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Anion Gap
≤ 12 > 12
Acidosis hiperclorémica Acidosis orgánica
Deficien
cia de
glucosa-
6-fosfato
Etanol
Ejercicio Deficien
• Sepsis
extremo Epinefrin
cia de
• Cáncer Norepin Falla Síndrom
• Diabetes Convulsio
efrina
fructosa-
hepática e de
Hiperterm 1,6-
mellitus
imaligna Terbulali
difosfato Disminu intestino
• Deficien Cocaína ción del corto
Síndrome Deficien
cia de
neurolépti Biguanid
cia de
flujo Inducida
tiamina
maligno Zidovudi
piruvato
sanguín por
• Miopatía Salicilat eo antibiótic
Asma carboxil
mitocon
severa Acetami
asa
hepático os
drial Metanol
Feocrom Defectos
Etilengli
de
fosforila
ción
oxidativa
Alcalosis metabólica
Cl- urinario
< 10 > 20
Respondedor al cloro Resistente al cloro
Fig. 2. Algoritmo para el enfoque diagnóstico de la alcalosis metabólica. VEC: volumen extraceluar
Figure 1
Gamblegram of human plasma.
This diagram shows the equal amounts of
cations and anions (electroneutrality) in
plasma at equilibrium in a healthy human.
Acid-base balance revisited Stewart and strong ions - Seminars in Anesthesia, Periop Med Pain (2005) 24, 9-
16
the apparent SID (SIDa) When SIDa > SIDe unmeasured
calculated from the anions must be present. This
electrolytes: difference or “gap” has been
termed the strong ion gap (SIG)
SIDa= [Na]+[K]+[Mg]+ [Ca] -
to distinguish it from the anion
[Cl] - [lactate anions] gap.
SIG= SIDa – SIDe
the effective SID (SIDe).
SIDe= 2.46 x 108 x pCO2 ⁄10-pH The SIG is normally very low
+ [albumin] g ⁄ l x (0.213 x (<2 mEeq) but may be elevated
in critically ill patients from
pH - 0.631)
ketones and renal failure and
+ [phosphate] mmol ⁄ l x perhaps through other
(0.309 x pH - 0.469) mechanisms not yet understood