Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical background of tourism
1.3 Scope of tourism in Nepal
1.4 Meaning and objective of tourism
1.5 Problems and prospects of tourism in Nepal
1.6 Expansion and diversification of tourist attraction
1.7 Objectives of the fieldwork
1.8 Limitation of study
1.9 Need of study
1.10 Method of data collection and processing
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12-16
2.1 Concept of tourism
2.2 Nature of tourism
2.3 Types of tourism
2.4 Importance of tourism
CHAPTER III
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL
3.1 Tourism development using various plan period
3.2 New tourism policy 1995 & its objectives
3.2.1 Basic Policy
3.2.2 Policy Strategies
3.3 Classification of tourism industries
3.4 Manpower development
3.5 Facilities and incentives to the tourism industry & business
3.6 Existing tourism institution
Public sector & private sector institution
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION & ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Tourist arrival trend in Nepal
4.2 Tourist arrival by purpose of visit
4.3 Tourist arrival by the mode of transport of airlines
4.4 Tourist arrival by nationality
4.5 Impact of tourism in Nepal
Foreign exchange earning & employment generation
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY & FINDINGS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Findings
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER VII
RECOMMENDATION
BIBLOGRAPHY
List of table
Tourist arrivals (1962-2004)
Tourist arrivals by month (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by Age Group & Sex (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by purpose of visit
Tourist arrivals by mode of transport (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by nationality (2003 vs. 2004)
Foreign exchange earning from tourism (2002 - 2004)
Employment generation
List of Diagram
Tourist arrivals (1990-2004)
Tourist arrivals of month (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by Age group & Sex (2003 vs. 2004)
Tourist arrivals by nationality in 2004
Employment earning from tourism (trend)
Employment generation
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
N
epal is one of the small but richest countries in the world in the in term of bio-
diversity due to its unique geographical position and altitude variation. It is one of the
world's best places to explore as religious, culture and natural resources. Because of
the presence of fine blend of art, culture and tradition along with natural beauty, with
varieties of beauty and pleasure to offer, Nepal has a great potential to attract all
types of tourist from all over the world. The main attraction of the tourist due to
having following ingredients:
Tourism is multifarious industry, which promotes cottage industries, trade and other
series sector. It is the second largest sources of foreign exchange earning. The total
percentage change of tourist arrivals from FY 2002/03 has increased by 22.7% and
the foreign exchange earnings during the FY 2002/03 increased by 80.5%.
In 2002 the total number of tourists visiting Nepal reached 275463. Tourism has not
been long. Since Nepal was opened to foreign tourist. But the tourist inflow rate of
Nepal has been increasing day by day. According to the propose of visit, in 2002,
110143 tourist visit Nepal for holiday pleasure, 59279 for trekking and
mountaineering, 16990 for business, 12366 for pilgrimage, 17783 for official and
58907 for others.
Considering the growing importance of tourist; government had formed different plan
and policies and an implementation strategy provides, different facilities and
incentives to develop the tourism sector. Besides these the institutional arrangement
like tourism council, ministry of tourism and civil aviation, department of tourism and
tourism development board have been created for its development.
"Visit Nepal Year 1998" was one of the major steps by government in other to identify
Nepal as one of the special tourist destination in the world. The main objectives of
"Visit Nepal Year 1998" were to inflow of tourist to 5 million; attract quality tourists
and increasing their expenditure. According to the government version the "Visit
Nepal Year 1998" was successful in attracting more tourists. Similarly the declaration
of "2007" as the "destinations Nepal year" is aimed to attract more tourists in coming
years.
From the point of view of tourism the great revolution of 1951 was a boon for Nepal.
In the realization of this fact, Nepal obtained the membership of international union
of official travel organization in 1959 and pacific area travel association in 1964. Even
Nepal its door since 1951, promotion of 1960's. After consideration the great
importance of tourism. Development of tourism was established to make organized
efforts at the government level for the development of tourism. A tourism centre was
established to provide training facilities for tourism development. Tourism act was
promulgated in 1964 because of the increasing number tourist and importance.
Ministry of incentives to the tourism industry and business, industrial enterprises act
and foreign investment and technology transfer act 1992 was promulgated in Nepal
gazette by HMG.
In present contest, the government and private sector jointly trying to develop the
infrastructure for the tourism, Nepal tourism board was established. Many
international chains of hotels were organized, which represent "Nepal as world of its
own".
At one time tourism was concerned to travel related jobs only. Mass
competition developed the cut throat competitions and developed the concept of
"survival of the fittest", new idea and destinations, exploring virgin landscape,
providing but quality service and accommodation at best prices. The technique of
managing all these aspects of travel related job is known as "Tourism".
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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21 Limited tourist spots which are also not very much developed.
22 Shortage of necessary infrastructures for proper development of existing as
well as feasible tourists places.
23 Basic requirements needs for the development of tourism are still inadequate.
24 Problem of overcrowding and environment pollution, which is hampering the
tourism in Nepal.
25 World heritage sites are not properly maintained incase of culture tourism.
26 Lack of appropriate programs to inspire tourist to stay longer in Nepal an
spend higher expenditure.
27 Limited internal air services which are also not up to the required standard.
28 Problems in adventure tourism, in terms of the development of the new
trekking routes and tourism spots.
29 Lack of personnel security.
30 Lack of clear-cut and comprehensive national tourism policy.
31 Lack of attention paid by HMG to maintain standard in tourism industry.
32 Government steps towards individual are still unsatisfactory.
33 Limited marketing budget for the development of tourism.
PROTEST OF TOURISM IN NEPAL
Nepal is probably one of the most fascinating and beautiful countries in the world.
Tourists visited Nepal to experience the world's famous Himalayan peaks; unique
architecture reserved in ancient towns and the warm welcome of ever smiling
people. It posses numerous possibilities of developing tourist traffic because three
are in the country unique geographical features and cultural charms. The main
features of touristy possibilities in the country may be outlined under following
points.
35 The main important tourist centers are Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur,
Pokhara, Lumbini, Manang, Jomsom, Dhulikhel, Helambu, Gosainkunda,
Nagarkot and so on.
36 These are many famous temples, stupas, holy centers and durbar squares in
various zone of Nepal. Among them kumari temple is one of the famous living
goddess's temple. The temple of Kathmandu valley is of great religious and
cultural importance because their walls, windows, and doors have been so
carved and painted as to present various arts culture and beliefs of the
ancient people in Nepal. There are also; laces of early kings in which are
manifested several culture and architecture glories of ancient Nepal.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
T
he word "tourism" so popular today is derived from of the French word Tourism that
originated in the 19th century. Tourism means journey from place to place for
pleasure. Tourism has been defined in various ways. Some authors describe tourism
as a system consists of four interrelated parts-market, travel, destination and
marketing. In general Webster's new international directory defines tourism is
"Traveling for recreation."
Similarly, base on tourism statistical report 1965 of Nepal "The citizens of al the
foreign countries, expect India visiting the kingdom of Nepal for at lest 24 hours in
the pursuit tourists interests such as recreation, health, study, religion pilgrimage,
sports, visit to friends and relatives, meeting and conference, trekking and
mountaineering, short delegation and mission, excluding the person on any
remunerative job and representative of staff or organization permanently located in
Nepal". This definition is based on the decision made by the international union of
official travel organization (IUOTO) at Rome in 1968. At present however, Indian
visitors are also considered to be tourists.
The travel and stay attributes of tourism are defined by the demand for the provision
of a wide range of goods and services. In term of the tourist destination these can be
grouped into five board sectors.
72 Attraction
73 Transport
74 Accommodation
75 Supporting facilities and,
76 Infrastructure
The attraction help to encourage the tourists to visit the country, transport service
enable them to do so, the accommodation and supporting facilities (e.g. shops,
restaurants, travel insurance, sports, banks and travel goods etc) cater for their well
being, while infrastructure assures the essential functioning of all of these.
Tourism today has become a very complex activity encompassing a wide range of
relationships. Resulting in the improvements in standard of living and disposable
income with more leisure time, the overall numbers of tourists are expected to grow
further. Factors like availability of cheaper and convenient transport, no restrictions
on travel, availability of information on various destinations and new marketing
techniques contributed the growth of overall number of tourists in this modern world.
Additionally, a number of socio demographic factors such as increased urbanization
of population, higher educational standards, advancement in information technology,
and increased paid holidays for the worker have strongly influenced the increased
growth of tourism. Tourism is a leisure activity, which involves a discretionary use of
time and money, and recreation is often the main purpose for participation in
tourism. Some of the main characteristics of tourism are:
77 Tourism arises from a movement of people to, and their stay in, various
destinations.
78 There are two elements in all tourism: the journey to the destination and the
stay including activities at the destination.
79 The journey and the stay take place outside the normal place of residence and
work, so that tourism gives rises to activities that are distinct from those of
the resident and working population of the places, through which tourists'
travels and in which they stay.
80 The movement of destination is of a temporary short-term character, with
intention the return within a few days, weeks or months.
TOURISM:
Tourism is often regarded as an extreme form of recreation, involving longer time
periods, traveling longer distance and often staying overnights. The world is getting
smaller everyday due to the rapid advancement of transport and communication. As
a result man's life is getting busier. Man by nature cannot live within a certain limits.
He likes changes. He always wants to experience a new taste of life. For to fulfill his
desire he movers from one place to another place for various purpose like tot see his
friends and relatives, visit different places, for relaxation, for study, health, religion,
sport, business etc.
According to Ramesh Raj Kunwar in his book Tourism and Development: Tourism is
the temporary movement of people to destination outside their normal places of
work and residence,. The activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations
and the facilities created to cater to their needs. The study of tourism is the study of
people away from their usual habitat, of the establishments, which respond to the
requirements of travelers, and form of the impacts that they have on the economic,
physical and social well being of their hosts. It involves the motivations and
experience of the tourists, the expectations of and adjustments made by residents of
reception areas, and the roles played by the numerous agencies and institutions,
which intercede between them.
Above all the growth of tourism creates the demands local product and increased
incentives of local craft, industries and artistic skill of local people.
Chapter III
The forth five years plan (1970-75) extended special importance to the tourism
sector. During this plan period, Nepal tourism plan was drafted.
The fifth five year plan (1975-80) aimed to earn more foreign currency and make
balance of payment favorable by developing tourism in this country. This plan
emphasized on:
91 Development of tourism by developing historical, cultural and geographical
specialties.
92 Development of tourist centre outside of Kathmandu valley.
93 Developing necessary facilities in tourist centre and extending training to
develop skilled manpower.
94 Longing the day of stay of the tourist as far as possible.
Similarly, eight five year plan (1992-97) also gave emphasis to develop tourism. The
major policies adopted in this plan period were historical cultural and environmental
promotion by encouraging private sector the plan also emphasize to increase
government investment in physical infrastructure. Emphasizes to bring in more
tourist and increase their average stay and expenditure, promotion of high quality
religious and increase their average stay and expenditure, promotion of high quality
religious, involvement of Nepalese diplomatic missions for tourism promotion,
procedural simplification adoption of open sky policy, encouragement of private
sector in aviation, consideration of tourism as a priority sector and categorizing
tourism sector loans as priority sectors loans. In spite of all this spreading benefits of
tourism to local communities involving non-government organization (no) and local
people in monitoring and managing adventure sites are other notable points of eight
plans.
132TOURISM COUNCIL
In order to develop the tourism industry as a backbone of national development and
to maintain coordination among various agencies related with the tourism industry, a
high level "tourism council" was formed in April 1992 under the chairmanship of the
prime minister. The function of this council is to remove difficulties raised in the
tourism sectors, agencies and dot review related plane.
134DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM
The department of tourism (DOT) is the main government institution of Nepal, which
formulates and implements tourism development programs as per the stipulated
policy, direction and guidelines given by the TDC and MOTCA. Once the tourism
development board becomes competent to carryout its function the Department of
tourism shall be dissolved as to remove duplication of the functions. After transfer of
responsibilities to the tourism Development Board, function like registration to the
tourism industries, regulation and facilities to be provided shall be performed by the
MONTCA itself.
The board shall have a separated seal and also a fund, where contribution to have
truanted by HMG and other amount to be made available from the private sector
international agencies and other sources shall be deposited. The board shall have full
authority to with draw and spend any amount from the said fund scope of words
powers, responsibilities and other detail particular shall be as prescribed but
separate.
B. Private Institutions
There are several private institutions, which are related to develop tourism in Nepal.
Thus are as follows:
136The Hotels Association of Nepal (HAN)
137The Nepal Association of Travel Agents (NATA)
138The Nepal Chapter of Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)
139The Trekking Agents Association of Nepal (TAAN)
140Tour Guide Association of Rafting Agents (TURGAN)
141The Nepal Association of Rafting Agents (NARA)
142The Nepal Heritage Society (NHS)
143The Nepal Star Hotel Association (NSHA) and
144The Thames Tourism Development Committee (TTDC)
There are also NGO's which have been active in promotion cultural and main NGO's
are the Annapurna conservation Area Proper (ACAP) implemented by the king
Mahendra Trust for Natural Conservation (KMTNC). NHS has also been promoting
heritage tourism in Nepal through their programs of Repair and Conservation of
Ancient Monuments.
Chapter IV
The main objective of theist chapter is to present and analysis all the information and
collected data and gets the result to meet the objectives of the study.
Table 4.1
Tourist Arrivals
(1962 – 2004)
Year Total No. Growth By air % of By land % of Average
Rate % No. total No. total length of
stay
1962 6179 - - - - - -
1966 12567 - 11206 89 1361 11 -
1970 45970 - 36508 79 9462 21 -
1974 89938 - 74170 82 15668 17 13.2
1978 156123 - 130034 83 26089 17 11.8
1982 175448 - 153509 87 21939 13 13.3
1986 223331 - 182745 82 40586 18 11.2
1987 248080 11.1 205611 83 42469 17 12.0
1988 265943 7.2 234945 88 30998 12 12.0
1989 239945 -9.8 207907 87 32038 13 12.0
1990 254885 6.2 226421 89 28464 11 12.0
1991 292995 15.0 267932 91 25063 9 9.3
1992 334353 11.1 300469 90 33857 10 10.1
1993 293567 -12.2 254140 87 39427 13 11.9
1994 326531 11.2 289381 89 37150 11 10.0
1995 393395 11.3 325035 89 38360 11 11.3
1996 393613 8.3 343246 87 50367 13 13.5
1997 421857 7.2 371145 88 50712 12 10.5
1998 463684 9.9 398008 86 65676 14 10.5
1999 491504 6.0 421243 86 70261 14 12.3
2000 463646 -5.7 376914 81 86732 19 11.9
2001 351237 -22.1 299514 85 61723 18 12.0
2002 275468 -23.7 218660 79 56808 21 7.9
2003 338132 22.7 275438 81 62694 19 9.6
2004 385297 13.9 297335 77 87962 23 13.5
Total 6913688 251.8
491504
600000
463646
463684
421857
393395
393613
385297
500000
351237
338132
334353
326531
293567
400000 292995
275468
254885
300000
To ta l N o .
200000
100000
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Y e a r (1 9 9 0 to 2 0 0 4 )
Figure: 4.1
(Source: Nepal Tourism Statistics)
The total number of tourist arrival data during 12 months of 2003 vs. 2004 is
presented as follows:
Table 4.2
Tourist Arrivals by Months
(2003 vs. 2004)
Month 2003 2004 % Change
January 21215 30988 46.1
February 24346 35631 46.3
March 27737 44290 59.7
April 25851 33514 29.6
May 22704 26802 18.0
June 20351 19793 -2.7
July 22661 24860 9.7
August 27568 33162 20.3
September 28724 25496 -11.2
October 45459 43373 -4.6
November 38398 36381 -5.3
December 33115 31007 -6.4
Total 338132 385297 13.9
Overall tourist arrival unto June has marked as 2.7%, September has marked as
11.2%, October has marked as 4.6%, November has marked as 5.3% and December
has marked as 6.4% decrease compared to the same period of last year.
The various possible causes of declining tourist arrivals during the subsequent strikes
by some bad incidents in the valley, frequent Nepal Bandhs called by various political
parties and also the introduction of new frontier formalities for Indian tourist coming
to Nepal have led down toward trend in the tourist arrival.
50000
40000
Total No.
30000
20000
10000
0
July
September
May
November
January
August
February
March
June
April
December
October
Months
Figure 4.2
Table 4.3
Tourist Arrivals by Age Group & Sex
(2003 vs. 2004)
Age group 2003 2004 % Change
0-15 years 16056 38734 141.2
16-30 years 78357 84125 7.4
31-45 years 99740 128267 28.6
46-60 years 85753 96920 13.0
61 & above 58226 37251 -36.0
Total 338132 385297 13.9
Male 204732 255303 27.4
Female 133400 129994 -2.6
140000
120000
100000
Total No.
80000 2003
60000 2004
40000
20000
0
0-15 years 16-30 years 31-45 years 46-60 years 61 & above
Age Group
Figure 4.3
Table 4.4
Tourist Arrivals by Purpose of Visit
(2002-2004)
Year Holiday Trekking & Business Pilgrimag Official Others Total
& Mountaineerin e
Pleasure g
2002 110143 59279 16990 12366 17783 58907 275468
2003 97904 65721 19387 21395 21967 111758 338132
2004 167262 69442 13948 45664 17088 71893 385297
Total 375309 194442 50325 79425 56838 242558 998897
% 37.57 19.46 5.03 7.9 5.7 24.28
Table 4.5
Tourist arrivals by mode of transport
(2003 vs. 2004)
Airlines 2003 2004 % Change
RNAC (RA) 70779 57678 -18.5
Indian Airlines (IC) 78461 78959 0.6
Thai Airlines (TG) 55102 58197 5.6
Qatar Airlines (QR) 26320 32866 24.9
Gulf Air (GF) 18532 16986 -8.3
Biman B'Desh (BG) 10882 9432 -13.3
Austrian Air (OS) 6228 6697 7.5
Druk Airlines (KB) 3343 4373 30.8
Pakistan International (PIA) - 1910 -
Jet Airways (9W) - 15101 -
China Southwest Air (SZ/CA) 3300 5841 77.0
Transavia Airlines (HV)* 2001 - -
Others 490 9295 1796.9
Total By Air 275438 297335 7.9
Total By Land 62694 87962 40.3
Grand Total 998132 385297 13.9
(Sources: Nepal Tourism Board, Exhibition Road, Nepal Tourism Statistics 2004)
Eastern Europe
Asia
218387
Australia &
7661 Pacific
Afric a
Figure 4.6
Table 4.7.1
Level of employment
% Top %Middle % Basic Average
Hotel 5912 8.5 30.0 61.5 25
Restaurants 693 12.0 38.0 50.0 13
Travel agencies 1544 17.6 13.0 39.4 30
Airlines 2738 4.4 22.0 74.0 NA
Carpets 2551 1.5 5.0 94.0 NA
Trekking 978 12.5 26.0 61.0 20
(Source: Nepal Rastra Bank, 1990)
Total employment (Number)
978
2551 Hotel
5912 Restaurants
Travel agencies
Airlines
Carpets
2738
Trekking
1544 693
Figure 4.7.2
Chapter – V
5.1 SUMMARY
N
epal though a poor country has been blessed with rich natural and cultural heritage
and hence has opened gat of opportunities for her. Tourism has come long way with
its root back developed in 50s. With its growing and valuable contribution toward the
development of the Nepalese economy in context of increase in national production
and income, creating employment opportunity, improving regional imbalance and to
develop the image of Nepal. In an international community, made an immense need
to promulgate different plans and programs, implementation strategies, facilities and
incentives scheme creation of institutional arrangements, develop and expand tourist
attraction points. The recent success of “VNY 1998” has ventured to present “2002
as the Destination Nepal Year” to attract more tourist in the coming year with lots of
opportunities placed in by tourism, it has made possible for putting the joint effort by
the country people, government and other concerned sectors.
5.2 FINDINGS
N
epal is blessed with natural with natural and scenic beauty and has been successful
in presenting herself the wonderful in front of the world. It is because of this, tourism
and its development has been a subject of major concern. It is considered to be one
of the powerful developing aspects for our country.
Analyzing upon the presentation and analysis part of here report, the number of the
tourist’s inflow has subsequently increased during the recent 10 years except in 1993
i.e. form 2002-2004 with minor fluctuations. Tourist’s arrivals are found quantitative
rather than qualitative. The major purpose of their arrival is sight seeing,
mountaineering and for pleasure.
Chapter – VI
CONCLUSION
T
ourism has an important role to play in uplifting the Nepalese Economy. It is
therefore, essential to consider all the aspects of tourism development to present the
country the best place to travel explore and adventure. Though, the data so analyzed
show the subsequent increase in the tourist arrivals yet the question of quality vs.
quantity arises. The actual and the expected data do not match. It is because of
certain weakness of our country possesses that are yet to be strengthened.
The lack of sound tourism marketing, planning, processing and research system,
Nepal could not achieve better result in tourism as per its potentiality. The
international tourism marketing was carried out without sound linkage between the
products and their target market. The limited funds and scattered marketing
activities hardly achieve any desired targets. Due to the government instability and
the bureaucratic procedures, tourism was hardly treated as a professional business
sector that needs competitive marketing strategy.
The environment pollution and degradation hinder upon the natural beauty. Though
tourism was pointed out as one of the major foreign exchange earning, the priority
given to tourism sector was only after “the VNY 1998” that the realization of the
importance of tourism spreads nationwide for greater and more and coordinate effort
for tourism development. Therefore, the need for a planned tourism development has
been realized so that tourism development program could be measurable and
achievable. The creation of different institutional arrangement would be helpful for
the development of tourism in Nepal.
Chapter – VII
RECOMMENDATIONS
I
n order to attract tourist, government should have preserve existing culture, arts and
movements and research in this field should be carried out to introduce new culture,
best arts etc. Sanitation and hygienic are the major problems facing by tourist here.
In order to improve these problems there are some major steps to be taken by
governments for the development of tourism in Nepal, they are:
151To keep city clean, to arrange a clean public toilet; to create various
destination interesting and pleasing way; and to preserve them.
152There are few proper hotels/lodges and other accommodation facilities and
also they are situated at the Kathmandu valley only. Due to these problems
tourists don’t like to go out side of the valley so, concern sector must give
attention to make international standard hotels and hotels outside of the
valley.
153To increase the foreign currency and number of tourist arrivals, concerned
authority must give attention to lengthen their stay and provide good security
for tourists.
154To develop tourism, tourist information centers should be established in
different parts of Nepal so that tourists could easily get information about
hotels, traveling routes trekking etc.
155The services and capacity of international Airlines, which have direct flights in
Nepal, are limited. So, the government should increase airlines capacity for
direct linkages with different parts of the world.
156To developed tourism in Nepal political stability, concerned authority must
implement tourism awareness, proper education system and new tourism
policies.
157In Nepal visa procedure is another problem, it is suggested to make visa grant
process more lucid and practicable.
158Newness is a source of pleasure to tourist so; government should identify new
places for resort area and mountaineering tourism for rapid development of
tourism in Nepal.
159The government only can’t develop tourism alone so; the government should
coordinated local government municipality, NGOs/INGOs and private sector in
Nepal.
BIBLIOGRAPHY