIA, (vacant) PUERTO RI~O, Jorge L. Melendez, Hector Camacho RHODE ISLAND, Kazem Farhournand SOUTH CAROLINA, Rocque L. Kneece SOUTH DAKOTA, John Cole TENNESSEE, Clellan Loveall, Ed Wasserman TEXAS, Robert Wilson U.S. DOT, Stanley Gordon (FHWA), Nick E. Mpars (USCG) UTAH, Dave Christensen VERMONT, Warren B. Tripp VIRGINIA, Malcolm T. Kerley WASHINGTON, Myint Lwin WEST VIRGINIA, James Sothen WISCONSIN, Stanley W. Woods WYOMING, David Pope ALBERTA, Bob Ramsay BRITISH COLUMBIA, Peter Brett MANITOBA, W. Saltzberg MARIANA ISLANDS, Elizabeth H.

Salas-Balajadia
NEW BRUNSWICK. G.A. Rushton NEWFOUNDLAND, Peler Lester NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, Jivko Jivkov NOVA SCOTIA, AI MacRae ONTARIO, Ranjit S. Reel SASKATCHEWAN, Lome J. Hamblin MASS. METRO. DIST. COMM., David Lenhardt N.J. TURNPIKE AUTHORlTY, Wallace R. Grant . PORT AUTH. OF NY AND NJ, Joseph K. Kelly NY STATE BRIDGE AUTHORITY, William Moreau BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, Wade Cosey U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREFOREST SERVICE, Nelson Hernandez MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND, Robert D. Franz U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERSDEPT. OF THE ARMY, Paul C. T. Tan

III

PREFACE to Sixteenth Edition

Major changes and revisions to this edition are as follows: I. The Interim Specifications of 1993. 1994. 1995. and 1996 have been adopted and are included. (Note the 1996 interim. with commentary. were never published as a separate docurnent.) 2. Entire Division I-A. Seismic Design. was revised. Entire section of Commentary and Supplements A & B of Division I-A were deleted. J. Section 17. Soil-Reinforced Concrete Structure Interaction Systems. of Division! was revised. 4. Section 16. Metal Culverts. of Division H was revised. 5. Section 27, Concrete Culverts. of Division [[ was revised. 6. Section 19, Embedment Anchors, was added to Division II.

iv

INTRODUCTION
The compilation of these specifications began in 1921 with the organization of the Committee on Bridges and Structures of the American Association of State Highway Officials. During the period from ]921, until printed in 1931, the specifications were gradually developed, and as the several divisions were approved from time to time, they were made available in mimeographed form for use of the State Highway Departments and other organizations.A complete specification was available in 1926 and it was revised in 1928. Though not in printed form, the specifications were valuable to the bridge engineering profession during the period of development. The first edition of the Standard Specifications was published in 1931, and it was followed by the 1935,1941,1944,1949,1953,1957,1961,1965,1969, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1989, and 1992 revised editions. The present sixteenth edition constitutes a revision of the 1992 specifications, including those changes adopted since the publication of the fifteenth edition and those through 1995. The constant research and development in steel. concrete, and timber structures practically dictates the necessity of revising the specifications every few years, and the 1996 edition continues this trend. Interim Specifications are usually published in the middle of the calendar year, and a revised edition of this book is generally published every 4 years. The Interim Specifications have the same status as standards of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, but are tentative revisions approved by at least twothirds of the Subcommiuee on Bridges and Structures. These revisions are voted on by the Association Member Departments prior to the publication of each new edition of this book, and if approved by at least two-thirds of the members, they are included in the new edition as standards of the Association. Members of the Association are the 50 State Highway or Transportation Departments, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Each member has one VOle.The U.S. Department of Transportation is a nonvoting member. Annual Interim Specifications are generally used by the States after their adoption by the Bridge Subcommittee. Orders for these annual Interim Specifications should be sent to the Publication Sales Office of the Association at 444 North Capitol Street. N.W., Suite 249, Washington, D.C. 20001, (202)624-5800. The Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges are intended to serve as a standard or guide for .the preparation of State specifications and for reference by bridge engineers. Primarily, the specifications set forth minimum requirements which are consistent with current practice, and certain modifications may be necessary to suit local conditions. They apply to ordinary highway bridges and supplemental specifications may be required for unusual types and for bridges with spans longer than 500 feet. Specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials, the American Welding Society, the American Wood Preservers Association, and the National Forest Products Association are referred to, or are recognized. Numerous research bulletins are noted for references. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials wishes to express its sincere appreciation to the above organizations, as well as to those universities and representatives of industry whose research efforts and consultations have been most helpful in continual improvement of these specifications. Extensive references have been made to the Standard Specifications for Transportation Materials published by the American Association of State Highway and .Transportation Officials .• including equivalent ASTM specifications which have been reproduced in the Association's Standard Specifications by permission the Arneri- . can Society for Testing and Materials. . Attention is 'also directed to the following publicationsprepared and published-by the Bridge Subcommittee: .

of

Construction Manual for Highway Bridges lind Incidental Slrucfllres-1973

Edition

Guide Specifications for Fracture Critical Non-Redundant bers-1978 Edition, updated to 1986
updated
to

Steel Bridge MemEdition,

Guide Specifications for Horizontally CHrved Highway Bridges-1980

1993 .. Edition

Standard Specifications for Movable Highway Bridges-1988

Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals-I 985 Edition, updated to 1994 Guide Specifications for Alternate Load Factor Design Procedures for Steel Beam Bridges Using Braced Compact Sectiol!s-199I Edition AASHTO Commentary
1991 Edition
011

ANSflAASHTOIAWS Bridge Weldillg Code DI.5·88-

Guide Specifications for Strength Design of Truss Bridges (Load Factor Desigtt}-1986 Edition Guide Specifications for Fatigue Evaluation of Existing Steel Bridges-1990
Edition

Guide Speclfications .for Strength Evaluation of Existing Steel and Concrete Bridges-1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Design and Construction and Segmental Concrete Bridges-1989 Edition Guide Specifications for Bridge Railillgs-1989
Edition

Guide Specifications/or Structural Design of Sound Barriers=-Y 989 Edition AA5HTO Guide Specifications-Thermal slrucrure-1989 E;diti(Jn Effects ill Concrete Bridge Super-

ANSllAASHTOIAWS Bridge Welding Code DI.5 Foundation Investigation Manllal-1978

Edition

Guide Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges-1991 Edition Guide Specification for the Design of Stress-Laminated
Edition

Wood Decks-1991

Guidelines for Bridge Management Systems-l Manual for Condition Evaluation of Bridges-l
Edition

993 Edition 994 Edition

Guide Specifications for Distribution of Loads for Highway Bridges-1994 Guide Specifications for Aluminum Highway Bridges-199! Guide Specifications for Seismic Isolation Design-1991 Guide Specifications for Fatigue Design of Steel Bridges-I
Edition Edition 989 Edition

vi

AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specijicatiolls-1994 SI Units Edition

U.S. Units Edition, 1994

Guide Design Specifications for Bridge Temporary Work-l 995 Edition Construction Handbook for Bridge Temporary Work-I995 Guide for Painting Steel Structures-1996 Edition . Edition

. The following have served as chairmen of the Committee since its inception in 1921: Messrs, E.F. Kelley, who pioneered the work of the Committee, Albin L. Gerneny, R. B. McMinn, Raymond Archiband, G. S. Paxson, E. M. Johnson, Ward Goodman. Charles Matlock, Joseph S. Jones, Sidney Poleynard, Jack Freidenrich, Henry W. Derthick, Robert C. Cassano, Clellon Loveall. and James E. Siebels. The Committee expresses its sincere appreciation of the work of these men and of those active members of the past, whose names, because of retirement, are no longer on the roll. Suggestions for the improvement of the specifications are welcomed. They should be sent to the Chairman. Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, AASHTO, 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249, Washington. D.C. 20001. Inquiries as to the intent or application of the specifications should be sent to the same address.

ABBREVIATIONS AASHTO ACI AlTC ASCE ASTM ANSI AWS AWPA CS -American Association of Stale Highway and Transportation Officials -American Concrete Institute -American Institute of Timber Construction -American Society of Civil Engineers -American'Society for Testing and Materials -American National Standards Institute -American Welding Society -American Wood Preservers Association -Commercial Standards -National Design Specifications for Stress Grade Lumber and Its Fastenings -National Forest Products Association -Society of Automotive Engineers -Western Pine Association -Western Wood Products Association

NDS
NFPA SAE WPA WWPA

(
vii

AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

DIVISION I DESIGN SECTION I-GENERA.L PROVISIONS

i.:
1.1.1 1.1.2

DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES

Design Analysis
Structural Integrity

, .. , .. "
. , . , . , . , .. , , , .. ,

,
,

,
, .. , .. ,

L2 1.3 1.3.1
1.3.2

BRIDGE LOCATIONS \VATER\VAYS ., ,.,

General , Hydraulic Studies
Sile Data Hydrologic Analysis, Hydraulic Analysis

, .. , , .. , .. ,

, .. , , ,

, ,

3 3 3 3 3

, .. , .. , .. , , .. , , , ,
, ,., , , , ,

, , .. , "
, .. , ,

1.3.2.1 1.3.2.2 1.3.2.3

3 .4 , .4 .4 .4
.,4

IAt.5 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 l.7 1.8 1.9

CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS ROADWAY DRAINAGE , : RAILROAD OVERPASSES
Clearances Blast Protection , ,

.4
,4

SUPERELEVATION FLOOR SURFACES UTILITIES FEATURES OF DESIGN , , ,

.4 .4 5 5
5

SECTION 2-GENERAL
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2

GENERAL

, .. "
,

,
, , , , ,

Notations , , , Width of Roadway and Sidewalk Navigational Roadway Width Vertical Clearance Other Curbs and Sidewalks Width Vertical Clearance

" .. , " .. , ,

,.,' .7 ,.7 ,.7

,7 ,7 7 7

2.2
2.2.1 2.2,2

STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCES-GENERAL

, , , , .. , , ,

2.2.3
2.2,4

7
8 8

2.2.5
2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2
2,4

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR BRIDGES HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR UNDERPASSES

\Vidth Vertical Clearance Curbs .. " Roadway Width .. , Clearance Between Walls Vertical Clearance, .. , Curbs , , , , .. , , .. " .. , , , , , ,

'.8 8

, .. 8
, .. , .. , .. 8 , , .8 , .. , .. , .. 8

2.4.1 . 2.-1-,2 2.4.3 2,5

2.5.1

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR TUNNELS, .. ,

, .. : , , , , , ,, , .. , '.' .. , .. , .. ,." .. " , , .. , .. viii

, . , , .8

2.5.2

2.5.3
2.5.4 2.6

,., , . , .. 8 , .. , .. , . , ,10 , .. , .... , ,10 , .. , .. , .. ,[0

,[0

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR DEPRESSED ROADWAYS, . , , ..

Division I 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.1.1 2.7.1.2 2.7.1.3 2.7.2 2.7.2.1 2.7.2.2 2.7.3 2.7.3.1 2.7.3.2 2.7.4

CONTENTS Roadway Width Clearance Between Walls Curbs RAILINGS .. : Vehicular Railing " General ., , _ Geometry '. Loads ' Bicycle Railing General Geometry and Loads Pedestrian Railing General Geometry and Loads Structural Specifications and Guidelines
0 •••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

ix : :
" ••••

_.
0

~
•••••• 0 ••

0.

00'

••••••••••••••••

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

••••••••••••••••••••••••••

••••••••••

•••••••••••••••

,
o'
0

••••••••••••••.•
••••••••••••• ' •••

.10 .10 10 10 .10 -: 0 1 I0 oJ 1 11 11 11 12 12 13 .13

SECTION 3-LOADS PART A-TYPES 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.7.5 3.7.6 3.8 3.8.1 3.8.1.1 3.8.1.2 3.8.2 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.11.1 3.11.2 3.11.3 3.11.4 3.12 3.13 3."14 3.i4.1 3.14.2 3.14.3 3.15 OF LOADS 17 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 2I 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 23 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 . 26' 26 26 26

NOTAT~ON'i GENERAL DEf\D LOAD LIVE LOAD " OVERLOAD PROVISIONS TRAFFIC LANES HIGHWAY LOADS Standard Truck and Lane Loads Classes of Loading Designation of Loadings Minimum Loading H Loading . HS Loading ' '.' Th1PACT Application Group A ~ Group B : Impact Formula LONGITUDINAL FORCES CENTRIFUGAL FORCES APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD Traffic Lane Units Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units Lane Loads on Continuous Spans Loading for Maximum Stress REDUCTION IN LOAD INTENSITY ELECTRIC RAILWAY LOADS .. , SIDEWAL.K, CURB,AND RAII,.ING-LOADING Sidewalk Loading' : Curb Loading : Railing Loading WIND LOADS
0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
0 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

: .. ,
!" ."..•.

CONTENTS 3.15.1 3.15.1.1 3.15.l.2 3.15.2 3.1.5.2.1 3.15.2.2. 3.15.3 3.16 3,17 3.18 3.18.1 3.18.1.1 3.18.1.2 3.18.1.3 3.18.2 3.18.2.1 3.18.2.2 3.18.2.3 3.19 3.20 3.21 Superstructure Design Group II and Group V Loadings Group III and Group VI Loadings _ Substructure Design : '.' . ."Forces from Superstructure " : Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure '.' Overturning Forces _. THERMAL FORCES UPLIFT FORCES FROM STREAM CURRENT, FLOATING ICE, AND DRIFT CONDITIONS Force of Stream Current on Piers Stream Pressure Pressure Components , Drift Lodged Against Pier Force of Ice on Piers General Dynamic Ice Force , Static Ice Pressure , BUOYANCY , EARTH PRESSURE ~ EARTHQUAKES PART B-COMBtNATIONS 3.22 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS OF LOADS : OF LOADS 32 32 .33 .33 33 33 .33 33 33 33 34 35 35 35 35 36 36 .36 36 36 36 36 31 26 26 26 ,26 27 27 27 27 .28 28 28 28 28 28 28 .28 29 29 31 31 31

Division!

: ' ,

PART C-DISTRIBUTION 3.23

DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS TO STRINGEllS, LONGITUDINAL BEAMS, AND FLOOR BEAMS , Position of Loads for Shear , 3.23.1 Bending Moments in Stringers and.Longitudinal Beams 3.23.2 General :., 3.23.2.1 Interior Stringers and Beams 3.23.2.2 Outside Roadway Stringers and Beams 3.23.2.3 Steel-Timber-Concrete T-Beams 3.23.2.3.1 Concrete Box Girders 3.23.:1..3.2 Total Capacity of Stringers and Beams 3.23.2.3.3 Bending Moments in Floor Beams (Transverse) 3.23.3 Precast Concrete Beams Used in Multi-Beam Decks 3.23.4 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND DESIGN OF CONCRETE 3.2-+ SLABS : Span Lengths 3.24.1 Edge Distance of Wheel Loads 3.24.2 Bending Moment 3.24.3 3.14.3.1 Case A-Main Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic (Spans 2 to 24 Feet Inclusive) Case B-Main Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic , 3.24.3.2 Shear and Bond '.' :.: 3.24.4 Cantilever Slabs : .' 3.24.5 3;24.5.1 Truck Loads Case A-Reinforcement Perpendicular to Traffic 3.24.S.U Case B-Reinforcement Parallel to Traffic , 3.24.5.1.2

Division I

CONTENTS 3.24.5.2 3.24.6 3.24.7 3.24.8 3.24.9 3.24.10 ' 3.25 3.25.1 3.25.2 3,25.3 3.25.3.1 3.25.3.2 3.25.3.3 3.25.3,4 3.25,4 3.26 3.26.1 3.26.2 3.26.3 3.27 3.27.1 3.27.2 3.27.3 3.28 3.28.1 3.28.2 3.29 3.30 Railing Loads , 36 Slabs Supported on Four Sides .36 Median Slabs , .37 Longitudinal Edge Beams ! •.• .37 Unsupported Transverse Edges " ' .. : . .37 Dlstribution Reinforcement ' .37 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON TIMBER FLOORING .. .37 Transverse Flooring .. , .37 Plank and Nail Laminated Longitudinal Flooring , .39 Longitudinal Glued Laminated Timber Decks .39 Bending Moment , , .39 Shear , , , .39 Deflections ., , 040 Stiffener Arrangement , .. , , 040 Continuous Flooring 040 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS AND DESIGN OF COMPOSITE WOOD-CONCRETE MEMBERS 040 Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Moment and Shear 40 Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous Spans ,40 Design 040 DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS ON STEEL GRID FLOORS _ 040 General _ .40 Floors Filled with Cor-crete Al Open Floors .. , Al DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS FOR BENDING MOMENT IN SPREAD BOX GIRDERS Al Interior Beams , Al Exterior Beams _ _ Al MOMENTS, SHEARS, AND REACTIONS Al TmE CONTACT AREA _. , Al

xi

(_

SECTION 4-FOUNDATIONS PART A-GENERAL 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2,2 4.2.2.3 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS .43 .43 .43 .43 .43 .43 .43 ,43 ' _. ".".. , '.. " : '.' , ' .43 .43 ,44 .45 ,45 .45

GENERAL FOUNDATION TYPE AND CAPACITY Selection of Foundation Type Foundation Capacity : Bearing Capacity Settlement Overall Stability Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING PROGRAMS General Requirements' Minimum Depth. . ' .-.. _.. ' Minimum Coverage .. ~ Laboratory Testing '. ''Scour " ,

xii

CONTENTS PART B-SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 4.4 SPREAD FOOTINGS : ~ ',' . .' 4.4.1. General .:. , , 4,4,1.1 Applicability '.' " " : : '4.4.1.2 Footings Supporting Non-Rectangular Columns or Piers Footings in Fill 4.4.1.3 Footings in Sloped Portions of Embankments ......•........... 4.4.1.4 Distribution of Bearing Pressure 4.4.1.5 Notations 4.4.2 Design Terminology 4.4.3 Soil and Rock Property Selection 4.4.4 Depth " 4.4.5 Minimum Embedment and Bench Width 4.4.5.1 Scour Protection 4.4.5.2 Footing Excavations 4.4.5.3 Piping 4.4.5.4 Anchorage : 4.4.6 Geotechnical Design on Soil 4.4.7 Bearing Capacity ' 4.4.7.1 Factors Affecting Bearing Capacity 4.4.7.1.1 Eccentric Loading 4.4.7.1.1.1 Footing Shape 4.4.7.1.1.2 Inclined Loading 4.4.7.1.1.3 Ground Surface Slope 4.4.7.1.1.4 Embedment Depth 4.4.7.1.1.5 Ground Water 4.4.7. 1.1.6 Layered Soils 4.4.7.1.1.7 Inclined Base 4.4.7.1.1.8 Factors of Safety 4.4.7.1.2 Settlement 4.4.7.2 Stress Distribution 4.4.7.2.1 4.4.7.2.2 Elastic Settlement Consolidation Settlement 4.4.7.2.3 Secondary Settlement 4.4.7.2.4 Tolerable Movement 4.4.7.2.5 Dynamic Ground Stability 4.4.7.3 Geotechnical Design on Rock 4.4.8 Bearing Capacity 4.4.8.1 Footings on Competent Rock 4.4.8.1.1 Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock 4.4.8.1.2 Factors of Safety 4.4.8.1.3 Settlement 4.4.8.2 Footings on Competent Rock 4.4.8.2.1 4.4.8.2.2 Footings on Broken or Jointed Rock 4.4.8.2.3 Tolerable Movement 4.4.9 Overall Stability 4.4.10 Dynamic/Seismic Design : Structural Design : : 4.4.11 4.4.1 Ll Loads and Reactions 4.4.1 L l.I Action of Loads and Reactions 4,4.11.1.2 Isolated and Multiple Footing Reactions .45 '.45 .45 ,45 45 ,45 45 .45 .48 ,48 .48 .48 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49 .49

Division I

:' '

50
50 51 51 51 51 55 55 .57 .57 .57 .57 .58 58 61 61 61
61

62 62 62 63 63 63 63 64 64, 66 66 66 66 67

Division! 4.4.11.2 4.4.11.2.1 4.4.11.2.2 4.4.11.3 4.4.1U.l 4.4.11.3.2 . 4.4.1 1.4 4.4.1 1.4.1 4.4.11.4.2 4.4.11.5 4.4.11.5.1 4.4.11.5.2 4.4.11.5.3 4.4.11.5.4 4.4.11.5.5 4.4.11.5.6 4.4.11.5.7 4.4.11.6 4.4.11.6.1 4.4.11.6.2 4.5 4.5.1 4.5.Ll 4.5.1.2 4.5.1 .3 4.5.1 .4 4.5.1.5 4.5.1.6 4.5.1.7 4.5.1.8 4.5.2 4.5.2.1 4.5.2.2 4.5.2.3 4.5.2.4 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.6.1 4.5.6.1.1 4.5.6.1.2 4.5.6.1.3 4.5.6.1.4 4.5.6.2 4.5.6.3 4.5.6.4 4.5.6.5 4.5.6.6 4.5..6.6.1 4.5.6.6.1 4.5.6.7 4.5.6.7.1

CONTENTS Moments Critical Section Distribution of Reinforcement : Shear : " ,." Critical Section : :. ~.. ' FootingsonPiles or Drilled Shafts '.' : Development of Reinforcement Development Length Critical Section Transfer of Force at Base of Column Transfer of Force Lateral Forces , Bearing , , , .. , Reinforcement , , .. , Dowel Size , , .. , Development Length , Splicing ,., Unreinforced Concrete Footings , Design Stress , , Pedestals , .. " , DRIVEN PILES , : General Application ,., .: , Materials , Penetration , , , Lateral Tip Restraint , ', Estimated Lengths. , Estimated and Minimum Tip Elevation Piles Through Embankment Fill , Test Piles . , ,., ,, ,, Pile Types , .' ,, Friction Piles , .. , , , End Bearing Piles , ,.".,." Combination Friction and End Bearing Piles , " Batter Piles , , , Notations , " " Design Terminology , , ; , Selection ofSoi! and Rock Properties , Selection of Design Pile Capacity ,: Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity , ,, Factors Affecting Axial Capacity , .. , , Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils .. , , .. , .. , ,., Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils , Axial Capacity on Rock , Factor of Safety Selection, Settlement .. , , , Group Pile Loading ,, , Lateral Loads on Piles , , .. , . , , , .', , , Uplift Loads on Piles· .. .,.. , ,: " : ,.,, Single Pile ,, , . , .•......... , .. ", , . , , Pile Group : '.' ~., ' , .. , ,.,, Vertical Ground Movement, , .. , , , , ,.,: Negative Skin Friction .', .. , ', , .. , .. , ,.,, 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 68 ,68 68 69 69 69 69 69 (i9 69 69 ' .69 69 , .69 , .70 , .70 70 , .. 70 70 70 70 70 71 71 , , .71 '; .72. , .. 72 ,72 72 , , 72 , .. ,72

xiii

xiv 4,5.6.7.2 4,5,6,8 4,5.7 4.5.7.1 4.5,7.2 4.5,7.3 . 4.5.7.4 4.5.7.5 4.5.8

CONTENTS Expansive Soil , , . Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Capacity of'Pile Section Load Capacity Requirements Piles Extending Above' Ground Surface ' Allowable Stress in Piles Cross-Section Adjustment for Corrosion Scour 72 73 73 73 73· ·

Division I

73 73
74 74

4.5.9
4.5.10 4.5.11 4.5.12 4.5.13 4.5.14 4.5.14.1 4.5.14.2 4.5.14.3 4.5.15 45.15.1 45.l5.1.1 4.5.15.1.2 4.5.15.2 4.5.16 4.5.16.1 4.5.16.2 4.5.16.3 4.5.16.4 45.16.5 4.5.16.6 4.5.16.7 4.516.8 4.5.16.9 45.17 4.5.l7.1 4.5,17.2 4,5,17.3 4,5,17...14.5.17.5 4.5.17,6 4.5.17.7 4.5.17.8 4.5.18 4.5.18.1 4.5.18.2 4.5.18.3 4.5.18.4 4.5.18.5 4.5.19 4.5.19.1 4.5.19.2 4.5.19.3 4.5.19.4

Protection Against Corrosion and Abrasion Wave Equation Analysis, , Dynamic Monitoring ," Maximum Allowable Driving Stresses , Tolerable Movement Buoyancy Protection Against Deterioration
Steel Piles Concrete Piles Timber Piles '

74
74 74

74 74
74 7475 ,75 75 75 , , 75 75 75 , 75 75 , .. 75 , .75 , .75 ,75 75 76

Spacing, Clearances. and Embedment Pile Footings

Pile Spacing : .. : Minimum Projection into Cap Bent Caps

Precast Concrete Piles Size and Shape

Minimum Area Diameter of Tapered Piles Driving Points Vertical Reinforcement Spiral Reinforcement Reinforcement Cover Splices Handling Stresses '

Minimum

70
76

Cast-in-Place
Materials Shape

Concrete Piles

7f,
76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76 76

.. , General Reinforcement Requirements Reinforcement into Superstructure Shell Requirements ,

Minimum Area

Splices
Reinforcement

Cover

, .. '

' , ,
,

Steel H-Piles Metal Thickness

Splices Caps Lugs. Scabs. and Core-Stoppers Point Attachments

77 ,
77 77 77 77 77

Unfilled Tubular Steel Piles

Metal Thickness Splices Driving

77

Column Action

77

Division I

CONfENTS Prestressed Concrete Piles 77 4.5.20 Size and Shape " 77 4.5.20.1 Main Reinforcement " 77 4.5.20.2 Vertical Reinforcement ',' , 77 4.5.20.3 Hollow Cylinder Piles , 78 ' 4.5.20.4 Splices '.. ' '.. ; ',' '.. 78 4.5.20.5 Timber Piles 78 4.5.21 Materials 78 4.5.21.1 Limitations on Untreated TImber Pile Use ., 78 4.5.21.2 Limitations on Treated Timber Pile Use , 78 4.5.21.3 DRILLED SHAFTS , , ,.,., .. " 78 4.6 General , .. , , , ,., , 78 4.6.1 Application , , ' , 78 4.6.1.1 Materials , , , , 78 4.6.1.2 Construction , , , 78 4.6.1.3 Embedment, " , . , .. ' , , .. , ,., 78 4.6.1.4 Shaft Diameter " , , ,78 4.6.1.5 Batter Shafts .. , , , 78 4.6.1.6 Shafts Through Embankment Fill , , , ,79 4.6.1.7 Notations , , , 79 4.6.2 Design Terminology , , 80 4.6.3 Selection of Soil and Rock Properties , ' 80 4.6.4 Presumptive Values , ., ' , 80 4.6.4.1 Measured Values ., , 80 4.6.4.2 Geotechnical Design ' ,.... . , 80 4.6.5 Axial Capacity in Soil , _ 80 4.6.5.1 Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil _.. _ _.. _: _ 81 4.6.5.1.1 Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil _ _ _, , .81 4.6.5.1.2 Tip Resistance in Cohesive Soil . _. , , , _ _.. _ , .82 4.6.5.1.3 Tip Resistance in Cohesionless Soil ,.' __. , . , , . , , .83 4.6.5.1.4 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity in Soil ., , _ , 83 4.6.5.2 Soil Layering and Variable Soil Strength with Depth , ,83 4.6.5.2.1 Ground Water , , , , , , , .83 4.6.5.2.2 Enlarged Bases , :, , , , " :83 4.6.5.2.3 Group Action , , 83 4.6.5.2.4 Cohesive Soil ', , , .. , 83 4.6.5.2.4.1 Cohesionless Soil , , , 84 4.6.5.2.4.2 Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Soil , .. , 84 4.6.5.2.4.3 Vertical Ground Movement : , 84 4.6.5.2.5 Method of Construction _ , 84 4.6.5.2.6 Axial Capacity in Rock , 84 4.6.5.3 Side Resistance _ , , 85 4.6.5.3.1 Tip Resistance .. , , , 85 4.6.5.3.2 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity in Rock 85 4.6.5.3.3 Rock Stratification _ 85 4.6.5.3.3.1 Rock Mass Discontinuities 86 4.6.5.3.3.2 Method of Construction , .. :, , 86 4.6.5.,3.3.3 Factors of Safety _ , , .. , ; .-.. , . ~ , '" , 86 4.6.5.4 Deformation of Axially Loaded Shafts: . , . , _ , .. ·,86 4.6.5.5 Shafts in Soil, .. , , , .', , _.. , , .' '.. ' , .. ,86 4.6.5.5.1 Cohesive ~oil " , " , ~ , 86 4.6.5.5.1.1 Cohesionless Soil , . , 86 4.6.5.5.1.2 Mixed Soil Profile , .. , , , . , .. , , . , .. 87 4.6.5.5.1.3

xv

xvi
4.6.5.5.2 4.6.5.5.3 4.6.5.6 4.6.5.6.1. 4.6.5.6.1.1 .4.6.5.6.1.2 4.6.5.6.1.3 4.6.5.6.1.4 4.6.5.6.1.5 4.6.5.6.1.6 4.6.5.6.1.7 4.6.5.6.2 4.6.5.7 4.6.6 4.6.6.1 4.6.6.2 4.6.6.2.1 4.6.6.2.2 4.6.6.2.3 4.6.6.2.4 4.6.6.2.5 4.6.6.2.6 4.6.6.3 4.6.6.4 4.6.7 4.6.7.1 4.6.7.2 4.6.7.3 4.7

CONTENTS Shafts Socketed into Rock ., Tolerable Movement , Lateral Loading , .. , Factor-sAffecting Laterally Loaded Shafts Soil Layering, . , .. '.' , .:.. ", , ,,: : '.': ' , Ground Water " Scour : .. : . , Group Action ,, Cyclic Loading Combined Axial and Lateral Loading Sloping Ground Tolerable Lateral Movements , Dynamic/Seismic Design , :. , Structural Design and General Shaft Dimensions General , Reinforcement Longitudinal Bar Spacing Splices , Transverse Reinforcement Handling Stresses Reinforcement Cover' : Reinforcement into Superstructure Enlarged Bases Center-to-Center Shaft Spacing Load Testing General , Load Testing Procedures Load Test Method Selection NOTE: Article Number Intentionally Not Used PART C-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.10.1 4.10.2 4.10.3
4.IOA

Division I 87 87 88 88 88 88 , .88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 91 91 91 91 91

4.10.5 4.10.6 4.11 4.11.1 4.11.1.I 4.11.1.2 4.11.1.3 4.1 LlA 4.1U.5 4,11.1.6 4.11.1.7 4.11.1.8 4.11.1.9

SCOPE DEFINITIONS , LIMIT STATES, LOAD FACTORS, AND RESISTANCE FACTORS , General , Serviceability Limit States Strength Limit States Strength Requirement Load Combinations and Load Factors Performance Factors SPREAD FOOTINGS General Considerations ,., General , Depth Scour Protection , Frost Action , , Anchorage' ' Groundwater Uplift Deterioration Nearby Structures

91 92 , 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 93 93 , .. 93 , .. 93 93 94 , .94 94 95

, , , , ' '.' , , '.'

Division I

CONTENTS Notations 95 4.11.2 Movement Under Serviceability Limit States 97 4.11.3 General ; , .. 97 4.11.3.1 4.11.3.2 Loads ~. , , " , ";". , .. 97 Movement-Criteria ' , , .' 97 4.11.3.3 Settlement Analyses . , , .. 97 4:11.3.4 Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils , 97 4.1 1.3.4.1 Settlement of Footings on Cohesive Soils 97 4.11.3.4.2 Settlement of Footings on Rock , , .. , 97 4.11.3.4.3 Safety Against Soil Failure .. , , .. , , 97 4.11.4 Bearing Capacity of Foundation Soils 97 4.11.4.1 Theoretical Estimation , .. , , 98 4.11.4.1.1 Semi-Empirical Procedures 98 4.11.4.1.2 Plate Loading Test , 98 4.11.4.1.3 Presumptive Values , ~ ,98 4.11.4.1.4 Effect of Load Eccentricity , 98 4.11.4.1.5 Effect of Groundwater Table , 98 4.11.4.1.6 Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Rock .. , 98 4.11.4.2 Semi-Empirical Procedures , 98 4.11.4.2.1 Analytic Method , 100 4.11.4.2.2 Load Test 1JO 4.11.4.2.3 Presumptive Bearing Values .100 4.11.4.2.4 Effect of Load Eccentricity .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .1(J 4.11.4.25 Failure by Sliding : .100 4.11.4.3 Loss of Overall Stability , 100 4.11.4.4 Structural Capacity , 100 4.11.5 Construction Considerations for Shallow Foundations , , .100 4.11.6 General , " 100 4.11.6.1 Excavation Monitoring ,, , . , , , ,100 4.11.6.2 Compaction Monitoring .,", .. , , ..", .. , , .100 4.11.6.3 DRIVEN PILES ,",., .. , , .. ,"",.",.100 4.12 General ,.,,, , ,.,,,.,.,., , .. 100 4.12.1 Notations ,.,., .. , .. , , .. ,.,.,",., 101 4.12.2 Selection of Design PUe Capacity ,,,,.,, , , . , , , .102 4.12.3 Factors Affecting Axial Capacity , .. ,',",., ,.,',.,. 102 4.12.3.1 Pile Penetration , , , , , .. , , , .. , .. , , ".102 4.12.3.1.] Groundwater Table and Buoyancy ,", , .. , , 102 4.12.3.1.2 Effect of Settling Ground and Downdrag Forces , .. ".102 4.12.3.1.3 Uplift. , , , , , , ,.,,,., , 103 4.12.3.1.4 Movement Under Serviceability Limit State ~103 4.12.3.2 General ,.,., , 103 4.12.3.2.1 Tolerable Movement ' " .. , ". ,. , .. , .. , , 103 4.12.3.2.2 Settlement , , ,.,,,,.,., 103 4.12.3.2.3 Cohesive Soil , .. , 103 4.12.3.2.3a Cohesionless Soil ,.,., 103 4.l2.3.2.3b Lateral Displacement .. ,"', ,. ; }03 4.12.3.2.4 Resistance at Strength Limit Stales ,,,,.,, .103 4.12.3.3 Axial Loading of Piles ,., ".,',." .. ,103 4.12.3.3.1 Analytic Estimates of Pile Capacity , , , , ,', , , . , , , . .104, . 4.12.3.3.2 '4.12.3.3.3 Pile of Capacity Estimates Based on In Situ Tests ",.,., '. .r.: ,104 Piles Bearing on Rock, , ".,, , .,, :.. , . , 104 4.12.3.3.4 Pile Load Test. , . , . , , . , , , , , . , , . , .. '.' , ,104 .4.12.3.3.5 Presumptive End Bearing Capacities ".,",.,', , .. 104 4.12.3.3.6 Uplift , , . , , . , .. , . , ,,.,,,,, , 104 4.12.3.3.7

xvii

(_

xviii
4.12.3.3.7a 4.12.3.3.7b 4.12.3.3.S . 4.12.3.3.9 4.12.3.3.10 4.12.3.3.IOa 4.12.3.3.IOb 4.12.3.3.10c 4.l2.3.3.11 4.12.4 4.12.4.1 4.11.5 4.13 4.13.1 4.13.2 4.13.3 4.13.3.1 4.13.3.1.1 4.13.3.l.2 4.13.3.2 4.13.3.1.1 4.13.3.2.2 4.13.3.2.3 4.13.3.1.3a 4.13.3.2.3b 4.13.3.2.4 4.13.3.3 4.13.3.3.1 4.13.3.3.2 4.13.3.3.3 4.13.3.3.4 4.13.3.3.5 4.13.3.3.6 4.13.3.3.6a 4.13.3.3.6b 4.13.3.3.7 4.13.3.3.S 4.13.3.3.8a 4.13.3.3.8b 4.13.3.3.8c 4.13.3.3.9 4.13.4 . 4.13.4.1

CONTENTS Single Pile Uplift Capacity ' Pile Group Uplift Capacity Lateral Load " " Batter Pile , , Group Capacity.' Cohesive Soil : '.' . " Cohesionless Soil . .Pile Group in Strong Soil Overlying a Weak or Compressible Soil Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Design Buckling of Piles Construction Considerations DRILLED SHAFTS General Notations Geotechnical Design Factors Affecting Axial Capacity Downdrag Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uplift Movement Under Serviceability Limit State General Tolerable Movement Settlement Settlement of Single Drilled Shafts Group Settlement Lateral Displacement Resistance at Strength Limit States Axial Loading of Drilled Shafts Analytic Estimates of Drilled Shaft Capacity in Cohesive Soils Estimation of Drilled-Shaft Capacity in Cohesionless Soils Axial Capacity in Rock Load Test Uplift Capacity Uplift Capacity of a Single Drilled Shaft Group Uplift Capacity Lateral Load Group Capacity Cohesive Soil Cohesionless Soil Group in Strong Soil Overlying Weaker Compressible Soil Dynamic/Seismic Design Structural Design Buckling of Dri lied Shafts 104 104 104 104 .-.104 104 105

Division I

I05
105 105 105 105 105 105 105 106 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107

W7
108 108 l08 108 108 108 !OS 1OS 108 LOS 108 109

SECTION

5-RETAINING

WALLS REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 111 111

PART A-GENERAL 5.1 5.2 GENERAL WALL TYPE

AND CAPACITY

Division I

CONTENTS 5.2.1 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.1.4 5.2..1.5 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.2.2.3 5.2.2.4 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.4 Selection of Wall Type Rigid Gravity and Semi-Gravity Walls Nongravity Cantilevered Walls Anchored Walls .' _. . . . . . . . Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Prefabricated Modular Walls ' Wan Capacity Bearing Capacity Settlement Overall Stability Tolerable Movements , Soil, Rock, and Other Problem Conditions SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION AND TESTING General Requirements Minimum Depth Minimum Coverage Laboratory Testing , ,., Scour NOTATIONS 111 111 111 112 112 " . .112 .113 113 113 113 113 113

xix

c.

.. '

, PROGRAMS

1j 3
.113 .114 114 114 114 114

'

PART B-SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.2 5.5.3 5.5.4 5.5.5 5.5.6 5.5.6.1 5.5.6.2 5.5.6.3 5.5.6.4 5.5.6.5 5.5.7 5.5.8 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.6,4 5.6.5 5.6.6 5.6.7 5.6.8 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.7.4 5.7.5 5.7.6 RIGID GRAVITY AND SEMl·GRAVITY WALL DESIGN Design Terminology , Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings Water Pressure and Drainage : Seismic Pressure Structure Dimensions and External Stability Structure Design _ _ Base or Footing Slabs Wall Stems _ Counterf orts and Buttresses _ Reinforcement , Expansion and Contraction Joints .. _ ; Backfill _ Overall Stability NONGRA VITY CANTll..EVERED WALL DESIGN Design Terminology _ Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings Water Pressure and Drainage _ Seismic Pressure Structure Dimensions and External Stability _ Structure Design _ : ; Overall Stability _ _ Corrosion Protection .. _ _ : ANCHORED WALL DESIGN . Design Terminology Earth Pressure and Surcharge Loadings' ....•................. Water Pressure and Drainage _ , . Seismic Pressure : _ Structure Dimensions and External Stability _. Structure Design : .116 116 116 119 120 123 .123 123 123 123 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 .127 127 127 129 129 129 129 129 1Z9 ,130 131 131 132

xx 5.7.6.l 5.7.6.2 5.7.7 5.7.8 5.7.9 ~.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.4 5.8.4.1 5.8.4.2 5.8.5 5.8.6 5.8.6.1 5.8.6.2 5.8.7 5.8.7.1 5.8.7.2 5.8.8 5.8.9 5.8.10 5.8.10.1
5.8.10.2

CONTENTS General ' 132 Anchor Design 133 Overall Stability 133 Corrosion Protection ' ' 133 Anchor Load Testing and Stressing : ' : 133 MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALL DESIGN 134 Structure Dimensions :.,." : 1"34 External Stability 134 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability 136 Internal Stability , , 138 Inextensible Reinforcements 138 Extensible Reinforcements .: , , 139 Pullout Design Parameters , 139 Design Life Requirements 139 Steel Reinforcement , 139 Polymeric Reinforcement 140 Allowable Stresses , .,. , , .. 141 Steel Reinforcements , , 141 Polymeric Reinforcements 141 Drainage 141 Special Loading Conditions 141 Seismic Design , 142 External Stability : 142 Internal Stability 142 Structural Requirements 141 PREFABRICATED MODULAR WALL DESIGN 142 Structure Dimensions 142 External Stability " ' 143 Bearing Capacity and Foundation Stability 143 Allowable Stresses , ,.,,.,, , .. 143 Drainage , ' , 144 PART C-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 5.10 5.11 5.1 2 5.13 5.13.1 5.13.2 5.13.3 5.13.4 5.13.5 5.14 5.14.1 5.14.2 5.14.3 5.14.4 5.14.5 5.14.6 5.14.6.1 SCOPE., , , , .. " DEFINITIONS , ', , NOTATIONS ,., , ".,., .. , LIMIT STATES. LOAD FACTORS AND RESISTANCE FACTORS ,', , Serviceability Limit States Strength Limit States , , Strength Requirement Load Combinations and Load Factors Performance Factors , GRAVITY AND SEMI·GRAVITY WALL DESIGN, AND CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN Earth Pressure Due to Backfill ', Earth Pressure Due to Surcharge , Water Pressure and Drainage '.. , '" Seismic Pressure , Movement Under Serviceability Limit States Safety Against Soil Failure ; Bearing Capacity Failure , , 144 144 146 , 146 146 l46
146

Division I

5.8.11 5.9 5.9.1 5.9.2 5.9.3 5.9.4 5.9.5

146 , .. 147 , ,147 147 147 : l47 148 148 [48 148

Division I

CONTENTS 5.14.6.2 5.14.6.3 5.14.6.4 5.14.7 5.14.7.1 5.14.7.2 5.14.7.3 5.14.7,4 5.14.7.5 5.14.8 Sliding Overturning Overall Stability Safety Against Structural Failure Base of Footing Slabs Wall Stems : Counterforts and Buttresses Reinforcement Expansion and Contraction Joints Backfill .'.: 150 150 150 I 50 .150 ·.150 .ISO 150 150 151

xxi

: .

SECTION 6-CULVERTS 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND WATERWAY OPENINGS DEAD LOADS Culvert in trench, or culvert untrenched on yielding foundation Culvert untrenched on unyielding foundation FOOTINGS DISTRIBUTION OF WHEEL LOADS THROUGH EARTH FILLS DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT DESIGN

]53 153 153 153 153 153 153 153

SECTION 7-SUBSTRUCTURES PART A-GENERAL 7.1 7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4 7.2 REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS .155 .155 .155 .155 .155 .155

GENERAL Definition Loads Settlement Foundation and Retaining Wall Design .NOTATIONS PART B-SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3. 7.3.1.4 7.3.2 7.3.2.1 7.3.2.2 7.3.2.3 7.3.2.4 7.4 7.4.1 7.4.2 7.5 7.5.1

PIERS Pier Types Solid Wall Piers Double Wall Piers .. , , Bent Piers Single-Column Piers Pier Protection Collision Collision Walls ........................................•. Scour ...•............................................... Facing .: " '.' TUBULAR PIERS Materials Configuration ABUTMENTS Abutment Types

: : ,

· '

.155 .155 .155 155 156 156 156 .156 156 156 .' .. ; .156 i •••• 156 .156 156 156 .156

xxii 7.5.l.t 7.5.1.2 7.5.1.3 7.5.1.4 7.5.2 7.5.2.1 7.5.2.2 7.5.2.3 7.5.3 7.5.4 7.5.5 7.5.6 7.5.6.1 7.5.6.2

CONTENTS Stub Abutment Partial-Depth Abutment Full-Depth Abutment , . integral Abutment : ..................•.......... Loading .' ' Stability : ' : Reinforcement for Temperature : Drainage and Backfilling Integral A-butments Abutments on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Abutments on Modular Systems " Wingwalls , Length " , Reinforcement PART C-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 7.6 GENERAL CONCRETE REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS '" 161 161 161 164 164 165 160 156 156 [56 15~ 157 ·..157 _l57 157 157 ; .' .157 159 159 159 160

Division I

: .-

. SECTION 8-REINFORCED

PART A-GENERAL 8.1 8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.2 8.3 APPLICATION General Notations Definitions CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT

PART B-ANALYSiS
8.4

8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.9.1 8.9.2 8.9.3 8. iO 8.10.1 8.10.2 8.11 8.12 8.13

GENERAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION STIFFNESS MODULUS OF ELASTICITY AND POISSON'S SPAN LENGTH CONTROL OF DEFLECTIONS General Superstructure Depth Limitations Superstructure Deflection Limitations COt\IPRESSION FLANGE WIDTH T-Girder Box Girders SLAB AND WEB THICKNESS DIAPHRAGMS COMPUTATION OF DEFLECTIONS PART C-DESIGN

RATIO

165 165 165 165 .165 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 166 167 167

8.14 8.14.[

GENERAL ,' Design Methods

167 167

Division I 8.14.2 8.14.3 8.15 8.15.1 8.15.2 8'.15.2:1 8.15.2.1.1 8.15.2.1.2 8.15.2.1.3 8.15.2.2 8.15.3 8.15.4 8.15.5 8.15.5.1 8.15.5.2 8.15.5.2.1 8.15.5.2.2 8.15.5.2.3 8.15.5.2.4 8.15.5.3 8.15.5.4 8.15.5.4.3 8.15.5.5 8.15.5.5.5 8.15.5.6 8.15.5.7 8.15.5.8 8.16 8.16.1 8.16.1.1 8.16.1.2 8.16.2 8.16.3 8.16.3.1 8.16.3.2 8.16.3.3 8.16.3.4 8.16.3.5 8.16.4 8.16.4.1 8.16.4.2 8.16.4.2.1 8.16.4.2.2 8.16.4.2.3 8.16.4.2.4 8.16.4.3 8.16.5 8.16.5.1 . 8.16.5.2 8.16.6 8.16.6.1 8.16.6.2

CONTENTS Composite Flexural Members , , 168 Concrete Arches 168 SERVICE LOAD DESIGN METHOD (Allowable Stress Design) .169 General Requirements ,.' .169 Allowable Stresses .' : '.. ' 169 Concrete' ~ .169 Flexure .169 Shear , , 169 Bearing Stress 169 Reinforcement 169 Flexure 169 Compression Members 169 Shear , .170 Shear Stress 170 Shear Stress Carried by Concrete 170 Shear in Beams and One-Way Slabs and Footings 170 Shear in Compression Members 170 Shear in Tension Members .170 Shear in Lightweight Concrete 170 Shear Stress Carried by Shear Reinforcement .171 Shear Friction ' . .171 Shear-Friction Design Method 171 Horizontal Shear Design for Composite Concrete Flexural Members 172 Ties for Horizontal Shear 172 Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings .172 Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts .173 Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels 173 STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD (Load Factor Design) 174 Strength Requirements 174 Required Strength 174 Design Strength _ .174 Design Assumptions .174 Flexure : .. ' : , 175 Maximum Reinforcement of Flexural Members 175 Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only 175 Flanged Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only J 75 RectangularSections with Compression Reinforcement .176 Other Cross Sections .176 Compression Members , 176 General Requirements .. '.' 176 Compression Member Strengths 176 Pure Compression 176 Pure Flexure 177 Balanced Strain Conditions .177 Combined Flexure and Axial Load .177 Biaxial Loading .177 Slenderness Effects in Compression Members .' .I77 . . General Requirements , 177 Approximate Evaluation of Slenderness Effects ' I77 Shear ' .178 Shear Strength 0 '.' •••••••• ' ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 178 Shear Strength Provided by Concrete 179

xxiii

xxiv
8.16.6.2.1 8.16.6.2.2 8.16.6.2.3 8.16.6.2A 8.16.6.3 8.16.6.4 8.16.6.4.48.16.6.5 8.16.6.5.5 8.16.6.6 8.16.6.7 , 8.16.6.8 8.16.7 8.16.8 8.16.8.1 8.16.8.2 8.16.8.3 8.16.8.4

CONTENTS Shear in Beams and One-Way Slabs and Footings Shear in Compression Members , Shear in Tension Members , Shear in LightweightConcrete -, , , Shear Strength Provided by Shear Reinforcement .. : , Shear Friction . ' ' _ ' Shear-Friction Design Method : Horizontal Shear Strength for Composite Concrete Flexural Members ; Ties for Horizontal Shear ' , Special Provisions for Slabs and Footings Special Provisions for Slabs of Box Culverts Special Provisions for Brackets and Corbels Bearing Strength " , , Serviceability Requirements , , Application .. , , .. , , , , Service Load Stresses .. ' , , Fatigue Stress Limits , Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement , , PART D-REINFORCEMENT 8.t? 8.17.1 8.17.2 8.17.2.1 8.17.2.2 8.17.2.3 8.17.3 REINFORCEJ:lrlENT OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS. , '" 184 Mlnlrnurn Reinforcement 184 Distribution of Reinforcement , 184 Flexural Tension Reinforcement in Zones of Maximum Tension 184 Transverse Deck Slab Reinforcement in T-Girders and Box Girders 185 Bottom Slab Reinforcement for Box Girders 185 Lateral Reinforcement of Flexural Members 185 .REINFORCEMENT OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS 185 Maximum and Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement 185 Lateral Reinforcement , 186 General : 186 Spirals '" 186 Ties '" , 186 Seismic Requirements ' .. 186 LfMITS FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT , 186 Minimum Shear Reinforcement ' .. , 186 Types of Shear Reinforcement , 187 Spacing of Shear Reinforcement 187 SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE REINFORCEl\'lENT 187 SPACING LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT 187 PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION 187 HOOKS AND BENDS 188 Standard Hooks , 188 Minimum Bend Diameters 188 DEVELOPMENT OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT. , 188 General ; .. ' 188 Positive Moment Reinforcement .: 189 Negative Moment Reinforcement ' 189 DEVELOPf\'IENT OF DEFORl\:lED BARS AND DEFORMED WIRE IN TENSION : 189 DEVELOPl\IENT OF DEFORMED BARS IN COMPRESSION 190 179 179 179 179 179 180 180 181 181 181 182 182 , .. 183 , 183 183 ' 183 183 184

Division !

8.18 8.18.1
8.18.2 8.18.2.1 8.18.2.2 8.18.2.3 8.18.2A 8.19 8.19.1

8.19.2
8.19.3 8.20 8.21

8,22
8.23 S.23,1 8.13.2 8.24 8.24.1 8.24.2 8.24.3 8.25 8.26

Division I

CONTENTS 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.30.1 8.30.2 '8.31 8.32 8.32.1 8.32.2 8.32.3 8.32,4 832.4.1 8.32.4.2 8.32.4.3 8.32.5 8.32.6 DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT 191 DEVELOPMENT OF BUNDLED BARS 191 DEVELOPlViENT OF STANDARD HOOKS iN TENSION 191 DEVELOPMENT OF WELDED WIRE FABRIC IN TENSI9N 192 Deformed Wi~e Fabric , : _.. __.: _.. 192 Smooth Wire Fabric .. __.. _ ' ., ' 193 MECHANICAL ANCHORAGE 193 SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT 193 Lap Splices _ 193 Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections 193 Splices of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in Tension 193 Splices of Bars in Compression 194 Lap Splices in Compression 194 End-Bearing Splices 194 Welded Splices or Mechanical Connections 194 Splices of Welded Deformed Wire Fabric in Tension 194 Splices of Welded Smooth Wire Fabric in Tension 194 CONCRETE REQUIREMENTS AND MATERIALS 195 195 195 197 198 198 .198 198

xxv

SECTION 9-PRESTRESSED PART A-GENERAL 9.1 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 9.2 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.2

APPLICATION __ General _ Notations Definitions _. _ CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT Prestressing Steel Non-Prestressed Reinforcement PART B-ANALYSIS

9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.7.1 9.7.2 9.7.2.1 9.7.2.2 9.7.2.3 9.7.3 9.7.3.1 9.7.3.2 9.7.3.3 9.8 .9.8:1 9.8.2 9.8.3 9.9 9.9.1

GENERAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION: _.. : SPAN LENGTH _ FRAMES AND CONTINUOUS CONSTRUCTION _ Cast-in-Place Post-Tensioned Bridges , Bridges Composed of Simple-Span Precast Prestressed Girders Made Continuous : General _ Positive Moment Connection at Piers ; Negative Moments Segmental Box Girders _. _ General .Flexure _ '_ , Torsion ' , '.' _' EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH __.' .T·Beams .:.. _ : Box Girders ..............•..................... _ Precast/Prestressed Concrete Beams with Wide Top Flanges FLANGE AND WEB THICKNESS-BOX GIRDERS Top Flange

198 198 198 198 198 199 199 199 199 .199 199 199 ."199· 199 ~'.199 199 200 .200 200

xxvi 9.9.2 9.9.3 9.lO 9.lO.1 9.10.2 9.lD.3 9.'11 9.1l.l 9.11.2 9.11.3 9.12 9.12.1 9.12.2

CONTENTS Bottom Flange \\feb '" _ . DIAPHRAGMS : ~ General : : . ·T-Beams ' ' Box Girders DEFLECTIONS General Segmental Box Girders Superstructure Deflection Limitations DECK PANELS General Bending Moment PART C-DESIGN 9.13 9.13.1 9.13.2 9.13.3 9.14 9.15 9.15.1 9.15.2 9.15.2.1 9.15.2.2 9.15.2,3 9.15.2A ·9.16 9.16.1 9.16.2 9.16.2.1 9.16.2.1.1 9.16.2.1.2 9.16.2.1.3 9.16.2.IA 9.16.2.2 9.17 9.17.1 9.17.2 9.17.3 9.[7.4 9.[S 9.1S.1 9.1S.2 9.[9 9.20 9.20.1 9.20.2 9.20.3 9.20,4 9.20.4.5 GENERAL .Design Theory and General Considerations Basic Assumption Composite Flexural Members LOAD FACTORS ' ALLOWABLE STRESSES Prestressing Steel Concrete Temporary Stresses Before Losses Due to Creep and Shrinkage Stress at Service Load After Losses Have Occurred. , Cracking Stress Anchorage Bearing Stress LOSS OF PRESTRESS Friction Losses Prestress Losses General Shrinkage Elastic Shortening Creep of Concrete Relaxation of Prestressing Steel Estimated Losses FLEXURAL STRENGTH General Rectangular Sections Flanged Sections Steel Stress DUCTILITY LIMITS Maximum Prestressing Steel Minimum Steel NON-PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT SHEAR _ General .' •............ Shear Strength Provided by Concrete Shear Strength Provided by Web Reinforcement Horizontal Shear Design-Composite Flexural Members Ties for Horizontal Shear 201 20 I 20 I " .. 201 202 202 202 202 202 202
203

Division 1 200 200 200 200 200' 200 200 20 I 201 201 201 201

' '.' : , .. '

.zoo

'

'

203 203 203 203 203 203 204 204 204 206 206 206 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 20S 208 208 209 209 209

Division I 9.21 9.21.1 9.21.2 9.21.2.1 9.21.2.2 9.21.2.3 9.21.3 9.21.3.1 9.21.3.2 9.21.3.3 9.21.3.4 9.21.3.5 9.21.3.6 9.21.3.7 9.21.4 9.21.4.1 9.21.4.2 9.21.4.3 9.21.4.4 9.21.5 9.21.6 9.21.6.1 9.21.6.2 9.21.6.3 9.21.6.4 9.21.7 9.21.7 .I 9.21.7.2 9.21.7.3 9.22 9.23 9.24

CONTENTS POST·TENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES Geometry of the Anchorage Zone General Zone and Local Zone General Zone Local Zone· : ' ' Responsibilities ' Design of the General Zone : Design Methods Nominal Material Strengths Use of Special Anchorage Devices General Design Principles and Detailing Requirements Intermediate Anchorages Diaphragms Multiple Slab Anchorages Application of Strut-and- Tie Models to the Design of Anchorage Zones General Nodes Struts Ties Elastic Stress Analysis Approximate Methods, Limitations Compressive Stresses Bursting Forces Edge-Tension Forces Design of the Local Zone Dimensions of the Local Zone Bearing Strength Special Anchorage Devices PRETENSIONED ANCHORAGE ZONES CONCRETE STRENGTH AT STRESS TRANSFER DECK PANELS PART D-DETAILING 9.25 9.26 9.26.1 9.26.2 9.26.3 9.26.4 9.27 9.28 9.29 FLANGE REINFORCEMENT COVER AND SPACING OF STEEL Minimum Cover ' Minimum Spacing Bundling Size of Ducts POST-TENSIONING ANCHORAGES AND COUPLERS EMBEDMENT OF PRESTRESSED STRAND BEARINGS ' STEEL 218 218 218 218 21S 2I8 218 2ISA 2ISA 210 210 210 210 210 2) 0 210 210 211 211 211 212 213 213 213 213 214 214 214 .214 214 214 214 215 215 216 216 216 217 217 217 217

xxvii

I
\

SECTION 10-STRUCTURAL

PART A.:..,.GENERAL REQUI.REMENTS AND MATERIALS,

10.1 10.1.1

APPLICATION Notations

~'

21? . 219

xxviii 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.2.3 - 10.2.4 10;2.5 1"0.2.6 10.2.6.1 10.2.6.2 W.2.6.3 10.2.6.4

CONTENTS MATERIALS General Structural Steels Steels for Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers Fasteners-Rivets and Bolts ,.; .. :' , , Weld Metal , , _Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings, Malleable Castings, Cast Iron, and Bronze or Copper Alloy , Cast Steel and Ductile Iron , , Malleable Castings , , , Cast Iron , , , 223 223
223

Division I

223 223 223 ,225 225 225 225

Bronze or Copper Alloy ,

PART B-DESIGN

,
DETAILS

225

10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.3.3 10.3.4 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11

10.12
\O.L~ 10.14 10.15 10.15.1 10.15.2 10.15.3 IO.16 10.16.1 10.16.2 10.16.3 10.16.4 10.16.5 10.16.6 10.16.7 10.16.8 10.16.9 10.16.10 10.16.11 10.16.12 10.16.13 10.16.14

REPETITIVE LOADING AND TOUGHNESS CONSIDERATIONS Allowable Fatigue Stress Load Cycles Charpy V-Notch Impact Requirements Shear . ' EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF SPAN DEPTH RATIOS DEFLECTION LH\UTlNG LENGTHS OF MEMBERS , MINIMUM THICKNESS OF METAL , " EFFECTIVE AREA OF ANGLES AND TEE SECTIONS IN TENSION , ,., 0UTSTANDING LEGS OF ANGLES EXPAN'SION AND CONTRACTION FLEXURAL MEMBERS , COVER PLATES CAMBER HEAT-CURVED ROLLED BEAMS AND WELDED PLATE GIRDERS Scope , Minimum Radius of Curvature Camber TRUSSES General Truss Members Secondary Stresses Diaphragms Camber , ,", Working Lines and Gravity Axes Portal and Sway Bracing .. , Perforated Cover Plates , Stay Plates , ', , Lacing Bars , .. , .. ': .' ' : Gusset Plates .. , '.' .. , , '.' ' Half-Through Truss Spans Fastener Pitch in Ends of Compression Members Net Section of Riveted or High-Strength Bolted Tension Members ,

225 225 225 225 226 226 226 226 231 231 232 232 232 232 232 233

233 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 234 235 235 235 235 235 236 ,236 , ' .. 236 237 237

Division 1

CONTENTS 10.17 10.17.1 10.17.2 10.17.3 10.17.4 '10.]7.5 10.18 10.18.1 10.18.2 10.18.3 10.18.4 10.18.5 10.18.6 10.19 10.19.1 10.19.2 10.193 10.20 10.20.1 10.20.2 10.20.2.1 10.20.2.2 10.20.3 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.23.1 10.23.2 10.23.2.1 10.23.2.2 10.23.3 10.23.4 10.23.5 10.24 10.24.1 10.24.2 10.24.3 10.24.4 10.24.5 10.24.5.1 10.24.5.2 10.24.5.3 10.24.5.4 10.24.6 1O.~4.6.1 . 10.24.6.2 10.24.7 10.24.7.1 . ]0.24.8 10.25 10.25.1 BENTS AND TOWERS General Single Bents .. : Batter Bracing ;" ' Bottom Struts SPLICES General Beams and Girders Columns Tension Members Welding Fillers STRENGTH OF CONNECTIONS General End Connections of Floor Beams and Stringers End Connections of Diaphragms and Cross Frames DIAPHRAGMS AND CROSS FRAMES General Stresses Due to Wind Loading When Top Flanges are Continuously Supported Ranges Diaphragms and Cross Frames .: Stresses Due to Wind Load When Top Flanges are not Continuously Supported LATERAL BRACING CLOSED SECTIONS AND POCKETS ,VELDING General Effective Size of Fillet Welds Maximum Size of Fillet Welds Minimum Size of Fillet Welds Minimum Effective Length of FilI.et Welds Fillet Weld End Returns Seal Welds FASTENERS (Rivets and Bolts) General Hole Types : Washer Requirements Size of Fasteners (Rivets or High-Strength Bolts) Spacing of Fasteners Pitch and Gage of Fasteners Minimum Spacing of Fasteners Minimum Clear Distance Between Holes Maximum Spacing of Fasteners Maximum Spacing of Sealing and Stitch Fasteners Sealing Fasteners Stitch Fasteners , .....•.................. Ed~e Distance of Fasteners. , General : Long Rivets LINKS AND HANGERS Net Section 237 237 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 238 239 239 239 239 239 239 240 241 241 241 241 241 241 241 242 242 242 _. 242 242 242 242 242 '.242 243 243 243 ;244 244 .244 244 245 245 , 245 245 245 ' 245 . '.. : 245 -245 .' 246 246 '.. 246

. xxix

'

xxx

CONTENTS 10.25.2 10.25.3 10.25,4 10.25.5 10.26 10.27 10.27.1 10.27.2 10.28 10.29 10.29.1 10.29.2 10.29.3 10.29,4 10.29.5 10.29.6 10.29.7 10.30 10.30.1 10.30.2 lO.30.3 10.30.4 10.30.5
10.30.6

Division 246 246 246 246 246 246 246 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 247 248 248 248 248 24E1 248 248 248 248 248 248 248

10.30.7 10.30.8 10.30.8.1 10.30.8.2

Location of Pins : Size of Pins ' , '.. , Pin Plates, Pins and Pin Nuts ': l)PSET ENDS : ,., .' EYEBARS ' Thickness and Net Section' : Packing of Eyebars , , FORKED ENDS FIXED AND EXPANSION BEARINGS General , , Bronze or Copper-Alloy Sliding Expansion Bearings Rollers , " " Sole Plates and Masonry Plates , ,, Masonry Bearings ,,.,,,., ,., Anchor Bolts " .. ,.,.,", , Pedestals and Shoes , ,,, , FLOOR SYSTEM , .. , , Stringers , , , . Floor Beams , , , Cross Frames , , ; Expansion Joints , , End Floor Beams , , End Panel of Skewed Bridges .,."'" , .. , ,, .. , , Sidewalk Brackets , Stay-in-Place Deck Forms Concrete Deck Panels Metal Stay-in-Place Forms PART C-SERV[CE LOAD DESIGN METHOD Al LOWABLE STRESS DESIGN

, 10.31

10.32 10.32.1 10.32.2 W.32.3 LO.32.3.1 10.32.3.3 W.32.3.4 10.32.4 10.325 10.32.5.1 10.32.5.2 10.32.5.3
10.32.5.4

10.32.6 10.33
1O.33.1

10.33.2 10.34

SCOPE ,., .. , ,., .. " , .. , , .. , 249 ALLOWABLE STRESSES ' , , 249 Steel , , '., .. ,' .. , .. " .. ', .. , 249 Weld Metal .. , .. , , , , , 249 Fasteners (Rivets and Bolts) , .. , , , .. , , .249 General ,.,., , " .. , .249 Applied Tension, Combined Tension and Shear , .. , ,253 Fatigue . , , .. , , 254 Pins, Rollers, and Expansion Rockers , , .254 Cast Steel, Ductile Iron Castings. Malleable Castings, and Cast Iron , ,.,, , , 255 Cast Steel and Ductile Iron .. , . , , , ,,,,., ' 255 Malleable Castings ., , , .. , .. , , .. , ,' .255 Cast Iron .. , .. , , , , , , . , , .255 Bronze or Copper-Alloy ., , , , , . , , , .. , .255 Bearing on Masonry .. , , .. , , .255 ROLLED BEAMS. , , , . , , .. ; , , ; ,, 256, General .. , ,", .. , .. , .. , " . , , , .', , , .. , . , .. , .. "256 Bearing Stiffeners "' : .. , .. , , , ,256 PLATE GIRDERS , , , , , , ,., ,256

Division I

CONTENTS General , .. , , .. , . , 256 Flanges . _, , _. , , .. , , . , , , , . _, , , ,256 Welded Girders " , , , _, 256 Riveted or Bolted Girders . _, _', , '.' 257 Thickness of Web Plates ' _, . , , : 257 Girders Not Stiffened Longitudinally . , ,;., , ".. 257 Girders Stiffened Longitudinally , .. , .. , .. , 258 Transverse Intermediate Stiffeners . , , 258 Longitudinal Stiffeners , , 260 . Bearing Stiffeners " , 260 Welded Girders , , .. , , , .. , ,,.,, 260 Riveted or Bolted Girders. , , .. , , , , .. , 261 TRUSSES, , , , , 261 Perforated Cover Plates and Lacing Bars , , 261 Compression Members-Thickness of Metal 261 COMBINED STRESSES .. , . , , ,, , .. , , 263 SOLID RID ARCHES , ,., , , 263 Moment Amplification and Allowable Stress , , 263 Web Plates _ ,, _ , , .. , , 264 Flange Plates .. _ _ , , , , 265 COMPOSITE GIRDERS. , , , , 265 General , .. , , .. , , , , , 265· Shear Connectors ,."., , , , 265 Effective Flange Width , ,, 266 Stresses , ,., ,, , : . , , .. , , 266 10.:'8A Shear ., _. , , , , , , .. , , , , . , .. , , 266 10.38.5 Horizontal Shear .. , , ,., 266 10.38.5.1 Fatigue, , , , . , . , . , .. , , .. , . , . , .. , , 266 10.38.5.1.1 Ultimate Strength , , ,., .. ; 267 10.38.5.1.2 Additional Connectors to Develop Slab Stresses _ 268 10.38.5. I.3 Vertical Shear _.. , 268 10.38.5.2 Deflection , , 268 10.38.6 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS , 268 10.39 General .. , , , .. , ' , 268 .10.39.1 Lateral Distribution of Loads for Bending Moment , : .269 10.39.2 Design of Web Plates _ _.269 10.39.3 Vertical Shear 269 10.39.3.1 Secondary Bending Stresses ,._ , .. 269 10.39.3.2 Design of Bottom Flange Plates ,, , 269 10.39.4 Tension Ranges _ , , , , .. 269 10.39.4.1 Compression Ranges Unstiffened , , 269 10.39.4.2 Compression Ranges Stiffened Longitudinally " , ,272 10.39.4.3 Compression Flanges Stiffened Longitudinally and Transversely . , .272 10.39.4.4 Compression Flange Stiffeners, General ',' , , ,273 10.39.4.5 Design of Flange to Web Welds , .. , .. , 273 10.39.5 Diaphragms , , , 273 10.39.6 Lateral Bracing , , 273 10.39.7 Access and Drainage ; "." 274 10.39.8 HYBRID GIRDERS ' , . , .. , , 274 10AO General, , _' _. ; .", _ 274 lOAO.1 Allowable Stresses , ~ , .. ' 274 10AO.2 Bending , .. , ' _ , _ 274 10AO.2.1 10.34.1 10.34.2 10.34.2.1 10.34.2.2 10.34.3. 10.34.3.1 10.34.3.2 1O.34A 10.34.5 10.34.6 10.34.6.1 ]0.34.6.2 10.35 10.35.1 10.35.2 10.36 10.37 10.37.1 10.37.2 10.37.3 10.38 10.38.1 ~0.38.2 10.38.3

xxxi

xxxii
10040,2.2

CONTENTS Shear Fatigue 275 275 275 .

Division

10040.2.3
. IOAO.3 lOo4OA

lOA I . .IOAI. 1
IOAL2 lOA 1.3 lOA 1.3. 1 10.41.3.2 IOAL4 10AIA.l IOA1.4.2 10,41.4.3

Plate Thickness Requirements ; Bearing Stiffener Requirements : . ORTHOTROPIC-DECK SUPERSTRUCTUR~S

.General ' : _ ;

'.' ,

275
'.275. 275

Wheel Load Contact Area Effective Width of Deck Plate

Ribs and Beams Girders

.-.. :

'

275 :275
275 276

Allowable Stresses
Local Bending Stresses in Deck Plate Bending Stresses in Longitudinal Ribs Bending Stresses in Transverse Beams Intersections of Ribs, Beams, and Girders Thickness of Plate Elements Longitudinal Ribs and Deck Plate Girders and Transverse Beams Maximum Slenderness of Longitudinal Ribs Diaphragms Stiffness Requirements Deflections Vibrations , Wearing Surface 'Closed Ribs ,

276
276

276 276
276

10AI.4.4
IOAL4.5 lOA 1.4.5. 1 IOAIA.5.2

276
276 ,

10.41.4.6
lOA 1.4.7 lOA 1.4.8 10,41.4.8.1

276 276 277

, 277 277 , .277 277 277

10.41.4.8.2 10.4 1.4.9 IOA1.4.10

: ,

'

PART D-STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD LOAD FACTOR DESIGN 10,42 10,43 10,44 10.45

1OA6
10,47 10,48 10,48.1 10,48.2 10A8.3 10.48.4

10.48.5 10.48.6
10,48.7

WAS.8
10,49 10,49.1 10,49.2

10A9.3 10.49.4
10,49.5 10.50 10.50.1 10.50.1.1

SCOPE LOADS DESIGN THEORY ASSUMPTIONS DESIGN STRESS FOR 3TRUCTURAL STEEL MAXIMUM DESIGN LOADS SYMl\llETRICAL BEAMS AND GIRDERS Compact Sections Braced Non-Compact Sections Transitions Un braced Sections Transversely Stiffened Girders Longitudinally Stiffened Girders Bearing Stiffeners Shear UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS AND GIRDERS General Unsymmetrical Sections with Transverse Stiffeners Longitudinally Stiffened Unsymmetrical Sections Unsymmetrical Braced Non-Compact Sections Unbraced Unsymmetrical Sections : ." COMPOSITE BEAMS AND GIRDERS Positive Moment Sections of Composite "Beams and Girders Compact Sections

277 277 277

278 278 278

278

278
279 280 280 281

281 282
282

283
283 283

, .283
283

283
283

284 .284

Division I 10.50.1.2 10.50.2 ]0.50.2.1 10.50.2.2 10.51 1O.51.1 10.51.2 10.51.3 10.51.4 10.51.5 10.51.6 10.52 10.52.1 10.52.2 10.52.3 10.53 ]0.53.] ]0.53.1.1 10.53.1.2 10.53.1.3 10.53.1.4 10.53.2 10.54 10.54.1 1O.54.L1 10.54.1.2 10.54.2 10.54.2.1 10.54.2.2 10.55 10.55.1 10.55.2 10.55.3 10.56 10.56.1 1O.56.LI 10.56.1.2 10.56.1.3 ]0.56.1.4 10.56.2 10.56.3 10.57 10.57.] ]0.57.2 ]0.57.3 10.58 10.58.] 10.58.2 10:58.2.1 10.58.2.2 10.58.3 10.59 10.60

CONTENTS Non-Compact Sections ;.. 286 Negative Moment Section of Composite Beams and ~irders : 286 Compact Sections 286 . Non-Compact Sections' , ~ 286 COMPOSITE BOX GIRDERS : 286 Maximum Strength : 287 Lateral Distribution 287 Web Plates 287 Tension Flanges 287 Compression Flanges 287 Diaphragms 288 SHEAR CONNECTORS 288 General 288 Design of Connectors 288 Maximum Spacing 288 HYBRID GIRDERS 288 Non-Composite Hybrid Girders 289 Compact Sections .289 Braced Non-Compact Sections 289 Unbraced Non-Compact Sections 289 Transversely Stiffened Girders 289 Compes.te Hybrid Girders 289 CJMPRE3SION MEMBERS 289 Axia) Loading 289 Maximum Capacity 289 Effective Length 290 Combined Axial Load and Bending 290 Maximum Capacity 290 Equivalent Moment Factor C 290 SOLID RIB ARCHES 291 Moment Amplification and Allowable Stresses 291 Web Plates 291 . Flange Plates : 291 SPLICES, CONNECTIONS,AND DETAILS 291 Connectors 291 General 291 Welds ' 291 Bolts and Rivets 291 Slip-Critical Joints 292 Bolts Subjected to Prying Action by Connected Parts 292 Rigid Connections 292 OVERLOAD 293 Non-Composite Beams and Girders 293 Composite Beams and Girders 293 Slip-Critical Joints 294 FATIGUE 295 General '.' _ 295 Composite Construction '.' ; 295 Slab Reinforcement : .. : '.' .. 295 . Shear Connectors _ -. '.' . , _ _ 295 Hybrid Beams and Girders _. 295 DEFLECTION _ 295 ORTHOTROPIC SUPERSTRUCTURES 295

xxxiii

xxxiv
SECTION l1-ALU~UNUM '11.1 11.2 11,3 11.4 11.5

CONTENTS

Division I

DESIGN 297 7,97 297 297 297

. GENERAL : BRIDGES : S'OIL-rvlETAL PLATE INTERACTION SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL SUPPORTS FOR HIGHWAY SIGNS, LUt\UNAIRES, AND TRAFFIC SIGNALS: BRIDGE RAILING

; .

SECTION 12-S0IL·CORRUGATED METAL STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEMS 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3
12.1.4 l2.U

GENERAL
Scope Notations Loads Design Materials Soil Design Soil Parameters Pipe Arch Design Arch Design Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions Minimum Spacing End Treatment Construction and Installation

299 299 299 299

300

300
300

12.1.6 [2.1.6.1 12.1.6.2 12.1.6.3 12.1,7 12.1.8 12.1.9 [2.1.1 0 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3
12.3.1

300
300 300 301 '.'

. SERVICE LOAD DESIGN

"Vall Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Buckling Seam Strength Handling and Installation Strength .

.30 I 30 I 30 I 30 I 301
301 301 301

LOAD FACTOR DESIGN

\Vall Area Buckling ., Seam Strength Handling and Installation

302 301
302 Strength

12.3.2 12.3.3
12.3.4

12.4 12.4.1
12.4.1.2 12.4.1.3

CORRUGATED

METAL PIPE

12.4.1A 12...1..1.5
12.4.2

12.4.3
12.4.3.1 12.4.3.2

12.;t-A 12.4.5 12.5 12.5.1 [2.5.2

General Service Load Design-safety factor, SF Load Factor Design-capacity modification Flexibility Factor, , Minimum Cover Seam Strength Section Properties Steel Conduits Aluminum Conduits Chemical and Mechanical Requirements Smooth-Lined Pipe .'

302 302 302 .302 302

factor. <I> ..•..•...... ' 302

.303
303

303 304
304 304 , .. 305 305 .

'.'

SPIRAL RIB METAL PIPE

General Soil Design

305
305

,305

Division I

CONTENTS 12.5.2.3 12.5.2,4 12.5.2.5 12.5.3 12.5.3.2 12.5.3.3 12.5.4 12.5.4.] ] 2.5.4.2 12.5.5 12.5.5.1 12.5.5.2 12.6 12.6.1 12.6.1.2 12.6.1.3 12.6.1.4 12.6.1.5 12.6.2 ]2.6.3 12.6.3.1 ]2.6.3.2 12.6.4 12.6.4.1 12.6.4.2 12.6.5 12.7 12.7.1 12.7.2 12.7.2.1 12.7.2.2 12.7.2.3 12.7.2.4 12.7.3 12.7.4 12.7.5 12.S 12.S.1 12.S.1.1 12.S.2 12.S.3 I2.S.4 12.S.4.1 12.S.4.2 12:S.4.3 12.S.4,4 12.S.5 "Pipe-Arch Design _ _ .305 Special Conditions _ .305 Construction and Installation .. " " .. .305 Design " " 305 Flexibility Factor _. _ , ":.. ". .306 MinimumCover .306 Section Properties . ., _ ' .306 Steel Conduits " _ .306 Aluminum Conduits _. _ _ 306 Chemical and Mechanical Requirements 306 Steel Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch RequirementsAASHTO M 21S _ .306 Aluminum Spiral Rib Pipe and Pipe-Arch RequirementsAASHTOM 197 " 306 STRUCTURAL PLATE PIPE STRUCTURES _ 307 General .. _ _ 307 Service Load Design-safety factor, SF 307 Load Factor Design-capacity modification factor, q, _ _ 307 Flexibility Factor. _ _ _ _ _ .307 Minimum Cover _. __ .307 Seam Strength ~.307 Section Properties 307 Steel Condrirs .307 Aluminum Conduits _ 307' Chemical and ~.1e~hanical Properties 30S Aluminum Structural Plate Pipe. Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material Requirements-AASHTO M 219, Alloy 5052 " " 30S Steel Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe-Arch, and Arch Material Requirements-AASHTO M 167 30S Structural Plate Arches .308 LONG-SPAN STRUCTURAL PLATE STRUCTURES .308 General _. _. 308 Design _ 308 General :" . 308 Acceptable Special Features ' 309 Design for Deflection , ,309 Soil Design " .309 Structural Plate Shapes , ,' 310 End Treatment .310 Multiple Structures _, .. , .310 STRUCTURAL PLATE BOX CULVERTS 310 General _ , 310 Scope _ , , .311 Structural Standards .', .. ' , .. _ _ 311 Structure Backfill ., .. _ , , .. , , .311 Design , . ' . , . _ , .. , ".. _.. _, , 3I1 Analytical Basis for Design , ' :. _' •.. ' .. 3.11 Load Factor Method'. , , . , .. _, . , .. , .311 Plastic Moment Requirements _ , . , , .. , ' .. _.. ' ', : .311 Footing Reactions . _.. " : 313 Manufacturing and Installation .. ' , , ' .313

xxxv

xxxvi SECTION 13J 13.1.1 13.1.2. 13.1.3 13.1.4 13.2 13.2.1 13.l.Ll 13.2.1.2 13.2.2 13.2.2.1 13.2.2.2 13.2.3 13.2.3.1 13.2.3.2 13.2.3.3 13.2.3.4 13.2.4 13.3 . 13.3.1 13.3.2 13.3.3 13.3.4 13.4 13.5 13.5.1 [3.5.2 13.5.2.2 lJ.5.3 13.5.4 13.5.5 13.5.5.1 13.5.5.2 13.5.5.3 13.6 13.6.1 13.6.2 13.6.3 lJ.6.4 13.6.4.1 13.6.4.2 13.6.4.3 13.6.4.4 13.6.4.5 13.6.5 13.6.5.1 13.6.5.2 13.6.5.3 13.6.6 13.6.6.1 13.6.6.2 13-WOOD

CONTENTS STRUCTURES 315 3l5 :, .. 3-15 ', 315 ' 315· 316 .316 .316 316 , 316 316 .316 317 _ 317 317 317 _ , .317 ,._ 317 , .. , .317 3l7 317 , .. 317 317 317 ; .. 318 .318 318 318 318 318 318 318 327 327 327 327 335 , 335 , 335 _ , 335 335 ,336 336 337 .337 .337 337 ' 337 338 33~ 338

Division 1

GENERAL AND NOTATIONS General Net Section : ; : .. ' Impact .. : : : ' , Notations _ ., , MATERIALS Sawn Lumber General Dimensions Glued Laminated Timber General ,_ , , , Dimensions ", _ , Structural Composite Lumber _.. , , General _ , _ Laminated Veneer Lumber , , Parallel Strand Lumber , Dimensions : _ Piles , , PRESERVATIVE TREATMENT Requirement for Treatment Treatment Chemicals _ Field Treating Fire Retardant Treatments DEFLECTION DESIGN VALUES General Tabulated Values for Sawn Lumber Stress Grades in Flexure Tabulated Values for Glued Laminated Timber Tabulated Values for Structural Composite LumbeAdjustments to Tabulated Design Values Wet Service Factor, CM ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• Load Duration Factor, Co Adjustment for Preservative Treatment BENDING MEMBERS General , Notching Modulus of Elasticity , _.. Bending Allowable Stress , Size Factor, CF •••••••••••.•••••••.•••••.••.••••••••••.••• Volume Factor, C, Beam Stability Factor, Cl Form Factor. C, Shear Parallel to Grain General Actual Stress .' . , : Allowable Stress , Compression Perpendicular to Grain General . , Allowable Stress ..........................•..............

Division I

CONTENTS 13.6.6.3 13.6.7 '13.7 13.7.1 13.7.2 ]3.7.3 13.7.3.1 13.7.3.2 13.7.3.3 13.7.3.4 13.7.3.5 13.7.4 13.8 13.8.1 13.8.2 13.9 13.9.1 13.9.2 13.9.3 13.9.4 Bearing Area Factor, C, Bearing on Inclined Surfaces COMPRESSION MEMBERS : General , Eccentric Loading or Combined Stresses Compression ' , Net Section Allowable Stress Column Stability Factor. C, Tapered Columns Round Columns , Bearing Parallel to Grain TENSION MEMBERS , Tension Parallel to Grain Tension Perpendicular to Grain MECHANICAL CONNECTIONS General Corrosion Protection Fasteners .. , Washers .338 338 338 .338 ~ 339 .339 339 339 .339 .340 340 , .. 340 ' .. 340 340 .341 .341 .341 341 341 .341

xxxvii

: '

SECTION 14-ELASTOMERIC 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.4.1 14.4.1.1 ]4.4.1.2 ]4.4.1.3 ]4.4.1.4 14.4.1.5 14.4.1.6 14.4.2 14.4.2.1 14.4.2.2 14.4.2.3 14.4.2.4 14.4.2.5 14.4.2.6 14.5 14.6 14.6.1 1.4,6.2 14,7

BEARINGS 343 343 .344 344 .344 344 345 .345 '.' .345 .345 .346 .346 _.346 , .346 .347 .347 .347 347 347 _ , · 348

GENERAL DEFINITIONS , MATERIAL PROPERTIES BEARING DESIGN METHODS Method A-Design Procedure for Steel Reinforced, Fabric Reinforced or Plain Bearings Compressive Stress Compressive Deflection , Shear

Rotation

,
,

14.8

Stability Reinforcement Method B-Optional Design Procedure for Steel Reinforced Bearings Compressive Stress _.. ' Compressive Deflection Shear _ _ Rotation and Combined Compression and Rotation Stability , Reinforcement ANCHORAGE _ _.', DESIGN FORCES FOR SUPPORTING , STRUCTURE , .. _ _ Shear Force ,' ' .' : .. , : Moment ~ , ',' .. _ .STIFFENERS FOR STEEL BEAMS AND GIRDERS.,.· , PROVISIONS FOR INSTALLATION EFFECTS

, '

348
, , . ~: .,.348 , .348 .348

xxxviii SECTION 15-TFE

15.1 15.2

CONTENTS

Division

BEARING SURFACE
349 349

GENERAL D.ESIGN

' TUNNEL LINER PLATES

. ·SECTION.l6-STEEL
16.1 16.1.1 16.1.2 16.2 16.3 16.3.1 16.3.2 16.3.3 16.3.4 16.3.5 16.4 16.4.1 16.4.2 16.4.3 16.5 16.6 [6.7 [6.8

GENERAL AND NOTATIONS General Notations LOADS DESIGN Criteria Joint Strength Minimum Stiffness for Installation Critical Buckling of Liner Plate Wall Deflection or Flattening CHEMICAL AND IVIECHANICAL REQUIREMENTS Chemical Composition Minimum Mechanical Properties of Flat Pipe Before Cold Forming Dimensions and Tolerances SECTION PROPERTIES COATINGS BOLTS SAFETY FACTORS

351 35 l 351 351 352 352 352 353 353 353 354 354 354 354 354 354 354 354

SECTION 17-S0IL·REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE INTERACTION SYSTEl\IS 17.1 17.1. [ 17.1.2 17.1.3 17.1.4
17.1.5 17.1.6 17.1.7 17.1.8 17.1.9

GENERAL Scope Notations Loads Design

Materials

[7.2
17.3 17.4 17.4.1 17.4.2 17.4.2.1 17.4.2.2 17.4.2.3 17.4.3 .

Soil Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions End Structures Construction and Installation SERVICE LOAD DESIGN LOAD FACTOR DESIGN REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE Application Materials
Concrete Reinforcement Concrete Cover for Reinforcement"

Intallations
Standard Soils Installations

.17.4.3.1
17.4.3.2 17.4.4

Design

355 355 ~j5 356 357 357 357 357 .357 .357 357 357 357 357 357 357 357 ; .. _ .. 357 '.358 358 358 358

Division I

CONTENTS 17.4.4.1 17.4.4.2 1704.4.2.1 17.4.4.2.1.1 17.4.4.2.1.2· 17.4.4.2.2 17.4.4.2.3 17.4.4.3 17.4.4.4 17.4.5 General Requirements Loads , , Earth Loads and Pressure Distribution Standard Installations . ~ Nonstandard Installations .. : Pipe Fluid Weight Live Loads Minimun Fill Design Methods Indirect Design Method Based on Pipe Strength and Load-Carrying Capacity 1704.5.1 Loads 17.4.5.2 Bedding Factor 17.4.5.2.1 Earth Load Bedding Factor for Circular Pipe 17.4.5.2.2 Earth Load Bedding Factor for Arch and Elliptical Pipe 17.4.5.2.3 Live Load Bedding Factor 17.4.5.2.4 Intermediate Trench Widths 17.4.6 Direct Design Method Based on Pressure Distribution 17.4.6.1 Loads 17.4.6.2 Strength-Reduction Factors : 17.4.6.3 Process and Material Factors 17.4;6.4 Reinforcement : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 17.4.6.4.1 Reinforcement for Flexural Strength 17.4.6.4.2 Minimum Reinforcement ] 7.4.6.4.3 Maximum Flexural Reinforcement Wirhoc: Stirrups 17.4.6.4.3.1 Limited by Radial Tension ]7.4.6.4.3.2 Limited by Concrete Compression 17.4.6.4.4 Crack Width Control 17.4.6.4.5 Shear Strength 17.4.6.4.6 Radial Stirrups 17.4.6.4.6.1 Radial Tension Stirrups 17.4.6.4.6.2 Shear Stirrups 17.4.6.4.6.3 Stirrup Reinforcement Anchorage 17.4.6.4.6.3.1 Radial Tension stirrup Anchorage 17.4.6.4.6.3.2 Shear Stirrup Anchorage 17.4.6.4.6.3.3 Stirrup Embedment 17.4.6.4.6.3.4 Other Provisions 17.5 REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH, CAST-IN-PLACE 17.5.1 Application , 17.5.2 Materials 17.5.2.1 Concrete 17.5.2.2 Reinforcement 17.5.3 Design 17.5.3.1 General Requirements 17.5.3:2 Minimum Cover ~ 17.5.3.3 Strength-Reduction Factors , 17.5.3.4 Splices of Reinforcement .' 17.5.3.5 Footing Design : '" : 17.6 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX; CAST-IN.PLACE .; -17.6.1 Application : ' 17.6.2 Materials 17.6.2.1 Concrete 17.6.2.2 Reinforcement 358 .359 .359 359 .359 . '.360 .360 .360 360 .360 .360 .363 .363 363 .363 .363 .363 .363 .364 .364 364 .364 365 365 365 366 366 .367 .369 .369 .370 .370 .370 .370 .370 370 370 .370 .370 .370 .370 .370 370 370 370 .370 .371 .371 .37i .37{ .371 .371

xxxix

'

xl

CONTENTS 17.6.3 17.6.4 17.6.4.1 17.6.4.2 . 17.. .4.2.1 6 17.6.4.2.2 17.6.4.3 17.6.4A 17.6.4.5 17.6.4.6 17.6.4.7 17.6.4.8 17.7 17.7.1 17.7.2 17.7.2.1 17.7.2.2 17.7.3 17.7A 17.7.4.1 17.7.4.2 17.7.4.2.1 17.7.4.2.2 17.7.4.3 17.7.4A 17.7.4.5 17.7.4.6 17.7.4.7 17.7.4.8 17.8 17.8.1 17.8.2 17.8.2.1 17.8.2.2 17.8.3 17.8A 17.8.5 17.8.5.1 17.8.5.2 [7.8.5.3 17.8.5,4 17.8.5.5 17.8.5.6 17.8.5.7 17.8.5.8 17.8.5.9 17.8.5.10 17.8.5.11 17.8.5.12 Concrete Cover for Reinforcement Design .General Requirements Modification of Earth Loads for Soil Structure Interaction , ' '.. ' ' :, Embankment Installations ' Trench Installations Distribution of Concentrated Load Effects to Bottom Slab Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts Span Length Strength-Reduction Factors Crack Control Minimum Reinforcement REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX, PRECAST Application Materials Concrete Reinforcement Concrete Cover for Reinforcement Design ; General Requirements Modification of Earth Loads for Soil-Structure Interaction Embankment Installations Trench Installations Distribution of Concentrated Load Effects in Sides and Bottoms Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts """'" Span Length ' , Strength-Reduction Factors Crack Control Minimum Reinforcement PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE THREE-SIDED STRUCTURES Application Materials Concrete Reinforcement Concrete Cover for Reinforcement Geometric Properties Design General Requirements Distribution of Concentrated Load Effects in Sides Distribution of Concentrated Loads in Skewed Culverts Shear Transfer in Transverse Joints Between Culvert Sections Span Length Strength-Reduction Factor Crack Control _. Minimum Reinforcement ~ _. .Deflection Control : .Footing Design : Structure Backfill Scour Protection 371 .371 371 371 3il 371 371 .371 .372 372 372 372 372 372 372 37'2 372 .372 .373 .373 373 373 373 373 .373 373 373 373 373 374 .374 374 374 .374 .374 374 374 374 374 .37.:1374 374 .374 .375 375 .375 375 375 375

Division I

Division I

CONTENTS

xli

c.

SECTION 18-S0IL·THERMOPLASTIC
18.1 18.Ll 1.8.1.2 18.1,3 18.1.4 18.1.5 18.1.6 18.1.6.1 18.1.7 ] 8.1.8 18.1.9 18.1.10 18.2 18.2.1 18.2.2 18.2.3 18.3 18.3.1 18.3.2 18.3.3 18,4 ]8.4.1 18.4.1.2 18.4.1.3 18.4.1.4 18.4.1.5 18.4.1.6 18.4.1.7 18.4.2 18.4.2.1 18.4.2.2 18.4.2.3 18.4.3 18.4.3.1 18.4.3.1.1 18.4.3.1.2 18.4.3.1.3 18.4.3.2 18.4.3.2.1 18.4.3.2.2

PIPE INTERACTION SYSTEMS

.377 3.77 377 .377 .377 .377 .377 377 .378 378 378 .378 .378 .378 .378 379 379 379 379 37~ 379 .379 380 .380 .380 380 .380 .380 .380 .380 .380 380 381 .381 .381 .381 381 381 .381 .382

GENERAL Scope
Notations ..::

:
, .-

Loads ; Design Materials Soil Design

Soil Parameters

.;...•................

Abrasive or Corrosive Conditions Minimum Spacing End Treatment Construction and Installation SERVICE LOAD DESIGN WallArea Buckling Handling and Installation Strength LOAD FACTOR DESIGN WallArea Buckling Handling and Installation Strength PLASTIC PIPE , : General
Service Load Design-Safety Factor, SF .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . Load Factor Design-Capacity Modification Factor, <I) ...••.••.• Flexibility Factor Minimum Cover '" Maximum Strain Local Buckling ;

Section Properties
PE Corrugated Pipes PE Ribbed Pipes Profile Wall PVC Pipes

Chemical and Mechanical Requirements

Polyethylene Smooth Wall PE Pipe Requirements Corrugated PE Pipe Requirements Ribbed PE Pipe Requirements Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Smooth Wall PVC Pipe Requirements Ribbed PVC Pipe Requirements

SECTION 19-POT BEARINGS

19.1 19.Ll 19:1.2 ·19.1.3 19.2' 19.2.1 19.2.2 19.2.3

GENERAL Fixed Bearings Guided Expansion Bearings .......................•........ Nonguided Expansion Bearings .. ' , DESIGN . .. ' ' : .. '.' Design Parameters Types of Pot-Bearing Design Limitations of Pot Bearings

.383 .383 .383 '.' 383' . '.' . : .'. .383 ~383. .384 .384

xlii SECTION 20-DISC 20.1 20.1.1 20.1.2 20.1.3 20.2 20.2.1 20.2.2 BEARINGS

CONTENTS

Division

I-A

. G ENE.RAL . Fixed Bearings '.' . Guided Expansion Bearings Nonguided Expansion Bearings DESIGN Design Parameters Limitations of Disc Bearings

'

' :

.385 385 385 .385 395 385 386

DIVISION I-A SEISMIC DESIGN SECTION

l.l

l-I:"ITRODUCTION PURPOSE AND PHILOSOPHY BACKGROUND BASIC CONCEPTS PROJECT ORGANIZATION QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS FLOW CHARTS AND DEFINITIONS 395 REQUIREMENTS 397 397 399 .399 .399 399 0400
0400 0400 0400 AOO AOO 0401 AOI

1.2

1.3
104

1.5 1.6

389 389 390 .390 390 390

SECTION 2-S\'MBOLS 2.1 NOTATIONS

SECTION 3-GENERAL' 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.5.1 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.[0 3.11 3. [2

APPLICABILITY OF SPECIFICATIONS ACCELERATION COEFFICIENT IMPORTANCE CLASSIFICATION SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES """"""""'" SITE EFFECTS __. __ "'" Site Coefficient ELASTIC SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFFICIENT """"""" Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient for Single Mode Analysis ... Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient for Multirnodal Analysis '" RESPONSE [VIODIFICATION FACTORS DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC FORCES AND DISPLACEMENTS COi\IBINATION OF ORTHOGONAL SEISMIC FORCES MINIMUM SEAT-WIDTH REQUIREMENTS DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE SPAN BRIDGES REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY BRIDGES AND STAGED CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

.402

SECTION 4-ANALYSIS 4.1 4.2 GENERAL SELECTION

OF ANALYSIS METHOD

.403 0403

Division I-A 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3

CONTENTS Special Requirements for Single-Span Bridges and Bridges in SPC A Special Requirements for Curved Bridges Special Requirements for Critical Bridges UNIFORM LOAD METHOD-PROCEDURE 1 SINGLE MODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHODPROCEDURE 2 MULTIMODE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS METHODPROCEDURE 3 General Mathematical Model Superstructure Substructure Mode Shapes and Periods Multimode Spectral Analysis Combination of Mode Forces and Displacements TIME HISTORY METHOD-PROCEDURE 4

xliii

0403 0403 v- • .404 .-.. .404 0404

404
4.5 4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.2(A) 4.5.2(B) 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.6

0405
0405 0405 .406 .406 .406 .406 .406 .406

SECTION 5-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 GENERAL DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A , FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY A .407 . 0407 0407 0407 0408 0408

SECTION 6-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.3.1 604 604.1 . 6.4.2 6A.2(A) 6A.2(B) GENERAL DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B Design Forces for Structural Members and Connections Design Forces for Foundations Design Forces for Abutments and Retaining Walls DESIGN DISPLACEMENTS FOR SEISMIC PE~ORMANCE CATEGORY B Minimum Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Category B FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIG~ REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B General -~ ', : .. , '.' Foundations , : Investigation _ Foundation Design ..409 .409 0409 .409

0410
0410

.410
.

0410
,410 410

0410
,411

xliv
6.4.2lC)

CONTENTS Special Pile Requirements Abutments " .. ,.'., , Free-Standing Abutments , Monolithic Abutments ., " STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS' FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B General , '' Pvdelta Effects REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORY B General , , , Minimum Transverse Reinforcement Requirements for Seismic Performance Category B Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement
All

Division I·A

6.4.3 . 6.4.3(A) 6..:U(B) 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.6 6.6.1 6.6.2 6.6.2(A) 6.6.2(B)

A II All 0412 . 0412 A12 0412 0412

AI2

AU 0412
0413

SECTION 7-DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES IN SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES 7,1 7.2 7.2.1 7.2.1(A) 7.2.I(B) 7.2.2 7.2.2(A) 7.2.2(8) 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 7.2.5(A) 7.2.5(8) 7.2.5(C) 7.2.6 7.2.7

C AND D

7.3
7.3.1 7.4

704.1

7.4.2
7A.2(AJ

7.4.2(B) 7.4.2(C) 7.4.3

GENERAL , .. , : 415 DESIGN FORCES FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES C AND D , .415 Modified Design Forces , 0415 . Modified Design Forces for Structural Members . and Connections A 15 Modified Design Forces for Foundations .415 Forces Resulting from Plastic Hinging in the Columns, Piers, or Bents ' .. "., " , .. , .. .416 Single Columns and Piers , .. , ,., , , 0416 Bents with Two or More Columns , 0416 Column and Pile Bent Design Forces 0417 Pier Design Forces , . A 17 Connection Design Forces 0417 Longitudinal Linkage Forces 0417 Hold-Down Devices 0417 Column and Pier Connections to Cap Beams and Footings 0417 Foundation Design Forces AI7 Abutment and Retaining Wall Design Forces. , , 0418 DESIGN DISPLACEMENT FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D ., , A18 Minimum Support Length Requirements for Seismic Performance Categories C and D , .. , , , .. , .. , , .418 FOUNDATION AND ABUTMENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CAND D .. "."., , .. " .. , ... , .. , .. , .. ,.,., .. ,.0418 General .; .. , .. , .. ,""', " .. , .. " .. "., , .. , .. ,' .418 Foundation Requirements for Seismic Performance Category C .. , . '.' .. , , .. '.' . , , ..,' . " . , , . " .. ' , .419 Investigation ,., ;.,., ,' , , , A 19 Foundation Design , , A 19 Special Pile Requirements ,' , .. , .419 Abutment Requirements for Seismic Performance Category C , 0420

Division IT

CONTENTS 7,4.3(A) 7,4.3(B) 7,4,4 7,4,4(A) 7,4,4(B) 7,4.5 7.5 7.5.1 7.5.2 7.6 Free-Standing Abutments ,420 Monolithic Abutments ,420 Additional Requirements for Foundations for Seismic Performance Category D ,420 Investigation : _ : ,420 Foundation Design ~ ,421 Additional Requirements for Abutments for Seismic Performance Category D ,421 STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES C AND D ,421 General ,421 P-delta Effects : .421 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC PERFORMANCE CATEGORIES CANDD .421 General .421 Column Requirements ,421 Vertical Reinforcement ,421 Flexural Strength ,421 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement ,422 Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement at Plastic Hinges ,422 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement ,423 Splices ,423 Pier Requirements .423 Column Connections ,424 Construction Joints in Piers and Columns .424 DIVISION II CONSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION SECTION I-STRUCTURE 1.1 1.2 1.3 1,4 1,4.1 1,4.2 ] .4.2.1 1.4.2.2 1.4.2.3 1.4.2,4 1.4.2.5 1.4.3 1.5 1.5.1 1.5.2 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILL 427 ,427 427 ,427 ,427 ,428 ,428 ,428 ,428 ,428 ,428 ,428 ,429 ,429 .429 . ,426

xlv

7.6.1 7.6.2 7.6.2(A) 7.6.2(B) 7.6.2(C) ·7.6.2(D) 7.6.2(E) 7.6.2(F) 7.6.3 7.6,4 7.6.5

GENERAL WORKING DRAWINGS MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION ; Depth of Footings Foundation Preparation and Control of Water General Excavations Within Channels Foundations on Rock Other Foundations Approval of Foundation Backfill MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT _ Measurement . . Payment .. : " .' ' OF EXISTING STRUCTURES .

SECTION 2-REMOVAL 2.1 2.2

DESCRIPTION WORKING DRAWINGS

,431 .431

xlvi 2.3 2.3.1 '2:3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2,4

CONTENTS

Division II .431 .431 .431 .431 432 .432

CONSTRUCTION
General Salvage Partial Removal of Structures . Disposal .' :

IVIEASUREMENTAND'PAYMENT
3- TEMPORARY

SECTION
3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.L5 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.2.1 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.3 3.2.2.4 3.2.2.5 3.2.3 3.2.3.1 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.3 3.2.3.4 3.2.3.5 3.2.4 3.2.4.1 3.2.4.2 3.2.4.3 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.6

WORKS
.433 .433 ,433 .433 ,433 .433 .434 .434 .434 .434 ,434 ,434 ,434 .434 .435 .435 .435 .435 .435 436 .436 .436 '. .436 .436 .437 .437 .437 .437 .437 .437 .437 .437

GENERAL
Description Working Drawings Design Construction Removal

FALSEWORK AND FORl\[S

General Falsework Design and Construction Loads Foundations " Deflections Clearances Construction Formwork Design and Construction General Design Construction Tube Forms Stay-in-Place Forrns Removal of Falsework and Forms General Time of Removal '.' Extent of Removal

' "

COFFERDAMS AND SHORING

General Protection of Concrete Removal

TEMPORARY WATER CONTROL SYSTEMS

General Drawings Operations

TEMPORARY BRIDGES
General Detour Bridges Haul Bridges Maintenance

.437 .437

MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT FOUNDATION PILES

.438 ,438 .438 .438

SECTION 4-DRIVEN
4.1 4.2

DESCRIPTION MATERIALS

.439 .439

Division II 4.2.1 4.2.1.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.1.4 4.3.1.5 4.3.1.5.1 4.3.1.6 4.3.2 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.I.1 4.4. 1. l.l 4.4.1.1.2 4.4.1.1.3 4.4.1.1.4 4.4.1.1.5 4.4.1.1.6 4.4.1.2 4.4.1.2.1 4.4.1.2.2 4.4.1.2.3 4.4.1.2.4 4.4.1.2.5 4.4.1.2.6 4.4.2 4.4.2.1 4.4.2.1.1 4.4.2.1.2 4.4.2.1.3 4.4.2.2 4.4.2.2.] 4.4.2.2.2 4.4.2.2.3 4.4.3 4.4.3.1 4.4.3.2 4.4.4 4:4.4.1 4.4.4.2 4.4.4.3 4.4.4.4 .4.4.4.5 4.4.5 4.4.5.1 4.4.5.2

CONfENTS Steel Piles , _ Painting , , Timber Piles _ Concrete Piles MANUFACTURE OF PILES _ Precast Concrete PiI~ Forms .. :, , Casting .. ,., , Finish , , Curing and Protection Prestressing . _. _. _ _ Working Drawings Storage and Handling Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles Inspection of Metal Shells Placing Concrete DRIVING Pll-ES , Pile Driving Equipment , Hammers General , , _ Drop Hammers , Air Steam Hammers _ _ Diesel Hammers _ Vibratory Hammers _ Additional Equipment or Methods _ Driving Appurtenances _ Hammer Cushion _ Pile Drive Head Pile Cushion _ Leads , _ Followers Jets Preparation for Driving _. _ Site Work _. _. _.. _.,. '.' Excavation _ _ Preboring to Facilitate Driving Predrilled Holes in Embankments , Preparation of Piling , Collars Pointing Pile Shoes and Lugs Driving Driving of Test Piles _ Accuracy of Driving _ Determination of Bearing Capacity General _ Method A-Empirical Pile Formulas Method B-Wave Equation Analysis Method C-Dynamk Load Tests Method D-S~atic Load Tests. -..' ' _ Splicing of Piles .....•................... _ Steel Piles : _.. _ Concrete Piles : , _ .439 .439 .439 .439 : . .:.. 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 440 _ 441 441 _ 441 441 441 441 441 _.442 442 442 442 442 442 442 442 443 443 ' 443 443 443 443 443 443

xlvii

_ _ _ _

'

443

, : , : , .' : _.. _ _ _

443 443 443 .444 444 444 444

AM
'.' , .445 445 _ 446 446 446

xlviii
404.5.3

CONTENTS Timber Piles Defective Piles' .. , . , , , Pile Cut-Off General , : Timber Piles : , MEASUREMENTANQ PAYMENT , Method of Measurement : Timber. Steel, and Concrete Piles Piles Furnished Piles Driven .. , Pile Splices, Pile Shoes. and Pile Lugs Load Tests Basis of Payment , , , , , .. ,
, ..•..•. ! •.•••...

Division II .446 .446 ,446 446 ,446 .447 447, .447 .447 447 ,447 ,447 447

4.4.6 4.4.7 4.4.7.1 4.4.1.2· 4.5 ,.(5.1 4.5.1.1 4.5.1.1.! 4.5.L1.2 4.5.1.2 4.5.1.3 4.5.2

: .-.,

SECTION 5-DRILLED 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.3. l . 5.3.2 5.3.3 5,4

S,4.!

PILES AND SHAFTS

5,4.2 5,4.3
504.4

5,4.5 5.4.6 5,4.7 5,4.8 5,4.9 5,4,10 5,4.11 5,4.12 5.4.13 5.4.14 5.4.15 5.4.16 5,4.17 5.5 5.6 5.6.1 5.6.1.1 5.6.1.2 5.6.1.3 5.6.1.4 5.6.1.5 5.6.1.6 5.6.1.7 5.6.2 5.6.2.1

DESCRIPTION ,449 WORKING DRAWINGS .449 l\-tATERIALS ,.', , ,449 Concrete . , .. , , , ' .449 Reinforcing Steel ,., .449 Casings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 CONSTRUCTION .449 Protection of Existing Structures, .449 Construction Sequence ,449 General Methods and Equipment '. .450 Dry Construction Method ,., .450 Wet Construction Method , .450 Temporary Casing Construction Method, .450 Permanent Casing Construction Method .450 Alternative Construction Methods .. , .450 Excavations ' , .. , 0451 Casings . '.' , AS I Slurry .. " , , , " ,451 Excavation Inspection , , AS I Reinforcing Steel Cage Construction and Placement , ,452 Concrete Placement, Curing, and Protection ,452 Test Shafts and Bells , .452 Construction Tolerances .452 Integrity Testing , ,453 DRILLED SHAFT LOAD TESTS 0453 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT ,453 Measurement , , .. , , ' 453 Drilled Shaft , " .. ,., .. , ,., , , , .453 Bell Footings ' ,.,, ,, , , , .. , ,453 Test Shafts, , .. , .. , , . , .. , , 0453 Test Bells ,., , ,.,, , , .. , . , A54 Exploration' , ', , .. '.' '.' ~.. , : , .. 0454 Permanent Casing .. , , .. , ,. .454 Load Tests , .. , ,., .' ' , . , , , 454 Payment .. , . , .', , .. , , , , .. , , .. , , . ,454 Drilled Shaft .. , , " , .454
,e •• , •• , •• , •• , •, , •••

Division II 5.6.2.2 5.6.2.3 5:6.2.4 5.6.2.5 5.6.2.6 5.6.2.7

CONTENTS Bell Footings Test Shafts Test BeIJs : Exploration Holes . Permanent Casing Load Tests ..........................•...... ANCHORS .455 .455 455 .455 455 ,456 ,456 .456 .456 ,456 ,456 ,457 ,457 ,457 ,457 ,457 ,457 .458 .458 .458 .458 .458 .459 .459 A60 .460 .461 .461 .454 .454 .454 ''- ., . , .. .454 ; .. .454 ' .454

xlix

: .. ' : :

SECTION 6-GROUND 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.3.4 6.3.5 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.1.1 6.4.1.2 6.4.2 6.4.3 6.4.4 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 6.5.5 6.5.5.1 6.5.5.2 6.5.5.3 6.5.5,4 6.5.5.5 6.5.5.6 6.6

DESCRIPTION WORKING DRAWINGS MATERIALS Prestressing Steel Grout Steel Elements Corrosion Protection Elements Miscellaneous Elements FABRICATION Bond Length and Tendon Bond Length Grout Protected Ground Anchor Tendon : Encapsulation Protected Ground Anchor Tendon Unhonded Length Anchorage and Trumpet Tendon Storage and Handling INSTALLATION Drilling ., Tendon Insertion Grouting Trumpet and Anchorage Testing and Stressing Testing Equipment Peformance Test Proof Test Creep Test Ground Anchor Load Test Acceptance Criteria Lock Off MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT RETAINING SYSTEMS

SECTION 7-EARTH 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.3.1 7.3.1.1 7.3.1.2 7.3.1.3 7.3.2 . 7.3:3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.5.1

DESCRIPTION WORKING DRAWINGS MATERIALS Concrete Cast-in-Place Pneumatically Applied Mortar Precast Elements .' Reinforcing Steel' : Structural Steel TImber _ Drainage Elements Pipe and Perforated Pipe

'

.463 .463 .463 .463 .463 .463 ~ : : . .463

' ' ,

0463
464 .464 ,464

CONTENTS 7.3.5.2. 7.3.53 Filter Fabric , Permeable Material , Geocornposite Drainage Systems ' Structure Backfill Material : General ; :

Division II

A64
' ,464 .464 .464 '.. ,464

7.3.5A
7.3.6 7.3.6.1 7.3.6.2 7:3.63

__ . ""'" ,

__

7A
7.4.1 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.5 7.5. [ 7.5.2 7.~.3 7.5.-:!7.6 7.6.[ 7.6.2. 7.6.2.1 7.6.2.2 7.6.2.3 7.6.2.3.1 7.6.2.3.2 7.6.2.3.3

7.6.2.3A
7.6.23.5 7.6.2.3.6 7.6.3 7.6.3.1 7.6.3.2 7.6.3.3 7.6.3,4 7.6.3.5 7.6.47.6.4.1 7.6.4.2 7.6.43 7.7 SECTION 8.1

Crib and Cellular Walls ',' Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls EARTHWORK Structure Excavation Foundation Treatment Structure Backfill DRAINAGE Concrete Gutters \Veep Holes Drainage Blankets Geocomposite Drainage Systems CONSTRUCTION __ : Concrete and Masonry Gravity Walls, Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Sheet Pile and Soldier Pile Walls Sheet Pile Walls ' .. .Soldier Pile Walls Anchored Sheet Pile and Soldier Pile Walls General Wales Concrete Anchor Systems ' Tie-rods Ground Anchors Earthwork Crib Walls and Cellular Walls Foundation Crib Members Concrete Monolithic Cell Members Member Placement Backfilling Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls Facing Soil Reinforcement Construction MEASUREl\lENT AND PAYMENT 8-CONCRETE STRUCTURES

.464-

'.. ,464 ,464 .464

,4M
.465 .465 .465 .465

A65
.465 .465 466 .466 .466 .466 ,467 .467 467 .467 .467 .467 .467 .467 .468 .468 .468 .468 .468 .468 .468 ,469 .469 .469

8.U
8. L2 8.1.3 8.2 8.2.1 8.2.2 8.2.3 8.3 8.3.1

GENERAL Description Related Work Construction Methods CLASSES OF CONCRETE General : Normal Weight Concrete Lightweight Concrete MATERIALS Cements

. __ , '

.471 .471 .471 .471 __ .. .471 .471 .471 .471 .471 .471

Division II

CONTENTS

Ii

8.3.2 8.3.3
8.3,4 8.3.5

8.3.6
8.3.7 8.3.8 8,4 8,4.1 8.4.Ll 8,4.1.2 8,4.1.3 8,4.2 8.4.3 8.4.4 8.4.5 8.5 8.5.1 8.5.2 8.5.3 8.5.4 8.5.4.1 8.5.4:2 8.5.5

8.5.6
8.5.7 8.5.7.1

8.5.7.2
8.5.7.3 8.5.7,4 8.5.7.5 8.6

8.6.1
8.6.2

8.6.3
8.6,4 8.6.4.1 8.6.4.2 8.6.4.3

8.6.5
8.6.6

8.6.7
8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.2.1 8.7.2.2 8.7.2.3 8.7.2,4 8.7.2.5 8.7.3 8.7.3.1

Water ,472 Fine Aggregate ,472 Coarse Aggregate : .472 Lightweight Aggregate '.' .. ,472 Air-Entraining and Chemical Admixtures ,472 . Mineral Admixtures ..473 Steel ' ,473 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE .473 Mix Design ,473 Responsibility and Criteria ,473 Trial Batch Tests ,473 Approval .473 Waler Content .473 Cement Content .474 Mineral Admixtures .474 Air-Entraining and Chemical Admixtures .474 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETE .474 Storage of Aggregates ., .474 Storage of Cement .474 Measurement of Materials 475 Batching and Mixing Concrete .475 Batching .475 Mixing , , .475 Delivery .475 Sampling and Testing .475 Evaluation of Concrete Strength 476 Tests .476 For Controlling Construction Operations .476 For Acceptance of Concrete .476 For Control of Mix Design .476 Steam and Radiant Heat-Cured Concrete ; .476 PROTECTION OF CONCRETE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ,477 General .477 Rain Protection ,477 Hot Weather Protection .477 Cold Weather Protection .477 Protection During Cure .477 Mixing and Placing .. _ ' _ ,477 Heating of Mix _ .477 Special Requirements for Bridge Decks .478 Concrete Exposed to Salt Water .478 Concrete Exposed to Sulfate Soils or Water _ ,478 HANDLING AND PLACING CONCRETE _ _ .478 General _ _ .478 Sequence of Placement _ ' _ .478 Vertical Members .: ,478 Superstructures '.' -.. _. ; _ .479 Arches ; ' '. _ .' .479 Box Culverts : _ .479 Precast Elements _ .479 Placing Methods' : : .479 General _ .479

Iii

CONTENTS 8.7.3.2 8.7.4 8.7.5 8.7.5.1 .8.7.5.2 . 8.7.5.3 8.S 8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.8A 8.9 8.9.1 8.9.2 8.9.2.1 8.9.2.2 8.9.2.3 8.9.2,4 8.9.2.5 8.9.2.6 8.9.2.6.1 8.9.1.6.2 8.9.2.6.3 8.9.2.6,4 8.9.3 8.9.3.1 8.9.3.2 8.9.3.3 8.9.3.4 8.9.3.5 8.10 8.10.1 8.10.2 8.10.2.1 8.10.2.2 8.10.2.3 8.10.2.3.1 8.10.2.3.2 8.10.2.3.3 8.10.2,4 8.10.3 8.10.4 8.10.5 8.11 8.11.1 8.1 L2 8.11.2.1 8.11.2.2 8.! 1.2.3 8.11.3 8.11.3.1 8.11.3.2 8'.11.3.3 Equipment ; ,479 Consolidation ,480 Underwater Placement ,480 . General. . ,480 Equipment , '.' ,480 Cleanup ' : :: ,4'81 CONSTRUCTION JOINTS ' " ,481 General .481 Bonding ,481 Bonding and Doweling to EXisting Structures ,481 Forms at Construction Joints ,481 EXPANSlON AND CONTR!\CTION JOINTS .481 General ' ,481 Materials .482 Premolded Expansion Joint Fillers ,482 Polystyrene Board Fillers ,482 Contraction Joint Material ,482 Pourable Joint Sealants 482 Metal Armor ,482 Waterstops ,482 Rubber Waterstops ; ,482 Polyvinylchloride Waterstops ,482 Copper Waterstops ,483 Testing of Waterstop Material .483 Installation ,483 Open Joints 0483 Filled Joints ,483 Sealed Joints 0483 Waterstops .483 Expansion Joint Armor Assemblies ,483 FINISHING PLASTIC CONCRETE ,483 General ,483 Roadway Surface Finish ,484 Striking Off and Floating .484 Straightedging ' ..+84 Texturing ,484 Dragged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,484 Broomed ,485 Tined ,485 Surface Testing and Correction ,485 Pedestrian Walkway Surface Finish .485 Troweled and Brushed Finish ,485 Surface Under Bearings ,485 CURING CONCRETE 485 General ,485 Materials .486 Water 486 Liquid Membranes '.' " ,486 Waterproof Sheet Materials : .486 Methods : : .486 Forms-In-Place Method : : ,486 Water Method ; .486 Liquid Membrane Curing Compound Method ,486

Division II

Division IT

CONTENTS 8.11.3.4 8.11.3.5 8.11.4 ,8.12 $.12.1 8.12.2 8.12.3 8.12.4 8.12.5 8.12.6 8.13 8.13.1 8.13.2 8.13.3 8.13.4 8.13.5 8.13.6 8.13.7 8.13.7.1 8.13.7.1.1 8.13.7.1.2 8.13.7.1.3 8.13.7.1.4 8.13.7.1.5 8.13.7.1.6 8.]3.7.1.7 8.13.7.2 8.14 8.14.1 8.14.2 8.14.3 8.15 8.15.1 8.15.2 8.15.3 8.15.4 8.]6 8.16.1 8.16.2 Waterproof Cover Method .486 Steam or Radiant Heat Curing Method '.. .487 Bridge Decks .487 FINISHING FORMED CONCRETE SURFACES ' ,487 General .. ~: ' : .. ' ' .487 Class l-Ordinary Surface Finish .487 Class 2-Rubbed Finish .488 Class 3-Tooled Finish ' ,488 Class 4-Sandblasted Finish ,488 Class S-Wire Brushed or Scrubbed Finish ,488 PRECAST CONCRETE MEMBERS ,488 General ,488 Working Drawings .489 Materials and Manufacture ,489 Curing .489 Storage and Handling ,489 Erection .489 Epoxy Bonding Agents for Precast Segmental Box Girders .490 Materials ,490 Test I-Sag Row of Mixed Epoxy Bonding Agent ,490 Test 2-Gel Time of Mixed Epoxy Bonding Agent ,490 Test 3-Open Time of Bonding Agent ,490 Test 4--Three-Point Tensile Bending Test ,491 Test 5-Compression Strength of Cured Epoxy Bonding Agent ,491 Test 6---Temperature Deflection of Epoxy Bonding Agent ,491 Test 7-Compression and Shear Strength of Cured Epoxy Bonding Agent .491 Mixing and Installation of Epoxy .492 MORTAR AND GROUT : .492 General .492 Materials and Mixing .492 Placing and Curing ,493 APPLICATION OF LOADS __ .. : .493 General _ '. .493 Earth Loads _ .493 Construction Loads .493 Traffic Loads .: _ ,493 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT _....................• ,493 Measurement _ _ _ _ ,493 Payment .. _ , _ .494

liii

(_

SECTION 9-REINFORCING 9.1 9.2 9.2.] ,9.2.2 9.2.3 9.3

STEEL .495 ,495 .495 " , . .495· .495 ',495 ,495 .495

("

9,4

9,4.]

DESCRIPTION _ MATERlAL Uncoated Reinforcing _ _ Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Mill Test Reports : BAR LISTS AND BENDING DIAGRAMS FABRICATioN Bending

: ;

liv 9A.2 9.4.3 9.5 9.6 9.6.1 9.6.2 .. 9.6.3 9.6.4 9.6.5 9.6.6 9.7 9.7.1 9.7.2 9.7.3 9.7.+ 9.8 9.9 9.10 9.11

CONTENTS Hooks and Bend Dimensions Identification HANDLING, STORING, AND SURFACE CONDITION REINFORCEMENT <.,., PLACING AND FASTENING '.' General. : . , " , .. , , .. , Support Systems : Mortar Blocks Wire Supports , Adjustments Repair of Epoxy Coating SPLICING OF BARS , General Lapped Splices Welded Splices Mechanical Coupler Splices SPLICING OF MESH OR MATS SUBSTITUTIONS MEASUREMENT PAYi\IENT .. , .496 .496 .496 .496 0496 .496 .496 .496 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .497 .498

Division II

Or

SECTION to-PRESTRESSING IV. I 10.1.1 10.1.2 10.2 10.2.1 10.2.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3. LI 10.3.1.2 10.3.1.3 10.3.2 10.3.2.1 10.3.2.2 GENERAL " Description Details of Design SUPPLEMENTARY DRAWfNGS Working Dr-vwings Composlre Placing Drawings MATERIALS Preslressing Steel and Anchorages Strand
Wire , ,

10.3.2.3 iO.3.2.3.7 10.3.2.3.8

10.3.2.3.9
lOA

10.4.1 lOA. t.i

IOA.2
lOA.2.1 lOA.2.2

10:4.2.2.1 10A.3 [0.5

10.5.1

Bars Post-Tensioning Anchorages and Couplers Bonded Systems Unbonded Systems , Special Anchorage Device Acceptance Test Cyclic Loading Test Sustained Loading Test Monotonic Loading Test PLACEMENT OF DUCTS, STEEL. AND ANCHORAGE HARDWARE Placement of Ducts Vents and Drains Placement of Prestressing Steel Placement for Pretensioning Placement for Post-Tensioning ..Protection of Steel After Installation Placement of Anchorage Hardware.' IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING Pretensioning Method Tendons

.499 .499 .499 .499 .499 500 .500 .500 500 500 500 ,500 500 500 50 I 50 I 501 501 502 .502 502 502 502 503 503 503 .503 504

Division II

CONTENTS 10.5.2 10.5.3 10.6 10.7· 1O.S 10:S.1 10.8.2 10.8.3 10.8.4 10.9 10.9.1 10.9.2 10.9.3 Post-Tensioning Method Tendons Anchorage Assemblies and Couplers PROTECTION OF PRESTRESSING STEEL CORROSION INHIBITOR .. ~ _ DUCTS _ _ _ Meta) Ducts : Polyethylene Duct Duct Area Duct Fittings GROUT Portland Cement Water , Admixtures TENSIONING _ General Tensioning Requirements Concrete Strength Prestressing Equipment Sequence of Stressing Measurement of Stress Pretensioning Method Requirements Post-Tensioning Method Requirements GROUTING General Preparation of Ducts _ Equipment _Mixing of Grout Injection of Grout Temperature Considerations ~ MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT Measurement _ _ Payment _ 504 504 .504 : 504 504 ~. .505 .505 505 505' 505 505 505 506 506 506 .506 506 507 507 507 50S 508 50S 50S ·.50S 508 509 509 509 _ 509 _ 509

Iv

''- . _

10.10
10.10.1 10. 10. i.i 10.10.1.2 10.10.1.3 10.1 0.1.4 1O.lD.? 10.10.3 10.11 10.11.1 10.1 1.2 10.11.3 IO.IIA 10.11.5 10.11.6 10.12 10.12.1 10.12.2

. SECTION ll-STEEL 11.1 IIJ.1 11.1.2 11.1.3 11.l.4 11.2 11.2.1 11.2.2 11.2.3 11.3 11.3.1 11.3.1.1 11.3.1.2 11.3..1.3 11.3,1.4

STRUCTURES 511 .511 511 .51 I 511 512 512 512 512 .512 .512 '·.512 512 512 512 512 513

11.3.1.5 11.3.1.6

GENERAL Description _ _ Notice of Beginning of Work _ Inspection _ Inspector's Authority WORKING DRAWINGS _ Shop Drawings _ Erection Drawings Camber Diagram : : MATERIALS Structural Steel General _ Carbon Steel ' , .•...................... High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel _'.. : ' High-Strength Low-Alloy, Quenched and Tempered Structural Steel Plate .............•............ _. .-_ ' High-Yield Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate Eyebars :. _."

Ivi
11.3.l.7 11.3.2 11.3 -, .1 2 11.3.2.2 , 11.3.2.3 II.3.2A 11.3.2.5 11.3.2.6 11.3.3

CONTENTS Structural Tubing High-Strength Fasteners

Material .,

Division 11 , , . , , .. , , .. '.' . , .. ,
, ,

,,' ,
, :

513

5 13
513

L 1.3.3.1
11.3.3.2 11.3.3.3 IU.3,4 L 1.3.3.5 11.3,4 11.3.4.1 11.3.4.2 11.3.5 11.3.5.1 IU.5.2 1l.3.6 11.3.6.1 11.3.6.2 11.3.6.3 11.3.7 11.4 1104.1 1104.2 11.4.3 11.4.3.1 IIA.3.2 11.4.3.2.1 11.4.3.2.2 11.4.3.2.3 11.4.3.3 11.4.3.3.1 I L4.3.3.2 1 L4.3.3.3 11.4,4 11.4.5 1l.4.6 1l.4.7 1l.4.8 1[04.8. [ [ 1.4.8. i.r 11.4.8.1.2 11.4.8.1.3 11.4.8.IA 11:4.8.2 lIA.8.:U L 1.4.8.2.2 L 1.4.S.3

Identifying Marks , , .. , .. , ' . , : .. , , .. , .513 Dimensions , .' .. , ,:.. , . , : 5l3 . Galvanized High-Strength Fasteners .. ,. ' , .. ', .. , .514 Alternative Fasteners , , ,,,., 514 Load Indicator Devices , , , .. , 5J 4 Welded Stud Shear Connectors , .. , .. , ,., 514 Materials , , 514 Test Methods '.' 514 Finish , , 514 Certification , , ,.,, .515 Check Samples , .. , " .. 515 Steel Forgings and Steel Shafting " .. " .515 Steel Forgings , ' ,., 515 Cold Finished Carbon Steel Shafting , , 515 Steel Castings, , 5 [5 Mild Steel Castings , 515 Chromium Alloy-Steel Castings " , 5 [5 Iron Castings ,.,", , 515 Materials , , , '.' , 515 Workmanship and Finish , , , , .. , .. " , .515 Cleaning .. ".,' , , , , , .. ', 515 Galvanizing. ,, , , , , , 515 FABRICATION. ,., ' ., , , .. , . , , ,, 516 Identification of Steels During Fabrication ., , , 5 16 Storage of Materials , 5 [6 Plates ,.,., ,' , ,.,., .. , .. , 516 Direction of Rolling ,., "',.,, .516 Plate Cut Edges, , .. ' . ' ,.,.,, , ,, 516 Edge Planing. . , , 516 Oxygen Cutting ' ., , ,, 516 Visual Inspection and Repair of Plate Cut Edges 516 Bent Plates , , .516 General ,., , .. ,......... 5 16 Cold Bending , .. , , , 516 Hot Bending ,.,." , 517 Fit of Stiffeners ., .. , ,' ,. ,5 17 Abutting Joints , , ,., .. , 5!7 Facing of Bearing Surfaces ' ' ,.,., 517 Straightening Material .. , , . , .. .517 Bolt Holes , , 517 Holes for High-Strength Bolts and Unfinished Bolts " ., ,., 517 General , 517 Punched Holes 5 18 Reamed or Drilled Holes , '.5IS Accuracy of Holes '. '.' ': . , 51S Accuracy of Hole Group , .518 Accuracy Before Reaming , .. , " , 51S Accuracy After Reaming , .. , " , , , ,518 Numerically Controlled Drilled Field Connections 518

Division II
1] .4.804

CONTENTS Holes for Ribbed Bolts, Turned Bolts, or Other Approved Bearing Type Bolts ',' 518 Preparation ofField Connections " ., 519 Pins and Rollers . , .. , :, , " ,,,,.' , ; ,519 General ".:. , , ~ , ,. ' ' 519 Boring Pin Holes . , ...•. , " ,,,.,,, , .519 Threads for Bolts and Pins ".' , .519 Eyebars ,,,,.'.' , , .519 Annealing and Stress Relieving " , .. , . .519 Curved Girders ,', , .. 520 General , .. _ ' , .. , .. , , ,520 Heat Curving Rolled Beams and Welded Girders , , , , .. , , .520 Materials ,,.' , , , , , , , , , , , , .520 Type of Heating , , , , , , , , , , , , ,520 Temperature , ," _, , _ ' .520 Position for Heating , , .. ,,""' .. .520 Sequence of Operations , ,',"."" .521 Camber ,., ,',.,"',., ,521 Measurement of Curvature and Camber , , , , , , , , , .521 Orthotropic-Deck Superstructures , ,",.,"."" .521 .General "" ,.".,",""" . .521 Flatness of Panels , ,.,., ,." _, .521 Straightness of Longitudinal Stiffeners Subject to Calculated Compressive Stress, Including Orthotropic-Deck Ribs .'" _, ,522 Straightness of Transverse Web Stiffeners and Other Stiffeners Not Subject to Calculated Compressive Stress. , , , , , , , , , , , , .522 Full-Sized Tests ., """ , .. , ,,.,',""'" .522 Marking and Shipping ,"" ", , ,""',. ,522 ASSEMBLY , ,., .. ,."" ,.,.",."",. ,522 BoIting ., ,",' , .. , ,., .. ,".',' .. ', .. ,522 Welded Connections ,,' , .. , , ,"',"".' .. 522 Preassembly of Field Connections .. , , , , , , . ' , , , , . ' . ' ,522 General : .. , .. " , , ,""',., .. ,', . .522 Bolted Connections, . , . , ~ ,.: , , , , ,', , , _, .. , . ' , ,523 Check Assembly-Numerically Controlled Drilling ".','.' 523 Field Welded Connections , ,"",.,' _ ' .. .523 Match Marking , , , , , , ,, , .. ,', , , , , , , ' . ' . ' .. 523 Connections Using Unfinished, Turned, or Ribbed Bolts , .523 General , .. ,',.,' , ,""',.' , , .523 Turned Bolts ,,""' .. , ,""." , .523 Ribbed Bolls. , , , . , , , , , . ' .. , , .. , , 523 Connections Using High·Strength Bolts. ' , , 524 General "".'.' , , ""' , , .. ,, ,524 Bolted Parts , , ,,,,.' , ,524 Surface Conditions ,.,., ,.,"" , 524 Installation , ,.,,, , 524 General .. , , ,',' , .. , , , .. , 524 Rotational-Capacity Tests , . : . : ' . ' , _. , , , . , .. ,525 Requirement for Washers' .. , , , , , ' ', ,.' . , , , .. 525 Tum-or-Nut Tightening ,,, ', , . : _. ' , _:, , , .526 Calibrated Wrench Tightening , , ".".', ,; ,527 Installation of Alternate Design BollS , , , , , , , . ' , , , , .527 Direct Tension Indicator Tightening , , . , , , , , , , . ' , , , , ,527

lvii

11.4.8.5 11.4.9 11.4.9.1 11.4.9.2 11.4.9.3 1l.4.10

11.4.11 11.4.12

11.4.12.1 11.4.12.2 11.4.12.2.1 11.4.12.2.2 11.4.12.2.3 11.4.12.2.4 11.4.12.2.5 11.4.12.2.6 11.4.12.2.7 11.4.13 11.4.13.1 11.4.13.2 11.4.13.3 11.4.13.4
11.4.14

1l.4.15 11.5 11.5.1 11.5.2 11.53 11.53.1 11.53.2 11.533 11.5.3.4 11.5.4 11.5.5 11.5.5.1 11.5.5.2 11.5.5.3 11.5.6 11.5.6.1 11.5.6.2 I] .5.6.3 11.5.6.4 11.5.6.4.1 1J.5.6.4.2 ] 1.5.6.43 11.5.6.4.4 11.5.6.4.5 1 J .5.6.4.6 J 1.5.6.4.7

lviii 11.5.6A.7(A} 11.5.6.4.7(8)

11.5.6.4.8

CONTENTS Verification Installation Lock-Pin and Collar Fasteners Inspection ' \Velding : ; ' ERECTION General : Handling and Storing Materials Bearings and Anchorages Erection Procedure Conformance to Drawings Erection Stresses Maintaining Alignment and Camber Field Assembly Pin Connections Misfits ' MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT Method of Measurement Basis of Payment GRID FLOORING 533 533 533 .533 533 533 533 533 533 534 .534 534 534 534 534 534 535 535 527 528 528 529 .529 : : .529 : .529 529 , .. 529 ' 530 530 530 .530 530 530 530 530 530 .531

Division II

; .: , .. : : , :

11.5.6.4.9 11.5.7 11.6 11.6.1 11.6.2 11.6.3 11.6.4 11.6.4.1 11.6.4.2 11.6.4.3 11.6.5 11.6.6 11.6.7 11.7 11.7.1 11.7.2

'

SECTION 12-STEEL 12.1 12.1.1 12.1.2 12.2 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.2.3 12.2.4 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.9.1 12.9.2 12.10

GENERAL " Description Working Drawings MATERIALS Steel Protective Treatment Concrete Skid Resistance . ARRANGEt\1ENT OF SECTIONS PROVISION FOR CAMBER : " " FIELDASSEi\IBLY ": CONNECTION TO SUPPORTS WELDING " REPAIRING DAMAGED GALVANIZED COATINGS PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE FILLER Forms Placement MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

SECTION 13-PAINTING 13.1 13.1.1 13.1.2 13.L3 13.1.4 13.2

13.2.1 13.2.2 13.2.3

GENERAL Description Protection of Public and Property Protection of the Work Color PAINTING METAL STRUCTURES Coating Systems and Paints Weather Conditions Surface Preparation

'" '.' · " ·

537 .537 537 537 537 537 .537 .537 538

Division II

CONTENTS 13.2.3.1 13.2.3.2 13.2.3.3 13.2.3.4 13.2.4 13.2.4.1 13.2.5 13.3 13.4 13.4.1 13.4.2 13.4.3 13.4.4 13.4.5 13.4.6 13.5 13.5.1 13.5.2 13.5.3 13.5.4 Blast Cleaning Stearn Cleaning Solvent Cleaning Hand Cleaning : ..................................•... Application of Paints ' Application, of Zinc-Rich Primers : Measurement and Payment 538 539 539 539 '.. : .539 540 540 , 540 541 541 541 541 541 541 541 541 541 542 542 542

lix

PAINTING GALVANIZED SURFACES PAINTING TIMBER

General Preparation of Surfaces Paint Application .. .: Painting Treated Timber Payment

, ,
,

PAINTING CONCRETE
Surface Preparation Paint Application Measurement and Payment

SECTION 14--STONE
14.1 14.Ll 14.1.2 14.2 14.2.1.1 14.2.1.2 14.2.2 14.2,3 14.3 14.3.1 14.3.2 14.3.3 14.3.3.1 14.3.3.2 14.3.3.3 ]4.3.4 14.3.4.1 14.3.4.2 ]4.3.4.3 14.3.5 14.4 14.4.1 ]4.4.2 14.4.3 ' 14.4.3.1 ']4.4.3.2 14.4.3.3 ]4.4.4 14.4.5

M 'f,.SONR Y ,
, , of Stone , ; .. , , 543 543 .543 543 543 .543 .543 .543

DESCRIPTION
Rubble Masonry Ashlar Masonry MATERIALS Rubble Stone Ashlar Stone Shipment and Storage Mortar

'!

MANUFACTURE

OF STONE FOR MASONRY

544
544

I>

General Surface Finishes of Stone Rubble Masonry Size Shape .' Dressing Ashlar Masonry Size Dressing Stretchers Arch rung Stones

544
.544 544 .544

544
, , ' 544 544

.544
.545 .545 545 545 545 545 ,.' .545 545 546 546 546

'

CONSTRUCTION
Weather Conditions Mixing Mortar Selection and Placing of Stone General , R'ubble Masonry .. . Ashlar Masonry ' Beds and Joints :., Headers

: :' '.. '_ _. _ :.' .. ' '

'

Ix
14.4.6 14.4.6.1 14.4.6.2 14.4.6.3 14.4.6,4 14.4.7 14.4:8 14.4.8.1 14.4.8.2 14.4.9 14.4.10 14.4.11 14.4.12 14.5 Cores and Backing General -. _ Stone Concrete Leveling Courses Facing for Concrete 'Copings .. , Stone Concrete Dowels and Cramps Weep Holes Pointing Arches

CONTENTS 546 546 546 546 546 .547 .547.547 547 547 547 547 548 548

Division II

: ' '.'

' ,

, .. , ' , '

, ' , ','

, . .' ,

MEASUREMENT

AND PAYMENT BLOCK AND BRICK MASONRY '

SECTION lS:'_CONCRETE
15.1 15.2 15.2.1 15.2.2 15.2.3 15.2.4 15.2.5 15.2.6 15.2.6.1 15.2.6.2 15.3 15.3.1 15.3.2 15.3.3 15.3,4 15.3.5 15.4

DESCR,IPTION MATERIALS
Concrete Block Brick Reinforcing Steel Mortar Grout Sampling and Testing Mortar Grout

.549 549

549 549
, 549 549

549
, , 549 " .. 549

CONSTRUCTION
Weather Conditions Laying Block and Brick Placement of Reinforcement Grouting of Voids Copings, Bridge Seats, and Backwalls

550 550 550

.550

.550
, .550

MEASUREMENT

AND PAYMENT

551 552

SECTION 16--TIMBER
16.1 16.1.1 16.2 16.2.1 16.2.2 16.2.3 16.2.4 16.2.5 16.2.6 16.2.6.1 16.2.6.2 16.2.6.3 16.2.6.4 16.3 16.3.1

STRUCTURES
553

GENERAL Related Work

MATERIALS
Lumber and Timber (Solid Sawn or Glued Laminated) Steel Components , Castings Hardware , Galvanizing , Timber Connectors Dimensions , Split Ring Connectors ',' . , : Shear-Plate' Connectors , ' Spike-Grid Connectors : FABRICATION AND CONSTRUCTION Workmanship

553 553 553 553

554

554
554

.554
.554 ' '

.554 .554
.554

.555 .555

Division

n
16.3.2 16.3.3 '16.3.3.1 16.3.3.2 16.3.3.3 . 16.3.3.4 . 16.3.3.5 16.3.4 16.3.5 16.3.6 16.3.7 16.3.8 16.3.9 16.3.9.1 16.3.9.2 16.3.9.3 16.3.9.4 16.3.9.5 16.3.9.6 16.3.10 16.3.11 16.3.12 16.3.13 16.3.14 16.3.15 16.3.16 16.4 16.5 16.6

CONTENTS Storage of Material Treated Timber Handling : Framing and Boring Cuts and Abrasions : Bored Holes' '.' Temporary Attachment Installation of Connectors Holes for Bolts, Dowels, Rods, and Lag Screws Bolts and Washers Countersinking Framing Framed Bents Mud Sills Concrete Pedestals Sills ., Posts Caps Bracing Stringers Plank Floors : Nail Laminated or Strip Floors Glue Laminated Panel Decks Composite Wood-Concre~~ Decks Wheel Guards and Railing Trusses PAINTING MEASUREMENT PAYMENT TREATMENT OF WOOD .561 : ,561 , .561 ,561 .561 .561 561 562 .562 562 555 555 555 555 556 556 556 .556 .556 556 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 557 558 .558 558 .558 .558 .559 .559 .559 .559

Ixi

: :

.\

SECTION I7-PRESERVATIVE 17.1 17.2 17.2.1 17.2.2 17.23 17.3 17.3.1 17.3.2 17.3.3 17.4

GENERAL , MATERIALS , Wood , , ., ' , Preservatives and Treatments ., Coal-Tar Roofing Cement , IDENTIFICATION AND INSPECTION Branding and Job Site Inspection , .. , Inspection at Treatment Plant ' .. , Certificate of Compliance : .. , MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT DEVICES

, , , .. :, , , , .. , , , .. , , " , , .. " , , ', ,,, ,

SECTION IS-BEARING 18.1 .IS.1.1 18.1.2 18.1.3. 18.1.4 . 18.2 18.2.1

(
-,

GENERAL Working Drawings ,., Packaging, Handling, and Storage' .. , ; Manufacture or Fabrication , Construction and Installation ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS , Scope ,.,

';

, "" " ', , ,

563 ; .563 563 " -563 .. ' ,563 ,564 , .564

lxii 18.2.2 18.2.3 18.2.3.1 18.2.3.2 18.2.3.3 18.2.3.4 18.1.4 18.2.5 18.2.6 18.2.7 18.2.7.1 18.2.7.2 18.2.7.3 18.2.7A 18.2.7.5 18.2.7.6 18.2.7.7 18.2.7.8 18.2.8 18.3 18.3.[ [8.3.2 18.3.3 18.3.3.1 18.3.3.2 18.3.3.3 18.3.3.4 18.3.3.5 18.3.3.6 18.3.3.7 18.3.4 18.3.5 [8.3.5.1 [8.3.5.2 18.3.5.2.1 18.3.5.2.2 18.3.5.3 [8.3.5.3.[ 18.3.53.2 18.3.6 ISA 18.4.1 18.4.2 18.4.3 18.5 18.6 18.6.1 18.6.2 18.6.3 18.7 18.7.1 18.7.2

CONTENTS General Requirements 564 Materials 564 Properties of the Elastomer ' 564 Steel Laminates : 564 Fabric Reinforcement , : ' 564 . Bond , ' , 564 Fabrication , , , , ', .564 Fabrication Tolerances , .. , , .567 Marking and Certification , 567 Testing , , .. , 567 Scope , 567 Frequency of Testing 567 Ambient-Temperature Tests on the Elastomer 568 Low-Temperature Tests on the Elastomer 568 Visual Inspection of the Finished Bearing ' , .. 568 Short-Duration Compression Tests on Bearings ' , 568 Long-Duration Compression Tests on Bearings ' 568 Shear Modulus Tests on Material from Bearings .568 Installation ' 569 POT AND DISC BEARINGS 569 General : : .. : ' ' 569 Working Drawings 569 Materials 569 Elastorneric Rotational Element 569 Sealant , 569 Sealing Rings , , .. , 569 Steel ' ' , 570 Stainless Steel 570 Polytetrafluorethylene Sheet and Strip .570 Polyether Urethane Structural Element 570 Fabrication Details 570 Sampling and Testing 57 l Lot Size, 571 Sampling and Testing Requirements .. ' ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ,571 Testing by Manufacturer 571 Testing by the Engineer 57l Performance Characteristics .572 Proof Load Test 572 Sliding Coefficient of Friction 572 Installation .572 ROCKER. ROLLER, AND SLIDING BEARINGS 572 Materials , .. , , , 572 Fabrication , .. , , 572 Installation , ' 572 SPHERICAL BEARINGS , , , .. , 573 BRONZE OR COPPER-ALLOYED PLATES FOR BEARINGS 573 Bronze Bearing and Expansion Plates ' 573 Rolled Copper-Alloy Bearings and Expansion Plates , 573 Metal Powder Sintered Bearings and Expansion Joints , (Oil Impregnated) , 573 l\IASONRY, SOLE, AND SHUV[ PLATES FOR BEARINGS 573 Materials 573 Fabrication 573

Division II

Division II 18.7.3 18.8 18.8.1 18.8.1.1 18.8.1.2 18.8.1.3 18.8.1.4 18.8.1.5 18.8.1.6 18.8.1.7 18.8.1.8 18.8.1.9 18.8.1.10 18.8.1.11 18.8.2 18.8.2.1 18.8.2.1.1 18.8.2.1.2 18.8.2.1.3 18.8.3 18.8.3.1 18.8.3.2 18.8.3.3 18.9 18.9.1 18.9.2 18.9.3 18.10 18.10.1 18.10.2 18.11 18.12

CONTENTS Installation , , .. , TFE SURFACES FOR BEARINGS ' Materials ., , , , General .. , , .. , , TFE Resin , ' ' Filler Material ",, : .. , , Adhesive Material . . Unfilled TFE Sheet Filled TFE Sheet. , . , , .. , .. , .. , , .. , .. , , .. , Fabric Containing TFE Fibers , .. , , , .. , . , Interlocked Bronze and Filled TFE Structures , ,., TFE Metal Composite ,,,.,,, , Surface Treatment , , Stainless Steel Mating Surface Manufacturing Requirements Attachment of TFE Material Bonding , Mechanically Fastened , , Fabric Containing TFE Fibers. , , . , , , , . , .. , , . , Testing and Acceptance ., , .. " , .. , .. , .. , General , .. , , Test Specimens .. : , , , .. , .. , , .. , Test Method , ,.,'"...... . , ANCHOR BOLTS ,, , , , Materials ".... ., ,.,., Fabrication ,,, ,. Installation , , .. , :. BEDDING OF MASONRY PLATES ,., " .. , .. , General , , Materials , , MEASUREMENT , , ' PAYMENT ,, 573 573 ,573 573 ' ,573 . '.573 573 573 , .. 574 , . .574 , . .574 , , . .574 574 574 574 574 .574 , .574 574 .. ,., .575 , .575 575 , .. , .575 , .575 .. , .. 575 , .. , .. 575 , .. , .. 575 , .575 , .. 575 " 576 , .. , .576 , 576

lxili

SECTION 19-BRIDGE 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.4.1 19.4.2 19.5 19.5.1 19.5.2· . 19.5.3 19.6,

DECK JOINT SEALS 577 577 .577 , . .577 .577 .577 577 577 578 578 578

GENERAL , WORKING DRAWINGS. , MATERIALS , MANUFACTURE AND FABRICATION Compression Seal Joints Joint Seal Assemblies INSTALLATION General Compression S1.!aJ oints J Joint Seal Assemblies MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

' :

SECTION 20-RAll-INGS

20.1 20.1.1

GENERAL Description

'

': ,

.579 .579

Ixiv 20.1.2 20.1.3 20.1.4 .20.2 20.1.1 20.2.1.1 20:2.1.2 20.2.1.3 20.2.1.4 20.2.2 20.2.3 20.3 20.3.1 Materials Construction Line and Grade METAL RAILING

CONTENTS 579 579 .579

Division II

579 '. .".. '.' ,

579 .579 579

Materials arid Fabrication Steel Railing : Aluminum Railing Metal Beam Railing
Welding Installation. , , Finish CONCRETE RAILlNG., Materials and Construction TIMBER RAILING '" STONE AND BRICK RAILINGS TEI\IPORARY RAILING MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

579
579

579
580 580 580 580 580 580 ,580 580 .580

2004
20.5 20.6 20.7 20.7.1 20.7.2

Measurement
Payment

SECTION 21.1 21.1.1 2LL2 21.2 21.2.1 21.2.1.1 21.2.1.2 21.2.1.3 21.2.2 21.2.2.1

21-WATERPROOFING GENERAL Waterproofing Dampproofing l\lATERIALS Asphalt Membrane 581 581 581 58l 581 581 581 581 581 .581 581 .582 582 582 582 582 582 .583 .583 583 583 583 584 584 584 584 584 .585 585

'" Waterproofing System

Asphalt
Primer Fabric Preformed Membrane Waterproofing Systems Primer Preformed Membrane Sheet Mastic Protective Covers Dampproofing Inspection and Delivery SURFACE PREPARATION APPLICATION Asphalt Membrane Waterproofing General Installation , Special Details Damuge Patching Preformed Membrane Waterproofing Systems General Installarion on Bridge Decks .: Installaion on Other Surfaces '.' ; Protective Cover Dampproofing , MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

21.2.2.2
21.2.2.3 21.2.3 21.2.4 2l.2.5 21.3 21.4 21.4.1

21.4.1.1 21A.1.2 21.4.1.3

21.4.IA 21.4.2 21.4.2.1

21.4.2.2 21.4.2.3
21.4.3 21.4.4

'

21.5

Division II SECTION 22-SLOPE 22.1 22.1.1 22.1.2 22.2 22.3 22.3.1 22.32 22.3.3 22.3.4 22.3.5 22.3.6 22.3.7 22.3.8 22.3.9 22.3.10 22.4 22.4.1 22.4.2 22.4.3 22.4.4 22.4.5 22.4.6 22.4.6.1 22.4.6.2 22.4.7 22.4.7.1 . 22.4.7.2 22.4.8 22.4.9 22.4.10 22.4.10.1 22.4.10.2 22.4.10.3 22.5 22.5.1 22.5.1.1 22.5.1.2 22.5.1.3 22.5.1.4 22.5.1.5 22.5.1.6 22.5.2 22.5.2.1 22.5.2.2 22.5.2.3 . 22.5.2.4 22.5.2.5 22.5.2.6 '22.5.2.7

CONTENTS PROTECTION

!xv

:f

GENERAL .. '.' . : 587 Description ' 587 Types : .: ',' '. '.' ; 5in WORKING DRAWINGS , ' 587 MATERIALS 587 Aggregate 587 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 587 Filter Fabric 587 Grout 588 Sacked Concrete Riprap 588 Portland Cement Concrete 588 Pneumatically Applied Mortar , 588 Precast Portland Cement Concrete Blocks and Shapes 588 Reinforcing Steel , 588 Geocomposite Drain 588 CONSTRUCTION 588 Preparation of Slopes 588 Bedding 588 Filter Fabric 538 Geocomposite Drain '.' : 589 Hand Placing Stones 589 Machine-Placed Stones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 589 Dry Placement 589 Underwater Placement 589 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 589 Fabrication 589 Installation ' 590 Grouted Rlprap .590 Sacked Concrete Riprap 590 Concrete Slope Paving .590 General ; 590 Cast-in-Place Slope Paving 591 Precast Slope Paving 591 MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT 591 Method of Measurement 591 Stone Riprap and Filter Blanket .591 Sacked Concrete Riprap , .. 591 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 591 Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving 592 Precast Concrete Slope Paving .592 Filter Fabric 592 Payment , 592 General 592 Stone Riprap .592 Sacked Concrete Riprap 592 Wire-Enclosed Riprap (Gabions) 592' . Cast-in-Place Concrete Slope Paving , , . .', ~.592 Precast Concrete Slope Paving _ 592. Filter Blanket , 592

lxvi 22.5.2.8 22.5.1.9

CONTENTS Filter Fabric Geocornposite Drain' System .592 592

Division II

_.. _.. _

SECTION 23-MISCELLANEOUS 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 DESCRIPTION MATERIALS FABRICATION GALVANIZING .. " 11,lEASUREMENT PAYMENT

METAL .593 593 593 593 593 593

SECTION 24-PNEUMATICALLY

APPLIED MORTAR , .. , ,.,,.,,., 595 595 , 595 ' 595' , , .595 , , .. .595 , , 595 , .. , .. , _.. 595 , 596 , 596 , .. , , 596 , , 596 , 596 , .596 , , 596 , 597 , , , .. 597 , .. 597 , 597 , .597

24.1
24.2

24.2.1
14.2.2 24.2.3 24.3 24.3.1 14.3.2 24.4 24.4.1 24.4.2 24.4.3 24.5 24.5.1 24.5.2 '24.5.2.1 24.5.2.2 24.5.3 24.5.4 24.6

DESCRIPTION , , .. , iVIATERIALS , .. , , , . Cement, Aggregate, Water, and Admixtures Reinforcing Steel , Anchor Bolts or Studs , , PROPORTIONING AND MIXING ' Proportioning , _ Mixing , _ SURFACE PREPARATION , Earth , , .. _ Forms , Concrete or Rock _ , _. _ INSTALLATION Placement of Reinforcing _. , , Placement of Mortar , Weather Limitations Protection of Adjacent Work , Finishing Curing and Protecting , MEASUREMENT AND PAYMENT

SECTION 2S-STEEL 25.1 25.2 25.3 . 25.3.1 25.3.2 25,4 25.4.1 25.4,2 25.4.3 25.5 25.6

AND CONCRETE

TUNNEL LINERS

SCOPE , .. , .. , .. , 599 DESCRIPTION , , , , , .. , 599 MATERIALS AND FABRICATION. , ,,., , 599 General _ , , .. , , .599 Forming dnd Punching of Steel Liner Plates , .. , .599 INSTALLATION , , , ,600 Steel Liner Plates , , .. , 600 Precast Concrete Liner Plates , , , 600. Grouting : ' _, , 600 MEASUREMENT , 600 PAYIVlENT 600

UIVlSlonll

CUNleNt:::;

lxvii

SECTION 26-METAL 26.1 26.1.1 26.2 ·26.3 26.3.1 26.3.2 26.3.3 26.3.4 26.3.5 26.3.6 26.3.7 26.3.8 26.3.8.1 26.3.8.2 26.3.8.3 26,4 26.4.1 26.4.2 26.4.2.1 26.4.2.2 26.4.2.3 26.4.2.4 26.4.3 26.5 26.5.1 26.5.2 26.5.3 26.5.4 26.5.4.1 26.5.4.2 26.5.4.3 26.5.4.4 '26.5.4.5 26.5.5 26.6 26.7 26.8

CULVERTS 601 601 601 601 ~.601 601 601 601 . 601 602 602 602 602 602 602 602 602 602 603 603 603' 603 604 604 604 604 606 607 607 607 607 608 608 : .608 609 609 609

GENERAL Description r ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• WORKING DRAWIN<:;S MATERIALS : Corrugated Metal Pipe Structural Plate Nuts and Bolts Mixing of Materials Fabrication Welding Protective Coatings Bedding and Backfill Materials General Long-Span Structures Box Culverts ASSEMBLY ~ : General Joints Field Joints Joint Types Soil Conditions Joint Properties Assembly of Long-Span Structures INSTALLATION Placing Culverts-General Foundation Bedding Structural Backfill General Arches Long-Span Structures Box Culverts Bracing Arch Substructures and Headwalls CONSTRUCTION PRECAUTIONS MEASUREMENT PAYMENT CULVERTS

~.. '.' :

' '

'

SECTION 27-CONCRETE 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.3.1 27.3.2 27.3.2.1 27.3.2.2 27.3.2.3 27.3.3 27.3.3.1

GENERAL WORKING DRAWINGS MATERlALS Reinforced Concrete Culverts Joint Sealants Cement Mortar . Flexible Watertight Gaskets' .. : ' Other Joint Sealant Materials ; .. : ; Bedding, Haunch; Lower Side and Backfill or Overfill Material Precast Reinforced Concrete Circular, Arch, and Elliptical Pipe

611 611 611 611 611 611 611 612 612 612

lxviii 27.3.3.2 27.4 27.4.1 . 27-4.2 27.5 . -275.1 27.5.2 27.5.2.[ 27.5.2.2 27.5.2.3 27.5.3 27.5.4 27.5.4.1 27.5.4.1.1 27.5.4.1.2 27.5.4.1.3 27.5.4.2 27.5.4.2.1 27.5.4.3 27.5.4.4 27.6 27.7

CONTENTS Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections ASSE1HBLY , General Joints , INSTALLATION; _ General : '.' .. Bedding ,. '.' General Precast Reinforced Concrete Circular Arch and Elliptical Pipe Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections Placing Culvert Sections , Haunch, Lower Side and Backfill or Overfill Precast Reinforced Concrete Circular Arch and Elliptical Pipe Haunch Material , Lower Side Material Overfill Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections Backfill Placing of Haunch, Lower Side and Backfill or Overfill Cover Over Culvert During Construction MEASUREMENT __ PAYi\.[ENT SURFACES 621 621 621 621 621 621 621 621 622 622 622 622 623 623 623 623 623 ~624 624 624 624 624 625 612 612 6[2 612 612 612 612 612 615 615 615 616 616 616 619 619 619 619 619 620 __ .. 620 620

Division

rr

SECTION 28-WEARING 28.1 28.2 28.2.1 28.2.2 28.2.2.1 28.2.2.2 28.2.2.3 28.2.2.4 28.2.2.5 282.3 28.2.3.1 28.2.3.2 28.2.4 28.2.5 28.2.5.1 28.2.5.2 28.2.5.3 28.2.5.3.1 28.2.5.3.2 28.2.5.3.3 28.2.6 28.2.7 28.2.8 SECTION 29.i 29.2'

DESCRIPTION , LATEX MODIFIED CONCRETE TYPE General . , Materials Portland Cement _ Aggregate , .. , , Water, , "_ Latex Emulsion , , Latex Modified Concrete ." , Surface Preparation ""'" _ .. , , New Decks , Existing Decks Proportioning and Mixing """" _ Installation Weather Restrictions _ Equipment Placing and Finishing Construction Joints Placing Finishing . , Curing Acceptance Testing , Measurement and Payment 29-EMBEDMENT ANCHO~S _

WEARING , , , , , ' ,

SURFACE '

DESCRIPTION PREQUALIFICATION

__

627 627

Division II 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7

CONTENTS MATERIALS, , CONSTRUCTION METHODS INSPECTION AND TESTING MEASUREMENT ,' PAYMENT. , , ,", , , ," ,, , , ,, ,., ,: ,,, , 627 627 627 628 628

lxix

APPENDlCES~ A-Live Load Tables , ,.", B-Truck Train Loadings , C-Columns ,', D-Plastic Section Modulus .. , . , , , , , , , . , E-Metric Equivalents and Expressions .. , INDEX, ,. , , , , .. ,', , , , .. " , " " .. " "., ,,,.,,,, , .. , ,.". , .. , , 629 , .. , 633 , .. ,634 638 , 639 ,67l , .. , .. ,C-J

COMMENTARY-Interim

Specifications-Bridges-I996

Division I DESIGN

Section 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
1.1 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND GENERAL STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY FOR BRIDGES 1.3 1.3.1 The intent of these Specifications is to produce integrity of design in bridges. WATERWAYS General

1.1.1

Design Analysis

When these Specifications provide for empirical formulae, alternate rational analyses, based on theories or tests and accepted by the authority having jurisdiction, will be considered as compliance with these Specifications.

1.1.2

Structural

Integrity

Designs and details for new bridges should address structural integrity by considering the following: (a) The use of continuity and redundancy to provide one or more alternate load paths. (b) Structural members and bearing seat widths that are resistant to damage or instability. (c) External protection systems to minimize the effects of reasonably conceived severe loads.

1.3.1.1 Selecting favorable stream crossings should be considered in the preliminary route determination to minimize construction, maintenance, and replacement costs. Natural stream meanders should be studied and, if necessary, channel changes, river training works. and other construction that would reduce erosion problems and prevent possible loss of the structure should be considered. The foundations of bridges constructed across channels that have been realigned should be designed for possible deepening and widening of the relocated channel due to natural causes. On wide flood plains, the lowering of approach embankments to provide overflow sections that would pass unusual floods over the highway is a means of preventing loss of structures. Where relief bridges are needed to maintain the natural flow distribution and reduce backwater, caution must be exercised in proportioning the size and in locating such structures to avoid undue scour or changes in the course of the main river channel. 1.3.1.2 Usually, bridge waterways are sized .to pass a design flood of a magnitude and frequency consistent with the type or class of highway. In the selection of the waterway opening, consideration should be given to the amount of upstream ponding, the passage of ice and debris and possible scour of the bridge foundations. Where floods exceeding the design flood have occurred, or where' superfloods would cause extensive damage to adjoining property or the loss of a costly structure, a larger waterway opening may be warranted. Due consideration should be given to any Federal, State, and local requirements. 1.3.1.3 Relief openings, spur-dikes, debris deflectors and channel training works should be used where needed to minimize the effect of adverse flood flow conditions. Where scour is likely to occur, protection against damage from scour should be provided in the design of bridge piers and abutments. Embankment slopes adjacent to structures subject to erosion should be adequately pro3

1.2

BRIDGE LOCATIONS

The general location of a bridge is governed by the route of the highway it carries. which, in the case of a new highway, could be one of several routes under consideration. The bridge location should be selected to suit the particular obstacle being crossed. Stream crossings should be , located with regard to initial capital cost of bridgeworks and the minimization of total cost including river channel training works and the maintenance measures necessary to reduce erosion. Highway and railroad crossings should provide for possible future works such as road widening.

HIGHWAY

BRIDGES

1.3.1.3

tected by rip-rap. flexible mattresses. retards. spur dikes . or other appropriate construction. Clearing of brush and trees along embankments in the vicinity of bridge openings should be avoided to prevent high flow velocities and possible scour. Borrow pits should not be located In areas which would increase velocities and the possibility of scour at bridges.

1>4 CULVERT LOCATION, LENGTH, AND . WATERWAY OPENIN'GS

Culvert location, length. and waterway openings should be in accordance with the AASHTO CHide (II! the Hydraulic Design of Culverts in. Highway Drainage

Guidelines. 1.5 ROADWAY DRAINAGE

1.3.2

Hydraulic Studies

Hydraulic studies of bridge sites are a necessary part of the preliminary design of a bridge and reports of such studies should include applicable parts of the following outline:

1.3.2.1

Site Data

(a) Maps, stream cross sections. aerial photographs. (b) Complete data on existing bridges. including dates of construction and performance during past floods. (c) Available high water marks with dates of occurrence. (d) Information on ice. debris. and channel stability. (e) Factors affecting water stages such as high water from other streams, reservoirs. flood control projects. and tides. (f) Geomorphic changes in channel flow.

The transverse drainage of the roadway should be provided by a suitable crown in the roadway surface and lengitudinal drainage by camber or gradient. Water flowing downgrade in a gutter section should be intercepted and not permitted to run onto the bridge. Short. continuous span bridges. particularly overpasses. may be buill without inlets and the water from the bridge roadway carried downslope by open or dosed chutes near the end of the bridge structure. Longitudinal drainage on long bridges should be provided by scuppers or inlets which should be of sufficient size and number to drain the gutters adequately. Downspouts. where required, should be made of rigid corrosion-resistant material not less than .f inches in least dimension and should be provided with cleanouts. The details of deck drains should be such as to prevent the discharge of drainage water against any portion the structure or on moving traffic below. and to prevent erosion at the outlet of the downspout. Deck drains may be connected to conduits leading to storm water outfalls at ground level. Overhanging portions of concrete decks should be provided with a drip bead or notch.

or

1.3.2.2

Hydrologic Analysis 1.6 1.6.1 RAILROAD OVERPASSES

Clearances

(a) Flood data applicable to estimating floods at site. including both historical floods and maximum floods of record. (b) Flood-frequency curve for site. (C) Distribution of flow and velocities at site for flood discharges \0 be considered in design of structure. (d) Stage-discharge curve for site.

1.3.2.3

Hydraulic Analysis

(a) Backwater and mean velocities at bridge opening for various trial bridge lengths and selected discharges. (b) Estimated scour depth at piers and abutments of proposed structures. (C) Effect of natural geomorphic stream pattern changes on the proposed structure. (d) Consideration of geomorphic changes on nearby structures in the vicinity of the proposed structure.

Structures designed to overpass a railroad shall be in accordance with standards established and used by the affected railroad in its normal practice. These overpass structures shall comply with applicable Federal. State. and local laws. Regulations, codes, and standards should. as a minimum, meet the specifications and design standards of the American Railway Engineering Association. the Association of American Railroads, and AASHTO.

1.6.2

BlastProtection

On bridges over railroads with steam locomotives. metal likely to be damaged by locomotive gases. and all concrete surfaces less than 20 feet above the tracks. shall be protected by blast plates. The plates shall be placed to

1.6.2

DIVISION I-DESIGN

take account of the direction of blast when the locomotive is on level or superelevated tracks by centering them on a line normal to the plane of the two rails at the centerline of the tracks. The plates shall be not less than 4 feet wide and shall be cast-iron, a corrosion and blast-resisting alloy, or asbestos-board shields. so supported that they may be readily replaced. The thickness of plates and other parts in direct contact with locomotive blast shall be not less than )/4 inch for cast iron. 3/8 inch for alloy, lJl inch for plain asbestos-board, and 1/16 inch for corrugated asbestos-board. Bolts shall be not less than ~/8inch in diameter. Pockets which may hold locomotive gases. shall be avoided as far as practical. All fastenings shall be galvanized or made of corrosion-resistant material.

the standard practice of the commission for the highway construction, except that the superelevation shall not exceed 0.10 foot per foot width of roadway.

1.8 FLOOR SURFACES

All bridge floors shall have skid-resistant characteris-

tics.

1.9 UTILITIES
Where required, provisions shall be made for trolley wire supports and poles. lighting pillars, electric conduits. telephone conduits. water pipes, gas pipes, sanitary sewers, and other utility appurtenances.

1.7 SUPERELEVATION
The superelevation of the floor surface of a bridge on a horizontal curve shall be provided in accordance with

c,
Section 2
GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN
2.1 2.1.1 GENERAL Notations 2.2.1 Ar = area of flanges (Article 2.7.4.3) b = flange width (Article 2.7.4.3) C ::::modification factor for concentrated load, p, used in the design of rail members (Article 2.7.1.3.1) D = clear unsupported distance between flange components (Article 2.7.4.3) Ii :::: epth ofW or I section (Article 2.7.4.3) d F. ::::allowable axial stress (Article 2.7.4.3) ?b := allowable bending stress (Article 2.7.4.2) F. = allowable shear stress (Article 2.7.4.2) F, ::::minimum yield stress (Article 2.7.4.2) f. = axial compression stress (Article 2.7.4.3) h = height of top rail above reference surface (Figure 2.7.4B) L = post spacing (Figure 2.7.4B) P == railing design loading = 10 kips (Article 2.7.1.3 and Figure 2.7.4B) P' = railing design loading equal to P, P/2 or P/3 (Article 2.7.1.3.5) . ::::flange or web thickness (Article 2.7.4.3) w == pedestrian or bicycle loading (Articles 2.7.2.2 and 2.7.3.2) Navigational 2.2 STANDARD HIGHWAY CLEARANCESGENERAL

Permits for the construction of crossings over navigable streams must be obtained from the U.S. Coast Guard and other appropriate agencies. Requests for such permits from the U.S. Coast Guard should be addressed to the appropriate District Commander. Permit exemptions are allowed on nontidal waterways which are not used as a means to transport interstate or foreign commerce, and are not susceptible to such use in their natural condition or by reasonable improvement. 2.2.2 Roadway Width

For recommendations on roadway widths for various volumes of traffic, see AASHTO A Policy 011 Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, or A Policy on Design Standards-Interstate System. 2.2.3 Vertical Clearance

2.1.2

Width of Roadway and Sidewalk

The width of roadway shall be the clear width measured at right angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge between the bottoms of curbs. If brush curbs or curbs are not used, the clear width shall be the minimum' width measured between the nearest faces of the bridge railing. The width of the sidewalk shall be the clear width, measured at right angles to the longitudinal center line of the bridge; from the extreme inside portion of the handrail to the bottom of the curb or guardtimber, If there, is a truss, girder, or parapet wall adjacent to the roadway curb, the width shall be measured-to the extreme walk side of these members. 7

. Vertical clearance on State trunk highways and interstate systems in rural areas shall be·at least 16 feet over the entire roadway width with an allowance for resurfacing. On State trunk highways and interstate routes through urban areas, a 16-fo01 clearance shall be provided except in highly developed areas. A lti-footclearance should be provided in both rural and urban areas where such clearance is not unreasonably costly and where needed for defense requirements. Vertical clearance on all other highways shall be at least 14 feet over the entire roadway width with an allowance for resurfacing. 2.2.4 Other

The channel openings and clearances shall be acceptable to agencies having jurisdiction over such matters. Channel openings and clearances shall conform in width, height, and location to-all Federal, State, and local requirements.

HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Curbs

2.2.5
HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE

2.2.5

and Sidewalks

"I

the face of the curb is defined as the vertical or s.IQPing surface on the roadway side of the curb. Horizontal measurements of roadway 'curbs are from the bonorn of the face, or,· in the case of Shipped back curbs, from the bottom of the lower face. Maximum width of brush curbs, if used, shall be 9 inches, Where curb and gutter sections are used on the roadway approach. at either or both ends of the bridge. the curb height on the bridge may equal 0'[ exceed the curb height on the roadway approach. Where no curbs are used on the roadway approaches. the height of the bridge curb above the roadway shall be not less than 8 inches. and preferably not more than to inches. Where. sidewalks are used for pedestrian traffic on urban expressways. they shall be separated from the bridge roadway by the use of a combination railing as shown in Figure 2.7.4B. In those cases where a New Jersey type parapet or a curb is constructed on a bridge, particularly in urban areas that have curbs and gutters leading to a bridge, the same widths between curbs on the approach roadways will be maintained across the bridge structure. A parapet or other railing installed at or near the curb line shall have its ends properly flared, sloped, or shielded.

FACE OF' CURB OR BARRIER.--

__

g" (MAX.)

BRUSH

ROADWAY

WIDTH

FIGURE 2,3,1

Clearance Diagram for Bridges

2.3 2.3.1

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES
Width

FOR BRIDGES

limits of structure costs. type of structure, volume and design speed of through traffic. span arrangement. skew, and terrain make the 30-foot offset impractical. the pier or wall may be placed closer than 30 feet and protected by the use of guardrail or other barrier devices. The guardrail or other device shall be independently supported with the roadway face at least 2 feet 0 inches from the face of pier or abutment. The face of the guardrail or other device shall be at least 2 feet 0 inches outside the normal shoulder line.

2.4,2

Vertical Clearance

The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width and the vertical clearance the clear height for the passage of vehicular traffic as shown in Figure 2.3.1. The roadway width shall generally equal the width of the approach roadway section including shoulders. Where curbed roadway sections approach a structure, the same section shall be carried across the structure.

A vertical clearance of not less than 14 feet shall be provided between curbs, or if curbs are not used. over the entire width that is available for traffic,

2.4.3

Curbs
road-

2.3.2

Vertical Clearance
of Article 2.2.3 shall be used.

Curbs, if used, shall match those of the approach way section.

The provisions

2.5

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES
See Figure 2.5.

FOR TUNNELS

2.4

HIGHWAY CLEARANCES FOR UNDERPASSES

See Figure 2.4A.

2.5.1

Roadway Width

2.'1.1

Width

The pier columns or walls for grade separation structures shall generally be located a minimum of 30 feet from the edges of the through-traffic lanes. Where the practical

The horizontal clearance shall be the clear width and the vertical clearance the clear height for the passage of vehicular traffic as shown in Figure 2.5 .. Unless otherwise provided. the several parts of the structures shall be constructed to secure the following limiting dimensions or clearances for traffic.

2.5.1

DIVISION I-DESIGN

AT LEAST GO'-O"GREATER THAN APPROACH

PAVEMENT

I
Z 9< • II:
<

V;ACE OF WALL OR PIER

FACE 'OF WALL_ OR PIER .

Ul U

~~
<nu

1- ....

<_,
1--

~;j

<Ii: w
:>

30'-0- MIN.

PAVEMENT GENERAL CONDITION

30'-0" MIN.

J ~f
II:

FACE OF WALL OR PIER

FACE OF WALL OR PIER

J.-""

~c:::.
L__l
SHOULDER

=======:
PAVEMENT CONDITION LIMITED

*Thc barrier to face of wall or pier distance should not be less than the dynamic deflection of the barrier for impact by a full-sized automobile at impact conditions of approximately 25 degrees and 60 miles per hour, For information 00 dynamic deflection of various barriers. sec AASHTO Roadside Design Guide.

FIGURE 2.4A. Clearance Diagrams for Underpasses (See Article 2.4 for General Requlrements.)

..
CURB OR SIDEWALK 18 INCHES MINIMUM

NOT LESS THAN 30 FT. HORIZONTAL CLEARANCE

·1 w

~ u,
CURB OR SIDEWALK 18 INCHES MINIMUM
'<t

o
Z

<C ...... w
...J

a:

<C

I...J

so 0 <C ...J w <C

I1----1

<C a: w

i= >

~
ROADWAY WIDTH

I·

AT LEAST 2 ·FT. GREATER .THAN APPROACH TRAVELLED WAY BUT NOT LESS THAN 24 FT.

.1.

z· ~
0

a:

FIGURE 2.5. Clearance Diagram for Tunnels-c-Two-Lane Higbway Traffic

10

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

2.5.1

The clearances and width of roadway for two-lane traffic shall be not less than those shown in Figure 2.5. The roadway width shall be increased at least lO feet and preferably 12 feet for each- additional traffic lane, Clearance between Walls

railing or barrier with a pedestrian railing along the edge of the structure. On urban expressways. the separation shall be made by a combination railing. . 2.7.1 Vehicular Railing General

2.7.1.1 The minimum width between walls of two-lane tunnels shall be 30 feet, 2.5.3 Vertical Clearance

The vertical clearance between curbs shall be not less than 14 feel. 2.5.4 Curbs

2.7. U. I Although the primary purpose of traffic railing is to contain the average vehicle using the structure. consideration should also be given to (a) protection of the occupants of a vehicle in collision with the railing. (b) protection of other vehicles near the collision. (C) protection of vehicles or pedestrians on roadways underneath the structure. and (d) appearance and freedom of view from passing vehicles. 2.7.1.1.2 Materials for traffic railings shall be concrete. metal, timber. or a combination thereof. Meta! materials with less than l Ospercent tested elongation shall not be used. 2.7.1.1.3 Traffic railings should provide a smooth. continuous face of rail on the traffic side with the posts set back from the face of rail. Structural continuity in the rail members. including anchorage of ends. is essential. The railing system shall be able to resist the applied loads at all locations. 2.7.1.1,4 Protrusions or depressions at rail joints shall be acceptable provided their thickness or depth is no greater than the wall thickness of the rail member or 3/8 inch, whichever is less. 2.7.1.1.5 Careful attention shall be given to the treatment of railings at the bridge ends. Exposed rail ends. posts, and sharp changes in the geometry of the railing shall be avoided. A smooth transition by means of a continuation of the bridge barrier, guardrail anchored to the bridge end, or other effective means shall be provided to protect the traffic from direct collision with the bridge rail ends. 2.7.1.2 Geometry

The width of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of curbs shalt. be as specified for bridges. For heavy traffic roads, roadway widths greater than the above minima are recommended. If traffic lane widths exceed 12 feet the roadway width may be reduced 2 feet 0 inches from that calculated from Figure 2.5. 2.6 HIGHWAY CLEARANCES DEPRESSED ROADWAYS Roadway Width FOR

2.6.1

The clear width between curbs shall be not 'ess than that specified for tunnels. 2.6.2 Clearance between Walls

The minimum width between walls for depressed roadways carrying two lanes of traffic shall be 30 feet. 2.6.3 Curbs

The width of curbs shall be not less than 18 inches. The height of curbs shall be as specified for bridges. 2.7 R4ILINGS

Railings shall be provided along the edges of structures for protection of traffic and pedestrians. Other suitable applications may be warranted on bridge-length culverts . as addressed in the 1989 AASHTO Roadside Design Guide. Except on urban expressways. a pedestrian walkway may be separated from an adjacent roadway by a traffic

2.7. 1.2.1 The heights of rails shall be measured relative to the reference surface which shall be the top of the roadway, the top of the future overlay if resurfacing is anticipated, or the top of curb when the curb projection is greater than 9' inches from the traffic face of the railing . 2.7.1.2.2 combination Traffic railings and traffic portions of railings shall not be less than 2 feet 3 inches

2.7.1.2.2

DIVISION I-DESIGN of the reference surface. Parapets designed traffic faces intended to allow vehicles to under low angle contacts shall be at least 2 in height.

11

from the top with sloping ride up them feet 8 inches

load of the rail. The vertical load shall be applied alternately upward or downward. The attachment shall also be designed to resist an inward transverse load equal to onefourth the transverse rail design load. 2.7.1.3.5 Rail members' shall be designed. for a moment, due to concentrated loads, at the center of the panel and at the posts of P'U6 where L is the post spacing and P' is equal to P, PI2, or P/3, as modified by the factor C where required. The handrail members of combination railings shall be designed for a moment at the center of the panel and at the posts of 0.1 w U. 2.7.1.3.6 The transverse force on concrete parapet and barrier walls shall be spread over a longitudinal length of 5 feet. 2.7.1.3.7 Railings other than those shown in Figure 2.7.4B are permissible provided they meet the requirements of this Article. Railing configurations that have been successfully tested by full-scale impact tests are exempt from the provisions of this Article. 2.7.2 Bicycle Railing General

2.7.1.2.3 The lower element of a traffic or combination railing should consist of eithera parapet projecting at least 18 inches above the reference surface or a rail centered between 15 and 20 inches above the reference surface, 2.7.1.2.4 For traffic railings, the maximum clear opening below the bottom rail shall not exceed 17 inches and the maximum opening between succeeding rails shall not exceed 15 inches. For combination railings, accommodating pedestrian or bicycle traffic, the maximum opening between railing members shall be governed by Articles 2.7.2.2.2 and 2.7.3.2.1, respectively. 2.7.1.2.5 The traffic faces of all traffic rails must be within 1 inch of a vertical plane through the traffic face of the rail closest to traffic. 2.7.1.3 Loads

2.7.1.3.1 When the height of the top of the top traffic rail exceeds 2'-9", the total transverse load distributed to the traffic rails and pOStS shall be increased by the factor C. However, the maximum load applied to anyone element need not exceed P, the transverse design load. 2.7.1.3.2 Rails whose traffic face is more than 1 inch behind a vertical plane through the face of the traffic rail closest to traffic or centered less than 15 inches above the reference surface shall not be considered to be traffic rails for the purpose of distributing P or CP, but may be considered in determining the maximum clear vertical opening, provided they are designed for a transverse loading equal to that applied to an adjacent traffic rail or P/2. whichever is less. 2.7.1.3.3 Transverse loads on posts, equal to P, or CP, shall be distributed as shown in Figure 2.7.4B. A load equal to one-half the transverse load on a post shall simultaneously be applied longitudinally, divided among not more than four posts in a continuous rail length. Each traffic post shall also be designed to resist an independently applied inward load equal to one-fourth the. outward transverse load. 2.7.1.3.4 The attachment of each rail required in a traffic or combination railing shall be designed to resist a vertical load equal to one-fourth of the transverse design

2.7.2.1

2.7.2.1.1 Bicycle railing shall be used on bridges specifically designed to carry bicycle traffic, and on bridges where specific protection of bicyclists is deemed necessary. 2.7.2.1.2 Railing components shall be designed with consideration to safety, appearance, and when the bridge carries mixed traffic freedom of view from passing vehicles. 2.7.2.2 Geometry and Loads

2.7.2.2.1 The minimum height of a railing used to protect a bicyclist shall be 54 inches, measured from the top of the surface on which the bicycle rides to the top of the top rail. 2.7.2.2.2 Within a band bordered by the bikeway surface and a line 27 inches above it, all elements of the railing assembly shall be spaced such that a 6-inch sphere will not pass through any opening. Within a band bor. dered by lines 27 and 54 inches, elements shall be spaced such that an 8-inch sphere will.not pass through any opening. If a railing assembly employs both horizontal and vertical elements, the spacing requirements shall. apply to one or the other, but not to both. C.hain link fence

12

HfGHWAY BRIDGES

2.7.2.2.2

is exempt from the rail spacing requirements listed , . above. ln general, rails should project beyond the lace of posts and/or pickets. 2.7.2.7.3 Therninirnurn design loadings for bicycle railing shall be w = 50 pounds per.linear foot transversely and verricully, acting simultaneously on each rail, 2.7.2.2.4 Design loads for rails located more than 54 inches above the riding surface shall be determined by the designer. 2.7.2.2.5 Posts shall be designed tor a transverse load 01" wl, (where L is the post spacing) acting at the cen-

ter of gravity of the upper rail. but at a height not greater than 54 inches. 2.7.2.2.6 Refer to Figures 2.7.4A and 2.7.4B for . more information concerning ~he application of loads. 2.7.3 Pedestrian Railing General

2.7.3.1

2.7.].1.1 Railing components shall be proportioned commensurate with the type and volume of anticipated

f
traffic
by

-Wal~ln9 surface

(To be used adjacent to a sidewalk when highway traffic is separated from pedestrian

a traffic railing.)

PEDESTRIAN RAILING

E E

" c:
E

w :t!BICYCLE RAILING

"
NOTE:

If screening or solid face is presented, number of rails may be reduced: wind loads must be added if solid face is utilized. NOTES: l. Loadings on Icft are applied to rails. 2. Loads on right are applied to posts. 3. The shapes of rail members arc illustrative only. Any material or combination of materials listed in Article 2.7 may be used in any configuration. 4. The spacing illustrated are maximum values. Rail elements spacings shall conform to Articles 2.7.2.2.2 and 2.7.3.2.1. NOMENCLATURE: w ,. Pedestrian or bicycle loading per unit length of L = Post spacing

rail
Railing, Bicycle Railing

FIGliRE

2.7..tA.

Pedestrian

2.7.3.1.1

DIVISION I-DESIGN

13

pedestrian traffic. Consideration should be given to appearance, safety and freedom of view from passing vehicles. 2.7.3.1.2 Materials for pedestrian railing may be concrete, metal, umber, or a combinationthereof. 2.7.3.2 Geometry and Loads

2.7.3.2.2 The minimum design loading for pedestrian railing shall be w "" 50 pounds per linear fOOL, transversely and vertically, acting simultaneously on each longitudinal member. Rail members located more than 5 feet 0 inches above the walkway are excluded from these requirements, 2.7.3.2.3 Posts shall be designed for a transverse load of wL (where L is the post spacing) acting at the center of gravity of the upper rail or, for high rails, at5 feel 0 inches maximum above the walkway, 2.7.3.2.4 Refer to Figures 2.7.4A and 2.7.4Bfor more information concerning the application of loads, 2.7.4 Structural Specifications and Guidelines

2,7.3.2.1 The minimum height of a pedestrian railing shall be 42 inches measured from the top of the walkway to the top of the upper rail member. Within a band bordered by the walkway surface and a line 27 inches above it, all elements of the railing assembly shall be spaced such that a 6-inch sphere will not pass through any opening. For elements between 27 and 42 inches above the walking surface, elements shall be spaced such that an eight-inch sphere will not pass through any opening.

2.7.4.1 Railings shall be designed by the elastic method to the allowable stresses for the appropriate material.

E E
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x ot
E
:l

P C
E

c E 'E

'c E 'E

::I

9 ;..

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? N

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~ ;.,

'" ir 'E" ' ... '7

E
",

..,

.~ E
~
N

t~II
,.~';:~.~~'.6.:
X
OJ

(To be used when curb projects more than 9" from the traffic face of railing.]

COMBINATION TRAFFIC AND PEDESTRIAN RAIUNG

PI2

-PI2

(To be used where there is no curb or curb projects 9" or less from traffic face of railing.)

TRAFFIC RAILING

'(

FIGURE"2.7.4B.

fume Railing

14

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

2.7.4.1

,5

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e c

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~ .~ P:r'2:___'iO
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NarES:

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.~ ....

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tv :.,.

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<;> N

COMBINATION TRAFFIC AND BICYCLE RAILING

I. Loadings on left arc applied to rails. 2. Loadings on right arc applied 10 POSts. 3. The shapes of rail members ate illustrative only. Any material or combination of materials listed in Article 2.7 may be used in any configuration. 4, The spacings illustrated arc maximum values, Rail element spacings shall conform to Article 2.7.1.2.4,

NOMENCLATURE:
P h L w "" '" = =

Highway design loading = 10 kips. \__ \",. Height of top of top rail above reference surface (in.), Post spacing (ft). Pedestrian loading per unit length of rail. 18 -

u, . ~ e "'f:.. No')

C = I + h - 33>- [ FIGURE 2.7.4B. (Continued)

For aluminum alloys the design stresses given in the Specifications for Aluminutn Structures Fifth Edition, December 1986. for Bridge and Similar Type Structures published by the Aluminum Association, Inc. for alloys 6061T6 (Table A.6), 6351-T5 (Table A.6) and 6063-T6 (Table A.6) shall apply. and for cast aluminum alloys the design stresses given for alloys A444.0·T4 (Table A.9), A356.0· T61 (Table A.9) and A356.0·T6 (Table A.9) shall apply. For fabrication and welding of aluminum railing, see Article I L5. 2.7.4.2' The allowable unit stresses for steel shall be as given in Article 10.32. except as modified below, For steels not generally covered by the "Standard Specifications:' but having a guaranteed yield strength, F." the allowable unit stress. shall be derived by applying the general formulas as given in the "Standard Specifications" under "Unit Stresses" except as indicated below. , The allowable unit stress' for shear shall be F = 0.33Fy: Round or oval steel tubes may be proportioned using an allowable bending stress, F~ = 0.66F~, provided the Rlt ratio (radius/thickness) is less than or equal to 40.
y

Square and rectangular steel tubes and steel Wand sections in bending with tension and compression on extreme fibers of laterally supported compact sections having an axis of symmetry in the plane of loading may be designed for an allowable stress F, '" 0.60Fy. 2.7.4.3 The requirements for a compact section are as follows: (a) The width to thickness ratio of projecting elements of the compression flange of Wand I sections shall not exceed b 1600 -<-t-

.JF;

(2 -1)

(b) The width to thickness ratio of the compression flange of square or rectangular tubes shall not exceed' (2·2)

2.7.4.3 (c) The D/t ratio of webs shall not exceed

DIVISION I-DESIGN

]5
"

(e) the distance between lateral supports in inches of W or I sections shall not exceed
(2·3)

"

(2 - 6) (d) If subject to combined axial force and bending, the D/t ratio of webs shall not exceed D 13,300[1-1.43 (~ )] - < --~-...=__:.-...:..=.
t

or < 20,OOO,000Ar
dFy (2- 7)

JF;

but need not be less than D 7,000 -<--

tJF;

(2-5)

Section 3
LOADS
Part A TYPES OF LOADS 3.1 NOTATIONS

A == maximum expected acceleration of bedrock at the site a == length of short span of slab (Article 3.24.6) B =: buoyancy (Article 3.22) b = width of pier or diameter of pile (Article 3.18.2.2.4) b = length of long span of slab (Article 3.24.6) C "" combined response coefficient C =: stiffness parameter= K(WIL) (Article 3.23A.3) C =: centrifugal force in percent of live load (Article 3.10.1) CF = centrifugal force (Article 3.22) C, = coefficient for nose inclination (Article 3.18.2,2.1) CM = steel bending stress coefficient (Article 3.25.1.5) CR = steel shear stress coefficient (Article 3.25.1.5) D = parameter used in determination of load fraction of wheel load (Article 3.23.4.3) D = degree of curve (Article 3.10.1) D ::::dead load (Article 3.22) . D.E = fraction of wheel load applied to beam (Article 3.28.1) DL = contributing dead load E = width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed (Article 3.24.3) E = earth pressure (Article 3.22) EQ = equivalent static horizontal force applied at the center of gravity of the structure Eo = modulus of elasticity of concrete (Article 3.26.3) E, = modulus of elasticity of steel (Article 3.26.3) E, = modulus of elasticity of wood (Article 3.26.3) F == horizontal ice force on pier (Article 3.18.2.2.1) F == framing factor (Article 3.21J.1) F, = allowable bending stress (Article 3.25.1.3) F, = allowable shear stress (Article 3.25.1.3) g = 32.2 ft.lsec.2 I = impact fraction (Article 3.8.2) I == gross flexural moment of inertia of the precast member (Article 3.23.4.3) ICE = 'ice pressure (Article 3.22) . J = gross Saint- Venant torsional constant of the precast member (Article 3.23.4.3) K = stream flow force constant (Article 3.18.1) K . = stiffness constant (Article 3.23.4) K = wheel load distribution constant for timber flooring (Article 3.25.1.3) k = live load·distribution coristant for spread box girders (Article 3.28.1) L = loaded length of span (Article 3.8.2) L = loaded length of sidewalk (Article 3.] 4. Ll) 17

18 L

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

3.1

;::;live load (Article 3.221 = span length (Article 3.23A) = longitudinal force from live load (Article 3.22) = moment capacity of dowel (Article 3.25.IA) = primarybending moment (Article 3:25.1.3) = total transferred secondary moment (Article 3.25.1 A) Na = number of beams (Article 3.28.1) Nt. = number of traffic lanes (Article 3.2304) n = number of dowels (Article 3.25.1.4) P = live load on sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) P = stream flow pressure (Article 3.18.1) P total uniform force required to cause unit horizontal deflection of whole structure P ;::;load on one rear wheel of truck (Article 3.24.3) P == wheel load (Article 3.2-1-.5) P "" design wheel load (Article 3.25.1.3) PI; ;::; 12.000 pounds (Article 3.24.3) p~" = 16.000 pounds (Article 3.24.3) p "'" effective ice strength (Article 3.18.2.1.1) P = proportion of load carried by short span (Article 3.24.6.1 ) R = radius of curve (Article 3.10.1) R = normalized rock response R = rib shortening (Article 3.22l RD . = shear capacity of dowel (Article 3.25.104) R, = primary shear (Article 3.25.1.3) R) "" total secondary shear transferred (Article 3.25.1.-1-) S = design speed (Article 3.l0.1) S = soil amplification spectral ratio S = shrinkage (Article 3.22) S = average stringer spacing (Article 3.23.23.1) S = spacing of beams (Article 3.23.3) S = width of precast member (Article 3.23.-U) S = effective span length (Article 3.24.1) S ::= span length (Article 3.24.8.2) S beam spacing (Article 3.28.1) s = effective deck span (Article 3.25.l.3) SF = stream flow (Article }.22) T period of vibration T = temperature (Article 3.22l = thickness of ice (Article 3.18.2.2.4) t = deck thickness (Article 3.25.1.3) V variable spacing of truck axles (Figure :U.3AJ V = velocity of water (Article 3.18.1) W . = combined weight on the first two axles of a standard HS Truck (Figure 3.7.7 A) W "" width of sidewalk (Article 3.14.1.1) \V "" wind load on structure (Article 3.22) W "" total dead weight of the structure We "" width of exterior girder (Article 3.23.2.3.21 W = overall width of bridge (Article 3.23A.3) \'1 . ::= roadway width between curbs (Article 3.28.1) WL ::= wind load on he load (Article 3.22) w = width of pier or diameter of circular-shaft pier at the level of ice action (Article 3.18.2.2.1) X. ;;;;:: distance from load to point of support (Article 3.24.5.1) x ee subscript denoting direction perpendicular to longitudinal stringers (Article 3.25. 1.3)

L' LF Mo Mx My

3.1 Z
=

DIVISION I-DESIGN

19

reduction for ductility and risk assessment (with appropriate script) coefficient applied to actual loads for service load and load factor designs (Article 3.22) . 'Y = load factor (Article 3.22) O"PL == proportional limit stress perpendicular to grain (Article 3.25.1.4) 138 = load combination coefficient for buoyancy (Article 3'.22.1) !3c = load combination coefficient for centrifugal force (Article 3.22.1) 130 = load combination coefficient for dead load (Article 3.22.1) !3E = load combination coefficient for earth pressure (Article 3.22.1) I3EQ == load combination coefficient for earthquake (Article 3.22.]) !3!CE = load combination coefficient for ice (Article 3.22.1) !3L = load combination coefficient for live load (Article 3.22.1) fh = load combination coefficient for rib shortening, shrinkage; and temperature (Article 3.22.1) 135 = load combination coefficient for stream flow (Article 3.22.1) I3w = load combination coefficient for wind (Article 3.22.1) !3Wl. = load combination coefficient for wind on live load (Article 3.22.1) 11 = Poisson's ratio (Article 3.23.4.3)

[3

3.2

GENERAL

3.2.5 The loading combinations shall be in accordance with Article 3.22. 3.2.6 When a bridge is skewed, the loads and forces carried by the bridge through the dec'( system to pin connections and hangers shoulu be resolved into vertical, lateral.. and longitudinal force components to be considered in the design. 3.3 DEAD LOAD

3.2.1 Structures shall be designed to carry the following loads and forces: Dead load. Live load. Impact or dynamic effect of the live load. Wind loads. Other forces, when they exist, as follows: Longitudinal forces, centrifugal force, thermal forces, earth pres~ure, buoyancy, shrinkage stresses, rib shortening, erection stresses, ice and current pressure, and earthquake stresses. Provision shall be made for the transfer of forces between the superstructure and substructure to reflect the effect of friction at expansion bearings or shear resistance at elastomeric bearings. 3.2.2 Members shall be proportioned either with reference to service loads and allowable stresses as provided in Service Load Design (Allowable Stress Design) or, alternatively, with reference to load factors and factored strength as provided in Strength Design (Load Factor Design). 3.2.3 When stress sheets are required. a diagram or notation of the assumed loads shall be shown and the _. stresses due to the various loads shall be shown separately. 3.2.4 Where required by design conditions, the concrete placing sequence shall be indicated on the plans or in the special provisions.

3.3.1 The dead load shall consist of the weight of the entire structure, including the roadway, sidewalks, car tracks, pipes, conduits. cables. and other public utility. services. 3.3.2 The snow and ice load is consideredto be offset by an accompanying decrease in live load and impact and shall not be included except under special conditions. 3.3.2.1 If differential settlementis anticipated in a structure, consideration should be given to stresses resulting from this settlement. 3.3.3 If a separate wearing surface is to be placed when the bridge is constructed, or is expected to be placed in the future, adequate allowance shall be made for its weight in the design dead load. Otherwise, provision for a future wearing surface is not requ~red. 3.3.4 Special consideration shalrbe given to the necessity for a separate wearing surface for those. regions where the use of chains on tires or studded snow tires can be. anticipated.

(
"

20

HIGHWAY

BRIDGES traffic lanes, spaced across the entire width measured between curbs. bridge

::U.5
roadway

3.3.5 Where the abrasion of concrete is not expected, the traffic may bear directly on the concrete slab. If considered desirable. Y. inch ·or more may be added to the slab for a wearing surface, 3.3.6 The following ing the dead load:· weights are to be used 'in comput-

3.6.3

Fractional parts of design lanes shall not he used. but roadway widths from 20 to 24 feet shall have two design lanes each equal to one-half the roadway width.
The traffic lanes shall be placed in such numbers and positions on the roadway, and the loads shall be placed in such positions within their individual traffic lanes. so as to produce the maximum stress in [he member under consideration. O\·\e.. ',r,-\c..'R_ \

Steel or cast steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cast iron Aluminum alloys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Timber (treated or untreated) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Concrete. plain or reinforced. ............ Compacted sand. earth. gravel. or ballast Loose sand. earth. and gravel Macadam or gravel. rolled Cinder filling .......... Pavement, other than wood block. . . . . . . . . Railway rails. guardrails, and fastenings (per linear foot of track) . . . . .. 200 Stone masonry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170 Asphalt plank. I in. thick . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 lb. sq. ft.

#/cu.ft. .. 490 450 .. 175 .. 50 .. 150 120 100 140 .. 60 .. 150

3.6.4

f/'..d:> 'ta\'1-'G-

3.7 3.7.1

HIGHWAY LOADS Standard Truck and Lane Loads*

3.7.1.1 The highway live loadings on the roadways of bridges or incidental structures shall consist of standard trucks or lane loads that are equivalent to truck trains. Two systems of loading are provided, the H loadings and the HS loadings-the HS loadings being heavier than the corresponding H loadings. 3.7.1.2 Each lane load shall consist ora uniform load per linear foot of traffic lane combined with a single concentrated load (or two concentrated loads in the case of continuous spans-see Article 3.11.3). so placed on the span as to produce maximum stress. The concentrated load and uniform load shall be considered as uniformly distributed over a IO-foot width on a line normal to the center line of the lane. 3.7.1.3 For the computation of moments and shears. different concentrated loads shall be used as indicated in Figure 3.7.6B. The lighter concentrated loads shall be used when the stresses are primarily bending stresses. and the heavier concentrated loads shall be used when the stresses are primarily shearing stresses.

3.4

LIVE LOAD

The live load shall consist of the weight of the applied moving _load of vehicles. cars. and pedestrians.

3.5

OVERLOAD PROVISIONS

3.5.1 For all loadings less than H20. provision shall be made for an infrequent heavy load by applying Loading Combination IA (see Article 3.22). with the live load assumed to be H or HS truck and (0 occupy a single lane without concurrent loading in any other lane. The overload shall apply to all parts of the structure affected, except the roadway deck. or roadway deck plates and stiffening ribs in the case of orthotropic bridge super-

structures.
3.5.2 Structures may be analyzed for an overload that is selected by [he operating agency in accordance with Loading Combination Group fB in Article 3.22.

3.6

TRAFFIC LANES
truckshall be as-

. 3.6.1 The lane loading or standard sumed to occupy a width of 10 feet.

3.6.2

These loads shall be placed in 12-foot wide design

'Note: The system of lane loads defined here land illustrated in Fiuure 3.7.6.B) was developed in order 10 give a simpler method of c~kul;ling moments and shear> than that based on wheel loads of Ihe Huck . Appendix B shows the truck train loadings of the 1935 Spcciticutions of AASHO and the corresponding lune loadings, In 1944. the HS series of trucks was developed. These upproxirnate the effect of the corresponding 1935 truck preceded and followed by a train of trucks weighing three-fourths as much as the basic truck.

3.7.2 3.7.2 Classes of Loading

DIV1SION1.:....:..cDESIGN

21

There are four standard classes of highway loading: H 20, H 15, HS 20, and HS 15. Loading HIS is 75 percent of loading H20. Loading HS IS is 75 percent of Loading. HS 20. If loadings other than those designated are desired, they shall be obtained by proportionately changing the weights shown for both the standard truck and the corresponding lane loads. 3.7.3 Designation of Loadings

by the letters HS followed by a number indicating the gross weight in tons of the tractor truck. The variable axle spacing has been introduced in order that the spacing of axles may approximate more closely the tractor trailers now in use. The variable spacing also provides a more satisfactory loading for continuous spans. in that heavy axle loads may be so placed on adjoining spans as to produce maximum negative moments. 3.8 3.8.1 IMPACT Application

"r V' <.:, '-' b - ~\ V. 'I\{.C:r\~~ ~\\'\~a <;;.T

0>

The policy of affixing the year to loadings to identify them was instituted with the publication of the 1944 Edition in the following manner: H ·15Loading. 1944 Edition shall be designated................................................. H20 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designated.................... H 15-S 12 Loading, 1944 Edition shall be designaled................................................. H 20-S 16 Loading. 1944 Edition shall be designated.................................................

H 15-44 H 20-44 HS 15-44

Highway Live Loads shall be increased for those structural elements in Group A, below, to allow for dynamic, vibratory and impact effects. Impact allowances shall not be applied to items in Group B. It is intended that impact be included as part of the loads transferred from super~ to substructure, but shallnot be induded 1;-Toads trans§n%U .. QJ..o9!illgs ~or ·toth~~~- pans--orpii~'''~r ··;;;i~I!!!1..u.hfl,LaLe_below ground. -_ .. -_-_. _

..---

"~~~.:__-~~.,.-.,~

HS 20-44

3.8.1.1

Group A-Impact

shall be hclude~.

The affix shall remain unchanged until such time as the loading specification is revised. The same policy for identification shall be applied, for future reference, to loadings previously adopted by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 3.7.4 Minimum Loading

(I) Superstructure. including legs of rigid tiames. (2) Piers, (with or without bearings regardless of type)

excluding footings and those portions below the ground line. (3) The portions above the ground line of concrete or steel piles that support the superstructure. 3.8.1.2 Group B-Impact shall not be included.

Bridges supporting Interstate highways or other highways which CaITy, or which may carry, heavy truck traffic, shall be designed for HS20-44 Loading or an Alternate Military Loading of two axles four feet apart with each axle weighing 24,000 pounds, whichever produces the greatest stress. 3.7.5 H Loading

(l) Abutments, retaining walls, piles except as specified in 3.8.1.1 (3). (2) Foundation pressures and footings. (3) Timber structures. (4) Sidewalk loads. *(5) Culverts and structures having 3 feet or more coveL 3.8.2. Impact Formula

The H loadings consist of a two-axle truck or the corresponding lane loading as illustrated in Figures 3.7.6A and 3.7 .6B. The H loadings are designated H followed by a number indicating the gross weight in Ions of the standard truck. 3.7.6 HS Loading

3.8.2.1 The amount of the impact allowance or increment is expressed as a fraction of the live load stress. and shall be determined by the formula: 50 _ 1= L+125in which. 1.=

The HS Ioadings consist of a tractor truck with semitrailer or the corresponding lane load as illustrated in Figures 3.7.7A and 3.7.6B. The HS loadings are ~esigna[ed

~\\\~)

--\~. 2. '-\ L~'3 'C7

(3 ..I)

impact fraction (maximum 30 percent);

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

3.8.2.1

8,000 LBS. 6,000 LBS.

32,000 LBS.24,000 LBS.

i
~-

14'-0"

I
.

~ - W =TOTAL WEIGHT O~F":5: TRUCK AND LOAD ~

---·OAW

I
I

-$-10'-0"

$-

CLEARANCE AND LOAD LANE WIDTH

FIGURE 3.7.6A

Standard

H Trucks

"In the dc>ign of timber floors and orthotropic steel decks (excluding transverse bearns) for H 20 loading. one axle hill of 2-1.000 pounds or two axle loads of 16.000 pounds each spaced -I feet apart may be used. whichever , produce, the greatcf stress, instead of the 32.00{)·pound axle shown. \(."for slub design. the center line of wheels shall be assumed to be I foot from face of curb. (See Article 3.24.2.)

3.8.2.1

DIVISIONI-DESIGN CONCENTRATED LOAD18,000 LBS. FOR MOMENT* 26,000 LBS. FOR SHEAR

23

H20-44 LOADING HS20-44 LOADING

CONCENTRATED LOAD-

13,500 LBS. FOR MOMENT* 19,500 LBS. FOR SHEAR LOAD LANE

UNIFORM LOAD 480 LBS. PER

H15-44 LOADING HS1S-44 LOADING

FIGURE 3.7.6B. Lane Loading
*For the loading of continuous spans involving lane loading refer additional concentrated load.
,

10

Article 3.11.3 which provides for an

... ~ .. ,.". L length in feet of the portion of the span that is loaded to produce the maximum stress in the member. . 3.8.2.3.

-- - -

.'''_

.~_..-,- ...

'"

For culverts with cover 0' 0" to I'·0" inc. I =;= 30% 1'-I"to 2'-0"inc.I=20% -. ~ 2'-1" to 2'.11" inc. I = 10% .~ B\Sc
.....

3.8.2.2 For uniformity of application, in this formula. the loaded length, L, shall be as follows: (a) For roadway floors: the design span length. (b) For transverse members, such as floor beams: the span length of member center to center of supports. (c) For computing truck load moments: the span length, or for cantilever arms the length from the moment center to the farthermost axle. (d) For shear due to truck loads: the length of the loaded portion of span from 'the point under consideration to the far reaction; except, for cantilever arms, use a 30' percent impact factor. . . (e) For continuous spans: the length of span under consideration for positive moment, and the average of two adjacent loaded spans for negative moment. 3.9

]-0
_ •• ¥

.j ,

LONGITUDINAL

FORCES~').Q.

\211,\1(

\oad oV'\\~

Provision shall be made ~ffect of a longitudinal force of 5 percent of the liv"lload in all lanes carrying traffic headed in the same direction. All lanes shall be loaded for bridges likely to become one directional in the future. The load used, "Yi!~ct, shall be theJane.load_Rl1Is tt~s.smceIm:<.lt~SUQ<J9_f.Qr..!J1_Qmg!1.!..§l2.t£~!!ed in ~js:le?,_:1, .with reduction for multiple-lo!Jde£L!A!!.~ as Article 3.12. The center of gravity of the longitudinal force shall be assumed to be located 6 feet above the floor slab and to be transmitted to the substructure through the superstructure.

~~9~i~.

24

HIGHWAY BRIDGES

3.9

HS20-44 HS15·44

'_.---$---.~
W " COMBINED WEIGHT ON THE FIRST TWO AXLES WHICH IS THE SAME AS FOR THE. CORRESPONDING H TRUCK. V :: VARIABLE SPACING 14 FEET TO 30 FEET INCLUSIVE. SPACING TO BE USED IS THAT WHICH PRODUCES MAXIMUM STRESSES. CLEARANCE AND LANE WIDT 10'.()"

-+=.---~--.--.
~'

8.000 t.ss. 6.000 LeS.

32,000 LeS." 24,000 LBS.

32,000 LBS=-24,000 LBS.

sl~!

14'",,"

01

~ ~W

~l

....

2'-0"

6'..()"

2'-0"

_-----_ _._.--- _--\'0 k 1!_* __:_:_8_~}¥'-l·_~\

.... ..

ClIG

~E'

(I(

o ,')

FIGURE 3.7.7A.

Standard HS Trucks

'S \0 b

./

"In the design of timber floors and orthotropic steel decks (excluding transverse beams) rorH:!O loading. one axle loud of 2-1,000 pounds OflWO axle loads of 16,000 pounds each, spaced -'I feet apart may be used, whichever produces the greater stress. instead of the 32,000· pound axle shown. "For slab design, the centerline of wheels shall be assumed to be I foot from face of curb. (See Article 3.24.2.)

I;::~"

3.10 3.10 CENTRIFUGAL FORCES

DIVISION I-DESIGN 3.11.3 ·Lane Loads on Continuous Spans

25

3.10.1 Structures on curves shall be designed. for a horizontal radial force equal to the following percentage of the live load, withoutimpact, in all traffic Janes: . ~o
"t'>~.

'J~

,\c.'(\R.

~_'\o~~)
c

\0 0. ~

C=0.00l17S2D=

6.~8S2

(3-2)

0-19 S2..
~

where,

For the determination of maximum negative 'moment in the design of continuous spans, the lane load shown in Figure 3.7.61;lshall be modified by the addition of a second, equal Weight concentrated load placed in one other span in the series in such position to produce the maximum effect. For maximu!!LPQ~!jy~ moment, only one concentrated .]oad§.h~J ~_use4. ~!.I~e,corn6ined ~wjih-. annari-y-spans'loaded uniformly as afe-req'~ired to produce maximum moment. ..' " . 3.11.4 Loading for Maximum Stress

= the centrifugal force in percent of the live load, without impact; S == the design speed in miles per hour; D = the degree of curve; R = the radius of the curve in feet 3.10.2 The effects of superelevation shall be taken into account.

3.10.3 The centrifugal force shall be applied 6 feet above the roadway surface. measured along the center line of the roadway. The design speed shall be determined with regard to the amount of superelevation provided in the roadway. The traffic lanes shall be loaded in accordance with the provisions of Article 3.7 with one standard truck on each design traffic lane placed in position for maximum loading. 3.10.4 Lane loads shall not be used in the computation of centrifugal forces.

-.

3.11.4.1 On both simple and continuous spans, the type ofloading, whether lane load or truck load, to be used shall be the loading which produces the maximum stress. The moment and shear tables given in Appendix A show which types of loading controls for simple spans. 3.11.4.2 For continuous spans, the lane loading shall } be continuous or discontinuous; only one standard H or HS truck per lane shall be considered on the structure. t::._ ~'I'v,.~~ \ \a'(\~ \

l0'l"l~

~"",-.r-j

3.12

REDUCTION

IN LOAD INTENSITY

3.10.5 When a reinforced concrete floor slab or a steel grid deck is keyed to or attached.to its supporting members, it may be assumed that the deck resists, within its plane. the shear resulting from the centrifugal forces acting on the live load. 3.11 3.11.1 APPLICATION OF LIVE LOAD

3.12.1 Where maximum stresses are produced in any member by loading a number of traffic lanes simultaneously, the following percentages of the live loads shall be used in view of theimprobability of coincident maximum loading: Percent _..... 100 90 75

One or two hines .•..................

Three lanes .....•........................ Four lanes or more .......•...•............

Ti-affic Lane Units

In computing stresses, each IO-foot lane load or single standard truck shall be considered. as a unit, and fractions of load lane widths or trucks shall not be used.
3.11.2 Number and Position of Traffic Lane Units

3.12.2 The reduction in intensity of loads on transverse . members such as floor beams shall be determined as in the case of main trusses or girders, using the number of traffie lanes across the width of roadway that must be loaded to produce maximum stresses in the floor beam.

3.13

ELECTRIC

RAILWAY LOADS

The num berand posi tion of ihe lane load or truck lo~ds shall be as specified in Article 3.7 and, whether lane or truck loads, shall be such as to produce maximum stress, SUbjectto the reduction specified in Article 3.12.

If highway bridges carry electricrailway traffic, the railway loads shall be determined from the class of traffic . which the bridge may be expected to carry. The possibility that the bridge may be required to carry railroad freight·· cars shall be given consideration.

26 3.14 SIDEWALK, CURB, AND RAILIN~ LOADING Sidewalk Loading

HIGHWAY BRIDGES 3.15 WIND LOADS

3,14

3.14.1

3.14.1.1 Si'dewalk floors. stringers, and their immediate supports shall be designed for a Jive load of 85 pounds per square foot of sidewalk area. Girders. trusses, arches. and other members shall be designed for the following sidewalk live loads: Spans 0 to 15 feetin length 85 Ib.lfL~ Spans 26 to 100 feet in length 60 lb.fft.2 Spans over 100 feet in length according to the formula

The wind load shall consist of moving uniformly distributedloads applied to the exposed area of the structure. The exposed 'area shall be the sum of the' areas of all mern, bers.iincluding floor system and railing. as seen in elevation at 90 degrees tothe longitudinal axis the structure. The forces and loads given herein are for a base wind velocity of 100 miles per hour. For Group II and Group V loadings. but not for Group III and Group VI loadings. they may be reduced or increased in the ratio of the square of the design wind velocity to the square of the base wind velocity provided that the maximum probable wind velocity can be ascertained with reasonable accuracy. or provided that there are permanent features of the terrain which make such changes safe and advisable, If a change in the design wind velocity is made. the design wind velocity shall be shown on the plans.

of

in which

3.15.1

Superstructure

Design

P ;;::live load per square foot. max. 60·lb. per sq. ft. L "" loaded length of sidewalk in feet. W ;; width of sidewalk in feet.
3.14.1.2 In calculating stresses in structures that support cantilevered sidewalks. the sidewalk shall be fully loaded on only one side of the structure if this condition produces maximum stress. 3.14.1.3 Bridges for pedestrian and/or bicycle traffic shall be designed for a live load of 85 PSF. 3.14.1.4 Where bicycle or pedestrian bridges are expected to be used by maintenance vehicles. special design consideration should be made for these loads, 3.14.2 Curb Loading

3.15.1.1

Group II and Group V Loadings

3.15.1.1.1 A wind load of the following intensity shall be applied horizontally at ri£!hl an£!les to the longitudinal axis of the structure:

N\\",,"2....

50 pounds per square foot ~ .2~'14~\m'2.. 3.15.l.J.2 The total force shall not be less than 300 pounds per linear foot in the plane of the windward chord and 150 pounds per linear foot in the plane of the leeward chord on truss spans, and not less than 300 pounds per linear foot on girder spans. 3.15.1.2 Group III and Group VI Loadings

For trusses and arches For girders and beams

75 pounds per square foot

3.14.2.1 Curbs shall be designed to resist a lateral force of not less than 500 pounds per linear foot of curb. appl ied at the top of the curb. or at an elevation 10 inches above the floor if the curb is higher than 10 inches. 3.14.2.2 Where sidewalk, curb. and traffic rail form an integra! system. the traffic, railing loading shall be applied and stresses i~ curbs computed accordingly. 3.14.3 Railing Loading

Group III and Group VI loadings shall comprise the loads used for Group II and Group V loadings reduced by 70 percent and a load of 100 pounds per linear faa! applied at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure and 6 feet,j!be::;;the deck as a wind load on a moving live load. When a reinforced concrete floor slab or a steel grid deck is keyed to or attached to its supporting members, it may be assumed that the deck resists. within its plane. the shear resulting from the wind load on the moving liveload, 3.15.2 Substructure Design

For Railing Loads. see Article 2.7.

Forces transmitted to the substructure by the, superstructure and forces applied directly to the substructure by wind loads shall be as follows:

3.15.2

DMSION I-DESIGN
WL

27

3.15.2.1 Forces from Superstructure

3.15.2.1.1 The transverse and longitudinal forces transmitted by the superstructure to the substructure for various angles of wind direction shall be as ~~ forth in the following table. The skew angle is measured from the 'perpendicular to-the longitudinal axis and the assumed wind direction shall be that which produces the maximum stress in the substructure. The transverse and longitudinal forces shall be applied simultaneously at the elevation of the center of gravity of the exposed area of the superstructure.

(wind load on live load) 100 pounds per linear foot. transverse \b,.~o ~ \\\\"- . 40 Pounds per linear foot, longitudinal 5 8 4- ~ \ . ~ . Both forces shall be applied simultaneously.

'. . b ,t-c. ~;~

\)\.£f')lj: j;.,-;h~

3.1S.2.2 Forces Applied Directly to the Substructure

The transverse and longitudinal forces to be applied directly to the substructure for a 100-mile per hour wind shall be calculated from an assumed wind force of 40 \':)\5 pounds per square fool. For wind directions assurned '" Y\ skewed to the substructure, this force shall be resolved into components perpendicular to the end and front elevations of the substructure. The component perpendicular to the end elevation shall act on the exposed substructure area as seen in end elevation and the component perpendicular to the front elevation shall act on the exposed areas and shall be applied simultaneously with the wind loads from the superstructure. The above loads are for Group II and-Group V loadings and may be reduced by 70 percent for Group III and Group VI loadings, as indicated in Article 3.22.

Trusses Skew Angle of Wind

Girders

Lateral
Load

Longitudinal Load

Degrees 0
15 30 45 60

PSF
75 70 65 47 24

PSF
0 12 28 41

Lateral Load PSF

50 44 41 33

Longitudinal

Load PSF
0

6
12 16

SO

17

19

The loads listed above shall be used in Group II and Group V loadings as given in Article 3.22. 3.15.2.1.2 For Group III and Group VI loadings. these loads may be reduced by 70 percent and a load per linear foot added as a wind load on a moving live load, as given in the following table:

3.15.3 Overturning Forces

The effect of forces 'tending to overturn structures shall be calculated under Groups II. ill. V. and VI of Article 3.22 assuming that the wind direction is at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the structure. In addition. an upward force shall be applied at the windward quarter point of the transverse superstructure width: This force shall be 20 pounds per square foot of deck and sidewalk plan area for Group II and Group V combinations and 6 pounds per square foot 'for Group 111 and Group VI combinations.

Skew Angle of Wind

Lateral Load IbJft. 100

Longitudinal IbJft.

Load

Degrees 0
IS

30 45
60

88 82
66 34

0 12
24

3238

This load shall be applied at a point 6 feet above the deck. 3.15.2.1.3 For the usual girder and slab bridges having maximum span lengths of ] 25 feet. the following wind loading may be used in lieu of the more precise loading specified above: .~) ~_

3.16 THERMAL FORCES

Provision shall be made for stresses or movements resulting from variations in temperature. The rise and fall in temp.erature shall be fixed for the locality in which the structure is to be constructed and shall be computed fr?m . an-assumed temperatureat the timeof erection. Due consideration shall be given to the lag between air temperature and the interior temperature of massive concrete . members orstructures.

<,

2"3 9 4 N \ t~ 50 pounds per square foot; transverse '57 5 N'I m!.12 pounds per square foot. longitudinal

(wind load onstructure)

..

:3 .~

Both forces shall be applied simultaneously.

28

HIGHWAY BRIDGES The range of temperature shall generally be as follows:

Metal structures: Moderate climate. from 0 to 120aF. OM climate. from - 30 to [20aE'

3.16 = a constant. being 1.4 for all piers subjected lO drift build-up and square-ended piers. 0.7 for circular piers, and 0,5 for angle-ended piers ·where.lhe,an¥le Is 30. degrees or. less ..

Temperature'
Rise

Temperature
Fall 40aF

Concrete structures:
Moderate climate

Cold climate

30aF

35aF

45aF

The maximum stream flow pressure, Pm""shall be equal to twice the average stream flow pressure, p.". computed by Equation 3-4, Stream flow pressure shall be a triangular distribution with Pm,. located atthe top ofwuter elevation and a zero pressure located at the flow line.
3. J 8,1.1.2 The stream flow forces shall be computed by the product of the stream flow pressure, taking into account the pressure distribution. and the exposed pier area. In cases where the corresponding top of water elevation is above the low beam elevation. stream flow loading on the superstructure shall be investigated. The stream flow pressure acting on the superstructure may be taken as Pm., with a uniform distribution.

3.17

l:'PUFT

3.17.1 Provision shall be made for adequate attachment of the superstructure to the substructure by ensuring that the calculated uplift at any support is resisted by tension members engaging a mass of masonry equal to the largest force obtained under one of the following conditions: (a) 100 percent of the calculated uplift caused by any loading or combination of loadings in which the live plus impact loading is increased by 100 percent. (b) 150 percent of the calculated uplift at working load level. 3.17.2 Anchor bolts subject to tension or other elements of the structure stressed under the above conditions shall be designed at 150 percent of the allowable basic stress. 3.18 FORCES FRO~[ STREAl\l CURRENT AND FLOATING ICE. AND DRIFT CONDITIONS

3.18.1.2

Pressure Components

When the direction of stream flow is other than normal the exposed surface. area. or when bank migration or a change of stream bed meander is anticipated. the effects of the directional components of stream flow pressure shall be investigated.
(0

3.18.1.3

Drift Lodged Against Pier

All piers and other portions of structures that are subject to the force of flowing water. floating ice. or drift shall be designed to resist, the maximum stresses induced thereby. 3.18.1 Force of Stream Current on Piers Stream Pressure

3.18.1.1

3./8.1,1.1 The effect of flowing water on piers and drift build-Up. assuming a second-degree parabolic velocity distribution and thus a triangular pressure distribution. shall be calculated by the formula:

Where a significant amount of drift lodged against a pier is anticipated. the effects of this drift buildup shall be considered in the design of the bridge opening and the bridge components. The overall dimensions of the drift buildup shall reflect the selected pier locations. site conditions. and known drift supply upstream, When it is anticipated that the flow area will be significantly blocked by drift buildup. increases in high water elevations. stream velocities. stream flow pressures. and the potential increases in scour depths shall be investigated. 3.18.2 Force of Ice on Piers General

3.18.2.1

P,.g ;;;:;K(V.,£)! where.

-:::.. \5 5

~,,'1..

(3-4)

P.'E = average slrea\? pressure, in pounds per square , foot, ,,~aj . '. V,.~ ":' average velocity of water in feet per second. computed by dividing the flow rate by the How area. \..'(\"\ "';;..!tC· ') \

Ice forces on piers shall be selected. having regard to site conditions and the mode of ice action to be expected: Consideration shall be given to the following modes: (a) Dynamic ice pressure due to moving ice-sheets and ice-floes carried by streamflow. wind. or currents. (b) Static ice pressure due to thermal movements of

-'. HI.,L.l

Vi V l::ilUN l-U~lliN

29

continuous stationary ice-sheets on large bodies of water. (c) Static pressure resulting from ice-jams. (d) Static uplift or vertical loads resulting from adhering ice in waters of fluctuating level. 3.18.2.2 Dynamic Ice Force

initial movement of the ice sheet as a whole or where large sheets of sound ice may strike the piers. (d) In the order of 400 psi where breakup' or major ice movement may OCcur with ice temperatures signifi~tly below the melting point. 3.18.2.2.4 The preceding values for effective ice strength are intended for use with piers of substantial mass and dimensions. The values shall be modified as necessary for variations in pier width or pile diameter, and design ice thickness by multiplying by the appropriate coefficient obtained from' the following table: bIt Coefficient
1.8 1.3

3.18.2.2.1 Horizontal forces resulting from the pressure of moving icc shall be calculated by the formula: F=CnP-t-w where, F = horizontal ice force on pier in pounds; C, :; coefficient for nose inclination from table; p ;; effective ice strength in pounds per square inch; = thickness of ice in contact with pier in inches; w = width of pier or diameter of circular-shaft pier at the level of ice action in inches. Inclination of Nose to vertical 0° to ]5° ]5° to 30° 300 to 45° 1.00 0.75 0.50

0.5
1.0 1.5

2.0 3_0
4.0 or greater where, b
t

1.1 1.0

0.9
0.8

=.:

width of pier or diameter of pile; design ice thickness.

3.1B.2.2.2 The effective ice strength p shall normally be taken in the range of 100 to 400 pounds per square inch on the assumption that crushing or splitting of the ice takes place on contact with the pier. The value used shall be based on an assessment of the probable condition of the ice at time of movement, on previous local experience •. and on assessment of existing structure performance. Relevant ice conditions include the expected temperature of the ice at time of movement, the size of moving sheets and floes. and the velocity at contact. Due consideration shall be given to the probability of extreme rather than average conditions at the site in question. 3.1B.2.2.3 The following values of effective ice strength appropriate to various situations may be used as a guide. {a} -lri 'the order of 100 psi where breakup occurs at melting temperatures and where the ice runs as . small "cakes" and is substantially disintegrated in its . structure. (b) In the order of 200.psi where' breakup occurs at melting temperatures. but the ice moves in large pieces and is internally sound. (c) In the order of 300 psi where at breakup there is an

3.J8.2.2.5 Piers should be placed with their longitudinal axis parallel to the principal direction of ice action. The force calculated by the formula shall then be taken to act along the direction of the longitudinal axis. A force transverse (0 the longitudinal axis and amounting to not less than 15 percent of the longitudinal force shall be considered to act simultaneously. 3.1B.2.2.6 Where the longitudinal axis of a pier cannot be placed parallel to the principal direction of ice action. or where the direction of ice action may shift. the total force on the pier shall be computed by the formula and resolved into vector components. In such conditions, forces transverse to the longitudinal axis shall in no case be taken as less than 20 percent of the total force. 3.18.2.2.7 In the case of slender and flexible piers. consideration should be given to the vibrating nature of dynamic ice.forces and to the possibility of high momentary pressures and structural resonance . 3.18.2.3 Static. Ice Pressure

lee pressure on- piers frozen into ice sheets on large .', bodies of water shall receive special consideration where.

30

HIGHWAY BRIDGES
TABLE 3.22.1A
Col.No. I

3.18.2.3

Table of Coefficients v and p

6 i

3A

<4.

{o

10

11 112[

13

1<4

GRO-VP
J IA

75
'Y. 1.0

,
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

(L+[~

"

,
1 0 0 1

.
CF
1 0 1

~ FACTORS

-,
0 0 0

LrH>p

IB
II 111 tV V VI Vll VlII

1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

2
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1.67 2.20 0 0 1
1

E· iJE
0

B
. 1.

SF
I 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

W
0 0

WL

0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

{JE
1

0
1 0.3 0 1 0.3 0

...l III

<
o
(I)

0
0

0
I 1

0
1 0 0 1 0 0

LF R+S:>-T EQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 ·0 1

ICE
0 0

OJ!,

100

160 125 126

125 140 140 133 140 150 100 Culvert

0
0 0 0

..

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

(JE tiE
1

== III

0 1
0 1 0 0 1.0 0 1.0 0 1 1 0 1

(JE
1 1 1

1
0 0

0 0
0 1

0
1 0 0 0 0 I 0.3 0 1

IX X ;z,
en
r.J C

0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0
0 '0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0
0 0 0

1
0 0 0 0 0

s
c

J (A 18 II

{JO

0
0 1 0 0

Po
PO
i10

~E tiE
0

0
1 0 1
1

0 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0

O·
0 0

$10

~
O

nt
tV

tiE {JE tiE

1.:;
i..25

e.-

(J.)

0
0

PE
PI!:
{JE

1 1

1
0
0 1

0
1 1
1

:J~ :c
;::I

0
0 0 0 1 0

0
0 0 0

•
to

...l

< Ii. c va 1.3 < vm 1.3 0

IX X

V ~·1.26

!i,l

0
1 0 1

PE

1
1

0
1

<
Z

cc-

"'0 130
{Jo

olD

0.3
0 0 1
0

"0

0
0 0 0

0
1 0 0

PE

1
1
1

0
0
0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0
1 1 0

1.20 1.30

0
1.67

iJE iJE

0
0

Culvert

(L {L

+ I)n - Live load plus impact for AASHTO Highway H or HS loading + 1)1' - Live load plus impact consistent with the overload criteria of the operation
agency.

• 1.25 may be used for design of outside roadway beam when cornbination of sidewalk live load as well as traffic live load plus impact governs the design. but the capacity of the section should not be less than required for highway traffic Jive load only using a bela factor of 1.67. 1.00 may be used for design of deck slab with combination of loads as described in Article 3.24.2.2.

For culvert loading specifications.

see Article 6.2.

i3E

= 1.0 and O.S for lateral loads on rigid frames (check both loadings to see which one governs). See Article 3.20. .

For Load Factor Design

~E

**

Percentage

Maximum Unit Stres~ (Or:rating Rating) x 100 Allowable BaSIC Unit Stress

For Service Load Design

?" (Column

14) Percentage

of Basic Unit Stress for members'

No-increase in allowable unit stresses shall be permitted or connections carrying wind loads only.

= 1.3 for lateral earth pressure for retaining walls and rigid frames excluding rigid culverts. For lateral at-rest earth pressures. !:IE L 15 0.5 for lateral earth pressure when checking positive moments in rigid frames. This complies with Article 3.20. LO for vertical earth pressure 0.75 when checking member for minimum axial load and ma ximurn moment or maximum eccentricity .•... For 1.0 when checking member for maximum' axial -Colurnn load and minimum moment ... _......•......•. Design ·I.OJor flexural and tension members \.0 for Rigid Culverts 1.5 for Flexible Culverts

i3E

== 1.00 for vertical and lateral loads

00 ail

other structures.

.For Group X loading (culverts} the cal and horizontal loads.

~E

factor shall be applied to verti-

)
\:i'

·f
.

lJiVlSlUN I-DESIUN

31

\.

,-

there is reason to believe that the ice sheets are subject to significant thermal movements relative to the piers. 3.22

Part B
COMBINATIONS COMBINATIONS.oF Of LOADS tOADS

3.19

BUOYANCY

Buoyancy shall be considered where j't affects the design of either substructure, including piling, or the superstructure. ~

,./;:- \\~~>"\
3.20 EARTH PRESSURE

.r
"

2\\a0~

~\f'

o . S\
/:/
.,'

L~7

\v

;'

3.22.1 The following Groups represent various combinations of loads and forces to which a structure may, be subjected. Each component of the structure, or the foundation on which it rests, shall be proportioned to withstand safely all group combinations of these forces that are applicable to the particular site or type. Group loading combinations for Service Load Design and Load Factor Design are given by: Group (N)

3.20.1 Structures which retain fills shalfbe'proportioned to withstand pressure as given by Rankine's formula or by other expressions given in Section 5, "Retaining Walls"; provided, however, that no structure shall be designed for less than an equivalent fluid weight (mass) of 30 pounds per cubic foot. 3.20.2 For rigid frames a maximum of one-half of the moment caused by earth pressure (lateral) may be used to reduce the positive moment in the beams, in the top slab, or in the top and bottom slal-, as the case may be.

= 'Y[[30 • D + J3L (L + I) + {3cCF + {3EE + [3BB + J3sSF + J3wW + J3wLWL + [3L • LF + J3R (R + S + T) + J3~Q + J3ICEICE] (3-10)

where, = group number; = load factor. see Table 3.22.1A; = coefficient, see Table 3.22.1A; = dead load; = live load; = live load impact; "" earth pressure; = buoyancy; = wind load on structure; = wind load on live load-l 00 pounds per linear foot; LF = longitudinal force from live load; . CF = centrifugal force; R = rib shortening; S' = shrinkage; T' = temperature; EQ =:: earthquake; SF =: stream flow pressure; ICE = ice pressure. N 'Y J3 D L I E B W WI.. 3.22.2 For service load design, the percentage of the basic unit stress for the various groups is given in Table 3.22.IA. . The loads and forces in each group shall be taken as appropriate from Articles 3.310 3.21. The maximum section required shall be used. 3.22.3 .For load factordesign, the gamma and beta' factors given in Table 3.22.IA shall be used for designing structural members and foundations by 'the load factor concept. .

,I

,---.-£2~~_~~_3.20.3 When zan til distance half its height, load surcharge

~--._;....--.

__ ~~<;'_" highway traffic can come within a horifrom the top of the structure equal to onethe pressure shall have added to it a live pressure equal 10 not less than 2 feet of

?-.~~,<,oe...,\\

s.'\a.'n;;

~~~Q..6 S.""-,(\t.ho~

--,,,. __ .

'3.20.4 Where an adequately designed reinforced cVncrete approach slab supported at one end by the bridge is rovided, no live load surcharge need be considered~_ 3.20.5 All designs shall provide for the thorough drainage of the back-filling material by means of weep holes and crushed rock, pipe drains or gravel drains, or by perforated drains.

3.21

EARTHQUAKES

In regions where earthquakes may .be anticipated, structures.shall be designed to resist earthquake motions·· by considering the.relationship of the site JO active faults, the seismic response 'of the .soils at the site, and the dynamic response characteristics of the total structure in ac_:ordance with Division J·A-Seismic Des~.