Review of literature

1. Datt (2008) revealed that out of 20.1 million household employed in the MGNREGA,
only 2.2 million (i.e. 10.5%) received the full 100 days’ employment and wages . The
average employment per house hold was 43 days in 2006-07 and 35 days in 2007-08
respectively.
2. Shekhawat (2002) in his study ,on “Impact of employment generation programmes
(Egps) in Jaipur district of Rajasthan”, reported that disbursal of assistance to
beneficiaries was delayed and assistance given under Egps was insufficient, these were
the major problems faced by the respondents in taking advantages f Egps.
3. Datt (2008)reported that main constraints under MGNREGA were lack of professional
staff, lack of proper project planning ,bureaucratic resistance to MGNREGA,
Inappropriate rates of payment ,lack of worksite facilities and lack of transparency and
social audit
4. Mazdoor Kisan Samiti and Nari Shakti Sangathan (2006) studied status of
implementations of NREGP scheme in Jharkhand district. A sample of 36 respondents
(men and women) from 8 Panchayats were taken. The finding of the study revealed that
in village Jilimatanr, out of nine respondents only one reported that Gram Sabha was
organized in which four women and 12 male participated.
5. Sood (2006) studied NREGP challenges in implementation and reported that in Jashpur
block, Chattisgarh, lack of staff is having a negative impact on the working of the
NREGA. Also sub-engineer were being burdened with the task of maintaining job cords
implying that their primary tasks suffered. Such additional appointments are a rare
opportunity to provide employment to the youth in villages and should not be allowed to
be squandered due to administrative hurdles.
6. Central Guarantee Council (2007) reviewed the implementation of MGNREGA in
Burdibeda village Jharkhand district of and revealed that. Job cards were handed over to
the workers only two days prior the visit of the social audit team in the same village. Two
community development works have been sanctioned on the some land owned by the
Pradhan of the Village. Construction of well and a farm pond are both being carried out
on the Pradhan’s land
7. Richard Mahapatra (2010) in his study found that increasing women’s participation in
MGNREGA can be used for effective delivery of its core objective: local ecological
revival. It is now mandatory to have 50 per cent woman panchayat representatives who
have nodal roles in the programme’s implementation, including preparing the village
development plan. So if the supervisory roles in panchayats and the dominant presence as
workers converge, it will be a win-win situation for the programme as well as villages.
8. Richard Mahapatra (2010) in his study revealed that the unique features of the
MGREGA seem to have made it a woman friendly initiative, with more women than men
enrolling in the scheme. In the current fiscal till October, women availed of more than 50
per cent of employment created under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). The Act also helps women take up this opportunity as
economic freedom. It allows members belonging to the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled
Tribe communities to take up work in their own fields and get paid for that.
9. Richard Mahapatra (2010) in his study further revealed that more than 90 per cent of
woman workers are farm labourers or cultivators. A substantial part of their work is
unpaid because they work in their farms. MGNREGA has changed this. Now parts of
women’s non-paid jobs, like land levelling and digging a pond in their farms, are paid
for. In drought-prone districts, like Warangal in Andhra Pradesh and Ahmednagar in
Maharashtra, community members say this has attracted women to the programme.
10. National Tribunal (2006) studied 100 days programme of NREGP in district of Madhya
Pradesh and reported that tremendous hurdles faced at the first stage of registration and
acquiring of the job cards. Women headed household and joint families are the main
disadvantages in accessing the benefits of the scheme as it is applicable only to the head
of the household. No case was reported here an individual has actually received the work.
11. Kumar (2006) revealed the comparative analysis of performance of NREGA based on
107 sample and found jobs generated for SC (28%), OBCS (50%), ST (20%), for women
(48%) in Uttar Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh SC (1%), ST (85%), OBC (3%) and women
(39%) found, Maharashtra SC (25%), OBC (42%), ST (33%) for women 58 percent
study found in Chittisgarh SC (37%), ST (15%), OBC (8%) also for women jobs
generated NREGA (53%).
12. Iqubal et al., (2006) stated that Public vigilance can be helpful to minimize corruption in
rural employment guarantee scheme in Rajasthan and Haryana. Study found corruption
being minimized in Rajasthan due to public vigilance leading to more than one and a half
lakh people gaining employment in Dungarpur district. There was massive participation
of rural folk. Tribal women looked forward to seeing their men back home. Also
proactive administration in Rajasthan. Corruption and neglect hindering implementation
of the programme in Haryana.
13. Dreze et al., (2006) found that in Andhra Pradesh minimum wages were not received by
the workers even for a full days’ work, unemployment allowance was observed as low as
Rs. 6 to 13 per day for a full day’s digging work. Measurement of work was not made in
front of the workers. Engineers do not visit the worksite regularly and women often
received lower wages as compare to men for similar work.
14. In Kanta toil village the team found that payments have no made for work that began a
month before the team visit, as result workers have stopped going for work. One of the
labour informed the team that he worked only for 6 days on a particular work but the
entries on the job cards indicated that he had worked for 48 days.
15. In a study on NREGA Ensure Security Against Hunger in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh
found that the wages are paid either to the entire group and divided among the group by
the leader, or they are paid directly to the individual workers. The mode of payment can
have different effects on the workers on the whole payment of wages to the group leader,
chances of corruption and non- payment increased when wages were paid to group
leaders (Mistry, 2007).
16. Mangasi (1999) reported that the problem faced by DWCRA women were, lack of
awareness , social and community pressure, and suggestion are training and adequate
supply of information and resources.
17. Ramalakshmi (1998) pointed out that inadequate working capital is the most serious
problem restricting the performance of many DWCRA groups and also the group
members needed training for skill enhancement, especially for items like pottery,
readymade garments, foot-wear, etc.
18. According to Hardikar (1998) the average additional employment generated for IRDP
beneficiaries was 77.7 person days while that for DWCRA beneficiaries was 60.30
 persons days. He further pointed out that average additional income generated by IRDP
was Rs. 2046/- while DWCRA scheme had generated additional income of Rs. 880/- per
beneficiaries.
19. Dwaraknath (2001) in a study on “Self Employment Generation under DWCRA”
reported that women had gained knowledge through DWCRA programme in various
income generation activities such as weaving industry, animal husbandry hosiery, candle,
bamboo and plastic items etc.
20. Bishnoi (2007) in his study on “Awareness of DWCRA programme among rural women”
reported that several entrepreneurial activities were promoted through DWCRA
programme after conducting training like fruit preservation, carpet weaving ,spice
grinding, buffalo rearing, handicraft, making and mat weaving.
21. Rathore (2000) revealed that the economic contribution from dairy and livestock
enterprise perceived by the beneficiaries of SGSY programme was 84.88 percent of the
gross income from all sources.
22. Annonymous (2009) The first phase of the audit in Bhilwara district has revealed
irregularities and corruption relating to the use of sub-standard materials, the use of
machinery instead of manual labour and the non-issuance of job cards, needed to ensure
that the right people are being paid.
23. Ameta (2000) observed in his study that the extent of knowledge of beneficiaries about
general aspects of JRY, funds JRY, workers and wages under JRY and planning and
execution of work JRY was 70.46, 72.07, 72.66, 79.16 percent respectively.

24. A research done by Rao (2000) reported in his study that awareness about the programme
like IRDP, JRY EAS TRYSEM , DWCRA etc. Out of 32 families only three families (10
%) worked few years back for school building construction taken up under JRY, but they
were ignorant of the programme under which the construction work was made except for
telling that it was a government work executed by the gram panchayat .Even through the
employment at the village level is seasonal they migrated during such period. Awareness
on DWCRA was poor among agriculture labour families.

25. In a study on “Comparative Study of Knowledge, Attitude and Impact of DWCRA

Programme on Tribal and Non-Tribal Beneficiaries of Udaipur District” Upadhyay
 (2000) mentioned that majority of the tribal respondents (83.33%) possessed poor
knowledge and 10 percent women had very poor knowledge while a few (6.66%) were in
the category of average knowledge. None of them had good and very good knowledge
about various aspects of DWCRA programme among non-tribal respondents more than
half of the women (53.33%) possessed average knowledge and one third respondents
(33.33%) had poor knowledge about DWCRA progarmme. Whereas a few non- tribal
(7.77% had very poor knowledge.

26. Antwal and Wangikar (2002) in their study on “Awareness and Participation of
Beneficiaries in Urban Basis Services Programme for poor” found that 48.73 percent
beneficiaries had medium level of awareness whereas 33.09 percent beneficiaries had low
level of awareness. High level of awareness was observed in 18.18 percent beneficiaries.

27. Chethan (2004) in her study revealed that the overall awareness of the women
beneficiaries about SGSY show that more than one third (38.33%) of the beneficiaries
were highly aware about the existence and function of the SGSY followed by one –third
(33.33%) of them who were only partially aware of the scheme and less than one- third
(28.33%) of them who were reasonably aware about the scheme. It was observed that
65.33 percent of the women beneficiaries were aware of the existence of SGSY for the
upliftment of rural women followed by 43.33 percent of them who were aware of the
implementing agency of SGSY.

28. According to Phulikken and Wankhade (2005) in their study revealed that majority of
beneficiaries of Jawahar Well Scheme (JWS) advance sanctioned amount of loan
sanctioned and its disbursement, procedure prescribed for getting installment, sharing of
expenditure and concession available for construction of new and repair to old wells.
However the majority of beneficiaries farmers know little about eligibility requirements
for becoming beneficiaries , document required to attached with the application and areas
prescribed for well construction. It has also worth while to note that majority of the
beneficiaries 12-67 percent were not aware about selection of beneficiaries under the
scheme.
29.