Quick

Reference
Guide

CAESAR II™
V E R S I O N 4.50
( L A S T R E V I S E D 9/2003)
•
CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide (Version 4.40)
The CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide is intended to aid users in quickly identifying
needed information and to resolve common questions and problems. This Reference Guide
is distributed with each copy of the software and users are urged to copy the Reference
Guide as necessary.

Comments and suggestions concerning CAESAR II, the User Guide, or the Quick
Reference Guide are always welcome. Users with problems, questions, or suggestions
can contact the COADE Development/Support staff at:techsupprt@coade.com

CAESAR II
CAESAR II is an advanced PC based tool for the engineer who designs or analyzes piping
systems. CAESAR II uses input spreadsheets, on-line help, graphics, and extensive error
detection procedures to facilitate timely operation and solution.
CAESAR II is capable of analyzing large piping models, structural steel models, or
combined models, both statically and dynamically. ASME, B31, WRC, and rotating
equipment reports combine to provide the analyst with a complete description of the
piping system’s behavior under the applied loading conditions. Additional technical
capabilities such as out-of-core solvers, force spectrum analysis (for water hammer and
relief valve solutions), time history, and large rotation rod hangers provide the pipe stress
engineer with the most advanced computer based piping program available today.

CAESAR II is continuously enhanced to incorporate new technical abilities, to provide

additional functionality, and to modify existing computation procedures as the piping
codes are updated. A complete list of the most recent changes to CAESAR II can be
found in Chapter 1 of the User Guide. Users desiring software sales are urged to contact
the COADE Sales staff at:

Phone: 281-890-4566 E-mail: sales@coade.com

FAX: 281-890-3301 Web: www.coade.com

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

CAESAR II / Pipe Stress Seminars

COADE offers seminars periodically to augment the Engineers knowl edge of

CAESAR II and Pipe Stress Analysis . The general seminar is held in our Houston office
and covers five days of statics and three days of dynamics. This seminar emphasizes the
piping codes, static analysis, dynamic analysis, and problem solving.

Custom seminars held at client locations are also available. For additional seminar details,
please contact COADE at seminars@coade.com.

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide

Table of Contents

System Requirements ................................................................. 1

Troubleshooting .......................................................................... 1
Overview of CAESAR II Interfaces ........................................... 3
List of CAESAR II Piping Codes ............................................... 3
Restraints .................................................................................... 4
List of Setup File Directives ....................................................... 4
List of Materials ......................................................................... 7
Intersection Types in CAESAR II ............................................. 8
Code Stresses .............................................................................. 9
Node Locations on Bends ......................................................... 17
CAESAR II Combined Index .................................................... 19
CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual .................................. 50
Mechanical Engineering News .................................................. 50
Additional COADE Software Programs ................................... 50

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

System Requirements

Minimum Average Preferred

Pentium 500 Mhz Dual Pentium 700 Mhz Pentium 2 Ghz

or Pentium 1 Ghz

128 Mbytes of RAM 256 Mbytes of RAM 512 Mbytes of RAM

Windows 98 or later * Windows 98 or later * Windows 2000 or XP

100 Mbytes of Hard Disk Space 2 Gbytes of Hard Disk Space 2 Gbytes of Hard Disk Space

8 Mbytes of Video RAM 64 Mbytes of Video RAM 128 Mbytes of Video RAM

800 x 600 Video Resolution 1024 x 768 Video Resolution 1280x1024 Video Resolution

Troubleshooting
For troubleshooting and problem solving issues, please refer to the CAESAR II FAQ
located on our website. The direct link to the document is http://www.caode.com/
c2articles/c2_faq_web.html.

Q-1 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

Overview of CAESAR II Interfaces

There are several external interfaces in existence which transfer data between CAESAR II
and other software packages. These interfaces can be accessed via the TOOLS option of
the main menu.

CADWorx (requies AutoCAD)

AUTOCAD (DXF Output)
COMPUTER VISION (mainframe)
INTERGRAPH (mainframe)
CADPIPE (requires AutoCAD)
ISOMET (mainframe)
PDMS (mainframe)
PCF (Alias format)

Users interested in these interfaces should contact COADE for further information. We
anticipate other interfaces in the future. We will keep users updated via the newsletter
or revised documentation.

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-2

List of CAESAR II Piping Codes
PIPING CODE PUBLICATION REVISION
ANSI B31.1 (2001) December 10, 2001

ANSI B31.3 (1999) April 30, 2002

ANSI B31.4 (1998) October 4, 2002

ANSI B31.4 Chapter IX (1998) October 4, 2002

ANSI B31.5 (2001) November 1, 2001

ANSI B31.8 (1999) November 16, 2001

ANSI B31.8 Chapter VIII (1999) November 16, 2001

ANSI B31.11 (1989) June 28, 1991

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 (2001) July 1, 2003

ASME SECT III CLASS 3 (2001) July 1, 2003

U.S. NAVY 505 (1984) N/A

CANADIAN Z662 (9/95) N/A

BS 806 1993, ISSUE 1, SEPTEMBER 1993 N/A

SWEDISH METHOD 1 2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979 N/A

SWEDISH METHOD 2 2ND EDITION STOCKHOLM 1979 N/A

ANSI B31.1 (1967) N/A

STOOMWEZEN (1989) N/A

RCC-M C (1988) N/A

RCC-M D (1988) N/A

CODETI (1995) N/A

NORWEGIAN (1990, Rev 1) N/A

FDBR (1995) N/A

BS7159 (1989) N/A

UKOOA (1994) N/A

IGE/TD/12 (2003) N/A

DNV (1996) N/A

Q-3 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

Restraints

Restraint Type Abbreviation

1 - Anchor ........................................................................................... A
2 - Translational Double Acting ............................................. X, Y, or Z
3 - Rotational Double Acting ......................................... RX, RY, or RZ
4 - Guide, Double Acting ................................................................ GUI
5 - Double Acting Limit Stop ......................................................... LIM
6 - Translational Double Acting Snubber ............. XSNB,YSNB, ZSNB
7 - Translational Directional ............................. +X, -X, +Y, -Y, +Z, -Z
8 - Rotational Directional ..................................... +RX, -RX, +RY, etc.
9 - Directional Limit Stop ................................................. +LIM, -LIM
10 - Large Rotation Rod ..................................... XROD, YROD, ZROD
11 - Translational Double Acting Bilinear ............................. X2, Y2, Z2
12 - Rotational Double Acting Bilinear .......................... RX2, RY2, RZ2
13 - Translational Directional Bilinear ...................... -X2, +X2, -Y2, etc.
14 - Rotational Directional Bilinear ................. +RX2, -RX2, +RY2, etc.
15 - Bottom Out Spring .......................................... XSPR, YSPR, ZSPR
16 - Directional Snubber ......................... +XSNB, -XSNB, +YSNB, etc.

List of Setup File Directives

The following list represents the possible directives which can be controlled by the user
via the CAESAR II configuration file CAESAR.CFG. These directives can be changed
by the user through the use of the CONFIGURE-SETUP program, accessed via MAIN
MENU option #9. Directives are listed in groups corresponding to the configuration
program's menu options.

GEOMETRY DIRECTIVES
CONNECT GEOMETRY THRU CNODES = YES 34
MIN ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = .5000000E+01 36
MAX ALLOWED BEND ANGLE = .9500000E+02 37
BEND LENGTH ATTACHMENT PERCENT = .1000000E+01 38
MIN ANGLE TO ADJACENT BEND PT = .5000000E+01 39
LOOP CLOSURE TOLERANCE = .1000000E+01 42
THERMAL BOWING HORZONTAL TOLERANCE = .1000000E-03 92
AUTO NODE NUMBER INCREMENT= .1000000E+02 109
Z AXIS UP NO 129
COMPUTATION CONTROL
USE PRESSURE STIFFENING = DEFAULT 65
ALPHA TOLERANCE = .5000000E-01 33
HANGER DEFAULT RESTRAINT STIFFNESS = .1000000E+13 49
DECOMPOSITION SINGULARITY TOLERANCE = .1000000E+11 50
BEND AXIAL SHAPE = YES 51
FRICTION STIFFNESS = .1000000E+07 45
FRICTION NORMAL FORCE VARIATION = .1500000E+00 47
FRICTION ANGLE VARIATION = .1500000E+02 48
FRICTION SLIDE MULTIPLIER = .1000000E+01 46
ROD TOLERANCE = .1000000E+01 59

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-4

COMPUTATION CONTROL (Cont.)

ROD INCREMENT = .2000000E+01 58

INCORE NUMERICAL CHECK = NO 60
DEFAULT TRANSLATIONAL RESTRAINT STIFFNESS= .1000000E+13 98
DEFAULT ROTATIONAL RESTRAINT STIFFNESS= .1000000E+13 99
IGNORE SPRING HANGER STIFFNESS = NO 100
MISSING MASS ZPA = EXTRACTED 101
MINIMUM WALL MILL TOLERANCE= .1200000E+02 107
WRC-107 VERSION = MAR 79 1B1/2B1 119
WRC-107 INTERPOLATION = LAST VALUE 120
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE = 70.00 135
BORDER PRESSURE = NONE 136
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION = 0. 140
INCLUDE SPRING STIFFNESS IN
FREE THERMAL CASES = NO 141
SIFS AND STRESSES
REDUCED INTERSECTION = B31.1(POST1980) 32
USE WRC329 = NO 62
NO REDUCED SIF FOR RFT AND WLT NO 53
B31.1 REDUCED Z FIX = YES 54
CLASS 1 BRANCH FLEXIBILITY NO 55
ALL STRESS CASES CORRODED = NO 35
ADD TORSION IN SL STRESS = DEFAULT 66
ADD F/A IN STRESS = DEFAULT 67
OCCASIONAL LOAD FACTOR = .0000000E+00 41
DEFAULT CODE = B31.3 43
B31.3 SUSTAINED CASE SIF FACTOR = .1000000E+01 40
ALLOW USERS BEND SIF = NO 52
USE SCHNEIDER = NO 63
YIELD CRITERION STRESS = MAX 3D SHEAR 108
USE PD/4T = NO 64
BASE HOOP STRESS ON = NO 57
APPLY_B318_NOTE2 = NO 133
DISABLE_UNDO = NO 128
LIBERAL ALLOWABLE = YES 137
STREE STIFFENING DUE TO PRESS = NO 138
B31.3 WELDING/CONTOUR TEE MEET B16.9 = NO 139
PRESSURE VARIATION IN EXPANSION CASE DEFAULT 143
FRP PROPERTIES
USE FRP SIF = YES 110
USE FRP FLEXIBILITY = YES 111
BS 7159 Pressure Stiffening= Design Strain 121
FRP Property Data File= CAESAR.FRP 122
Axial Modulus of Elasticity = .3200000E+07 113
Ratio Shear Mod : Axial Mod = .2500000E+00 114
Axial Strain : Hoop Stress = .1527272E+00 115
FRP Laminate Type = THREE 116
FRP Alpha = .1200000E+02 117
FRP Density = .6000000E-01 118
Exclude f2 from Bending Stress (UKOOA) NO 134
PLOT COLORS
PIPES LIGHTCYAN 1
HIGHLIGHTS GREEN 2
LABELS GREEN 3
BACKGROUND BLACK 5
AXES LIGHTRED 15
HANGER/NOZZLES BROWN 16
RIGID/BENDS LIGHTGREEN 17

Q-5 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

PLOT COLORS (Cont.)

NODES YELLOW 18
STRUCTURE LIGHTRED 31
DISPLACEDSHAPE BROWN 30
STRESS > LEVEL 5 RED 24
STRESS > LEVEL 4 YELLOW 25
STRESS > LEVEL 3 GREEN 26
STRESS > LEVEL 2 LIGHTCYAN 27
STRESS > LEVEL 1 BLUE 28
STRESS < LEVEL 1 DARK BLUE 29
STRESS LEVEL 5 .3000000E+05 19
STRESS LEVEL 4 .2500000E+05 20
STRESS LEVEL 3 .2000000E+05 21
STRESS LEVEL 2 .1500000E+05 22
STRESS LEVEL 1 .1000000E+05 23
DATA BASE DEFINITIONS
STRCT DBASE= AISC89.BIN 70
VALVE & FLANGE= CADWORX.VHD 90
EXPANSION JT DBASE= PATHWAY.JHD 91
PIPING SIZE SPECIFICATION ANSI 88
DEFAULT SPRING HANGER TABLE = 1 112
SYSTEM DIRECTORY NAME SYSTEM 123
UNITS FILE NAME= ENGLISH.FIL 124
MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL
OUTPUT REPORTS BY LOAD CASE YES 87
DISPLACEMENT NODAL SORTING YES 89
DYNAMIC INPUT EXAMPLE TEXT MAX 94
TIME HIST ANIMATE YES 104
OUTPUT TABLE OF CONTENTS ON 105
INPUT FUNCTION KEYS DISPLAYED YES 106
MEMORY ALLOCATED 12 NA
USER ID " " NA
ENABLE ODBC OUTPUT NO 125
APPEND RE-RUNS TO EXISTING DATA NO 126
ODBC DATABASE NAME <NONE> 127
<BELOW>
ENABLE_AUTOSAVE YES 130
AUTOSAVE_TIME_INTERVAL 30. 131
PROMPTED_AUTOSAVE YES 132
LOADCASE TEMPLATE LOAD.TPL 142

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-6

List of Materials
The CAESAR II material table contains 17 different isotropic materials. Properties and
allowed temperature ranges for each isotropic material are listed below:

MATERIAL ELASTIC POISSON’S PIPE TEMPERATURE

NO. NAME MODULUS RATIO DENSITY
RANGE
______________________ (psi) ______________ (lb./cu.in) ___ (deg.F) __
1 Low Carbon Steel 29.5 E6 0.292 0.28993 -325 1400
2 High Carbon Steel 29.3 E6 0.289 0.28009 -325 1400
3 Carbon Moly Steel 29.2 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 1400
4 Low Chrome Moly Stl 29.7 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 1400
5 Med Chrome Moly Stl 30.9 E6 0.289 0.28935 -325 1400
6 Austenitic Stainless 28.3 E6 0.292 0.28930 -325 1500
7 Straight Chromium 29.2 E6 0.305 0.28010 -325 1400
8 Type 310 Stainless 28.3 E6 0.305 0.28990 -325 1400
9 Wrought Iron 29.5 E6 0.300 0.28070 -325 1000
10 Grey Cast Iron 13.4 E6 0.211 0.25580 70 1000
11 Monel 67%Ni/30%Cu 26.0 E6 0.315 0.31870 -325 1400
12 K-Monel 26.0 E6 0.315 0.30610 -325 1400
13 Copper-Nickel 22.0 E6 0.330 0.33850 -325 400
14 Aluminum 10.2 E6 0.330 0.10130 -325 600
15 Copper 99.8% Cu 16.0 E6 0.355 0.32290 70 400
16 Commercial Brass 17.0 E6 0.331 0.30610 -325 1200
17 Leaded Tin Bronze 1 14.0 E6 0.330 0.31890 -325 1200

In addition CAESAR II supports material types 18 or 19 for cut short and cut long cold
spring elements.
Material number 20 activates the CAESAR II orthotropic material model (i.e. Fiberglass
reinforced plastic pipe); the default coefficient of expansion is
12.0 E-6in./in./°F.
Material 21 indicates “user defined” properties.
Material numbers over 100 are from the Material Database and include the allowable stress
and other piping code data.

Q-7 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

Intersection Types in CAESAR II

CAESAR II TYPE B31.3 TYPE NOTES SKETCH

1 Reinforced Reinforced - Used to lower SIFs

Fabricated Tee - Not a fitting
- Modified Pipe

2 Unreinforced Unreinforced - Routine Intersection

Fabricated Tee - Not a fitting
- Modified pipe
- Usually the cheapest

3 Welded Tee Welding Tee - Usually size-on-size

- Governed by B16.9
- Usually the lowest SIF
- Usually Expensive

4 Sweepolet Welded-in - "Sit-in" fitting

contour - Forged fitting on a pipe
Insert

5 Weldolet Branch Welded - "Sit-on" fitting

On - Forged fitting on a pipe
Fitting

6 Extruded Extruded - Seldom used

Welding Tee - Used for thick wall manifolds
- Extruded from straight pipe

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-8

Code Stresses

Listed below are the “code stress” equations for the actual and allowable stresses used
by CAESAR II. For the listed codes, the actual stress is defined by the left hand side
of the equation and the allowable stress is defined by the right hand side. The CAESAR II
load case label is also listed after the equation.

Typically the load case recommendations made by CAESAR II are sufficient for code
compliance. However, CAESAR II does not recommend occasional load cases. Occa-
sional loads are unknown in origin and must be specified by the user.

Longitudinal Pressure Stress - Slp

Slp = PD0/4tn code approximation

Slp = PDi2/(D02 - Di2) code exact equation, CAESAR II default

Operating Stress - unless otherwise specified

S = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < NA (OPE)

B31.1

Sl = Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z < Sh (SUS)

i Mc / Z < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z + 0.75 i Mb / Z < k Sh (OCC)

B31.3

S = Slp + Fax/A + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) (ope)

Sl = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < Sh (SUS)

sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Fax/A + Sb + Slp < k Sh (OCC)

Sb = [sqrt ( (iiMi)2 + (i0M0)2 )]/Z

ASME SECT III CLASS 2 & 3

B1 * Pmax Do + B2 * Ma / Z < 1.5 Sh (SUS)

2tn

i Mc / Z < f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh) + Sh - Sl(EXP)

B1 * Slpmax + B2 * (Ma + Mb) / Z < 1.8 Sh and < 1.5 Sy. (OCC)

Q-9 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

B31.1 (1967) and Navy Section 505

Sl = Slp + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < Sh (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < f (1.25Sc + 0.25Sh + (Sh-Sl)) (EXP)

Slp + sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < k Sh (OCC)

B31.4

If FAC = 1.0 (fully restrained pipe)

FAC | E α dT - υ SHOOP| + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)

If FAC = 0.001 (buried, but soil restraints modeled)

Fax/A - ν SHOOP + Sb + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)
(If Slp + Fax/A is compressive)

If FAC = 0.0 (fully above ground)

Slp + Fax/A + Sb + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)
(If Slp + Fax/A is compressive)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < (0.75) (0.72) (Syield) (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < 0.8 (Syield) (OCC)

B31.4 Chapter IX

Hoop Stress: Sh <= F1 Sy (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: |SL| <= 0.8 Sy (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= 0.9 Sy (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:
Sy = specified minimum yield strength
F 1 = hoop stress design factor (0.60 or 0.72, see Table A402.3.5(a) of the B31.4
Code)
Sh = (Pi – Pe) D / 2t
SL = Sa + Sb or Sa - Sb, whichever results in greater stress value
Se = 2[((SL - Sh)/2)2 + St2]1/2

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-10

B31.5

Sl = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < Sh (SUS)

sqrt (Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)

Fax/A + Sb + Slp < k Sh (OCC)

Sb = [sqrt ( (iiMi)2 + (i0M0)2 )]/Z

B31.8

Se + Sl < Syield (OPE)

Sl = Slp + Sb < .75 (Syield) (SUS)

Se = sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

B31.8 Chapter VIII

Hoop Stress: Sh <= F1 S T (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: |SL| <= 0.8 S (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= 0.9 S (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:
S = specified minimum yield strength
F 1 = hoop stress design factor (0.50 or 0.72, see Table A842.22 of the B31.8 Code)
T = temperature derating factor (see Table 841.116A of the B31.8 Code)
Note: the product of S and T (i.e., the yield stress at operating temperature) is
required in the SH field of the CAESAR II input
Sh = (Pi – Pe) D / 2t
SL = maximum longitudinal stress (positive tensile, negative compressive)
Se = 2[((SL - Sh)/2)2 + Ss2]1/2
Ss = tangential shear stress

B31.11

If FAC = 1.0 (fully restrained pipe)

FAC | E α dT - υ SHOOP| + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)

If FAC = 0.001 (buried, but soil restraints modeled)

Fax/A - ν SHOOP + Sb + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)
(If Slp + Fax/A is compressive)

Q-11 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

B31.11 (Continued)

If FAC = 0.0 (fully above ground)

Slp + Fax/A + Sb + SHOOP < 0.9 (Syield) (OPE)
(If Slp + Fax/A is compressive)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < (0.75) (0.72) (Syield) (SUS)

sqrt ( Sb**2 + 4 St**2 ) < 0.72 (Syield) (EXP)

(Slp + Sb + Fax/A) (1.0 - FAC) < 0.88 (Syield) (OCC)

Canadian Z662

If FAC = 1.0 (Fully Restrained Pipe)

|E α dT - υ Sh| + Sh < 0.9 S * T (OPE)
If FAC = 0.001 (Burried, But Soil Restraints Modeled)
|Fax / A - υ Sh| + Sb + Sh < S*T (OPE)
(If Fax / A - υ Sh is compressive)
If FAC = 0.0 (Fully Above Ground)
|Slp + Fax / A| + Sb + Sh < S*T (OPE)
(If Slp + Fax / A is compressive)
Sl = 0.5Sh + Sb < S*F*L*T (SUS, OCC)
SE = sqrt [Sb ** 2 + 4St ** 2] < 0.72 S * T (EXP)

RCC-M C & D

Slp + 0.75i Ma/Z < Sh (SUS)

iMc/Z < f (1.25 Sc + .25 Sh) + Sh - Sl (EXP)

Slpmax + 0.75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2 Sh (OCC)

Stoomwezen

Slp + 0.75i Ma/Z < f (SUS)

iMc/Z < fe (EXP)

Slp + 0.75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2f (OCC)

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-12

CODETI

Sl = Slp + Fax/A + Sb < Sh (SUS)

sqrt (Sb **2 + 4St **2) < f [1.25 (Sl + Sh)] - Sl (EXP)

Slp + Fax/A + iMa/Z + iMb/Z < Ksh (OCC)

Sb = [ Sqrt ((iiMi)2 + (i0M0)2] /Z

Norwegian

Sl = PDi2 / Eff(D02-Di2) + .75 i Ma/Z < Sh (SUS)

iMc/Z < Sh + Sr - Sl (EXP)

PmaxDi2 /Eff(D02-Di2) + .75i (Ma + Mb)/Z < 1.2 Sh (OCC)

M = sqrt (Mx2 + My2 + Mz2)

Sr = Minimum of 1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh; FrRs-F2; or Fr (1.25R1 + 0.25R2)
(The latter applies to temperatures over 370°c; 425°c for Austenitic
stainless steel)
Fr = Cyclic reduction factor
Rs = Permissable extent of stress for 7000 cycles
R1 = Minimum of Sc and 0.267 Rm
R2 = Minimum of Sh and 0.367 Rm
Rm = Ultimate tensile strength at room temperature

FDBR

Sl = Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z < Sh (SUS)

i Mc / Z < f [ 1.25 (Sc+Sh) - Sl ] (EXP)
Slp + 0.75 i Ma / Z + 0.75 i Mb / Z < k Sh (OCC)

BS 7159

If Sx is tensile:
(
sqrt S2x + 4Ss2 ) < Sh (OPE)
and
(
sqrt Sφ2 + 4Ss2 ) < Sh*EH/EA (OPE)
or, if Sx is compressive:
Sφ − ν φx Sx < Sh*EH/EA (OPE)

Q-13 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

BS 7159 (Continued)

and
Sx < 1.25Sh (OPE)

Sx =
P( Dm )
+
(
sqrt ( ixi Mi ) + ( ixo Mo )
2 2
)
( 4t ) Z

P( Dm )
−
(
sqrt ( ixi Mi ) + ( ixo Mo )
2 2
) −
Fx
( 4t ) Z A
(If Fx/A > P(Dm)/(4t), and it is compressive)

MP( Dm )
Sφ = (for straight pipes)
(2 t )

(i M ) + (i )
2 2

MP( Dm )
sqrt φi i φo Mo
= + (for bends)
( 2t ) Z

=
MP( Dm )
+
(
sqrt ( ixi Mi ) + ( ixo Mo )
2 2
) (for tees) ,
( 2t ) Z

D m and t are always for the Run Pipe

Eff = Ratio of Eφ to Ex

UKOOA

σab (f2/r) + PDm/ (4t) ≤ (f1 f2 LTHS) / 2.0

Where:
P = design pressure
Dm = pipe mean diameter
t = pipe wall thickness
f1 = factor of safety for 97.5% lower confidence limit, usually 0.85
f2 = system factory of safety, usually 0.67
σab = axial bending stress due to mechanical loads
r = σa(0:1) /σa(2:1)
σa(0:1) = long term axial tensile strength in absence of pressure load
σa(2:1) = long term axial tensile strength in under only pressure loading
LTHS = long term hydrostatic strength (hoop stress allowable)

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-14

BS 806

Straight Pipe
< SAOPE
fc = sqrt(F2 + 4fs2) < SASUS
< SAEXP

fs = Mt(d + 2t) / 4I

F = max (ft, fL)

ft = pd/2t + 0.5p

fL = pd2/[4t(d + t)] + (d + 2t)[sqrt(mi2 + mo2)] / 2I

Bends

< SAOPE
fc = sqrt (F2 + 4 fs2) < SASUS
< SAEXP

fs = Mt (d + 2t) /4I

F = max (ft, fL)

ft = r/I * sqrt[(miFTi)2 + (m0FTo)2]

fs = r/I * sqrt[(miFLi)2 + (m0FLo)2]

Branch Junctions

< SAOPE
fcb = q * sqrt[fb2 + 4fsb2] < SASUS
< SAEXP

f b = (d + t)*p*m/(2t) + r/I*sqrt[(miFTL)2 + (moFTO)2]

F sb = Mt (d + 2t) / 4I

q = 1.0 except for operating cases

= .5 or .44 bases on d2/d1 ratio in operating cases

m = geometric parameter

EXP SA = min[(H*Sproof ambient

+ H*Sproof design), (H*Sproof ambient
+ F)]

OPE SA = Savg rupture at design temperature

SUS SA = min[.8*Sproof , Screep rupture]

Q-15 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

Hoop Stress: Sh <= ns SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Hoop Stress: Sh <= nu SMTS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Longitudinal Stress: SL <= n SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Equivalent Stress: Se <= n SMYS (OPE, SUS, OCC)

Where:

Sh = (Pi – Pe) (D – t) / 2t
ns = hoop stress yielding usage factor (see Tables C1 and C2 of the DNV Code)
SMYS = specified minimum yield strength, at operating temperature
nu = hoop stress bursting usage factor (see Tables C1 and C2 of the DNV Code)
SMTS = specified minimum tensile strength, at operating temperature
SL = maximum longitudinal stress
n = equivalent stress usage factor (see Table C4 of the DNV Code)
Se = [Sh2 + SL2 - ShSL + 3t2]1/2

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-16

Node Locations on Bends

• Bends are defined by the element entering the bend and the element leaving the bend. The
actual bend curvature is always physically at the “TO” end of the element entering the bend.

• The element leaving a bend must appear immediately after the element defining (entering)
the bend.

• The default bend radius is 1.5 times the pipe nominal OD.

• For stress and displacement output the “TO” node of the element entering the bend is
located geometrically at the “FAR” point on the bend. The “FAR” point is at the weldline
of the bend, and adjacent to the straight element leaving the bend.

• The “NEAR” point on the bend is at the weldline of the bend, and adjacent to the straight
element entering the bend.

• The “FROM” point on the element is located at the “NEAR” point of the bend if the total
length of the element as specified in the DX, DY and DZ fields is equal to: Radius * tan(
Beta / 2 ) where “Beta” is the bend angle, and “Radius” is the bend radius of curvature to
the bend centerline.

• Nodes defined in the ANGLE # and NODE # fields are placed at the given angle on the bend
curvature. The angle starts with zero degrees at the “NEAR” point on the bend and goes
to “Beta” degrees at the “FAR” point of the bend.

• Angles are always entered in degrees.

• By default, nodes on the bend curvature cannot be specified within five (5) degrees of one
another or within five degrees of the nearest endpoint. This and other bend settings may
be changed through the MAIN MENU, CONFIGURE-SETUP processor. (See pp Q5-6)
• When the “FROM” node on the element entering the bend is not at the bend “NEAR” point
a node may be placed at the near point of the bend by entering an ANGLE # on the bend
spreadsheet equal to 0.0 degrees. (See the following figure.)

• When defining a bend element for the first time in the pipe spreadsheet, nodes are
automatically placed at the near and mid point of the bend. The generated midpoint node
number is one less than the “TO” node number on the element, and the generated near point
node number is two less than the “TO” node number on the element. A near point should
always be included in the model in tight, highly formed piping systems.

Q-17 CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003

 The top-left figure below shows the points on the bend as they would be input. The top-
right figure shows the actual geometric location of the points on the bend. The bottom-
left figure shows the same geometry except that two nodes are defined on the bend
curvature at angles of zero and forty-five degrees.

• For an animated tutorial on modeling bends, click the "animated Tutorials" option on the
"Help" menu.

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-18

CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual
The CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual is intended to serve as a publicly available
verification document. This manual discusses (briefly) the current industry QA
standards, the COADE QA standard, a series of benchmark jobs, and instructions for users
implementing QA procedures on their own hardware.

The benchmark jobs consists of comparisons to published data by ASME and the NRC.
Additional test jobs compare CAESAR II results to other industry software programs.

For additional information on the CAESAR II Quality Assurance Manual, please contact
the COADE sales department.

Mechanical Engineering News

As an aid to the Users of COADE software products, COADE publishes Mechanical
Engineering News several times a year. This publication contains discussions on recent
developments that affect users, and technical features illustrating modeling techniques and
software applications.

This newsletter is sent to all users of COADE software at the time of publication. Back
issues can be acquired by contacting the COADE sales staff.

Additional COADE Software Programs

CADWorx - An AutoCAD based piping design/drafting program with a bi-directional
data transfer link to CAESAR II. CADWorx allows models to be created
in ortho, iso, 2D, or 3D modes. CADWorx template specifications,
combined with built in auto routing, auto iso, stress iso, auto dimensioning,
complete libraries, center of gravity calculations, and bill of materials,
provides the most complete piping package to designers.

CodeCalc - A program for the design or analysis of pressure vessel components.

CodeCalc capabilities include: tubesheets, rectangular vessels, flanges,
nozzles, Zick analysis, and the standard internal/external thickness and
pressure computations on heads, shells, and cones.

PVElite - A comprehensive, GUI based program for the design or analysis of tall
towers and horizontal vessels. Additional modules for nozzles, flanges,
baserings, and WRC107 are provided.

TANK - A program for the design or rerating of API-650/653 storage tanks. The
program includes API-650 Appedices A, E, F, M, P, and S, as well as API-
653 Appendix B. Computations address: wind girders, conical roof design,
allowed fluid heights, and remaining corrosion allowance.

CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide - 9/2003 Q-50

 •
COADE, Inc.
12777 Jones Rd., Suite 480
Houston, Texas 77070
Phone: (281)890-4566
Fax: (281)890-3301
E-mail: sales@coade.com
WWW: www.coade.com

CAESAR II™

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

V E R S I O N 4.50

( L A S T R E V I S E D 9/2003 )