The Geometry of the Warp Shed

1. Size of the shed:

Top Shed Line

A - Width of the shuttle
B - Distance from the cloth fell to
the shuttle
D
Fell of
C - Depth of the front wall of the
C
the Cloth shed
Bottom Shed Line D - Depth of the shed at reed
A Reed
B
Shuttle

Geometry of the shed

i) Width of depth of the shed is determined by the diameter of the weft
package(i.e. shuttle, projectile, rapier heed) it is required to hold.
Considering size of shed required for given size of shuttle
A-Width of the shuttle
B-Distance from cloth fell to the shuttle
C-Depth of the shed at the front wall of the shuttle
D-Depth of the shed at the reed
During the passage of shuttle, B and D both will change, because of the
motion of the reed. And 'D' also will change because of the movement of
healdshafts (Except dwell period-No movement of healdframes)

3.5

3.0 Height of Shuttle

2.5
B
A
2.0

1.5
O
Curve B - Heald crossed at 0
1.0
Shuttle Shuttle
0.5
Curve A - Heald crossed at 270O Enters Leaves

80 120 160 200 240 280

FABRICMANUFACTURES 1
Graph is plotted Depth of the Shed against angular position of the crack shaft
for a particular loom.
Curve B Which is symmetrical as obtained when healdshafts set to cross at
O
O .
If we assume that shuttle enters and leaves the shed at 110O and 240O
respectively, then depth of the shed at front wall of the shuttle as it enters and
leaves the shed is given.

Depth of the Shed (cm)

Entering Leaving

Curve A : Heald 2.44 (D) 0.94 (D)

Crosses at 270O

Curve B : Heald 2.36 (D) 2.54 (D)

O
Crosses at 0

Bending Factor
The depth of the shed at the front wall of the shuttle, expressed as a
fraction of height of the front wall of the shuttle. It is also called as Interference
Factor.
It indicates the extent to which the warp threads are deflected, if at all by
the shuttle.
Bending factor lets than 1 implies deflection.
If we take the height of the shuttle is 2.8 cm, then the bending factor will
be

Bending Factor
Entering Leaving

Curve A : Heald 0.87 0.34

Crosses at 270O

Curve B : Heald 0.84 0.90

O
Crosses at 0

FABRICMANUFACTURES 2
 Top Position of shed line

A B

A B
Bending Factor - 0.9 Bending Factor - 0.34

Deflection of warp threads

The dotted line represents top position of shed would occupy if it were not
deflected by the shuttle. In diagram A there would be some deflection of the
warp by the shuttle on entering and leaving both shed timings. The amount of
bending is quite small when the shuttle is leaving with the healdset to cross at
O
270 .
O O
For both the curves, the shuttle enters the shed only between 110 to 120 .
For curve B, depth of the shed is greater than height of the shuttle between
O O O O
120 to 230 . A small amount of bending occurs between 230 to 240 as the
shuttle leaves.
These conditions would be acceptable even in weaving low twist
continuous low filament yarns. If require slight increase in the depth of the
shed would be eliminate bending. Curve A represents conditions tolerated in
weaving continuous weaving cotton yarns.
There is no more bending as shuttle enters the shed (with curve B) but the
shuttle deflects the warp from about 195O until it leaves the shed at 240O. By
the time it leaves the bending factor is 0.34. And it is clear that, there is severe
rubbing of the warp by the shuttle during the latter part of its passage through
the shed. This is usually tolerated in weaving spun yarns in order to benefits i.e.
Better warp cover and more effective pick spacing.

FABRICMANUFACTURES 3
The motion of the sley

Pin
ord
Sw
Reed Crank Arm

90

Sley 0 180

270

Sley Sword

Rocking Shaft

Third Primary Beat up Object

Fell of the cloth The point where last pick is placed when beat up is known as
fell of the cloth, appearance of cloth is influenced by it.

Factors affecting the motion of the sley

1. Sley is operated by the crank and crank arms it, motion approximates to
simple harmonic motion. The extend to which it deviates from S.H.M. is
governed by following factors.
a. Radius of arc along which axis of sword pin reciprocates.
b. Relative height of sword pin and crankshaft.
c. Length of the crank in relation to crank arm

A. Sword pin travels along an arc of a circle centre upon the rocking shaft.
This modifies the movement of the sword pin and hence of the reed.
Radius of an arc is large 0.75m. so the effect is negligible.

B. The axis of the crankshaft is on a line passing through the extream position of
the axis of sword pin and reed is vertical. This may be regarded as normal
position.
The axis of the crankshaft is on a line passing through the extream position
of the axis of sword pin and reed is vertical. This may be regarded as
normal position.

FABRICMANUFACTURES 4
 Raising and lowering crankshaft from normal position affects both the
extent and character of the motion of the swordpin.
e.g. Moving the crankshaft 10 cm up or down from its normal position
increased the distance travel by the swordpin by about 8%.
The other effect of raising the crankshaft is to increase the swordpin's
velocity as it approaches most forward position and decrease as it approaches
backward. This tend to have double effect of increasing the effectiveness of
beat up and allowing more time for the passage of shuttle.

C. The Ratio r/l, where r = radius of crank shaft

l=length of crank arm

e=r/l is sley eccentricity ratio.

Longer the e, greater is the deviation from S.H.M.

12”
3”
A BC
B FC E

15”
DTP

FABRICMANUFACTURES 5
A= Position of the connecting pin when sley is in contact with the cloth.
B=Position of the pin at back centre.
CD= Crank arm
ED=Crank (radius of crank shaft)
ED= is the crank at top centre
CD=12”
ED=3”
The connecting pin A moves 6” B, it has been shown that distance AC is
more than 3”
CED,
2 2 2
CD =CE + ED
2 2 2
CD ED = CE
2 2 2
(12) -(3) =CE
CE=135=11.61
But, AC=15”
AC = AE-CE
=15-11.61
=3.39”
BC=AB-AC
=6-3.39
=2.61”
Eccentricity of Sley = 3.39-2.61”
=0.78”

FABRICMANUFACTURES 6
Eccentricity and its effects
Curve shows displacement of the swordpin, express as a fraction of the
total displacement with half the revolution of crank shaft with crankshaft in
normal position.
So with normal position of the crankshaft, the curves for the second half of
the crankshaft's rotation would be mirror image.
With S.H.M. (e=o) and its normal position of crankshaft, swordpin attains
maximum velocity and exactly half of its displacement at 90O and again at
270O.
If the sley is crank driven, swordpin will attains its maximum velocity and
half of its maximum displacement earlier on its backword movement oand later
on its forward movement.

Eccentricity Position of crank shaft Period during which

ratio (e) at its half of the displacement is at
max. Displacement least half of max.

0 90O & 270O 180O

0.2 83O & 277O 194O
O O O
0.5 75 & 285 210

Thus, sley eccentricity ratio increases, sley remains longer nearer to its most
backward position, and more time available for the passage of the shuttle
Velocity of swordpin is proportioned to the slope of curves
Increases in 3, Increase velocity of the sley around beat up

Advantage of high e
1. It facilitates passage of shuttle
2. Tend to increase the effectiveness of beatup.

Disadvantages of High e
1. A high value implies rapid acceleration and deceleration of the sley
around beat up
Increase in force acting on the swordpins crankpins, cranks, crankarms,
crankshaft and their bearings and indirectily on the loomframe.
2. A high e will demand more robust loom parts and more rigid loom frame in
order to prevent excessive vibration and wear. Loom will cost more.
3. For high cost, most of the loom maker tend to avoid eccentricity ratio
more than 0.3.

- In general , the forces involved in accelerating and decelerating the sley

will be proportioned to the effectiveness of the sley and square of its velocity.
- For given sley eccentricity ratio, its velocity will be proportional.
FABRICMANUFACTURES 7