ACKNOWDGEMENT

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 ABSTRACT
The main aim of our project Frequency Modulator Receiver is to
operate a FM receiver with a simple circuit consist of two simple
ICs, resistor, antenna, capacitor, diode.
An FM radio wave receiver includes a diversity antenna system
responsive to signal strength and noise levels. The signal
strength and noise detectors generate representative signals that
are compared with a threshold value for determining the input to
a control for the antenna switch alternately connecting two or
more antennas to the front end of the FM receiver. The present
invention provides an adaptive threshold for each of the signal
strength and noise signals so that the switching is limited to
significant changes in signal strength and noise levels. In the
preferred embodiment, the noise level threshold is adapted as a
function of the modulation level of the audio composite signal
delivered from the FM detector to the stereo decoder of the FM
receiver.

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LIST OF FIGURES
S.No

1 NAME

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 PROJECT OVERVIEW:
Broadcast band frequency modulation (FM) radio was invented
to solve existing problems with noise and fidelity on the
amplitude modulation (AM) broadcast band. Thus, the first FM
receivers were quite complex in design, employing a super
heterodyne converter, a wideband IF, a limiter stage, and a
discriminator.
Unlike the first AM radio sets, the earliest FM radio sets did not
use the simplest
possible methods for receiving signals.
Although the title alludes to simplicity, these radio designs are
not uniformly simple. These designs generally have low
component counts, however the design or construction my have
been far from simple.The purpose of this project is to make FM
circuit simple and to get output frequency in wide range.
The F.M. band covers 88-108 MHz. There are signals from many
radio transmitters in this band inducing signal voltages in the
aerial. The RF amplifier selects and amplifies the desired station
from the many. It is adjustable so that the selection frequency
can be altered. This is called TUNING. In cheaper receivers the
tuning is fixed and the tuning filter is wide enough to pass all
signals in the F.M. band.
• The selected frequency is applied to the mixer.
• The output of an oscillator is also applied to the mixer.
• The mixer and oscillator form a FREQUENCY CHANGER
circuit.
• The output from the mixer is the intermediate frequency (i.f.)
• The i.f. is a fixed frequency of 10.7 MHz.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
We are immensely pleased to put forth the following introduction.
The aim of this project work is to design, construct and test the
Frequency Modulator receiver. The circuit consists of IC
CXA1619BS, CTC810, diodes, resistors, antenna, capacitors,
and transformer. There are two main sections.
Firstly the signal frequency is received from antenna and it is
stored in IC CXA1619BS
using capacitors.
Secondly the signal is amplified using IC CTC810. Using the
tuner the selected
frequency can be obtained from IC CXA1619BS.
The FM receiver is designed using the popular Sony chip
CXA1619BS used for AM/FM receiver circuits. The chip is a 30
pin dual-in–line package with the following functional blocks:
· Front-end block (RF amplifier, mixer , oscillator)
· IF stage
· FM discriminator
· AF Power amplifier
The transmitted signal is picked up by a high gain and high
directivity Yagi –Uda antenna designed to pick signals around
145 MHz frequencies. The signal from the antenna is fed first to
IC CXA1619BS which suppresses adjacent channels and allows
only the selected high frequency signal.

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CXA1619BS:
CXA1619BM/BS is a one-chip FM/AM radio IC designed for
radio-cassette tape
recorders and headphone tape recorders, and has the following
functions.
Features
•Small number of peripheral components.
• Low current consumption (VCC=3 V)
For FM: ID=5.8 mA (Typ.)
For AM: ID=4.7 mA (Typ.)
• Built-in FM/AM select switch.
• Large output of AF amplifier.
EIAJ output=500 mW (Typ.) when
VCC=6 V, load impedance 8 ½
Functions
FM section
• RF amplifier, Mixer and OSC
(Incorporating AFC variable capacitor).
•IF amplifier
•Quadrature detection
• Tuning LED driver
AM section
• RF amplifier, Mixer and OSC (with RF AGC)
• IF amplifier (with IF AGC)
•Detector
• Tuning LED driver
AF section
•Electronic volume control
Absolute Maximum Ratings (Ta=25 °C)
•Supply voltage VCC 14 V

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• Operating temperature Topr –10 to +60 °C
• Storage temperature Tstg –50 to +125 °C
• Allowable power dissipation
PD 700 mW
(CXA1619BM)
PD 1000 mW
(CXA1619BS)
Recommended Operating Conditions
Supply voltage VCC 2 to 7.5 V
(CXA1619BM)
VCC 2 to 8.5 V
(CXA1619BS)
CTC810:
The CTC810 is a monolithic integrated circuit in a 12-lead quad
in-line plastic package, intended for use as a low frequency class
B amplifier.

FEATURES
*A wide range of supply voltages (4 to 20V)
*High output current (up to 2.5A)
*High efficiency (75% at 6W output)
*Very low harmonic and cross-over distortion
*Built-in thermal shut down protection circuit

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The FM receiver circuit consists of two sections
• Receiving section
• Amplifying section

RECEIVING SECTION:
This section consists of antennas, Ic
CXA1619BS,tuner,capacitance.
ANTENNAS:
The antenna receives to receive all the frequency signals. The
received frequency
signals are then passed to Ic CXA1619BS.
IC CXA1619BS:
C X A 1 6 1 9 B M / B S is a one-chip FM/AM radio IC d e s i g n
e d for radio-cassette tape recorders and headphone tape
recorders. This Ic is used to store the all frequency signals
received from antennas. It has following features
• Small number of peripheral components. ·
• Low current consumption (VCC=3 V)
• For FM : ID=5.8 mA (Typ.)
CAPACITANCE:
Once the capacitor is charged, the voltage on the capacitor is
used to kill the
oscillations of the circuit. (Technically, the capacitor voltage
shifts the operating point of
the amplifier to reduce its gain and stop the oscillations.) When
the oscillations stop, the
capacitor discharges (through a resistor). Once the capacitor is
discharged, the
oscillations begin again.
TUNER:
The tuner is used to select the required frequency.

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AMPLIFYING SECTION:
This section consists of Ic CTC810,capacitance
Ic CTC810:
The CTC810 is a monolithic integrated circuit in a 12-lead quad
in-line plastic package, intended for
use as a low frequency class B amplifier. It amplifies the signal
and produces noise free amplified
signal.

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 RESISTORS
Aresist o r is a two-terminal electronic component designed to
oppose an electric current
by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion
to the current, that is, in
accordance with Ohm's law:V =IR. The resistance R is equal to
the voltage dropV
across the resistor divided by the currentI through the resistor.
Resistors are characterized primarily by their resistance and the
power they can dissipate.
Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise, and
inductance. Practical
resistors can be made of resistive wire, and various compounds
and films, and they can
be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
Size, and position of leads are relevant to equipment designers;
resistors must be
physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their
power. Variable resistors,
adjustable by changing the position of a tapping on the resistive
element, and resistors
with a movable tap ("potentiometers"), either adjustable by the
user of equipment or
contained within, are also used.
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic
circuits.There are special
types of resistor whose resistance varies with various quantities,
most of which have
names, and articles, of their own: the resistance of thermistors
varies greatly with
temperature, whether external or due to dissipation, so they can
be used for temperature
or current sensing.
Resistors, like diodes and relays, are another of the electronic
parts that should have a
section in the installer's parts bin. They have become a necessity
for the mobile

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electronics installer, whether it be for door locks, praking lights,
timing circuits, remote
starts, LED's, or just to discharge a stiffening capacitor.
Resistors "resist" the flow of electrical current. The higher the
value of resistance
(measured in ohms) the lower the current will be.
Resistors are color coded. To read the color code of a common 4
band 1K ohm resistor
with a 5% tolerance, start at the opposite side of the GOLD
tolerance band and read from
left to right. Write down the corresponding number from the color
chart below for the 1st
color band (BROWN). To the right of that number, write the
corresponding number for
the 2nd band (BLACK) . Now multiply that number (you should
have 10) by the
corresponding multiplier number of the 3rd band (RED)(100).
If a resistor has 5 color bands, write the corresponding number
of the 3rd band to the
right of the 2nd before you multiply by the corresponding number
of the multiplier band.
If you only have 4 color bands that include a tolerance band,
ignore this column and go
straight to the multiplier

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 CAPACITORS
Acapacito r is a passive electrical component that can store
energy in the electric field
between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of
storing energy in thecapacitor is known as "charging", and
involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite
polarity, building up on each plate. A capacitor's ability to store
charge is measured by its capacitance, in units of farads.
Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits as
energy-storage devices.
They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency
and low-frequency signals.
This property makes them useful in electronic filters. Practical
capacitors have series
resistance, internal leakage of charge, series inductance and
other non-ideal properties not
found in a theoretical, ideal, capacitor.Capacitors are Ocasionally
referred to as condensers.
In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance.
However, for practical applications, specific materials are used
that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica,ceramic, cellulose,
porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-
conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of
capacitor it is and for what it is best suited. Depending on the
size and type of dielectric, some capacitors are better for high
frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage
applications.
Capacitance also depends on the dielectric constant of the
dielectric material separating the plates.
The standard units of Capacitance,
farad(F)
microfarad: µF (1 µF = 10-6 F)
nanofarad: nF (1 nF = 10-9 F)
Pico farad: pF (1 pF = 10-12 F)

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 DIODES
Adiode is a two-terminal device ( thermionic diodes may also
have one or two ancillary
terminals for a heater).Diodes have two active electrodes
between which the signal of
interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional
electric current property. The
varicap diode is used as an electrically adjustable capacitor.
The directionality of current flow most diodes exhibit is
sometimes generically called the
rectifying property. The most common function of a diode is to
allow an electric current
to pass in one direction (called the forward biased condition) and
to block the current in
the opposite direction (the reverse biased condition)

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 APPLICATIONS
FM receiver is used
• For receiving reception signals of TV signals
• For reception signals of FM-radio signals.
• The invention is particularly suited for multi-media applications.
The invention also relates to a multi-media apparatus
incorporating such a receiver.
• Radio communication and broadcasting.

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 ADVANTAGES
The following are advantages of FM receiver:
• No need of tuned circuit
• Simple circuit that can be implemented in integrated circuits.
• Low cost
• Less maintenance
• Noise interference is minimum1

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 CONCLUSION

Our project “FM receiver” helps to know about the FM circuit and
working of circuit.
Our project gives the simplified circuit of FM receiver by using
two chips IC
CXA1619BS and CTC810.
It also helps to know about the basic things of FM receiver. It has
some more
advantages compared to other FM receivers such as simplified
circuit, less cost etc. We
can use in both radio and TV reception signals.
 SUGGESTION

Our project will be more easy to know about the FM receiver and
sure that this

project will have a recognition and we hope it in right direction.

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WEBSITE:
www.pechorin.com
www.industrycommunity.com
www.electronicsforu.com
www.doctonics.com

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