S O R I N G

E S F A C
RO C E R
O P I N T
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IC G AN 2 D
6 3 M
C 2 MIN t ur e
ES GRAM Lec
PRO

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 1

 Last Lecture

Evolution of Computers and Microprocessors

Moore's Law

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 2

 Today's Lecture

Instruction Set Architecture

Overview of a Microprocessor

Design Example

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 3

 The Personal Computer
Speaker

Processor
Timer (8086 Coprocessor
logic through (8087 through System 640KB
(8253) Pentium 80387 ROM DRAM

System bus (data, address & control signals)

Keyboard DMA Expansion Interrupt

logic (8253) Controller logic logic (8259)
(8237)
Video card
Disk controller
Serial port
10-01-2011
Keyboard ES C263 Microprocessor
... Programming and Interfacing 4
Extension slots
 Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA)

ISA refers to the actual set of programmer visible
instruction set.

Serves as a boundary between the hardware and
software.

Seven dimensions of ISA

Class of ISA: general purpose register
architectures, where operands are either
memory or register locations.

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 5

• Memory Addressing: Byte addressing to access
memory locations—aligned or un-aligned.
• Addressing Modes: specify the address of
register, constant operands and memory
objects-- register, immediate, displacement.

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 6

• Types and sizes of operands: supports operand sizes of 8
bit, 16 bit, 32 bit.
• Operations: data transfer, arithmetic, logic, control.
• Control flow instructions: support conditonal branches,
unconditional jumps, procedure calls and returns.
• Encoding an ISA: fixed length or variable length.

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 7

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 8
 Memory Overview

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 9

 RAM

10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing 10


Evolution of
programming:
machine language
late 40’s / early 50’s:
programmers coded directly
in machine language
 each machine had its
own set of instructions
(sequences of 0's & 1's)
corresponding to its
underlying hardware
 extremely tedious,
error-prone
10-01-2011 ES C263 Microprocessor Programming and Interfacing
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