09

f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrlaIdj iy md,kh

wruqKq
1' f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrCIdj iy md,kh ye¢kaùu'
2' f;dr;=re moaO;sj,g ;¾ck we;súh yels uQ,dY% y÷kd.ekSu iy úi÷ï
idlÉPd lsÍu'
3' f;dr;=re moaO;sj,g n,mdk mß.Kl ffjria" oDVdx. ì|jeàï hkd§ .eg¿
ms<sn| wOHhkh'
4' f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrCIl md,khka fhdod .ksska wdrCid l< yelafla flfiao
hka meyeÈ,s lsÍu'
5' mß.Kl moaO;shla jHjikhl§ wdrCId lsÍfï ie,iqï ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍu
iy tjeks ie,iqï jeo.;alu idlÉPd lsÍu'

wo jHdmdrj, b;d jeo.;a iïm;la f,i f;dr;=re ye¢kaúh yelsh' WodyrK f,i
jHdmdßlfhl=g kj ;rÕlrejka wNsnjdhñka kj NdKavj, .=Kd;ajh jeälsÍug"
mdßfNda.sl leue;a; ms<sn| f;dr;=re wjYH we;ehs is;kak' fï i|yd mdßfNda.sl
iólaIKhla lsÍug isÿfõ' ;jo fuu ld¾hhg b;d úYd, uqo,la úhoï lsÍug isÿfõ'
fuu f;dr;=re b;d jeo.;ajk w;r tu f;dr;=re ;rÕlrejkag fidhd.; yelskï
úYd, .eg¿jlg uqyqK§ug isÿfõ' tfiau È.=ld,hla mß.Kl ls%hd úrys;j ;sîuo
wo jk úg .kqfokq lsÍu mß.Kl u.ska lrk jHdmdrj,g n,mEyels .eg¿jls' Èk
lsysmhla tl È.g tjeks ;;ajhla mej;Su ksid fuu jHdmdr ì| jeàfï ;¾ckhlgo
uqyqK Èh yelsh' wo fndfyda jHdmdr wdrCIdj iy mß.Kl cd, moaO;s u; /£ ;sfnk
w;r tu ksid wdh;k .eg¨jg, uqyqKmEfï wjOdkug fndfyda fihska jeä ù we;'

9'1 wdrCIdj iy md,kh - Security and Control

m<uqj wdrlaIdj iy md,kh hkafkys fjki y÷kd.ekSu jeo.;ah' fuu ixl,am
tl iudk nj fmkakqo f;areï folla ;sfnk w;r tlla wfkl iuÕ mg,jd .;
yelsh'

wdrCIdj
wdrCIdj hkq f;dr;=re iy f;dr;=re moaO;s j,g wjir fkd,;a m¾Yjhka úiska
m%fõY ùu" tajd Ndú;d lsÍu" t,s lsÍu" úkdY lsÍu" fjkia lsÍu fyda fjk;a isÿúh
yels wk¾:ldÍ ls%hdjka j,ska f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrlaId lsÍuhs'

1
md,khka
f;dr;=re moaO;s md,khka hkq ixúOdkhl j;alï" jd¾;dj, ksjerÈ;djh iy
úYajdikSh;ajh wdrCId lsÍu iy l<ukdlrK iïu;hkag wkql+,j ùu wdrCId lsÍu
msKsi y÷kajd § we;s l%u" m%;sm;a;s iy ixúOdkfha ls%hdmámdáh fõ' ir,j l,ska
i|yka lrk ,o wk¾:ldÍ ls%hdjkaf.ka f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrlaId lsÍug .;yels
ls%hdud¾. fõ'
tfiau f;dr;=re moaO;s j, wdrCIdjg iïnkaO ixl,am lsysmhla y÷kajd§u bÈß
idlÉPd i|yd jeo.;afõ'
wjodku - Risk
j¾;udk ls%hdjlska iy wkd.; isÿùï ksid ydksodhl hula isÿùfï iïNdú;djhhs'
wjodkï l,uKdlrKh hkq tjeks ydkshla ksid f;dr;=re moaO;s j, ryiHNdjh"
taldnoaO;djh iy meje;au hk foaj,g ydkshla we;s lrk idOl y÷kd.ekSu iy
tajdg m%;spdr f,i hï hï md,khka we;s lsÍuhs'
;¾ckhkag ,laùfï yelshdj - Vulnerability
moaO;s wdrCIdjg ;¾ckhla we;s l<yels bvla ;sfnk moaO;s wdrCIk ls%hdmámdá"
ie,iqï" l%shd;aul lsÍfï fyda wNHka;r md,khkah ^tjeks wdrCIdl jevigyka j,
wvqmdvqh&'

;¾ckhka - Threat
hï ;¾ckhkg ,laùï'
;¾ckhkayS uQ,dY% - Threat Source
hï ;¾ckhlg ,laùfï yelshdj we;sl, yels ys;du;d lrkq ,nk fohla fyda hï
;¾ckhlg ,laùfï yelshdj wyUq f,i we;sl, yels fohls'

9'2 mß.Kl .; f;dr;=re moaO;s j, mj;sk ;¾ckhka

idudkHfhka yia; f;dr;=re moaO;sj,§ lvodis u; f;dr;=re ,shkq ,nk w;r tajd
oDYHudk fõ' yia; f;dr;=re moaO;sj, fuu f;dr;=re oDYHudk jqjo wkjirfhka
lshùu" msgm;a lsÍu hkd§h isÿúh yelsh' mß.Kl moaO;sj, f;dr;=re woDYHudkh'
tu ksid fuu f;dr;=re b;d wmyiqfjka ;¾ckhkag ,laúh yelsh' tfiau
l<uKdlrkh wmyiqh' rEm igyk 9'1 u.ska f,dj mqrd isÿ ù we;s äðg,a ;¾ckhka
jeäù we;s wdldrh fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs' th u.ska 1977 isg 2004 olajd wkjir
m%fõYhka (hacking) lrorldÍ uDÿldx. iy bfí m;=rejk (Spam) mKsúv hkdÈfha
j¾Okh fmkakqï lrhs'

^uq,dY%h ( Management Informatcon Systems :

Managing the digital firm (9th Edition)
K.C. Loudan & J.P. Londonr)

9'1 rEm igyk ( f,dj mqrd isÿ ù we;s äðg,a ;¾ckhka jdä ù we;s wdldrh

2
mß.Kl.;lrKhg fmr jHdmdr f;dr;=re lvodis u; ,shúKs' fïjd fjk fjku
wxYj, wdrCId lsÍu idudkHfhka isÿúh' mß.Kl .; moaO;sj,g msg; ia:dkj,
isgo úYd, msßila m%fõY fõ' túg yia; l%uhg idfmaCIj úúOdldrfhka ;¾ckhkag
,laùfï yelshdj iys;h' úúO ia:dkj, mj;sk moaO;s ixksfõok cd, yryd tlg
iïnkaO ù ;sfí' tu ksid ;¾ckhkag ,laùu tl ia:dkhlg fhduq fkdjk w;r
f;dr;=re moaO;sj,g m%fõY úhyels ´kEu ia:dkhl§ úh yelsh'

fmdÿ ;¾ckhka we;s lrk uQ,dY%hka

1' iajNdúl wdmod
.xj;=r" N+ñlïmd" fgdkdfvda" kdhhï" úÿ,s flàï wdÈh'
2' udkj ;¾ckhka
ys;du;d fyda iajNdjfhka ñksiqkaf.ka isÿúh yels jerÈ' ty§ o;a; wdodkfha§
jk jerÈ iajNdúlh' kuq;a ffjria jeks uDÿldx. ksrdjrKh u.ska o;a; úkY
lsÍu" fidrlï lsÍu ys;du;d lrk jerÈ fõ'
3' mßiruh ;¾ckhka
È.=ld,Sk úÿ,sh ì| jeàï" ¥Ikhka" ridhk ldkaÿùï hkdÈhhs'

9'3 f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrCIK .eg¿

f;dr;=re moaO;Skaj, .eg¨" ;¾ck uQ,dY%hka ksid we;s fõ' wo úúO ;¾ck uQ,dY%
±lsh yelsh' fuu fldgi u.ska m%Odk ;¾ck uQ,dYhka idlÉPd lrkq ,efí'

9'3'1 ydksodhl uDÿldx.

ydksodhl uDÿldx. u.ska (Malware) mß.Kl iy mß.Kl cd,j,g ydks isÿl<
yelsh' WodyrK f,i Trojon horse, Vandlwane, Spyware, hoaxes hk iuyr
ffjria y÷kajdÈh yelsh'

mß.Kl ffjria - Computer Virus

mß.Kl ffjria wÔù ffjria f,i ls%hd;aul uDÿldx. j¾.hls' tkï uDÿldx. iy
mß.Kl f.dkq u.ska we;=¨ ù mß.Kl moaO;sfha me;sÍ moaO;sfha iuyr ld¾hhkag
ydks lrkq ,nhs' iuyr ffjria j,ska idfmaCI ydkshla fkdue;' kuq;a iuyr fjria
b;d m%n, ydks isÿ lrhs' mß.Kl ffjria f,i ye|kaùug th u.skau me;sßh hq;=h'

iamhsfjhd $ weâfjhd - Spywane / Addware

fuu ydksodhl uDÿldx. u.ska wka;¾cd, in|;djh yryd f;dr;=re fidrlï lsÍula
isÿlrhs' fndfydaúg fj<| oekaùï m%pdrK lghq;= hkdÈh i|yd fõ' fuu jevigyka
mß.Klhg meñK mßYS,lf.a f;dr;=re wka;¾cd,h yryd ryfia wjYH ia:dk fj;
hjkq ,efí'

fydwelaiia - Hoaxes
fïjdo ffjria j¾.hla jk w;r fïjd u.ska we;a; ffjri ms<sn| fndre f;dr;=re
imhhs' fïjd ffjria f,i fmkakqï lrkafka tajd ksid mß.Kl fõ.h wvd, ùu
ksid M,odhS;djh my< hk ksidh'

3
id¾j ffjria - Macro
joka ieliSu jeks fhÿï uDÿldx. j, iq,Nh' id¾j" ffjria kñka ye¢kafõ' iuyr
jevigyka id¾j wvx.= fj;;a jevigyka iuÕ tl;=ùug bvfok neúka tjeks
jevigyka iuÕ id¾j ffjria meñK iajhxl%Shj újD; fõ' fï ksid fkdy÷kk
wh tjk úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv újD; lsÍu ydksodhlh' kQ;k m%;s-ffjriaj,g fuu
ffjrio y÷kd.; yelsh'

fjda¾ïia - Worms
fïjdo ffjriaj,g iudkh' fjki jkafka ;ksju fkdj mßYS,lfhda hï iïnkaOùula
yryd me;sÍhduhs' fïjd fndfydaúg fjk;a mß.Klhlg ffjria m%jdykh isÿlrhs'

fg%dacka wYajhska - Trojan Horses

fïjd uq,ska ydksodhl fkdjk f,i fmkS isáñka miqj ryfia hï wka;¾ldÍ ls%hdjka
isÿlrkq ,nhs' fïjd ffjriaj,ska fjkia jkafka tajd fjk;a f.dkq iuÕ Wmfoia
muKla /f.k hdu;a miqj ls%hd;aul ùu;a ksidh'

fjkav,afjhd¾ - Vandlware
fjkav,afjhd¾ u.ska uQ,Huh ,dN ,eîfï wruqKska f;dr;=re fidrlï lrkq ,nhs'
fïjd iamhsfjhd¾ iu. ieÕj meñfKa' fïjd fg%dacka fydia jevigykaj,go Woõ
lrkq ,nhs'

9'3'2 fiajh w;aysgqùfï ls%hd - Denial of Service

fuu ;¾ckh u.ska idudkHh mßYS,lhkag moaO;shg we;=¿ùu wjysr lrk
w;r idudkH ls%hdldÍ;ajhg ndOd muqKqjhs' fuys§ fiajd ,ndfok mß.Kl
j,g jHdc mß.Kl .%dylhka u.ska ^mß.Kl jevigyka& iïnkaO;djhka
mj;ajd .ksñka wfkla idudkH .%dylhskag iïnkaOùug ndOd we;slrhs' jHdma;
jQ w;aysgqùfï ls%hdu.ska úYd, ;¾ckhla t,a, l< yelsh' fï u.ska mß.Kl
cd, wl%sh l<yels w;r fhdaO fjí wäú jid ±ñh yelsh' WodyrK f,i 2000
jif¾È hdyQ (Yahoo) iy Bfí (EBay) hk fjí wvú lsysmhlau wvmK lreKq
,eîh' wjdikdjlg wka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO ish¨u mß.Kl fïjeks ;¾ckhkag
,laúh yelsh'
fuu ;¾ckhka ksid fiajd mß.Kl jid we;s f,i ±lafjk w;r uQ,Huh
wjdiso isÿfõ' iud.ï ;u moaO;s j,g t,a,úh yels ;¾ckhka ms,sn| ;lafiare
l< hq;= w;r wjYH md,khka msysgqùu mshjr .; hq;=h'

9'3'3 f;dr;=re j,g wkjir m%fõh - Unauthorized Access

fuys§ isÿjkafka wjir fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yjhka f;dr;=re Ndú;d lsÍuhs' fï
i|yd uqrmo jeks m%fõY md,khka i ys; mßirhla wjYHhh' ljqkag¾" iïka;%K
Yd,d jeks m%isoaO ia:dkj, mß.Kl fkdmsysáùug W;aidy l< hq;=h' tjeks
;ekaj, we;s mß.Kl Ndú;d fkdlrk úg wdrCId lsÍug fN!;sl wdrCIK
mshjr .; yelsh' m%foaY cd,hkag m%fõYh wjir ;sfnk mqoa.,hkag muKla
,nd Èh hq;=hs' tfiau fiajlhskago ;u ld¾hh lsÍug wjYH f;dr;=re i|yd
muKla m%fõY ùug wjYH md,khla msysgqúh hq;=h'

4
9'3'4 jh¾ rys; cd, wdk¾:ldÍ f,i Ndú;h - Abuse of Wireless Network
jh¾ rys; mß.Kl cd, Ndú;h ksid kjHYS,SNdjh iy myiqlï jeä jqjo
wdrCIdj iïnkaOfhka b;d .egq¿ldÍh' hï idCIshla fkdue;sj mß.Kl
moaO;sj,g m%fõY ùug W;aiy lrkakka uqrmo ì| ±óug W;aidy lrkq ,eìh
yelsh' tla úi÷ula jkafka wdrCIl uqrmo cd,h ;=< Ndú;d lsÍuhs' WodyrKhka
f,i Wird Eequivalen Privacy (WEP) hk l%u Ndú;d l< yelsh' fmdÿ cd,
yryd o;a; hjk úg tajd .=ma; fla;kh lr heùu o ;j;a tla ;dCIKhla fõ'

9'3'5 f;dr;=re fidrlï lsÍu - Phishing

fuh f;dr;=re fidrlï lsÍu f,i ir,j ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuys§ jHdc mKsúvhla
u.ska mßYs,lhl=f.a" nexl= fyda fjk;a jeo.;a f;dr;=re ms<s.;a wdh;khlg
hjk f,i whÿïm;la heùu jeks fohla isÿl< yelsh' túg tu tjk f;dr;=re
jHdc f,i mKsúvh hejQ ;eke;a;df.a moaO;shg ,nd.ekSu isÿfõ'

9'3'6 ysñldß;aj f;dr;=re fidlrï lsÍu - Theftof of Proprietory Information

úoHq;a jdKscuh hq.fh§ f;dr;=re hkq NdKavhls' Kh m;a f;dr;=re mdßfNdacl
f;dr;=re" jHdmdr ryia hkd§ ixfõ§ f;dr;=re j,g .eKqïlrejka isá' m%fõY
md,kh" fkdue;súg o;a; fidrlï lsÍu fmdÿ fohls' md,khla fkdlr we;s
moaO;s —fg%dcka˜ jevigyka u.ska o;a; fidlrï lsÍug nyq,j hg;a fõ'
*h¾fjd,a" uDÿldx. hkdÈh msysgqùug tyd hñka ish¨u jeo.;a o;a; .=ma;
fla;kh lsÍu u.ska fuu ;;ajhkag uqyqK§ug yelsh'

9'6'7 uQ,Huh jxpd - Financial Fraud

f;dr;=re ;dCIKh;a iuÕ uQ,Huh jxpdj, iajrEmho fjkia ù ;sfí' uQ,Huh
jxpd j,g fidrlï lrk ,o úoHq;a mKsúv" ysñldr;ajh fidrd .ekSu iy
jHdc .kqfokq hkdÈh we;=,;afõ' fuys§ hï whl= f,d;/hshla Èkd we;s nj;a
tu uqo, .eksug hï .dia;=jla f.jk f,i;a okajd jHdc úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv
heúh yelsh' fujeks Bfï,a ,enqk whl=g (419 -fcd@ussu.treas.gov) hk ,smskh
yryd heúfuka fïjd keje;aùug mshjr .; yelsh'
hï iellghq;= .Kqfokqjla ms<sn| i,lkq jd¾;d" ÿgq ú.i l< hq;= jkafka
nexl= úia;r u.ska tajd ms<sn| kj f;dr;=re fidhd .eksuhs' hï iel lghq;=
njla we;akï jydu iïnkaê; iud.u $ nelx=jg okajd tu .kqfokq ms<sn|
úu¾Ykhla jydu we;sl< yelsh' mßYS,lhka lsis úfgl ksisf,i y÷kd.;
fkdyels úoHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv hkdÈh u.ska lrk úuiSï i|yd ryiH wxl
hkdÈh lsisúgla fkdÈh hq;=h' tfiau iel lghq;= úoHq;a mKsúv j, mj;sk
iïnkaO;d Ndú;d (Link) fkdl< hq;= w;r yelskï ÿrl:kfhka fyda fjí
wvúh yryd tu úoaHq;a ;eme,a mKsúv kshu tajdo hkak ;yjqre lr.ekSu jvd;a
iqÿiqh' tfiau b;d ryiH iy jeo.;a f;dr;=re wka;¾cd,h yryd hjk úg
wdrCIl fldgia ia:djr (Sesure Socket layer) Ndú;d lrkafkao hkak mÍCId
lsÍu' tjeks fjâ wvúj, (https) f,i ;sîu wksjd¾h fõ' idudkH fjí wäú
^http) f,i wdrïN fõ'

5
 9'6'8 oDVdx. ì| jeàu
ì| jeàï" jerÈ" úÿ,sh úikaê ùu hkdÈh ksid oDVdx. j, ls%hdld¾;ajh kej;Suhs'
Èkm;d jHdmdr lghq;= j,g ydks isÿúh yels fuu j¾.h iq,N .eg¿jls' fuu
j¾.fhka isÿjk ydksh iq¿ jqjo ks;r isÿùu ksid n,mEu jeäh'

9'6'10 udkj jerÈ

ñksiqka ys;du;d fkdlrk tfy;a iajNdúlj isÿjk jerÈ fï j¾.hg wh;afõ'
fuho iq,N jk w;r b;d úYd, ydks mjd isÿúh yelsh' fïjd b;d iq¿ ''''''''''"
^WodyrK f,i 150 fjkqjg 105 wdodk lsÍu& isg Kh f;dr;=re wvx.= f.dkqj;a
'''''' uld ±óu jeks b;d m%n, je/oaola úh yelsh'

9'4 f;dr;=re moaO;s md,khka

9'3 hgf;a idlÉPd lrk ,o ;¾ckhka u.ska f;dr;=re moaO;s f;dr;=rela uq¿ukskau
Ndú;d l< fkdyels ;;ajhg m;aùu fyda tys ;;a;ajh my< ±óu jeks fohla isÿl<
yelsh' tu ksid f;dr;=re moaO;shla iïnkaOfhka mj;sk ;¾ckhka y÷kd.ekSu
iy tajd u.yrjd .ekSu lghq;= l< hq;=h' th b;d fyd¢ka ie,iqï l< hq;=h' tfia
fkdfjf;d;a mß.Kl.; f;dr;=re moaO;s j,ska ,nd.; yels ish¨u jdiSka wysñ jk
w;r mdßfNda.slhka fiajd ms,sn| l, lsÍu;a jHdmdrfha ls¾;skduh ke;sùu;a isÿúh
yelsh' WodyrK f,i Tn nexl=jl ATM hka;%h Ndú;d lsÍug .sh úg th ffjria fyda
úÿ,sh fkdue;s ùu hkdÈ lrkq ksid ks;ru wl%Shj mj;sk úg tu nexl=j .ek ±fkk
ye.Su ms<sn| is;kak' fndfyda úg Tn Tnf.a .sKqu fjk;a nexl=jlg yerùug ms<sjk'
wo f;dr;=re moaO;s mßfNda.slhskag w;sf¾l fiajdjka fkdj jHdmdrfha mej;sh hq;=
w;HdjYH fiajdjla njg m;aj ;sfnk w;r tfia fkdjqkfyd;a th iDcqju jHdmdrfha
id¾:l;ajhg n,mdhs' tuksid ish¨u mß.Kl.; f;dr;=re moaO;s m<uqj ld¾hhka
lrf.k hdu i|yd jydu f;dr;=re moaO;s md,khka ie,iqï l< hq;=h'
f;dr;=re moaO;s md,hka hkq ixúOdkhl f;dr;=re moaO;s j;alï wdrCId lsÍu
.sKqïlrK jd¾;dj, ksjerÈ;djh iy úYajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu" l<ukdlrK
iïu;hkag wkql+,ùu hk ld¾hhka isÿlsÍug msysgqjd we;s l%u" m%;sm;a;s iy
ixúOdkuh ls%hdmámdáhkafõ' fï md,khka úúO j¾.j,g fjka l< yels w;r
m%Odk j¾. ;=kla hgf;a y÷kd .; yelsh'
1' idudkH md,khka
2' fhÿï md,khka
3' cd, md,khka

9'5 idudkH md,khka - General Control

mß.Kl jevigyka ie<iqï lsÍu" wdrlaIdj iy Ndú;hka o;a; f.dkqj, wdrlaIdjka
idudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIK há;, myiqlï u.ska md,kh lsÍu fmdÿ md,khka f,i
ye¢kaúh yelsh' fmdÿ md,khkag my; tajd wh;a fõ'
a. uDÿldx. md,kh b. fN!;sl md,kh
c. mß.Kl fufyhqï md,khka d. o;a; wdrlaIdj md,khka
e. moaO;s ls%hd;aul lsÍï md,khka f. mßmd,k md,khka

6
 a. uDÿldx. md,khka - Software Control
moaO;s uDÿldx. iy wfkl=;a jevigyka úu¾Ykh lrñka wkjir Ndú;hka
j<ld,Su m%Odk wruqKhs' moaO;s uDÿldx.hla jk fufyhqï moaO;s uDÿldx. u.ska
mß.Kl iïm;a Ndú;h md,kh l< yelsh' moaO;s uDÿldx. iuia: mß.Klfha
iïm;a iy jevigyka md,kh lrk neúka mß.Klfha iuia: md,kh i|yd
Ndú;d l< yels fyd| m%fõYhls'
kQ;k fufyhqï moaO;sj, Wiia ;dlaIKh ;sfnk w;r" wkjir Ndú;h
je<elaùug tla tla mßYS,lhskag fjku uqrmo ,ndfoñka Tjqkaf.a úia;r
;nd.; yelsh' tfiau úiagd fufyhqï moaO;sh mß.Klfha iuia: moaO;shg
hï fjkila isÿlrk ´kEu ls%hdjla isÿlsÍug hï jevigykla W;aidy
lrk úg th mßYS,lg fmkajk w;r" Tyq wjir ,ndÿkfyd;a muKla tu
ld¾hh iïmQ¾K lsÍug bv ,ndfoa' fujeks mKsúvhla ÿgq úg mßYS,lg hï
jevigykla mß.Klfha hï fjkila lsÍug W;aidy ork nj y÷kd.kS' túg
Tyq tu jevigyk .ek okafka kï muKla wjir Èh yelsh'
mß.Kl m%;s-ffjria uDÿldx. jevigykla hkq wk¾:ldÍ mß.Kl jevigyka
^m%Odk jYfhka mß.Kl ffjria& j,ska mß.Kl moaO;sh wdrlaId lrk
jevigyka j¾.hls' m%;s-ffjria uDÿldx.hla msysgqùug wu;rj my; ls%hdjkao
mß.Klhla ffjria j,ska wdrlaIdùug wjYH fõ'
² m%;s-ffjria uDÿldx.h ks;rj hdj;ald,Sk l< hq;=h ^fï i|yd kj ffjria
f;dr;=re wvx.= f.dkq wka;¾cd,fhka nd.; l< (Download) yelsh'
² ish¿u tyd fuyd f.khd yels oaú;shsl .nvd WmlrK ffjria i|yd
Ndú;dlsÍug fmr mÍlaId l< hq;=h'
² fkdokakd wh tjk úoaHq;a mKsúv iy iellghq;= jevigyka mÍlaIdfjka
Ndú;h'
² mß.Kl ffjria iy wdrlaIK Wml%u ms<sn|j fiajl uKav,h mqyqKq
lsÍu'

b. oDVdx. md,kh - Hardware Control

oDVdx. md,khka u.ska mß.Kl uDÿldx. fN!;slj wdrlaid lsÍu;a jerÈ isÿùu
je<elaùu;a md,kh fõ' mß.Kl oDVdx. j,g wjir iys; whg muKla m%fõY
úhyels úh hq;=h' mß.Kl iys; úfYaI ldurj,g m%fõYh wjYH mqoa.,hkag
muKla iSud lsÍuo tajd w.=,a oud jeiSuo tla md,khls'
tfiau f;dr;=re ;dlaIK wxYfha ks,Odßkag úfYaI ye÷kqïm;la ,nd§u jeo.;ah'
mß.Kl WmlrK WIaK;ajh yd wd¾ø;djh hkdÈh u.ska wdrCId lsÍug mshjr
.;hq;=h' b;d jeo.;a mß.Kl moaO;sj,g idudkH úÿ,s iemhqu wvmK jQ úgo
ls%hd;aul úh yelsjk fia negß iys; úÿ,sh hï ld,hlg .nvd lr;nd .;
yels UPS (Unintrupted Power Supply) WmlrK iy fckf¾g¾ hkdÈh Ndú;h
u.ska f;dr;=re moaO;s ;djld,slj jqjo wl%shùu j,lajd .; yelsh'

7
 c. mß.Kl fufyhqï md,khka
fufyhqï md,khka mß.kl Ndú;d lrk mßYS,lhska úiska mß.Kl ksis mßÈ
fufyhjkafkao hkak md,kh lrkq ,nhs' fiajlhska ks;ru ksis mßÈ mqyqKq
lsÍu Ndú;hg wjYH Wmfoia ,ndf.k ;sîu iy wêldßh we;s mqoa.,hska úiska
mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍï wëCIKh iy wkque;sh ,nd§uo fuu md,khka u.ska
wjOdrkh lrkq ,nhs' tfiau mßYs,lhska úiska mß.klfhka lrkq ,nk ish¨u
foaj,a wjYh jQ úg mßCId lsÍu i|yd fjku wdrCis; f.dkqjl igyka úh
hq;=h' (Audit Trail) WodyrK f,i mßYs,l ku Ndú; lr moaO;sh msúis fõ,dj"
wjidk l, fõ,dj lrk ,o ld¾hhka hkdÈh iajxl%shj ,shfjk f,i moaO;s
ixj¾Okfha§ b,a¨ï l< yelsh'

d. o;a; wdrCIdj i|yd jk md,khka

o;a; wdrCIdj yd md,kh u.ska b;d jeo.;a o;a; iys; f.dkq wkjirfhka
Ndú;d lsÍu" fjkia lsÍu fyda úkdY lsÍu je,elaùug wjYH l%u y÷kajdfokq
,nhs' fïjd Ndú;dfjñka mj;sk úg iy oaú;shsl .nvdj, .nvd lr ;nk úgo
fhÈh hq;= md,khkafõ' ldKav ieliSfï§ fyj;a o;a; tljr ieliSu isÿlrk
úg fuh myiqh' ud¾..; ;;ald,Sk moaO;sj, fuu o;a; ;¾ckhkag ,laùfï
iïNdú;djh jeäh' jevigyka ls%hd;aul jkúg úúO wdldrhg tajdg m%fõYùug
wkjir mqoa.,hskag yelsh' ud¾..; moaO;s yryd o;a; wdodk lrkúg wkjir
o;a; wdodkhka y÷kd.; yelsúh hq;=h' WodyrK Khm;a .kqfokq ms<sn| o;a;
fjkialsÍug fkdyels úhhq;=h' fuu md,khka úúO jÜgï j,ska msysgqjd ;sìh
yelsh'
² o;a; wdodk m%;sodk lrk m¾hka; (Terminal) fN!;slj w.=¨ oud ;sìu
hkdÈh u.ska wjir ;sfnk whg muKla tajd Ndú;d l< yelsjkfia
md,kh lsÍu'
² wjir we;s whg uqrmo ,nd§ kshñ; uqrmo fkdue;sj moaO;shg m%fõYh
je<elaùu'
² úfYaIs; jevigyka i|yd w;sf¾l uqrmo y÷kajdÈh yelsh' WodryK f,i
uqo,a ,eîï o;a; ilikakka yd moaO;shg m%fõY fjk iE úgu úfYaI
uqr mohla b,a,Su' o;a; lshùug muKla yelsjkafka moaO;s wjYHúg
ieliSu;a iy ,sùu wjYH kï fjku uqrmo ,ndÈh hq;= f,i ks¾udKh
lsÍu'

e. ls%hd;aul lsÍfï md,khka

fuu md,khka f;dr;=re moaO;s y÷kajdfokúg ixj¾Okh lrk úg fhdod.;
yels md,khka ms<sn| wjodkh fhduq lrk ,efí' f;dr;=re moaO;s ixj¾Ok
ld¾hhka ;d¾lsl fya;+ka lshd we;sjk l, hq;= iy ixj¾Okfha§ iïu; l%u
wkq.ukh l< hq;= nj fuu md,khka wjOdrKh lrhs' f;dr;=re moaO;s úiÿï
ls%hd;aul lsÍug fmr ksis mßÈ wdrCId lsÍu iy wkqu; lsÍu wod< mßYs,lhska
iy l<ukdlrejka úiska l< hq;=h' tfiau hï fjkila f;dr;=re moaOj,
lsÍug wjYH kï tajd b,a,Su lrk wdlD;sh wkqu; lrk wdldrhkag iïu;hka
msysgqùuo fuu j¾.fha md,khka w;=ßka b;d jeo.;a md,k l%uhls'

8
 f. mßmd,k md,khka
fïjd jev fn§u" wëCIKh hkd§ b;d ir, md,khka fõ' WodyrK f,i
mß.Kl jevigykalrejka jevigyka ks¾udKhg muKla iïnkaO úhhq;=
w;r" Tjqka jHdmdr lghq;=j,§ tu jevigyka j, mßYS,lhska f,i jev lsÍu
weysrùu' tfiau mßYS,lhskag moaO;sh Ndú;hg wjir§fï§ jevigyka j,
wjYH fldgia j,g muKla m%fõYùug yelsjk f,i moaO;sh ks¾udKh l<
hq;=h' fuh by< l<ukdlrejkag;a wod< mßÈ úh hq;=h' ish¨u .Kqfokq ieliqï
úfYaIfhkau jegqma ieliSu jeks oE iqmßCIKh yd wkqu; lsÍï l< hq;=h'

9'6 fhÿï md,khka - Application Control

tla tla mß.Kl jevigyka" tkï mß.Kl fhÿïj, úfYaIfhka Ndú;d jk md,khka
fï hgf;a idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' WodyrK f,i jegqma iy wekjqï ieliSu hkd§
tla tla fhÿï j, Ndú;djk md,khka fuu md,khka' fïjd u.ska fuu mß.Kl
fhojqula wkqu; jQ o;a; muKla ksjerÈj iy iïmQ¾Kfhka iliafõo hkak iy;sl
lsÍu i|yd msysgqjd we;s iajhxl%sh uDÿldx.h u.ska lrk iy yia; l%u wOHhkh
lrkq ,efí' tfiau fhÿï ieliqï mÍCId l< hq;=h' mß.Kl .; yd yia; l%u u.ska
o;a; wdodkh" ilia lsÍfï isg ksujqï jd¾;d ,nd .ekSu olajd ish¨ ld¾hhkag
md,khka fhÈh hq;=h' fuys§ iEu fhojqï md,khlau idlÉPd lrk w;r idudkH
fhojqï md,khla idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' b;d jeo.;a f;dr;=re moaO;s fhojqï i|yd
my; wruqKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nhs'
1' wdodk o;a; j, iïmQ¾K;ajh fuys§ ish¨u .Kqfokq mß.Kl f.dkq yryd
jd¾;d f,i igyka jk nj ;yjqre lsÍu'
2' wdodk o;a; j, ksjrÈ;djh" .kqfokq ms,sn| o;a; ksjrÈj .%yKh lr .kakd
nj;a ksjerÈj jd¾;d f,i igyka jk nj;a ;yjqre lsÍu'
3' j,x.= lsÍu - o;a; j,x.= tajd njg ;yjqre lsÍu' fï i|yd wêldÍ n,h we;s
wh .kqfokq o;a; j,x.= f,i ;yjqre lsÍu lr ;sìh hq;=h'
4' kv;a;=j - o;a; kshñ; mßÈ hdj;ald,Sk ùu i|yd ksrka;fhka lghq;= i,id
;sìh hq;=h'
fhÿï uDÿldx. m%Odk j¾. ;=kls'
1' wdodk md,hka
2' ieliqï md,hka
3' ksujqï md,khka

9'6'1 wdodk md,khka - Input Control

1' wêldÍ n,h we;s wh úiska wdodk lrk ,nk o;a; i;Hmkh lsÍu'
2' kshñ; lafIa;% wjYH wdldrfhka mj;So hkak ;yjqre lr .ekSug l,ska
ms<sfh, l< wdlD;Ska Ndú; lsÍu' WodyrK l,ska wxl fhÿ wdlD;s'
3' o;a; wodkhka hï .kqfokqjla isÿjQ ú.i t;ekskau mÍlaId lr moaO;shg
we;=¨ lsÍu" fï ksid o;a; j, jerÈ isÿùu wvq l< yelsh'

9
 4' wêldßh ,;a wh wkqu; lr ;sfío hkak i|yd md,khka y÷kajd§u'
WodyrK f,i w;aika rn¾ uqød" kej; l:d lsÍï hkdÈh'
5' kej; meñfKk ,shú,s Ndú;d lr tkï uqo,a ,eîï i|yd mdßfNda.slhska
úiska mqrjd keú; túh hq;= fmdaru heùu (Turn around Document)'
6' o;a; ,eîï hkdÈh i|yd igyka ;nd .; hq;=h'
7' o;a; j, jerÈ we;akï ±kqï fok úgu ksjerÈ l< yels mßÈ wka;¾ls%hdldÍ
yelshdj iys; moaO;s ,nd§u'
8' o;a; ieliSug fmr wdodkj, jerÈ fudkjdo tajd ksjerÈ lf<ao hkak
fmkakqï lsÍu'
9' o;a; wdodkfha§ jerÈula isÿ jQ úg th ksjerÈ lrk wdldrh ±lafjk
meyeÈ,s Wmfoia o¾Ykh lsßu'
10' jerÈ ;snk o;a; kej; ixialrKh lr wdodk lsÍu ;yjqre lsÍu'
11' moaO;shg wodk f,i ms<s.ekSug iy fkdms<s.ekSugo uq¿ tl;+ka (Batch
Total) hkd§ j,x.=lrK l%u Ndú; lsÍu'
12' ish¨u isÿjQ jerÈ" tjd ksjerÈ lsßu lrk ,o ld¾hhka ±lafjk ixLHd;aul
jd¾;d f,i ckkh lsÍu'

ldKav tl;=j - Batch Tota

Tn úiska bkafjdhsia 50 la muK wdodk lf<a hehso tajd ksjerÈ wodk ù we;ao
hkak n,d .ekSug wjYH hehso is;kak' b;d ir, md,khla jkafka tu
bkafjdhsia ish,af,a uq¿ tl;=j jevigyk u.ska wodk lr we;s bkafjdhsia j,
tl;=j iuÕ iei§uhs' folu iudk úh hq;=h' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a hï jrola isÿ
ù we;s njg th idlaIshls' ta wkqj wjYH mshjr .; yelsh' fuys§ tl;+ka .kq
,enQ úl=kqï jákdlï f;areula we;s lafIa;%hls' tu ksid ldKav tl;=j hehs
lshkq ,efí' fuys§ ldKavfha úl=kqï j, tl;=j fuh u.ska fmkakuq lrk ksid
fuu ku Ndú;d fõ'

md,k tl;=j - Control Totals

fuys§ o by; WodyrKhg i,lkak' tys§ wm ksjerÈ;djh ne,Sug tl;= lrkq
,enqfõ bkafjdhsia j, úl=Kqï jákdluhs' ta yd iudk ;j;a md,khla jkafka
tu bkafjdhsiaj,g wxlj, tl;=j mß.Klh u.ska .ekSuhs' ta iuÕu Ndú;
l%uhgo tl;=j f.k iei§h yelsh' túg l,ska fiau hï w.hka j, mriamrhla
mj;sk úg ksjerÈ;djfha m%Yakhla we;s nj yÕjhs' fuu l%uho l,ska l%uhg
iudkh' kuq;a fjki jkafka fuys§ tl;=j .kq ,enQ lafIa;%fha tl;=fõ f;areula
iys; w.hla fkdue;s ùuhs' tu ksid thg md,k tl;=j f,i lshkq ,efí'
fya;=j jkafka tu w.h ^tl;=j& md,kh i|yd muKla Ndú;d l< yelsùuhs'

mÍCId wxl - Check Digit

fuh jer§ ixLHd;aul o;a; wdodk lr ;sîo ne,su i|yd lrk mÍCIKhls'
fuys§ ish¨u ixLHdj,ska ;ks ixLHdjla ckkh lr f.k ta wkqj ksjerÈ;djh
mÍCId lsÍfï l%uhls'

10
 WodyrK
fmd;aj, igyka lr we;s (ISBN) ixLHdj i;Hmkh lrk wdlrh b;d fyd|
WodyrKhls' fuys wxl oyhla ;sfí' wjidk wxlh mÍCId wxlhhs' th fidhk
wdldrh fufiah' ol=fKa isg wxl ms<sfj,ska ta tla tla wxlh ;sfnk ia:dkh
lshdo hkak f.k ta wxlfhka .=K lrkq ,efí' tu ish¨ .=Ks;hkaf.a tl;=j
f.k tu tl;=fõ w.h 11 ka fn¥úg ,efnk w.h 0 úh hq;=h' tfia fkdue;s
kï tu wxlh ksjerÈ tlla fkdfõ' WodyrK f,i ISBN 0 - 201 - 53081 - 1
i,lkak' fï wkqj .=Ks;hka fufiah' 0 x 10 + 2 x 9 + 0 x 8 + 1 x 7 + 5 x 6 +
3 x 5 0 x 4 + 8 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 1 x 1 = 99 99/11 = 0 la fõ' tu ksid fuu ISBM
w.h ksjerÈh' mß.Klhg nj o;a;h wdodk lrk úg hï ixLHdj, fjkila
jqjfyd;a by; .Kkhkaf.a ,efnk tl;=j 11 ka fn¥ úg 0 fkdfõ' tu ksid ta
wkqj hiï jrola ù ;sîo hkak fidhd.; yelsh'

9'6'2 ieliqï md,khka

1' mß.Kl u.ska ilia lrk ,o .Kqfokq yia; l%uhg mÍCId lsÍu yd
iei£u' fuys§ fYaI mÍCIdjka" md,k mÍCIdjka isÿ l< yelsh'
2' md,k tl;=ka .ekSu iajhxl%shj l< hq;= w;r tajd ms<sn| f;dr;=re ukdj
f,aLk.; l< hq;=h'
3' ms<sfj, mÍCIdj tkï o;a; ilik úg ,efnk bkafjdhsia j, wxl
ms<sfj, hkdÈh mÍCIdj" wxl ms<Sfj, fjkia fõ kï iuyr bkafjdhsia
u. yeÍ we;s njg b.s lrk w;r wu;r lreKq fiùula l< yelsh'
4' mß.Kl jevigyfka md,khka u.yeÍï fyda fkdms<sme§ï isÿ jQ ú.i
jHd;sfha jd¾;djla u.ska wjYH whg ±kaùu'
5' mß.Kl f.dkq j, o;a; lshjQ m%udKh" fjkial< m%udKh" w;sßla;
m%udKh hkdÈh u.ska mßCId lsÍu" fuys§ jeo.;a lafIa;%j, md,k tl;=j
,nd .; yelsh'
6' hï m%;slafCIam jQ o;a; ;sfíkï tjd jd¾;d.; lr .ekSu iy tajd ksjerÈ
lr wdodk f,i hkak ksÍCIkh lsßu'
7' m%;sfCIam .kqfokq i|yd iajhxl%shj o;a; j,g wod< f.dkqjla ks¾udKh
lsÍu' fuu f.dkqj ksjerÈ lsÍu md,kh i|yd Ndú;d l< yel'
8' hï jerÈ isÿùï jd¾;d jQ úg tajd uqøs; jd¾;d f,i ,nd§u" miqj tkq hï
ms<s.;a ld,hla ;=< wdodk lrk ieliQ nj ;yjqre lsÍug tys igyka
;eîug yels f,i moaO;s ks¾udKh lsÍu'

9'6'3 m%;sodk - Out put Control

1' ksujqï jd¾;d f,i fnod yeßug fmr ieliqïj, md,k tl;=ka" o;a;
wdodkj, md,k tl;+ka iuÕ iei§u'
2' ksmojk jd¾;d .Kk" tajdfha msgq .Kk" msßjeh hkd§ idLHd;aul o;a;
hkd§ jevigykaj, ksujqï j, o;a; ckkh lsÍu'
3' ;;ald,Sk moaO;s j, .Kqfokq .Kk ^hï ld,hla i|yd& ksujqï md,k
tl;+ka iuÕ iei§u'

11
 4' m%;sodk jd¾;d ,ndfok fõ,djka l,ska ie,iqï lsÍu' túg wjYH
mÍlaIlhskag jd¾;dj, hï mudjla isÿjkúg ta.ek fidhd ne,sh yelsh'
5' m%;sodk jd¾;d ,ndÈh hq;af;a wêldßh we;s whg muKs'
6' wkqu; lrwe;s msgm;a ixLHdjla muKla ksl=;a lsÍu'
7' mßYS,lhkag yia; l%uhg .kq ,enQ tl;+ka iy mß.Klfhka .kq ,enQ
tl;+ka ms<sn| ±kqï §u'
8' jd¾;dj, ksjerÈ;djh" wjYH;djhg .e,fmk iy kshu wjYH f;dr;=re
,enqfkao hkak ms<sn| ksujqï Ndú;d lrk w.fhka m%;sfmdaIkhla ,nd
.ekSu'

9'7 cd, md,khka

mß.Kl cd, uÜgfï § ls%hd;auljk f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrCIdjka Wm fldgia f,i
cd, md,khka ye¢kaúh yelsh' fuu md,khkag *h¾ fjda,a" .=ma; fla;kh VPN jeks
l%u Ndú;fhka mß.Kl cd, l<ukdlrK Wml%u wh;afõ'
m<uqj mß.Kl cd,hl we;s úhyels ;¾ckhka y÷kd.; hq;=h' fï i|yd mß.Kl
cd,lhl "A" yd "B" kshu ^wjHc& mqoa.,hska fofokl= we;ehso Tjqka mß.Kl cd,h
yryd tlsfkld iuÕ f;dr;=re yqjudre lr.kakd njo tu cd,fhau "C" kñka fuu
ixksfõok ld¾hhg m%ydrhla ^;¾ckhla $ o;a; fidrlula& isÿlsÍug iQodkï ù
;j;a flfkl= isák njo" i,lkak' fï wkqj my; ;¾ckhka mß.Kl cd,j, ;sìh
yelsh'
² mKsúvhlg ijka§u $ lshùu - A úiska B g hjk ,o mKsúvhg C úiska
fydfrka ijka § fuu o;a; ,nd .ekSï wjOdkula we;'
² mKsúvh fjkia lsÍu - A úiska B g fyda B úiska A g hjk ,o mKsúvhla w;r
ueo§ fjkia lsÍfï ;¾ckhla mj;S'
² jHdc $fndre mKsúv heùu - A úiska B fj; mKsúvhla hjk f,i jHdc
mKsúvhla C úiska mß.Kl cd,h yryd heùu' B úiska tu jHdc mKsúvh
ms<s.ekSfï wjOdkula we;'
² wfkla whf.a mKsúv wjysr lsÍu A úiska B hjk msKsúvhl ndOd lsÍu'
² hï ia:dkhla yryd hk ish¨u mKsúv j,g ndOd lsÍu'
² A f.a fyda B f.a o;a; úkdY lr ±ñu' A f.a fyda B f.a ÿrõ, m%fõY md,khka
Ndú;d lrñka hka;%khg m%fõY ù o;a; uld ±óu isÿ l< yelsh'

9'7'1 ryia fla;kh ^.=ma; fla;kh& - Encryption

ryia fla;kh hkq ixksfõokh i|yd mj;sk f;dr;=re hul=g n,d f;areaï
.; fkdyels jk wdldrhg mßj¾;kh lsÍuhs' tu mßj¾;kh i|ydo uqrmohla
Ndú;d lrk w;r kej; o;a; uq,a ;;ajhg m;a lsßug (Decryption) tu uqr moh
wjYH fõ' tu uqrmoh fkdokakd whg ryia fla;kh lr we;s o;a; ,enqko
f;areï .ekSu l< fkdyelsh'

12
 iuñ;sl ryia fla;kh - Sysmmetric Encryption
fuh merKs iy b;d m%p,s; l%uhls' ''' jpkhla f.a ixLHdjla ryiH mohla
^uqrmohla& Ndú;d lrñka mKsúvhla ;=, wvx.= foa fjk;a rgdjlg$ fohlg
m;a lrkq ,nhs' ^rEm igyk 9'2 n,kak& fuh fydaäfha wl=re ;sfnk ;eka ure
lsÍu jeks ir, l%uhla o úh yelsh' fuys§ hjkakd úiska fufia fufia lrk
,o mKsúvh fjk;a flfkl=g hjkq ,nk w;r ta iuÕ fyda fjk;a f,ilg
;j;a Ndú;d l< ryiH moh ^l%uh& o ±kqï Èh hq;=h'
fuu ld¾hhka rEm igyk 9'2 u.ska úia;r lrkq ,efí' fuys§ m<uqj idudkH
whf.a o;a; mß.Klhg we;=,a lrkúgu mß.Klhg f;areï .ekSug yels
fjk;a iajrEmhlg m;afõ' fuh (Coding) fla;khhs' th idudkHfhka fuu
fla; fjk;a whl=g ,enqk úg idudkH mßÈ kej; f;areula ;sfnk o;a; njg
uQ,H fmr<sh yelsh' miqj uqrmohla u.ska tu idudkH fla;kh jQ o;a; ryia
fla; njg m;afõ' túg tajd wks;a whg lshúh fkdyelsh' tu wdrCIs; mKsúvh
^o;a;& ,efnkakdg hejQ úg Tyqgo uqrmoh wjYH fõ' tu uqrmoh u.ska m<uqj
ryia fla;h idudkH fla;h njgo miqj tu idudkH fla;h idudkH o;a;
njgo mßj¾;kh lr .; yelsh'

ryia fla;kh ryia úfla;kh

Tfí o;a; ryia fla;kh jQ

o;a;

fla;kh uqr moh o;a;fhka

ryia fla;kh" idudkH
fla; njg m;alsÍu

fla;kh úfla;kh
jQ o;a; jQ o;a;

uqr moh Ndú;fhka úfla;kh

ryia fla;kh lsÍu

ryia fla;kh Tfí o;a;

jQ o;a;

9'2 rEm igyk ( iuñ;sl ryia fla;kh isÿjk wdldrh

13
 wiïñ;sl ryia fla;kh
iuñ;sl ryia fla;kfha .eg¿j jkafka ryia fla;khg Ndú;d lrk ,o
uqr moh mKsúvh ,nkakdg hdúh hq;= ùuhs' th .eksfïo fjk;a whl=g
wiqjqjfyd;a túg ryia fla;kfha M,la fkdue;sfõ' tu .eg¿j úi£ug we;s
l%uh wiïñ;sl ryia fla;khhs' fuys§ h;=re ^uqrmo j,g iudkh& folla
Ndú;d l< hq;=h' fuys§ tla whl=g h;=re ^uqrmo folla ,efí' tlla fmdÿ h;=r
f,io wksl mqoa.,sl h;=r (Public key & private Key) f,io ye¢kafõ' fuys§
mKsúvh ,nkakdf.a fmdÿ h;=r Ndú;dlr ryia fla;h lrk w;r túg tu
mKsúvh wod< fmdÿ h;=r whs;slreg muKla Tyqf.a mqoa.,sl h;=r u.ska újD;
lr .ekSug yelsh'
fuu l%uh b;d wdrCIdldÍh' fuys§ h;=re hq.,hla Ndú; fõ' tys§ whl=g
h;=re hq.,hla Ndú; fõ' tys§ tla whl=g h;=re folla ;sfí ^uqrmo follau
iudkh&'

mqoa.,sl h;=r - whs;s mqoa.,hd muKla o;a; h;=rls'

fmdÿ h;=r - fuu h;=r whs;slref.a jqjo w;ska ish¨ fokdu okS'
fuys§ hul=f.a fmdÿ h;=r u.ska ryia fla;h l, úg tu mKsúvh kej;
úfla;kh l, yelafla tu fmdÿ h;=f¾ whs;slref.a mqoa.,sl h;=frka mj;S'
fuys§ hul=f.a fmdÿ h;=r ´kEu flfkl=g ,nd.; yelsh' tu ksid hul=g
wrCIdldÍj mKsúvhla heùug wjYH kï ta mKsúvh ,nkakdf.a fmdÿ h;=frka
tu mKsúvh ryia fl;kh l< ùu ta mKsúvh újD; l< yelafla th ,nkakg
muKs'

fmdÿ h;=r Ndú;fhka wdrlaIdldÍ mKsúvhla hjk wdldrh

fuys§ m<uqj hjkakd úiska ,nkakkaf.a fmdÿ h;=frka mKsúvh ryia fla;kh
l< hq;=h' rem igyk 9'3 n,kak' tu ,nkakdf.a fmdÿ h;=r jku flfkl=g
,nd.; yelsh' tu ryia fla;h l, mKsúvh ,nkakdg hjkq ,efí' fuys§
,nkakg ryia fld;kh lr we;s mKsúvh újD; lsÍug Tyqf.a mqoa.,sl h;=r
Ndú;d l< yelsh' fuys§ fjk whl=g tu mKsúvh ,enqko tjqka i;= Tjqkaf.a
mqoa.,sl h;=re j,ska mKsúvh újD; l< fkdyelsh' fya;=j jkafka fuu mKsúvh
ryia fl;kh lrkq ,en we;af;a ,nkafkdf.a fmdÿ h;=frka neúks'

9'3 rEm igyk

14
 fuu l%ufha m%Odk jdish jkafka ,nkakdg hjkakd úiska h;=rla heùug
wkjYH ùuhs' fuu l%ufha m%Odk wjdish jkafka fï l%uh i|yd iuñ;sl ryia
fla;khg idfmalaIj iEfyk ld,hla .;ùuhs' tfiau mqoa.,sl $ fmdÿ h;=re
,nd.ekSug f;jk md¾Yajhl fiajh wjYHùuhs'
ixLHxl w;aika - Digital Signatures
fuho fmdÿ$ mqoa.,sl h;=re Ndú;d jk wrCIs; l%uhls' fuys§ mKsúvhla kshu
whl= úiska tjkq ,enqfõo hkak i|yd idlaIs iemhSula isÿfõ' fuys§ mKsúvhla
heùfï§ ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl h;=frka th ryia fla;kh l< yelsh' túg tu
mKsúvh kej; újD; l< yels jkafka tu tjQ mqoa.,hdf.a fmdÿ h;=frks' tys§
tu fmdÿ h;=r fkd.e<fma kï tu mqoa.,hd úiska tjk ,o mKsúvhla fkdjk
nj yªkd.; yelsh'
9'7'2 w;:H mqoa.,sl cd, - Virtual Private Network
wka;¾cd,h fyda fjk;a fmdÿ mß.Kl cd,hla u; ;ukaf.a ld¾hhka i|yd
fjkuu mqoa.,sl wdrCIl cd,hla f.dvk.d .ekSu fuys§ isÿfõ' úYd, ixúOdk
;j fiajlhkaf.a o;a; wdrCId lsÍu i|yd mß.Kl cd, Ndú;d lsÍfï§ fï
l%ufhka fmdÿ cd,hla ;=< ;ukaf.au f,i ^we;a;gu mj;skjd jdf.a& cd,hla
ks¾udKh lr fokq ,efí'
fuys§ b;dÿßka msysá mß.Kl cd, ^rgj,a lsysmhl msysá YdLdjla& tlu cd,hla
f,io Ndú;d l< yelsfõ' fndfyda wOHdmksl wdh;k úúO ia:dkj we;s ish
uOHia:dkj, isák wh tlu ;ekl isák mßÈ f;dr;=reuh fiajd Ndú;d
lsÍug fuu myiqlu Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' fujeks mß.Kl cd,hlg msúiSug
mßYS,l kduh iuÕ uqrmohla ,ndfok w;r th ksjerÈj ,ndfok whg muKla
we;=¿ùug wjir fokq ,nhs'
9'7'3 *h¾fjda,a - Firewall
fuys isxy, w¾:h .sks jeg hkakhs' fuh u.ska mß.Kl cd, yryd tk wkjir
m%fõYhka kj;ajkq ,nhs' fuh u.ska mß.Kl cd, yryd hk o;a; j,g wjir
fkd§u" §u ryia fld;kh" fla;khla wh;a lsÍu hkd§ úúO l¾hhka lsÍu
u.ska cd,j,g wdrCIdj imhkq ,nhs'

9'4 rEm igyk ( *h¾ fjda,a iys; mß.Kl moaO;shla

15
 *h¾fjda,a mß.Kl uDÿldx. mß.Klh oDGdx. iy foflysu iïñY%Khla
f,io ks¾udKh lrk ,o tajd f,i mej;sh yelsh' *h¾fjda,a wka;¾cd,h
iïnkaO lr we;s mß.Kl cd, yryd ;ukaf.a mqoa., mß.Kl cd, j,g m%fõY
ùu je,elaùug fndfyda fihska Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' *h¾fjda,a tlla wdrCIl
f.aÜgqjla jeksh' th yryd .uka lrk ish¨u o;a; mÍCIdlr wdrCIdjg
;¾ckhla jk iEu o;a;hlau $ fohlau k;r lrkq ,efí'

fuys§ *h¾fjda,a Ndú;d lrk Wml%u lssysmhla ;sfí'

melÜ fmrkhla (Packet Filter) mß.Kl cd,j, o;a; meleÜgq f,i .uka lrhs'
fuu Wml%uhlg tu o;a; melÜgq tlska tl mÍCIdlr l,ska kshu lr we;s
kS;sÍ;s j,g wkql+, kï muKla tajd fnod yßkq ,efí'
fhÿï fodrgq u. - Application Gateway
fuys§ mß.Kl cd,h yryd wkqu; mß.Kl fhÿïj,g muKla .ukalsÍu
wjir fokq ,nhs' fuh by; m%;sM,odhl kuq;a moaO;sfha ld¾hlaIu;djh wvq
lrhs'
mßm: uÜgfï fodrgq j." TCP fyd UDP iïnkaO;djla yryd wka;¾cd,fha
o;a; ixksfõok lrkúg fï l%ufhka mÍlaId lrhs'

fm%dlais i¾j¾ - Proxy server

fuu fiajd mß.Klh u.ska wNHka;r mß.Kl msg; mß.Kl j,g y÷kd
.ekSug ndOd lsßu u.ska wdrCIdj imhhs'
9'7'4' wkjri Ndú;hka wkdjrK moaO;s (Intasion Detection Systems) fuu
Wml%uho mß.Kl cd,j, lghq;= mÍCId lsÍfï wruqKska ks¾udKh lr ;sfí'
fïjd b;d jeo.;alulska hq;= iq,N f,i whq;= Ndú;hkag uqyqK Èhyels hehs
is;k ia:dk j,g (hot sport) msysgqjk ksÍlaIK jevigyka f,io ye¢kaúh
yelsh' th mQ¾Kld,Skj ish¨u foa mÍCId lrk w;r hï iellghq;= m%fõYhla
we;akï wjYH whg ±kqï fokq ,efí' fïjdg hï iel lghq;= m%fõY mj;S kï
iajhxl%sh cd,h w;aysgq ùfï yelshdjo ;sfí'

9'8 wdmod m%;sidOk ie,iqï - Disaster Recovery Plan

wo f;dr;=re hkq b;d jeo.;a iïm;ls' tu ksid f;dr;=re úhyels jHik j,ska
wdrCId lr .; hq;=h' md,khka msysgqjd ;snqko o;a; j,g hï wdmodjla isÿjqjfyd;a
jHdmdr lghq;=j,g ydkshla fkdjk f,i tu o;a; kej; ,nd.ekSu i|yd ie,iqï
ilia lr;sìh hq;=h' fuu fldgi tjeks wdmodjl§ o;a; kej; m%;s-idOkh lsÍu
ms<sn| idlÉPd lrkq ,efí'

9'8'1 wdmodjla ^uy;a jHjikhla& hkq l=ula o@

f;dr;=re ;dCIKfha§ wdmodjla hkq f;dr;=rej,g isÿúh yels m%n, úkdYhls'
wdmod m%;sixúOdkh hkq tjeks wjia:djl wkq.ukh l< yels ls%hdjka iuQyhls'
fuys wruqK mß.Klj,g wkjir f,i m%fõYù o;a; úkdY lsÍula mß.Kl
ffjria u.ska ydksùula" úÿ,s n,h fkdue;sùu fyda thska jk ydkshla fia .sks
.ekSï" .xj;=r" N+ñlïmd jeks iajNdúl úm;a j,ska jk ydksh je<elaùugh' fï
iuÕu ñksiqka úiska lrk iy jk jerÈ ksido wdmod ;;ajhka we;súh yelsh'

16
 tjeks wdmod je,elaùug .; yels mshjr we;s w;r tu mshjr u.skau tjeks tajd
we;sùu je<elaùuo isÿfõ'
wdmod m%;siïmdokfh§ jeä wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= jkafka jHdmdrfha lghq;=
myiqjg lrf.k hduhs' fuu.ska wdmodjl§ b;d jeo.;a jHdmr lghq;= È.ug
lrf.khdu iy;sl lsÍu lrkq ,efí' jHdmdrfha ish¨ lghq;= mÍCId lrk w;r
;=r úfYaIfhka o;a; wdrlaIs; msgm;a ;nd .ekSu (Backup) flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;=h'

9'8'2 wdmod m%;sidOk ie,iqï

fyd| wdmod m%;sidOk ie,iqula idOk lsysmhla i,ld n,hs' tajd kï mdßfN!;sl
myiqlï" fiajlhskaf.a ±kqu" jHdmdr f;dr;=re hkdÈh jk w;r tu ms<sn|
fyd¢ka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wjYHfõ'
fuys§ .eg¿jla we;sùg th mßfNda.slhskag ±kqï§u u.ska Tjqka wdmodfõ m%;sM,
;sfnk ld,h w;r;=r uqyqKfok wmyiq;djh uÕyerúh yelsh' tjeks hula
we;sùug fmr ±kqï §ula l<yels kï wmdofjka jvd;a myiqfjka .e,ùug
yelsh' ó<Õg ;j;a fyd| úi÷ula jkafka wdrCIs; mshjrla f,i ;j;a moaO;shla
mj;ajdf.k hduhs' tjeks ndOdjlska f;drj wdmodj mj;sk w;r;=frys lghq;=
lrf.k hdug wjYH myiqlï wu;r wdrCIs; moaO;sfhka imhkq ,nhs' tfiau
tjeks wu;r moaO;sfhka o;a; ke;sùuo je<elajhs'
tfiau wdmod ;;ajhl§ fiajlhskag jeäld,hla fiajh lsÍu isÿfõ' tu ksid
wdmodjl§ m%fhdackhg .ekSu msKsi Woõ lrk myiqlï msysgqjd ;sìh hq;=h'
fuúg wdmod m%;sixúOdkh msKsi jevlsÍfï§ we;sjk wd;;sh u.yrjd .;yelsh'
fndfyda úg fiajlhka fujeks myiqlï we;súg tlsfklg Woõ l< yelsh'
ó<Õ m%Odk lreK jkafka .kq ,nk wdrCIs; o;a; msgm;a ixúOdkfha;a msg;
;ekl .nvd lsÍuhs' thg fya;=j jkafka wdmdojl§ fuu o;a; m%Odk iïm;la
jk neúka tajd wdrlaId úhhq;= neúks' tfiau ixúOdkfha m%Odk mqoa.,hka njg
o;a; ;sfnk ;eka ms<sn| ±k.ekSu jeo.;a jk w;r" túg b;d myiqfjka tu
o;a; kej; ,nd .; yelsh' tu.ska b;d blaukska jHdmdr lghq;= wdrïN l<
yels w;r túg kej; blaukska mdßfNda.sl in|;dj wdrCId l< yelsh' fuu
ls%hdud¾. .;aúg mdßfNda.slhska jHdmdrh b;d .eg¿ldÍ ;;ajhl§ fyd¢ka
ls%hd;aul jknj wjfndaO lr.; yels w;r" Tjqkaf.a f;dr;=re wdrCIdldÍ f,i
iy fyd¢ka kv;a;= lrk nj wjfndaO lr .kS'

9'9 idrdxYh
fuu mßÉfþoh f;dr;=re moaO;s wdrCIdj iy md,kh iy ;¾ckj,ska f;dr;=re
wdrCId lr.ekSu wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs' m<uqj mß.Kl.; f;dr;=re moaO;sj,g
we;súhyels ;¾ck iy we;súhyels .eg¿ idlÉPd lrkq ,eîh' tys§ wk¾:ldÍ
jevigyka fiajd wjysr lsÍï" f;dr;=rej,g wkjir m%fõYùï" whq;= f,i jh¾ rys;
cd, Ndú;hka" f;dr;=re fidrlï lsÍï" ysñldr;aj f;dr;=re fidrlï lsÍu" uQ,Huh
jxpd" oDVdx. ì|jeàï iy udkj jerÈ ms<sn| idlÉPd lrk ,§' fïjdg uqyqK §u
i|yd mj;sk md,khka f,i fmdÿ md,khka" fhÿï md,kka idlÉPd lrk ,§'
wjidkfha§ wdmodjka ms<sn|j;a tjeks wdmod j,ska .e<ùug l< yelafla fudkjdo
hkak;a idlÉPd lrk ,§'

17