!

FOR
" REPEAT

" % C #$$# #$#

RANGER

%
""" &

VALUES &
TYPING &
STORAGE &
COMMANDS &
SEQUENCERS &
BINDING &
ABSTRACTION &

IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING &

PAR-C OCCAM ADA CONCURRENT PROGRAMMING &
Small talk, Self, C++, Objective-C, Object Pascal, Beta, CLOS &
Lisp, Scheme, Miranada, Ml &
Prolog, Prolog-dialects, Turbo Prolog, Icon &
DLP CLP ' &
 REAL INT &
&
&

&
&

FALSE TRUE &

RECORDS &

&
&
&
&

ENUM

references to variables
(

ML
ML

TUPLES

Refernces to variables

ML
F F A &) A

Pascal !SHIR! !.! *+,+-

Sqr(4)
ML If leap (thisyear) then 29 else 28
 # PDP ++
&
# &

&
&
dynamic typing static typing

T V T V
T E T E
(
0# # +* /
0 /

&
# &
*+ +

"""

Boolean, Integer, Real

bool, int, real ML

# # &

INTEGER CHAR
 CASE
TEMPLATE C++

&
C ENUM # &

&
STRINGS &

ML

"""
12
C

TUPELS

!
ML

! "

By reference &
&
&
&
C
&

&
&
&
 C ANSI C
&

&
C
CONST &

# # &

Dangling Refernces

# #
%

C
GNU C
( C++
&
&
&
&
&
&
GNU C++

&

&
C
C33
&

'

! ! !"! *+,+- *1-

4/9 SMALLTALK

const pi = 3.1415; var r: real;

2 * pi * r
V.I V[i]

CONST

&
TUPLE ML
C
 5 C++

" C
' ML
(if u>v then v else u) := u+v; 12

ML
(if x>y tehn sin else cos) (x)

OVERLOADING C
ML C++

3 6 $ $
"ho"*3 = "hohoho"

'
C SSCANF '
#