180

APPENDIX 1:
MEAN SQUARES FOR ADULT BODY MEASUREMENTS OF TWO
ECOTYPES OF MUSCOVY DUCK IN NIGERIA
Trait Sources of variation df Mean square
BWT Ecotype 1 052ns
Error 447 611
BDL Ecotype 1 10.697ns
Error 447 10.246
BDD Ecotype 1 166.800 ***
Error 447 6.325
BLL Ecotype 1 11.404ns
Error 447 18.395
BLD Ecotype 1 1.815ns
Error 447 1.309
BLH Ecotype 1 24.655*
Error 447 3.052
SHL Ecotype 1 5.358ns
Error 447 7.627
BH Ecotype 1 190.141***
Error 447 11.071
HL Ecotype 1 30.924***
Error 447 776
NL Ecotype 1 78.506***
Error 447 2.936
HD Ecotype 1 3.112*
Error 447 642
WL Ecotype 1 540.526***
Error 447 20.180

BWT= Body weight, BDL= Body length , BDD= Body width, BLL= Bill Length, BLD
=Bill width, BLH =Bill height , SHL= Shank length, BH= Body height, HL= Head length
NL= Neck length, HD =Head width, WL= Wing length, *=P<0.05 , ***=P<0.001 R2 =
adjusted value, df = degree of freedom, ns =not significant , ms= mean square
 181
APPENDIX 2:
MEAN SQUARES VALUES FOR THE EFFECT OF SEX AND ECOTYPE ON ADULT BODY
MEASUREMENTS OF THE NIGERIAN MUSCOVY DUCKS .
Trait Sources of Variation DF MS 
Body Sex 1 185.120*** 
Weight 
Ecotype 1 0.01ns

Sex x ecotype 1 1.218*

Error 447 178

Body Sex 1 1127.165***
Length 
Ecotype 1 24.898ns 
Sex x ecotype 1 11.557ns 
Error 447 7.340 
Body width Sex 1 1210.190*** 
Ecotype 1 119.142*** 
Sex x ecotype 1 4.184ns 
Error 447 2.032 
Bill length Sex 1 315.555*** 
Ecotype 1 9.468ns 
Sex x ecotype 1 18.766ns 
Error 447 14.753 
Bill width Sex 1 6.966* 
Ecotype 1 1.618ns 
Sex x ecotype 1 0.038ns 
Error 447 1.298 
Bill height Sex 1 .691ns 
Ecotype 1 0.022** 
Sex x ecotype 1 10.629ns 
Error 447 3.042

Shank Sex 1 197.071***

length
Ecotype 1 3.865ns 
Sex x ecotype 1 16.279ns 
Error 447 7.219 
Body height Sex 1 699.216*** 
Ecotype 1 296.617*** 
Sex x ecotype 1 201.829*** 
Error 447 8.351 
Head length Sex 1 133.696*** 
Ecotype 1 25.058*** 
Sex x ecotype 1 8.974*** 
Error 447 .479 
Neck length Sex 1 264.640*** 
Ecotype 1 89.116*** 
Sex x ecotype 1 .980ns 
Error 447 2.275 
Head width Sex 1 20.445*** 
Ecotype 1 3.360* 
Sex x ecotype 1 1.692ns 
Error 447 .599 
Wing length Sex 1 6647.054*** 
Ecotype 1 510.833*** 
Sex x ecotype 1 237.018*** 
Error 447 5.172 
df = degree of freedom *=P<0.05 , **=P<0.01, ***= P<0.001.
 182


APPENDIX 3:
MEAN SQUARES FOR BODY WEIGHT OF THE MUSCOVY DUCK ECOTYPES
(GUINEA SAVANNAH AND RAINFOREST ECOTYPES) FROM DAY- OLD TO 2O
WEEKS OF AGE
Age / body weight Sources variation Diff. Mean square
Day old body weight Ecotype 1 724.884***
Batch 5 14.313**
Ecotype x Batch 5 8.214*
Error 340 3.264

1 Week body weight Ecotype 1 8.994 ns

Batch 5 55.072***
Ecotype x Batch 5 15.699*
Error 315 5.488

3 Weeks body weight Ecotype 1 6565.923**

Batch 5 238.160ns
Ecotype x Batch 5 1401.605ns
Error 289 942.502

5 weeks body weight Ecotype 1 9782.308**

Batch 5 3479.260ns
Ecotype x Batch 5 5720.782ns
Error 278 2666.617

10 weeks body Ecotype 1 6049438.765**

weight
Batch 5 524537.039ns
Ecotype x Batch 5 645829.242ns
Error 275 527306.233

15 weeks body Ecotype 1 1460465.488**

weight
Batch 5 117071.592ns
Ecotype x Batch 5 326841.195ns
Error 254 343809.887

20 weeks body Ecotype 1 27467.187ns

weight
Batch 5 193184.146ns
Ecotype x Batch 5 253220.091ns
Error 214 404272.902

*=P<0.05, **=P<0.01, ***= P<0.001 ns=not significant, R 2= adjusted value

 183

APPENDIX 4:
MEAN SQUARES FOR THE EFFECT OF ECOTYPE,SEX AND BATCH ON BODY WEIGHTS OF
NIGERIAN MUSCOVY DUCKS
Age Sources variation Dif Mean square
Week 3 Ecotype 1 3137.842**
Batch 5 88.258ns
Sex 1 147190.370***
Ecotype x Batch 5 984.118*
Ecotype x Sex 1 2543.241**
Batch x Sex 5 552.547 ns
Ecotype xBatch xSex 5 2964.044***
Error 277 363.887

Week 5 Ecotype 1 12352.541**

Batch 5 2982.961ns
Sex 1 401175.134***
Ecotype x Batch 5 2357.695*
Ecotype x Sex 1 26055.178***
Batch x sex 5 1123.061ns
Ecotype xBatch xSex 5 731.326ns
Error 266 801.318

Week 10 Ecotype 1 115287.580**

Batch 5 74587.416ns
Sex 1 8232905.660***
Ecotype x Batch 4 643947.060ns
Ecotype x Sex 1 1446992.262ns
Batch x Sex 5 898238.890ns
Ecotype Batch x Sex 4 556564.712ns
Error 232 55411.659

Week 15 Ecotype 1 646333.718**

Batch 5 29939.978ns
Sex 1 39630912.55***
Ecotype x Batch 5 209126.090*
Ecotype x Sex 1 12431.917ns
Batch x Sex 5 37083.866ns
Ecotype x Batch x Sex 5 146206.716ns
Error 225 60640.193

Week 20 Ecotype 1 38582.732ns

Batch 5 90559.037ns
Sex 1 24791469.34***
Ecotype x Batch 1 9558.084ns
Ecotype x Sex 1 21483.254ns
Batch x Sex 5 111502.469ns
Ecotype x Batch x Sex 1 31334.271ns
Error 154 47404.809
 184

APPENDIX 5 .
MEAN SQUARES FOR BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND AVERAGE DAILY GAIN AT
FIVE WEEKLY INTERVALS FOR TWO ECOTYPES OF MUSCOVY DUCKS

Sources DF BWG1 ADG1 BWG2 ADG2 BWG3 ADG3 BWG4 ADG4

of
Variation
Ecotype 1 2898.225ns 6.497ns 808797.471** 7360.193ns 468864.015ns 53095.735ns 531673.697*** 595.090***
Error 279 4001.789 2.189 21808.232 10142.431 154763.488 30042.979 19199.137 23.918

BWG=body weight gain, ADG= average daily gain

BWG1 (0-5) weeks ADG1 (0-5) weeks

BWG2 (6-10) weeks ADG2 (6-10) weeks
BWG3 (11-15) weeks ADG3 (11-15) weeks
BWG4 (16-20) weeks ADG4 (16-20) weeks
 - 185 -

APPENDIX 6:
MEAN SQUARES OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE EFFECTS OF
ECOTYPE AND SEX ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND AV. DAILY GAIN 5
WEEKLY
Sources DF BWG2 ADG2 BWG3 ADG3 BWG4 ADG4
of
Variation

Ecotype 1 619304.705*** 2991.202ns 297170.382** 63665.622ns 863993.31*** 845.638***

Sex 1 3173133.428*** 1080.846ns 31259502.61*** 84688.560ns 1433891.995*** 815.807***
Ecotype 1 11.284ns 7728.254ns 157697.963ns 22831.130ns 403901.411*** 254.657**
x Sex
Error 277 10240.566 10186.328 37399.167 29814.152 13392.986 26.642

BWG=body weight gain, ADG= average daily gain, BWG2=body weight gain 5-10weeks, BWG3= 11-

15weeks, BWG4=16-20weeks, ADG2=average daily gain 5-10weeks, ADG3=11-15weeks, ADG4=16-

20weeks
 - 186 -

APPENDIX 7:
MEAN SQUARES FOR BODY WEIGHT AT FIRST EGG, AVERAGE AGE AT
FIRST EGG, NUMBER OF EGGS LAID AT FIRST EGG, AND EGGMASS OF TWO
ECOTYPES OF MUSCOVY DUCK.
Source of df BWFE AFE NELFE EGM
variation

Ecotype 1 107183.336** 4510.719** 7.767ns 10055.666**

Error 61 9263.655 366.498 4.363 10598.865

df= degree of freedom

**=P<0.01
BWFE = body weight at first egg

AFE = age at first egg

NELFE = number of eggs laid at first egg

EGM = egg mass

 - 187 -

APPENDIX8 :
MEAN SQUARES OF EXTERNAL EGG CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRST CYCLE
LAY BY ECOTYPE (WEIGHT, LENGTH AND WIDTH)
Sources of Variation Df WFE LFE WDFE

Ecotype 1 332.660** 1.680* 0.155*

Error 324 36.277 0.070 0.025
WFE = Average weight of egg at first lay
LFE = Average length of egg at first lay
WDFE = Average width of egg at first lay
 - 188 -

APPENDIX 9 :
MEAN SQUARES OF SECOND LAYING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TWO
ECOTYPES

Sources df NEL EGM PLT EWT EL EWD

variation
.
ns
Ecotype 1 81.830*** 409092.042*** 625.024*** 25.878*** 7.568 398ns
Error 54 6.762 30550.76 420.41 54.680 8.387 0.55

NEL = number of eggs laid *** = P<0.001

EGM = egg mass
PLT = pause length
EWT = Average egg weight
EL = Average egg length
EWD = average egg width
 - 189 -

APPENDIX 10.
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF THE FORMULATED DIET USED IN THE
EXPERIMENT

Type of feed

Feed stuff(%) chick mash Growers mash layers mash

Maize 53.0 50 45.5

Maize offal 13 19.5 20

Soybean meal 22.0 14.25 17

Palm kernel cake 5.0 10.0 5

Fish waste 3 2.5 2.5

3.0 3
Bone meal 3
- 6
Limestone- -
0.25 0.25
Salt 0.25

Lysine 0.25 0.25 0.25

Methionine 0.25 - 0.25

Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25

Total 100 100 100

Calculated composition

Crude protein(%) 20 17 18
ME kcal/kg of feed 2800 2680 2600
Ca 1.00 1.00 3.50
P 0.68 0.66 0.92
Analyzed proximate composition
Crude protein(%) 20 17 18
Methionine 0.45 0.65 0.92
Lysine 1.00 1.00 0.70
ME kcal 3010 2710 2600
Fibre% 4.19 4.94 4.08
Ether extract% 3.67 3.92 3.70
Ash 8.1 15.3 15.45
Moisture 12.44 11.97 11.69
 - 190 -

APPENDIX 11.
MATING AND REPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR GENERATING
STRAIGHT BRED

Ecotype Pen1 Pen2 Pen3 Pen4 Pen5 Pen6 Pen7 Pen8 Pen9 Pen10

Guinea 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂
6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀
Rainforest 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂ 1♂
6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀ 6♀♀

Note

♂ male drake

♀♀ female duck
 - 191 -

APPENDIX 12 .
PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCOVY DUCK

Traits age authors

Sexual maturity 28 weeks Ola 2000

Age at first egg 7.70mouth Duru et al., 2006
Age at sexual maturity 300-365 Kalita and Deka 2005
Sexual maturity 20-24 weeks Panda and Kumar 2004
Egg number 14-15 Sauveur and DeCarville 1985
Incubation days 28-35 Banerjee 1991
Hatchability 80-85 Mopate et al., 1999
Hatch weight(g) 45 Baeza et al., 2001
Body weight gain 18.33 Etuk et al., 2006
5weeks male weight 503 Ola 2000
5weeks female weight 393 Ola 2000
9 weeks weight of drake 2868 Ngopongora et al., 2004
9weeks weight of duck 1821 Ngopongora et al., 2004
 - 192 -

APPENDIX 13.
EGG CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCOVY DUCK

Parameter mean±se authors

Egg weight at first lay 84.3 Romboli et al 1987

Egg weight 65-100 Chengkang et al 1999
Egg fertility % 92-93 Nickolova 2004
Egg fertility % 96-97 Tikk and Viht 1998
 - 193 -

APPENDIX 14 .
HERITABILITIES OF PRODUCTION TRAITS OF MUSCOVY BY
SOME SELECTED AUTHORS

Parameters h2 authors
Feather length(male) 0.37 Hu et al .,2006
Female length (female) 0.14 Hu et a.,l 2006
Body weight(at10wks) 0.24 Richard et al., 1983
Body weight(at53days) 0.17 Ponjardien et al., 1994
Body weight (at 6wks) 0.40 Mignon Grasteau et al., 1998
Age at first lay 0.20 Hu et al., 2004
Number of egg laid 0.23 Hu et al., 2004
- 194 -
 180
194

APPENDIX 15: ON–STATION DATA COLLECTION SHEET.

ECOTYPE
Pen No Sire No. Sire Dam Dam Egg Egg Incubation Date of
weight No. Weight Laid Hatch Days hatch

BI WEEKLY WEIGHT
INDIVIDUAL 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
 180

TYPICAL MUSCOVY DRAKES AND DUCKS FROM RAINFOREST ZONE

 181

TYPICAL MUSCOVY DRAKE AND DUCK OF GUINEA SAVANNAH ZONE

 180

am