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BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
2010-2011
HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER
For more than a century, the technology for using falling water to create
hydroelectricity has existed. The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine
began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer,
Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Hydraulique. In this four volume
work, he described using a vertical-axis versus a horizontal-axis machine.
Water pressure (from the weight of the water and gravity) forces the
water through the penstock and onto the blades of a turbine. A turbine is
similar to the blades of a child's pinwheel. But instead of breath making the
pinwheel turn, the moving water pushes the blades and turns the turbine. The
turbine spins because of the force of the water. The turbine is connected to an
electrical generator inside the powerhouse. The generator produces electricity
that travels over long-distance power lines to homes and businesses. The entire
process is called hydroelectricity.
TYPES OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added
later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400
produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood
control, water supply, and irrigation. Hydropower plants range in size from
small systems for a home or village to large projects producing electricity for
utilities.
IMPOUNDMENT
PUMPED STORAGE
When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores
energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During
periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower
reservoir to generate electricity.
.
SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many
consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate
for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.
Large hydropower
Although definitions vary, the U.S. Department of Energy defines large
hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts.
Small hydropower
Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as facilities
that have a capacity of 100 kilowatts to 30 megawatts.
Microhydropower
A microhydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small
or microhydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home,
farm, ranch, or village.
TURBINES INSTALLATION
LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from
water into electrical energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable
head are available. The layout covered in this article is just a simple one and
only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant.The different parts of a
hydroelectric power plant are
(1) Dam
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a
reservoir.The reservoir stores the water flowing down the river. This water is
diverted to turbines in power stations. The dams collect water during the rainy
season and stores it, thus allowing for a steady flow through the turbines
throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation.
The dams should be water-tight and should be able to withstand the pressure
exerted by the water on it. There are different types of dams such as arch
dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The height of water in the dam is
called head race.
(2) Spillway
Market Value
On-going Work
Since its inception in 1975, NHPC has grown to become one of the
largest organizations in the field of hydro power development in the country.
With its present capabilities, NHPC can undertake all activities from concept to
commissioning of hydroelectric projects.
GENERATOR
STATIOM COMMUNITY OPERATOR CAPACITY (MW)
UNITS
Srisailam Dam Andhra Pradesh APGenco 6 × 150, 7 × 110 1,670
1 X 110, 7 X 100.8,
Nagarjunasagar Andhra Pradesh APGenco 965
5 X 30
Sardar Sarovar Gujarat SSNNL 6X200, 5X140 1,450
Baspa-II Himachal Pradesh JHPL 3 X 100 300
Nathpa Jhakri Himachal Pradesh SJVNL 6 X 250 1,500
Bhakra Dam Punjab BBMB 5 X 108, 5 X 157 1,325
Dehar Himachal Pradesh BBMB 6 X 165 990
Baira Suil Himachal Pradesh NHPC 3 X 60 180
Chamera-I Himachal Pradesh NHPC 3 X 180 540
Chamera-II Himachal Pradesh NHPC 3 X 100 300
Pong Himachal Pradesh BBMB 6 x 66 396
Uri Hydroelectric
Jammu & Kashmir NHPC 4 X 120 480
Dam
Dulhasti Jammu & Kashmir NHPC 3 X 130 390
Salal Jammu & Kashmir NHPC 6 X 115 690
Sardar Sarovar[5] 400
10 X 103.5, 2X27.5,
Sharavathi Karnataka KPCL 1,469
4 X 60
RESERVOIR
Nagarjuna Sagar Dam is the world's largest masonry dam built across
Krishna River in Nagarjuna Sagar,Nalgonda District of Andhra Pradesh, India.
It is downstream to the Nagarjuna Sagar reservoir with a capacity of up to
11,472 million cubic metres which is the world's largest man-made lake with a
concrete wall of that measures 6 ft (1.8 m). thick. The dam is 490 ft (150 m).
tall and 16 km long with 26 gates which are 42 ft (13 m). wide and 45 ft (14 m).
tall.It is one of the earliest irrigation and hydro-electric projects in India. The
dam provides irrigation water to the Nalgonda District, Prakasam District,
Khammam District and Guntur District.
HISTORY
The proposal to construct a dam to use the excess waters of the Krishna
river was put forward by the British rulers in 1903. Siddeswaram, Hyderabad
and Pulichintala were identified as the suitable locations for the reservoirs. The
perseverance of the Raja of Muktyala paved way for the site identification,
design and construction of the dam.
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
The dam water was released by the then Prime Minister's daughter,
Indira Gandhi in 1967.[5] The construction of the dam submerged an ancient
Buddhist settlement, Nagarjunakonda, which was the capital of the Ikshvaku
dynasty in the 1st and 2nd centuries, the successors of the Satavahanas in the
Eastern Deccan. Excavations here had yielded 30 Buddhist monasteries, as
well as art works and inscriptions of great historical importance. In advance of
the reservoir's flooding, monuments were dug up and relocated. Some were
moved to Nagarjuna's Hill, now an island in the middle of the reservoir. Others
were moved to the mainland.
POWER GENERATION
The dam is constructed on the border of Guntur and Nalgonda districts. The
dam also provides drinking water to the Nalgonda town.
Reservoir
The right branch canal is estimated to cost Rs.4.49 billion and the initial
investment of Rs.1.4 billion has been provided by the World Bank. The
projected cost-benefit ratio of the project has been worked out at 1:1.91 at 10%
interest on capital outlay.On 2 October 2009, SriSailam dam experienced a
record inflow which threatened the dam.
Srisailam Hydel Power Project Important Dates
Project Status: Completed
Project Type/Scale: New Unit
Industry: Electricity Generation - Hydel Based
Investment/Estimated Cost: Rs. 2,500.00 Crores / USD 625.00 Million
Monday, September 01, 1986 Planning Commission approval received
Wednesday, May 31, 1995 Initial commissioning date
Tuesday, December 31, 1996 Expenses incurred till 1 (Rs. 1,123.63 Crores)
Wednesday, February 28, 2001 Expenses incurred till 1 (Rs. 2,300.00 Crores)
Friday, April 27, 2001 First unit commissioned
Monday, October 29, 2001 Second Unit Commissioned
Sunday, April 21, 2002 Third Unit Commissioned
Friday, November 29, 2002 Fourth Unit Commissioned
Friday, March 28, 2003 First unit commissioned
Thursday, July 31, 2003 Sixth unit completion by
Thursday, September 04, 2003 Sixth Unit Commissioned
Tuesday, September 30, 2003 Completed
Friday, October 31, 2003 Completion by
ADVANTAGES
Hydropower relies on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, thus it's a
renewable power source.
Hydropower is generally available as needed; engineers can control the flow of
water through the turbines to produce electricity on demand.
DISADVANTAGES
Hydropower can impact water quality and flow. Hydropower plants can
cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to
riparian (riverbank) habitats and is addressed using various aeration
techniques, which oxygenate the water. Maintaining minimum flows of water
downstream of a hydropower installation is also critical for the survival of
riparian habitats.