Project Report

PIC Microcontroller based Wireless Notice Board MVJCE
ABSTRACT
Wireless systems are gaining popularity rapidly, as people attempt to do

away with complicate and confusing wiring operations. Using existing radio wave
frequencies, battery operated control panels allow for easier operation and
maintenance of the display system.
Wireless Notice Board

Wireless notice board is an enhanced technology used in order to same
time and convey the message with no delay. It provides a wireless data transfer
capability between the PC and the notice board without the need of wiring on
through a radio frequency link.
This is a microcontroller based Embedded System which achieves
wireless interface between a PC and a Notice board. Here a 16x2 alphanumeric
display can be used as the notice board .The user can type the messages to be
displayed in the remote LCD using the hyper terminal of the PC and can be sent
to the notice board using the RF link. The z8 microcontroller (F6423) based
embedded system connected to the serial port of the PC receives the data send
from the PC at the set baud rate and modulates it (ASK Modulation) and sends it
to the display system through the wireless link. At the display side another z8
microcontroller (F6423) based embedded system receives the data through the
RF receiver, demodulates it and sends to the display side.
Need for wireless Notice Board

• Time saving: We can deliver the message instantly to any remote
destination and as it is displayed in general the time is saved.
• Convenient: since the message is displayed in common its
becomes economical and the delay in the message delivery is
avoided.
• Multiple message and notice boards controlled from a single
location
TeleCommunication 1
Technologies involved
• Radio Frequency Communication
• Embedded Controller Architecture and Programming
• Communication Protocols
Project Cycle
• Determining the requirements of the embedded system
• Designing the system architecture
• Selecting the Operating system
• Choosing the processor and the associated peripherals
• Choosing the development platform
• Coding the application and optimizing the code
• Verification of the software on the host system
• Circuit Designing.
• PCB Layout.
• Device Test.
• Verification of the software on the target system
• Documentation
TeleCommunication 2
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………....5
2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WNB………………………………...............7

2.1 Block diagram of WNB…….………………………….….8
2.2 Block diagram Description......……………………………9
2.2.1 PIC………………………………………………..9
2.2.2 Driver……………………………………………..9
2.2.3 Transceiver……………………………..................9
2.2.4 I2C Expander…………………………………….10
2.2.5 Alphanumeric Display (LCD)…………………..10
3. PIC16F877 MICROCONTROLLER DETAILS…………………….11

3.1 Introduction to PIC MCU………………………………...12
3.1.1 What is MC? ........................................................12
3.1.2 Why 16F877? …………………………………..12
3.1.3 Features …………………………………………13
3.2 PIC16F877 Architecture …………………………...........14
3.2.1 ALU …………………………………………….15
3.2.2 Register………………………………………….15
3.2.3 Control Unit……………………………………..15
3.2.4 Memory …………………………………………16
3.2.5 I/O Ports…………………………………………17
3.2.6 Status Register…………………………………..18
3.2.7 Timers/Counters…………………………………19
3.2.8 Interrupt Control (INTCON)……………………19
TeleCommunication 3
4. ALPHANUMERIC LCD………………………………………………28
4.1 Introduction………………………………………………29
4.2 Types of dot matrix LCD’s………………………………29
4.2.1 Alphanumeric LCD……………………………..29
4.3 Construction and nomenclature of LCD…………………31
4.4 Interfacing the LCD module……………………………..32
4.5 PIN Description………………………………………….33
5. I2C EXPANDER…………………………………………………........36
5.1 Features…………………………………………………..37
5.2 Block Diagram…………………………………………...38
5.3 Characteristics of I2C bus………………………………..39
5.4 Addressing the I2C expander…………………………….41
6. RF TRANSMITTER & RF RECEIVER…………………………….43

6.1 RF TXD and RXD………………………………………………44
6.1.1 ASK Modulation………………………………….........45
6.1.2 Encoding ………………………………………………46
6.2 RF Transmitter……………………………………….…………47
6.3 RF Receiver……………………………………………………..48
6.4 Applications of RF Transmitter and Receiver………………….48
7. MAX 232………………………………………………………………..49
8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TXD & RXD……………………………..52
9. SOFTWARE SECTION………………………………………………56
9.1 Software description……………………………………………57
TeleCommunication 4
10. APPLICATIONS……………………………………………………..60
11. ENHANCEMENTS…………………………………………………..63
12. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………….67
BIBLOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………68
TeleCommunication 5
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TeleCommunication 6
1. INTRODUCTION
The project aims at providing wireless (point to multi-point) data transfer

capability between the PC and the notice board without the need of wiring. This
is a microcontroller based Embedded System which achieves wireless interface
between a PC and a Notice board.
Here any display can be used as the notice board .The user can type the
messages to be displayed on the remote display board using the hyper terminal
of the PC and can be sent to the notice board using the RF link. The PIC
microcontroller based Embedded System connected to the serial port of the PC
receives the data sent from the PC at the baud rate set and modulates it (ASK
Modulation) and sends it to the display system through the wireless link.
At the display side another PIC microcontroller based Embedded System

receives the data through the RF receiver, demodulates it and sends to the
display side. Using existing radio wave frequencies, battery operated control
panels allow for easier operation and maintenance of the display system.
This project finds application in Educational Institutions and Offices,

Display boards for advertisement, In Railway stations and Airports to intimate the
passengers. Provides many advantages over the already existing display
boards, as it avoids avoids the need of wiring, as and when needed information
can be displayed, avoids the use of printer, time consumption is less and its user
friendly.
TeleCommunication 7
CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WNB
TeleCommunication 8
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD

(WNB)
Wireless Link
Z8 µC
Based RF RF
PC Embed Txr Receiver
ded
System
RS 232
Communication
PIC µC
16 x 2 Based
I2C
Alphanumeric Display Embedded
Protocol
System
TeleCommunication 9
2.2 Block Diagram Description:-
2.2.1 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC):

Microcontroller 16F877 is the heart of the project. It is an 8-bit
microcontroller .It has 3KB of data memory, 8KB of flash memory, 2KB of
EEPROM. In this project the features of PIC we make use of are,
• UART
• I2C
2.2.2 Driver:
The IC used to serve this purpose is MAX 232.It is a dual driver/receiver
that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 inputs to +5V
TTL/CMOS levels. In this project the IC is an interface between the PC and the
microcontroller.
It receives +12V digitized serial data stream from the PC and thus
converts the same to TTL/CMOS levels as required to be sent to microcontroller
16F877.
2.2.3 Tran-receiver (TLP 434A):

It is a transreceiver IC which sends data at a rate of 8kbps at an RF
frequency of 433.92MHz.
At the transmitter side, it receives the data stream from the microcontroller
and performs ASK modulation. Then it transmits the modulated data stream at a
frequency of 433.92 MHz.
At the receiver side, it demodulates the received data stream and passes
it to the microcontroller.
TeleCommunication 10
2.2.4 I2C Expander:

PCF8574 is an I2C parallel port expander. It is a silicon CMOS circuit
that provides general purpose remote IO expansion for microcontroller via the
two line bi-directional bus.
In our project we are using it to communicate between microcontroller and
the alphanumeric display (LCD) using the I2C bus, two way two line
communication.
2.2.5 Alphanumeric Display (LCD):

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Displays. "Liquid crystal" is neither solid nor
liquid (an example is soapy water).Liquid crystals when stimulated by an external
electrical charge will change the properties of light passing through the crystals.
There are two ways to produce a liquid-crystal image with such cells: the
segment driving method and the matrix driving method. The segment driving
method displays characters and pictures with cells defined by patterned
electrodes. The matrix driving method displays characters and pictures in sets of
dots.
In our project we are using 16x2 line matrix driven method display to
display our messages.
CHAPTER 3
PIC16F877 MICROCONTROLLER
DETAILS
3.1 Introduction To PIC MCU:

The microcontroller is making great impact on every activity of mankind
and is playing and expected to play a very important role in the daily functioning
of the developed and developing societies. In the early years of powerful
computers, large computers were designed to solve complex, scientific and
industrial problems and handles records of large corporations and government
organizations. Only big industries and institute were able to purchase large
computers .A trend started in middle of 60’s to design smaller computers for
smaller organizations and institutions. This situation gave birth to
MICROCOMPUTERS.
With the rapid advancements in the semiconductor technology, it
becomes possible to fabricate the whole CPU of a digital computer on a single
chip using LSI and VLSI technology, the LSI technology refers packing as many
as 1000-10000 transistors on a single chip where as the VLSI refers to packing
density of more than 10000 transistors on a single chip. A CPU build into a
single LSI to VLSI chip is called MICROPROCESSOR.A digital computer having
microprocessor has the CPU along with memory and IO devices is called
MICROCOMPUTER.
3.1.1 What Is A Microcontroller?

A microprocessor with RAM, ROM and other peripherals chips together
on a single chip is called a microcontroller.
The term PIC, or Peripheral Interface Controller, has been coined by
Microchip Technology to identify its single-chip microcontrollers. In the project
we make use of two microcontrollers PIC 16F877(one in transmitter and one in
the receiver) manufactured by Microchip Technology.
3.1.2 Why 16F877?

PIC 16F877 is a RISC machine; it consists of only 35 instructions, which
makes programming very easy. Also this microcontroller has a large amount of
memory which will suffice our program requirements. PIC16F877 also has an in-
built I2C module.
3.1.3 Features:
• High performance RISC CPU
• Only 35 single word instructions to learn
• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle
• Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory,
Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM)
Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
• Interrupt capability (up to 14 sources)
• Eight level deep hardware stack
• Direct, indirect and relative addressing modes
• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving SLEEP mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• Low power, high speed CMOS FLASH/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• In-Circuit Serial Programming(ICSP) via two pins
• Single 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming capability
• In-Circuit Debugging via two pins
• Processor read/write access to program memory
• Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V
• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA
• Commercial, Industrial and Extended temperature ranges
• Low-power consumption:
- 0.6 mA typical @ 3V, 4 MHz
- 20 µA 3V, 32 kHz
- 1 µA typical standby current
3.2 PIC 167877 Architecture:
Fig 2: Architecture
It consists of three segments:

• ALU
• Registers
• Control Unit
3.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

The ALU includes electronic circuits (such as adder, comparator and
flags) that are designed to perform logical & arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, logical AND, OR, EXOR.
The register that is used to perform these functions is generally called the
ACCUMULATOR. In this microcontroller this is called the working register (W
Reg) and it is 8-bits wide.
3.2.2 Registers:
The register segment of the microcontroller includes various types of
registers that are used to hold memory addresses. A few important registers are
status register, file select register (FSR) and program counter.
The program counter (PC) is a 13-bit register that holds that program
memory address of the instruction that is to be read next. The MC uses the
program counter as a memory pointer to fetch an instruction. FSR’s are 8-bit
registers that are used in indirect addressing.
3.2.3 Control Unit:

Control Unit is designed to provide timing and control signals to various
read and write operations. This unit oversees the binary information flow
between the MP memory and IO.
3.2.4 MEMORY:
Program Memory Organization

There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F87X MCUs. The
Program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent
Access can occur.
Fig 3: Program memory and stack
The PIC16F87X devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of

addressing an 8K x 14 program memory space. The PIC16F877 devices have
8K x 14 words of FLASH program memory. Accessing a location above the
physically implemented address will cause a wraparound. The RESET vector is
at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.
Data Memory Organization:

The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the
General Purpose Registers and the Special Function Registers. Bits RP1
(STATUS<6>) and RP0 (STATUS<5>) are the bank select bits.
3.2.5 I/O Ports:

The 16F877 has 5 I/O ports identified by alphabetic letters such as PORT
(A, B, C, D, and E). PORTA is 6-bit wide, PORT B, C, D is 8-bit wide and
PORTE is 3-bit wide. All the ports are bi-directional i.e., each pin will be
configured as input/output by writing the SFR TRIS.
3.2.6 Status Register:

The STATUS register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the
RESET status and the bank select bits for data memory.
The STATUS register can be the destination for any instruction, as with
any other register. If the STATUS Register is the destination for an instruction
that affects the Z, DC or C bits, and then the write to these three bits is disabled.
These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic.
Bit 7 RP: Register Bank Select bit (used for indirect addressing)
1 = Bank 2, 3 (100h - 1FFh)
0 = Bank 0, 1 (00h - FFh)
Bit 6-5 RP1:RP0: Register Bank Select bits (used for direct addressing)
11 = Bank 3 (180h - 1FFh)
10 = Bank 2 (100h - 17Fh)
01 = Bank 1 (80h - FFh)
00 = Bank 0 (00h - 7Fh)
Each bank is 128 bytes
Bit 4 TO: Time-out bit
1 = after power-up, CLRWDT instruction, or SLEEP instruction
0 = A WDT time-out occurred
Bit 3 PD: Power-down bit
1 = after power-up or by the CLRWDT instruction
0 = by execution of the SLEEP instruction
Bit 2 Z: Zero bit
1 = the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is zero
0 = the result of an arithmetic or logic operation is not zero
Bit 1 DC: Digit carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW, SUBLW, SUBWF I)
1 = A carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result occurred
0 = No carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result

Bit 0 C: Carry/borrow bit (ADDWF, ADDLW, SUBLW, SUBWF)
1 = A carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred
0 = No carry-out from the Most Significant bit of the result occurred
3.2.7 Timers/Counters:
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler.
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during
SLEEP via external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and
postscaler.
3.2.8 INTERRUPT CONTROL (INTCON):
Bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit

1 = Enables all unmasked interrupts
0 = Disables all interrupts
Bit 6 PEIE: Peripheral Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables all unmasked peripheral interrupts
0 = Disables all peripheral interrupts
Bit 5 T0IE: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the TMR0 interrupt
0 = Disables the TMR0 interrupt
Bit 4 INTE: RB0/INT External Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the RB0/INT external interrupt
0 = Disables the RB0/INT external interrupt
Bit 3 RBIE: RB Port Change Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the RB port change interrupt
0 = Disables the RB port change interrupt
Bit 2 T0IF: TMR0 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit
1 = TMR0 register has overflowed (must be cleared in software)

0 = TMR0 register did not overflow
Bit 1 INTF: RB0/INT External Interrupt Flag bit
1 = The RB0/INT external interrupt occurred (must be cleared in software)
0 = The RB0/INT external interrupt did not occur
Bit 0 RBIF: RB Port Change Interrupt Flag bit
1 = At least one of the RB7:RB4 pins changed state; a mismatch
condition will continue to set the bit. Reading PORTB will end the
mismatch condition and allow the bit to be cleared (Must be cleared in
software).
0 = none of the RB7:RB4 pins have changed state
PIE1 Register
Bit 7 PSPIE(1): Parallel Slave Port Read/Write Interrupt Enable bit

1 = Enables the PSP read/write interrupt
0 = Disables the PSP read/write interrupt
Bit 6 ADIE: A/D Converter Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the A/D converter interrupt
0 = Disables the A/D converter interrupt
Bit 5 RCIE: USART Receive Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the USART receive interrupt
0 = Disables the USART receive interrupt
Bit 4 TXIE: USART Transmit Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the USART transmit interrupt
0 = Disables the USART transmit interrupt
Bit 3 SSPIE: Synchronous Serial Port Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the SSP interrupt
0 = Disables the SSP interrupt
Bit 2 CCP1IE: CCP1 Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the CCP1 interrupt

0 = Disables the CCP1 interrupt
Bit 1 TMR2IE: TMR2 to PR2 Match Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the TMR2 to PR2 match interrupt
0 = Disables the TMR2 to PR2 match interrupt
Bit 0 TMR1IE: TMR1 Overflow Interrupt Enable bit
1 = Enables the TMR1 overflow interrupt
0 = Disables the TMR1 overflow interrupt
PIR1 REGISTER:
Bit 7 PSPIF(1): Parallel Slave Port Read/Write Interrupt Flag bit

1 = A read or a write operation has taken place
0 = No read or write has occurred
Bit 6 ADIF: A/D Converter Interrupt Flag bit
1 = An A/D conversion completed
0 = The A/D conversion is not complete
Bit 5 RCIF: USART Receive Interrupt Flag bit
1 = The USART receive buffer is full
0 = The USART receive buffer is empty
Bit 4 TXIF: USART Transmit Interrupt Flag bit
1 = The USART transmit buffer is empty
0 = The USART transmit buffer is full
Bit 3 SSPIF: Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) Interrupt Flag
1 = The SSP interrupt condition has occurred, and must be cleared in
software before returning From the Interrupt Service Routine.
The conditions that will set this bit are:
• SPI
- A transmission/reception has taken place.
• I2C Slave

• I2C Master
- The initiated START condition was completed by the SSP module.
- The initiated STOP condition was completed by the SSP module.
- The initiated Restart condition was completed by the SSP module.
- The initiated Acknowledge condition was completed by SSP module.
- A START condition occurred while the SSP module was idle.
- A STOP condition occurred while the SSP module was idle.
0 = No SSP interrupt condition has occurred
Bit 2 CCP1IF: CCP1 Interrupt Flag bit
Capture mode:
1 = A TMR1 register capture occurred (must be cleared in software)
0 = No TMR1 register capture occurred
Compare mode:
1 = A TMR1 register compare match occurred
0 = No TMR1 register compare match occurred
PWM mode:
Unused in this mode
Bit 1 TMR2IF: TMR2 to PR2 Match Interrupt Flag bit
1 = TMR2 to PR2 match occurred (must be cleared in software)
0 = No TMR2 to PR2 match occurred
Bit 0 TMR1IF: TMR1 Overflow Interrupt Flag bit
1 = TMR1 register overflowed (must be cleared in software)
0 = TMR1 register did not overflow
SSPSTAT Register
Bit 7 SMP: Sample bit

SPI Master Mode:
1 = Input data sampled at end of data output time

0 = Input data sampled at middle of data output time
SPI Slave mode:
SMP must be cleared when SPI is used in slave mode
In I2 C Master or Slave mode:
1 = Slew rate control disabled for standard speed mode
0 = Slew rate control enabled for high speed mode
Bit 6 CKE: SPI Clock Edge Select
SPI mode:
For CKP = 0
1 = Data transmitted on rising edge of SCK
0 = Data transmitted on falling edge of SCK
For CKP = 1
1 = Data transmitted on falling edge of SCK
0 = Data transmitted on rising edge of SCK
In I2 C Master or Slave mode:
1 = Input levels conform to SMBus spec
0 = Input levels conform to I2C specs
Bit 5 D/A: Data/Address bit (I2C mode only)
1 = Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was data
0 = Indicates that the last byte received or transmitted was address
Bit 4 P: STOP bit
(I2C mode only. This bit is cleared when the MSSP module is disabled,
SSPEN is cleared.)
1 = Indicates that a STOP bit has been detected last (this bit is ’0’ on
RESET)
0 = STOP bit was not detected last
Bit 3 S: START bit
(I2C mode only. This bit is cleared when the MSSP module is disabled,
SSPEN is cleared.)
1 = Indicates that a START bit has been detected last (this bit is ’0’ on
RESET)
0 = START bit was not detected last
Bit 2 R/W: Read/Write bit Information (I2C mode only)

This bit holds the R/W bit information following the last address match.
This bit is only valid from the
address match to the next START bit, STOP bit or not ACK bit.
In I2 C Slave mode:
1 = Read
0 = Write
In I2 C Master Mode:
1 = Transmit is in progress
0 = Transmit is not in progress
Logical OR of this bit with SEN, RSEN, PEN, RCEN, or ACKEN will
indicate if the MSSP is in IDLE mode.
Bit 1 UA: Update Address (10-bit I2C mode only)
1 = Indicates that the user needs to update the address in the SSPADD
register
0 = Address does not need to be updated
Bit 0 BF: Buffer Full Status bit
Receive (SPI and I2 C modes):
1 = Receive complete, SSPBUF is full
0 = Receive not complete, SSPBUF is empty
Transmit (I2 C mode only):
1 = Data transmit in progress (does not include the ACK and STOP bits),
SSPBUF is full
0 = Data transmit complete (does not include the ACK and STOP bits),
SSPBUF is empty.
TXSTA REGISTER:
Bit 7 CSRC: Clock Source Select bit

Asynchronous mode:
Don’t care
Synchronous mode:
1 = Master mode (clock generated internally from BRG)
0 = Slave mode (clock from external source)
Bit 6 TX9: 9-bit Transmit Enable bit
1 = Selects 9-bit transmission
0 = Selects 8-bit transmission
Bit 5 TXEN: Transmit Enable bit
1 = Transmit enabled
0 = Transmit disabled
Note: SREN/CREN overrides TXEN in SYNC mode.
Bit 4 SYNC: USART Mode Select bit
1 = Synchronous mode
0 = Asynchronous mode
Bit 3 Unimplemented: Read as '0'
Bit 2 BRGH: High Baud Rate Select bit
Asynchronous mode:
1 = High speed
0 = Low speed
Synchronous mode:
Unused in this mode
Bit 1 TRMT: Transmit Shift Register Status bit
1 = TSR empty
0 = TSR full
Bit 0 TX9D: 9th bit of Transmit Data, can be parity bit
RCSTA
Bit 7 SPEN: Serial Port Enable bit

1 = Serial port enabled (configures RC7/RX/DT and RC6/TX/CK pins as
serial port pins)
0 = Serial port disabled

Bit 6 RX9: 9-bit Receive Enable bit
1 = Selects 9-bit reception
0 = Selects 8-bit reception
Bit 5 SREN: Single Receive Enable bit
Asynchronous mode:
Don’t care
Synchronous mode - master:
1 = Enables single receive
0 = Disables single receive
This bit is cleared after reception is complete.
Synchronous mode - slave:
Don’t care
Bit 4 CREN: Continuous Receive Enable bit
Asynchronous mode:
1 = Enables continuous receive
0 = Disables continuous receive
Synchronous mode:
1 = Enables continuous receive until enable bit CREN is cleared (CREN
overrides SREN)
0 = Disables continuous receive
Bit 3 ADDEN: Address Detect Enable bit
Asynchronous mode 9-bit (RX9 = 1):
1 = Enables address detection, enables interrupt and load of the receive
buffer when
RSR<8> is set
0 = Disables address detection, all bytes are received, and ninth bit can
be used as parity bit
Bit 2 FERR: Framing Error bit
1 = Framing error (can be updated by reading RCREG register and
receive next valid byte)
0 = No framing error
Bit 1 OERR: Overrun Error bit

1 = Overrun error (can be cleared by clearing bit CREN)
0 = No overrun error
Bit 0 RX9D: 9th bit of Received Data (can be parity bit, but must be calculated
by user firmware)
CHAPTER 4
ALPHANUMERIC LCD
4.1 Introduction To LCD:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Displays. Liquid crystal was discovered by
the Austrian botanist Fredreich Rheinizer in 1888. "Liquid crystal" is neither solid
nor liquid (an example is soapy water). In the mid-1960s, scientists showed that
liquid crystals when stimulated by an external electrical charge could change the
properties of light passing through the crystals.
The most common liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) in use today rely
on picture elements, or pixels, formed by liquid-crystal (LC) cells that change the
polarization direction of light passing through them in response to an electrical
voltage. As the polarization direction changes, more or less of the light is able to
pass through a polarizing layer on the face of the display. Change the voltage,
and the amount of light is changed. There are two ways to produce a liquid-
crystal image with such cells: the segment driving method and the matrix driving
method.
The segment driving method displays characters and pictures with cells
defined by patterned electrodes. The matrix driving method displays characters
and pictures in sets of dots.
4.2 Types of dot-matrix LCD’s:

There are two types of dot-matrix LCDs. Passive-matrix and active-matrix
driving of LCD Monitors. Passive matrix is the less expensive of the two
technologies. In passive-matrix LCDs (PMLCDs) there are no switching devices,
and each pixel is addressed for more than one frame time. The passive matrix
LCD has a grid of conductors with pixels located at each intersection in the grid..
The effective voltage applied to the LC must average the signal voltage pulses
over several frame times, which results in a slow response time of greater than
150 msec and a reduction of the maximum contrast ratio. The addressing of a
PMLCD also produces a kind of crosstalk that produces blurred images because
non-selected pixels are driven through a secondary signal-voltage path.
In active-matrix LCDs (AMLCDs), on the other hand, a switching device
and a storage capacitor are integrated at the each cross point of the electrodes.
The active addressing removes the multiplexing limitations by incorporating an
active switching element. The current in an active matrix display can be switched
on and off more frequently; improving the screen refresh time. In contrast to
passive-matrix LCDs, AMLCDs have no inherent limitation in the number of scan
lines, and they present fewer cross-talk issues. There are many kinds of
AMLCDs. For their integrated switching devices most use transistors made of
deposited thin films, which are therefore called thin-film transistors (TFTs).
The most common semi conducting layer is made of amorphous silicon
(a-Si). A-Si TFTs are amenable to large-area fabrication using glass substrates
in a low-temperature (300°C to 400°C) process. An alternative TFT technology,
polycrystalline silicon - or polysilicon or p-Si-is costly to produce and especially
difficult to fabricate when manufacturing large-area displays. Nearly all TFT
LCDs are made from a-Si because of the technology's economy and maturity,
but the electron mobility of a p-Si TFT is one or two orders of magnitude greater
than that of an a-Si TFT. This makes the p-Si TFT a good candidate for TFT
array containing integrated drivers, which is likely to be an attractive choice for
small, high definition displays such as view finders and projection displays.
LCD modules can be split into two groups: those that have built-in
controller and driver chips, and those that have only driver chips. LCD displays
that do not have controllers are typically used with powerful hardware, such as a
laptop computer, where a video controller is available to generate the complex
drive signals necessary to run the display. Most color and large (greater than
320x240) monochrome displays are of this type. The category of display
modules that have built-in controllers can be split again into character LCD
modules and graphic LCD modules. Character modules can display only text
and perhaps some special symbols, while graphic modules can display lines,
circles, squares, and patterns in addition to text. Some examples of graphic LCD
controller chips are the Toshiba T6963, Seiko-Epson SED1330, and Hitachi
HD61202.
4.2.1 Alphanumeric LCD’s:

Nearly every pixel-based alphanumeric LCD module made today uses the
Hitachi HD44780 LCD controller chip, or a derivative such as the Seiko-Epson
SED1278.This apparent standardization in character LCDs has become
extremely beneficial to design engineers and hobbyists. Dozens of
manufacturers produce literally hundreds of models of LCD modules using this
controller chip. The smallest of these displays is only one line of 8 characters;
the largest is four lines of 40 characters each. Other common sizes are 16x1,
16x2, 20x1, 20x2, 20x4, 40x1, and 40x2 (characters x lines).
4.3 LCD Construction And Nomenclature:

The figure below describes the nomenclature and the construction parts
of an LCD
1) F substrate (glass) 9) LC (liquid crystal)

2) Terminal 10) Conducting material
3) Segment electrode 11) Sealant
4) Common electrode 12) Inlet
5) B substrate (glass) 13) Viewing area
6) Upper polarizing plate 14) Lower polarizing plate, or
7) Orientation layer lower polarizing plate and
8) Sealant reflecting plate
4.4 Interfacing the LCD module:

The microcontroller/microprocessor interface to HD44780 LCD modules is
14 pins. Table below shows the basic pin out.
The first three pins provide power to the LCD module. Pin 1 is GND and
should be grounded to the power supply. Pin 2 is VCC and should be connected
to +5V power. Pin 3 is the LCD Display bias. By adjusting the voltage or duty
cycle of pin 3, the contrast of the display can be adjusted. Most character LCDs
can achieve good display contrast with a voltage between 5V and 0V on pin 3.
Greater contrast comes with lower voltage and one should never apply a VLCD
higher than VCC. The ASCII code to be displayed is eight bits long and is sent to
the LCD either four or eight bits at a time. If four bit mode is used, two "nibbles"
of data (Sent high four bits and then low four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with
each nibble) are sent to make up a full eight bit transfer. The "E" Clock is used
to initiate the data transfer within the LCD.
4.5 Pin Description:
The "R/S" bit is used to select whether data or an instruction is being

transferred between the microcontroller and the LCD. If the Bit is set, then the
byte at the current LCD "Cursor" Position can be read or written. When the Bit is
reset, either an instruction is being sent to the LCD or the execution status of the
last instruction is read back.
Instructions: The different instructions available for use with the 44780 are
shown below:
Before sending commands or data to the LCD module, the Module must be
initialized. For eight bit mode, this is done using the following series of
operations:
1. Wait more than 15 msecs after power is applied.

2. Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 5 msecs for the instruction to complete
3. Write 0x030 to LCD and wait 160 µsecs for instruction to complete
4. Write 0x030 AGAIN to LCD and wait 160 µsecs or Poll the Busy Flag
5. Set the Operating Characteristics of the LCD
o Write "Set Interface Length"
o Write 0x010 to turn off the Display
o Write 0x001 to Clear the Display
o Write "Set Cursor Move Direction" Setting Cursor Behavior Bits
o Write "Enable Display/Cursor" & enable Display and Optional
o Cursor
Once the initialization is complete, the LCD can be written to with data or
instructions as required. Each character to display is written like the control
bytes, except that the "R/S" line is set. During initialization, by setting the "S/C"
bit during the "Move Cursor/Shift Display" command, after each character is sent
to the LCD, the cursor built into the LCD will increment to the next position
(either right or left). Normally, the "S/C" bit is set (equal to "1") along with the
"R/L" bit in the "Move Cursor/Shift Display" command for characters to be written
from left to right (as with a "Teletype" video display).
CHAPTER 5
I2C EXPANDER
(PCF8574)
The PCF8574 is a silicon CMOS circuit. It provides general purpose

remote I/O expansion for most microcontroller families via the two-line
bidirectional bus (I2C-bus).The device consists of an 8-bit quasi-bidirectional port
and an I2C-bus interface. The PCF8574 has a low current consumption and
includes latched outputs with high current drive capability for directly driving
LEDs. It also possesses an interrupt line (INT) which can be connected to the
interrupt logic of the microcontroller. By sending an interrupt signal on this line,
the remote I/O can inform the microcontroller if there is incoming data on its
ports without having to communicate via the I2C-bus. This means that the
PCF8574 can remain a simple slave device.
5.1 Features:
· Operating supply voltage 2.5 to 6 V
· Low standby current consumption of 10 mA maximum
· I2C-bus to parallel port expander
· Open-drain interrupts output
· 8-bit remote I/O port for the I2C-bus
· Compatible with most microcontrollers
· Latched outputs with high current drive capability for directly driving LEDs
· Address by 3 hardware address pins for use of up to 8 devices (up to 16 with
PCF8574A)
5.2 Block Diagram:
Fig:- Block diagram of i2c
5.3 Characteristics Of The I2C Bus:

The I2C-bus is for 2-way, 2-line communication between different ICs or
modules. The two lines are a serial data line (SDA) and a serial clock line (SCL).
Both lines must be connected to a positive supply via a pull-up resistor when
connected to the output stages of a device. Data transfer may be initiated only
when the bus is not busy.
Bit transfer
One data bit is transferred during each clock pulse. The data on the SDA
line must remain stable during the HIGH period of the clock pulse as changes in
the data line at this time will be interpreted as control signals.
Start and stop conditions

Both data and clock lines remain HIGH when the bus is not busy. A
HIGH-to-LOW transition of the data line, while the clock is HIGH is defined as
the start condition (S). A LOW-to-HIGH transition of the data line while the clock
is HIGH is defined as the stop condition (P).
System configuration
A device generating a message is a ‘transmitter’, a device receiving is the
‘receiver’. The device that controls the message is the ‘master’ and the devices
which are controlled by the master are the ‘slaves’.
Acknowledge
The number of data bytes transferred between the start and the stop
conditions from transmitter to receiver is not limited. Each byte of eight bits is
followed by one acknowledge bit (see Fig.8). The acknowledge bit is a HIGH
level put on the bus by the transmitter whereas the master generates an extra
acknowledge related clock pulse .A slave receiver which is addressed must
generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte. Also a master must
generate an acknowledge after the reception of each byte that has been clocked
out of the slave transmitter. The device that acknowledges has to pull down the
SDA line during the acknowledge clock pulse, so that the SDA line is stable
LOW during the HIGH period of the acknowledge related clock pulse, set-up and
hold times must be taken into account.
A master receiver must signal an end of data to the transmitter by not
generating an acknowledge on the last byte that has been clocked out of the
slave. In this event
the transmitter must leave the data line HIGH to enable the master to generate a
stop condition.
F
ig.8 Acknowledgment on the I2C-bus.
5.4 ADDRESSING I2C EXPANDER:
Each of the PCF8574’s eight I/Os can be independently used as an input or

output. Input data is transferred from the port to the microcontroller by the READ
mode . Output data is transmitted to the port by the WRITE mode.
Fig: - Write Mode (Output)
Fig: Read Mode (Output)
CHAPTER 6
RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER
6.1 RF Transmitter and Receiver
RF transmitter and receiver are one of the important components used in our
project to give a wider touch, where these RF transmitter and receiver are used
to obtain a wireless application for our project. It plays a vital role for all wireless
devices and application. We are going for RF ASK Low Cost Hybrid Modules
TPL434 and RLP434 for transmitter and receiver application. Both of them
employ ASK (amplitude shift keying) modulation, which is linear and sensitive to
atmosphere and also they are inexpensive.
Fig 6: - Basic block diagram showing RF Transmitter and Receiver.
Above block diagram represents the basic of RF Transmitter and receiver where
a single antenna is working for both transmission and receiving propose. An
input digital signal is given to DAC stage which converts the digital input signal to
analog signal, so generated analog signal is feed to LPF block. The output from
LPF is given to down convertor and Local oscillator (L.O) combination which
works as super heterodyne. Here the analog signal is converted to a particular
frequency range at which the transmitter is supposed to operate. So obtained
signal is passed through low noise amplifier (LNA) and given to Duplexer from
where it is transmitted on the medium using antenna.
While the Receiver part operates exactly vice versa. Here on receiving
signals from the medium Antenna gives it to LNA from where it is given to super
heterodyne receiver i.e. a combination of local oscillator and down convertor.
Here the signal is driven back into its original range. And the ADC converts it
back to its original digital form. This is how a general RF Transmitter and
Receiver works as explained
6.1.1 ASK Modulation
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital

data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.
The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit
stream (modulating signal), keeping frequency and phase constant. The level of
amplitude can be used to represent binary logic 0s and 1s. We can think of a
carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In the modulated signal, logic 0 is
represented by the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON keying operation
and hence the name given.
ASK is linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation

conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and
demodulation processes are relatively inexpensive. The ASK technique is also
commonly used to transmit digital data over optical fiber. For LED transmitters,
binary 1 is represented by a short pulse of light and binary 0 by the absence of
light. Laser transmitters normally have a fixed "bias" current that causes the
device to emit a low light level. This low level represents binary 0, while a higher-
amplitude light wave represents binary 1.
Fig 1.1: - (a) Modulated signal and (b) ASK Signal.
6.1.2 Encoding:
The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the
presence of a carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a
binary zero. This type of modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio
frequencies to transmit Morse code (referred to as continuous wave operation).
More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which represent

data in groups using additional amplitude levels. For instance, a four-level
encoding scheme can represent two bits with each shift in amplitude; an eight-
level scheme can represent three bits; and so on. These forms of amplitude-shift
keying require a high signal-to-noise ratio for their recovery.
6.2 Radio Frequency Transmitter:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Frequency : 433.92 MHZ
• Modulation: ASK
• Circuit Shape: SAW
• Date Rate: 8K bps
• Supply Voltage: +5V
• Power Supply range for I/O pins: 0 to 5 V
• Non-Operating Case Temperature: -20 to +85 C
• Soldering Temperature ( 10 Seconds ) : 230 C
6.3 RADIO FREQUENCY RECEIVER:
SPECIFICATIONS:
• Frequency : 433.92 MHZ
• Modulation: ASK
• Circuit Shape: LC
• Date Rate: 4800 bps
• Sensitivity: -106 dBm
• Supply Voltage: +5V
• Power Supply range for I/O pins: 0 to 5 V
• Non-Operating Case Temperature: -20 to +85 C
• Soldering Temperature ( 10 Seconds ) : 230 C
• High sensitivity passive design
• Simple to apply with low current
6.4 Application of RF Transmitter and Receiver:
• Wireless security system

• Car alarms
• Remote gate control controls
• Remote sensing
• Data communication
• Remote water/ Electric switch
• Pager system
• PDA data communication
CHAPTER 7
MAX 232
The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage

generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-Fvoltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each
receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.
These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of
0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input
levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels..
Fig: Max 232
Fig :- Typical Operating Circuit
Input voltage range, VI: Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . −0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V

Receiver . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ±30 V
Output voltage range, VO: T1OUT, T2OUT . . . . . …….VS− − 0.3 V to VS+ + .3V
R1OUT, R2OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . −0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V
Short-circuit duration: T1OUT, T2OUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unlimited
CHAPTER 8
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF
TRANSMITTER & RECEIVER
Fig: Microcontroller Interface Circuit Diagram-TXD
Fig: Power Supply-TXD
Fig: Microcontroller interface circuit diagram-RXD
Fig: Power Supply-RXD
CHAPTER 9
SOFTWARE SECTION
9.1 Software description:

In our project the software section consists of assembly language
program meeting the requirements of our project. This can be explained by
dividing the program into transmitter and receiver. The flowchart for transmitter
and receiver is as shown below.
START
INTIALISE
MICRO
CONTROLLE
RECEIVE
THE DATA
SERIALLY
STORE IN
MICRO
CONTROLLE
TRANSMIT
THROUGH
SERIAL
PORT TO
TRANSMITT
END
Fig: Flowchart of Transmitter
START
INITIALISE
MICROCONTROLLER
RECEIVE THE DATA THROUGH RECEIVE

PIN OF MC
IS RECEIVED DATA
VALID?
TRANSMIT DATA TO LCD USING I2C
END
Fig: Flowchart of Receiver
CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
• Uses in hospitals.
As in the hospitals we have to keep track of so many things like
management of the resources and the scheduling of everyone and
everything. There are different types of labs and the devices for diagnosis of
the different kinds of disease. By using this technology we can make proper
utilization of resources, timely and proper management of people without any
hassles.
• Uses in Banks
There is a huge mass of population which depends upon the banks for all
their monetary transactions. To keep a proper track of such huge mass of
people and their transactions this technology helps with certain degree of
effectiveness.
• Uses for Traffic Control

It’s known to all of us that traffic are the good servants of the people and
also the major invention to help people but only if it is managed well other
wise we all know Bangalore’s traffic how ridiculous and irritating it can be. So
with the use of this technology we can maintain the flow of traffic according to
the needs of the people and also considering the availability of roads.
• Uses for advertisement

We can make use of this technology to display the different advertisement
on display panels to reach the larger number of people at a time and in the
populated places like shopping malls, road sides as well as at the theaters,
discos, hotels, motels, restaurants etc… about their products and features.
• Uses in Educational sector

Currently in India we are relying on the old style of displaying news by
hanging bare time consuming papers on the notice board which can be
replaced by remote controlled notice boards at the colleges and universities,

also at the time of examination scheduling and result publishing etc.
• Information purpose
It would be wiser to make a use of this technology for information purpose
like news and its updates, real time reporting, live telecasting, inclusive of
various information which adds to the advanced and busy life on daily basis.
• Stock Exchange
The stock exchange is the hot topic nowadays. There are millions of sales
of shares every hours and it is very necessary to maintain the real time
services with the certain measures of reliability because it deals with the
money large number of the small or bigger investors. With the help of this
technology we can make it far easier and reliable.
• Organizations
Every organization has large number of employees who are assigned to
accomplish the various tasks and each and everything should be
documented for the future reference purpose. And also their schedules work,
reports, leaves, presentation as well as distribution of salary etc….
CHAPTER 11
ENHANCEMENTS
ENHANCEMENTS
This technology can be used for broader application with the help of Further
Enhancements. Such as:-
• It can be used to cover a wider range by the use of Effective RF
Transmitter and Receiver.
• Even we can increase the size of LCD so that it will be more practical and
advanced with its various features like wireless communication, remote
controlling and monitoring.
• As the RF Transmitters and Receivers are temperature sensitive we can
make a proper use of them to overcome its sensitivity.
• Even if we see in wider application we can use it for the display of
symbols, signs and figures which can be easily understood and followed
by normal non technical and general people, mean while it also aids to the
time utilization as time is the most important factor in daily lives.
• On the other hand we have got the freedom to make it as two way
communication medium. Which adds to one of the essential further
enhancement, as communication and information interchange has
become one of the essential tools for the researches and innovations?
• As mobile has become the major device to give the access to the
information and to get connected with desired people and communication
world which directly relates to almost all of the people and it seems like
impossible to keep track of everything without the help of mobile we
should be able to do further enhancement in mobile and communication.
Let’s take an example of combination of microcontrollers and mobile

technology, where we can deploy the feature of SMS to the mobile along with
LCD display. This adds to one of the major Further Enhancement, which have
wider application to the present world.
• Even it has a scope of sending and receiving e-mails on this device,
which gives a wider view and application.
As we see from the above discussion it has the wide and extensive further
enhancements which add to the wider application, deployment of information
technology, which can change the face of present communication system
providing better services in the communication field to the people and
organization.
Conclusion:
Form this article we conclude implementing Wireless Notice Board that:-
It eliminates the use of a printer.

It is user friendly i.e., any layman can operate it.
Messages can be sent anytime & corrected instantaneously.
Messages lasts until the power in switched off.
Finally the cost of module comes to Rs.4000/-
BIBLOGRAPHY
1. DESIGN WITH PIC MICROCONTROLLERS-

JOHN.B.PEATMAN
2. ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION-
SIMON HAYKINS
3. EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN -
FRANK VAHID &TONY GIVARGIS
WEBSITES
www.microchip.com
www.laipac.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.u2.semiconductors.philips.com/i2c/facts/
www.wikipedia.com
www.kartoo.com
www.google.com

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PIC Microcontroller based Wireless Notice Board MVJCE

Wireless systems are gaining popularity rapidly, as people attempt to do

Wireless Notice Board

Need for wireless Notice Board

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WNB………………………………...............7

3. PIC16F877 MICROCONTROLLER DETAILS…………………….11

6. RF TRANSMITTER & RF RECEIVER…………………………….43

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF TXD & RXD……………………………..52

The project aims at providing wireless (point to multi-point) data transfer

At the display side another PIC microcontroller based Embedded System

This project finds application in Educational Institutions and Offices,

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WNB

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WIRELESS NOTICE BOARD

2.2 Block Diagram Description:-

2.2.1 Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC):

2.2.3 Tran-receiver (TLP 434A):

2.2.4 I2C Expander:

2.2.5 Alphanumeric Display (LCD):

3.1 Introduction To PIC MCU:

3.1.1 What Is A Microcontroller?

3.1.2 Why 16F877?

3.2 PIC 167877 Architecture:

It consists of three segments:

3.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

3.2.3 Control Unit:

Program Memory Organization

Fig 3: Program memory and stack

The PIC16F87X devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of

Data Memory Organization:

3.2.5 I/O Ports:

3.2.6 Status Register:

0 = No carry-out from the 4th low order bit of the result

3.2.8 INTERRUPT CONTROL (INTCON):

Bit 7 GIE: Global Interrupt Enable bit

1 = TMR0 register has overflowed (must be cleared in software)

Bit 7 PSPIE(1): Parallel Slave Port Read/Write Interrupt Enable bit

1 = Enables the CCP1 interrupt

Bit 7 PSPIF(1): Parallel Slave Port Read/Write Interrupt Flag bit

- A transmission/reception has taken place.

Bit 7 SMP: Sample bit

1 = Input data sampled at end of data output time

Bit 2 R/W: Read/Write bit Information (I2C mode only)

Bit 7 CSRC: Clock Source Select bit

Bit 7 SPEN: Serial Port Enable bit

0 = Serial port disabled

Bit 1 OERR: Overrun Error bit

4.1 Introduction To LCD:

4.2 Types of dot-matrix LCD’s:

4.2.1 Alphanumeric LCD’s:

4.3 LCD Construction And Nomenclature:

1) F substrate (glass) 9) LC (liquid crystal)

4.4 Interfacing the LCD module:

4.5 Pin Description:

The "R/S" bit is used to select whether data or an instruction is being

1. Wait more than 15 msecs after power is applied.

The PCF8574 is a silicon CMOS circuit. It provides general purpose

5.2 Block Diagram:

Fig:- Block diagram of i2c

5.3 Characteristics Of The I2C Bus:

Start and stop conditions

5.4 ADDRESSING I2C EXPANDER:

Each of the PCF8574’s eight I/Os can be independently used as an input or