215212: Circuit Analysis II

Solution of Problems for Homework #5

LEARNING EXTENSION Find average power absorbed by each resistor

I − j4 4∠ − 90°
I2 = I= × 2.68∠86.6°
12∠60° 4 − j4 4 2∠ − 45°
I=
Zi I 2 = 1.90∠41.6°
1
I2 P4Ω = × 4 × 1.902 (W )
2

Z i = 2 + (4 || − j 4)

4(− j 4) 8 − j8 − j16 25.3∠ − 71.6°

Zi = 2 + = =
4 − j4 4 − j4 4 2∠ − 45°
Z i = 4.47∠ − 26.6°Ω
12∠60°
I= = 2.68∠86.6°( A)
4.47∠ − 26.6°
1 2 1
P2Ω = RI M = × 2 × 2.682 = 7.20W
2 2

LEARNING EXTENSION Find the AVERAGE power absorbed by each PASSIVE

component and the total power supplied by the source
1
P4Ω = × 4 × 4.122 (W )
+ 2
I1 I2
Pj 2Ω = 0(W )
Vs
−
Power supplied by source
4 + j2
I1 = 10∠30° Method 1. Psupplied = Pabsorbed
3 + 4 + j2
4.47∠26.57° Psupplied = P3Ω + P4Ω = 90.50W
I1 = 10∠30° = 6.14∠40.62°( A)
7.28∠15.95°
Method 2: P = 1 V I cos(θ − θ )
1 2 1 M M v i
P3Ω = RI M = × 3 × 6.142 (W ) 2
2 2 Vs = 3 I1 = 18.42∠40.62°
1
I 2 = 10∠30° − 6.14∠40.62° P = × 18.42 × 10 × cos(40.62° − 30°)
2
3 30∠30°
I2 = 10∠30° =
3 + 4 + j2 7.28∠15.95°
= 4.12∠14.05°( A)
 LEARNING EXTENSION Determine average power absorbed/supplied by each
element
V4Ω 1
P12∠0° = − × 19.92 × 12 × cos(−54.5° − 0°) = −69.4(W )
2
1
I2 P4∠30° = − × 4 × (9.97) cos(30° − 204°) = 19.8(W )
2
I1
Check: Power supplied =power absorbed

Loop Equations
I1 = 12∠0°
Alternative Procedure
4∠30° = − j 2 I 2 + 4( I 2 + 12∠0°)
Node Equations
4∠30° − 48∠0° 3.46 + j 2 − 48 V − 4∠30°
I2 = = V
− 12∠0° + 4Ω + 4Ω =0
4 − j2 4.47∠ − 26.57° 4 − j2
44.58∠177.43° 4∠30° − V4Ω
I2 = = 9.97∠204°( A) I2 =
4.47∠ − 26.57° −2j
V4Ω = 4( I1 + I 2 ) = 4(12 + 9.97∠204°)(V )
= 4(12 − 9.108 − j 4.055)(V ) = 19.92∠ − 54.5°(V )
1 VM2 1 19.922 Average Power For resistors
P4Ω = = × = 49.6W
2 R 2 4 1
P = VM I M cos(θ v − θ i ) P = 1 RI M 1 VM2
2
=
P−2 jΩ = 0(W ) 2 2 2 R

LEARNING EXTENSION Determine average power absorbed/supplied by each

element
V 24∠0° − V 24 − 14.77 − j1.85
I1 = = = 4.62 − j 0.925
2 2
I1 = 4.71∠ − 11.32°( A)
I1
12∠0° − V 12 − 14.77 + j1.85 − j
I2 I2 = = ×
j2 j2 −j
− 1.85 + j 2.77
I2 = = −0.925 + j1.385( A) = 1.67∠123.73°( A)
2
1
Node Equation P2Ω = × 2 × 4.712 = 22.18(W ) For resistors
2
V − 24∠0° V − 12∠0° V 1 14.882 1 2 1 VM2
+ + = 0 × j4 P4Ω = × = 27.67(W ) P = RI M =
2 j2 4 2 4 2 2 R
2 j (V − 24) + 2(V − 12) + jV = 0 1
P12∠0° = − × 12 × 1.67 cos(0° − 123.73°) = 5.565(W )
2
(2 + 3 j )V = 24 + j 48 1
24 + j 48 2 − j 3 192 + j 24 P 24 ∠ 0° = − × 24 × 4.71× cos(0° + 11.32°) = −55.42(W )
V= × = 2
2 + j3 2 − j3 13 Average Power Check :
= 14.88∠7.125°(V ) 1 Pabsorbed = 22.18 + 27.67 + 5.565(W )
P = VM I M cos(θ v − θ i )
= 14.77 + j1.85(V ) 2 Psupplied = 55.42(W )
LEARNING EXAMPLE Find Z L for maximum average power transfer.
Compute the maximum average power supplied to the load

1  | V |2 
∴ Z Lopt = ZTH
*
PLmax =  OC 
2  4 RTH 

Remove the load and determine the Thevenin equivalent of remaining circuit

8 + j 4 (8 + j 4)(6 − j1) 52 + j16

ZTH = 4 || (2 + j1) = = = Ω
6 + j1 37 37
8 + j 4 8.94∠26.57°
= = = 1.47∠16.93°Ω
6 + j1 6.08∠9.64°
Z L* = 1.47∠ − 16.93° = 1.41 − j 0.43Ω

2 32∠0°
I1 VOC = 4 × 4∠0° = = 5.26∠ − 9.64°
6 + j1 6.08∠9.64°

1 5.262
PLmax = × = 2.45(W )
2 4 × 1.41
We are asked for the value of the
power. We need the Thevenin voltage

LEARNING EXTENSION Find Z L for maximum average power transfer.

Compute the maximum average power supplied to the load
1  | V |2 
∴ Z Lopt = ZTH
*
PLmax =  OC 
2  4 RTH 

4j
ZTH = − j 2 + (2 || j 2) = − j 2 + Ω
2 + j2
4 8 − j8
ZTH = = = 1 − j (Ω)
2 + j2 8

VOC = −12∠0° + j 2 I
Z Lopt = 1 + j (Ω)
+ = −12 + j 2 × 9(1 − j )
= 6 + j18
VOC 1 360
VOC = 18.974∠71.57°(V ) PLmax = × = 45(W )
2 4
I
− | VOC |2 = 62 + 182 = 360

36∠0° = (2 + j 2) I
36(2 − j 2)
I= = 9(1 − j ) = 12.73∠ − 45°
8
LEARNING EXTENSION Compute rms value of the voltage waveform

T =4 t 0 +T
1
X rms = ∫x
2
(t )dt
T t0

v = 2t

2
12 1  8
=  t 3  = (V )
4 ∫0
Vrms = (2t ) 2dt
3 0 3

LEARNING EXTENSION Compute the rms value for the current waveforms and use
them to determine average power supplied to the resistor
t 0 +T
i (t ) 1
X rms = ∫x
2
(t )dt
T t0

R = 4Ω R Pav = I rms
2
R

T =6
1 2 4 6
 8 + 32 + 8
2
I rms =  ∫ 4dt + ∫ 16dt + ∫ 4dt  = =8 P = 8 × 4 = 32(W )
6 0 2 4  6

T =8

1 2 6

2
I rms =  ∫ 16dt + ∫ 16dt  = 8 P = 32(W )
8 0 4 
 LEARNING EXTENSION Determine real and reactive power losses and
real and reactive power supplied
0.1Ω j 0.25Ω
inductive

40kW
pf = 0.84 lagging

P = Re{S} =| S | cos(θ v − θ i ) =| S | × pf
P 40 capacitive
| S L |= = = 47.62kVA | QL |= | S L |2 − P 2 = 25,839(VA)
pf .84
|S |
S = VI * ⇒| I L |= L = 216.45( A) rms
| VL | I L = 216.45∠ − 32.86°( A) rms
pf = cos(θ v − θ i ) ⇒ θ v − θ i = 32.86°
Slosses = ( Z line I L ) I L* = Z line | I L |2
Slosses = (0.1 + j 0.25)(216.45) 2 = 4,685 + j11,713VA
Balance of power
Ssupplied = Slosses + Sload
= 4.685 + j11.713 + 40 + j 25.839 = 44.685 + j 37.552kVA

LEARNING EXTENSION Determine line voltage and power factor at the supply end

0.12Ω j 0.18Ω

60kW
pf = 0.85 lagging

P = Re{S} =| S | cos(θ v − θ i ) =| VL | × | I L | × pf
S L = VL I L* | I L |=
P
= 320.86( A) rms
| VL | × pf
θ v − θ i = cos −1 ( pf ) ⇒ θ v − θ i = 31.79°
I L = 320.86∠ − 31.79°( A) rms = 272.72 − j169.03( A) rms
VS = Zline I L + VL = (0.12 + j 0.18)(272.72 − j169.03) + 220
VS = 283.15 + j 28.81(V ) rms = 284.61∠5.81°(V ) rms VS
5.81°
The phasor diagram helps in visualizing VL
the relationship between voltage and current IL − 31.79°

pf source = cos(37.6°) = 0.792

lagging