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#1. Page 242; Exercise 2. Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for R3 ?
1 0
(a) 2 , 1
0 −1
1 2 4 0
(b) 1 , 3 , 1 , 1
−1 4 −1 −1
3 −1 0
(c) 2 , 2 , 1
2 1 0
1 0 3 0
(d) 0 , 2 , 4 , 1
0 −1 1 0
Solution: (a) Not a basis. The vector space R3 has dimension 3. According to Corollary 4.5, any subset of
2 < 3 vectors cannot span R3 . Hence this subset cannot be a basis.
(b) Not a basis. According to Corollary 4.4, any subset of 4 > 3 vectors must be linearly dependent.
Hence this subset cannot be a basis.
(c) A basis. Since this subset has 3 vectors, if we show that it is linearly independent then we may
conclude it is a basis by Theorem 4.12. Indeed, consider the equation
3 −1 0 0 3 a1 − a2 = 0
a1 2 + a2 2 + a3 1 = 0 =⇒ 2 a1 + 2 a2 + a3 = 0
2 1 0 0 2 a1 + a2 = 0
We find the following augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon form:
3 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 a1 = 0
2 2 1 0 =⇒ 0 1 0 0 =⇒ a2 = 0
2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 a3 = 0
Hence the only solution is a1 = a2 = a3 = 0. This shows that the subset is linearly independent, and so it
must be a basis for R3 .
(d) Not a basis. According to Corollary 4.4, any subset of 4 > 3 vectors must be linearly dependent.
Hence this subset cannot be a basis.
#2. Page 242; Exercise 3. Which of the following sets of vectors are bases for R4 ?
(a) 1 0 0 1 , 0 1 0 0 , 1 1 1 1 , 0 1 1 1
(b) 1 −1 0 2 , 3 −1 2 1 , 1 0 0 1
(c) −2 4 6 4 , 0 1 2 0 , −1 2 3 2 , −3 2 5 6 , −2 −1 0 4
1
2 MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #8 SOLUTIONS
(d) 0 0 1 1 , −1 1 1 2 , 1 1 0 0 , 2 1 2 1
Solution: (a) A basis. The vector space R4 has dimension 4. Since this subset has 4 vectors, if we show
that it is linearly independent then we may conclude it is a basis by Theorem 4.12. Indeed, consider the
equation
a1 1 0 0 1 + a2 0 1 0 0 + a3 1 1 1 1 + a4 0 1 1 1 = 0 0 0 0
Hence the only solution is a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = 0. This shows that the subset is linearly independent, and
so it must be a basis for R4 .
(b) Not a basis. According to Corollary 4.5, any subset of 3 < 4 vectors cannot span R4 . Hence this
subset cannot be a basis.
(c) Not a basis. According to Corollary 4.4, any subset of 5 > 4 vectors must be linearly dependent.
Hence this subset cannot be a basis.
(d) A basis. Since this subset has 4 vectors, if we show that it is linearly independent then we may
conclude it is a basis by Theorem 4.12. Indeed, consider the equation
a1 0 0 1 1 + a2 −1 1 1 2 + a3 1 1 0 0 + a4 2 1 2 1 = 0 0 0 0
Hence the only solution is a1 = a2 = a3 = a4 = 0. This shows that the subset is linearly independent, and
so it must be a basis for R4 .
3
#3. Page 242; Exercise
8. In Exercises 7 and 8, determine which of the given subsets form a basis for R .
2
Express the vector 1 as a linear combination of the vectors in each subset that is a basis.
3
2 1 1 1
(a) 1 , 2 , 1 , 5
3 1 4 1
1 2 3
(b) 1 , 2 , 4
2 0 −1
Solution: (a) Not a basis. The vector space R3 has dimension 3. According to Corollary 4.4, any subset of
4 > 3 vectors must be linearly dependent. Hence this subset cannot be a basis.
MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #8 SOLUTIONS 3
(b) A basis. Since this subset has 3 vectors, if we show that it spans R3 then we may conclude it is a
basis by Theorem 4.12. Indeed, consider the equation
1 2 3 a a1 + 2 a2 + 3 a3 = a
a1 1 + a2 2 + a3 4 = b =⇒ a1 + 2 a2 + 4 a3 = b
2 0 −1 c 2 a1 − a3 = c
We find the following augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon form:
−a+b+c
1 2 3 a 1 0 0
2
1 2
4 b
=⇒ 0 1 0 9 a−7 b−c
4
2 0 −1 c 0 0 1 −a + b
This shows that the subset is is a spanning set, and so it must be a basis for R3 . When a = 2, b = 1, and
c = 3 we find the values a1 = 1, a2 = 2, and a3 = −1. Hence we have the linear combination
2 1 2 3
1 = (1) 1 + (2) 2 + (−1) 4
3 2 0 −1
#4. Page 242; Exercise 11. Find a basis for the subspace W of R3 spanned by
1 3 11 7
2 , 2 , 10 , 6 .
2 1 7 4
Solution: We determine which vectors can be expressed as linear combinations of the others. To this end,
consider the equation
1 3 11 7 0 a1 + 3 a2 + 11 a3 + 7 a4 = 0
a1 2 + a2 2 + a3 10 + a4 6 = 0 =⇒ 2 a1 + 2 a2 + 10 a3 + 6 a4 = 0
2 1 7 4 0 2 a1 + a2 + 7 a3 + 4 a4 = 0
We find the following augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon form:
1 3 11 7 0 1 0 2 1 0
2 2 10 6 0 =⇒ 0 1 3 2 0 .
2 1 7 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
The variables a1 and a2 are the pivot variables, so the vectors can all be expressed as linear combinations of
the first two vectors. Hence a basis for W is
1 3
2 , 2 =⇒ dim W = 2.
2 1
Solution: We determine which vectors can be expressed as linear combinations of the others. To this end,
consider the equation
1 0 0 1 1 1 −1 1 0 0
a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = .
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 −1 0 0
We may express this as the linear system
a1 + a3 − a4 = 0 1 0 1 −1 0 1 0 1 −1 0
a2 + a3 + a4 = 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
=⇒ =⇒
a2 + a3 + a4 = 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
a1 + a3 − a4 = 0 1 0 1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0
The variables a1 and a2 are the pivot variables, so the matrices can all be expressed as linear combinations
of the first two matrices. Hence a basis for W is
1 0 0 1
,
0 1 1 0
#6. Page 243; Exercise 15. Find all values of a for which
2
a 0 1 , 0 a 2 , 1 0 1
is a basis for R3 .
Solution: It suffices to find all values of a for which this subset is a spanning set for R3 . To this end, consider
the equation
a1 a2 0 1 + a2 0 a 2 + a3 1 0 1 = x y z .
#7. Page 243; Exercise 16. Find a basis for the subspace W of M33 consisting of all symmetric matrices.
Solution: The subspace of interest is W = A ∈ M33 AT = A . If we write
a11 a12 a13 a11 a21 a31
A = a21 a22 a23 =⇒ AT = a12 a22 a32 .
a31 a32 a33 a13 a23 a33
MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #8 SOLUTIONS 5
Hence AT = A precisely when a21 = a12 , a31 = a13 , and a32 = a23 . This means
a11 a12 a13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A = a12 a22 a23 = a11 0 0 0 + a22 0 1 0 + a33 0 0 0
a13 a23 a33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
+ a12 1 0 0 + a13 0 0 0 + a23 0 0 1 .
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Hence a basis for the subspace of all symmetric 3 × 3 matrices is
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
#8. Page 243; Exercise 17. Find a basis for the subspace of M33 consisting of all diagonal matrices.
#9. Page 243; Exercise 19(a), (b). In Exercises 19 and 20, find a basis for the given subspaces of R3 and
R4 .
a
(a) All vectors of the form b , where b = a + c
c
a
(b) All vectors of the form b , where b = a
c
Solution: (a) The system A x = 0 has the following augmented matrix, for which we compute its reduced
row echelon form:
1 1 −2 0 1 1 −2 0
−2 −2 4 0 =⇒ 0 0 0 0 x + y − 2 z = 0.
−1 −1 2 0 0 0 0 0
#11. Page 252; Exercise 5. In Exercises 3 through 10, find a basis for and and the dimension of the solution
space of the given homogeneous system.
x1 + 2 x2 − x3 + 3 x4 = 0
2 x1 + 2 x2 − x3 + 2 x4 = 0
x1 + 3 x3 + 3 x4 = 0
MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #8 SOLUTIONS 7
Solution: We find the following augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon form:
x1 r
1 2 −1 3 0 1 0 0 −1 0
8
x2 −3 r
8
2 2 −1 2 0 =⇒ 0 1 0 0 =⇒ =
3 x −4 r
4 3 3
1 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 3 0
x4 r
#12. Page 252; Exercise 7. In Exercises 3 through 10, find a basis for and and the dimension of the solution
space of the given homogeneous system.
x
1 1
1 2 1 2 0
1 2 2 1 2 x2
x3 = 0 .
2 4 3 3 3 0
x4
0 0 1 −1 −1 0
x5
Solution: We find the following augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon form:
1 2 1 2 1 0 1 2 0 3 0 0
1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0
2 4 3
=⇒ .
3 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hence x2 = r and x4 = s are arbitrary variables, so that the general solution to the homogeneous system is
x1 −2 r − 3 s −2 −3
x2 r 1 0
x3 = s = r 0 + s 1 .
x4 s 0 1
x5 0 0 0
#13. Page 252; Exercise 12. In Exercises 11 and 12, find a basis for the null space of each given matrix A.
1 −1 2 1 0
2
0 1 −1 3
A= 5 −1 3 0 3
4 −2 5 1 3
1 3 −4 −5 6
Solution: The null space of A is the set of solutions x to the linear system A x = 0. We find the following
augmented matrix for this system and its reduced row echelon form:
1 −1 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
2
0 1 −1 3 0
0 1 0 −3
6 0
5 −1 3 0 3 0 =⇒ 0 0 1 −1 3 0 .
4 −2 5 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 −4 −5 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hence x4 = r and x5 = s are arbitrary variables, so that the general solution to the homogeneous system is
x1 0 0 0
x2 3 r − 6 s 3 −6
x3 = r − 3 s = r 1 + s −3 .
x4 r 1 0
x5 s 0 1
Hence a basis for the null space of A is
0 0
3 −6
1 ,
−3
1 0
0 1
#14. Lab 6.4 - Page 21; Exercise 1. Let V = R3 . Determine whether the following sets are a basis for V.
It may be possible to decide without any computations. Record your response next to each set.
1 2 0
a) S = 2 , 1 , 3
1 1 1
1 1 0
b) S = 1 , 0 , 1
0 1 1
3 3
c) S = 1 , 1
3 2
3 3 3 3
d) S = 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
3 2 1 0
A =
MA 265 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #8 SOLUTIONS 9
1 2 0
2 1 3
1 1 1
>> rref(A)
ans =
1 0 2
0 1 -1
0 0 0
We see that the vectors in S are linearly dependent, so S is not a basis for V.
b) We perform the following commands in Matlab:
>> A = [1 1 0; 1 0 1; 0 1 1]’
A =
1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
>> rref(A)
ans =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
We see that the vectors in S are linearly independent, so S is a basis for V.
c) We see from (b) that V is a 3-dimensional vector space. Since S has 2 < 3 elements, it cannot be a
spanning set for V. Hence S is not a basis for V.
d) Since S has 4 > 3 elements, it cannot be linearly independent. Hence S is not a basis for V.