NOCKHARDY

+
K NOTES ACIDS & BASES • pH = − log10 [ H (aq) ]
A LEVEL CHEMISTRY AT A G L AN CE pH • [ H+(aq) ] = antilog (− pH)
[ ] = concentration in mol dm-3
TWO THEORIES
[H+] -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14
1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
LEWIS ACIDS LONE PAIR ACCEPTORS
BASES LONE PAIR DONORS [OH¯] - 14 - 13 - 12 - 11 - 10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 1

BRØNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS PROTON DONORS pH 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

BASES PROTON ACCEPTORS pH
strongly weakly neutral weakly strongly
acidic acidic alkaline alkaline

TYPES OF ACID
IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER Kw
STRONG Completely dissociate into ions HCl, H2SO4
+ Water dissociates H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH¯(aq)
HA(aq) ——> H (aq) + A¯(aq)

WEAK Partially dissociate into ions CH3COOH

Kw = [H+(aq)] [OH¯(aq)] = 10-14 mol2 dm-6 (at 25°C)
+
HA(aq) H (aq) + A¯(aq)
The value of Kw varies with temperature - it is based on an equilibrium

MONOPROTIC HCl, CH3COOH, HNO3 Temperature / °C 0 20 25 30 60

DIPROTIC H2SO4 Kw / 10 -14 mol 2 dm-6 0.11 0.68 1.0 1.47 5.6

TYPES OF BASE
+
+ DISSOCIATION Ka = [H (aq)] [A¯(aq)] mol dm-3
STRONG NaOH(s) ——> Na (aq) + OH¯(aq)
Ka CONSTANT FOR
+ [HA(aq)]
WEAK NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4 (aq) + OH¯(aq) A WEAK ACID
© J. L. HOPTON 1999