SEAMANSHIP, NAVIGATION AND SURVIVAL AT SEA

(2 MARKS) QUESTION & ANSWERS

1. Name the ship’s Department?

1. Deck Department

2. Engine room Department

3. Saloon Department

2 . Name the types of ships?

1. Naval ship (or) war ship

2. Merchant ships

(a)Cargo ships, passenger ships

3. Special purpose ship

3. Define poop deck?

The aftermost and highest deck of a ship, especially ship

break over the stern of the ship .

4. What is forecastle?

A deck extending from the stem aft over a forecastle.

5. What is Bridge?

The platform on a ship from which the Captain/Master

and officers direct operation.

6. Define Winches?

A winch is a mechanical device that is used to pull in or

let out or otherwise adjusts the tension of a ropes or wire ropes. .

7. Define windlass
 It is an apparatus for moving heavy weights. Windlass
consists of horizontal cylinder which is rotated by the turn of a anchor
windlass.

8. Write a short note on derricks?

A derricks is a lifting device composed of one mast or pole , which is

hanged freely at the bottom. Lines , powered by some means such as
hauling or motors, control it .So the pole can move in all the four
directions.

9. Define Crane and its type?

It is a lifting machine generally equipped with winder wire ropes or

chain sheaves that can be used both to lift / lower material and move
them horizontally. Types:

1. Mobile type (a) Fix type (b)Mechanical principle type (c)Deck crane

10. What is Gypsy?

The vertical wheel on the windlass that the cable

passes over.

11. What is Capstan?

Rotating machine used to control or apply force to

another element.

12. Give a short note on Fairlead?

The roller fairleads are often encountered as a double or even

triple

Lead but it is also found single lead on a stand or pedestal. It is

commonly used

In modern ship it is generally referred to old man or dead man

because of its static position. Use for mooring operation

13. Define hatch covers?

 Hatch covers are used to close off the hatch opening
and made it water tight. Many types of mechanically operated
hatch covers can be found at sea .Wooden hatch covers
consisting of beams and covered with tarpaulins were once used
but no longer fixed.

Now a days steel covers comprising a number of

linked steel covers fitted universally . The hatch can be opened
1.Hydraulic 2.Manual model.

14. List out the type of Navigations available?

1. Surface navigation

2. under water navigation

3. Air navigation

4. Space navigation.

15. What are the navigation lights available on board a ship ?

1. Side light – Red/Green

2. Over taking light (Mast head light)-White.

3. Stern Light –White light

16. What is towing light?

A yellow light placed nearly on practicable at the stem

showing an unbroken light 135°, 67.5° both side.

17. What is side light and mention its visibility?

Sidelight means a green light on star board side and a red

light on port side. Visibility 112.5° Range 3 miles from the head.

18. What is Quarter bell?

At quarter to 4, quarter to 8 and quarter to 12 AM & PM

one bell was struck. It was called quarter bell
19. What is sounding signal?

In or near an area of restricted visibility by day or night the signal prescribed

is sound signal

20. What do you understand by semaphore signaling?

When ship is under way another ship comes across or sail with
the same direction. The ship may pass message by semaphore signaling.

21. How to salute a man of war ship?

To salute a war of ship lower your ensign flag at half way and
hold it until the other vessel has accepted your salute. Once the both vessels
are passed away from the beam to beam, the war ship re-hoists her ensign
fully at first and then your ship will re-hoists her ensign fully at first and then
your ship will re-hoist her ensign finally.

22. What is the principle duty of a Look out?

The principle duty of a look out is maintain a continuous watch

for all hazards that may impair the safe Navigation of the vessel. He is very
conscious on his duty and reporting to OOW (Officer of the Watch)

23. What are the advantages of a Derricks?

Simplicity of components, Single man operation in controlling,

lifting, slewing and hoisting.

24. What are the types of hatches?

(1) Spar ceiling

(2) Limber boards

(3) Steel hatches

(4) Booby hatches

25. While you are on duty, if you are sick, what action will you take?

If you feel ill and found yourself unable to perform duty inform
the OOW who will arrange for your relief. But no accounts you may sit or lie
down until you have been relived.
26. Mention the types of anchors?

1. Admiralty pattern Anchor 2. AC 14 3. The stockless Anchor 4. CQR

5. Den forth Anchor6. Grapnel anchor

27.What do you mean by anchor a cock Bill?

When the anchor is hanging vertically from the hawse pipe

with fluke turned in the shipside. In this position it will not seat correctly in
the hawse pipe.

28. What is pointing ship?

A ship riding to single anchor may require creating a lee

on one side. An efficient method is to lead a wire, say 24 mm from the aft
bitts, along the ship’s side clear to the hawse pipe. This wire is then belayed
aft and the cable is gently weared . As the wire becomes stressed, the ship is
pointing off the wind. This way is called pointing ship.

29. What is cable clench?

Strong forged steel fitted on the cable locked for securing

the bitter end of the cable.

30. Define cable jack?

A device for lifting the cable clears off the deck.

31. What is kedging?

Moving a vessel by means of small anchor and anchor

warps (Rope)

32. What is the term Long stay?

The term applicable, when the cable is leading down to the

water, close to the horizontal with weight on it. A good strength of cable is
exposed.

33. What do you understand by Moored?

A vessel is said to be moored when she has two anchors down at

the sea bottom.
34. How the ropes are made?

Twisting the fibers in to yarn, and turn the yarn in to opposite

direction to establish thestrandand turn the strand in to rope.

35. Define fog signal?

In fog, to ring the engine room telegraphs to stand by to

commence sounding the regulation fog signal, to commence and organize
radar watch, to call the master, to post extra lookout forward and aft, to
reduce moderate speed.

36. Explain Canvas and its use?

This is made from hemp, cotton, jutes or flux or mixture of these

materials. The thread lengthwise is called warp, and the thread run breadth
wise is called weft. The edge lengthwise, which has a colored seam line
running along it, is called selvedge and the short edge breadth wise is called
as a raw edge. Use: temporary repair of under water compartment
leakage/making of awning, hot/cold water line coverage and fine works.

37. How many type of log available in modern vessels? What are they?

There are three types of log

a. Towing log

b. The electromagnetic log and

c. Impeller log or pilot log

38. What is an anchor?

An anchor is a heavy iron implements make it fast to the seabed so that it

will stay in one place and will not drift due to the wind and current.

39. What is heaving line?-

It is made of 8 mm manmade fiber rope One end is spliced with monkey fist.
When the ship approaches the shore, first heaving line is thrown to jetty and
mooring ropes are attached for securing ship

40. Define cable stopper?

 A device such as a short chain fastened to a pad on the deck and
attached to the anchor chain to take the strain of the anchor when the ship
is at anchorage.

41. What is rat guard?

It is a circular shape of metal piece which can be opened and fixed

around all mooring lines leading to ashore so as to prevent the shore rats
come onboard and ship rat to go ashore. It is compulsory to fix a rat guard
soon after the berthing is completed, if the ship is not fix a rat- guard it is an
offence and port authorities will fine the ship.

42. Why Mariners use poly propylene rope in large?

This is probably the most popular of the man made fibers at sea. The ropes
are cheep, light to handle, have same strength wet or dry. It will float also.
Use: Mooring rope and running rigging.

43. What are the compositions of steel wire rope?

(a) Wires (b) Strands (c) Heart. The heart is made of natural fibers. Steel
wire ropes are composed of a number of thin wires whose diameter will vary
between 0.24 and 5.4mm

44. Name the mooring lines, which are used, for securing a ship alongside?

Head rope, fore breast rope, fore headspring, after back spring, after
breast rope and stern rope.

45. What is communication?

Communication is a process of transferring understanding information

ideas, knowledge and feeling between two or more person. For
communication to be successful, both people must understand each other to
know why communication is taking place.

46. What is Navigation?

Navigation is an art of taking ships through narrow channel open seas, mined
waters and in poor visibility from one place to another place safely.

47. Define Compass?

Compass is a navigational instrument, which shows the direction of

north, so that any other directions can be obtained.
48. Explain briefly about navigational radar?

Rader is navigational equipment. It shows picture around the ship as

per the range selection. It is used to find the direction and range of
approaching objects. The land picture also can be seen if it is operating near
the shore.

49. What is guest warp?

Keep a heaving line near the Accommodation ladder to lift or lower

the pilot’s belonging is called guest warp.

50. How many points in a compass? Which are they?

There are 32 points in a compass; they are (a) cardinal points-4 (b) Inter
cardinal points-4 (c) Three letter points-8(d) by points-16.

51. Describe the advantage/disadvantage of Gyrocompass?

The Gyro Compass gives very accurate bearing or course to steer the
ship. The disadvantage is when the electric supply fails the gyro also fails.

52. What is Zonetime?

As the earth takes 24hrs to complete one rotation, so the world

(360degree/24) is divided into 24, 15-degree Zones the time will differ by
one hour for each 15-degree zone.

53. Which are the types of compass used in a ship?

(a) Gyro compass (b) Magnetic Compass

54. What you understand by Gyro repeater?

It shows same as gyro compass. In Gyro repeater the Electrical feed

goes from master gyro to a number of repeaters located in bridge wings,
Master cabin, Azimuth mirror, Emergency Steering flat etc…It indicate the
present heading or course of the ship.

55. What is Variation?

The angle between true north and magnetic north is called variation

56. What is Dead reckoning?

Determiners position by advancing a known position for courses and
distances. A position so determined is called dead reckoning.

57. Describe briefly about navigation charts?

Mainly the charts are supplied in two types, 1 Route chart 2 Harbor
chart. The depths shown on a chart are related to an arbitrary level of the
sea datum. The quality of the bottom is indicated on most charts by the
initial letter-ck-chalk, co-Coral, cy-Clay, g-Gravel, m-Mud, s-Sand, r-Rock,
she-shells, sty-Stone etc…

58. What is Buoy, Explain briefly?

Buoys are floating structures moved to the bottom and all used to mark
shoals, banks, rocks or other dangers to Navigation. They are also use to
mark the edges of channels and fair ways.

A buoy may be provided with a light to indicate its position in

darkness. Most major buoys also carry a radar reflector.

59. What are the types of magnetic compasses in use? Write short note on
each?

Two types are in use.

(a) Dry card compasses

(b)Wet card compasses

Dry card compasses are more sensitive and are therefore used
for taking bearings, and wet compasses are steadier and therefore used for
steering.

60. Which are the bridge alarms?

(a) Gyro alarm (b) Navigational alarm (c) Smoke detector alarm
(d) on tanker-pressure alarm

61. What is Echo sounder?

Echo sounder is Navigational equipment which is fitted on board

ship to find out the depth of the sea.

62. What is deviation?

Deviation is the angle between the magnetic north and compass north.
63. Which are the methods, used for fixing ship at sea?

By latitude and longitude, by radar fix, by cross bearing of MF/DF,

celestial bodies, transferring of position lines, GPS, DECCA, LORAN, etc….

64. When the charts are updated?

The charts are updated as per the admiralty notice to mariners

received onboard.

65. What is barometer?

Barometer is the navigational instrument, which indicates the atmospheric

pressure.

66. What is Anemometer?

Anemometer is navigational instrument, which computes the

wind direction and velocity.

67. What is course recorder?

The course recorder records the ships course through out the
passage. It can de produced as evidence in case of any
accident/investigation.

68. Explain briefly about G.M.T?

Greenwich Mean Time is a term originally referring to mean

solar time at a royal observatory in Greenwich, London. It is commonly used
in practice to refer to co-ordinates universal time (U.T.C)

69. What is chronometer?

It is a winded time piece kept in a box on board ship. It shows

the Greenwich Mean Time with astronomical accuracy.

70. What is a beam?

A bearing projected at right angle from the fore and aft line.

71. What is flag etiquette?

When entering a port during day a ship should fly the following
flags.

a. Ship’s number on the foremast yardarm.

 b. Courtesy flag on the foremast yard arm if it is a foreign port.

c. House flag on the main masthead.

d. Ensign in the gaff.

72. What is courtesy flag?

Courtesy flag means the flag of the foreign country where the
ship is berthed.

73. What flag are to be hoisted by a ship when shifted berth in-home port
before sun set?

1. Jack, when not under way, on the jack staff.

2. Courtesy flag, if in the foreign port on the fore mast yard arm.

3. House flag on the main masthead.

4. Flag ‘H’ if necessary

5. The ensign on the ensign staff

74. What are the types of emergencies happen in a ship?

Emergency may happen at any time in a ship. They are: (a) Fire
(b) Collision (c) Gas explosion(d) Flooding (e) Shifting of cargo (f) Gas leak (g)
Stranding (h) Engine failure (i) Foundering etc.

75. How an emergency alarm signal is made onboard ship?

It is consist of seven or more short blast followed by one long

blast on the ship’s whistle or siren. It shall be audible through out all
working places, engine room and all the accommodation.

76. What is muster list?

The master of the vessel shall prepare the muster list before the
ship proceeds to sea. It shows all special duties assigned to the different
members of the crew against their name and rank to ensure.

77. What is abandon ship?

When all our efforts to save the stricken vessel prove to be unsuccessful, the
ship will be abandoned. Then the available time is used to best effect and
that abandoning the vessel is carried out in as a safe manner as possible and
without panic, launch all survival craft board them immediately and move
quickly to the safe area.

78. What is abandon ship signal?

It is likely to be given verbally and through a public address

system by the master of the vessel only.

79. Which are the places the muster list is displayed in a ship?

(a) Bridge (b) Engine room (c) Crew’s accommodation (d) Alleyways.

80. What are the four basic concepts of survivals?

(a) To control fear(b) The will to survive(c) Knowledge of the

equipment’s in the boat (d) Cheerfulness by way of up keeping the self
morale

81. What is lifeboat? Mention the various types in use?

It is a boat; sustain the life of people from the time of abandon

ship until the rescue comes. Various types in use are:-

(a)Open life boat (b)Partially enclosed (c)Self righting partially

enclosed (d)Self righting totally enclosed (e)Self righting totally
enclosed free fall life boat (f)Self-righting totally enclosed self-lowering
with air support and sprinkler system fire protected lifeboat

82. What are the survival craft that are used in abandon ship?

(a) Life boat (b) Life raft (c) Rescue boat.

83. Which are known as life saving appliances?

(a) Lifebuoy (b) Life raft (c) Rescue boat are the life saving appliances.

84. Name the personal life saving appliances?

(a) Life buoy (b) life jacket (c) immersion suit (d) Thermal protective
aid

85. What is HRU and mention its purpose?

HRU means Hydrostatic release unit and it is secured under

the life raft in the stowage position. Even if you do not get time to operate, it
will be released automatically due to water pressure while ship sinking, get
inflated and floated on the surface.

86. What is pyrotechnics and when it is used?

(a) Rocket parachute flare (b) Hand flare (c) Smoke marker
(orange). It is used at the time of searching ships/air craft approaching.

87. What is life buoy sentry?

A person is placed on duty, mostly at the after part of the ship

to throw a life buoy in the water while man over board and as per the signal
given from the bridge.

88. Which are the day signals in pyrotechnics?

Rocket parachute, Orange smoke marker and heliograph

89. How many personal can be accommodated maximum in a life raft?

42

90. How many personal can be accommodated maximum in life boat?

150

91. What is Jack Staff?

Used for hoisting a jack, which is small house flag . A jack is to be hoisted
only when the ship is at anchor or made fast to the shore or to a buoy

92. What is the different mass of life buoy?

Not less than 2.5kg, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5.5 and not more than 6 kg.
The inner diameter will be 400mmor 16 inches and external diameter 800
mm or 32 inches.

93. What are the marking on the rescue boat?

Rescue boat shall be marked with its serial number, the

maker’s names of trade mark, date of manufacture, name of the ship and
port of registry.

94. How many rescue boats are carried in a ship?

Passenger ship 1500 person capacity and above one rescue boat on each
side. Passenger ship 200 to 1499 capacity one rescue boat. Cargo ships may
carry one rescue boat or an inflated boat fitted with engine.

95. What are the marking on inflatable life raft?

a) Maker’s name and its trade mark b) Serial number

c) Date of manufacturer and name of authority and name and place of

servicing station where it was last serviced and number of persons it is
certified to accommodate.

96. What is the following abbreviation stands for?

GMDSS,SOLAS,INMART,SART

Global Maritime Distress and safety System, Safety of life at Sea,

International Mobile Satellite, Search and rescue Transponder.

97. Before throwing life raft manually over board what is to be ensured first?

Before throwing life raft over board ensure that the life raft
painter is tied in a strong point in the ship.

98. What is Hypothermia?

Hypothermia is defined as a lowering of central body

temperature. Whenever a body is loosing more heat than it is producing
there is a danger of hypothermia.

99. How the body can be protected from sun stroke while sitting in a open
type life boat?

Rods can be erected in the open type boat and spread a tarpaulin sheet or
canvas sheet on top of it to protect from the hot sun at sea.

100. What is the purpose of sea anchor or Drogue in a lifeboat?

The purpose of sea anchor/drogue is to avoid drifting by current and

wind.

101. How many personnel can be carried in a rescue boat and maximum its
length?

The carrying capacity of rescue boat is six ( 5 sitting and one

lying position) The maximum length of rescue boat is 8.5 metres.
102. WHAT IS SHIP POLLUTION?

Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that has
been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalize, posing an increasing
threat to the world’s oceans and waterways as globalization continues.

103. WHAT ARE EQUIPMENTS USED FOR CLEANING OIL POLLUTION.

• Skimmers: skim the oil

• Sorbets: large absorbents that absorb oil
• Chemical and biological agents: helps to break down the oil
• Vacuums: remove oil from beaches and water surface
• Shovels and other road equipments: typically used to clean up oil on beaches

104. HOW TO PREVENT THE OIL POLLUTION

• Seafood Sensory Training- in an effort to detect oil in seafood, inspectors and

regulators are being trained to sniff out seafood tainted by oil and make sure
the product reaching consumers is safe to eat.
• Secondary containment - methods to prevent releases of oil or hydrocarbons
into environment.
• Oil Spill Prevention Containment and Countermeasures (SPCC) program by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Double-hulling

105. WHAT ARE THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS FACED BY OIL POLLUTION.

Surf Scoter covered in oil as a result of the 2007 San Francisco Bay oil spill. Less
than 1% of oil soaked birds survive, even after cleaning. The oil penetrates into the
structure of the plumage of birds, reducing its insulating ability, thus making the
birds more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and much less buoyant in the
water. It also impairs birds' flight abilities to forage and escape from predators. As
they attempt to preen, birds typically ingest oil that covers their feathers, causing
kidney damage, altered liver function, and digestive tract irritation. This and the
limited foraging ability quickly cause dehydration and metabolic imbalances.

106. WHAT ARE THE METHODS USED TO CLEAN UP THE OIL POLLUTION.

• Bioremediation:
• Dispersants
• Dredging:
• Skimming:
• Solidifying:
• Vacuum and centrifuge:
107. WHAT ARE THE MARPOL ANNEXES GIVEN BY IMO?

• Annex I - Oil
• Annex II - Noxious Liquid Substances carried in Bulk
• Annex III - Harmful Substances carried in Packaged Form
• Annex IV - Sewage
• Annex V - Garbage
• Annex VI - Air Pollution

108. WHAT IS MARPOL 73/78?

The overarching objective of the MARPOL Convention is to entirely eliminate pollution of the
marine environment by discharges of oil and other hazardous substances from ships and to
minimise such discharges in connection with ships’ accidents. One shall thus prevent pollution of
the marine environment due to discharges of oil, chemicals (transported in bulk or in packaged
form), sewage and household waste (solid waste, also including solid cargo hold wastes) from
ships.
109. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX VI?
MARPOL Annex VI, which was approved at a Marpol conference in September 1997, is
intended to reduce the discharges of air pollutants from ships. This Annex may come into force
sometimes in the early 2000’s.
Apart from the detailed regulations in the Annexes of the MARPOL 73/78 Convention the
convention also includes a number of regulations regarding inspection of ships, etc. aimed at
facilitate for the authorities to control the ships’ compliance with the requirements of the
convention. Furthermore, there are regulations on the compulsory keeping of cargo and waste
log books. These logs shall make it possible for the authorities to check for breaches against
discharge regulations.

110. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX I.

MARPOL Annex I to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention is extensive and contains regulations of
how tankers and other ships shall be constructed to minimise the risk of pollution. The Annex
also contains criteria and limits for permissible discharges of oil and oily residues under different
circumstances.
The Annex may, for practical reasons, be split up into the two groups: oily waste from machinery
spaces including oil contaminated bilge water (operational waste) and ballast and tank-cleaning
water from cargo tanks and pump rooms of oil tankers (cargo related waste).
111. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX II?
MARPOL Annex II to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention comprises discharge regulations and
measures to reduce discharges of noxious liquid substances (chemicals) transported in bulk.
More than 250 different chemicals have been evaluated and attached to the annex. Disposal of
these substances is primarily only allowed to shore reception facilities. Discharges after the
subsequent cleaning of the tanks, that is done to remove the last deposits to prevent
contamination of the cargo, presumes that certain concentration limits and discharge conditions
are fulfilled (different for different substances). Not in any case are discharges allowed closer to
the shore than 12 nautical miles and at a depth of water less than 25 metres. The discharge
regulations are more restricted within so called special areas, of which the Black Sea is one.
112. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX III?
MARPOL Annex III to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention comprises regulations aiming at the
prevention of pollution of harmful substances transported in packaged form, like packages,
freight containers, portable tanks or tanks for rail or road transport.The Annex also comprises
general requirements to issue detailed regulations regarding packing, labelling, documentation,
stowage, limits on size, etc to satisfy demands on safety and to reduce the risks of pollution by
noxious substances. To facilitate for the accession the International Maritime Dangerous Goods
Code (IMDG) has also been amended to include marine pollutants.
113. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX IV?
MARPOL Annex IV to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention comprises regulations to prevent
pollution by discharges of sewage from ships. The Annex is as yet not in force.
114. WHAT IS MARPOL ANNEX V.?
MARPOL Annex V to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention comprises regulations to prevent
pollution by discharges of household waste and other solid waste. The Annex defines the
different types of waste that are to be regarded as garbage, the distance from land where they are
allowed to be discharged and in what way.
115. WHAT ARE THE SPECIAL AREAS?

The coming into being of the conception Special Areas in the MARPOL Convention was a great
step forward in comparison with earlier international convention in the area of shipping. Special
Areas according to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention are areas that, due to their special ecological
conditions, are considered to be so vulnerable to pollution that especially far reaching and
mandatory regulations are needed to limit discharges of pollutants.
116. DEFINE BALLAST WATER POLLUTION

When a larger vessel, such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads cargo, seawater is pumped
into compartments in the hull. Similarly, when a larger vessel is being loaded it discharges
seawater from these compartments. The sea water is meant to help stabilize and balance a ship.
Ballast discharges from ships are responsible for tar balls in the open oceans and seas, and can
cause problems navigating tanker routes. Nevertheless, the discharge of ballast water only
accounts for a small percentage of oil pollution in the marine environment. Ships are also
responsible for transporting harmful organisms in their ballast water. Meinesz believes that one
of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to
a seemingly harmless jellyfish. Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that inhabits
estuaries from the United States to the Valdés peninsula in Argentina along the Atlantic coast,
has caused notable damage in the Black Sea

117. DEFINE AIR POLLUTION BY SHIP.

Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution, with 18-
30% of all nitrogen oxide and 9% of sulphur oxide pollution. The 15 biggest ships emit about as
much sulphur oxide pollution as all cars combined. "By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over
land could come from ships." Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and
buildings. When inhaled the sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and even increase the
risk of a heart attack.

118. WHAT IS ACID RAIN?

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels
of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and
infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of
compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in
the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the
production of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere with positive results.

119. WHAT IS SOLAS?

The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime
safety treaty. The SOLAS Convention in its successive forms is generally regarded as the most
important of all international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships

120. WRITE ANY SIX INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION OF SOLAS

• Chapter I – General Provisions

• Chapter II-1 – Construction – Subdivision and stability, machinery and
electrical installations
• Chapter II-2 – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
• Chapter III – Life-saving appliances and arrangements
• Chapter IV – Radio communications
• Chapter V – Safety of navigation
• Chapter VI – Carriage of Cargoes

Chapter VII – Carriage of dangerous goods

121. WHAT ARE THE OBJECTIVES OF THE ISPS CODE?

• To detect security threats and implement security measures

 • To establish roles and responsibilities concerning maritime security for
governments, local administrations, ship and port industries at the national
and international level
• To collate and promulgate security-related information
• To provide a methodology for security assessments so as to have in place
plans and procedures to react to changing security levels

122. WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS OF ISPS CODE FOR SHIP?

• Ship security plans.

• Ship security officers
• Company security officers
• Certain onboard equipment

123. WHICH KIND OF SHIP THE ISPS CODE APPLIES

The ISPS Code applies to ships on international voyages (including passenger ships, cargo ships
of 500 GT and upwards, and mobile offshore drilling units) and the port facilities serving such
ships

124. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF IMO?

• The main concern of IMO is to develop international treaties and other

legislation concerning safety and marine pollution prevention. IMO is now
concentrating on keeping legislation up to date and ensuring that it is ratified
by as many countries as possible. This has been so successful that many
Conventions now apply to more than 98% of world merchant shipping
tonnage. Currently the emphasis is on trying to ensure that these
conventions and other treaties are properly implemented by the countries
that have accepted them. The texts of conventions, codes and other
instruments adopted by IMO can be easily obtained by IMO Publication
Sections.

125. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ISM CODE?

• * To ensure Safety at Sea

• * To prevent human injury or loss of life
• * To avoid damage to the environment and to the ship.

126. WHAT IS PLANNED MAINTENANCE SYSTEM?

PMS - Planned Maintenance System is a paper /Software based system which

allows ship owners and/or operators of a vessel/ship maintenance in intervals
according to manufacturers and class/Classification society requirements. The
maintenance, primarily supervised by the on board personnel, is then credited
towards inspections required by periodic surveys. The planning and scheduling of
the maintenance, as well as its documentation, must be made according to a
system that is approved by Classification society

127. WHAT IS STCW

International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for

Seafarers (or STCW), 1978, as amended, sets qualification standards for masters, officers and
watch personnel on seagoing merchant ships. STCW was adopted in 1978 by conference at the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) in London, and entered into force in 1984. The
Convention was significantly amended in 1995.

128. WHAT IS IACS

The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) is a gathering of 11

classification societies, headquartered in London. It was founded on September 11, 1968 in the
city of Hamburg. Classification is a system for safeguarding life and property at sea, and the
environment due to operational consequences. It implies a process of verifying ship standards
against a set of requirements. The requirements are laid down in the rules established by each
Society.

129. WHAT IS CIVIL LIABLITY CONVENTION

The Civil Liability Convention was adopted to ensure that adequate compensation is
available to persons who suffer oil pollution damage resulting from maritime
casualties involving oil-carrying ships. The Convention places the liability for such
damage on the owner of the ship from which the polluting oil escaped or was
discharged.

130. WHAT IS UNCLOS

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law
of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty is the international agreement
that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seawhich
took place from 1973 through 1982. The Law of the Sea Convention defines the
rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing
guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural
resources

131. WHAT IS THE TERM COLREG

The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGS) are published
by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and set out the "rules of the road" to be
followed by ships and other vessels at sea.[1][2] COLREGS can also refer to the specific political
line that divides inland waterways (subject to one set of navigation rules) and coastal waterways

132. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL MARITIME BUREAU

The ICC International Maritime Bureau (IMB) is a specialized division of the International
Chamber Of Commerce (ICC). The IMB is a non-profit making organization, established in
1981 to act as a focal point in the fight against all types of maritime crime and malpractice. The
International Maritime Organization (IMO) in its resolution and adopted on 20 November 1981,
has inter alia, urged governments, all interests and organizations to cooperate and exchange
information with each other and the IMB with a view to maintaining and developing a
coordinated action in combating maritime fraud.

133. WRITE THE HISTORY OF SOLAS

The first version of the treaty was passed in 1914 in response to the sinking of the RMS Titanic.
It prescribed numbers of lifeboats and other emergency equipment along with safety procedures,
including continuous radio watches. Newer versions were adopted in 1929, 1948, 1960, and
1974.The intention had been to keep the convention up to date by periodic amendments, but the
procedure to incorporate the amendments proved to be very slow: it could take several years for
the amendments to be put into action since countries had to give notice of acceptance to IMO
and there was a minimum threshold of countries and tonnage.
SEAMANSHIP, NAVIGATION& SURIVIVAL AT SEA

6 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. Explain Crane and its advantages?

I t is lifting machine generally equipped with

winder wire ropes or chain and sheaves that can be used
both to lift and lower material and move them
horizontally

1, Mobile type crane

2, Fix type crane

3, Mechanical principal

The crane although a standard piece of port or harbor

equipment has been in cooperated abroad the modern
 cargo vessel with successful result. Not only is the crane
a labor saving device but also the manoeuvibritily of the
cargo hoist is much grater than of a derrick

Most shipboard cranes may be fitted to swing through

360 degree but for the purpose of safe handling limit
switches often act as cut outs to stop the gib of the crane
fouling obstructions. Limit switches are also fitted to the
luffing operation of the gib, as well as the cargo hoist
wire to prevent off sefferrig of the gib boom and the
cargo hook fouling sheaves of the hoist.

1. Ability to plumb over the lifting point

2. Single man operation, controlling luffing and

hoisting.

3. Straight lift means that SLF (Safe Working Load) is

usually adequate.

1(b) Draw a diagram of a derrick and explain?

 A derrick is a lifting device composed of one mast or pole, which is
hinged freely at a bottom. A line controls it; power by some means such as
man hauling or motors. So the pole can move all the four directions.

The function of the derrick is to raise, transfer and lower weights. In the
shipping industry this effectively means moving goods from the shore to the
vessel or vice-versa.

The derrick boom is supported at the heel en pivot arrangement

known as the gooseneck, which allows elevation by means of a topping lift
span. The topping lift may be of the nature of a single span or a purchase
either way the downhaul is led from the spider band of the derrick via the
masthead span block to a convenient which.

Advantages:

1. Simplicity of components in comparison to crane

2. Single man operation, controlling luffing, slewing and hoisting.

3. Can be used against a 15-degree list and can lift its full capacity,
down to a `15-degree angle the horizontal

4. Comparatively clear decks-No Guy ropes or presenters

 5. Up to 200 tons capacity derrick operate with speed appropriate to
light loads.

2(a) Draw a neat diagram of an anchor and mention its parts?

 (c) How to prepare an anchor ready for let in go?

* Ensure that the windlass brake is on and holding and make

sure windlass in gear.

* Remove the hawse pipe cover.

* Remove the devil’s cover

* Remove if any additional lashings

* Remove the anchor stopper. Take off brake and walk the
cable a short distance

* Screw the brake on hard and check that brake is holding.

* Take the windlass out of gear leaving the anchor holding

the brake.

* Inform bridge anchor is ready foe let in go.

3(a) what are the safe handling procedures for wire rope?

* Wire rope should be regularly treated with suitable lubricants

* Wire rope should never be used directly from the stowage reel

* Sufficient slack should be taken from the reel to provide

adequate length to cover

all contingencies

* When wires and ropes are under strain person should stand
well clear in a position of safety

* Sharp angles on wire rope leads should be avoided.

* A minimum number of turns should be used when heaving

wire ropes.

* Chan stopper should be used on wire ropes.

 * When breaking out a new coil of wire, care must be taken and
a turntable used whenever possible.

* When wire rope to be joined to a fiber rope then fiber rope

should be fitted with a thimble to prevent chafe and wear.

(b) Write the care and maintenance of a rope?

The following advice is given for care and maintenance of man made
fiber rope.

1) Wear: The presence of the fiber nap distributing on strand is an

indication of normal wear. Some disarrangement or breaking of the
out side fibers is normally unavoidable and if it is not extensive, is
harmful.

2) Fusion: Is indicated by the presence of hard layer of fused fibers on

the surface of the rope. The cause is friction-generating heat near to,
or above the melting point of the fiber when a rope is surged under
heavy load.

3) Cutting: It recognized by the project of several yarns along the line of

the cut. The section of the rope should be cut out and the rope joined
with a short splice.

4) Crow footing: Localized distortion (twist out of shape) of the strand by

a back twist is known as crow footing. The distortion is often so grate
that the strand is unable to return to its original lay, thereby
weakening the rope. The section of the rope should be cut and the
rope joined with short splice.

5) Chatting: appears as a longitudinal line line o heavy wear along the

rope surface and can be recognized by the tufted appearances.

6) Stretching: The resistance of the man made fiber rope to repeated

loading is good but localized temporary ellastication may occur
measurement of the distance between new one marks will be
indicated temporary elongation and reduction in diameter. It is
 important that these rope are allow to recover for six hours before
they reeled or stowed.

7) Rust: Rope that has been contact with corroding steel shows stains of
yellow or brownish black. Stains that can be removed with soap water.

8) Heat: Rope must not stow where there is excessive heat.

9) Icing: When a rope is iced it must be dried carefully at a moderate

temp before stowing.

10) Dirt’s: oil and grease may be removed by scrubbing with

mild solution of soap abd winter.

4, what are the precautions will you take in bad weather?

The vessel must be worthy as possible before the on set of bad weather,
paying particular attention to the following points:-

• The checking and doubling up of all deck lashing.

• Tightening of all boat gripes.

• Battening down of hatches, lockers bars.

• Ventilators should be covered to prevent the admission of sea

water.

• Lifelines of 25-30 meters fiber rope should be rigged and set up

tightly through out the exposed deck.

• If time permits unprotected accommodation storm doors should be

hose tested.

• All derricks must be secured.

• The existence of water or oil fuel, which is loose to be secured.

• Signal halyards slackened.

• All doors on exposed decks should be tightly closed.

• Dead lights (Metal screens) should be fixed in place over

portholes.3.
 • A heavy weather routine should be adopted to ensure the minimum
of men being on deck.

• All life raft and other buoyant apparatus should be checked.

• Awning must be taken down.

5. Draw a neat diagram of Hatches & Function and explain?

The hatchway entrance is a cut way from the upper deck stringer
plates. The corners of the hatch are cut on the round to provide
continually of strength and prevent shearing stresses causing cracks
athwart ship and bending forces causing cracks in the fore and aft
line. The corner turns of the hatch way are often fitted with
reinforcing bars to prevent loading and racking stresses. Hatches are
(a) Spar ceiling (b) Limber boards (c) strum box (d) steel hatches (e)
Booby hatch.

Modern ship/Cargo vessel will be equipped with steel hatch covers.

These are fast in closing and opening. Their structures being steel
are extremely strong.

Hydraulic operated covers are simple in operation. The direct pull

type must be operated with extreme care and all safety checks
should be observed prior to opening the chain operated type

6(a) Explain the day’s in navigation?

The day’s working navigation is a minimal set of tasks consistent

with prudent navigation

• Maintain continues dead reckoning plot

 • Take two or more star observation at morning for celestial fix.

• Morning sun observation can be taken.

• Determine compass error by Azimuth observation of sun.

• Noontime meridian or ex-meridian observation of the sun for noon

latitude time.

• Noontime determination the days run and days set and drift.

• Take two are more star observation at evening twilight for a

celestial fix.

6(b) Write short note on Marine Chronometer?

The spring driven marine chronometer is a precision timepiece used on

board ship to provide accurate time for observation. Chronometer is set
approximately to Greenwich meantime and is not reset until the instrument
is over haul and cleaned, usually at three years intervals. The chronometer is
designed to operate for a minimum of one year on a single set of batteries.
All chronometer and watches should be checked regularly with radio time
signal.

6(c) Give a short note on Barometer?

Aneroid barometers have been widely used at sea since 1963.

This is an instrument for measuring barometric pressure. Corrections are
made to the reading for latitude, temperature and height above sea level.
The change in barometer pressure indicated during three hours proceeding
observation is the barometer tendency. It shows the rise or fall of
atmospheric pressure.

7(a) Describe the Navigation charts?

The admiralty issues four different types of navigating charts.

(a) World Charts: On a small scale showing ocean routes, magnetic

variation, telegraph cables, etc.

(b) Ocean Charts: on a larger scale which cover wide areas such as the
north Atlantic, South Atlantic, British Isles etc… They do not show
details of coastline, so are used on the voyage but not when making
a landfall.
 (c) General Charts: Contain very full information over a limited area,
such as the section of the English Channel. They are drawn on a
conveniently large scale and when only a small area is being
depicted the scale of miles is increased. These charts are used in
coastal navigation

(d)Plan charts: On the largest scale give in great detail local

information relating toNavigation of harbors and narrow waters.

7(b) Define Radar Navigation?

Radar ranges and bearing can be very useful navigation When

a vessel is with in radar range of land or special radar aids to navigation, the
navigator can take distances and angular bearing to charted object and use
these to establish arcs of position and line of position on a chart. A fix
consisting of only radar information is called radar fix. Type of radar fixes
include range and bearing to a single object. Parallel indexing is technique
defined by William Burger in the 1957, the radar observer’s book. The
technique involves creating a line on the screen that is parallel to the ship’s
course, but offset to the left or right by some distance. This parallel line
allows the navigator to maintain a given distance away from hazards.

Another special technique, known as thefrank in continuous radar plot

technique involves drawing the path a radar object should follow on the
radar display if the ship stays on its planned course. During the transit the
navigator can check that the ship on track by checking that the pip line on
the drawn line

8(a) Define weather classification?

Broadcast and automatic reception of maritime safety

information by means of a narrow band direct printing telegraphy. It provides
shipping with navigational and metrological warning and urgent information
through automatic printout.

It is a component of the IMO (Indian Maritime Organization) world wide

navigational warning service. It is also included an element of GMDSS (Global
Maritime Distress and Safety System) since 1993.

It is mandatory equipment for all vessels under the provision of the

international convention of SOLAS (Safety of life at sea)
 This message includes a variety of safety information such as Nav.
Warning, metro warning, SAR information and other information for ship
sailing with in the reachof each service station coverage.

8(b) Explain Global Positioning system?

The global positioning system represents the state of the art in

precise, continuous worldwide satellite navigation.

It is a very versatile system, which can be used at sea, on land, in the air, and
even the space shuttle uses this for its navigation.
The system from comprises three segments. Control, Space and user.

Control Segment: These ground stations monitor the satellites and they are
located in various parts of the world. The whole system depends very heavily
on the accuracy of two main parameters namely, satellite clock error control
and the satellite positional information. Both must be known very accurately
otherwise precise positions cannot de achieved. The satellite needs to be
updated with correct information regularly show that they can include this in
their messages.

The Space Segment: This consists of 28 (at present) satellites orbiting the
earth at about 20,000 kilo meters altitude in orbit inclined at about 55
degrees to the equator with three satellites in each orbit. Each satellite has
an orbital period of about 12 hours. The positioning of satellites is such that
at least four satellites are available are always abovethe user’s horizon. The
satellites transmit on two frequencies (1) 1575.72 MHZ and (2) 1227.6 MHZ.

User segment: These consist of the receiver and antenna system used to
determine the GPS position. Two levels of service namely the PPS (Precise
positioning service) and the SPS (Standard positioning service) are provided.
The latter is available to all GPS users and there is no charge for users. Each
satellite transmits a unique P (PPS) and C/A (for SPS) code, which the
receiver locks on to and makes the desired time measurement.

9(a) Describe the Navigational lights and its visibility?

 Two Mast head light: If the vessel is less than 50 meters in length
then only one lights sufficient) these lights are carried one behind the on the
two mast. The forward light is lower that the after light. Their visibility is at
last 6 miles and they show light over an arc of 20 points of the compass (225
degree) namely from ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side.

Two side lights: A green light on the starboard side and a red light on the
port side. Generally carried abreast of bridge and provided with special
screens so that each light is visible only on its own side from right ahead to
two points abaft the beam. Screens are painted matt black. Visibility of these
lights is at least 3 miles. One Stern light fixed right astern and shows a white
light over an arc of 12 points of the compass (135 degrees) namely from
right aft to two points abaft the beam on either side. Visibility at least
3miles).

9(b) what is the duties of look out man on the bridge?

The duty of look out man is to maintain a continuous watch for all
hazards that may impair the safe navigation of the vessel. He is very
conscious on his duty and reporting to OOW. (Officer of the watch)

• All ships irrespective of size or position in relation to the Vessel on

which she is sailing

• All navigation marks and lights

• All floating objects

• Any sighting of ice no matter in what form

• Sand banks

• Derelicts and any other hazards considered dangerous to

navigation

• Malfunction of ship’s light

Reporting: For example: A Red flashing light 4 points on the stbd.Bow sir.

A ship right ahead sir

A floating life buoy on the post beam sir, etc.

10. Explain the duties of the watch on the bridge?

 * At no time shall the Bridge be left unattended.

* The composition of the watch is adequate prevailing

circumstance and condition.

* Watch keepers are capable and fit for duty and they have to
show their efficiency.

* At all time a proper look out is maintained by sight and hearing as wall as
by all other means.

* The Master is aware of all Navigational hazards that may make

additional navigation duties for officers.

* The Master is satisfied that the watch keeping personal

isfamiliarwith all navigational equipment and their disposal.

* The voyage is well planned before hand and all course laid down
are checked advance.

* Correct handling over and relief watch keeping procedure is to

be followed.

* The limitation of the vessel and its equipment’s are known to

watch keeping personnel.

* When navigating under the advice of pilot, the presence of the

pilot in no way relieves the Master or the Officer of the watch on their duties
and obligation for the safe navigation vessel.

11(a) How to find the breaking strength of a man made fiber rope?

A method of finding the breaking strength of manila, hemp, or

sisal cordage is to divide the square of the diameter of the cordage in
millimeters by 200, the answer being in tons. This safe for a good margin of
safety for all types of cordage expect coir. The safe working load is found by
dividing the breaking to estimate the strength of rope which is well worn but
in good condition apply the formula as for new rope.

Breakingstrength 242/200 =576/200=3 tons (app) working load=3/6=0.5

tons.

11(b) what are the instruments/controls were fitted in the Bridge?

 Many vessels and virtually all-new builds of all ship types are
being contracted with the integral navigation bridge. These lend to one man
operation and centralize all the essential controls for the vessel including

• Remote control of propulsion system

• Alarm of monitoring system

• Power management supply and monitoring

• Navigation control

• Maneuvering control (Auto and manual system)

• Self management

• Utility control

• Internal & external communication.

12(a) Define Canvas and its uses?

This is made from hemp, cotton, jute, or flex or mixture of these

materials, British canvas manufactured from flex and American canvas from
cotton.

He threads running along the length of the roll or bolt of canvas are known
as warp threads, while these running across the width of the bolt are called
weft threads. The edge of the canvas does not fray due to the continuous
weft and is called selvedge. Approx. 2.5 cm from each selvedge strips. This
act as a guide when sewing two clothes together. If a canvas is cut, a raw
edge is formed and fraying occurs.

The width of the canvas varies from 0.6 to 1 meter. It may be obtained flame
proofed and also water proofed.

Merchant Navy canvas is provided in seven grades numbered 0 to 6. Deck

canvas is very light cotton material and used for fine works.

Use of canvas:

(a) Temporary repair of under water compartment leakage.

(b)Hot/cold water pipe lines.

(c) Salt water pipe lines.

 (d)Awning on upper deck/fine works.

12(b) what are the checks were carried out before operating the windlass?

Marks

The following checks were carried out.

• Informthe engine room of the requirement for steam to operate the

windlass

• On the way to windlass ensure that main deck steam line water is
open

• Check that the windlass stop value is open and ensure any lashing
in the chain locker are removed

• Open the drain cocks of the cylindrical steam

• Ensure that the windlass operating (Stop/start control) is closed

• Wait until pure steam issued from the drain cocks and steam is
now at the windlass head ready for use

• Ensure that the brake is firmly applied and the windlass is out of
gear

• Turn the windlass over by operating the start/stop value

• Oil, moving part as necessary for smooth running windlass.

13 Draw a neat diagram of dropping and weighing an anchor and explain?

Preparation for dropping anchor:

• Ensure that the windlass brake is on and holding. Make sure

windlass in gear.

• Remove the hawse pipe cover

• Remove the devils claw

• Remove if any additional lashing

• Remove the anchor stopper

• Take off brake and walk the cable back a short distance

• Screw the brake on hard and check that brake is holding

• Inform Bridge anchor is ready for dropping.

Weighing anchor
 • As soon as you go to the forecastle check the anchor brakes are
tight

• Check the windlass motor forward/reverse and work smoothly

• Remove the bow stopper

• Put the gypsy in gear and have a few centimeters

• Release the brake of gypsy, the cable is ready to have

• Fire main pressure on. Two men rig up hose and nozzle near the
hawse pipe ready for washing the muddy cable

• Bridge orders “Heave away” the windlass motor is started the

cable coming up

• Every shackle its pin and marking should be examined

• Shackle should be intimated to Bridge

• As soon as the anchor is off the ground its weight comes on the
chain. That time is anchor away

• Anchor ball and jack flag lowered and ensign shifted to gaff

• It is then hove up inside the hawse pipe

• Brake is to on.Gypsy taken out of gear

14 What are the navigational equipment’s/instruments used on board ship

and explain any twelve of them?

Gyro Compass: Will give accurate heading with build in test facility. It will
also have self-adjusting digital transmission to all repeaters out put,
removing the need for manual adjustment of these units. It is used to steer
the ship.

Gyro repeaters: It is used for taking the bearing of the objects

Radar: It is used to find the directionof the approachingobject and range and
also shows the echoes with in the selected range.

Magnetic Compass: It is used for taking bearing of the object and also used
when gyro compass fails as a back up
VHF: It is used for ship to store to ship communication.

Rudder angle indicator:It is mounted on the bulk head of the bridge in front
of helm (Steering wheel) it indicates the position of the rudder port or
starboard up to 35 degrees.

Course recorder: This instrument records the course steered by the ship
during her passage

Echo Sounder: To find the depth of the water under keel.

GPS: Shows the latitude and longitude. With the help of this can fix the ship’s
position

Sextant: It is used to measure the angular distance of celestial bodies

Hygro meter: Showswet bulbs and dry bulb temperatures in Celsius or

Fahrenheit

Chronometer: It is graduated like an ordinary clock from 0 to 1200 hours and

it could be 4 hours or 12 hours ambiguity. It is always refer with the GMT
clock before commencing the calculation.

15(a) Explain Zonal time?

Under the zonetime system, when at sea, the earth is divided

in to 24 zones. Each zone being 15 degrees of longitude in width. Ships in
each of these zones, keep time based on the central meridian through that
zone. Zone zero extends from 71/2 degree east to 71/2degree West
longitude. The time kept with in this zone is based on the central meridian of
this zone (i.e.) 15-degree west. It should be noted that the zone time at any
position will always differ from GMT by a full number of hours, because the
central meridian used for measurement of zone time in the different zones,
always differs from Greenwich meridian by multiples degree.

15(b) Explain Greenwich Mean time?

Greenwich Mean Time is a term originally referred to mean solar

time at a Royal observatory in Greenwich, London. It is commonly used in
practice to refer to coordinated universal time (UTC) when this is viewed as a
time zone, especially by bodies connected with the United Kingdom such as
BBC world service, the Royal Navy, the Met Office.
In the UK, GMT is the official time only during winter, during summer British
summer time is used. GMT is substantially equivalent to Western European
Time

Noon Greenwich time is not necessarily the movement when the noon sun
crosses the Greenwich meridian because of earth’s uneven speed in its
elliptic orbit and its axial tilt. This event may be up to 16 minutes away from
the noon GMT. This discrepancy is known as the equation of time.

16(a) Draw a diagram of Sextant and explain?

The sextants purpose is to measure angles, either vertical or

horizontal to obtain the necessary data to check the vessels position.
Latitude and longitude may be determined by a combination of sextant,
chronometer and nautical almanac reading.

This precision instrument is based on the principle, enunciated by the first

law of light is reflected from a plane mirror then ‘The angle of incident of the
ray equals the angle of reflection’ In the sextant a ray of light reflected twice
by two mirrors, the index and horizon mirror, in the same plane. When a ray
of light is reflected in this way by two plane mirrors, then the angle between
the directions of the final reflected ray is twice the angle between the
mirrors.

Principle if the Sextant: The principle of the sextant is based on the fact that
twice the angle between the mirrors HAI must equal the angle between the
initial and final directions of a ray of light which has undergone two
reflections.

Proof: Let α represent the angle between the mirrors

Let Φ represent the angle between the initial and final directions of
the ray of light

The required proof is 2α=Φ

16(b) Explain the working principle of Echo Sounder with diagram?

The Echo Sounding depth recorder emits a pulse of sound

energy from a transmitter, and the time this pulse takes to reach the seabed
and reflected back to the vessel is directly related to the distance. Speed of
sound through water being the known value of meters per second.

However that the value will vary with water temperature and salt content.

Let us work out an example

Let the velocity of sound in water= V meters per second

Let the time between transmission and reception of pulse= t seconds

Let the distance to the sea bed and back=2s meters

But the distance= speed×time

2s=v×t

Therefore S=vt/2 meters

Therefore s, represent the depth of water under the vessel.

17(a) Draw a Compass and box the compass points?

The entire 360° of horizon is divided in to 32 points and each points

being 360/32=11.25°. In mariners compass there are 32 points namely

a) Cardinal points-4

b) Inter cardinal points-4

c) Three letter points 8

d) By points-16
Cardinal points: North, East, South and West are represented here by the
letters N, E, S, W. If we join north to South and East to west we got four
quadrants of 90° each

Inter cardinal points: Southeast, Southwest, Northwest, And Northeast and

represented by the letters of SE, SW, NW, NE. Similarly this is half way of the
respective quadrants called as intercardinal points.

Three letter points: ESE, SSE, SSW, WSW, WNW, NNW, NNE, and ENE.

By points: There are two by points on each side, adjacent to every cardinal
or inter cardinal points

1. North by West (N×W)

2. North by East (N×E)

3. North East by North (NE×N)

4. North East by East (NE×E)

5. East by North (E×N)

6. East by South (E×S)

7. South East by East (SE×E)

8. South East by South (SE×S)

9. East by South (E×S)

10. South by Easy (S×E)

11. South West by South (SW×S)

12. South West by West (SW×W)

13. West by South (W×S)

14. West by North (W×N)

15. North West by Wrest (NW×W)

16. North West by North (NW×N)

17(b) how many types of bottom log used on board ship? Explain Doppler
log?

They are. Impeller log. Pressure tube or Pitot type log, Electro
magnetic log, Doppler log &Chernikeef log

Doppler log: The operation of this log is based on the measurement of the
Doppler Effect. A transducer fitted on the bottom of the ship emits a
continuous of sound vibrations in the water at an angle about 60° to the keel
in the forward direction. The beam is bounced off the seabed or a layer of
water and received back at the transducer. The difference in frequency
between the transmitted and received signal is measured and is proportional
to the speed of the ship.
 When the signal is bounced off the sea bed (Called bottom track) the speed
indicated would be in relation to the fixed seabed and will there fore be
speed over the ground. If however, the seabed cannot track especially in
deeper water, then the signal again bounced off a water later (Water track)
and the speed indicated will be speed through the water.

Most Doppler logs have transducers to measureboth fore and aft speed
(Ahead & astern) as well as athwart ship transducers to measure speed in
the athwart ship direction. (Useful when berthing) Such a transducer, which
measures both along ship as well as athwart ship speed, is called JANNUS
CONFIGURATION. This log is the most accurate of all the logs described and
is useful both for ocean navigation as well berthing and maneuring in close
water.

18(a) what is Davit? Define the operation of lifeboat?

The out standing feature of the Gravity davit is extreme simplicity

and reliability. Its construction which is well known consists of pair of track
ways and a pair of cradles. The inner flange of the channel track ways from
the path along which the rollers of cradle run. The inclination of the track
way is 30°. The outboard end of the inclined track way is bent down wards
until it is vertical, the lower end being rigidly connected to the deck. The
radius around which the two front rollers of the cradles run swings the head
of the davit out board, and gives the out reach necessary to lower the boat
clear of the ship side.

The cradles are of a fabricated box section, sealed to prevent internal

corrosion. They carry four rollers which run in to the track way. The simplicity
of design makes inspection and maintenance very easy. In the stowed
position the life boats are entirely prevented from any fore and aft surge in
the seaway.

Operation of lifeboat:

• Two men should be ordered in to the boat, to ship the plug and
check that the painter is rigged in the correct manner.

• Once all the work inside the boat is completed, these two men
should be seen to down in the boat and hold on the lifelines

• The coxswain should check that the harbour pins are out.

• The grip should be checked and clear & pass down level.
 • A winch man must be operated to order to lower the boat down to
embarking deck.

• Check that the over side is clear then lower away by lifting the
break.

• The boat should be lowered from the davits until the tracing
pendants take the weight (boat) and draw in to the shipside.

• Have the two men in the boat slip the tracing pendants once both
end.

• The remainder of the crews/ passengers should now embarked and

seated in the boat.

• Let go the tackle from the said of the boat and clear towards the
parent vessel.

18(b) Describe the equipment’s carried in a lifeboat?

• Buoyant oars (sufficient) to make head away in the calm seas

• Two boat hooks

• Magnetic compass

• Two efficient painters not less than 15m

• A sea anchor

• A buoyant boiler and two bucket

• A manual pump

• A box containing pyrotechnics 12 in numbers

• Food ratio not less than 10,000 kJ

• A rust proof dipper for extracting fresh water from the container

• Drinking vessel 3 (rust proofed)

• Three tin opener

• A knife and sufficient tools for minor adjustments to the engine

 • First aid kit

• One set of fishing tackle

• Six doses of anti seasickness

• One heliograph (Day or night signaling mirror)

• Electric torch

• Radar reflector

• A survivals manual

• Search light

• One copy of life saving signal

• Thermal Protective aid

• Portable fire fighting equipment’s

19(a) what are the precaution to be taken while embarkation on life rafts?

• Check painter is made fast and clear over side

• Throw the life raft in to the sea until the life raft inflates, then pull it
to the side (Ship)

• Climb down to the raft. Do not jump in to the canopy

• Try to keep dry, cut the painter use the knife provided

• Get clear of the ship. Paddles are provided

• Close the entrance to get warm and dry

• Get away from the sinking ship

• Look for and gather survivors

• Check the proper function of the life raft

• Open kit and read instruction on survival

• Check for leak and repair and damage

 • Bail out away the water with sponge/clothes.

• Take the anti seasickness tablet

• Pump up the floor for extra insulation and warmth

• Ensure you are wearing life jacket.

19(b) Explain briefly about ‘Muster list’?

• The muster list shall be prepared by the Master of the vessel before
the ship proceeds to sea and format of the muster list for a
passenger ship must be approved by the government and it must
revised at all time as necessary if more than 25% crew change.

• It is a list stating the emergency signal and action taken by the

crew and passenger when the emergencysignal is sounded. Muster
list shall be made out before the ship sails and copies of the muster
list are exhibited in suitable place, that is accommodation and crew
spaces, engine room and bridge.

• The muster shall show all the special duties assigned to the
different members of the crew against their name and rank to
ensure that:-

(a) Closing of watertight doors, fire doors, values, scuppers,

vent pipe, sky light portable holes, and other similar
opening.

(b) Equipping the survival crafts by way of such as extra food,

biscuits, sugar cubes, water, tinned fruit, fresh fruits, milk
products, extra water, extra fuel, blankets, etc… And also
equipping of other saves appliance (e.g.) portable radio
EPIRB, walkie-talkie and SART.

(c) General preparation for launching survival craft.

(d)Muster of crews and donning of life jacket.

(e) Manning of fire fighting parties.

(f) Use of communication equipment’s.

20(a) Narrate the stowage and arrangement of survival craft on board a
ship?

Each Survival shall be stowed:-

• Life boats shall be stowed in a sheltered position..

• Life boats, rescue boats and inflated rafts shall be secured

a) In a state of continuous readiness for launching

b) In a position suitable for launching and recovering

• So that neither the survival craft not its stowage arrangements

shall interfere with the operation of any other survival craft or
rescue boat at any other launching position

• In a state of continuous readiness so that two members can carry

out preparation for embarkation and launching in less than 05
minutes

• Each survival craft shall be fully equipped as required

• As for as possible, in a secure and sheltered position and protected

from damage by fire and explosion

• Lifeboats for lowering down the ship’s side shall be stowed as for
forward of propeller as practicable

• Should not be damaged in storage throughout air temperature

range -30°C to ⁺65°C.

• Lifeboat shall not be less than 7.3 meters or not less than 4.9
meters. Should be highly visible colour on all parts.

20(b) Explain briefly about Distress Signal?

Most Maritime countries of the world maintain the life saving service
for persons in distress in their coastal areas. One of the biggest factors
providing assistance is that they maintain 24 hours radio watch on the
international distress frequencies and also a certain classes of ships are also
required to keep a watch at sea. For this purpose ships are fitted with
suitable radio equipment of these frequencies to provide immediate life
saving service for the rescue of people in distress within their reach around
the coasts by playlng the vital part by way of assistance or saving the life or
people.

• To send distress messages by Radiotelegraphyuse prefix SOS on

500 KHZ.

• Calling and passing messages through channel 16.

• To send distress messages by radio telephone use the word MAY

DAY on 2182 KHZ

• Procedure for DSC Radio – DSC MAY DAY

• Procedure for VHF channel- 16 MAY DAY

The MAY DAY, MAY DAY, MAY DAY is to be spoken in three times
and precede the following:-

1. Vessel name and radio call sign (3 times)

2. Nature of distress call (sinking, fire, abandon, collision etc.

3. Location latitude, longitude, last port of call, time out of last

port, bearing to near of land and other information.

4. Description of vessel/power/length/color and other marking.

Repeat the above in three time and proceed following
information

• No of person on board

• Type of assistance required

• Course, wind direction, weather condition/current condition,

survival craft and equipment available, signaling devices available.

• No. of lifeboats lowered and their serial number

• Number of person injured in activities

• Number of sick person on board

• The word OVER

21(a) Explain abandons ship?

 Emergency signal seven or more short blast followed by one long
blast apart from the general emergency signal, the master of the with
designation will give special signal for abandon ship

The emergency signal made from the bridge on the ship’s whistle and also
on electrically operated on siren, it is not a signal of abandons ship but only
a signal to indicate the ship is in danger. Abandon ship will be verbally given
by the master by public addresses after all efforts to save the vessel in
unsuccessful.

Before abandon the ship and SOS must have sent out giving ship’s
position. Rescue ships and aircraft will come soon looking for you in that
position.

On hearing the signal all crews should put their life jackets and drink
plenty of water (why because no water will be issued at first 24 hrs. in the
life boat or lift raft)

A tally is taken by coxswain of each life boat/life craft to see that all crews
assigned ti this craft can be accommodated for.

NO SHIP TO BE ABANDON< EXPECT THE ORDER OF THE MASTER.

There is the separate signal for the practices on boat and fire drill. That is
for exercise for exercises abandon ship/fire will be announced.

(b) How to launch inflatable life raft at sea?

* The webs straps securing the raft in its stowage cradle should be
released by slipping manually operated sen house slip.

* The raft container should then be man handled to the launching

position by the ships side if the side rails are in position these should be
removed to facilitate the launch

* The painter from the raft should be checked to see that it is well
secured to a strong point of the vessel

* Where a hydrostatic release unit is fitted, the painter and the

'D'ring should be inspected to ensure that they are well fast

* Pull out a limited amount of the painter from the container, check
that the water surface is clear then throw the raft away from the shipside.
 * Inflation will be caused by a sharp tug on the fully extended
painter causing the Co2 gas bottle to be fired

* Now the life raft is ready to accommodate.

* Before loading the life raft remove the heavy shoes, sharp objects
from the person to prevent accident puncture.

22 (a) What is a pyrotechnique and when it is used?

Pyrotechnics are carried on a vessel to use in distress (for

attract the attention of other like passing ships, helicopter aircraft, shore
people) so as to save the life of distressed vessel at sea and also carried by
life boats/ life rafts at the time of abandon ship.

All the pyrotechnics has a integral meaning of ignition and the

operating instruction diagram clearly mentioned it.

The storage life pyrotechnics in 3years after that it should be

returned to the manufacture or dropped into the water.

The bridge pyrotechnics is 12 numbers

(a) Rocket parachute signal-14 in nos.

Use-day and night duration-40 seconds

(b)Red hand flares-08 in numbers

Use-day and night duration 1 min

(c) Buoyant orange smoke signal-02

Use-only day. Duration -3 min

22 (b) What are the basic concepts of survival and explain survival
difficulties at sea?

There are four basic concepts of survival. They are

• To control fear

• To will to survive.

• Knowledge of equipment in the boat

• Cheerfulness by way of up keeping self morale

 First few hours in a survival craft are more important. If the correct actions
are not taken after boarding the survival craft, the experience shown the
survivors succumbs very quickly.

The action and attention must be concentrated on protection from exposure

of cold and lesson extreme cold. Do not swim long distance, until it is
absolutely essential;. Exposure to prolonged cold, leading to sub normal
temperature which is suppresses the vital functions of the body called
hypothermia.

23(a) Explain the duties of crewmembers in a survival craft?

• Keep a look out for survivors and any floating objects.

• Look out should and listen for the following

(a) Life jacket lights

(b)Life buoy lights

(c) Light from other survival craft

(d)Co2 gas blow off from inflatable life craft

(e) Whistle signal survivors in water. Bale out and dry out up all
water.

• Spread the boat covert over the boat to protect the occupants from
strong sun Or severe cold winds.

• Issue sea sickness tablets to every one whether he wanys or not

• Immediately attend injuries

• Pickup and throw any sharp objects in the life raft.

• Stream out the second sea anchor if the raft is drifting

23(b) describe the Initial action on boarding life raft ?

• Get away from the sinking ship. Nominate a person for in-charge of
the raft and also for food and water.

• Dry out the raft floor with sponges and clothes.

• Stream out spare anchor, this prevent the movement of the raft
 • In darkness switch on life craft canopy light

• Close all the openings in the raft so as to maintain the temperature

in the raft through body heat

• Examine the raft any leaks. If available repair with repair kit.

• \Issue anti seasickness table whether wants or not

• Treat a injured person and issue water for injured person only.(No
water will be issued for first 34 hours)

• Collect rain water if rainy, and rain water to be consumed first

• As far as possible stay in one place if required all life raft towed
together

• Do not drink sea water or eat fish

• Activate detection equipments EPIRB, SART and rig radar reflector

• Operate portable Radio and walkie talkie.

24 Explain the orders of lowering and hoisting of lifeboats?

• Ensure every thing clear of over ship side

• The bowman to ship plug pass toggle painter well forward and
make fast to a strong point in a ship

• The bowman will clear the life lines, boat falls and oars and report
to Officer-in-Charge

• Stern man will shift the tiller, clear the boat plug, clear all life lines
and oars.

• The fore and aft gripes are to be removed.

• Embarkation ladder (It is placed on the boat deck under the boat
on either side used foe embarkation and disembarkation ship's
personnel in case of emergency)to be rigged.

• Harbour safety pin to be removed.

• Brake man (Usually the boatswain) will lower the boat gently to the
embarkation deck level
 • Browsing tackle is fasten on both sides of the boat( the use of the
bowing tackle to hold the near to the ship's side)

25(a) How the abandon ship drill/boat drill will be conducted onboard a
ship?

• The main objective of training and drill is to save the ship's life
and properly when threatened by the natural forces such as fire,
flooding, listing, collision, explosion, stranding etc. To achieve this,
the ship's personnel are trained in an organized manner to respond
and combat such situations keeping their emotions under control. It
is very important that drills be carried out realistically approaching
as closely as possible to any emergency conditions, changes in the
ship's function and the crew. The muster list must be regularly up
dated to achieve the goal.

• Generally the muster and drill should take place in port. In case
abandon ship drill, as many life boats as possible should be cleared
and swung out, but no life raft should be inflated on the deck or
launched. Davit launching life raft should be cleared and swung out
only for practice. Each boat should be lowered in to the water at
least once in three month unless circumstances make it
impracticable. All types of release mechanism system should be
tested where fitted and every person should be familiar with the
system of hooking and un hooking off once the boat is water borne.

• During the drill any training aids specified, as being essential

should be referred if necessary.

• The places were when boat station alarm given the crew and
passengers are to muster is called as a boat station. Boat stations
will be conducted once in a month in passenger ships, twice a
month in all cargo ships. On hearing boat stations the crew to
muster in front of the respective boats wearing life jackets, Every
person joining a ship should find out his boat stations and his duty
during a boat drill.

25(b) Explain the occasion of Donning of life jacket?

The life jackets (attached with self igniting lamp, whistle and
made of non inflammable material)issued for each crew, which is placed
in the overhead rack in their cabin and also it is kept in the engine room,
pump room, bridge, boatswain store and some of them stowed near the
muster station. (This can be used during emergency)

It is to be issued/ donned in the following occasioned ;-

• The life jackets to be donned upon hearing the general

emergency alarm signal.

• In the occasion of hearing the abandon ship.

• In the occasion of lowering the life boat.

• In the occasion of going in the rescue boat.

• At the time if carrying out life boat drills.

• Whilst working on weather deck during bad weather.

25.C) Define STCW & STCW Convenction?

The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for

Seafarers (or STCW), 1978, as amended, sets qualification standards for masters, officers and watch
personnel on seagoing merchant ships. STCW was adopted in 1978 by conference at the International
Maritime Organization (IMO) in London, and entered into force in 1984. The Convention was significantly
amended in 1995.

The 1978 STCW Convention was the first to establish basic requirements on training, certification and
watchkeeping for seafarers on an international level. Previously the standards of training, certification and
watchkeeping of officers and ratings were established by individual governments, usually without reference to
practices in other countries. As a result standards and procedures varied widely, even thoughshipping is the
most international of all industries.

The Convention prescribes minimum standards relating to training, certification and watchkeeping for seafarers
which countries are obliged to meet or exceed.

The Convention did not deal with manning levels: IMO provisions in this area are covered by regulation 14 of
Chapter V of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974, whose requirements are
backed up by resolution A.890(21) Principles of safe manning, adopted by the IMO Assembly in 1999, which
replaced an earlier resolution A.481(XII) adopted in 1981.
One especially important feature of the Convention is that it applies to ships of non-party States when
visiting ports of States which are Parties to the Convention. Article X requires Parties to apply the control
measures to ships of all flags to the extent necessary to ensure that no more favourable treatment is given to
ships entitled to fly the flag of a State which is not a Party than is given to ships entitled to fly the flag of a State
that is a Party.

The difficulties which could arise for ships of States which are not Parties to the Convention is one reason why
the Convention has received such wide acceptance. By December 2000, the STCW Convention had 135
Parties, representing 97.53 percent of world shipping tonnage.