Jawaharlal Nehru

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Jawaharlal Nehru

जजजजजजजज जजजजज

1st Prime Minister of India

In office
15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964
King George VI (until 26 January
Monarch
1950)
Rajendra Prasad and Sarvepalli
President
Radhakrishnan
Governor– Louis Mountbatten
General C. Rajagopalachari
Preceded by Position Created
Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda (interim)
Minister for External Affairs of India
In office
15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964
Preceded by Position Created
Succeeded by Gulzarilal Nanda
Minister of Finance
 In office
8 October 1958 – 17 November 1959
Preceded by T. T. Krishnamachari
Succeeded by Morarji Desai
14 November 1889
Born Allahabad, United Provinces, British
India
27 May 1964 (aged 74)
Died
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Nationality Indian
Political party Indian National Congress
Spouse(s) Kamala Nehru
Children Indira Gandhi
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Profession Barrister
Religion Agnostic atheist[1][2][3]
Signature

Jawaharlal Nehru (Hindi/Kashmiri: जवाहरलाल नेहर, pronounced [dʒəʋaːɦərˈlaːl

ˈneːɦru]; 14 November 1889–27 May 1964[4]) was an Indian statesman who was the
first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. One
of the leading figures in the Indian independence movement, Nehru was elected by the
Congress Party to assume office as independent India's first Prime Minister, and re-
elected when the Congress Party won India's first general election in 1952. As one of the
founders of the Non-aligned Movement, he was also an important figure in the
international politics of the post-war era. He is frequently referred to as Pandit Nehru
("pandit" being a Sanskrit and Hindi honorific meaning "scholar" or "teacher") and,
specifically in India, as Panditji (with "-ji" being a honorific suffix).

The son of a wealthy Indian barrister and politician, Motilal Nehru, Nehru became a
leader of the left wing of the Congress Party when still fairly young. Rising to become
Congress President, under the mentorship of Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru was a charismatic
and radical leader, advocating complete independence from the British Empire. In the
long struggle for Indian independence, in which he was a key player, Nehru was
eventually recognized as Gandhi's political heir. Throughout his life, Nehru was also an
advocate for Fabian socialism and the public sector as the means by which long-standing
challenges of economic development could be addressed by poorer nations.

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Personal life and education

• 2 Life and career
• 3 Successor to Gandhi
 • 4 India's first Prime Minister
o 4.1 Economic policies
o 4.2 Education and social reform
o 4.3 National security and foreign policy
o 4.4 Final years
• 5 Legacy
o 5.1 Commemoration
• 6 Writings
• 7 Awards
• 8 Criticism
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 Further reading

• 12 External links

[edit] Personal life and education

Jawaharlal Nehru was born to Motilal Nehru (1861–1931) and Swaroop Rani (1863–
1954) in a Kashmiri Pandit family.

The Nehru family - Motilal Nehru is seated in the center, and standing (L to R) are
Jawaharlal Nehru, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Krishna Hutheesing, Indira Gandhi, and
Ranjit Pandit; Seated: Swaroop Rani, Motilal Nehru and Kamala Nehru (circa 1927).

Nehru was educated in India and Britain. In England, he attended the independent boy's
school, Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge.
Jawaharlal Nehru at Harrow, where he was also known as Joe Nehru.

During his time in Britain, Nehru was also known as Joe Nehru.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

On 8 February, 1916, Nehru married seventeen year old Kamala Kaul. In the first year of
the marriage, Kamala gave birth to their only child, Indira Priyadarshini.

[edit] Life and career

Nehru raised the flag of independent India in New Delhi on 15 August 1947, the day
India gained Independence. Nehru's appreciation of the virtues of parliamentary
democracy, secularism and liberalism, coupled with his concerns for the poor and
underprivileged, are recognised to have guided him in formulating socialist policies that
influence India to this day. They also reflect the socialist origins of his worldview. His
daughter, Indira Gandhi, and grandson, Rajiv Gandhi, also served as Prime Ministers of
India.

[edit] Successor to Gandhi

On 15 January 1941 Gandhi said, "Some say Pandit Nehru and I were estranged. It will
require much more than difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the
time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not
Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor."[11]

[edit] India's first Prime Minister

Teen Murti Bhavan, Nehru's residence as Prime Minister, now a museum in his memory.

Nehru and his colleagues had been released as the British Cabinet Mission arrived to
propose plans for transfer of power

Once elected, Nehru headed an interim government, which was impaired by outbreaks of
communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the Muslim League led
by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.
After failed bids to form coalitions, Nehru reluctantly supported the partition of India,
according to a plan released by the British on 3 June 1947. He took office as the Prime
Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled "A Tryst With
Destiny"

"Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall
redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of
the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A
moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the
new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It
is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of
India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity."[12]

However, this period was marked with intense communal violence. This violence swept
across the Punjab region, Delhi, Bengal and other parts of India. Nehru conducted joint
tours[citation needed] with Pakistani leaders to encourage peace and calm angry and
disillusioned refugees. Nehru would work with Maulana Azad and other Muslim leaders
to safeguard and encourage Muslims to remain in India. The violence of the time deeply
affected Nehru, who called for a ceasefire[citation needed] and UN intervention to stop the Indo-
Pakistani War of 1947. Fearing communal reprisals, Nehru also hesitated in supporting
the annexation of Hyderabad State.

In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira to
look after him and manage his personal affairs. Under his leadership, the Congress won
an overwhelming majority in the elections of 1952. Indira moved into Nehru's official
residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India
and the world. Indira would virtually become Nehru's chief of staff.
Nehru's study in Teen Murti Bhavan.

[edit] Economic policies

Nehru presided over the introduction of a modified, Indian version of state planning and
control over the economy. Creating the Planning commission of India, Nehru drew up the
first Five-Year Plan in 1951, which charted the government's investments in industries
and agriculture. Increasing business and income taxes, Nehru envisaged a mixed
economy in which the government would manage strategic industries such as mining,
electricity and heavy industries, serving public interest and a check to private enterprise.
Nehru pursued land redistribution and launched programmes to build irrigation canals,
dams and spread the use of fertilizers to increase agricultural production. He also
pioneered a series of community development programs aimed at spreading diverse
cottage industries and increasing efficiency into rural India. While encouraging the
construction of large dams (which Nehru called the "new temples of India"), irrigation
works and the generation of hydroelectricity, Nehru also launched India's programme to
harness nuclear energy.

For most of Nehru's term as prime minister, India would continue to face serious food
shortages despite progress and increases in agricultural production. Nehru's industrial
policies, summarised in the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, encouraged the growth
of diverse manufacturing and heavy industries,[13] yet state planning, controls and
regulations began to impair productivity, quality and profitability. Although the Indian
economy enjoyed a steady rate of growth, called Hindu rate of growth at 2.5% per
annum, chronic unemployment amidst widespread poverty continued to plague the
population.

[edit] Education and social reform

Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth,
believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the
establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology , the Indian Institutes of
Management and the National Institutes of Technology. Nehru also outlined a
commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to
all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village
enrollment programmes and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also
launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children in order to
fight malnutrition. Adult education centres, vocational and technical schools were also
organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.

Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize
caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women[14][15][16]
[17]
A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created
to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled
castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony,
increasing the representation of minorities in government.

[edit] National security and foreign policy

See also: Role of India in Non-Aligned Movement

Nehru led newly independent India from 1947 to 1964, during its first years of freedom
from British rule. Both the United States and the Soviet Union competed to make India
an ally throughout the Cold War.

On the international scene, Nehru was a champion of pacifism and a strong supporter of
the United Nations. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the Non-
Aligned Movement of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led
by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. Recognising the People's Republic of China soon after its
founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with the Republic of
China), Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the
Chinese as the aggressors in their conflict with Korea.[18] He sought to establish warm and
friendly relations with China in 1950, and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the
gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc.

Meanwhile, Nehru had promised in 1948 to hold a plebiscite in Kashmir under the
auspices of the U.N. but, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN
resolution and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the U.N., he declined to hold a
plebiscite in 1953. He ordered the arrest of the Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah,
whom he had previously supported but now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions;
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad replaced him.

His policy of pacifism and appeasement with respect to China also came unraveled when
border disputes led to the Sino-Indian war in 1962.

Jawaharlal Nehru (right) talks to Pakistan prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra (left)
during his 1953 visit to Karachi.
Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear
weapons.[19] He commissioned the first study of the human effects of nuclear explosions,
and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called "these frightful engines of
destruction." He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that
a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for
developing countries such as his own.[20]

In 1956 he had criticised the joint invasion of the Suez Canal by the British, French and
Israelis. Suspicion and distrust cooled relations between India and the U.S., which
suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Accepting the arbitration of the
UK and World Bank, Nehru signed the Indus Water Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler
Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major
rivers of the Punjab region.

"We, who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way
and practiced non-violence, should now be, in a sense, glorifying our army, navy and air
force. It means a lot. Though it is odd, yet it simply reflects the oddness of life. Though
life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them,
we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than
Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Nation, whom we have lost, but yet, he said it was
better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. We cannot live carefree
assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our
hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defense methods and a well-
equipped army, navy and air force." [21]

[edit] Final years

Nehru with Ashoke Kumar Sen, S. Radhakrishnan and Bidhan Chandra Roy

Nehru had led the Congress to a major victory in the 1957 elections, but his government
was facing rising problems and criticism. Disillusioned by intra-party corruption and
bickering, Nehru contemplated resigning but continued to serve. The election of his
daughter Indira as Congress President in 1959 aroused criticism for alleged
nepotism[citation needed], although actually Nehru had disapproved of her election, partly
because he considered it smacked of "dynastism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly
undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet.[22]
Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his
oft-stated personal deference to the Congress Working Committee to push through the
dismissal of the Communist Party of India government in the state of Kerala, over his
own objections.[22] Nehru began to be frequently embarrassed by her ruthlessness and
disregard for parliamentary tradition, and was "hurt" by what he saw as an assertiveness
with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father.[4]

Although the Pancha Sila (Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence) was the basis of the
1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered through
increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and Nehru's decision to grant
political asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama. After years of failed negotiations, Nehru
authorized the Indian Army to liberate Goa in 1961 from Portuguese occupation, and then
he formally annexed it to India. It increased his popularity, but he was for criticized the
use of military force.

In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority.
Opposition parties ranging from the right-wing Bharatiya Jana Sangh and Swatantra
Party, socialists and the Communist Party of India performed well.

Public viewing of Nehru's body, which lies in state, in 1964; the gun carriage used for his
state funeral was later used for the state funeral of Mother Teresa

Since 1959, and this accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "Forward Policy" of setting
up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts
in territory not previously controlled by India.[23] China attacked some of these outposts,
and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India technically lost, but China gained no
territory as it withdrew to pre-war lines. The war exposed the weaknesses of India's
military, and Nehru was widely criticised for his government's insufficient attention to
defence. In response, Nehru sacked the defence minister Krishna Menon and sought U.S.
military aid, but Nehru's health began declining steadily, and he spent months
recuperating in Kashmir through 1963. Some historians attribute this dramatic decline to
his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of
trust.[24] Upon his return from Kashmir in May 1964, Nehru suffered a stroke and later a
heart attack. He died in the early hours of 27 May 1964. Nehru was cremated in
accordance with Hindu rites at the Shantivana on the banks of the Yamuna River,
witnessed by hundreds of thousands of mourners who had flocked into the streets of
Delhi and the cremation grounds.

[edit] Legacy

Nehru's statue in Aldwych, London.

As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a
major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with sound
foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education,
reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also
credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India
Institute of Medical Sciences,[25] Indian Institutes of Technology,[26] and the Indian
Institutes of Management.

"Nehru was a great man... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don't think others
might have succeeded in doing." - Sir Isaiah Berlin[27]

In addition, Nehru's stance as an unfailing nationalist led him to also implement policies
which stressed commonality among Indians while still appreciating regional diversities.
This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since
British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to
one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences of culture and,
especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs
such as the National Book Trust and the National Literary Academy which promoted the
translation of regional literatures between languages and also organized the transfer of
materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate
or perish."[28]

[edit] Commemoration

Nehru hands out sweets to children in Nongpoh

Jawaharlal Nehru on a 1989 USSR commemorative stamp.

In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was widely
admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship. His birthday, 14 November,
is celebrated in India as Baal Divas (Children's Day) in recognition of his lifelong
passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young
people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru (Uncle Nehru). Nehru
remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory.
Congress leaders and activists often emulate his style of clothing, especially the Gandhi
cap, and his mannerisms. Nehru's ideals and policies continue to shape the Congress
Party's manifesto and core political philosophy. An emotional attachment to his legacy
was instrumental in the rise of his daughter Indira to leadership of the Congress Party and
the national government.
Many documentaries about Nehru's life have been produced. He has also been portrayed
in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of Roshan Seth, who
played him three times: in Richard Attenborough's 1982 film Gandhi, Shyam Benegal's
1988 television series Bharat Ek Khoj, based on Nehru's The Discovery of India, and in a
2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj.[29] In Ketan Mehta's film Sardar, Nehru
was portrayed by Benjamin Gilani. Nehru's personal preference for the sherwani ensured
that it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today; aside from lending
his name to a kind of cap, the Nehru jacket is named in his honour due to his preference
for that style.

Numerous public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru's
memory. The Jawaharlal Nehru University in Delhi is among the most prestigious
universities in India. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port near the city of Mumbai is a modern port
and dock designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru's residence in Delhi is
preserved as the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. The Nehru family homes at
Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his
family's legacy.

[edit] Writings
Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The
Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Towards
Freedom.

[edit] Awards
In 1955 Nehru was awarded with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.[30]

[edit] Criticism
D. D. Kosambi, a well-known Marxist historian, criticized Nehru in his article for the
bourgeoisie class exploitation of Nehru's socialist ideology.[31]

Jaswant Singh, a former leader of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), viewed Nehru, not
Mohammad Ali Jinnah, as causing the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly
centralised policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of
a more decentralised India. The split between the two was among the causes of partition.
It is believed that personal animosity between the two leaders led to the partition of India.
[32][33]
Singh was later expelled from the BJP for having favourable views on Jinnah.[32]

[edit] See also

• Glimpses of World History written by Jawaharlal Nehru
• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
 • Letters from a Father to His Daughter a collection of letters written by Jawaharlal
Nehru to his daughter Indira.
• List of political families
• Nehru jacket
• The Discovery of India written by Jawaharlal Nehru
• Tryst with destiny the historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru, considered in
modern India to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant
culmination of the hundred-year Indian freedom struggle against the British
Empire in India.

[edit] References
1. ^ "The Montreal Gazette". Google News Archive. 9 June 1964. p. 4.
http://news.google.co.in/newspapers?
id=LZotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jp4FAAAAIBAJ&pg=7168,1579610.
2. ^ Ramachandra Guha (September 23, 2003). "Inter-faith Harmony: Where Nehru and
Gandhi Meet Times of India". The Times Of India.
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/LEADER-ARTICLEBRInter-
faith-Harmony-Where-Nehru-and-Gandhi-Meet/articleshow/196028.cms.
3. ^ In Jawaharlal Nehru's autobiography, An Autobiography (1936), and in the Last Will &
Testament of Jawaharlal Nehru, in Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, 2nd series, vol.
26, p. 612,
4. ^ a b Marlay, Ross; Clark D. Neher (1999). Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders.
Rowman & Littlefield. p. 368. ISBN 0847684423. http://books.google.com/?
id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PA368.
5. ^ Khilnani, Sunil. The Idea of India. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (June 4, 1999). p 168.
6. ^ Tharoor, Shashi. Nehru: The Invention of India. Arcade Publishing: 2003. p 11.
7. ^ Ghose, Sankar. Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography. Allied Publishers: 1993. p 8.
8. ^ Zachariah, Benjamin. Nehru. Routledge: 2004. pp. 17–19 ISBN 0415250161
9. ^ Matthew, H.C.G. and Harrison, Brian Howard. Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography: in Association with the British Academy: from the Earliest Times to the Year
2000. Oxford University Press: 2004. p. 344 ISBN 019861411X
10. ^ Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography. Harvard University Press: 1976. p
20.
11. ^ Science & culture, Volume 30. Indian Science News Association. 1964.
http://books.google.com/?id=0y0DAAAAIAAJ&q=
%22It+will+require+much+more+than+difference+of+opinion+to+estrange+us
%22&dq=
%22It+will+require+much+more+than+difference+of+opinion+to+estrange+us%22.
12. ^ Nehru, Jawaharlal (2006-08-08). "Wikisource" (PHP).
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tryst_With_Destiny. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
13. ^ Farmer, B. H. (1993). An Introduction to South Asia. Routledge. p. 120.
ISBN 0415056950. http://books.google.com/?id=UNINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA120.
14. ^ Som, Reba (1994-02). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol
over Substance?". Modern Asian Studies 28 (1): 165–194.
doi:10.1017/S0026749X00011732. http://www.jstor.org/stable/312925. Retrieved 2008-
05-29.
 15. ^ Basu, Srimati (2005). She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and
Propriety. SUNY Press. p. 3. ISBN 8186706496. http://books.google.com/?
id=mXgX8rrW6JsC&pg=PA3. "The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and
Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law...it is widely
regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not
superior entitlements as legal subjects."
16. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 328.
ISBN 0415329191. http://books.google.com/?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PA328. "One
subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with
regard to the rights of Hindu women..."
17. ^ Forbes, Geraldine; Geraldine Hancock Forbes, Gordon Johnson (1999). Women in
Modern India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115. ISBN 0521653770.
http://books.google.com/?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA115. "It is our birthright to demand
equitable adjustment of Hindu law...."
18. ^ Robert Sherrod (19 January 1963). "Nehru:The Great Awakening". The Saturday
Evening Post 236 (2): 60–67.
19. ^ Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him.
Panchsheel Publishers. p. 131.
20. ^ Dua, B. D.; James Manor (1994). Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime
Minister in India. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 141, 261. ISBN 1850651809.
http://books.google.com/?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PA141.
21. ^ Indian Express, 6th October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of
National defense academy.
22. ^ a b Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. Houghton Mifflin
Books. p. 250. ISBN 039573097X. http://books.google.com/?
id=0eolM37FUWYC&pg=PA250.
23. ^ Noorani, A.G. "Perseverance in peace process", Frontline, August 29, 2003.
24. ^ Embree, Ainslie T., ed (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian History. 3. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons. pp. 98–100. ISBN 0684188996.
25. ^ "AIIMS". http://www.aiims.ac.in.
26. ^ "Institute History". http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php., Indian Institute of
Technology
27. ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo, Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (London 2000), pp. 201–2
28. ^ Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). ""The Challenge to Indian Nationalism"". Foreign
Affairs 34 (2): 620–636.
29. ^ The Last Days of the Raj (2007) (TV)
30. ^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)". Ministry of Home affairs.
http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
31. ^ The Bourgeoisie Comes of Age in India
32. ^ a b Thapar, Karan (17 August 2009). "Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant".
ibnlive.in.com. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/99323-
37.html.
33. ^ "After Advani, Jaswant turns Jinnah admirer". The Economic Times. 17 August 2009.

[edit] Further reading

This article contains Indic text. Without proper
rendering support, you may see question marks or
 boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts
instead of Indic text.

• A Tryst With Destiny historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August

1947
• Nehru: The Invention of India by Shashi Tharoor (November 2003) Arcade Books
ISBN 1-55970-697-X
• Jawaharlal Nehru (Edited by S. Gopal and Uma Iyengar) (July 2003) The
Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-
565324-6
• Autobiography:Toward freedom, Oxford University Press
• Jawaharlal Nehru: Life and work by M. Chalapathi Rau, National Book Club (1
January 1966)
• Jawaharlal Nehru by M. Chalapathi Rau. [New Delhi] Publications Division,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India [1973]
• Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru, Children's Book Trust
• Nehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher (1959). London:Oxford
University Press.
• After Nehru, Who by Welles Hangen (1963). London: Rupert Hart-Davis.
• Nehru: The Years of Power by Geoffrey Tyson (1966). London: Pall Mall Press.
• Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of
Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 (1949). Delhi: The
Publications Division, Government of India.
• Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin (1988). "Commanding Heights". New
York: Simon & Schuster, Inc..
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharla.pdf.
• "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism." by Selig S. Harrison Foreign Affairs vol.
34, no. 2 (1956): 620-636.
• “Nehru, Jawaharlal.” by Ainslie T. Embree, ed., and the Asia Society.
Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 3. Charles Scribner’s Sons. New York.
(1988): 98-100.
• “Nehru: The Great Awakening.” by Robert Sherrod. Saturday Evening Post vol.
236, no. 2 (19 January 1963): 60-67.

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Preceded by Prime Minister of India Succeeded by

- 1947–1964 Gulzarilal Nanda

Minister for External Affairs of

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Post created Gulzarilal Nanda
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Preceded by Minister of Finance Succeeded by

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